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The Iroquois Cup is competed for in which sport?
Ohsweken Aces win Iroquois Nations Cup | Inside Lacrosse NLL Ohsweken Aces win Iroquois Nations Cup Lacrosse players from Six Nations earned bragging rights over the weekend at Onondaga Nation as the Ohsweken Aces captured their fourth Iroquois Nations Cup gold medal in the last five years. Pitted against fellow Six Nations squad, the Frog Pond Maulers, the Aces overcame a slow start in a grudge match that featured former, current and futures stars of the NCAA ranks, the NLL, the Major Series and the Junior A circuit in Ontario. Additionally, nearly the entire Iroquois Nationals roster – except for a few faces – was in participation at some point during the tournament. The Iroquois Nations Cup, held since 1997, brings together teams from New York and Canada with the winner’s assuming the right to call their reservation home to the best lacrosse players in the Iroquois community, which could likely mean the entire world. Eight teams participated this past weekend, including a crew from British Columbia, coming together at Tsha`hon`nonyen`dacha, also known as Onondaga Nation arena, for a celebration of the sport. (If you were ever in search of a hand-made, all-wooden stick, this was the place to score one.) With the two teams representing Six Nations surviving through the tournament, there was no question that the reservation, considered the largest First Nation of Canada, continues to produce some of the most talented lacrosse players on the globe. Comprised of members of Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora nations, the reserve sits on some 46,000 acres in Southern Ontario, about 60 miles west of Buffalo. With as many as 25,000 citizens, the territory – also known as Six Nations of the Grand River – boasts a large pool of players, most of whom have been playing the sport since as far back as they can remember. Many of the players meeting on the floor in the gold medal game have been or are current teammates on anyone of the Six Nations teams competing in the Ontario Lacrosse Association, including the Chiefs (Senior A, Major Series Lacrosse), the Arrows Express (Junior A), and the Rebels (Junior B). The Frog Pond Maulers came out firing early, scoring 23 seconds into the contest on a picture-perfect one-timer from NLL veteran Kim Squire (Ontario Raiders, Rock, Knighthawks, Bandits) to Jordan Johnson. The Aces responded quickly, as 2009 OLA Junior A MVP Randy Staats took a pass from Peter Jacobs (Knighthawks) and dove through the Maulers defense, stuffing a shot past Randy Johnson to tie the game. The Maulers, however, scored the next three goals, as Carney Johnson, Haweniyohsta Green and Ben Powless each netted tallies putting the score at 4-1 Maulers with less than 7 minutes remaining in the first period. The Aces battled back, as Jacobs scored off a pick-and-roll pass from former Syracuse University and Onondaga Community standout Cody Jamieson, fresh off his number-one overall selection in the NLL draft by the Rochester Knighthawks. Less than a minute later, Six Nations Arrows star Alex Kedoh Hill – drafted this month by the Edmonton Rush – found Vaugh Harris to bring the Aces within one. But then Wayne Van Every, who led all Junior B scorers in Ontario this past summer and was recently drafted by the Buffalo Bandits, drove to the net and put the lead back at two for the Maulers. Before the period ended, the audience was treated to the highlight of the day, as Squire – winner of several Champion’s Cups in the NLL as a member of the Rock – took a pass up the floor from Randy Johnson, drove through a defender and – quite nonchalantly – pulled off an electrifying one-handed around-the-world shot that zipped past Ace’s starting keeper Jake Henhawk and put the Maulers ahead by three going into the first intermission. In the second period, the Aces reduced their deficit as Jamieson wasted little time in burying a pass from Craig Point, with whom he will soon be reunited as a Knighthawk. Then Eli Hill came up with a loose ball in front of the Maulers net and burst up the floor, going coast-to-coast to put the score at 7-4. The game looked like it was slipping away from the Aces, as they fell behind 8-4 a couple minutes later when Kyle Isaacs scored on another breakaway. That’s when Aces coach Stew Monture pulled Henhawk out of the net, replacing him with Warren Hill, who is currently enrolled at the Hill Academy in the newly established post-graduate program. Hill, who is hoping to play college lacrosse in the United States, made numerous fantastic saves, including several right on the crease and several back-to-back saves. With Hill standing strong in the cage, and defender Holden Vyse (Bandits) tightening down on defense in front of him, the Aces were able to go on several goal-scoring runs. The first started right after Hill entered the game, as less than a minute later Staats found Jake Bomberry (who put up 83 points for the Rebels over the summer) on the crease for an easy finish. Next, Jake Bomberry hit Jamieson, who ripped an underhand crank shot right under the legs of the Mauler’s goalie Brenner Jacobs, who checked into the game to start the second. Jamieson’s goal came as the Aces pulled their goalie for a momentary extra attacker. With 8:10 to play in the second, Staats wound up from way out and somehow bounced a shot into the top right corner to bring the Aces back within one goal. But their momentum was again crushed as Dan Vyse got called for a trip a minute later, giving the Maulers time to regroup, which they did. Squire scored his second of the day on a pass from Eli Hill with 4:44 to play in the second. Thanks to an outstanding defensive effort and the resilience of Warren Hill, the Aces wouldn’t let the Maulers score another goal. And before the second came to a close, the Aces put the score at 9-8 as Tyler Bombery snagged a loose ball and sprinted up the floor for a one-on-one goal. In the third, Staats struck early, taking a pass from Roger Vyse (Bandits) and ripping it, again from outside, tying the game up and really putting the strut back in the step of the Aces. Less than a minute later, Jake Bomberry – with an amazing effort – fell to the floor behind the Maulers net, but managed to lop a perfect pass to Harris, who was cutting to the crease and dumped it in for the Aces first lead of the game with 17:39 left in the contest. Down the stretch in the third period, Warren Hill was really shining through for the Aces. With about 12 minutes to play, the MVP of the game made two series of saves that came right on the doorstep and would have most certainly tied the game and given the Maulers ample energy to feed off. And although it would go for the most part overlooked, Brenner Jacobs was doing his fair share of work on the other end, stoning Jamieson’s between-the-legs shot and then stopping him as he came in alone, throwing all kinds of fakes, only to be turned away again. Alex Kedoh Hill, who was outstanding on both ends of the floor and in transition, scored with under 6 minutes to play. From that point forward, the Aces managed to hold the ball and work enough time off the clock to put the squeeze on the Maulers, who weren’t able to muster anything in the closing minutes. And with 13 seconds left, defender Isaiah Kicknosway scored to seal the victory for the Aces. After the game, players of both teams expressed pleasure in the fact that Six Nations was represented by both the gold and silver medal squads. “It is pride for the community, especially back home, having two Six Nations teams in the finals,” said Jamieson, a co-captain of the Aces. “That happens a lot, and we like to play for bragging rights. Everybody likes to see who the best nation is, and luckily we came out on top. It feels good to say that you are the best team from all the Nations.” Warren Hill said his familiarity with his teammates allowed him to feel little to no pressure coming into the game. “Some games you do go in with pressure, but some games you go in confident about it,” he said. “And I was pretty confident. I had confidence in my defense. I have a lot of experienced guys, pros, junior A guys, friends. They give me the shots I want to see.” “The first shots the hardest to save, but once you get in a groove, it gets easier and easier and you just get pumped. That helped me make those saves on the doorstep and two or three of them right away.” Oshweken coach Stew Monture said the close-knit nature of the Nations Cup, and especially the final game, gives the players even more reason to take pride in the tournament. “If you see us in the parking lot or in the lobby area, you wouldn’t know it,” he said. “But when you get out on the floor, it’s ultra-competitive.” Monture said he was proud of the Aces, a team that started 5 or 6 years ago when lacrosse-playing buddies on Six Nations put the assembled the crew for fun. “A lot of the these guys went to school together, played junior together, played senior together – and some are just friends outside of lacrosse. It’s a pride thing. The competition is always really tight. It’s always unique to play against your own heritage.” Monture pointed out that the wide age range of the competing players was a reflection of young Iroquois players’ desire to compete at the highest level. “In the community, once a boy is 15 or 16 years old, he is considered a man. So on the lacrosse field, that’s who he is going to be competing against. A lot of the boys can’t wait to be 15 or 16 and be old enough to play in this tournament.” Jamieson said it was fun to play with young players, like his cousin Randy Staats. He said that putting younger players on these kinds of teams is how the Iroquois community helps integrate its young players into the game at a more competitive level. “When I first started playing with (older players), I was their age, 16 or 17 years old, and I was playing with the older guys,” he said. “And that was like the highlight of my career back then. I think that is the same with these guys, they are looking up to us and they are just as excited as we were.” Staats, who burst onto the Junior A scene at a young age, said he uses the opportunity to compete with older players as a way to learn from them. “I find when you play up with older people you develop their smarts and you do what they do and watch them,” said the rising star, who still hopes to attend college in the United States and is pursuing a prep-school avenue. Squire, who was the second-oldest member of the Maulers, said it was fun to compete with so many up-and-coming players from his community, although he had hoped to bring home the cup. “It was fun playing against Cody Jamieson, Randy Staats, but it’s a heartbreaker,” he said. “Our team was totally young. It was tough to keep up with them. They’ve got legs.I’m just proud both Six Nations teams made it. We could send four teams, I think. A lot of guys get left at home, because of scheduling and things like that. But Six Nations proved again that we are a strong community. We are sort of like the lacrosse factory of Canada, of the world maybe.” Warren Hill was happy to compete against a team made up of guy he knows so well. “It does feel good to be back here especially with the Maulers, too. It feels good that they are playing. We both didn’t want to come out here all the way for nothing. We competed, and it was a good, hard game and we both wanted the cup, but the both thing is that it is staying in Ohsweken at Six Nations.” Fastbreak Newsletter
Lacrosse
Don Diego de la Vega is the secret name of which Spanish fictional character?
World Event History & Results | FIL World Event History & Results Women U19 Men’s World Championship © 2014 Canada Lacrosse – Canada upsets the USA 8-5 for its third all-time gold medal at the 2014 World Championship in Denver, CO. The initial World Championship was a four-team invitational tournament that coincided with Canada’s centennial lacrosse celebration in 1967. The Mt. Washington (Md.) Lacrosse Club represented the United States and won the tournament. Seven years later, Australia celebrated its lacrosse centennial, and the U.S. fielded an all-star team to compete in a similar international invitational tournament with Canada and England again. It was here that the concept of holding a world championship tournament every four years was born and the International Lacrosse Federation (ILF) formed. In 2008 the ILF merged with the International Federation of Women’s Lacrosse Associations (IFWLA) to form the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL)—the present governing body for both men’s and women’s world championship lacrosse. The U.S. has captured nine World Lacrosse Championships, including the most recent event in 2010 hosted in Manchester, England. Canada has captured three championships throughout the history of the event with it’s most recent championship coming in a stunning 8-5 upset of the US at the 2014 World Lacrosse Championship in Denver, Colorado. Canada will defend it’s championship at the 2018 Men’s World Lacrosse Championship in Manchester, England, 12-21 July 2018. Year * The 1967 team was the Mt. Washington Lacrosse Club from Baltimore, Md. Men’s U19 World Championship A record-high 14 teams competed in the FIL U19 Men’s Lacrosse World Championship in Coquitlam, B.C., Canada from July 7th through July 16th, 2016. © 2016 FIL – Team USA’s 2016 U-19 squad comes back from a 6-0 first quarter deficit to win an eighth straight championship, downing Canada 13-12 in Coquitlam, BC. Down 8-2 at the half, the US outscored Canada 11-4 in the second half in their come-from-behind gold medal victory. Photo: Paul Yates The Blue Division teams, comprised of the top five finishers from the 2012 U19 Men’s Worlds, included Canada, the United States, the Iroquois Nationals, Australia and England. Red Division teams were made up of Israel, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Germany and Mexico, and the Green Division included entries from China, Ireland, Scotland and Korea. The 2016 world tournament saw debuts at the U19 level for six of the teams: Israel, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mexico, China and Ireland. The USA came back from a 6-0 deficit to defeat Canada 13-12 on Saturday, July 16th in front of a standing-room only crowd. Ryan Conrad scored with eight seconds remaining coming off a screen and burying the ball, capping off an unbelievable comeback for the Americans who trailed 8-2 at the half, giving the Americans their eighth title on the U-19 world stage. The USA is the only country to have won the gold medal in FIL’s U19 Men’s event, winning in 1988, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2008, 2012 and 2016. The next U19 World Championship will take place 9th – 18th July, 2020 in Limerick, Ireland ( http://www.2020worldlax.com/ ). Year Limerick, Ireland World Indoor Lacrosse Championship The World Indoor Lacrosse Championship (WILC) was sponsored by the International Lacrosse Federation through 2007 and and is now sponsored by the sport’s unified governing body, the Federation of International Lacrosse. SYRACUSE, N.Y. (September 27, 2015) Canada’s world dominance in box lacrosse continued with 12-8 victory over the Iroquois, earning Canada its fourth consecutive world indoor championship and stretching its all-time record to 23-0 in WILC play. Photo: Coyote Magic Action Shots. The inaugural event was held in Hamilton, Kitchener, Mississauga, and Oshawa, Ontario, Canada in May 2003. National teams from Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, the Iroquois Nation, Scotland and the United States participated. Canada won gold defeating the Iroquois Nation in the final by a score of 21-4. The United States took the bronze. The most recent WILC was held at the birthplace of lacrosse on the Onondaga Nation’s native grounds in Syracuse, N.Y. Thirteen teams competed in the 2015 World Indoor Lacrosse Championship, including six new nations (Finland, Germany, Israel, Serbia, Switzerland, and Turkey). The medal results were the same as the previous three championships with Canada earning the gold, the Iroquois taking the silver and the U.S. winning the bronze. Surprising newcomer, Israel, finished in 4th. The remaining order of finish was England 5th, Ireland 6th, Czech Republic 7th, Australia 8th, Finland 9th, Turkey 10th, Germany 11th, Serbia 12th, and Switzerland 13th. Canada’s dominance in box lacrosse continued as it remained undefeated in WILC play at 23-0. SEE RESULTS PAGE: WILC 2015 The 2019 WILC will be played in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. Year * The inaugural WILC event was held in Hamilton, Kitchener, Mississauga and Oshawa, Ontario. Women’s World Cup © 2013 FIL – Team USA dominated its competition at the 2013 Women’s Lacrosse World Cup in Oshawa, Ontario. The US went 7-0, outscoring the field 127-35 in route to the gold medal. Photo by Jay Johnston via Game Day Photography The International Federation of Women’s Lacrosse Associations (IFWLA) was formed in 1972 to promote and develop the game of women’s lacrosse throughout the world. Inaugural members were Australia, England, Scotland, Wales and the United States. The number of member countries has grown rapidly as lacrosse popularity has spread. The IFWLA World Cup started in 1982 as an international lacrosse tournament that is held every four years, except in 1989 when it had only been three years since the 1986 IFWLA World Championship. The first World Cup was hosted in Nottingham, England. The United States team has won every World Cup except 1986 and 2005 where it finished second behind Australia. In 2007 the IFWLA merged with their men’s lacrosse counterpart, the International Lacrosse Federation (ILF), to form the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) – the current governing body of international lacrosse championships. In the latest event, Team USA made it two straight gold medals and seven overall when it defeated host Canada 19-5 at the 2013 Women’s Lacrosse World Cup in Oshawa, Ontario. Upcoming World Cup event: • 2017 Women’s Word Cup — 13th – 22nd July 2017, Guildford, England Year ??-?? Guildford, England * Extra Time; Three additional minutes each way/straight change of ends. If after “extra time” the score is still tied, then three minute halves are played on Sudden Death basis (first goal wins). ** Sudden Death Overtime; first goal scored in overtime is the game winner. Women’s U19 World Championship © 2015 FIL – Canada (7-1) held off a United States rally to win its first FIL U19 Women’s World Lacrosse Championship gold medal. The USA (7-1) earned its second silver medal after winning four straight golds in 1999, 2003, ’07 and ’11. Photo by David May via DEphoto. The International Federation of Women’s Lacrosse Associations (IFWLA) held its first U-19 World Championship in 1995. Australia defeated the United States 5-4 in Haverford, Pennsylvania. The U.S. then beat Australia in four straight finals since then. In 1999, the U.S. defeated the Aussies 15-8 on their home turf in Perth. They doubled-up on Australia in 2003, this time winning the championship 21-8 in Baltimore, Maryland. The U.S. women made it three straight golds in 2007 by defeating Australia 18-3 in Peterborough, Canada. The U.S. won its fourth gold in a row in 2011 in Hannover, Germany edging their Aussie rivals 14-12. In the latest U19 Women’s Championship in July of 2015 in Edinburgh, Scotland many new story lines emerged: Canada Golden, U.S. settles for Silver. After losing to the U.S. in the first game of pool play, Canada won seven straight games — including an impressive 17-3 win over Australia in the Semifinals, and a 9-8 victory over the U.S. to win the Gold. England wins historic bronze. England built a 9-3 lead early in the second before the Aussies roared back with a furious 6-1 rally to bring it to within one goal, 10-9, with 1:30 left. England held the Aussies scoreless through the final minute and thirty to preserve a 10-9 win for the bronze. Australia does not medal. For the first time in the history of the tournament, Australia did not play for the gold and finished out of the medals in fourth place after being upset by England in the bronze medal game. New Zealand finishes in 5th. The Kiwis surprised everyone with a 10-8 victory over Japan for 5th place. Previous finishes for New Zealand were 10th in 2007 and 11th in 2011. The host nation and location for the 2019 Women’s U19 Championship event will be determined in late 2015. Year
i don't know
The Sipi Tau is performed by which national rugby union team before each of their international matches?
Rugby Dictionary; Terminology | Bleacher Report Rugby Dictionary; Terminology Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories (Photo by David Rogers/Getty Images) 3.0K 0 Comments If you play rugby or just enjoy watching it, you will always have an idea on what is happening on the field, you’ll scream from anger when your favorite player will get tackled in the head, because you’ll know that a rule was broken, you’ll always jump from excitement when you’ll see a thunderous tackle performed, because it is legal, and surely you will cry from happiness when your favorite team will score a game winning try on the last minute, because it’s just the way you wanted it be.   But almost everyone (some of the readers are professionals, which means they understand everything) will agree with me that there are moments when you just don’t understand what’s going on during the match.   Referee shouts a word that you have no idea about, players start moving in a strange direction and you don’t understand why, a yellow card is pulled out without a reason (at least you think so) and so on. Nobody’s knowledge about this sport is perfect, including mine, so I decided to write this article to make some terms and situations clearer. Most of the terminology you’ll understand, but I’m sure there will be a word or two you haven’t heard and would like to know.   So here is the rugby terminology:     Ankle tap An ankle-tap or tap-tackle is a form of tackle. It is used when the player carrying the ball is running at speed and a defending player is approaching from behind.   Even if the defender is not able to get close enough to the ball-carrier to wrap his arms around him in a conventional tackle, he may still be able to dive at the other player's feet and, with outstretched arm, deliver a tap or hook to the player's foot (or feet) causing the player to stumble.     Advantage line Also called the gain line. It is an imaginary line drawn across the centre of the pitch when there is a breakdown in open play, such as a ruck, maul or scrum. Advancing across the gain line represents a gain in territory.     Advantage "Advantage" is the period of time after an infringement, in which the non-offending side has the opportunity to gain sufficient territory or tactical opportunity to negate the need to stop the game due to the infringement.   The referee will signal advantage with their arm out horizontally, toward the non-infringing team. If no tactical or territorial advantage is gained, the referee will whistle, and give the decision that had been delayed. If sufficient advantage is gained, the referee will call "advantage over", and play will continue.   The Advantage Law allows the game to flow more freely, and not stop for every minor infringement. An example of the application of advantage would be if Team A knocked the ball on (technical offence, conceding a scrum) but a Team B player picked the ball up and made a run forward before being tackled.     Ball back If the ball enters touch, then play is restarted by a line-out at the point where the ball left the field of play. The exception to this is if the ball is kicked into touch on the full. In this case, a line-out is taken from the point from where the ball was kicked from, and not from where it entered touch.     Blindside  The narrow side of the pitch in relation to a scrum or a breakdown in play; it is the opposite of open side. The blindside flanker is expected to cover the opposing team open side at scrum and breakdown.     Bonus points Bonus points are a method of deciding table points from a rugby union match. It was implemented in order to encourage attacking play throughout a match, to discourage repetitive goal-kicking, and to reward teams for "coming close" in losing efforts. 1 bonus point is awarded for scoring 4 (or more) tries and 1 bonus point for losing by 7 points (or fewer).     Blitz defense The blitz defense is a defensive technique similar to the defense used in rugby league. It relies on the whole defensive line moving forward towards their marked man as one, as soon as the ball leaves the base of a ruck or maul. The charge is usually led by the inside centre.   The idea of this technique is to prevent the attacking team gaining any ground by tackling them behind the gain line and forcing interceptions and charged down kicks. However, the defending team can be vulnerable to chip kicks and any player breaking the defensive line will have lots of space to play because the defense are running the other way and must stop, turn and chase.     Blood bin It is also called blood replacement. A player who has a visible bleeding injury may be replaced for up to fifteen minutes (running time not game time), during which he or she may receive first-aid treatment to stop the flow of blood and dress the wound. The player may then return to the pitch to continue playing.     Box-kick This is a kick taken from behind a scrum, normally by the scrum-half, in which he turns away from the scrum facing the touchline, and kicks the ball back over the scrum into the clear "box" of space behind the opposition to allow his own team to chase through and regain the ball in undefended territory.     Breakdown The breakdown is a colloquial term for the period immediately after a tackle and the ensuing ruck. During this time teams compete for possession of the ball, initially with their hands and then using feet in the ruck. Most referees will call "ruck" or "hands away" as soon as a ruck is formed. Most infringements take place at the breakdown, owing to the greater variety of possible offences at a breakdown, for example handling in the ruck, killing the ball, offside at the ruck and so on.     Caution A player who deliberately or repeatedly infringes the laws is cautioned, and shown a yellow card. A cautioned player is suspended from playing for ten minutes.     Centre They are the players wearing shirts numbers 12 and 13. They are divided into inside and outside centre.     Conversion If a team scores a try, they have an opportunity to convert it for two further points by kicking the ball between the posts and above the crossbar—that is, through the goal.   The kick is taken at any point on the field of play in line with the point that the ball was grounded for the try parallel to the touch-lines. So it is advantageous to score a try nearer to the posts as it is easier to convert it.   The kick can be either a drop kick or a place kick.     Counter rucking If a team (usually the team that took the ball into contact) has secured the ball at a ruck, and the other team manage to force them off the ball and secure possession themselves, the defending team is said to have "counter-rucked."     Crash tackle/crash ball It is an attacking tactic where a player receives a pass at pace and runs directly at the opposition's defensive line. The crash ball runner attempts to commit two or more opposing players to the tackle, then attempts to make the ball available to team-mates by off-loading in the tackle or recycling the ball quickly from the ruck. By committing players to the tackle, the crash ball runner creates holes in the opposition's defense, thereby creating attacking opportunities for team-mates.     Drop kick A drop kick is when a player kicks the ball from hand and the ball touches the ground between being dropped and kicked. If a drop kick goes through a goal then it results in a drop goal.     Dummy runner Another offensive tactic; a player on the attacking team runs towards the opposition as if running onto a pass, only for the ball to be passed to another player, carried on by the ball carrier or kicked forwards. As with a dummy pass, this tactic draws defenders away from the ball and creates space for the attacking team.     Dummy pass An offensive ruse, where the ball carrier moves as if to pass the ball to a team-mate, but then continues to run with the ball himself; the objective is to trick defenders into marking the would-be pass receiver, creating a gap for the ball carrier to run into.     Dump tackle It is a tackling technique. The tackler wraps his arms around the ball carrier's thighs and lifts him a short distance in the air before forcibly driving him to the ground. The tackler must go to ground with the ball carrier for the tackle to be legal. This technique is useful to completely stop the opponent in his tracks. A dump tackle which drops the ball carrier on his head or neck is known as a spear tackle, and will almost invariably concede a penalty and possibly result in a caution for the tackler.     Five meter scrum When a scrum offence is committed within 5m of either try line, or a player carries the ball over his own try line and touches it down, the referee will award a scrum on the five meter lie; this is to prevent all but the most brutal packs from driving the ball over the try line within the scrum.     Flanker Also known as breakaways or wing forwards. They are the players wearing shirts numbers 6 & 7. They are the players with the fewest set responsibilities. The player should have all round attributes: speed, strength, fitness, tackling and handling skills. Flankers are always involved in the game, as they are the real ball winners at the breakdown, especially the number 7. The two flankers do not usually bind to the scrum in a fixed position. Instead, the open side flanker will attach to the scrum on whichever side is further from the nearer touchline, while the blindside flanker attaches himself to the scrum on the side closer to the touchline.     Fly half Also referred to by a number of different names, they are the players wearing shirt number 10. This position is one of the most influential on the pitch. The fly-half makes key tactical decisions during a game. Generally a fly-half is also the goal kicker due to excellent kicking skills.   It is called a throw-forward in the laws of the game.   A forward pass occurs when the ball fails to travel backwards in a pass. If the ball is not thrown or passed forward but it bounces forward after hitting a player or the ground, it is not a throw-forward.   If the referee deems it accidental, these results in a scrum to the opposing team, however deliberate forward passes result in the award of a penalty.     Fourth official A fourth official is one who controls replacements and substitutes. He may also substitute for referee or touch judge in case of injury to either of them.   Foul play is defined as the deliberate infringement of the laws of the game.     Free-kick/ Short arm penalty Also called short arm penalty. This is a lesser form of the penalty, usually awarded to a team for a technical offence committed by the opposing side such as numbers at the line-out or time wasting at a scrum. A free kick is also awarded for calling a mark. A team cannot kick for goal and the normal 22m rule applies for kicking for position from a free kick. A Free Kick is signaled by the referee with a bent arm raised in the air.     Fullback They are the player wearing jersey number 15. They act as the last line of defense against running attacks by the opposing three-quarter backs. The full back is expected to field high kicks from the opposition, and reply with a superior kick or a counterattack. The full back is sometimes the specialist goal-kicker in a team, taking penalty and conversion kicks.     Garryowen A Garryowen or up and under kick, is a high short punt onto or behind the defending team.     Goal from mark Goal from mark is an antiquated method of scoring. It occurred when a player "marked" and scored a goal from there. In the modern game, a goal cannot be scored from a free kick, but in the past the reward for scoring a "goal from mark" (which is a difficult kick to play) was three or four points. Occasionally referred to as a field goal.     Goal A goal is scored when a player kicks the ball through the plane bounded by the two uprights and above the crossbar. A drop goal or penalty goal count for 3 points except and conversions count for two.     Goal line, try line Two solid, straight white lines (one at each end) stretching across the entire width of the pitch passing directly through the goal posts which defines the boundary between the "field of play" and the "in-goal". As the goal line is defined as part of the "in-goal," attacking players can score tries by placing the ball with downward pressure onto the goal line itself. The base of the goal posts and post protectors are also defined to be part of the goal line.   The goal line is often referred to as the "try line" though that term does not appear in the Laws of the Game.     Grubber kick It is a type of kick which makes the ball roll and tumble across the ground, producing irregular bounces making it hard for the defending team to pick up the ball without causing a knock-on. It gives the ball both high and low bounce and on occasions, the ball can sit up in a perfect catching position.     Group of death Is an informal sobriquet used in to describe a situation that often occurs during the group stage of a tournament, where any team in the group could qualify and any team could be eliminated.   Typically, a group of death will see an unusual match-up of heavyweight sides, due to a quirk in the seeding system.     Haka The haka is a traditional Maori dance performed by the All Blacks, the international rugby union team of New Zealand, immediately prior to international matches. It serves as a challenge to the opposing team.     High tackle A high tackle (or head-high tackle) is a form of tackle where the tackler grasps the ball carrier above the line of the shoulders (most commonly around the neck or at the line of the chin and jaw).   Executed violently or at speed, a high tackle is potentially instantly lethal and, as extremely dangerous play, high tackles are a cause for penalties, and yellow or red cards.     Hand-off Handing off (also called fend) is the action by the ball carrier of repelling a tackler using his arm. For the action to be legal, the ball carrier's arm must be straight before contact is made; a shove or "straight-arm smash", where the arm is extended immediately before contact or on contact, is illegal and classed as dangerous play.     Hooker Hookers traditionally wear the number 2 shirt. The hooker is the player who is in the centre position of the front row of the scrum and who uses his/her feet to 'hook' the ball back. Due to the pressure put on the body by the scrum and the requirement to use both arms to bind to other players (and hence having no free arm to use to support or deflect bodyweight) it is considered to be one of the most dangerous positions to play.   Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs, partly because they are normally the shortest of the forwards, but more often because they are the most skillful of the forwards.     Knock-on It is also called knock-forward. A knock-on is when a player loses possession of the ball and goes forward off the hands or arms of a player and hits either the ground or another player. It results in a scrum with the put-in to the opposition.     Kick-off A coin is tossed and the winning captain either chooses which direction his team shall play, or elects to take the kick that starts the game. Both halves of the match are started with a drop kick from the centre-point of the halfway line.   The kick must cross the opposition's 10-metre line, unless played by a member of the receiving team. The opposition are not allowed to encroach beyond the 10-metre line until the ball is kicked.   If the ball does not travel 10 metres, goes straight into touch, or goes over the dead ball line at the end of the pitch, the opposing team may accept the kick, have the ball kicked off again, or have a scrum at the centre.   After a score, the game is restarted from the same place under the same restrictions, with the conceding team drop-kicking the ball to the scoring team.     Late tackle A late tackle is a tackle executed on a player who has already passed or kicked away the ball. As it is illegal to tackle a player who does not have the ball, Late tackles are penalty offences (referees allow a short margin of error where the tackler was already committed to the tackle) and if severe or reckless may result in yellow or red Cards.   If a late tackle occurs after a kick and a penalty is awarded, the non-offending team has the option of taking the penalty where the ball landed.     Line-out A maximum of seven and a minimum of three forwards line up parallel with each other between the five-meter and 15-metre lines. The hooker of the team in possession throws the ball in while his opposite number stands in between the touchline and the five-meter line.   All players not involved in the lineout, except the scrum-half, must retire 10 meters. The ball must be thrown in straight down the middle of the lineout and the hooker must not cross into the field of play while throwing in. If throw is not straight then the throw is given to opposition or a scrum.   Jumpers can be lifted by their team-mates below the waist, but the opposition's jumpers must not be obstructed, barged or pulled down.     Lock Locks or second-row are the players wearing shirts number 4 & 5. Locks are very tall, athletic and have an excellent standing jump along with good strength. So they are the primary targets at line-outs. They also make good ball carriers, bashing holes in the defense around the ruck and maul. They also have to push in the rucks and mauls.     Line-out code It is a coded piece of information, used to communicate intentions about a line-out within one team in a match without giving information away to the other team. The advantage in line-out comes from knowing in advance how the throw will be made.     Mark A mark is the place where the game will restart after a stoppage, such as where a scrum-offence or penalty offence occurred, or on the touchline where the ball went out of play (or where the ball was kicked in the case of ball-back).   Marks are generally defined by the referee, or the touch judge when the ball leaves play by the touchline.   Marks can also be defined by a defending players who execute a clean catch (catch the ball before it bounces or touches another player) of a ball kicked by an attacking player if the defender is standing within his/her own 22 meter zone or in-goal. To "call a mark", the player shouts "Mark!" as he/she catches the ball.   The referee then awards that player a free kick which must be taken by that specific player. (If for whatever reason, that player cannot take the kick, a scrum is awarded instead.) If the player is simply a poor kicker he/she is likely to take a 'Tap Kick' and immediately pass the ball to the fly-half or full back that will generally deliver a clearance kick.   Marks can be called when the ball is cleanly caught following a kick by the opposition for any type of kick except a kick off or restart after a score. It is legal, though very unusual, to call a mark from a clean catch of a penalty kick.     Mulligriber The mulligrubber kick is a style of kicking. A mulligrubber is directed towards the ground and forced to bounce. Often used in situations where either the ball needs to be placed in a specific position (i.e. on the try line) or to intentionally stop the opponent from being able to catch the ball on the full.     Maul When a ball carrier is held up (without being tackled) by both an opposing player and a player from his own team, a maul is then considered formed.   The offside line becomes the last foot of the last man on each side of the maul. Players can only join in from behind that team-mate. Anyone who comes in from the sides will be penalized by the referee. Hands are allowed to be used in the maul. If either team deliberately collapses the maul then that side will be penalized by the referee. If the ball does not come out in a timely fashion, the referee will award a scrum to the team that did not take the ball into the maul.   Mauls can only exist in the field of play. Play that looks like a maul can exist within the in-goal but restrictions on entry to the maul and the need to bind on to a team member do not apply.     Number 8/eightman/eighth-man They are the players wearing shirts no. 8. It is the only position that is known only by the shirt number. No. 8s must have a good tactical awareness in order to coordinate scrums and ruck moves with the scrum-half.   If the ball is at his feet at the back of a scrum, ruck or maul, it is normally the number eight's decision whether to pass the ball out or drive the breakdown on in order to make ground.     Offside A player is offside when he/she is forward of the relevant offside line i.e. between the relevant offside line and the opposing team's dead ball line.   In a match, most players will be offside several times but they only become liable for penalty if they do not act to attempt to become onside (which generally means retreat downfield) or attempt to interfere with play.   In open play, only the ball carrier's team (or the team that last carried or deliberately touched the ball) is bound by offside - the offside line for them is the ball. (Note every player who passes the ball backwards is offside and must attempt to retire.)     Off-load pass A short pass made by a player being tackled before he reaches the ground, usually by turning to face a team-mate and tossing the ball into the air for a team-mate to catch.     Onside A player is onside whenever he or she is behind the relevant offside line for the particular phase of play. Players who are onside take an active part in playing the game. Previously offside players may be "put onside" by the actions of other players (for example, in a kick ahead in open play, players in the kicker's team in front of the kick are offside but can be put onside by the kicker or any other team member who was onside at the time of the kick running up the pitch past them).   So that players can be confident they are now onside and can take an active part in the game, the referee may shout "Onside" or "All Onside."     Open side The broad side of the pitch in relation to a scrum or a breakdown in play. The openside flanker is expected to cover the cover the opposing team openside at scrum and breakdown. It is the opposite of blindside.     On the full If the ball is kicked into touch without first bouncing inside the field of play it is termed as ball is kicked into touch on the full.     Penalty Penalties are awarded for serious infringements like dangerous play, offside and handling the ball on the ground in a ruck. Penalties are signalled by the referee with a straight arm raised in the air. Players can also receive red and yellow cards, as in Association football.   The offending team must retire 10 meters (or to their goal line if closer) for both penalties and free kicks. A team can kick for goal, tap and run the ball, take a scrum or kick directly into touch with the resulting line-out awarded to them.     Penalty try A penalty try awarded if the referee believes a team illegally prevented a try from probably being scored. Penalty tries are always awarded under the posts regardless of where the offence took place.   (This gives the non-offending team the opportunity for the easiest possible conversion kick meaning that a penalty try is generally a certain 7 points for the non-offending team.)     Place kick The place kick is a kicking style commonly used when kicking for goal. It typically involves placing the ball on the ground. To keep the ball in position, a mound of sand or plastic tee is sometimes used.     Phase A phase is the time a ball is in play between breakdowns. For example, first phase would be winning the ball at the lineout and passing to a centre who is tackled. Second phase would be winning the ball back from the ensuing breakdown and attacking again. Professional foul:   A professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play, usually to prevent an opponent scoring.     Prop They are the players wearing shirts number 1 & 3. The role of both the props is to support the hooker in the scrum and to provide support for the jumpers in the line-out.   The props provide the main power in the push forward in the scrum. For this reason they need to be exceptionally big and strong.     Red card In International matches, red cards are shown to players who have been ordered off, which results in the player being removed from the game without being replaced. Players are usually ordered off for serious foul play, for violent conduct or for committing two offences resulting in cautions (yellow cards).   Red cards are also commonly used in non-international matches in precisely the same manner as in International matches but there is no regulation requiring their use. (i.e. in a domestic match, a referee may dismiss a player without actually displaying a red card.)     Round the corner kicking Round the corner kicking is a style of kicking used for kicking penalties and converting tries.     Ruck A ruck is formed when the ball is on the ground and two opposing players meet over the ball. The offside line becomes the last foot of the last man on each side of the ruck and players compete for the ball by attempting to drive one another from the area and to 'ruck' the ball backwards with their feet.   Rucks commonly form at tackles, but can form anywhere in the field of play where the ball is on the ground.   Handling the ball while it is in the vicinity of a ruck is a penalty offence. (Though modern practice allows a player on the ground to support the ball with his/her hands and for the player who is acting as scrum half to 'dig' for the ball once possession has been secured.)   If the ball does not come out of a ruck after about five seconds, the referee will award a scrum to the team he considers to have been moving forward in the ruck.     Scrum The eight forwards from each team bind together and push against each other. The scrum-half from the team that has been awarded possession feeds the ball into the centre of the scrum from the side most advantageous for his hooker (which is typically the side of loose head prop).   The ball must be fed straight down the middle of the tunnel and the hookers must not contest for the ball until it is put in. If they do, a free-kick is awarded for "foot up".   The scrum is taken again if the ball comes straight out of the tunnel or if it collapses. If the scrum wheels (rotates) due to pushing more than 90 degrees the scrum is reformed and awarded to the other side. Pulling in an attempt to unbalance the other side or to assist in rotating the scrum is a Penalty Offence.   At the breakdown a ruck commonly forms over the players involved in the tackle.   Where players who are on the ground on the opposition side of the ruck do not move away quickly enough, players on their feet may be tempted to "help" them move by pushing them away with their boots.   This potentially dangerous act is illegal and if done deliberately (or recklessly) may result in penalties and yellow or red cards.     Scrum half Also known as a half-back, they are the players traditionally wearing shirt No. 9. Scrum halves form the all-important link between the forwards and the backs. They are relatively small but with a high degree of vision, the ability to react to situations very quickly, and good handling skills.   They are often the first tackler in defence and are behind every scrum, maul or ruck to get the ball out and maintain movement. They put the ball into the scrum and collect it afterwards. Scrum Halves generally also act as "receiver" in the line-out to catch the ball knocked down by the forwards. (The receiver is a member of the line out and so stands within 10 metres of it and may join the line once the ball is thrown.)     Sipi Tau Sipi Tau is a Tongan war dance performed by the Tongan national rugby union team before each of their international match.     Sin bin The notional area where a player must remain for a minimum of ten minutes after being shown a yellow card. In high level games, the sin bin is monitored by the fourth official.   Stellenbosch Laws The Stellenbosch Laws are a set of experimental laws of rugby union that are under consideration by the International Rugby Board (IRB) and, if accepted, may to come into effect late in 2008.     Spear tackle A spear tackle is a dangerous tackle in which a player is picked up by the tackler and turned so that they are upside down. The tackler then drops or drives the player into the ground often head, neck or shoulder first.   Spear tackles are particularly dangerous and have caused serious injury including spinal damage, dislocations and broken bones in the shoulder or neck. On rare occasion, even death can occur.   Spear tackles are taken very seriously by the various Union discipline committees and can result in lengthy playing bans.     Tackle A tackle takes place when one or more opposition players [tackler(s)] grasp onto the ball carrier and succeed in bringing him/her to ground and holding them there. Once briefly held, the tackler(s) must release the tackled player who must then him/herself immediately release or attempt to pass the ball so that play can continue.     Tap kick A tap kick is a type of kick used by players at penalties or free kicks to meet the regulation that requires the ball must be kicked a visible distance before a player may pass or run with it.   In a tap kick, the player momentarily releases the ball from his hands and taps it with his foot or lower leg and then quickly catches it again. The player will then generally try to run forward with the ball.     Ten Meter Law The Ten Meter Law is a form of offside which is designed to prevent injury to a defending player who attempts to catch a ball that has been kicked ahead by the attacking side.   In the normal Law of Offside in open play, it is possible for an offside player to be put onside by actions of the opposing team. This ability to be put onside by a member of the opposing team does not apply if the offside player was within 10 metres along the field of a defending player waiting to catch the ball and the offside player remains offside until either he/she retreats onside or is put onside by a member of their own team.     Tap-tackle Despite its name, a tap tackle is a not actually a tackle as the ball carrier is brought to ground by a form of trip, is not actually held on the ground and may attempt to get up and continue to run. A tap tackle is used when a defending player is unable to get close enough to the ball carrier but is able to dive at the other player's feet and, with outstretched arm, deliver a tap or hook to the player's foot (or feet) causing the player to stumble.   At speed, this will often be sufficient to bring the ball-carrier down, allowing a team-mate of the tackling player to retrieve the ball or provide sufficient delay for the defending team to organize a defense.   Television match official (TMO), commonly called the video referee.     Tight Head The tight head prop is the player who takes the right-hand position on the front row of the scrum. A tight head prop traditionally wears the number 3 shirt. He is named the tight head since in the scrum he will have an opposition player bind to both his left and right hand side, meaning his head is unexposed to the side of the scrum as opposed to the loose head, whose left-hand side is exposed.     Touch judge The touch judge is an official who monitors the touch-line and raises a flag if the ball (or player carrying it) goes into touch. Touch judges also stand behind the posts to confirm that a goal has been scored following a penalty kick or conversion of a try.     Touch Touch is the area outside and including the two touch-lines which define the sides of the playing area. As the touch-lines are not part of the playing area they are part of touch.     Truck and trailer A colloquial term for an accidental obstruction. "Truck and trailer" occurs when a player carrying the ball leaves a maul, along with one or more of his teammates. Once the ball carrier leaves the maul, the maul is over, and if the ball carrier's teammates are in front of the ball carrier and prevent defending players from making a tackle, the defending team will be awarded a scrum. If the incident of truck and trailer is judged to be deliberate or the latest in a series of similar infringements, a penalty may be awarded instead.     Tunnel When a scrum is formed, the gap between the legs of the three players from each team who form the front row is called the tunnel.     Try It is the primary method of scoring. A try is worth five points. It is scored when a player places the ball on the ground with downward pressure in the in-goal area between (and including) the goal-line and up to but not including dead ball line of the opposition's half. (As the goal posts and post protectors are also part of the goal-line, touching the ball down against the base of these is also a try.)   There is no such thing as an "own try." If you touch the ball down in your own in-goal area, it results in a twenty-two metre drop out or a five metre scrum.     Turnover When a team concedes possession of the ball, particularly at the breakdown, they are said to have turned the ball over to the other team. This can happen due to defending players stealing the ball from an isolated attacker, counter rucking, a knock on, an intercepted pass or the ball not emerging from a maul (wherein the referee awards the scrum feed to opposing team).     Twenty two metre drop-out A drop kick is taken from behind the 22m line if a team touches down in its own in-goal area but did not carry the ball over the try line, or if the ball is kicked over the dead ball line from any other play other than the kick-off.   The ball only needs to cross the line, but if it goes directly into touch a scrum is awarded to the receiving team at the centre-point of the 22m line.     Up and under An up and under or a Garryowen kick, is a high short punt onto or behind the defending team.     Use it or lose it If the maul stops moving forward the referee will often shout "use it or lose it" to the team in possession of the ball. This means they must pass the ball within a five-second time period. If they do not the referee will call a scrum and the team not in possession at the beginning of the maul will be given the feed.     Wing They are the players wearing shirt numbers 11 and 14. They are divided into left and right wingers. Wingers must be fast runners and agile in order to evade tackles and have excellent ball handling skills in order to pass and receive the ball at pace.     Wheel A scrum that has rotated through 90 degrees or more is said to have "wheeled." The referee wil
Tonga
‘Piapa’ is the alphabet of which US state?
War Dance of The Polynesian Islands War Dance of The Polynesian Islands Pride of Polynesia Polynesia and its seafaring people, its warrior cultures and traditions play an important role in early Asian Pacific history. Although many of the Polynesian islands did not associate with American History a few such as the Hawaiian Islands, Tonga, and Samoa did come in contact with European and American colonization. Misunderstood by many European navigators as savagery and barbarism, Polynesian war dances were culturally significant as it portrayed the pride and strength in ones people before battle. Captain Cook for example, noted the “savages” of the Hawaiian Islands, depicted in paintings and illustrations showed the European take on the Polynesian people. The idea of the “Orient” Europeans shared their view of the pacific islands as a “distant, exotic place.” They’re physical appearances, nakedness, evoked stereotypes of the backwardness, irrationality, and the failure of these islanders to develop and progress. We see the idea of how the Polynesian War dances was perceived by these early explorers, however to Polynesians the Haka, Sipi Tau, Siva Tau, Cibi were secret rituals to its people. “The Pride of Polynesia.”  American and European imperialism played a major role in the colonization of the Pacific. Western culture, economic, military influences and introduction of Christian missionaries threatened the Polynesian culture, more specifically the Polynesian war cry. The Haka of the New Zealand Maoris, The Sipi Tau of Tonga, Siva Tau of Samoa, and the Cibi of Fiji highlighted the honor and pride of Polynesia. To the Europeans it was uncivilized and barbaric; however the War dance was the essence of Warrior cultures passed down thru generations of chiefdoms.  What made the Polynesian War dances unique was the fact that it is different from all other form of Polynesian dances. We have the more sacred and calm representation of the traditional Hawaiian hula or the traditional Tahitian Pati.  More physical and violent, the sole purpose of the Polynesian War Dance, was challenging and intimidation of the enemy before battle.   “Hawaii Must Not Perform ‘haka’ with Other Team on Field." Espn College Football. Associated Press, 10 Sept. 2007, 11:42. Web. Lee, Shelley Sang-Hee. A New History of Asian America. New York: Routledge, 2014
i don't know
Which English Premier League football club has the motto ‘Audere est Facere’ (To Dare is to Do)?
Which clubs have Latin on their badges? | Football | The Guardian The Knowledge Which clubs have Latin on their badges? Plus: big-money flops, the worst league in the world, and the longest gap between England caps. Email [email protected] Arsenal's Clive Allen - but not for long Tuesday 31 August 2004 05.49 EDT First published on Tuesday 31 August 2004 05.49 EDT Share on Messenger Close "Which British football clubs currently have, or have had, Latin words or phrases on their club badges?" asks Robin Jouglah. "Can I have translations too?" By our reckoning, Robin, there are currently four Premiership sides whose badges still dabble in the noble (but very dead) language of Latin. The Blackburn Rovers motto is "Arte et labore," which means "by skill and labour". More controversial is the inscription on Everton's badge, which reads "Nil satis nisi optimum" and roughly translates as "Nothing but the best is good enough". Rumours that the Goodison authorities are thinking of adding "unless the price is right" have so far proved unfounded. Manchester City's motto is "Superbia in proelia," which as every Latin scholar knows means "Pride in battle," while Spurs rejoice in the SAS-like exhortation "Audere est facere," or "To dare is to do". In the lower leagues, Sheffield Wednesday boast of "Consilio et anamis" - which means "intelligence and courage" - while Bristol City share their motto of "Vim promovet insitam" ("Promotes your inner power") with the city's university. Gillingham claim to be the "domus clamantium", or "home of the shouting men". North of the border, Kilmarnock have the monopoly on Latin in the Premierleague with their simple but classy "Confidemus", or "We trust". Elgin City win the comedy rosette for their "Sic itur astra", meaning "Thus we reach the stars". But the prize for non-pretentiousness goes to Queens Park, who play at Hampden but are currently in the Scottish third division. They meekly suggest "Ludere causa ludendi," which means "to play for the sake of playing". WHAT A LOAD OF RUBBISH "Who is the most expensive player to never make a first-team appearance for his club?" asks Antonia Fraser. One of the earliest known flops is Clive Allen, who joined Arsenal from QPR on June 13, 1980 for £1.25m and left for Crystal Palace two months later for the same price - a fortune in those innocent days. "There were rumours at the time of a deal with Palace based on the premise that QPR would not sell him directly to Palace," reckons Howard Nurtman. "While £1.25m does not pay for a competent groundsman these days, the deal was the equivalent of Newcastle buying Wayne Rooney and then swapping him for Ruud van Nistelrooy without playing him." Both John Hudson and Theodore Kamena mention the strange case of Nicolas Medina, who joined Sunderland from Aregntinos Juniors in June 2001 for £3.5m and has done very little since. Now, strictly speaking, Medina played in an FA Cup third-round replay against Bolton in January 2003 but, as John Hudson points out, "both clubs had fielded weakened sides, viewing the Cup as less important than their ongoing relegation battles". Medina, incidentally, is now the proud owner of an Olympic gold medal. Moving up the evolutionary ladder we reach the Croatian defender Robert Jarni, who signed for Coventry for £4.5m in August 1998. "He watched a friendly with his wife," says Tim Ward, "who allegedly told him he couldn't stay and was then sold less than two weeks later to Real Madrid for a tidy £750,000 profit. Not even a friendly or reserve game in Sky Blue, let alone a first-team appearance." It gets worse. Remember Rafael Scheidt, the Brazilian defender who moved from Gremio Porto Alegre to Celtic for £4.8m in December 1999? Ciaran Carey certainly does. "One unnamed Celtic first-teamer said at the time that 'he couldn't trap a bag of cement'," he seethes. "The Dream Team of John Barnes and Kenny Dalglish saw fit to sign a player who they had only ever seen on video, presumably swayed by his two caps for Brazil (allegedly the result of a widespread racket involving agents bribing corrupt Brazilian FA officials to cap their clients in meaningless internationals in order to inflate their market value and secure a lucrative move to Europe - it clearly worked)." But the winner - as far as we know - is Rodrigo Fabri, who according to Daniel Eve was sold by Portuguesa in Brazil to Real Madrid around 1998 for roughly £8m. "However," explains Eve, "Real loaned him straight back to Brazil, which was the start of a footballing odyssey. He played for Flamengo and Gremio in Brazil, Valldolid in Spain and Sporting Lisbon in Portugal over the next few years. Every pre-season without fail he turned up at Real and was sent elsewhere, never actually playing for them. Currently he's at Atletico Madrid, with Real's claim to him having lapsed at some point." Ouch. KNOWLEDGE ARCHIVE: THE WORST LEAGUE IN THE WORLD "The Scottish Premier League is one of the, if not the, worst leagues in the world, due to the total dominance of the Old Firm", reckons Cam Haskell. "What I want to know is a percentage figure for Old Firm wins in these cups and the league and how it compares to other crummy leagues." "I must say I'm very glad I don't have to be in the pub with Mr. Haskell, who sounds more boring than the English Premiership," says a feisty-sounding Dex McCluskey. "Using his criteria, i.e. that a league's worth is determined by the number of different teams that win it, the Scottish League vies with Spain's La Liga to be most ''rubbish'." Allow Dex to explain... "Since 1950, seven Spanish teams have won La Liga, while eight Scottish teams have topped that country's league. Real Madrid has won 26 league titles, compared with 29 for Rangers. Barcelona has claimed the top spot 11 times, compared with 19 at Celtic. "The Spanish league title has gone to a team other than those two on 11 occasions during the period, while the Scottish title has gone outside the Old Firm 10 times. And he isn't finished there. "What about English football?" he asks. "Since 1990, we've had just four Premiership winners - Leeds way back in 1991-92 and in 1994-95 Blackburn Rovers. "Those two fleeting moments of interest aside, the score since 1990 is Manchester United eight, Arsenal four. Oh, the thrills, the sheer unpredictability of it all. Can't wait for next season. My money's on Arsenal, no, make that Manchester United, Oh, I don't know. There's just too much choice. Shall I fetch the petard, Mr. Haskell?" Andy also points to how through most of the 1990s only Juve or Milan won La Scudetto, although he does ruin everything by contesting that "it is harder to win a league where your main competition cannot be guaranteed to lose points to other teams, as is the case in Scotland". For more classic Knowledge, click here GAPS BETWEEN CAPS "Who has the longest gaps between England caps?" asks Owen Stride. We're not absolutely certain about this, but Paul Fields and Geoff Clay both reckon the answer is Ian Callaghan, the man who played more games for Liverpool - 843 - than anyone else. Callaghan played two group games during the 1966 World Cup, but was not recalled until 1977, when Ron Greenwood was in the middle of what Paul Fields calls "his short-lived experiment of picking every English-born Liverpool player bar David Fairclough and the criminally ignored Jimmy Case". Can you help "Are there are any teams in the football league that have never played each other?" asks Matt Bonnamy. "Which player has dropped the furthest in league positions as the result of one transfer?" wonders Steve McLay "In the Dinamo Bucharest game at Old Trafford," writes Tim Shaw, "Neville P came on for Neville G, who was the captain at the time, and Neville P took over the armband. Have there been any other occurrences of brothers swapping the captaincy during such an inter-sibling substitution?"
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
Which 1930’s US gangster, upon being admitted to Indiana State Prison, is quoted as saying ‘I will be the meanest bastard you ever saw when I get out of here’?
Tottenham Hotspur Football Club – Cyprus Spurs Supporters Club id="menu-item-1332"> Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Tottenham Hotspur Football Club commonly referred to as Spurs, is an English football club located in Tottenham, North London, which plays in the English Premier League. The club’s home stadium is located at White Hart Lane. Its newly developed training ground is at Bulls Cross on the northern boundaries of the London Borough of Enfield. Founded in 1882, Spurs won the F.A. Cup for the first time in 1901, making it the only non-league club to do so since the formation of the Football League. Tottenham was the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and F.A Cup Double, winning both competitions in the season 1960-1961. After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962, in 1963 it became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition – the European Cup Winners’ Cup. In 1967 it won the FA Cup for a third time in the 1960s. In the 1970s Tottenham won the League Cup on two occasions and was the inaugural winner in 1972 of the UEFA Cup, becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies. In the 1980s Spurs won several trophies: the F.A Cup two times, F.A Community Shield as well as the UEFA Cup in 1984. In the 1990s the club won the FA Cup and the League Cup. When it won the League Cup once more in 2008, it meant that it had won a major trophy in each of the last six decades – an achievement only matched by one other Premier League team. The club’s Latin motto is Audere Est Facere (“To Dare Is to Do”), and its emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football. Their home kit is white shirt and shorts or combination with navy blue shorts and their away kit is normally all Navy Blue or Yellow as well as a Black shirt on odd occasions.
i don't know
‘Shazam’ is the favourite word of which comic book hero?
Shazam | Shazam Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Jerry O'Connell (Voice) Shazam (formerly known as Captain Marvel) is a superhero in the DC Comics Universe and the protector of Fawcett City . In his secret identity, he is William Joseph "Billy" Batson, a young boy who was chosen to be a champion of good by the wizard Shazam . Whenever Billy speaks the wizard's name, he is struck by a magic thunderbolt that transforms him into an adult superhero empowered with the abilities of six legendary figures. Throughout his many adventures, Captain Marvel has fought countless enemies, the most famous being Doctor Sivana , Black Adam and Mister Mind . However, he has also earned many allies, such as Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr , forming the Marvel Family . Historically, Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics #2 . However, after the Crisis on Infinite Earths significantly altered the character's history, Captain Marvel's first appearance in the Modern Age of Comic Books was in History of the DC Universe #2 . After the reboot of the DC Universe (Post-Flashpoint), the character was renamed Shazam and was re-introduced in Justice League (Volume 2) #7. Before DC Comics gained ownership of the character, Captain Marvel was originally a property of Fawcett Comcs . However, a copyright infringement lawsuit from DC Comics stated that Captain Marvel was an illegal infringement of Superman . This caused Fawcett to cease publishing Captain Marvel-comics, but DC Comics gained ownership of the Marvel Family characters and returned them to publication. Contents History Origins Billy Batson and his sister Mary were born to archaeologists C. C. and Marylin Batson. Billy's parents were killed by their treacherous assistant, Theo Adam , while on a dig at the tomb of Rameses II at Abu Simbel, Egypt. He also kidnaps Billy's sister Mary, who ends up missing. Billy was separated from his sister Mary following the death of their parents and left in the care of their uncle Ebenezer, his father's half-brother. Unfortunately, Ebenezer threw Billy out and stole the youth's trust fund money which had been set aside for Billy's care and welfare. Left penniless and homeless, Billy eked out a sorrowful existence in Fawcett City as a newsboy. For shelter, he often slept in the subway terminals. One night, a mysterious stranger - later revealed to be the spirit of Billy's father - convinced Billy to follow him deep into the subway tunnels. There, Billy found a marvelous train decorated in hieroglyphics and mystic runes. Billy and the stranger rode the train deep into the bowles of the earth and arrived in a cavern that held statues epitomizing the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man , including Envy, Lust, Greed, Pride, Wrath, Sloth, and Gluttony. Within the cavern, Billy met the ancient wizard Shazam, a champion of mankind for thousands of years. Withered with age, Shazam sat on a throne poised benaeth a giant stone block suspended above him as if by magic. There, the ancient wizard revealed that he had selected Billy to be his champion to fight for good as the "strongest and mightiest man in the world--Captain Marvel!" To that end, Shazam ordered Billy to speak his name, which was actually an acronym for various legendary figures who had agreed to grant aspects of themselves to a willing subject: S - for the wisdom of Solomon H - for the strength of Hercules A - for the stamina of Atlas Z - for the power of Zeus (which enhances all Marvel's other physical abilities and allows for interdimensional travel) A - for the courage of Achilles (which would include invulnerability from ancient mythology) M - for the speed of Mercury (and, by extension, the power to fly) Billy then said the wizard's name, and was immediately struck by a magic lightning bolt, turning him into Captain Marvel, an adult superhero. He then learned that he has only to speak the word again to be instantly changed back into Billy. With that, Shazam was immediately killed by the large granite block that fell from above his throne. Billy vowed to fulfill his bestowed role. Early Adventures Captain Marvel became a member of the revived Justice Society of America and was featured prominently in that group alongside his nemesis Black Adam . Captain Marvel had originally joined the team to keep an eye on Adam, who had joined the JSA claiming to have reformed. Black Adam eventually left the JSA to instigate a takeover of his home country of Kahndaq ; he had a fondess for the country, and wished to see the totalitarian regime done away in what he saw as justice. Captain Marvel remained with the team. During his tenure in the JSA, Marvel dated Courtney Whitmore, also known as Stargirl , which put him in an unusual position; while he could legally date Courtney as Billy Batson, it looked very strange for the grown-up Captain Marvel to be with the teenaged Stargirl. The Golden Age The Flash (Jay Garrick)|The Flash , Jay Garrick, another JSA member, confronted Marvel about the issue. Rather than telling Garrick and the team the truth about his age, Marvel chose to follow the Wisdom of Solomon and leave the team and Courtney. The Marvel Family played an integral part the Infinite Crisis . The climax of the Day of Vengeance saw the Spectre engaged in a cosmic-level battle with the wizard Shazam . At the conclusion of this battle, Shazam was obliterated, and the Rock of Eternity burst apart into Earth's dimension, freeing scores of ancient magicks and evils that had been captured eons ago back into the Universe. In a later Day of Vengeance one-shot special, Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family then helped Zatanna and several other beings to capture the Seven Deadly Sins and rebuild the Rock of Eternity . Captain Marvel was then required to take over Shazam's role as caretaker of the Rock. Marvel was later shown fulfilling this role, although teetering on the brink of sanity, constantly talking back to the Seven Sins around him. During this time, Marvel was shown helping Black Adam grant Adrianna Tomaz the powers of the goddess Isis . Later that year, Captain Marvel presided at the marriage ceremony of Adam and Isis in Kahndaq . Black Adam's continued attempts to reform, and depicted Adam's formation of, with Captain Marvel's blessing, a " Black Marvel Family ". Joining Black Adam in the Black Marvel Family were his wife Isis and her brother Osiris . Isis and Osiris are murdered by the "Four Horsemen", creatures engineered by a team of DC's mad scientist characters ( Dr. Sivana among them). As a result, Black Adam takes his revenge out on the entire world, killing millions. Black Adam is halted for a few minutes, just the time needed for Captain Marvel to force a magic lightning bolt on him, turning Black Adam back to Teth-Adam and changing his magic word into an unknown one. Trials of Shazam! and Final Crisis The Trials of Shazam!, a 12-issue maxi-series written by Judd Winick and illustrated by Howard Porter for the first eight issues and by Mauro Cascioli for the remaining four, began publication in August 2006. The series redefined the Shazam! mythos, the characters, and their place in the DC Universe. Trials of Shazam! featured Captain Marvel, now with a white costume and long white hair, taking over the role of the wizard Shazam under the name Marvel, while Captain Marvel Jr. and Mary Marvel lose their powers. A powerless Freddy Freeman is then drafted to prove himself worthy to the individual six gods evident in the "Shazam" acronym so that he can become their new champion and herald under the name Shazam, although a witch Sabina from the Council of Merlin attempts to take the power herself, as ordered by her father Merlin. Atlas is killed during the series by Sabina, but Apollo's healing replaces him. Marvel helps Freddy when he is trapped by the weight that Atlas bore. In the pages of the 2007-2008 Countdown to Final Crisis limited series, Black Adam gives the powerless Mary Batson his powers, turning her into a more villainous character. She eventually relinquishes the power and gets powers from the Olympians, but she is tempted by her old power. By the end of the series, as well as in DC's 2008-2009 Final Crisis limited series, the now black-costumed Mary Marvel, possessed by the evil New God DeSaad, becomes a villain, joining forces with Superman villain Darkseid and fighting both Supergirl and Freddy Freeman/Shazam, who turns her back using his lightning. Justice Society of America The redesigned Marvel made a few appearances in various DC comics outside of The Trials of Shazam! maxi-series for two years before returning in Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #23 in January 2009. Justice Society writer Geoff Johns collaborated with writer/artist Jerry Ordway to write a storyline that would again retool the Shazam! franchise. In the story, Marvel is ambushed by Black Adam and Isis, who are intent on taking over the Rock of Eternity. Isis robs Marvel of his powers by saying Shazam from a spell book to send lightning at him, and banishes a powerless Billy Batson back to Fawcett City, where he contacts the Justice Society for help. Upon arriving at the Rock of Eternity with Billy, the Justice Society fights Black Adam and Isis. Billy is abducted by the now evil Mary Marvel, who shares her powers with him and turns him into an evil teenage Captain Marvel. The evil Billy and Mary join Adam and Isis in fighting the Justice Society. However, Adam switches sides when Isis sets into action her plan to kill off humanity and destroy modern civilization. With the help of the Justice Society's Flash and the spirit of C.C Batson (Mary and Billy's father), the dead wizard Shazam's soul is retrieved from an underworld realm known as the Rock of Finality, and Adam gives up his powers to resurrect him from the statue he is imprisoned in. Shazam promptly takes his powers back from the other three Black Marvels, turns Adam and Isis into stone statues, and banishes Billy and Mary from the Rock of Eternity upon stating that they have failed him. He threatens to come after Freddy Freeman, as his powers come directly from the Gods. They are later seen walking the streets of Fawcett City while homeless and pondering the fate of their father's spirit. Blackest Night During Blackest Night, they are living in an apartment, and comment on how scary it is not to have their powers anymore. Shazam One-Shot Freddy is seen with Billy and Mary in their apartment. They reminisce about the past and how Mary now feels useless without her powers. Mary is later seen assaulting Freddy, Blaze appears. The scene cuts to a homeless shelter. Blaze is seen talking to Mary. She tells Mary that if she kills Freddy, she will restore Billy and Mary's powers. It cuts back. Blaze is seen breaking her promise to Mary. Seconds later the word 'Shazam' is heard, sending Blaze rocketing through the wall. It turns out Freddy was in on it too, only pretending to get killed. Blaze and Freddy fight in the streets. Blaze punches Freddy with a ring containing liquid from the river of the Styx, which is toxic to everyone besides the residents of Hell. Billy is seen telling Mary to distract Blaze while he helps Freddy wash off the toxic water. Freddy then follows by "killing" Blaze and sending her back to Hell. Later on, Freddy tells Billy and Mary that no matter what, he will find a way to restore their powers! Flashpoint See: Captain Thunder DCnU The Flash's changes to reality created a new world where Billy's life had significantly changed. In this new world, his superhero identity was called Shazam, not Captain Marvel. Billy also had undergone a personality change: while he was still essentially a good boy, he was distrustful of people and wanted to become an adult as fast as possible so that he could take care of himself and not worry about anybody else. Billy lived in an orphanage in Philadelphia and was interviewed by a couple of parents, the Vasquezes, so that he could be adopted and attend to school. He behaved properly towards the Vasquezes, who decided to adopt him. As soon as they left, however, Billy expressed indifference towards them. Later, Billy sees an emergency in the city and transforms into Shazam. After being adopted he moves to the Vasquezes home where he meets the rest of their family, who are also adopted. It is immediately apparent that Billy does not fit in with the rest and he soon gets into a fight with the others, storming off into his room. Powers and Abilities Powers Power of Shazam: In order to access the powers of Captain Marvel, Batson must invoke the name of the Wizard Shazam, thereby summoning the spells and energies of those extra-dimensional beings once known as "the gods on Earth". Batson also has ties to the Quintessence. Batson must invoke the spell in order to call upon these powers. In a burst of supernatural thunder and lightning, Captain Marvel wields the mighty powers of the immortals. Batson was able to share his power with others who are worthy. His sister became Mary Marvel and Freddy Freeman became Captain Marvel Jr. In this state, each person is in possession of a fragment of the power of "Captain Marvel". By calling upon Shazam again, each member of the Marvels can once again return to their former identities. This allows one of their numbers, such as Billy or Mary, to have the full power of the spell. The spell can be shared with others of noble intent and purity, such as Superman, who once switched identities with Captain Marvel. Bolstered by the Stamina of Atlas, the invulnerability of Achilles, and the power of Zeus, Marvel is often depicted with strength on par with Superman. Captain Marvel possesses the following superhuman and magical powers: S for the Wisdom of Solomon: Solomon was the third king of united Israel in historical times. According to the Bible God blessed him with supernatural wisdom at his request to lead Israel. Captain Marvel has instant access to a vast amount of knowledge. The wisdom of Solomon is sometimes known as the Wisdom of the Ancients. Captain Marvel has superhuman clairvoyance and awareness. He is provided with counsel and advice in times of need. Captain Marvel has knowledge of all languages, ancient and modern warfare, and can hypnotize or enchant people with his power. The power of wisdom lends him knowledge far beyond mortal comprehension. Superhuman Knowledge: Captain Marvel has exceptional photographic recall and mental acuity allowing him to read and decipher hieroglyphics, recall everything he has ever learned and solve long mathematical equations. Instantaneously he can make intuitive guesses based on limited data; to the point his guesses are almost always correct; also he has a great understanding of divine phenomenon in the mortal world. Clairvoyance : Captain Marvel possesses an uncanny awareness of his circumstances that allows him to turn disadvantages into advantages. Hypnosis : Through sheer power and magic he can hypnotize people for length of time (undetermined). Only those of great willpower can overcome this ability. Omni-lingual: He can speak every language known to humans as well as ancient or dead languages and is able to understand aliens. H for the Strength of Hercules: In his role as Earth's Mightiest Mortal, Batson has incredible super strength. He has stalemated Superman in an arm wrestling contest, and has managed to match the strength of an Eclipso possesed Superman when he wasn't holding back at all (although Eclipso didn't know how to use Superman's power at it full extent and also Marvel showed more strain, indicating that Superman is fractionally stronger), and has rendered Superman unconscious (however he had the advantage of catching Superman by surprise). Captain Marvel has moved and destroyed massive objects. He has fought warriors such as Wonder Woman and Superman although both of them have defeated him. Captain Marvel refrains from such power displays as physically moving planets, although, given his abilities against Superman and Wonder Woman, such feats would be within his abilities. Superhuman Strength : Give him the ability to lift and/or press volumes of mass far in excess to that normally possible for a human being functioning in Earth gravity. A for the Stamina of Atlas: The Titan known as Atlas had limitless endurance. Atlas cradled the Earth for time immemorial. He can overcome tremendous physical resistance. This superhuman ability lends to his ability to stay as Captain Marvel for elongated periods of time, survive in space and fight seemingly endless battles such as his fight with the [[w:c:batman:Spectre|Spectre] or Black Adam . Self-Sustenance: He does not need to eat, sleep, or breathe as Shazam. Superhuman Stamina: His incredible metabolism endows him with practically infinite endurance and inexhaustible stamina. Z for the Power of Zeus: Zeus was Olympus's high father and the god of magical lightning bolts. Zeus' power, besides fueling the magic thunderbolt that transform Captain Marvel, also enhances Captain Marvel's other physical and magical abilities. This power reinforces his physical invulnerability and resistance against magic spells and attacks. Captain Marvel can use the magical lightning as a weapon. He can summon Zeus's lighting bolts to strike his opponents. Zeus's lightning may be used to create mythic apparatus, restore damage done to Marvel, and act as a power source for magical spells. He knocked Superman unconscious with the speed of Mercury and with his fists wrapped in lighting bolts. Magical Resistance: This boosts his Invulnerability and Endurance powers to god-like levels. Making him only affected by the most potent of spells and abilities. Physical Enhancement: His muscles, height increase, weight, mass and all physical properties that differ from Billy Batson's are a magical enhancement. Inter-dimensional Travel: This can only be used to travel to the Rock of Eternity . Spell Source: He is the focal point and immediate source of Mary Marvel and Freddy Freeman's powers. Just as Shazam is the source of Billy Batson's powers. Sorcery: Captain Marvel is a creature of pure and ancient magic. This allows for his ability to resist and cast magic spells, Zeus's Lightning being the most notable. Advanced Healing: If he is injured in battle he may call on the magical lightning to heal himself and mend wounds. If wounded, his divine and supernatural energies enable him to recover at other worldly speed. A for the Courage of Achilles: Captain Marvel has heroic levels of inner strength from which to draw. He has the courage of the Greek Hero Achilles which in battle and while in the Captain Marvel form allows him to wield great bravery and spirit. Captain Marvel is blessed with an innate and harmonious good will. A divine cheerfulness that is characterized by his trademark grin. It gives him a perseverance that pushes him to always confront a challenge with a knowing optimism. Invulnerability: Captain Marvel is virtually invulnerable, and resistant to all types of physical injuries. His resilience to damage is on par with beings such as Superman, but without the weaknesses. Optimism: With the Courage of Achilles combined with the Wisdom of Solomon and the boyish personality of Billy Batson this creates a certain kind of optimism of which Captain Marvel is supremely known for. Able to smile down most opponents and using his powers in special ways other than fighting, Captain Marvel will forever remain the staple "boy scout". M for the Speed of Mercury: By channeling Mercury's speed, Captain Marvel can easily fly and move at speeds far exceeding Mach 10 (2 miles a second) while in earth's atmosphere. This is far from his limit as the Speed of Mercury allows him to move at speeds faster than light. Just like Black Adam, his reflexes and speed enhance the impact of his uncharted physical strength. Thanks to the power of Mercury, Marvel flies as swiftly as the messenger god of Greek and Roman myth. Superhuman Speed: He can move at incredible speeds making him at least fast enough to race the Flash on foot. Captain Marvel can move fast enough to render himself invisible and seemingly vanish and disappear at will. Even Superman himself (who is one of the fastest beings on Earth) admitted Captain Marvel as faster than him, and even considered him fast enough to catch an unstoppable Flash. Flight: Captain Marvel can also mystically fly through the atmosphere. This enables him to soar effortlessly sub-orbital levels and travel across the planet in blinding speed. He can travel through space, but has sometimes uses devices to ease communication during interstellar travel. Abilities Various. The knowledge he currently possesses is unending, therefore he is capable of anything. Multilingual : Thanks to the Wisdom of Solomon, he has the ability to understand, comprehend, and speak any language on earth. Genius-Level Intellect : He also is considered a genius among geniuses. Smooth Talker: Another facet of his intelligence is ability to talk his way out of situations, as a man with an unprecedented amount of wisdom, he prefers to talk, rather than fight. Strength Class 100 +. As Captain Marvel his strength is on par with Superman. When he received the upgrade to Lord Marvel and became the keeper of the Rock of Eternity he was one of the strongest beings in the Universe. Weaknesses High Order Magic: Only the strongest of magics can affect him in any particular way, such as those wielded by the Spectre. Speech Impediment: The spell that allows Billy to transform into Captain Marvel is purely vocal. Therefore, if he is prevented from speaking, such as being gagged, he will not be able to transform. Electricity: A powerful enough electric discharge can transform Captain Marvel back into Billy and vice versa. This has worked both to his advantage and detriment oftentimes. Former Weaknesses Guardian of the Rock Limitation: Marvel is required to remain on the Rock of Eternity, and can only be away from the Rock for twenty-four hours at a time. However, as Billy is no longer the caretaker of the Rock of Eternity, this weakness no longer applies. Equipment All the mystical items belonging to Shazam . Historama: Shazam owned the Historama that adorns the space near his throne at the Rock of Eternity. It functions as a crystal ball, but with Incredible range and accuracy. He activates the Historama by saying, "Historama show me...". The historama has incredible material strength and provides the following abilities: Clairvoyance True Sight Dimensional Viewing Temporal Viewing: ability to look into the past, and functions just like Dimensional Viewing. These powers allow the Historama to "cleave through the barriers" to show the occupants of the Rock of Eternity what transpires in other dimensions and even other times. Batson had forgone the original historama and has opted for a more up to date version and has redirected the Rock of Eternity with a multitude of different tv screens which portrays whatever he chooses, just as the original historama. In Other Media Film The first filmed adaptation of Captain Marvel was produced in 1941. Adventures of Captain Marvel , starring Tom Tyler in the title role and Frank Coghlan, Jr. as Billy Batson, was a twelve-part film serial produced by Republic Pictures in 1941. Often ranked among the finest examples of the form, its release made Captain Marvel the first superhero to be depicted in film. Whitey Murphy , a supporting character in the serial, found his way into Fawcett's Captain Marvel stories, and elements of the serial's plot were later worked into DC's The Power of Shazam continuity. The Adventures of Captain Marvel (the man-in-flight effects techniques which, ironically, were originally developed for a Superman film serial that Republic never produced) predated Fleischer Studios' Superman cartoons by six months. In 1950, Columbia Pictures released the comedy/mystery The Good Humor Man with Jack Carson, Lola Albright, and George Reeves. The storyline has Carson as an ice cream vendor who also belongs to a home-grown Captain Marvel Club with some of the kids in the neighborhood. Fawcett released a tie-in one-shot the same year the movie appeared, Captain Marvel and the Good Humor Man. Shazam! New Line Cinema began development of a Shazam! live-action feature film in the early 2000s, with screenplay drafts by the team of William Goldman and Bryan Goluboff and later being written by John August. Peter Segal was attached as director and former wrestler Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson was in talks to appear as Black Adam. The Shazam! film was originally being produced by New Line Cinema, which was absorbed into Warner Bros. during the course of pre-production. Following the success of Warner's film noir-inspired Batman film The Dark Knight and the commercial failure of its lighter, family-friendly Speed Racer during the summer of 2008, August departed from the project after being forced to make the film's script more in line with The Dark Knight's serious tone. In the summer of 2009, it was announced Bill Birch and JSA/52 co-author Geoff Johns were assigned to write the screenplay, while Segal remained attached as director. In August 2010, Los Angeles Times columnist Geoff Boucher reported discussions had begun to possibly cancel the theatrical movie and do a live action series for prime time network television instead. However, on April 28, 2014, The Wall Street Journal revealed an upcoming slate of Warner Bros. films based on DC Comics properties, including a Shazam film to be potentially released in 2016. Dwayne Johnson confirmed the project and his attachment on August 20, 2014, officially announcing his casting as Black Adam on September 3, 2014. Shazam, still a New Line Cinema production being released through Warner Bros., is being executive produced by Toby Emmerich and screenwriter Darren Lenke of Jack the Giant Slayer and Turbo, has been hired to write the script. Emmerich told Entertainment Weekly in an interview that the film will have a tone unto itself separate from the concurrent Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice film: with a sense of fun and humor, but with real stakes and an anti-hero version of Black Adam. On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced Shazam for a April 5, 2019. release as the eighth installment of the DC Extended Universe. Justice League: The New Frontier Captain Marvel's first appearance in Warner Bros.' line of DC Animated Universe direct-to-video films was a brief cameo in 2008's Justice League: The New Frontier. Superman/Batman: Public Enemies The character had a more substantial role in the 2009 animated film Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, based on a Superman/Batman comic book arc in which Marvel battles Superman under orders from United States president Lex Luthor. Captain Marvel was voiced by Corey Burton . An uncredited Rachael MacFarlane voiced Billy Batson. Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam Captain Marvel appears in an animated short film entitled Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (released on the DC Showcase Original Shorts Collection DVD compilation as part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies) with Jerry O'Connell reprising his role as Captain Marvel and Billy Batson voiced by Zach Callison . Television Captain Marvel first came to television in 1974. Filmation produced Shazam! , a live-action television show which ran from 1974 to 1977 on CBS. From 1975 until the end of its run, it aired as one-half of The Shazam!/Isis Hour, featuring Filmation's own The Secrets of Isis as a companion program. Instead of directly following the lead of the comic, the Shazam! TV show took a more indirect approach to the character: Billy Batson/Captain Marvel, accompanied by an older man known simply as Mentor (Les Tremayne), traveled in an RV motor home across the USA, interacting with people in different towns they stopped in to save the citizens or help them combat evil. The wizard Shazam was absent from this series, and Billy received his powers and counsel directly from the six "immortal elders" represented in the "Shazam" name, who were depicted via animation: Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles, and Mercury. Shazam! starred Michael Gray as Billy Batson, with both Jackson Bostwick (season one) and John Davey (seasons two and three) as Captain Marvel. An adapted version of Isis, the heroine of The Secrets of Isis, was introduced into DC Comics in 2006 as Black Adam's wife in the weekly comic book series 52. Shortly after the Shazam! show ended its network run, Captain Marvel, played by Garrett Craig , appeared as a character in a pair of low-budgeted live-action comedy specials, produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions under the name Legends of the Superheroes in 1978. The specials also featured Howard Morris as Doctor Sivana , and Ruth Buzzi as Aunt Minerva , marking the first appearance of those characters in film or television. Although Captain Marvel did not appear in Hanna-Barbera's long-running concurrent Saturday morning cartoon series Super Friends (which featured many of the other DC superheroes), he did appear in some of the merchandise associated with the show. Filmation revisited the character three years later for an animated Shazam! cartoon, which ran on NBC from 1981 to 1982 as part of The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam! with Captain Marvel voiced by Burr Middleton . The rest of the Marvel Family joined Captain Marvel on his adventures in this series, which were more similar to his comic-book adventures than the 1970s TV show. Dr. Sivana, Mr. Mind, Black Adam, and other familiar Captain Marvel foes appeared as enemies. Captain Marvel and/or Billy Batson made brief "cameo" appearances in two 1990s TV series. Billy has a non-speaking cameo in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Obsession", while live actors portraying Captain Marvel make "cameo" appearances in both a dream-sequence within an episode of The Drew Carey Show, and in the Beastie Boys' music video for "Alive". DC Animated Universe Captain Marvel's first formal appearance in a DC Animated Universe series, the name given to the animated DC Comics spin-off productions produced by Bruce Timm and/or Paul Dini, was as the main guest star character of the Justice League Unlimited episode "Clash", originally aired in 2005 on Cartoon Network. Captain Marvel was voiced by Jerry O'Connell and Billy Batson voiced by Shane Haboucha . In this episode, Captain Marvel joins the Justice League, but his positive opinions about supervillain Lex Luthor's apparent reform create a heavy strain on his relationship with Superman. This tension eventually leads to an all-out battle between Marvel and Superman which destroys Luthor's newest creation, Lexor City. Marvel loses to Superman. Although Marvel is eventually proven to have been right all along, he is still understandably hurt by Superman's actions, and resigns from the Justice League in disgust despite Superman's efforts to apologise, unaware that he was unwittingly a pawn in a plot by Luthor and Amanda Waller to damage Superman's image. Batman: The Brave and the Bold Four years later, Captain Marvel made seven appearances in Cartoon Network's Batman: The Brave and the Bold series with Captain Marvel voiced by Jeff Bennett and Billy Batson voiced by Tara Strong . He appears in the opening teaser to the episode "Death Race to Oblivion!" helping Batman battle the supervillain Blockbuster. A later episode in the same 2009-10 season, "The Power of Shazam!", was set in Fawcett City and featured Captain Marvel/Billy Batson, as well as the Sivana Family, Black Adam, the wizard Shazam, Aunt Minerva, and Mary Batson. Marvel later appeared in the two-episode storyline "The Siege of Starro!", in which he joins a small coalition of heroes, among them Firestorm, B'wana Beast, and Booster Gold, in helping Batman stop a malevolent alien from invading and devouring the Earth. The entire Marvel Family was featured in the episode "The Malicious Mr. Mind!", which pitted Batman, Captain Marvel, Mary Marvel, and Captain Marvel Jr. against Sivana, Mr. Mind, and the rest of the Monster Society of Evil. He later covered for Batman, while wearing his costume, fighting Bane, Blockbuster, Solomon Grundy, and Killer Croc in "Night of the Batmen!". He became a member of the Justice League International in "Crisis: 22,300 Miles Above Earth!". Young Justice Captain Marvel also appears in the ongoing DC Comics-based Cartoon Network series Young Justice, with his voice provided by Rob Lowe . In "Alpha Male" Captain Marvel is introduced as the team's new "den mother" after what happened to Red Tornado. He accompanies the team to India where mutated animals have been attacking people. The culprits are later revealed to be the Brain and Monsieur Mallah who captured Captain Marvel and want to experiment on his brain before they are stopped by the team. Captain Marvel also gives Aqualad (who is questioning his role as the leader of the team) some advice on how to be an effective leader, which proves to be pivotal in the rescue mission. His identity as 10-year-old Billy Batson is only revealed at the end as he is shown living with Uncle Dudley. He is briefly included in the following episode, "Revelation", where he is seen eating Kid Flash's food. He then proceeds to join the team on their mission, but is stopped by Batman, and is told to join the League in fighting the plant creatures. In "Humanity", Captain Marvel takes care of Wally, who broke his arm in the fight against the Injustice League. The team then sets him up when they send him out to play with Wolf so they could "kidnap" Zatanna to find Red Tornado. Video Games Captain Marvel made his first official video game appearance as a playable character in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe played by Stephan Scalabrino and voiced by Kevin Delaney , for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. In the story, Captain Marvel is among several DC superheroes teleported to the Mortal Kombat video game universe when the two universes merge and characters from each franchise are forced to do battle. Captain Marvel also appears as a jump-in hero character in Batman: The Brave and the Bold – The Videogame voiced by Jeff Bennett. Captain Marvel appears in DC Universe Online. Shazam appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us . He dies in the Story Mode while trying to explain to Superman that what he was doing is wrong. Shazam overheard Superman's plans to destroy Metropolis and spoke out (mentioning Lois). This prompted Superman to grab Shazam around the throat. SHazam attempted to transform back to Billy but Superman used his arctic breath to freeze his mouth so the spell did not work. Superman then used to heat vision to lobotomize him in the forehead instantly killing him. This act prompted the Regime Flash to defect to the insurgents. Solomon Grundy buried his body. Shazam appears as a DLC pre-order playable character in LEGO Batman 2: DC Superheroes. The character had the abilities of flight, super strength, invulnerability and the unique ability of shooting lightning bolts from his chest. He is also set to appear in LEGO Batman 3: Beyond Gotham this time as an in game character.
Captain Marvel
Which wife of English monarch King Henry Vlll was imprisoned in the Tower of London in May 1536?
Shazam! (TV Series 1974–1977) - IMDb IMDb 7 January 2017 5:00 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A young boy, able to transform into the superhero Captain Marvel, travels the country fighting evil and helping people. Stars: a list of 31 titles created 13 Jan 2015 a list of 45 titles created 03 Apr 2015 a list of 22 titles created 08 May 2015 a list of 35 titles created 17 Dec 2015 a list of 31 titles created 1 month ago Search for " Shazam! " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. An archaeologist gains an amulet that allows her to transform into the superheroine goddess Isis and fight evil. Stars: JoAnna Cameron, Brian Cutler, Joanna Pang A team of the greatest DC Comics superheroes protects Earth with the help of a pair of alien sibling apprentices. Stars: Norman Alden, Michael Bell, Danny Dark The Justice League of America battles the plots of the supervillian team, the Legion of Doom. Stars: Jack Angel, Marlene Aragon, Lewis Bailey A family is thrown back in time and must survive in a dinosaur dominated land. Stars: Wesley Eure, Kathy Coleman, Spencer Milligan The Dynamic Duo battles crime in Gotham City. Stars: Casey Kasem, Ted Knight, Olan Soule Sigmund is a sea monster. He's also a tremendous embarrassment to his family because, unlike a normal sea monster, Sigmund has no desire to scare anybody. He runs away from home rather than... See full summary  » Stars: Johnny Whitaker, Scott C. Kolden, Billy Barty H.R. Pufnstuf (TV Series 1969) Adventure | Family | Fantasy The adventures of a boy trapped in a fantastic land with a dragon friend and a witch enemy. Stars: Jack Wild, Billie Hayes, Lennie Weinrib The animated adventures of several DC Comics superheroes. Stars: Paul Frees, Vic Perrin, Ray Owens The adventures of the greatest of the female superheroes. Stars: Lynda Carter, Lyle Waggoner, Tom Kratochvil Young Jimmy is being pursued by the evil Wilhemina W. Witchiepoo. More specifically, Witchiepoo is after Jimmy's small friend, a small solid gold diamond encrusted talking flute named ... See full summary  » Director: Hollingsworth Morse The adventures of a rhyming canine superhero. Stars: George S. Irving, Wally Cox, Allen Swift The Man of Steel fights crime with help from his friends at the Daily Planet. Stars: George Reeves, Noel Neill, John Hamilton Edit Storyline Chosen by the Immortal Elders - Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles and Mercury - Billy Batson is a young boy with a special duty in life. Accompanied by his Mentor, he travels from place to place in a Winnebago learning about life and helping people along the way. When the situation is heading for disaster, all he has to do is to shout the magic word, "Shazam!" and call down the magic lightning that transforms him into the World's Mightiest Mortal, Captain Marvel. Written by Kenneth Chisholm <[email protected]> 7 September 1974 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Shazam - Pustolovine Kapetana Marvela See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Each episode featured an "ending moral" segment where the viewer was told the life lesson that was to be learned from watching it. For the entire first season (15 episodes), Jackson Bostwick dressed as Captain Marvel delivered these messages. Michael Gray as Billy Batson gave them the second season (6 episodes) and in one episode of the third season along with baseball great Maury Wills . John Davey gave them in all other third season episodes. See more » Quotes [Opening title narration] Narrator: Chosen from among all others by the immortal elders - Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles, Mercury - Billy Batson and his mentor travel the highways and byways of the land on a neverending mission: to right wrongs, to develop understanding, and to seek justice for all! In time of dire need, young Billy has been granted the power by the immortals to summon awesome forces at the utterance of a single word! (United States) – See all my reviews This show was good for what it was. Too bad Filmation couldn't afford to get the rights to Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel, Jr. Instead, they created the Isis series. That would've been cool to see Billy & Mary Batson, Freddy Freeman, and Mentor and/or Uncle Dudley. Imagine seeing one or all of the Marvels transforming and on occasion working with Isis. Interesting points: John Davey (Captain Marvel #2) left show business in the early 1990's and is currently in the real estate field in northern California; Les Tremayne (Mentor) passed away in late December of 2003, Michael Gray (Billy Batson) is the owner, along with his wife, of a floral shop in L.A., Jackson Bostwick (Captain Marvel #1) is basically the only one still in the business. Joanna Cameron (Isis) left the business in the 1980's , was in the medical profession (a registered nurse) for awhile, and as of recently, is a hotel marketing manager in Hawaii. The show's budget per episode was $70,000 with a crew of about 80 people. 5 of 7 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
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In 1954, who was the first Australian to win the British Open Golf Championship?
Complete List of British Open Winners By Brent Kelley Updated January 13, 2017. Below is the full list of British Open winners dating to the founding of the Open Championship in the mid-19th century. Before we see the list, though, let's start with the oldest major's winningest golfers. The Most-Frequent Winners of the Open 6 wins - Harry Vardon, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1911, 1914 5 wins - James Braid, 1901, 1905, 1906, 1908, 1910 5 wins - J.H. Taylor, 1894, 1895, 1900, 1909, 1913 5 wins - Peter Thomson, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1965 5 wins - Tom Watson, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983 4 wins - Old Tom Morris, Young Tom Morris, Willie Park Sr., Walter Hagen, Bobby Locke 3 wins - Jamie Anderson, Bob Ferguson, Bobby Jones, Henry Cotton, Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus, Seve Ballesteros, Nick Faldo, Tiger Woods 2 wins - Bob Martin, Willie Park Jr., Harold Hilton, Arnold Palmer, Lee Trevino, Greg Norman, Padraig Harrington, Ernie Els The Full Roster of British Open Champions Here are all the winners in Open Championship history (a-amateur): continue reading below our video What Size Bike Should I Buy?
Peter Thomson
Which British Prime Minister negotiated the Munich Agreement with Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier?
1955 British Open Golf Tournament Winner and Scores By Brent Kelley Updated December 18, 2015. Australian Peter Thomson won his second consecutive Open Championship - the middle title in a run of three straight British Open wins for Thompson from 1954-56 - on the Old Course at St. Andrews in 1955. Thomson later added two more British Open titles, finishing his career as a 5-time Open champion. Thomson's 71 in the first round positioned him in a tie for 10th place. But with a second-round 68, he moved into a tie for first. He took the solo lead with a third-round 70. And after a final round of 72, Thomson had four rounds of par or better and a 2-stroke victory over runner-up John Fallon. (This was one of three career Top 10 finishes in the Open for Fallon, a member of the 1995 GB&I Ryder Cup team and captain of that team at the 1963 Ryder Cup .) Farther back in the field, tied for 32nd, was Byron Nelson . The 1955 British Open was one of only two appearances Nelson made in this event, the other occurring in 1937. Nelson had been retired from full-time competition since the end of the 1946 PGA Tour season, but his last tournament victory happened this year in the French Open . continue reading below our video The Fastest Miles Ever Run One significant note about the course setup: This was the first Open on The Old Course in which the Road Hole (the 17th hole) played as a par-4 rather than a par-5 . Another first this year: The Open was first televised on the BBC, which broadcast parts of the final round. 1955 British Open Scores Results from the 1955 British Open golf tournament played on The Old Course at St. Andrews , Scotland (a-amateur): Peter Thomson
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The Solovetsky Islands lie in which body of water?
Show more authors Abstract The Solovetsky Islands are located in the central part of the White Sea (Arctic Ocean). The species composition and distribution patterns of freshwater ichthyofauna were studied in various watersheds of the two biggest islands of the Solovetsky Archipelago, Bolshoi Solovetsky and Anser, affected differently by eco� nomic activities. The research was performed in 1989–2012; in total, 40 lakes were studied. Two main groups of species were defined in regard to the original and historical data, aboriginal and introduced. Aboriginal species include rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), perch (Perca fluviatilis), pike (Esox lucius), roach (Rutilus rutilus), burbot (Lota lota), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Pungitius pungitius), and ruff (Gymnocephalus cernuus). Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), brown trout (Salmo trutta), ven� dace (Coregonus albula), tench (Tinca tinca), and goldfish (Carassius auratus) are the introduced species. The origin of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and ide (Leuciscus idus) remains unknown. The current distribution of all studied species is patchy and varies significantly between the lakes, and the origin of particular species should be found individually for each lake. Discover the world's research CitationsCitations1 ReferencesReferences47
White Sea
What nationality is football referee Massimo Busacca?
Hiking on Solovki, hiking and trekking on Solovetsky islands Responses   Solovki or the Solovetsky islands (Solovetsky archipelago) are a group of the islands in the northern part of Onega bay in the White Sea. They lie 165 km to the south from the Arctic Circle.   Solovki are renowned for the unique array of the primitive culture stone monuments: labyrinths, sacral places, symbolic constructions, burial mounds and primitive people sites.   The hiking tour across the Solovetsky islands will let you discover and take to heart the stunning history of the Russian North. We will see all the main attractions, including the excursion in the Solovki Transfiguration monastery famous for its glorious history. It was founded in 1420-30th, re-built in stone at the behest of hegumen Philipp (Kolychev) during Ivan the Terrible time and later became one of the largest landowners of the state. We will have a tour on the boats along the inner channels of the Solovetsky archipelago and reach Sekirnaya Hill (Hatchet Hill) – a fascinating place on the Solovetsky archipelago main island with the unique church-lighthouse. A good variety in our active program will become a 3-4 hour ride by bikes! We will undertake an excursion to the “Negotiation stone” located 2 km from the settlement on the sea coast. This memorial stele was put here in 1856. We will also visit Big Muksalma, the third largest island of the Solovetsky archipelago. It is connected to Big Solovetsky island by means of the boulder dam across Iron Gate bay. The length of the dam is a bit less than 1 km. The scope of this man-made construction of the 19th century will not leave you unfazed. May be the most captivating sight of the Big Solovetsky island is the Botanic Garden on Gorka farm. The Botanic Garden will amaze you with its flora quite extraordinary for high latitudes. You will see the Siberian cider pines and Pallas apple trees that are over 100 years old. A lot of marvelous and interesting places belong to our hiking tour program on Solovki. The main difference of the trip to Solovki from other hiking tours is that we stay in a stationary tent camp. So you will be able to go on all excursions without backpacks, have a hot shower and do shopping.   The trip to Solovki will stick in your memory forever!   Age limit:10+   Number of participants: up to 20 pax   70 km.
i don't know
Theravada is a branch of which religion?
The Branches of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana & Vajrayana - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com The Branches of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana & Vajrayana Watch short & fun videos Start Your Free Trial Today An error occurred trying to load this video. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. You must create an account to continue watching Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student Start Your Free Trial To Continue Watching As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. Coming up next: The Dalai Lama: Tibetan Buddhism You're on a roll. Keep up the good work! Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds 0:01 Branches of Buddhism Add to Add to Add to Want to watch this again later? Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Custom Courses are courses that you create from Study.com lessons. Use them just like other courses to track progress, access quizzes and exams, and share content. Teachers Organize and share selected lessons with your class. Make planning easier by creating your own custom course. Students Create a new course from any lesson page or your dashboard. From any lesson page: Click "Add to" located below the video player and follow the prompts to name your course and save your lesson. From your dashboard: Click on the "Custom Courses" tab, then click "Create course". Next, go to any lesson page and begin adding lessons. Edit your Custom Course directly from your dashboard. Personalize: Name your Custom Course and add an optional description or learning objective. Organize: Create chapters to group lesson within your course. Remove and reorder chapters and lessons at any time. Share your Custom Course or assign lessons and chapters. Teacher Edition: Share or assign lessons and chapters by clicking the "Teacher" tab on the lesson or chapter page you want to assign. Students' quiz scores and video views will be trackable in your "Teacher" tab. Premium Edition: You can share your Custom Course by copying and pasting the course URL. Only Study.com members will be able to access the entire course. Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days! Lesson Transcript Instructor: Jessica Whittemore Jessica has taught junior high History and college seminar courses. She has a master's degree in Education. This lesson will explore the three main branches of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. It will also highlight Pure Land and Tantric Buddhism, as well as the belief in nirvana and the bodhisattva. Branches of Buddhism Most world religions have different sects or branches, each with their own school of thought. For instance, Christianity has Lutheranism and Evangelicalism, while Islam has their Sunni and Shiites. Similarly, Buddhism can be broken down into three main schools. They are Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Vajrayana Buddhism. In today's lesson, we'll explore these main branches of this faith. Theravada Being that it's the most conservative, or orthodox, branch of Buddhism, we'll start with Theravada Buddhism. Being a very strict, more monastic branch of Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism holds most firmly to the original teachings, or themes, of Buddha. For this reason, and to aid in remembering this one, I usually link the word 'Theravada' to the word 'themes.' Being practiced in much of Southeast Asia and especially Sri Lanka, Theravada Buddhism holds firmly to Buddha's belief that human existence is full of suffering, that nothing on Earth is ever permanent, and that humans are just a part of this fleeting, rather insignificant whole. For this reason, Buddha taught that nothing in this world should be held tightly or even desired. Instead, he instructed his followers to stay away from evil, seek only what is good, and continually work to purify their minds. According to Theravada Buddhism, one must live ethically, meditate, and seek wisdom. These teachings come from the sacred texts of Buddhism, known as the Tripitaka, and according to Theravada Buddhism they are to be taken literally and followed in one's daily life. In following the Tripitaka, a person will achieve the ultimate Buddhist goal of nirvana, which is enlightenment and freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth. With its focus on nirvana and its adherence to the oldest teachings of Buddha, Theravada Buddhism is often referred to as the 'Path of the Elders.' Loosely translated by the West as freedom from reincarnation, the word nirvana actually means 'to extinguish.' This connotes the Buddhist belief that nirvana is sort of the snuffing out of all Earthly desires, passions, and attachments, and in Theravada Buddhism, a person who achieves nirvana is known as an arhat. Again, since this branch holds most firmly to the original teachings, or themes, of Buddha, it helps me to remember it by linking the word 'Theravada' to the word 'themes.' Mahayana Next is Mahayana Buddhism. Differing from the Theravada branch, Mahayana Buddhism has made alterations to Buddha's original teachings. Open to many, Mahayana Buddhism believes enlightenment is universally accessible to everyone. In fact, Pure Land Buddhism, which is sort of a sub-sect of Mahayana Buddhism practiced in both China and Japan, believe its followers can be reborn into a Western paradise before attaining true nirvana. Going with this whole vehicle motif, and as a sort of absurd way to remember, we could say this sort of Western paradise acts like a pit stop on the way to nirvana and that Mahayana Buddhism acts like a mini-van that brings many to enlightenment. Yes, that's a whole lot of 'm's' being used, but it helps me to remember. Mahayana Buddhism also holds to the belief that its followers should not merely seek enlightenment for themselves. On the contrary, they believe a person should seek to become a bodhisattva, or one who can attain nirvana but delays it in order to help others find their way. Again, using the vehicle idea as a rather silly memory aid, bodhisattvas want to fit as many people into their Mahayana mini-van as possible. ×
Buddhism
Mageirocophobia is the irrational fear of what?
Buddhism - bethinking.org Advanced Search Buddhism For centuries, Buddhism has been the dominant religion of the Eastern world. With the rise of the Asian population in the United States, Buddhism has had a tremendous impact on this country as well. Presently, there are an estimated 300 million Buddhists in the world and 500 thousand in the United States. [1] It remains the dominant religion in the state of Hawaii, and many prominent Americans have accepted this religion, including the former governor of California, Jerry Brown, [2] Tina Turner, Phil Jackson (coach of the Los Angeles Lakers), Richard Gere, and Steven Seagal. The Dalai Lama has become a prominent spiritual figure for many throughout the world. The Origin of Buddhism Buddhism began as an offspring of Hinduism in the country of India. The founder was Siddhartha Gautama. It is not easy to give an accurate historical account of the life of Gautama since no biography was recorded until five hundred years after his death. Today, much of his life story is clouded in myths and legends which arose after his death. Even the best historians of our day have several different – and even contradictory – accounts of Gautama's life. Siddhartha Gautama was born in approximately 560 BC in northern India. His father, Suddhodana, was the ruler over a district near the Himalayas which is today the country of Nepal. Suddhodana sheltered his son from the outside world and confined him to the palace where he surrounded Gautama with pleasures and wealth. Despite his father's efforts, however, Gautama one day saw the darker side of life on a trip he took outside the palace walls. He saw four things that forever changed his life: an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and an ascetic. Deeply distressed by the suffering he saw, he decided to leave the luxury of palace life and begin a quest to find the answer to the problem of pain and human suffering. Gautama left his family and traveled the country seeking wisdom. He studied the Hindu scriptures under Brahmin priests, but became disillusioned with the teachings of Hinduism. He then devoted himself to a life of extreme asceticism in the jungle. He soon concluded, however, that asceticism did not lead to peace and self-realization but merely weakened the mind and body. Gautama eventually turned to a life of meditation. While deep in meditation under a fig tree known as the Bohdi tree (meaning, 'tree of wisdom'), Gautama experienced the highest degree of God-consciousness called nirvana. Gautama then became known as Buddha, the 'enlightened one.' He believed he had found the answers to the questions of pain and suffering. His message now needed to be proclaimed to the whole world. As he began his teaching ministry, he gained a quick audience with the people of India since many had become disillusioned with Hinduism. By the time of his death at age 80, Buddhism had become a major force in India. Expansion and Development of Buddhism Buddhism remained mostly in India for three centuries until King Ashoka, who ruled India from 274-232 BC, converted to Buddhism. Ashoka sent missionaries throughout the world, and Buddhism spread to all of Asia. Even before its expansion, two distinct branches developed, a conservative and a liberal school of thought. The conservative school is labeled 'Theravada', and it became the dominant form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia. Thus, it is also called Southern Buddhism. Southern Buddhism has remained closer to the original form of Buddhism. This school follows the Pali Canon of scripture, which, although written centuries after Gautama's death, contains the most accurate recording of his teachings. The liberal school is 'Mahayana' Buddhism, which traveled to the north into China, Japan, Korea, and Tibet, and is also called Northern Buddhism. As it spread north, it adopted and incorporated beliefs and practices from the local religions of the land. The two branches of Buddhism are so different they appear to be two different religions rather than two branches of the same tree. Here are a few differences. Theravada Buddhism sees Buddha as a man. Gautama never claimed to be deity, but rather a 'way-shower.' Mahayana Buddhism, however, worships Buddha as a manifestation of the divine Buddha essence. Since Gautama, many other manifestations or bodhisattvas have appeared. An example is Tibetan Buddhism, which worships the spiritual leader the Dalai Lama as a bodhisattva. Theravada adheres to the Pali Canon and Buddha's earliest teachings. Since Mahayana believes there have been many manifestations, this branch incorporates many other texts written by the bodhisattvas as part of their canon. Theravada teaches that each person must attain salvation through their own effort, and this requires one to relinquish earthly desires and live a monastic life. Therefore, only those few who have chosen this lifestyle will attain nirvana. Mahayana teaches that salvation comes through the grace of the bodhisattvas and so many may attain salvation. Divine beings do not have a place in Theravada. The primary focus is on the individual attaining enlightenment, and a divine being, or speculations of such, only hinders the process. Therefore, several sects of this branch are atheistic. Mahayana, on the other hand, has many diverse views of God since this branch is inclusive, and has adopted the beliefs and practices of various religions. Many schools are pantheistic in their worldview while others are animistic. Buddha is worshipped as a divine being. Some schools pay homage to a particular bodhisattva sent to their people. Other schools have a mixture of gods whom they worship. For example, Japanese Buddhism blended with Shintoism and includes worship of the Shinto gods with the teachings and worship of Buddha. When speaking with a Buddhist, it is important to understand what branch of Buddhism they are talking about. The two branches are dramatically different. Even within Mahayana Buddhism, the sects can be as different as Theravada is to Mahayana. The Way of Salvation The main question Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, sought to answer was, 'Why is there pain and suffering?' His belief in reincarnation (the belief that after death one returns to earthly life in a higher or lower form of life according to his good or bad deeds) prompted a second question that also needed to be answered: 'How does one break this rebirth cycle?' The basic teachings of Buddhism, therefore, focus on what Gautama believed to be the answer to these questions. These basic tenets are found in the Four Noble Truths and in the Eight-fold Path. Let us begin with the Four Noble Truths. The First Noble Truth is that there is pain and suffering in the world. Gautama realized that pain and suffering are omnipresent in all of nature and human life. To exist means to encounter suffering. Birth is painful and so is death. Sickness and old age are painful. Throughout life, all living things encounter suffering. The Second Noble Truth relates to the cause of suffering. Gautama believed the root cause of suffering is desire. It is the craving for wealth, happiness, and other forms of selfish enjoyment which cause suffering. These cravings can never be satisfied for they are rooted in ignorance. The Third Noble Truth is the end of all suffering. Suffering will cease when a person can rid himself of all desires. The Fourth Noble Truth is the extinguishing of all desire by following the Eight-fold path. 'The Eight-fold path is a system of therapy designed to develop habits which will release people from the restrictions caused by ignorance and craving.' [3] Here are the eight steps in following the Eight-fold path. The first is the Right View. One must accept the Four Noble Truths. Step two is the Right Resolve. One must renounce all desires and any thoughts like lust, bitterness, and cruelty, and must harm no living creature. Step three is the Right Speech. One must speak only truth. There can be no lying, slander, or vain talk. Step four is the Right Behavior. One must abstain from sexual immorality, stealing, and all killing. Step five is the Right Occupation. One must work in an occupation that benefits others and harms no one. Step six is the Right Effort. One must seek to eliminate any evil qualities within and prevent any new ones from arising. One should seek to attain good and moral qualities and develop those already possessed. Seek to grow in maturity and perfection until universal love is attained. Step seven is the Right Contemplation. One must be observant, contemplative, and free of desire and sorrow. The eighth is the Right Meditation. After freeing oneself of all desires and evil, a person must concentrate his efforts in meditation so that he can overcome any sensation of pleasure or pain and enter a state of transcending consciousness and attain a state of perfection. Buddhists believe that through self-effort one can attain the eternal state of nirvana. In Buddhism, one's path to nirvana relies on the effort and discipline of the individual. By contrast, Jesus taught our goal is not a state of non-conscious being, but an eternal relationship with God. There is nothing one can do to earn a right relationship with God. Instead, we must receive His gift of grace, the sacrificial death of His Son, Jesus Christ and this restores our relationship with our creator. Karma, Samsara, and Nirvana Three important concepts in understanding Buddhism are karma, samsara, and nirvana. Karma refers to the law of cause and effect in a person's life, reaping what one has sown. Buddhists believe that every person must go through a process of birth and rebirth until he reaches the state of nirvana in which he breaks this cycle. According to the law of karma: 'You are what you are and do what you do, as a result of what you were and did in a previous incarnation, which in turn was the inevitable outcome of what you were and did in still earlier incarnations.' [4] For a Buddhist, what one will be in the next life depends on one's actions in this present life. Unlike Hindus, Buddha believed that a person can break the rebirth cycle no matter what class he is born into. The second key concept is the law of samsara or transmigration. This is one of the most perplexing and difficult concepts in Buddhism to understand. The law of samsara holds that everything is in a birth and rebirth cycle. Buddha taught that people do not have individual souls. The existence of an individual self or ego is an illusion. There is no eternal substance of a person, which goes through the rebirth cycle. What is it then that goes through the cycle if not the individual soul? What goes through the rebirth cycle is only a set of feelings, impressions, present moments, and the karma that is passed on. 'In other words, as one process leads to another, ... so one's human personality in one existence is the direct cause of the type of individuality which appears in the next.' [5] The new individual in the next life will not be exactly the same person, but there will be several similarities. Just how close in identity they will be is not known. The third key concept is nirvana. The term means 'the blowing out' of existence. Nirvana is very different from the Christian concept of heaven. Nirvana is not a place like heaven, but rather an eternal state of being. It is the state in which the law of karma and the rebirth cycle come to an end. It is the end of suffering; a state where there are no desires and the individual consciousness comes to an end. Although to our Western minds this may sound like annihilation, Buddhists would object to such a notion. Gautama never gave an exact description of nirvana, but his closest reply was this. 'There is ... a condition, where there is neither earth nor water, neither air nor light, neither limitless space, nor limitless time, neither any kind of being, neither ideation nor non-ideation, neither this world nor that world. There is neither arising nor passing-away, nor dying, neither cause nor effect, neither change nor standstill.' [6] In contrast to the idea of reincarnation, the Bible teaches in Hebrews 9:27 that 'man is destined to die once and after that to face judgment.' A major diverging point between Buddhism and Christianity is that the Bible refutes the idea of reincarnation. The Bible also teaches that in the eternal state, we are fully conscious and glorified individuals whose relationship with God comes to its perfect maturity. Jesus and Gautama There is much I admire in the life and teachings of Gautama. Being raised in the Japanese Buddhist culture, I appreciate the ethical teachings, the arts, and architecture influenced by Buddhism. As I studied the life and teachings of Gautama and of Jesus, I discovered some dramatic differences. First, Buddha did not claim to be divine. Theravada remains true to his teaching that he was just a man. The idea that he was divine was developed in Mahayana Buddhism 700 years after his death. Furthermore, Northern Buddhism teaches that there have been other manifestations of the Buddha or bodhisattvas and some believe Jesus to be one as well. However, Jesus did not claim to be one of many manifestations of God; He claimed to be the one and only Son of God. This teaching was not the creation of his followers but a principle He taught from the beginning of His ministry. In fact, the salvation He preached was dependent on understanding His divine nature. Second, Buddha claimed to be a 'way-shower.' He showed the way to nirvana, but it was up to each follower to find his or her own path. Christ did not come to show the way; He claimed to be the way. While Buddhism teaches that salvation comes through Buddha's teachings, Christ taught salvation is found in Him. When Jesus said, 'I am the way the truth and the life' (John 14:6), He was saying He alone is the one who can give eternal life, for He is the source of truth and life. Not only did He make the way possible, He promises to forever be with and empower all who follow Him to live the life that pleases God. Third, Buddha taught that the way to eliminate suffering and attain enlightenment was to eliminate all desire. Christ taught that one should not eliminate all desire but that one must have the right desire. He stated, 'Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness for they shall be satisfied.' Christ taught that we should desire to know Him above all other wants. Fourth, Buddha performed no miracles in his lifetime. Christ affirmed His claims to be divine through the miracles He performed. He demonstrated authority over every realm of creation: the spiritual realm, nature, sickness, and death. These miracles confirmed the claims that He was more than a good teacher, but God incarnate. Finally, Buddha is buried in a grave in Kusinara at the foot of the Himalaya Mountains. Christ, however, is alive. He alone conquered sin and the grave. His death paid the price for sin, and His resurrection makes it possible for all people to enter into a personal and eternal relationship with God. After a comparative study, I came to realize Buddha was a great teacher who lived a noble life, but Christ is the unique revelation of God who is to be worshipped as our eternal Lord and Savior. References
i don't know
The drink Caipirinha is the national cocktail of which South American country?
How to Make Caipirinha, Brazil's National Cocktail By Ilkka Siren on May 17, 2016 If you're wondering how to make caipirinha, let's start by saying that caipirinha is made with Brazil ’s national distilled spirit cachaça. It’s often called “Brazilian Rum” but that isn’t exactly the case. Rum is often distilled from a sugarcane byproduct, molasses, whereas Cachaça is fermented and distilled straight from the sugarcane juice. They might sound similar on paper, but in the glass it’s a whole different world. It's safe to say that globally Cachaça is hugely undervalued. It’s seen as the cheap South American booze unworthy of any serious tasting. Only Brazilians and people who have lived there drink it. That might have been true in the past when the general attitude was “no matter how they make it or who makes it, it all tastes the same”. Nowadays you can find a wide range of small distilleries that make everything from site-specific “terroir” cachaças to old barrel aged ones with the panache of old rums and whiskies. In a relatively short time a deep appreciation of cachaça has emerged and people have really started getting geeky with it. It is usually consumed with traditional Brazilian food like feijoada, surrounded by friends and family while noisily discussing important things like football, politics and TV soap operas. The cocktail culture around cachaça is not as developed as with some other spirits like rum or tequila. Although there are bartenders using cachaça in all kinds of cocktails it seems the innovation stopped at caipirinha, the simple drink made of lime, sugar, cachaça and ice, a drink that on a good day can be as good as the best of them. How to make caipirinha: lime and sugar Making a good caipirinha isn’t rocket science yet somehow it’s hard to find a good caipirinha outside of Brazil. The first step is the lime. The use of ripe and juicy limes is the cornerstone of this drink. Use too little and what you have is just a cachaça on the rocks with a twist. I’d say at least one whole lime per drink but some use even more. Then there’s the sugar. I have never seen a Brazilian putting brown sugar in a caipirinha so I suggest we all stop doing that. In fact many Brazilian bartenders use fine sugar to better mix it with the lime juice to balance the acidity, and you know what, it works. No crunchy sugar in my caipirinha, thank you. The locals seem to be very relaxed with the use of sugar and usually a tablespoon or two does the trick depending on the amount of lime and its ripeness. At this point you mash the sliced lime and sugar together using a muddler. Next you fill the mixing glass with ice and pour over the cachaça. a good caipirinha? don't be shy with cachaca There is a certain hand gesture in Brazil where they slap their hands together repeatedly meaning something like “I don’t care”, “whatever” or “do what you like”. Apply this hand gesture here. The exact amount of cachaça is hard to say because nobody uses a measure in Brazil. But I would say don’t be shy with the cachaça. I rarely saw a caipirinha with less than 8cl of cachaça. Outside of Brazil some tweak the drink by adding mint. In a country where you can get away with pretty much anything with just a quick thumbs-up and cheeky smile, you wont be able to get away with adding mint to your caipirinha. Same goes with soda water. In the end you shake and serve the caipirinha in an old fashioned glass. caipirinha recipes: a few variations allowed There is quite a few variations of caipirinha. One of the most well-known versions is caipiroska where instead of cachaça you use vodka, which basically makes it nothing more than a lime juice screwdriver. In Brazil fruits are abundant so there is many delicious substitutes for lime. For example, passion fruit caipirinha seems to be a popular choice. Alex Atala’s restaurant D.O.M. serves a caju caipirinha that is made with cashew fruit. If you ever find yourself in a situation with caju caipirinhas it’s a must-try. As long as you have cachaça feel free to freestyle, but whatever you do don’t mess with the original caipirinha. So, whether you are watching the Summer Olympics or not it would be unwise to skip this magnificent cocktail. Saúde!
Brazil
The Fynbos, an area of grassland and thicket, lies in which African country?
Brazil Drinks Typical Brazilian Drinks and Cocktails including Caipirinha and Cachaça. Typical Brazilian Drinks Brazil Brazil is a vast country with many different drinks in its many regions. The following are the most common drinks found: Cachaça: The national liquor of Brazil, it is made from distilled sugar cane. Very similar to rum, you can either purchase it aged or unaged, white or gold. Aged cachaça which is considered superior and is generally sipped on its own, can very in flavor, depending on the type of wood used for the barrels. Many different local trees are used in different regions and by different manufacturers. Caipirinha: This is the most famous drink from Brazil and considered the national cocktail. Made with cachaça, sugar and lime juice, it can either be a refreshing cocktail or a strong one that might leave you regretting your purchase. Caju Amigo: "The Friendly Cashew" combines two of Brazil's favorite flavors. It is a mixture of cachaça with juice from a cashew nut. Every now and again you can find bars that have a must more entertaining method, which involves chewing a cashew, keeping it in your mouth and then swallowing it with a shot of cachaça. Cerveja: Beer! Notice that when you are served chopp (tap beer) it will be served with a lot of foam on top. It's not that the bar you're at is trying to rip you off, no, that's just how it's served in Brazil. Leite de Onça: "Jaguar Milk" again made with cachaça, it is a combined with milk and served cold. It is usually served in a mug without any garnish so it can easily be mistaken for a mug of normal milk (is that why the kids are always so happy in Brazil ;) ). Chimarrão: The Brazilian version of yerba mate. As in Uruguay and Argentina this special tea is both symbolic and social, and is commonly share among a group of friends through a special ceremony where each person drinks from the same cup. It is considered to have many of the same health benefits as Chinese green tea and has natural caffeine in it. This drink is more common in the South of Brazil. Tereré: This is a cold version of chimarrão that is enjoyed mainly in the South of Brazil. It is mixed with citrus juice and is a refreshing drink during hot weather. Agua de coco: Literally meaning coconut water, this drink is often served directly in the coconut itself. Unripe coconuts contain much more liquid than ripe coconuts, as the liquid is absorbed by the flesh of the fruit, so green coconuts are plucked of the trees and opened for a sweet and mild drink. Agua de Coco can easily be found in stands on the street. The photo below is from one of many stands at Parque do Ibirapuera in Sao Paulo. They skillfully cut the coconut open in front of you with a small machete. This is to show that the milk inside will be fresh. Guaraná Antartica: Is the most popular soft drink produced in Brazil with a distinct apple/berry flavour. In some places it is considered an energy drink. To give you an idea of the popularity of Guaraná, it is the official sponsor of the Brazilian national football team (yes, they beat Coca-cola to that title).
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What was the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury’s envoy, who was taken hostage in Lebanon in 1987?
Secret life of Terry Waite, archbishop’s envoy: from the archive, 28 January 1987 | World news | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close In a sense, Terry Waite was no stranger to disappearance long before he went this time to the Lebanon . He had already disappeared in his own press cuttings. The cuttings libraries of Fleet Street bulge with clippings on the achievements of the Archbishop of Canterbury’s special envoy in freeing hostages during the past seven years. But the man himself, despite his 6ft 8in figure, black beard and blazingly direct eyes, remains incongruously elusive. Waite has consistently shown a reluctance to talk unless it is to the purpose — the purpose being to save the lives of victims, not to inflate himself. How many of the millions who have regularly seen his face on the small screen know where he was born (Cheshire); who his father was (a police sergeant from a family in trade); where he was educated (Wilmslow county secondary school and the Church Army College); where he lives (Blackheath); whether he is married (her name is Frances); whether he had children (three daughters, one son); what his temperament is (restless, with a loathing for sitting long at a desk); what his clubs are (Travellers, though that might be guessed); and what he believes in apart from Christianity (Jung). Waite constantly quotes the psychiatrist who, of the great three (Freud, Adler, Jung), is most compatible with the religious approach to life, preaching that the individual exists in a collective unconscious that is beyond time and individuality. He listens to Mozart, the most self-effacing and least earthbound of the great composers. It is not the profile of a man who will suddenly lose his sense of identity even if he is in captivity: friends and colleagues insist that he has enormous reserves of both faith and humour to draw upon. His humour, Canon Michael Moore, chaplain at Hampton Court, said yesterday, was the vital ingredient that enabled Waite to reach all sides. “Unless you have that contact in humour with the other person, you don’t make that progress. He has a very light touch. He is able to collapse in joyful laughter that will draw the whole room into guffaws. But he is sensitive to national sensibilities — he has never put a foot wrong that I know of.” A colleague at Lambeth Palace said Waite was in every sense larger than life. “He strikes me as hardly of this century. He makes me think of one of those great Victorian explorers who went striding across Africa. In a curious way, that’s one of the reasons for his success: he does things that other people would think impossible.” The limbo may have given the envoy time to think about how much longer he can be effective. He has already said he is considering his future. It is unlikely that personal danger will weigh much in his lone but not lonely thoughts. Terry Waite was taken hostage in Beirut on 20 January 1987; he spent almost five years in captivity until his release in November 1991 .
Terry Waite
John Dryden became the first official British what during the reign of King Charles ll?
What Happened in 1987 inc. Pop Culture, Prices and Events 1987 Calendar 1987 After many years of research a new drug AZT is used for the treatment of AIDS. After a long period of growth the US stockmarket drops 22.6% in one day on October 19th and throughout the rest of the world major falls are recorded by the end of October with Hong Kong dropping by 45.8%. In the UK 2 major transport disasters happen when A cross-channel ferry capsizes and an underground fire in Kings Cross Tube Station. England also suffers one of the worst storms in history when Hurricane force winds hit much of the South of England Cost of Living 1987 What Events Happened in 1987 U.S. US Stock Market Crashes on Monday, October 19th , 1987 with a 508 point drop or 22.6% World Stockmarkets around the world follow with falls, by the end of October Australia had fallen 41.8%, Canada 22.5%, Hong Kong 45.8%, and the United Kingdom 26.4%. UK King's Cross fire was an underground fire in Kings Cross Tube Station in London on on November 18th , 1987, which killed 31 people U.S. Baby "M" Case The First Case in an American court ruling on the validity of Surrogacy is declared by a New Jersey court over custody rights of "Baby M" re a surrogacy agreement with Mary Beth Whitehead More Information and Timeline For The Baby "M" Surrogacy Case 1. 1985 William Stern and his wife, Elizabeth Stern, entered into a surrogacy agreement with Mary Beth Whitehead Paying $10,000 2. 1986 on March 27th Mary Beth Whitehead gives birth to a daughter whom she named Sara Elizabeth Whitehead 3. Mary Beth Whitehead leaves New Jersey with her daughter 4. The Sterns have the Whitehead family's bank accounts frozen and sought warrants for their arrest. 5. 1987, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Harvey R. Sorkow formally validated the surrogacy contract and awarded custody of Baby M to the Sterns under a "best interest of the child analysis". 6. 1988 Supreme Court of New Jersey, led by Chief Justice Robert Wilentz, invalidated surrogacy contracts as against public policy but in dicta affirmed the trial court's use of a "best interest of the child" analysis and remanded the case to family court. On remand, the lower court awarded Stern custody and Whitehead visitation rights. Current Laws and Regulations this is different in each state, in many states surrogacy contracts are considered unenforceable because of existing adoption laws designed to discourage "baby selling." They may also make it illegal for a birth mother to receive payment for consenting to give up a child or for an intermediary or Broker to receive a fee for arranging an adoption. But in other States California for example the California Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling declaring surrogacy contracts legal in California U.S. The USS Stark a Frigate is attacked on May 17th by an Iraq Air to Sea missile Which is "an Accident" and 37 US Sailors are killed Japan Square releases the first "Final Fantasy" video game for the NES in Japan. More Information for Final Fantasy. The very first Final Fantasy video game is released by Square in Japan during December of 1987. The game was designed for the original Nintendo Entertainment System and was considered a critical and commercial success. It was reported to have sold about 400,000 copies during its original release and went on to sell nearly 2 million more copies worldwide in subsequent releases. The Final Fantasy games were developed into a well-loved series of video games, spawning several follow-up games, various merchandise, soundtracks, and even films. U.S. The US Population Estimated at 244.6 Million Lebanon Terry Waite Kidnapping Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, is kidnapped in Beirut More Information and Timeline For Terry Waite Kidnapping 1. 1980 Terry Waite appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Special Envoy to help with hostage negotiations 2. 1980 Terry Waite successfully negotiates the release of several hostages in Iran 3. 1984 Terry Waite successfully negotiates the release of several hostages in Libya 4. 1985 Terry Waite assisted in successful negotiations in Lebanon 5. 1987 on January 12th arrives in Beirut with the intention of negotiating for release of hostages held by the Islamic Jihad Organization 6. January 20th while attending a meeting for hostage negotiations he is taken hostage 7. He is held in captivity for 1,763 days ( Just under 5 years , 4 years of that in solitary confinement ) 8. 1991 November 18th is released Terry Waite was one of many hostages taken and released in the 1980's others included David S. Dodge ( Held for 12 Months ) Benjamin Weir ( Held for 16 months ) Charles Glass ( Escaped after 62 days ) and the longest held hostage Terry A. Anderson ( Held for more then 5 1/2 years ), many other hostages were killed or held during the period. France The Disney corporation and France agree to create an amusement park. More Information and Timeline for the creation of Disneyland Paris. 1. The CEO of Disney, Michael Eisner, and Prime Minister of France, Jacques Chirac, made a deal to create a European Disney-themed resort during March of 1987. 2. In the deal it was agreed that Disney could develop a 4,800 acre resort in Marne-la-Vallée near Paris, France to be called “Euro Disney Resort.” 3. Currently known as “Disneyland Paris” the resort and theme park opened in 1992. 4. Disneyland Paris was not as popular initially as it was expected to be and went through periods of financial instability but proved to be beneficial for tourism in France and job creation in the long run. World The World's Population reaches approx five billion (5,000,000,000) Space Supernova is observed, the first "naked-eye" supernova since 1604. Belgium Zeebrugge MS Herald of Free Enterprise Ferry Disaster A cross-channel ferry capsizes outside the harbour off Zeebrugge, Belgium killing 193 passengers and crew More Information and Timeline For Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster 1. On March 6th During Loading Bow ballast tanks filled to allow roll on roll off ramp to reach E deck 2. 18:05 (GMT) Leaves Zeebrugger dock ( Bow ballast tanks should have been emptied prior to leaving dock but were not ) 3. Due to human error the bow doors were not closed and due to ships design Captain could not see that bow doors were open. 4. Ferry reaches cruising speed ( 18.9 knots ) shortly after leaving harbour and water pours in through open bow doors 5. Within 90 seconds ship capsizes due to instability with water sloshing around on deck. Following a full Investigation and inquiry, findings included human error by multiple parties, ship design failings including no way for the captain to know bow doors were not closed combined with poor working practices including communication and stand-off relationship of Townsend Thoresen caused the disaster, the ship had a crew of 80 and carrying 459 passengers and if the ship had capsized in deeper water the resulting deaths would have been much much worse. UK Margaret Thatcher is elected as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for the third time U.S. Fox Broadcasting Co. made its prime-time TV debut Sri Lanka Tamil Tigers plant a massive bomb in the Sri Lankan capital, Colombo killing more than 100 UK In the United Kingdom, Michael Robert Ryan kills 16 People in Hungerford with an assault rifle and then commits suicide UK Great Southern British Storm of 1987 Hurricane force winds hit much of the South of England killing 23 people More Information and Timeline For Storm of 1987 1. October 15th 6.00 PM Strong Winds begin striking south coast 2. October 15th 10.35 PM gale force 10 winds ( 55–63 mph ) are felt 3. on October 16th During Early Morning 1.00 AM to 4.00 AM winds approaching 120 mph gusts strike the south coast from Cornwall to Kent 4. The storm caused substantial damage over much of England, bringing down an estimated 15 million trees 5. Six of the seven famous oak trees in Sevenoaks are bought down 6. Due mostly to trees falling on power lines between 1/4 and 1/2 million people were left without power 7. Damage to property ranged from windows blown out to roofs being taken out and damage costs were estimated at £7.3 billion with 23 deaths. Note From Webmaster "I lived in the Portsmouth area of Southern England during 1987 and can remember the night and following day with amazing clarity over 20 years later on the night of October 15th I was at a company meeting and drove home some 50 miles at about 11:00 PM with trees falling behind and in front of me as I drove a pretty scary experience, the following day October 16th I was scheduled for a days holiday to take some exams but my phone started ringing from 5.00 AM with customers who had lost major computer systems due to storm damage taking out windows etc. and I spent most of the day securing customers data and systems. " This is the worst storm to have struck the UK in more than 200 years and could have resulted in many more fatalities. Northern Ireland An IRA Bomb is let off at Rememberence Day Service in Eniskillin Northern Ireland U.S. Alan Greenspan succeeds Paul Volcker as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board Germany The Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie / Butcher of Lyon found guilty of crimes against humanity UK British Airways Merges With British Caledonian to compete with large US Airlines India Sikh terrorist attacks Hindu bus passengers in India leaving 72 dead U.S. A rare earthquake 5.0 on the Richter scale on June 11th affects 14 states in the Midwest and parts of Canada Philippines Supertyphoon Nina strikes the Philippines submerging 14 fishing villages on the Philippine coast under water leaving 1,000 dead UK Docklands Airport Opens in London Philippines Manilla Philippines Ferry Accident resulting in 4,000 dead Technology The Food and Drug Administration approves anti-AIDS drug AZT. The First Criminal convicted using DNA Evidence Robert Melias in England Work on the Channel Tunnel joining UK and France begins Clive Sinclair launches the Z88 Portable Computer weighing under 2 LBS 1987 is shortened by 1 second to adjust to the Gregorian calender Disposable Contact Lenses became available for commercial distribution Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country ( or attributed to First Use ) Kitty Litter USA by Edward H Lowe 1987 Mens and Womens Fashion Clothes Part of our Collection of Clothing From The 1980's 1987 Childrens Toys Part of our toy collection From The 1980's Popular Culture 1987 Major World Political Leaders 1987 Australia Prime Minister Bob Hawke Brazil President José Sarney Canada Prime Minister Brian Mulroney China Chairman of the People's Republic of China Li Xiannian France President François Mitterrand India Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi Italy Prime Minister Bettino Craxi Till 17 April Italy Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani From 17 April Italy Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani Till 28 July Italy Prime Minister Giovanni Goria From 28 July Japan Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone Till 6 November Japan Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita From 6 November Mexico President Miguel de la Madrid Russia / Soviet Union General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev South Africa State President Pieter Willem Botha United States President Ronald Reagan United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Political Elections 1987 British General Election 1987 Margaret Thatcher ( Conservative ) defeats Neil Kinnock ( Labour ) and David Steel ( Liberal ) and David Owen (SDP) 1987 For Sale Adverts Barbie and The Rockers Cafe with dance floor, dining room, flashing light show $19.99 Dancing Barbie and The Rockers $10.99 Each Caribbean Cruise 7 day Caribbean Cruise on Holland American Line includes the ports of Playa Del Carmen, Cozumel, Mexico and Jamaica, Grand Cayman returns to Ft Lauderdale From $1195 Teddy Ruxpin the animated talking bear that tells stories $49.99 Chess Challenger Computer with 12 levels $139.99 Anniversary Domed Clock with Westminister Chimes $135 Norelco Mens Rotoract Electric Rechargable Razor $69.99 Atari 7800 Pro System With Joysticks and Pole Position Game $79.99 Additional Games available include MS Pacman, Galaga, Xevious and Dig Dug Cartridges $11.99 Simon tests your concentration levels as you have to remember the colors $24.99 Stacking Hi/Fi Stereo Stack rack includes AM/ FM Stereo Radio, CD Player, Record Turntable, Twin Cassette Deck, Graphic Equalizer and Speakers $299.99 Sylvanian Family and Friends From Coleco From $10.99 Talking Alf the storytelling Alien From $69.99
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What does ‘Na’ represent in the periodic table?
Sodium»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] CAS Registry ID : 7440-23-5 The picture above shows the colour arising from adding common salt (NaCl) to a burning mixture of potassium chlorate and sucrose. The chemistry of sodium is dominated by electron loss to form Na+. Cartoon by Nick D Kim ( [Science and Ink] , used by permission). Sodium: historical information Sodium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807 at England. Origin of name : from the English word "soda" (the origin of the symbol Na comes from the Latin word "natrium"). Until the 18th century no distinction was made between potassium and sodium. This was because early chemists did not recognise that "vegetable alkali" (K2CO3, potassium carbonate, coming from deposits in the earth) and "mineral alkali" (Na2CO3, sodium carbonate, derived from wood ashes) are distinct from each other. Eventually a distinction was made. Sodium was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy, who made it by the electrolysis of very dry molten sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Sodium collected at the cathode. Davy isolated potassium by a similar procedure, also in 1807. Shortly after, Thenard and Gay-Lussac isolated sodium by reducing sodium hydroxide with iron metal at high temperatures. Sodium is one of the elements which has an alchemical symbol, shown below (alchemy is an ancient pursuit concerned with, for instance, the transformation of other metals into gold). alt="alchemical symbol of sodium"> Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for sodium is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Sodium around us Read more » Sodium is a vital element. The human diet must contain a sensible amount of sodium. The sodium cation is the main extracellular (outside cells) cation in animals and is important for nerve function in animals. The importance of sodium as salt in the diet was recognized well before sodium itself was understood to be an element. This recognition formed the basis of trading of salt deposits lining the Dead Sea in biblical times by the Romans. Prolonged sweating results in sodium ion loss in sweat and it is most important that the sodium ion is replaced through proper diet. Sodium is never found as the free element ("native") in nature as it is so reactive. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust at about 2.6 - 3.0%. The most common mineral is rock salt (sodium chloride, NaCl, or halite), but it occurs in many other minerals including sodium borate (borax), sodium carbonate (soda), sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre). and sodium sulphate (thenardite). In those species, however, it is the anions that are the reason for mining. Sodium is present in some abundance in the sun and other stars andclearly identifiable by the sodium D lines which are very prominent in the solar spectrum and those of other stars. Abundances for sodium in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 4562 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : sodium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. All syntheses require an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the poorly electronegative sodium ion Na+. Sodium is present as salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in huge quantities in underground deposits (salt mines) and seawater and other natural waters. It is easily recovered as a solid by drying. Sodium chloride has a high melting point (> 800°C) meaning that it sould be expensive to melt it in order to carry out the electrolysis. However a mixture of NaCl (40%) and calcium chloride, CaCl2 (60%) melts at about 580°C and so much less energy and so expense is required for the electrolysis. cathode: Na+(l) + e- → Na (l) anode: Cl-(l) → 1/2Cl2 (g) + e- The electrolysis is carried out as a melt in a "Downs cell". In practice, the electrolysis process produces calcium metal as well but this is solidified in a collection pipe and returned back to the melt. Sodium isotopes
Sodium
Which British female singer released a double A-side, featuring ‘Footprints in the Sand’ and ‘Better in Time’, in aid of Sport Relief?
Nitrogen»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Element News Nitrogen: the essentials Nitrogen is a Group 15 element. Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the atmosphere by volume but the atmosphere of Mars contains less than 3% nitrogen. The element seemed so inert that Lavoisier named it azote, meaning "without life". However, its compounds are vital components of foods, fertilizers, and explosives. Nitrogen gas is colourless, odourless, and generally inert. As a liquid it is also colourless and odourless. When nitrogen is heated, it combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium. When mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, it forms nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2). When heated under pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a suitable catalyst , ammonia forms (Haber process). Nitrogen is "fixed" from the atmosphere by bacteria in the roots of certain plants such as clover. Hence the usefulness of clover in crop rotation. Image adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall 's (U. North Texas, USA) Walking Tour of the elements CD. Nitrogen: historical information Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772 at Scotland. Origin of name : from the Greek words "nitron genes" meaning "nitre" and "forming" and the Latin word "nitrum" (nitre is a common name for potassium nitrate, KNO#). It was known during the 18th century that air contains at least two gases, one of which supports combustion and life, and the other of which does not. Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air, but Scheele, Cavendish, Priestley, and others at about the same time studied "burnt" or "dephlogisticated" air, as air without oxygen was then called. Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for nitrogen is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Nitrogen around us Read more » Nitrogen is a key component of biological molecules such as proteins (which are made from amino acids, and nucleic acids. The nitrogen cycle in nature is very important. Nitrogen gas (dinitrogen, N2) makes up about 78% of the atmosphere by volume. The atmosphere of Mars contains less than 3% nitrogen. There are relatively few minerals containing nitrogen but nitrates such as "saltpetre" (NaNO3) are very important. Abundances for nitrogen in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 2856 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : there is never any need to make nitrogen in the laboratory as it is readily available commercially or through in-house air liquefaction plants. However the decomposition of sodium azide is one route to N2 and decomposition is ammonium dichromate is another. Both reactions must only be carried out under controlled conditions by a professional. NaN3 (300°C) → 2Na + 3N2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O Nitrogen is made on massive scale by liquefaction of air and fractional distillation of the resulting liquid air to separate out oxygen and other gases. Very high purity nitrogen is available by this route. Nitrogen isotopes Read more » Nitrogen has two isotopes, N-14 and N-15, both of which are used in various applications. N-15 is used for the production of the radioisotope O-15 which is used in PET. N-15 is also used to study the uptake of Nitrogen in plants and the metabolism of proteins in the human body. N-14 is used for the production of the PET radioisotope C-11. It can also be used for the production of the PET radioisotopes N-13 and O-15.
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Universal Product Codes are more commonly known by what name?
How to Find a Store From a UPC Code How to Find a Store From a UPC Code How to Find a Store From a UPC Code March 31, 2015 By: Harjinder Singh The Universal Product Code--or UPC as it more commonly known--refers to a specific category of barcodes. UPC codes are used in the retail Industry for product identification and inventory management. If you know the UPC number for a product you can use it to conduct online research to determine which stores offer that product. There are several benefits to this. First, you can search for a specific product online and compare prices with multiple retailers and online vendors. Secondly, you can determine the location of the stores offering the product. Barcodes can give you insight regarding where the product is available. Step Enter the UPC number into any search engine of your choice to begin the search. If available, use the shopping option to tailor your search. The results will provide a complete list of retailers and online vendors that currently carry the product you are looking for. Step Use a specialized UPC search portal if the first step doesn't yield any results. You may want to consider using websites such as upcdatabase.com or checkupc.com. Additional resources are provided with this article. Step Contact an individual store and inquire about the product based on the UPC number. This step may require the most amount of work, considering that you may have to call individual stores to determine if the product is available. As a last resort, it can be a useful way of finding specialty or limited edition items. Step Once you know which store has the product you're looking for, the next step is to determine where exactly the store is located. The most convenient way to do this would be to conduct a search on a mapping website.
Barcode
The Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station is in which country?
UPC Database: Your address: 128.208.3.91 Internet UPC Database Welcome to the Internet UPC Database! This free service is run as a hobby of mine. The information indexed here seems to be of use to many people for a variety of reasons. This site isn't limited to UPCs any more. First of all, the term 'UPC' has been deprecated; the new term is UCC-12. But the world has moved beyond that. As of January 2005, retailers in the U.S. are supposed to be able to support the EAN/UCC-13 code (the rest of the world has done this for years), which uses similar symbology, and one additional digit. This site continues to be useful because people continue to contribute data. Please help keep that up. Every entry counts. If you're in a position to contribute more data than can be easily entered by hand, and you have permission to share it, please contact me by email so we can work something out. I can load an Excel spreadsheet or CSV file pretty easily. If you have any feedback or suggestions, just send email. I can be reached by email at [email protected] . Please read the FAQ before asking any questions, just to see if maybe somebody else has asked already. 3 Aug 2015 - iPhone App Released I've just released an iPhone app that allows you to search by description or number, as well as scan barcodes with your phone's camera. Get it on the App Store now! 27 May 2008 - Site Featured by Kim Komando We're Kim's "Site of the Day" today! This is a good thing for the site. Lots of new items are being added just today, and hopefully some of the new users will stick around and keep the growth rate up.
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What type of creature is an argentine?
Argentina Native Animals | Globerove Globerove > Argentina > Argentina Native Animals Argentina Native Animals By Globerover on March 29, 2010 in Argentina Interested in the native animals of Argentina? Read our guide for facts & information about some unusual animal species found in Argentina… The wildlife in Argentina varies by climatic regions with different animals living in the subtropic northern jungles and the subarctic southern areas. Some of the animals are endangered due to loss of habitat or hunting while others flourish. Not all the animals living in the wild in Argentina are native to the country. Wild boars are descendant from pigs imported by Europeans. Trout and some species of deer were also imported from other parts of the world. The Northern Jungles The subtropical climate in the north of Argentina makes it a wildlife paradise. The capybara, the largest rodent in the world makes its home in the wetlands of the north with crocodiles and a species of caiman indigenous to Argentina. Other mammalians include the bush dog, the raccoon, the tapir, small primates and the peccary. A variety of tortoise and turtle species thrive in this warm, wet region adjacent to the Amazon River. Colorful birds are plentiful and can be seen flying through the jungles. There are flamingos, toucan and many species of hummingbird. Within the country there are over 1000 different species of birds, with seven non-native species, 70 rare species and 45 endangered species. Parrots and Macaws abound in the northern jungles and many more mundane species like swallows, pigeons, doves owls and swifts also share the skies. The jaguar is a native of the northern jungles and is an endangered species in the wild. Ocelots are also found in the area and pumas are more common in the western mountains of the country. Snakes and lizards are also abundant and visitors are advised to use caution since while the majority of species are harmless, some including South American rattlesnake species, are venomous. Western Plains and Southern Argentina Giant armadillos inhabit the pampas, although they are in danger of extinction. Llamas, guanacos and vicuna can be found in the Andes Mountains, although vicuna, a llama like animal, is also on the endangered list. In the sub arctic south, whales are struggling for survival and penguin populations are dwindling. The rhea, a large flightless bird, is also found in the central and southern areas of the country. Of the 2500 species of wildlife native to Argentina, about 500 are considered endangered or at risk. The endangered animals include 60 species of fish, several types of deer, and many types of reptiles and birds. The Amazon caiman, once abundant in both Argentina and Brazil, has been hunted almost to extinction for its skin. The government of Argentina has taken steps to protect as many of these at risk and endangered species as possible and has created sanctuaries and parks where the animals are protected from hunters and habitat loss.
Fish
Which country hosted the 2007 Rugby Union World Cup?
Fossil findings - Argentinian dinosaurs ARGENTINIAN DINOSAURS Texts: Cristina Bozzoli Here we present the most significant fossil findings in Argentina: "Salta's Lizard" was discovered in 1980. This small titanosaurus sauropod from the Late Cretaciaous made a revolution in the field of Paleontology as its back was covered by hard bone plates. This led the scientists to consider the possibility that other sauropods would also have this kind of armour. It was approximately 12 meters long and would weigh about 8 tons. As all sauropods, it was purely a plant-eater and could stand on its hind legs to reach the higher branches. This small South American carnivore dwelled the soils of Northwestern Argentina about 73 million years ago. It was discovered in the Lecho Formation, at estancia El Brete, in the South of Salta. It was between 1 and 3 meters long and would weigh approximately 15 kilos. It was slender and light but its fearful curve claws would move fast. Even if it had certain features in common with the velociraptors dwelling North America and Asia, it was a totally different species. In fact, it was an abelisaurus, a relative of the carnotaurus. This voracious creature proved that dinosaurs did not have to be large to be the most fearful hunters on the planet. It is believed that it fed on young sauropods. It is one of the most ancient dinosaurs with very primitive features. It dates from approximately 228 million years ago. It became extinct at the end of the Triassic. It was a medium-sized carnivore of about 3.5 meters of length. It was similar to the theropods. It would walk on two legs and had sharp teeth and claws. Its arms were short. It was discovered in the Ischigualasto Formation, in San Juan, in 1958 by Don Victorino Herrera, a local rancher. A representative of the primitive family of the prosauropods, the Melanosauridae, this is the most common genre registered in the upper sections of the Los Colorados layers, in the Province of La Rioja. It dwelled this area during the Late Triassic, about 220 million years ago. "La Rioja's lizard" was one of the first large herbivorous dinosaurs. This heavily-built quadruped was about 10 meters long. It had a long neck, a long tail, a small head, a long, bulky body, and thick, elephant-like legs with claws. The back legs were only slightly larger than the front legs. Its limb bones were solid and thick, but its backbone was hollow. It had spoon-shaped, serrated teeth. This archosaur reptile was found in the Talampaya Canyon, in the Province of La Rioja, by an expedition organized by the paleontologist Alfred Romer, from the University of Harvard in 1964. This creature lived 225 million years ago. It shared certain features with the dinosaurs. After two decades, it was considered a new genre and species which was named Marasuchus lilloensis. From the point of view of evolution, only a step separated this animal from the dinosaurs. It had a pointed long head and a long thin tail. Among its most outstanding features, the skull had two openings behind each eye, one on top of the other, which would allow for the muscles of the jaw to be enlarged while they chewed. It also had an opening in front of each eye, which might have contained a gland. It is precisely due to these characteristics that it has been classified as an archosaurus, from the Greek: "ruling reptile". This herbivore of the order of the ornithischia lived in Las Lajas, in the Province of La Rioja, around 200 million years ago, when the area was humid and tropical, with lakes, rivers and conifers. It would be 90 centimeters long and would weigh from 7 to 10 kilograms. Its compact teeth allowed it to chew the hard plants typical from semi-arid areas. Its hind limbs were thin and they could reach high speed. Found in the Valley of the Moon, in San Juan, it has been considered the ancestor of the present crocodile. It had a graceful and light skeleton. According to the proportions of the bones found, this animal would stand on two legs. It was a carnivore. It lived 220 million years ago and it belongs to the group of the poposaurus. It is considered the most primitive and complete dinosaur from the inferior section of the Late Triassic 215 millon years ago and it has very valuable anatomical information to understand the first dinosaur evolution stages. This small carnivore was found in the Ischigualasto Formation, in the Valley of the Moon, in San Juan. It was an amphibious carnivore that lived during the Late Triassic, around 215 million years ago in the area of the Ischigualasto Formation, in the Valley of the Moon, in the Province of San Juan. It may be compared to the present crocodiles, but its anatomical structure was much more primitive. It would hunt small dinosaurs that approached the rivers. It was discovered by Professor Osvaldo A. Reig in 1959. This pterosaurus, whose name means "South Wing", was found at Lagarcito, in the Province of San Luis. Due to the characteristics of the area where it was found, it is estimated that it would dwell the lagoons of the arid zones and not the sea coast, like most members of this group. It lived 125 million years ago during the Cretaceous. As every pterosaurus, it is not classified as a dinosaur. It could fly long distances using its large light wings. It was a carnivore: it would eat fish, mollusk and insects. It had 500 bristle-like teeth on either side of is lower jaw to sieve small organisms out of the water. Its upper jaw contained a series of short blunt teeth, enabling the pterosaur to chop its catch into smaller pieces. The "Silver Lizard" was a herbivorous sauropod that lived 70 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous. Being 8 meters high and 30 meters long, it was one of the largest dinosaurs. It was found in the area of Col�n , Province of Entre R�os. "Abel's Lizard", named after its discoverer, Roberto Abel, former director of the Argentinian Museum of Natural Science, dwelled the area of R�o Negro during the Late Cretaceous, approximately 75 million years ago. This bipedal carnivore had a single skull which measured 85 centimeters long. Discovered in 1985 in the surroundings of Lake Pellegrini, in the Province of R�o Negro, its heavy teeth indicate that it was possibly in part a scavenger. It was approximately 7 meters long and 2 meters high and it would weigh 1.5 tons. It is believed to have been related to the Carnotaurus. It has been found recently in the district of Cinco Saltos, in the Province of R�o Negro. This herbivore would be very small (1.50 meters), graceful and very fast. According to scientists speculations, it would live in herds, as several adult, young and offspring specimens have been found within an area of 100 m2. It had a tight row of teeth to grind resistant vegetables. The hind legs indicate that it could run quite fast. It dates back from the Late Cretaceous, about 90 million years ago, when South America was still joined to Antarctica in the South and this to Australia. The fact that fossils of this dinosaur were found in Africa, Australia and Antarctica indicates that they were distributed all through the world before Pangea was fragmented. With a small head and a short flat skull, the "Southern Lizard" may have been one of the largest sauropods, according to the fossils found in the R�o Colorado Formation sediments, in the Province of R�o Negro in the early XX, which include a 2.20-meter-long femur. It is believed that this reptile was approximately 18 meters long and 6 meters high, which turned it into the largest sauropod in South America. It is related to the similarly gigantic Argentinosaurus and it belongs to the group of the titanosaurs. It dwelled the southernmost tip of the present American continent during the Cretaceous about 75 million years ago. Its teeth were located at the front of its jaw, which indicates that it would rip the food without chewing. The "Carolinii", considered the largest carnivorous dinosaur in the world, surpasses the famous Tyranosaurus Rex in size. It was discovered in July, 1993, by Rub�n Dar�o Carolini, present Director of the Villa El Choc�n Municipal Museum, in a former lagoon located 18 kilometers to the South of Villa El Choc�n . 80% of the fossil material of this specimen has been rescued and preserved in optimum condition. This carnivore, with reduced fore limbs, biped gait and with three toes in each leg, would measure 13.5 meters of length and its hip could reach 4.6 meters. It is estimated that it would weigh 9.5 tons when it was alive. Its head would measure 2 meters and its longest tooth, 21 centimeters. This specimen belongs to the Mid Cretaceous from the Mesozoic Era and it dwelled the Plaza Huincul area 90 million years ago. "Amarga's Lizard" was a sauropod from the Early Cretaceous. Its fossils were discovered by paleontologist Jos� Bonaparte in 1991 in a canyon in La Amarga, a town in the Province of Neuqu�n, located approximately 70 kilometers from Zapala . The species name cazaui is due to Dr. Luis Cazau, a geologist who worked for the state oil company YPF and with Bonaparte's team in 1983 at La Amarga. This herbivore dwelled the area approximately 120 million years ago. It was 10 meters long and would weigh about five tons. It was differenciated from other sauropods by two parallel rows of large "spikes" that ran along its neck up to the tail. They may have been connected by a skin membrane, forming a double "sail" that might have worked as a thermoregulatory structure, used to absorb and release heat, for mating and dominance rituals, and for making this creature look much larger than it was to predators. Otherwise, the spines were probably used for protection. Amargasaurus was a quadruped, had a small head, a long neck and a very long whip-like tail. Its front legs were shorter than its back legs, and all the legs had five-toed feet and a thumb claw, probably used for protection. According to Bonaparte's investigations, the Amargasaurus is closely related to two species from the Jurassic found in Tanzania. It is believed that it ate large amounts of plant material a day to sustain itself and that it would swallow leaves without chewing. It had blunt teeth to rip the foliage easily. It moved in herds and it may have migrated when food supply became scarce. Named Huinculensis after the district of Plaza Huincul where its fossil remains were found, in the Province of Neuqu�n. This is the largest herbivorous dinosaur found so far. Its size is even larger than the "Carolinii", which was a carnivore. It belongs to the Mid Cretaceous period. It is estimated that it is 98 million years old. It was rescued by the staff of the Carmen Funes Museum in Plaza Huincul, where original pieces of the find are exhibited. This is a great sauropod, some of its dorsal vertebras are the largest ever recorded. They are 1.70 meters high. In 1987, a campaign organized by the Comahue National University extracted some vertebras and part of the hip of a dinosaur that was later called Andesaurus delgadoi after its discoverer Alejandro Delgado. It was found several meters under the waters of Lake Exequiel Ramos Mej�a, formed by the El Choc�n Dam. The rescue took place when the level of the lake went lower than its historical records. It is estimated that the creature was 15 meters long. At present, it is exhibited at the Comahue National University Geology and Paleontology Museum. In 1988, the most complete specimen in South America was found in Villa El Choc�n. It was called Rebbachisaurus Tessonei. This is a sauropod, herbivorous middle-sized dinosaur, which would weight about 10 tons and measure 17 meters of length. Nowadays, it is exhibited at the Geology and Paleontology Museum. In turn, the Rebbachisaurus tessonei was one of the favourite dishes of the largest carnivore of all times -the Giganotosaurus carolinii. According to experts Jorge Calvo and Leonardo Salgado, these huge animals with very long tails and necks would wander about the area on their four legs over one hundred million years ago, devouring the exuberant vegetation that would cover the marshlands. This large predator, similar to the Tiranosaurus Rex lived in the Argentinian Patagonia around 90 million years ago and was discovered in Chubut by Jos� F. Bonaparte, discoverer of many other South American dinosaurs. Its most outstanding features include two thick bull-like horns above the eyes that are the reason for its name, and the extremely reduced forelimbs with four fingers. It had a small skull, a thick chest, and a thin tail. The eyes of the Carnotaurus faced forward, which is unusual in a dinosaur, and may indicate binocular vision and depth perception. It was 10 meters long and 4 meters high, and it belonged to the group of the most spectacular South American dinosaurs: the Abelisauridae. This is one of the sauropod dinosaurs that has been most thouroughly studied. It did not surpass the 8 meters of length, although other representatives of its family (also exhibited in the museum) would loosely surpass this measure. Almost spherical fossil eggs of these animals have been found. One of these eggs belongs to the collection of the museum and may be observed by visitors. This dinosaur stepped on Patagonia approximately 85 million years ago, during the Upper Cretaceous. Found in the Ca�ad�n Asfalto Formation in the Province of Chubut, this carnivorous dinosaur would belong to the group of the theropods. It dwelled the area during the Mid Jurassic, 165 million years ago. This 5-meter-long creature was an active hunter that may have attacked in groups. It would feed on young sauropods. Its large curve claws were used while hunting as a complement to its formidable conical very compressed long teeth, which were bent backwards and quite sharp. This suggested that the animal was not a fierce predator of large prey but of small vertebrates. It walked on two legs for its hind limbs were long and strong in comparison with its reduced fore limbs. Its strong head would measure approximately 50 centimeters. The "Giant Robber", a large predator from the Late Cretaceous, had fearful sickle-shaped claws. It walked on two slender, bird-like legs. It had a curve flexible neck, a huge head and serrated teeth in its powerful jaw. It used its tail to manage perfect balance and turn fast. This 7-meter- long carnivore dwelled the Northwestern area of the Argentinian Patagonia and was discovered by paleontologist Fernando E. Novas. This quadruped dinosaur was herbivorous and had horns and a beak similar to that of a parrot. It had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head. It was quite slow. It lived in the Late Cretaceous, approximately 80 million years ago, towards the end of the Mesozoic, the Age of Reptiles. In 1918, Augusto Tapia found part of a lower jaw that would belong to this specimen in Chubut. Named after the Quilmes Indians, this medium-sized carnivore lived during the Late Cretaceous. It is estimated that it was 5-6 long. Fossil remains of this theropod were found in the Allen Formation, Salitral Ojo de Agua, in the Province of R�o Negro. This is the most bird-like dinosaur ever discovered. This theropod from the Mid-Cretaceous is 90 million years ago. The first birds appeared 150 million years ago, evolving from dinosaurs long before Unenlagia lived. This proves that it is not an ancestor of modern-day birds. With the size of an ostrich, but shaped like a Velociraptor, this fightless carnivore was 1.20 meters tall and 2 meters long. Its fossil remains have provided evidence to prove how dinosaur forearms evolved into the wings of modern-day birds. The Unenlagia had a special shoulder structure that allowed it to move its short arms forwards, backwards and inwards to catch their prey, and upwards and downwards in a flapping motion which, even if not used for flying, because its wing-like arms were too short to support the heavy dinosaur, were used for balancing and turning. Although there is no fossil evidence of feathers from its fossils, it may well have had them. Fernando Novas, from the Museum of Natural History of Buenos Aires gave this dinosaur the name of Unenlagia comahuensis, which means "half-bird from Northwestern Patagonia".  
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Which US actor is the voice of Mr Fox in the 2009 animated film ‘Fantastic Mr Fox’?
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009) - The Criterion Collection The Criterion Collection Close What are dual-format editions? Dual-format editions include both Blu-ray and DVD versions of a film in a single package. All supplements are available across both formats.   Spine #700 Fantastic Mr. Fox is the story of a clever, quick, nimble, and exceptionally well-dressed wild animal. A compulsive chicken thief turned newspaper reporter, Mr. Fox settles down with his family in a new foxhole in a beautiful tree—directly adjacent to three enormous poultry farms owned by three ferociously vicious farmers: Boggis, Bunce, and Bean. Mr. Fox simply cannot resist. Wes Anderson’s adaptation of Roald Dahl’s classic children’s novel is a meticulous work of stop-motion animation featuring vibrant performances by George Clooney, Meryl Streep, Jason Schwartzman, Willem Dafoe, Michael Gambon, and Bill Murray. Cast Disc Features DIRECTOR-APPROVED EDITION: Digital master, approved by director Wes Anderson, with 5.1 surround DTS-HD Master Audio soundtrack on the Blu-ray Audio commentary featuring Anderson Storyboard animatic for the entire film Footage of the actors voicing their characters, puppet construction, stop-motion setups, and the recording of the score Interviews with cast and crew Puppet animation tests Photo gallery of puppets, props, and sets Animated awards acceptance speeches Audio recording of author Roald Dahl reading the book on which the film is based Fantastic Mr. Dahl, an hour-long 2005 documentary about the author Gallery of Dahl’s original manuscripts Discussion and analysis of the film Stop-motion Sony robot commercial by Anderson PLUS: A booklet featuring a new essay by critic Erica Wagner; a 2002 article on Dahl’s Gipsy House by Anderson; White Cape, a comic book used as a prop in the film; and drawings, original paintings, and other ephemera New cover by Turlo Griffin, with F. Ron Miller Current Posts
George Clooney
The 2016 Summer Olympics will be held in which country?
Fantastic Mr. Fox #3 Movie CLIP - Dig! (2009) HD - YouTube Fantastic Mr. Fox #3 Movie CLIP - Dig! (2009) HD Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 26, 2011 Fantastic Mr. Fox Movie Clip - watch all clips http://j.mp/zMUrzz click to subscribe http://j.mp/sNDUs5 As their home is threatened, Mr. Fox (George Clooney) comes up with a brilliant solution. TM & © Fox (2012) Join our Facebook page: http://j.mp/tb8OMH Follow us on Twitter: http://j.mp/rZzGsm Producer: Molly Cooper, Arnon Milchan, Steven M. Rales, Scott Rudin Screenwriter: Noah Baumbach, Roald Dahl Film Description: A wily fox uses his formidable cunning to outsmart three feeble-minded farmers, who resort to extreme tactics to protect their chickens in director Wes Anderson's animated adaptation of the popular Roald Dahl children's book. For 12 years, Mr. and Mrs. Fox (voices of George Clooney and Meryl Streep) have lived a peaceful life in the wilderness with their son, Ash (voice of Jason Schwartzman). Shortly after their young nephew Kristofferson (voice of Eric Anderson) arrives for a visit, Mr. Fox's long-suppressed animal instincts begin to take over and the faithful family man resorts back to his old ways as a cunning chicken thief, endangering not only his family but the entire animal community as well. When evil farmers Boggis, Bunce, and Bean force the animals underground in a desperate attempt to capture the audacious Mr. Fox, dwindling food supplies force the frightened animals to band together in one last attempt to fight for the land that is rightfully theirs. Bill Murray, Michael Gambon, Willem Dafoe, and Owen Wilson provide additional voices. "fantastic mr. fox","fantastic mr. fox clip","fantastic mr. fox part 1","fantastic mr. fox soundtrack","fantastic mr. fox cuss","fantastic mr. fox scene","fantastic mr. fox full movie","fantastic mr. fox wolf","fantastic mr. fox movie","fantastic mr. fox whistle","george clooney","wes anderson","book characters","children family","family animation","scott rudin","arnon milchan","steven m rales","molly cooper","mr fox","movie clips",movieclipsdotcom, #AMG :V+++378039,/m/014zcr Category
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Which English King was known as ‘The Hammer of the Scots’?
BBC - Scotland's History - Edward I, King of England. Scotland's History Articles Edward I, King of England. Born 1239, died 1307. Reign 1272 – 1307 Edward I, King of England. Born 1239, died 1307. Reign 1272 – 1307 One of the most effective English kings, Edward was also one of Scotland's greatest adversaries. Through his campaigns against Scotland he would come to be known after his death as 'Scottorum malleus' – the Hammer of the Scots. Intelligent and impatient, Edward proved to be a highly effective king. The reign of his father, Henry III, was marked by internal instability and military failure. Upon succeeding to the throne on 1272 Edward did much to rectify these issues. He managed to control and placate the unruly English barons and unite them behind him. A learned scholar, Edward also took great personal interest in matters of administration and government and introduced reforms and ideas learnt whilst staying abroad in the family-held territory of Gascony. He also made great use of his Parliament – a strategy that helped maintain stability in the country and, more importantly for Edward, brought in regular sums of money to enable Edward to pursue his ambitions. Edward also devised far uglier means of raising money. In 1275 Edward issues the Statute of Jewry that persecuted the Jewish population of England and imposed severe taxation on them. Proving both lucrative and popular, Edward extended this policy further. In 1290 the Jews were expelled from England – minus their money and property. The money raised from this dark practise was used to fund his his ambition to be overlord of the Scotland and Wales. As a younger man Edward forged an impressive reputation as a man of action. Domestically and abroad Edward proved himself as a soldier and a leader of men. In 1266 Edward received international accolade for his role in the 8th and 9th Crusades to the Holy Land where he helped secure the survival of the beleagured coastal city of Acre. It was while returning from the Crusade that Edward learned that his father, Henry III, had died and that he was now the King of England. Ambitious and impulsive, Edward wasted no time in enforcing his will on his neighbours. As an ominous precursor for his plans for Scotland, Edward attacked Wales. Edward attacks Wales During the 1250s Edward's father, Henry III, had mounted military campaigns in an attempt to control and dominate Wales. After a series of disastrous defeats Henry was forced to negotiate a peace that saw the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffydd extend his territories into England. Henry also had to recognise the royal status of Llewelyn as Prince of Wales. Llywelyn in turn was to acknowledge Henry as his overlord. Edward had experienced these failed campaigns first hand as part of his father's retinue and was determined not to repeat the same mistakes. Using the pretence of Llywelyn's refusal to pay homage to him in 1274 Edward raised a sizeable army and invaded Wales. Llywelyn was defeated and stripped of his territories. In another uncanny foreshadowing of events to come in Scotland Edward's complete conquest of his neighbour was to be thrown into doubt by a courageous campaign for liberation. In 1282 Llywelyn's brother Dafydd sparked a rebellion to rid Wales of English dominance. With Edward caught off-guard the rising had initial success. The death of Llywelyn in battle turned the tide for Edward however. Soon after Dafydd was captured and executed. Without strong leadership the Welsh rising failed. To consolidate his stranglehold, Edward built a series of impressive castles across Wales (such as Caernarfon Castle) and in 1284 Edward issued the Statute of Rhuddlan that effectively annexed Wales and made it a province of England. The title Prince of Wales was handed to Edward's eldest son, Prince Edward (later Edward II) – a practise that continues to this day. Edward plots against Scotland In 1287 Alexander III, King of Scots, died suddenly after falling from his horse at Kinghorn. The succession crisis that followed presented Edward with a golden opportunity to expand on his conquest of Wales. The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . With the absence of an immediate heir, the Scots throne looked likely to pass to Alexander's infant granddaughter, Margaret (the 'Maid of Norway') – the daughter of the King of Norway. Rival Scottish claims for the right to succeed as the next monarch led to the Norwegians approaching Edward. Edward planned to wed his own son Edward to Margaret and thus control Scotland via matrimonial rights. The Scots nobles, fearful of such a takeover, agreed that Margaret should be queen – but at the expense of Edward's marriage plans. Events were thrown into turmoil when Margaret died en route to Scotland. Edward the Kingmaker With the succession crisis still looming large and rival claimants still in fierce competition the Guardians of Scotland needed to find someone to adjudicate the claims and help break the deadlock. The perfect candidate was Edward. As an internationally respected king and a recognised expert on legal matters of state Edward was a logical choice. With the benefit of hindsight this may seem to be the worst of decisions until you consider that England and Scotland had enjoyed an extended period of relatively peaceful co-existence. Claims of English overlordship over Scotland were seen to be a thing of the distant past. The Guardians were in for a very rude shock. The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . In a series of political manouverings Edward insisted that he be recognised as feudal overlord of the Scots before a new Scots king be appointed. The Guardians refused but Edward, the legal expert, got his wish. While there were two rival claimants (Robert Bruce and John Balliol) Edward's role was adjudicate. If there were more than two then, under medieval law, only a judge could be expected to pronounce a verdict. As a judge Edward had to have authority – and in royal matters authority meant overlordship. Edward found other claimants for the vacant throne to put pressure on Bruce and Balliol. The plan worked and one by one they came forward to swear allegiance. From that point, with all principle claimants as his vassals, it did not matter who became king. Ultimately Balliol took the crown. Edward's subsequent heavy-handed treatment of the Scots (demanding taxes and soldiers to help fight his wars) led to the first inklings of rebellion. In 1295 the Scots signed a mutual aid treaty with France (later to be known as the Auld Alliance). This pact with Edward's enemy brought about swift retaliation from Edward. Edward destroyed Berwick, slaughtering thousands of the town's inhabitants, before pushing deeper into scotland. The Scots met Edward in battle at Dunbar but was decisively beaten. repeating his accomplishments in Wales, Edward had now conquered Scotland. In a similar tactic to the those he employed in Wales Edward stripped the country of its treasures and symbollic icons of nationhood as easily as he stripped Balliol of his status as king. Most notably the crown jewels and the Stone of Destiny was removed to be sent back to England. The message was clear – there was to be no other king in Scotland but Edward. Edward's campaigning, however, had left him seriously short of funds. He could no-longer afford to build costly castles to control his new domain as he had in Wales. Wars of Independence Just as he had with the welsh, Edward had underestimated the Scots. Within a year rebellions to English control broke out – notably led by Andrew Murray in the north and William wallace in the south of the country. The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . Edward left the matter of crushing the rebellion to his representative, John de Warenne, rather than take control personally. At Stirling Bridge Warenne's force was routed by Wallace and Murray's army. Edward marches north and took control of his army and defeated Wallace's army at Falkirk. Wallace was later captured and executed. Once again Edward assumed that Scotland was conquered. An interesting point to note is that the expense incurred in subjugating the Welsh meant that the same pattern of conquest and castle-building was not open to Edward. The success of that campaign could not so easily be emulated. Enter the Bruce Waiting in the wings for Edward was Robert the Bruce. Bruce's ambition to be king was finally realised in 1306. News of the coronation of a new Scots king brought Edward's army northward. A series of swift victories saw Edward victorious and the new King of Scots on the run. Once again Edward assumed the job was done. News of Bruce's return with a handful of followers was given scant regard. Edward would rue this inattentiveness. Within a year Bruce had defeated larger English forces and regained control of swathes of Scotland. A minor rebellion had become a sizeable rising. Not even the capture and execution of key Bruce supporters (including members of Bruce's own family) could reverse the tide. The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . In Bruce Edward had met a formidable, ruthless and determined opponent – a man cut from the same cloth. A Job Worth Doing... Despite ill health and advancing years Edward, Hammer of the Scots, marched his army north to rid himself of Bruce once and for all. In 1307, with Scotland in sight, Edward died at Burgh-on-Sands. The campaign for the conquest of Scotland passed on to his son, Edward II. The Scots were relieved to find that the brutal and effective military prowess displayed by the father were absent in the son. The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . In 1314 Bruce routed a larger English force at Bannockburn. Recognition of Scotland's sovereignty came years later in 1328. On his death bed accounts credit Edward's dying wish to be that his bones be left unburied as long as Scotland was unconquered. Mercifully this request was ignored. As arguably, England's greatest king (and Scotland's greatest enemy) his temporary interment would have lasted an awful long time. More articles
edward l
Oscine relates to what type of creatures?
Timeline of the Kings & Queens of England There have been 66 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of 1500 years.   SAXON KINGS EGBERT 827 - 839 Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda ( Anglo-Saxon , "ruler of the British". A year before he died aged almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire. AETHELWULF 839-856 King of Wessex , son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea off the coast of Kent , in what is believed to be the first naval battle. A highly religous man, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855. AETHELBALD 856 - 860 The eldest son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset . AETHELBERT 860 - 866 Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-Upon-Thames. Shortly after his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey. AETHELRED I 866 - 871 Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was one long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik . When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds shortly after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried. ALFRED THE GREAT 871 - 899 - son of AETHELWULF Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to be a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, before they attacked Wessex again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps ' burning the cakes ' as a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. EDWARD (The Elder) 899 - 924 Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the the death of his sister Aethelflaed of Mercia , Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward as "father and lord". The following year, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh near Chester . His body is returned to Winchester for burial. ATHELSTAN 924 - 939 Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots, Celts, Danes and Vikings, claiming the title of King of all Britain. The battle saw for the first time individual Anglo-Saxon kingdoms being brought together to create a single and unified England. Athelstan is buried in Malmesbury, Wiltshire . EDMUND 939 - 946 Succeeded his half-bother Athelastan as king at the tender age of 18, having already fought alongside him at the Batlle of Brunanburh two years earlier. He re-established Anglo-Saxon control over northern England, which had fallen back under Scandanavian rule following the death of Athelstan. Aged just 25, and whilst celebrating the feast of Augustine, Edmund was stabbed by a robber in his royal hall at Pucklechurch near Bath . His two sons, Eadwig and Edgar, were perhaps considered  too young to become kings. EADRED 946 - 955 The son of Edward the Elder by his third marriage to Eadgifu, Eadred succeeded his brother Edmund following his premature death. He followed in the family tradition of defeating Norsemen, expelling the last Scandanavian King of York, Eric Bloodaxe, in 954. A deeply religious man, Eadred suffered a serious stomach ailment that would eventually prove fatal. Eadred died in his early 30s, unmarried and without an heir, at Frome in Somerset. He is buried in Winchester. EADWIG 955 - 959 The eldest son of Edmund I, Eadwig was about 16 when he was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames in southeast London. Legend has it that his coronation had to be delayed to allow Bishop Dunstan to prise Eadwig from his bed, and from between the arms of his "strumpet" and the strumpets' mother. Perhaps unimpressed by the interruption, Eadwig had Dunstan exiled to France. Eadwig died in Gloucester when he was just 20, the circumstances of his death are not recorded. EDGAR 959 - 975 The youngest son of Edmund I, Edgar had been in dispute with his brother concerning succession to the throne for some years. Following Eadwig's mysterious death, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan from exile, making him Archbishop of Canterbury as well as his personal advisor. Following his carefully planned (by Dunstan) coronation in Bath in 973, Edgar marched his army to Chester, to be met by six kings of Britain. The kings, including the King of Scots, King of Strathclyde and various princes of Wales , are said to have signalled their allegience to Edgar by rowing him in his state barge accross the River Dee. EDWARD THE MARTYR 975 - 978 Eldest son of Edgar, Edward was crowned king when aged just 12. Although supported by Archbishop Dunstan, his claim to the throne was contested by supporters of his much younger half-brother Aethelred. The resulting dispute between rival factions within the church and nobility almost led to civil war in England. Edward's short reign ended when he was murdered at Corfe Castle  by followers of Aethelred, after just two and half years as king. The title 'martyr' was a consequence of him being seen as a victim of his stepmother's ambitions for her own son Aethelred. AETHELRED II THE UNREADY 978 - 1016 Aethelred was unable to organise resistance against the Danes, earning him the nickname 'unready', or 'badly advised'. He became king aged about 10, but fled to Normandy in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard, King of the Danes invaded England. Sweyn was pronounced King of England on Christmas Day 1013 and made his capital at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. He died just 5 weeks later. Aethelred returned in 1014 after Sweyn's death. The remainder of Aethelred's reign was one of a constant state of war with Sweyn's son Canute. EDMUND II IRONSIDE 1016 - 1016 The son of Aethelred II, Edmund had led the resistance to Canute's invasion of England since 1015. Following the death of his father, he was chosen king by the good folk of London. The Witan (the king's council) however elected Canute. Following his defeat at the Battle of Assandun, Aethelred made a pact with Canute to divide the kingdom between them. Edmund died later that year, probably assassinated. CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE 1016 - 1035 Canute became king of all England following the death of Edmund II. The son of Sweyn Forkbeard, he ruled well and gained favour with his English subjects by sending most of his army back to Denmark. In 1017, Canute married Emma of Normandy, the widow of Aethelred II and divided England into the four earldoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex. Perhaps inspired by his pilgrimage to Rome in 1027, legend has it that he wanted to demonstrate to his subjects that as a king he was not a god, he ordered the tide not to come in, knowing this would fail. HAROLD I 1035 - 1040 Also known as Harold Harefoot, in recognition of his speed and skill as a hunter. Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute, he claimed the English crown on the death of his father whilst his half-brother Harthacanute, the rightful heir, was in Denmark fighting to protect his Danish kingdom. Harold died three years into his reign, just weeks before Harthacanute was due to invade England with an army of Danes. He was buried in Westminster Abbey before Harthacanute had his body dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Thames. His bits were later gathered and re-buried at St. Clement Danes in London. HARTHACANUTE 1040 - 1042 The son of Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy, Harthacanute sailed to England with his mother, accompanied by a fleet of 62 warships, and was immediately accepted as king. Perhaps to appease his mother, the year before he died Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward, Emma's son from her first marriage to Aethelred the Unready, back from exile in Normandy. Harthacanute died at a wedding whilst toasting the health of the bride; he was aged just 24 and was the last Danish king to rule England EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066 Following the death of Harthacanute, Edward restored the rule of the House of Wessex to the English throne. A deeply pious and religious man, he presided over the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, leaving much of the running of the country to Earl Godwin and his son Harold. Edward died childless, eight days after the building work on Westminster Abbey had finished. With no natural successor, England was faced with a power struggle for control of the throne. HAROLD II 1066 Despite having no royal bloodline, Harold Godwin was elected king by the Witan (a council of high ranking nobles and religious leaders), following the death of Edward the Confessor. The election result failed to meet with the approval of one William, Duke of Normandy, who claimed that his relative Edward had promised the throne to him several years earlier. Harold defeated an invading Norwegian army at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire, then marched south to confront William of Normandy who had landed his forces in Sussex. The death of Harold at the Battle Of Hastings meant the end of the English Anglo-Saxon kings and the beginning of the Normans.   NORMAN KINGS WILLIAM I (The Conqueror) 1066- 1087 Also known as William the Bastard (but not normally to his face!), he was the illigitimate son of Robert the Devil, whom he succeeded as Duke of Normandy in 1035. William came to England from Normandy, claiming that his second cousin Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne, and defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings on 14th October 1066. In 1085 the Domesday Survey was begun and all of England was recorded, so William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained and how much tax he could raise in order to fund his armies. William died at Rouen after a fall from his horse whilst beseiging the French city of Nantes. He is buried at Caen. WILLIAM II (Rufus) 1087- 1100 William was not a popular king, given to extravagance and cruelty. He never married and was killed in the New Forest by a stray arrow whilst out hunting, maybe accidentally, or possibly shot deliberately on the instructions of his younger brother Henry. Walter Tyrrell, one of the hunting party, was blamed for the deed. The Rufus Stone in The New Forest, Hampshire , marks the spot where he fell. HENRY I 1100-1135 Henry Beauclerc was the fourth and youngest son of William I. Well educated, he founded a zoo at Woodstock in Oxfordshire to study animals. He was called the 'Lion of Justice' as he gave England good laws, even if the punishments were ferocious. His two sons were drowned in the White Ship so his daughter Matilda was made his successor. She was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet. When Henry died of food poisoning, the Council considered a woman unfit to rule and so offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I. STEPHEN 1135-1154 Stephen was a very weak king and the whole country was almost destroyed by the constant raids by the Scots and the Welsh. During Stephen's reign the Norman barons wielded great power, extorting money and looting town and country. A decade of civil war known as The Anarchy ensued when Matilda invaded from Anjou in 1139. A compromise was eventually decided, under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet would succeed to the throne when Stephen died.   HENRY II 1154-1189 Henry of Anjou was a strong king. A brilliant soldier, he extended his French lands until he ruled most of France. He laid the foundation of the English Jury System and raised new taxes (scutage) from the landholders to pay for a militia force. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas A Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. His sons turned against him, even his favourite John.   RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 - 1199 Richard was the third son of Henry II. By the age of 16, he was leading his own army putting down rebellions in France. Although crowned King of England, Richard spent all but 6 months of his reign abroad, preferring to use the taxes from his kingdom to fund his various armies and military ventures. He was the leading Christian commander during the Third Crusade. On his way back from Palestine, Richard was captured and held for ransom. The amount paid for his safe return almost bankrupt the country. Richard died from an arrow-wound, far from the kingdom that he so rarely visited. He had no children. JOHN 1199 -1216 John Lackland was the fourth child of Henry II. Short and fat, he was jealous of his dashing brother Richard I whom he succeeded. He was cruel, self-indulgent, selfish and avaricious, and the raising of punitive taxes united all the elements of society, clerical and lay, against him. The Pope excommunicated him. On 15th June 1215 at Runnymede the barons compelled John to sign Magna Carta , the Great Charter, which reinstated the rights of all his subjects. John died - from over-eating - a fugitive from all his enemies. He has been termed "the worst English king". HENRY III 1216 -1272 Henry was 9 years old when he became king. Brought up by priests he became devoted to church, art and learning. He was a weak man, dominated by churchmen and easily influenced by his wife's French relations. In 1264 Henry was captured during the rebellion of barons led by Simon de Montfort and was forced to set up a 'Parlement' at Westminster, the start of the House of Commons. Henry was the greatest of all patrons of medieval architecture and ordered the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style.   Monarchs of England and Wales EDWARD I 1272 - 1307 Edward Longshanks was a statesman, lawyer and soldier. He formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing the knights, clergy and nobility, as well as the Lords and Commons together for the first time. Aiming at a united Britain, he defeated the Welsh chieftains and created his eldest son Prince of Wales. He was known as the 'Hammer of the Scots' for his victories in Scotland and brought the famous coronation stone from Scone to Westminster. When his first wife Eleanor died, he escorted her body from Grantham in Lincolnshire to Westminster, setting up Eleanor Crosses at every resting place. He died on the way to fight Robert Bruce . EDWARD II 1307 - deposed 1327 Edward was a weak and incompetent king. He had many 'favourites', Piers Gaveston being the most notorious. He was beaten by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Edward was deposed and held captive in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. His wife joined her lover Mortimer in deposing him: by their orders he was murdered in Berkley Castle - as legend has it, by having a red-hot poker thrust up his anus! His beautiful tomb in Gloucester Cathedral was erected by his son, Edward III. EDWARD III 1327 - 1377 Son of Edward II, he reigned for 50 years. His ambition to conquer Scotland and France plunged England into the Hundred Years War, beginning in 1338. The two great victories at Crecy and Poitiers made Edward and his son, the Black Prince, the most renowned warriors in Europe, however the war was very expensive. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England. RICHARD II 1377 - deposed 1399 The son of the Black Prince, Richard was extravagant, unjust and faithless. In 1381 came the Peasants Revolt , led by Wat Tyler. The rebellion was put down with great severity. The sudden death of his first wife Anne of Bohemia completely unbalanced Richard and his extravagance, acts of revenge and tyranny turned his subjects against him. In 1399 Henry of Lancaster returned from exile and deposed Richard, becoming elected King Henry IV. Richard was murdered, probably by starvation, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.   HOUSE OF LANCASTER HENRY IV 1399 - 1413 The son of John of Gaunt (third son of Edward III), Henry returned from exile in France to reclaim his estates previously seized by Richard II; he was accepted as king by Parliament. Henry spent most of his 13 year reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts. In Wales Owen Glendower declared himself Prince of Wales and led a national uprising against English rule. Back in England, Henry had great difficulty in maintaining the support of both the clery and Pariament and between 1403-08 the Percy family lauched a series of rebellions against him. Henry, the first Lancastrian king, died exhausted, probably of leprosy, at the age of 45. HENRY V 1413 - 1422 The son of Henry IV, he was a pious, stern and skilful soldier. Henry had honed his fine soldiering skills putting down the many rebellions launched against his father and had been knighted when aged just 12. He pleased his nobles by renewing the war with France in 1415. In the face of tremendous odds he beat the French at the Battle of Agincourt , losing just 400 of his own soldiers with more than 6,000 Frenchmen killed. On a second expedition Henry captured Rouen, was recognised as the next King of France and married Catherine, the daughter of the lunatic French king. Henry died of dysentery whilst campaigning in France and before he could succeed to the French throne, leaving his 10-month old son as King of England and France. HENRY VI 1422 - deposed 1461 Beginning of the Wars of the Roses Gentle and retiring, he came to the throne as a baby and inherited a losing war with France, the Hundred Years War finally ending in 1453 with the loss of all French lands except for Calais. The king had an attack of mental illness that was hereditary in his mother's family in 1454 and Richard Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm. The House of York challenged Henry VI's right to the throne and England was plunged into civil war. The Battle of St Albans in 1455 was won by the Yorkists. Henry was restored to the throne briefly in 1470. Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury one day before Henry was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471. Henry founded both Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and every year the Provosts of Eton and King's College lay roses and lilies on the altar which now stands where he died.   EDWARD IV 1461- 1483 He was the son of Richard Duke of York and Cicely Neville, and not a popular king. His morals were poor (he had many mistresses and had at least one illegitimate son) and even his contemporaries disapproved of him. Edward had his rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence, murdered in 1478 on a charge of treason. During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton. Edward died suddenly in 1483 leaving two sons aged 12 and 9, and five daughters. EDWARD V 1483 - 1483 Edward was actually born in Westminster Abbey, were his mother Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary from Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son of Edward IV, he succeeded to the throne at the tender age of 13 and reigned for only two months, the shortest-lived monarch in English history. He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Tower of London - it is said on the orders of his uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester. Richard (III) declared The Princes in the Tower illegitimate and named himself rightful heir to the crown. RICHARD III 1483 - 1485 End of the Wars of the Roses Brother of Edward IV. The ruthless extinction of all those who opposed him and the alleged murders of his nephews  made his rule very unpopular. In 1485 Henry Richmond, descendant of John of Gaunt, father of Henry IV, landed in west Wales, gathering forces as he marched into England. At the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire he defeated and killed Richard in what was to be the last important battle in the Wars of the Roses. Archaeological investigations at a car park in Leicester during 2012 revealed a skeleton which was thought to have been that of Richard III, and this was confirmed on the 4th February 2013. His body was re-interred at Leicester Cathedral on 22nd March 2015.   THE TUDORS HENRY VII 1485 - 1509 When Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth, his crown was picked up and placed on the head of Henry Tudor. He married Elizabeth of York and so united the two warring houses, York and Lancaster. He was a skilful politician but avaricious. The material wealth of the country increased greatly. During Henry's reign playing cards were invented and the portrait of his wife Elizabeth has appeared eight times on every pack of cards for nearly 500 years.   HENRY VIII 1509 - 1547 The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives! Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived". His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, his brothers widow, whom he later divorced to marry Anne Boleyn. This divorce caused the split from Rome and Henry declared himself the head of the Church Of England. The Dissolution of the Monasteries began in 1536, and the money gained from this helped Henry to bring about an effective Navy. In an effort to have a son, Henry married four further wives, but only one son was born, to Jane Seymour. Henry had two daughters both to become rulers of England - Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. EDWARD VI 1547 - 1553 The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was a sickly boy; it is thought he suffered from tuberculosis. Edward succeeded his father at the age of 9, the government being carried on by a Council of Regency with his uncle, Duke of Somerset, styled Protector. Even though his reign was short, many men made their mark. Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer and the uniformity of worship helped turn England into a Protestant State. After Edward's death there was a dispute over the succession. As Mary was Catholic, Lady Jane Grey was named as the next in line to the throne. She was proclaimed Queen but Mary entered London with her supporters and Jane was taken to the Tower. She reigned for only 9 days. She was executed in 1554, aged 17. MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558 Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. A devout Catholic, she married Philip of Spain. Mary attempted to enforce the wholesale conversion of England to Catholicism. She carried this out with the utmost severity. The Protestant bishops, Latimer, Ridley and Archbishop Cranmer were among those burnt at the stake. The place, in Broad Street Oxford, is marked by a bronze cross. The country was plunged into a bitter blood bath, which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary. She died in 1558 at Lambeth Palace in London. ELIZABETH I 1558-1603 The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From first to last she was popular with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors. Drake , Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England respected and feared. The Spanish Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleigh's first Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots marred what was a glorious time in English history. Shakespeare was also at the height of his popularity. Elizabeth never married.   THE STUARTS JAMES I and VI of Scotland 1603 -1625 James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. He was the first king to rule over Scotland and England . James was more of a scholar than a man of action. In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his Catholic friends tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so. James's reign saw the publication of the Authorised Version of the Bible , though this caused problems with the Puritans and their attitude towards the established church. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in their ship The Mayflower. CHARLES 1 1625 - 1649 English Civil War The son of James I and Anne of Denmark, Charles believed that he ruled by Divine Right. He encountered difficulties with Parliament from the beginning, and this led to the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642. The war lasted four years and following the defeat of Charles's Royalist forces by the New Model Army, led by Oliver Cromwell , Charles was captured and imprisoned. The House of Commons tried Charles for treason against England and when found guilty he was condemned to death. His death warrant states that he was beheaded on Tuesday 30 January 1649. Following this the British monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared.   OLIVER CROMWELL , Lord Protector 1653 - 1658 Cromwell was born at Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire in 1599, the son of a small landowner. He entered Parliament in 1629 and became active in events leading to the Civil War. A leading Puritan figure, he raised cavalry forces and organised the New Model Army, which he led to victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. Failing to gain agreement on constitutional change in government with Charles I, Cromwell was a member of a 'Special Commission' that tried and condemned the king to death in 1649. Cromwell declared Britain a republic 'The Commonwealth' and he went on to become its Lord Protector. Cromwell went on to crush the Irish clans and the Scots loyal to Charles II between 1649 and 1651. In 1653 he finally expelled the corrupt English parliament and with the agreement of army leaders became Lord Protector (King in all but name) RICHARD CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1658 - 1659 Richard was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed the second ruling Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, serving for just nine months. Unlike his father, Richard lacked military experience and as such failed to gain respect or support from his New Model Army. Richard was eventually 'persuaded' to resign from his position as Lord Protector and exiled himself to France until 1680, when he returned to England.   THE RESTORATION CHARLES II 1660 - 1685 Son of Charles I, also known as the Merry Monarch. After the collapse of the Protectorate following the death of Oliver Cromwell and the flight of Richard Cromwell to France, the Army and Parliament asked Charles to take the throne. Although very popular he was a weak king and his foreign policy was inept. He had 13 known mistresses, one of whom was Nell Gwyn . He fathered numerous illegitimate children but no heir to the throne. The Great Plague in 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666 took place during his reign. Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today. JAMES II and VII of Scotland 1685 - 1688 The second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother of Charles II. James had been exiled following the Civil War and served in both the French and Spanish Army. Although James converted to Catholicism in 1670, his two daughters were raised as Protestants. James became very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestant clergy and was generally hated by the people. Following the Monmouth uprising (Monmouth was an illegitimate son of Charles II and a Protestant) and the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffries, Parliament asked the Dutch prince, William of Orange to take the throne. William was married to Mary, James II's Protestant daughter. William landed in England and James fled to France where he died in exile in 1701. WILLIAM III 1689 - 1702 and MARY II 1689 - 1694 On the 5 November 1688, William of Orange sailed his fleet of over 450 ships, unopposed by the Royal Navy, into Torbay harbour and landed his troops in Devon . Gathering local support, he marched his army, now 20,000 strong, on to London in The Glorious Revolution. Many of James II's army had defected to support William, as well as James's other daughter Anne. William and Mary were to reign jointly, and William was to have the Crown for life after Mary died in 1694. James plotted to regain the throne and in 1689 landed in Ireland. William defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne and James fled again to France, as guest of Louis XIV. ANNE 1702 - 1714 Anne was the second daughter of James II. She had 17 pregnancies but only one child survived - William, who died of smallpox aged just 11. A staunch, high church Protestant, Anne was 37 years old when she succeeded to the throne. Anne was a close friend of Sarah Churchill, the Duchess of Marlborough. Sarah's husband the Duke of Marlborough commanded the English Army in the War of Spanish Succession, winning a series of major battles with the French and gaining the country an influence never before attained in Europe. It was during Anne's reign that the United Kingdom of Great Britain was created by the Union of England and Scotland. After Anne's death the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I 's only daughter, but she died a few weeks before Anne and so the throne succeeded to her son George.   THE HANOVARIANS GEORGE I 1714 -1727 Son of Sophia and the Elector of Hanover, great-grandson of James I. The 54 year old George arrived in England able to speak only a few words of English with his 18 cooks and 2 mistresses in tow. George never learned English, so the conduct of national policy was left to the government of the time with Sir Robert Walpole becoming Britain's first Prime Minister . In 1715 the Jacobites (followers of James Stuart, son of James II) attempted to supplant George, but the attempt failed. George spent little time in England - he preferred his beloved Hanover, although he was implicated in the South Sea Bubble financial scandal of 1720. GEORGE II 1727 - 1760 Only son of George I. He was more English than his father, but still relied on Sir Robert Walpole to run the country. George was the last English king to lead his army into battle at Dettingen in 1743. In 1745 the Jacobites tried once again to restore a Stuart to the throne. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' . landed in Scotland. He was routed at Culloden Moor by the army under the Duke of Cumberland, known as 'Butcher' Cumberland. Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped to France with the help of Flora MacDonald , and finally died a drunkard's death in Rome. GEORGE III 1760 - 1820 He was a grandson of George II and the first English-born and English-speaking monarch since Queen Anne. His reign was one of elegance and the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen , Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson . in 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776. George was well meaning but suffered from a mental illness due to intermittent porphyria and eventually became blind and insane. His son ruled as Prince Regent after 1811 until George's death. GEORGE IV 1820 - 1830 Known as the 'First Gentleman of Europe'. He had a love of art and architecture but his private life was a mess, to put it mildly! He married twice, once in 1785 to Mrs. Fitzherbert, secretly as she was a Catholic, and then in 1795 to Caroline of Brunswick . Mrs. Fitzherbert remained the love of his life. Caroline and George had one daughter, Charlotte in 1796 but she died in 1817. George was considered a great wit, but was also a buffoon and his death was hailed with relief! WILLIAM IV 1830 - 1837 Known as the 'Sailor King' (for 10 years the young Prince William, brother of George IV, served in the Royal Navy), he was the third son of George III. Before his accession he lived with a Mrs. Jordan, an actress, by whom he had ten children. When Princess Charlotte died, he had to marry in order to secure the succession. He married Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg in 1818. He had two daughters but they did not live. He hated pomp and wanted to dispense with the Coronation. The people loved him because of his lack of pretension. During his reign Britain abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833. The Reform Act was passed in 1832, this extended the franchise to the middle-classes on a basis of property qualifications. VICTORIA 1837 - 1901 Victoria was the only child of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Edward Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. The throne Victoria inherited was weak and unpopular. Her Hanovarian uncles had been treated with irreverence. In 1840 she married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Albert exerted tremendous influence over the Queen and until his death was virtual ruler of the country. He was a pillar of respectability and left two legacies to the UK, the Christmas Tree and the Great Exhibition of 1851. With the money from the Exhibition several institutions were developed, the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Science Museum, Imperial College and the Royal Albert Hall. The Queen withdrew from public life after the death of Albert in 1861 until her Golden Jubilee in 1887. Her reign saw the British Empire double in size and in 1876 the Queen became Empress of India, the 'Jewel in the Crown'. When Victoria died in 1901, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe. EDWARD VII 1901 - 1910 A much loved king, the opposite of his dour father. He loved horse-racing, gambling and women! This Edwardian Age was one of elegance. Edward had all the social graces and many sporting interests, yachting and horse-racing - his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909. Edward married the beautiful Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 and they had six children. The eldest, Edward Duke of Clarence, died in 1892 just before he was to marry Princess Mary of Teck. When Edward died in 1910 it is said that Queen Alexandra brought his current mistress Mrs. Keppel to his bedside to take her farewell. His best known mistress was Lillie Langtry, the 'Jersey Lily'   Name changed in 1917 GEORGE V 1910 - 1936 George had not expected to be king, but when his elder brother died he became the heir-apparent. He had joined the Navy as a cadet in 1877 and loved the sea. He was a bluff, hearty man with a 'quarter-deck' manner. In 1893 he married Princess Mary of Teck, his dead brother's fiancee. His years on the throne were difficult; the First World War in 1914 - 1918 and the troubles in Ireland which lead to the creation of the Irish Free State were considerable problems. In 1932 he began the royal broadcasts on Christmas Day and in 1935 he celebrated his Silver Jubilee. His latter years were overshadowed by his concern about the Prince of Wales and his infatuation with Mrs. Simpson. EDWARD VIII June 1936 - abdicated December 1936 Edward was the most popular Prince of Wales Britain has ever had. Consequently when he renounced the throne to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson the country found it almost impossible to believe. The people as a whole knew nothing about Mrs. Simpson until early in December 1936. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had two husbands still living. This was unacceptable to the Church, as Edward had stated that he wanted her to be crowned with him at the Coronation which was to take place the following May. Edward abdicated in favour of his brother and took the title, Duke of Windsor. He went to live abroad. GEORGE VI 1936 - 1952 George was a shy and nervous man with a very bad stutter , the exact opposite of his brother the Duke of Windsor, but he had inherited the steady virtues of his father George V. He was very popular and well loved by the British people. The prestige of the throne was low when he became king but his wife Elizabeth and his mother Queen Mary were outstanding in their support of him. The Second World War started in 1939 and throughout the King and Queen set an example of courage and fortitude. They remained at Buckingham Palace for the duration of the war in spite of the bombing. The Palace was bombed more than once. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle . George was in close touch with the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill throughout the war and both had to be dissuaded from landing with the troops in Normandy on D-Day ! The post-war years of his reign were ones of great social change and saw the start of the National Health Service. The whole country flocked to the Festival of Britain held in London in 1951, 100 years after the Great Exhibition during Victoria's reign. ELIZABETH II 1952 - Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, or ‘Lilbet’ to close family, was born in London on 21 April 1926. Like her parents, Elizabeth was heavily involved in the war effort during the Second World War, serving in the women's branch of the British Army known as the Auxiliary Territorial Service, training as a driver and mechanic. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret anonymously joined the crowded streets of London on VE Day to celebrate the end of the war. She married her cousin Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and they had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. When her father George VI died, Elizabeth became Queen of seven Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). Elizabeth’s coronation in 1953 was the first to be televised, serving to increase popularity in the medium and doubling television license numbers in the UK. The huge popularity of the royal wedding in 2011 between the Queen’s grandson, Prince William and the commoner Kate Middleton, now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, reflected the high profile of the British Monarchy at home and abroad. 2012 was also an important year for the royal family, as the nation celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, her 60th year as Queen. On 9th September 2015, Elizabeth became Britain's longest serving monarch, ruling longer than her great-great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years and 216 days. Congratulations Ma'am; God Save the Queen!   If you enjoyed this article, you might also like... Kings and Queens of Wessex - Wessex, also known as the Kingdom of the West Saxons, was a large and extremely influential Anglo-Saxon kingdom from 519 to 927AD. In this article, we take a look at the Kings and Queens that ruled over the kingdom for almost half a millennium. Kings and Queens of Scotland - Covering the period from 1005 - 1603 Kings and Queens of Mercia - Mercia was one of the great seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, alongside East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Northumbria Sussex and Wessex. Based around its capital of Tamworth, Mercia went through rapid expansion throughout the 6th and 7th centuries to be one of the ‘big three’ kingdoms of England along with Northumbria and Wessex.  
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In the Harry Potter novels, what is the name of Neville Longbottom’s toad?
Neville Longbottom | Harry Potter Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Neville and his classmates in Gilderoy Lockhart's first Defence Against the Dark Arts lesson Neville's first appearance in 1992 was after the start-of-term feast, where he applauded Harry and Ron for flying a car to Hogwarts. The following morning when Ron received a Howler from his mother, Neville urged him to open it quickly. [19] In Gilderoy Lockhart 's first Defence Against the Dark Arts class, a pair of Cornish pixies picked Neville up by the ears and hung him, by his cloak, from a chandelier. Moments later, he crashed back to the ground when the chandelier collapsed. [19] After the basilisk attack on Colin Creevey , Neville feared that he might be attacked, due to his poor magical skill, and tried to protect himself by purchasing a large, "evil-smelling" green onion, a pointed purple crystal, and a rotting newt tail. However the other students pointed out that Neville should be all right; he was a pure-blood and thus unlikely to be attacked. However, he thought he was very close to being a Squib and was still in danger anyway. [20] The first and last meeting of the Duelling Club that Neville attended Neville attended the first (and only) meeting of Lockhart's Duelling Club . To practise the Disarming Charm , Neville was paired with Justin Finch-Fletchley . When Lockhart suggested the pair to volunteer spell blocking, Snape shot this down, claiming that Neville had difficulty with the simplest spells, and they would have to send what was left of Justin to the hospital wing in a matchbox. [20] Shortly after Valentine's Day, Neville informed Harry that his belongings had been searched by someone . [21] Third year Severus Snape: "Possibly no one's warned you, Lupin, but this class contains Neville Longbottom. I would advise you not to entrust him with anything difficult. Not unless Ms Granger is hissing instructions in his ear." Remus Lupin: "I was hoping that Neville would assist me with the first stage of the operation, and I am sure he will perform it admirably." — Professors Snape and Lupin on Neville and his skills [src] Dementors board the Hogwarts Express and enter the compartment that the trio , Neville, Ginny, and Professor Lupin are in On the train ride to Hogwarts for his third year, Neville became alarmed when the Hogwarts Express simply stopped. He entered the compartment Harry Potter, Hermione Granger, Ron and Ginny Weasley were in to find out what had happened. A Dementor then entered the compartment, negatively affecting all the students within, though to varying degrees. Then new Professor Lupin gave them chocolate telling them it would help them fell better about the shock. After arriving at Hogsmeade Station, Neville told people about the experience in the compartment. [22] This made its way to Draco Malfoy , who taunted Harry about fainting. [23] In their first Divination class, Neville accidentally broke two of Professor Trelawney 's tea cups while reading tea leaves. As the class departed, Professor Trelawney warned him that he would be late next class and urged him to work hard to catch up with everyone else. In Care of Magical Creatures class, Neville practised bowing to a hippogriff ; he constantly backed away from the animal, which did not seem to want to bow back. [23] The next day in Potions , Neville again managed to earn the ire of Professor Snape . He somehow was able to turn his Shrinking Solution orange instead of green. To ensure Neville would get the potion right, Snape told him that he would feed some of it to Neville's toad, Trevor , at the end of the class. Desperately, he asked Hermione for help; she whispered instructions to him out of the corner of her mouth. By the end of class, he was able to turn his potion green, and successfully shrunk Trevor from a toad to a tadpole. Upon returning Trevor to his proper size, Snape took five points from Hermione simply to spite the Gryffindors . [24] Neville's Boggart , Professor Snape Later that day, Neville helped Professor Remus Lupin's first practical Defence Against the Dark Arts lesson about boggarts. Neville was the first person to be asked. When asked what scared him most in the world, Neville replied "Professor Snape". To counter the boggart, Lupin asked Neville to picture Snape in his grandmother's clothes. For his help, Neville earned ten points for Gryffindor. Neville confidently destroyed the boggart at the end of class. [24] Professor McGonagall and the residents of Gryffindor Tower in the common room after Sirius Black's break-in In the spring of 1994, Neville lost the passwords to Gryffindor Tower; because Sir Cadogan changed them so frequently, Neville needed to write them down so he could remember them. [25] After the passwords disappeared, Sirius Black managed to enter Gryffindor Tower with a knife. After learning Neville was indirectly responsible, Professor McGonagall banned him from all future visits into Hogsmeade for the remainder of the school year, gave him a detention, and forbade anyone from giving him the password to the common room, thus he had to wait outside the portrait until someone came by. Two days later, Neville received a Howler from his grandmother; he tore out of the Great Hall , amid shouts of laughter, and opened it in the Entrance Hall , where his grandmother's angry voice told him he brought shame to their family. [26] At the end of his Divination final exam, Neville was told that, if he told anyone his results, he would suffer a serious accident. [27] Fourth year Hermione Granger: "Neville, are you all right?" Neville: "Oh, yes, I'm fine. Very interesting dinner — I mean lesson — what's for eating?" — Neville in an "unnaturally high voice" after a lesson on the Unforgivable Curses [src] In 1994, Neville met up with Harry, Ron, and Hermione on the Hogwarts Express . He jealously listened to their recap of the Quidditch World Cup ; his grandmother had not wanted to go, and did not purchase tickets. [28] He was also awestruck by Ron's miniature figurine of Viktor Krum. [28] "Moody" demonstrating the Cruciatus Curse on a spider In "Mad-Eye" Moody 's first Defence Against the Dark Arts class, Neville was able to supply information about the Unforgivable Curses , in particular the Cruciatus Curse. When Moody demonstrated the curse on a spider, Neville was terrified; he gripped his desk so hard, his knuckles turned white. Hermione noticed this and called for the professor to stop. After class, Moody — who was in fact Barty Crouch Jr , one of the attackers of Neville's parents, under disguise by use of Polyjuice Potion — took Neville to his office for a cup of tea. Having heard from Professor Sprout about Neville's aptitude in Herbology , "Moody" cheered Neville up by telling him what Sprout had said and gave him a number of books he thought Neville would enjoy. One of them was Magical Water Plants of the Mediterranean , which Crouch intended for Harry to read in order to learn all about Gillyweed for the second task [29] , but he was stubbornly searching through the library. [30] A few days later in class, Neville was put under the Imperius Curse by Moody, under the pretence of letting the class know what it felt like. Under Moody's influence, Neville performed a series of "quite astonishing gymnastics" that he could not have performed normally. [31] Neville and Ginny Weasley at the Yule Ball When the Yule Ball was announced during the Triwizard Tournament , Neville asked Hermione to go with him. After Hermione politely declined, having already agreed to attend with Viktor Krum , Neville asked Ginny Weasley . While the pair seemed to enjoy themselves, Neville accidentally stepped on Ginny's toes while dancing. [32] Fifth year Neville: "We were all in the D.A. together. It was all supposed to be about fighting You-Know-Who, wasn't it? And this is the first chance we've had to do something real — or was that all just a game or something?" Harry Potter: "No — of course it wasn't —" Neville: "Then we should come too. We want to help." — Neville insists on going with the trio to the Department of Mysteries [src] In 1995, Neville met with Harry and Ginny on the Hogwarts Express. Searching for seats, the trio entered Luna Lovegood 's compartment. Once inside, he excitedly showed them his Mimbulus Mimbletonia , a birthday present from his great-uncle Algie . He told them about his plans to show it to Professor Sprout, as well as wanting to breed it. [33] After arriving at Hogwarts, Neville helped Harry get into Gryffindor Tower as Harry had not learned the new password yet, and then defended Harry during a verbal fight with Seamus Finnigan , claiming that the Daily Prophet was going downhill, not Harry and Dumbledore. He and his grandmother both believed Harry's claim that Voldemort had returned, and had cancelled their subscription to the newspaper. [34] Neville finally masters the Disarming Charm during a D.A. meeting When Harry, Ron, and Hermione began organising Dumbledore's Army , Neville was one of the first to sign up. At their first meeting in the Room of Requirement , Neville was left partner-less when they began practise; Neville instead partnered with Harry. After successfully disarming Harry, Neville then joined Ron and Hermione, so Harry could check on the others. [35] With Harry's encouragement, by the beginning of Christmas break, Neville had improved "beyond all recognition." [36] Neville and his grandmother visiting St Mungo's During Christmas break, Ron, Hermione, and Ginny learned that Neville's parents were not dead, but patients in St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries , having gone insane after being tortured by a group of Death Eaters at the end of the First Wizarding War . Harry was the only one who already knew this, having found out in the Pensieve in 1994, but he had told no one, keeping Neville's secret safe. Before Neville left, his mother handed him an empty Droobles Blowing Gum wrapper; while his grandmother wanted him to throw it away, Neville instead pocketed it. [37] When it was learned that ten Death Eaters escaped from Azkaban in 1996, including three of the ones responsible for the torture of Neville's parents, Neville did not speak of it, but it "wrought a strange and even slightly alarming change" in him, according to Harry. He worked harder than anyone in D.A. meetings, and was the fastest to pick up new spells aside from Hermione. [38] When Harry had a vision that Sirius Black was in danger at the Ministry of Magic , Neville was one of the D.A. members who volunteered to accompany him. He, Ginny and Luna joined the trio in flying Thestrals to London, despite Harry's reluctance to let them accompany him. [39] Neville meets Bellatrix Lestrange face-to-face in the Hall of Prophecy Once in the Hall of Prophecies , Harry was drawn to an orb that had his name on it. Neville and Hermione urged him not to remove it; once Harry had, the group was confronted by Death Eaters. [40] In the subsequent battle, Neville accompanied Harry and Hermione. He disarmed a Death Eater who was struggling with Harry, accidentally disarming Harry as well. Later, Antonin Dolohov broke Neville's nose and wand, but Neville refused Harry's suggestion that he leave with an incapacitated Hermione to go get help, instead carrying her while he and Harry searched for Ron, Ginny, and Luna. [41] Neville unable to pronounce spells correctly do to his broken nose was not much help to Harry. Bellatrix Lestrange threatens Neville during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries The other three were soon incapacitated and Neville and Harry were cornered by the Death Eaters. Bellatrix Lestrange briefly tortured Neville with the Cruciatus Curse , both to try to make Harry hand over the prophecy and to see how long Neville held out before "cracking" like his parents. [41] Neville held out and told Harry not to hand the prophecy over. After the Order of the Phoenix arrived, Harry tried to get out with Neville, who was struck with Tarantallegra by Dolohov. [42] As Harry pulled him up a flight of stairs, Neville accidentally smashed the prophecy. As the battle continued, Neville alerted Harry to the appearance of Albus Dumbledore . The battle soon ended, and Neville and his friends were transported back to Hogwarts, where Neville's nose was fixed by Madam Pomfrey . [43] Harry soon learned the contents of the prophecy from Dumbledore. As both Neville and Harry were born at the close of July to parents who had all escaped Voldemort three times, they both qualified for the prophecy child. However, Dumbledore believed that the prophecy did indeed refer to Harry, not Neville, as Voldemort marked Harry as his equal by attacking him. [7] Neville purchased a new wand, 13" cherry wood, with a unicorn hair core, from Garrick Ollivander before his sixth year. Sixth year Luna Lovegood: "People expect you to have cooler friends than us." Harry Potter: "You are cool. None of them were at the Ministry. They didn’t fight with me ." — Harry to Neville and Luna on the Hogwarts Express [src] Neville acting as a server during the Slug Club Christmas party On 1 September, 1996, Neville sat with Harry Potter and Luna Lovegood on the Hogwarts Express. When Romilda Vane , a younger Gryffindor student, invited Harry to come to her compartment and implicitly insulted Neville and Luna, Harry coldly rebuffed her, emphasising that Neville and Luna were among his closest and most loyal friends. Neville was later invited to join Horace Slughorn , the new Potions professor, in his train compartment. [44] Slughorn was searching for new students to add to his Slug Club , but Neville didn't seem to meet Slughorn's requirements, and was not invited back to any of Slughorn's parties, but he was a server at Slughorn's Christmas party. Neville also achieved four known O.W.L.s: one ' Outstanding ', two ' Exceeds Expectations ', and one ' Acceptable '. The classes he were cleared to take were Herbology , Charms , and Defence Against the Dark Arts . The 'Acceptable' he achieved in Transfiguration was not good enough for N.E.W.T. -level and he would not be able to keep up with the course work. McGonagall also stated that Professor Sprout will be delighted to see Neville back with an 'Outstanding' Herbology O.W.L.. Main article: Battle of the Astronomy Tower The funeral of Albus Dumbledore Towards the end of the school year, Neville participated in the Battle of the Astronomy Tower. Along with Luna Lovegood, he was the only member of Dumbledore's Army to reply to the summons via the coins. Neville stood guard outside the Room of Requirement with Ron and Ginny, waiting for Draco Malfoy , who evaded them by using Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder . Neville suffered an injury that kept him in the hospital wing for some time, though he was able to attend the funeral of Albus Dumbledore shortly afterwards, where Luna helped him into his seat. [45] Seventh year "Alecto, Amycus’s sister, teaches Muggle Studies , which is compulsory for everyone. We’ve all got to listen to her explain how Muggles are like animals, stupid and dirty, and how they drive wizards into hiding by being vicious toward them, and how the natural order is being reestablished. I got this one ((indicates to a large gash on his cheek)) for asking her how much Muggle blood she and her brother have got." —Neville explains Hogwarts new regime and his stand against the Carrows [src] Neville scorns Death Eaters searching for Harry Potter on the Hogwarts Express On 1 August, 1997 Lord Voldemort took over the Ministry of Magic . While Muggle-borns were rounded up and Harry, Ron, and Hermione went on the run to search for Voldemort's Horcruxes , Neville returned to Hogwarts , and, along with Ginny and Luna, restarted Dumbledore's Army . The D.A. opposed the new headmaster, Severus Snape , and the two new Death Eater professors, Alecto and Amycus Carrow , who taught anti- Muggle propaganda and the Dark Arts . Neville got in trouble with the Carrows for refusing to practise the Cruciatus Curse on other students as a method of punishment, as well as for standing up against their bigotry and cruelty. The Room of Requirement while used by D.A. members as a sanctuary during the reign of the Carrows The revived D.A. helped protect fellow students from being bullied by the Death Eater teachers, and generally rebelled against authority, such as writing "Dumbledore’s Army, still recruiting" on the Hogwarts walls and freeing students from detention. Neville, Luna and Ginny also attempted to steal Godric Gryffindor's sword from Snape's office, but were caught on the way out. In his own way to subvert the Carrows' manner of discipline, Snape only gave them a detention, sending them into the Forbidden Forest with Hagrid . Neville eventually decided to cease their open rebellion after Michael Corner was caught and brutally tortured freeing a chained-up first year. Neville was eventually left alone to lead the rebellion efforts, as Luna was dragged off the Hogwarts Express by Death Eaters around Christmas of 1997 to coerce her father into ceasing his political dissidence in The Quibbler , and Ginny did not return to Hogwarts following the Easter holidays, as her family went into hiding following Harry, Ron, and Hermione's escape from Malfoy Manor . By this time, the Carrows were aware of Neville's role in the rebellion, and he suffered beatings and torture. The Ministry also targeted Neville's grandmother to try to intimidate him, but she evaded capture and went on the run. Eventually, the Carrows realised that Neville was the main ringleader and decided that Hogwarts could do without him. Fearing that they may kill him, Neville made for the Room of Requirement , which he was able to turn into a hiding place for the D.A., and to connect to the Hog's Head in order to get food from Aberforth Dumbledore . By May, most of the D.A. had taken to living there. [46]
Trevor
If a person is born on 10th January, what zodiac sign do they have?
Neville Longbottom (Character) - Biography biography The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Warning! This character biography may contain plot spoilers. Visit our Character Biography Help to learn more. Character Biography History Discuss Neville Longbottom was born on the 30th of July 1980 to parents Frank and Alice Longbottom. Due to his parents both being magical, he has the blood title of pure-blood. He has dark hair and light skin. His parents were Aurors, therefore defying Voldemort, to which the family were attacked by Death Eaters when Neville was very young. Frank and Alice were tortured by Bellatrix and Rudolphus Lestrange, by use of the Cruciatus Curse, leading them to insanity and unable to recognise Neville. He was from then on raised by his grandmother Augusta Longbottom, who was a stern and judgmental woman, whom was partly the reason for Neville's low confidence. His relatives feared that Neville might be a Squib, and tested this theory by dropping him out of windows and throwing him off Blackpool pier where he nearly drowned. Neville also witnessed the death of his grandfather at a young age. In 1991 Neville was accepted at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Upon boarding the Hogwarts Express he loses his pet toad Trevor, when he asks Hermione Granger to help him look for it, he later meets Harry Potter and Ronald Weasley on the continuing search before finally meeting Rubeus Hagrid, whom returns Trevor to him. Once he reached Hogwarts, he was scared of Gryffindors bravery and argued with the sorting hat to be placed in Hufflepuff, but was placed in Gryffindor regardless of his low confidence. Neville was very clumsy, getting himself in numerous incidents in his first year, including breaking his wrist in a flying lesson on the second week. He was a particular target for Draco Malfoy who set his friends on Neville during a Quidditch match, where Neville stood up for himself for the first time and was inevitably knocked unconscious. The night Harry, Ron and Hermione attempted to leave Gryffindor tower, Neville attempted to stop them as he thought that they should not be breaking rules. Hermione apologised and struck Neville with a Full Body-Bind Curse so that they could leave. This was another early instance where Neville showed bravery, standing up to his only friends. He was later awarded 10 points by Professor Dumbledore for his bravery, thus making it possible for Gryffindor to win the house cup. In his exams, Neville scored particularly well in herbology, making up for poor scores in potions. In his second year, in a Defence Against the Dark Arts class, a pair of Cornish pixies picked Neville up by the ears and hung him, by his cloak, from a chandelier but was later saved by Harry, Ron and Hermione. Still believing he was a squib, Neville purchased an "evil-smelling" green onion and other items after the basilisk attack on muggle-born's, believing he would need them due to having poor magic skills. Neville was the one who told Harry that someone had been searching through his possessions. In his third year in a potions class, Neville managed to somehow turn his Shrinking Solution orange instead of green, therefore displeasing Professor Snape, which he was very much aware of. Later that day in a practical Defense Against the Dark Arts class, Neville was faced with his boggart that took the shape of Snape wearing his grandmothers clothes, due to the idea of Professor Remus Lupin. Lupin then awarded Neville ten points for being the first to face their boggart. Page last updated by JenRBrown , 2 years ago
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Which famous racehorse is buried next to the finishing post of the Aintree Racecourse?
United Kingdom Horse Racing Greats | Race Horses | HorseRacing.co.uk Want your site listed here? Contact Us . United Kingdom Horse Racing Greats Horse racing is one of the few sports which has difficulty identifying the true 'sporting hero'. Trainers, jockeys and horses jostle to be praised for their performances, their skill and the transformations they have achieved. While there is prize money for owners, trainer and jockeys, there are not many ways of congratulating a horse to a win. This side takes a moment to acknowledge the true heroes of equestrian sports - the horses themselves. Famous Flat Race Horses Yeats Foaled in 2001, Yeats is one of the living legends in British flat racing. The Irish-born and trained bay stallion is the only horse to win the Ascot Gold Cup , one of Britain's most prestigious races, four years in a row. In 2006 Yeats embarked on a winning rampage not even the most experienced opponents could stop. He defeated his Ascot crown in 2007,2008 and 2009; making the 2010 Ascot Gold Cup one of the most anticipated races of all time, with a whole nation holding its breath to see if the miracle thoroughbred can top his success with a fifth consecutive win. Nijinsky Although Nijinski was born in Canada, he was shipped to Ireland for training at such an early age that the British racing public happily accepted him as one of their own. Seemingly intent on making his name from the very start, Nijinsky began to built his reputation as a splendid race horse from an early age; and succeeded in becoming the champion two-year-old of both England and Ireland in 1969. The next year, as soon as he had reached racing maturity, Nijinski proceeded to win the 2,000 Guineas Stakes at the Epsom Derby and the Irish Derby . Off to a flying start he continued his winning streak, taking first place at the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, and the Doncaster St. Leger Stakes - which made him the first horse in 35 years to complete a winning English Triple Crown. Nijinsky has been the subject of a documentary narrated by Orson Wells, and was voted 'Horse of the Millennium' posthumously in a 2000 poll of The Sun. Brown Jack Initially, Brow Jack (1924-1948) began his career in jump racing, premiering as a four-year-old in 1928 by winning seven of his ten starts, among them the Cheltenham Champions' Hurdle. Despite his obvious prowess on the jump track, Brown Jack's owner, Sir Harold Wernher, decided to try his charge in the more lucrative flat races. In the same year of his hurdling victories, Brown Jack won the Ascot Stakes on the flat. He then set a record winning the Queen Alexandra Stakes for six consecutive years (1929-1934). 1930 saw Brown Jack racing to victory at the Goodwood Cup and the Doncaster Cup; 1931 he was the first across the line in the Ebor Handicap and the Chester Cup, and also took home the Rosebery Memorial Plate. To salute his stellar career, a bronze statue of Brown Jack was erected at Ascot where it can still be seen today. Famous National Hunt Race Horses Best Mate Born in 1995 and a frequently sick and weakened foal, Best Mate went on to become one of the most revered horses in UK jump racing history. He achieved three consecutive wins at the Cheltenham Gold Cup from 2002 to 2004; matching the thus far unbeaten record of Arkle. Although he started in a comparably small number of 22 races during his career, Best Mate put his best foot forward every time; never finishing worse than second. With 14 wins and seven second places, it was a shock when Best Mate collapsed and died on site at Exeter Race Course on 1st November 2005, after being pulled out of his 22nd race by his jockey Paul Carberry. His ashes were buried beside the winning post at Cheltenham Racecourse. Arkle Until Best Mate came along Arkle was the last horse to have won three consecutive Cheltenham Gold Cups (1964, 1965, 1966). This Irish Thoroughbred was the first horse in British racing history to be recognised and talked about outside 'racing circles' - meaning that anyone who read the paper or listened to the radio knew of the infamous Arkle. Considered the greatest Steeple Chaser of all time, with a timeform rating of 212, Arkle became an icon in his native Ireland; even inspiring graffiti on Dublin walls calling for 'Arkle For President'. Arkle won 27 of his 35 starts, including the Irish Grand National (1964), the Hennessy Gold Cup (1964 and 1965), the Gallagher Gold Cup (1965), and the Whitebread Gold Cup (1965). In December 1966 Arkle started in his final race, the King George VI Chase at Kempton Park. During the race Arkle fractured a pedal bone when striking a guard rail. Despite his injury he finished second; however, he never recovered from his injury and was put down four months later. Arkle lived to be 13 years old. Red Rum The legendary Irish Gelding achieved a thus-far unbeaten record, winning the John Smith's Grand National at Aintree three times, in 1973, 1974 and 1977. His first win at Aintree is still considered one of the most memorable Grand National race days of all time, seeing Red Rum snatch the win in a tight finale. The attractive and well-tempered horse quickly became a national celebrity. Red Rum opened supermarkets and led the annual parade at Aintree; he was the subject of several biographies, and his image was featured on a wide range of merchandise including mugs, plates and jigsaw puzzles. Buried at the winning post of Aintree Racecourse, Red Rum is remembered with a touching epitaph: "Respect this place, this hallowed ground; a legend here his rest has found. His feet would fly, our spirits soar; he earned our love for evermore." Australian Horses Melbourne Cup
Red Rum
In which European country is the Great Belt Bridge?
Red Rum - Grand National Legend Red Rum Red Rum: Grand National Legend Early Years Red Rum was foaled in Ireland in 1965. Although both of Red Rum’s parents were thoroughbred the best that was hoped for him was that he might evolve into a decent flat racing horse. Like many great racehorses, he was initially considered to be an unremarkable runner. It was Ginger McCain who first recognised the bay’s potential at the Scottish Grand National in 1972. By the time McCain began training Red Rum the horse had become afflicted with pedalostitis, a supposedly incurable bone disease that tended to leave horses lame. Thinking the horse was lame McCain turned Red Rum loose on the beaches of Southport. Miraculously Red Rum emerged from his first foray into the surf with all symptoms of lameness gone. At The Races Between 1976 and 1968 Red Rum raced in flat races with mixed success. In his very first race he finished in a dead heat with his stable-mate Curlicue. He then recorded two victories and four Top Four finishes, putting in the moderate performances that had been expected of him. Red Rum’s National Hunt career began in 1968 and started well enough, with the horse recording three victories. After a winless season in the 1969/1970 Red Rum made something of a comeback, winning a total of four races. It was during this period that Ginger McCain first spotted Red Rum and convinced one of his clients to buy the horse. Once Red Rum had been cured by the water of the Southport beaches, he excelled in the 1972/1973 season, participating in nine races and winning six, including his first Grand National at Odds of 9/1. From then on Red Rum, Grand National Legend, was virtually unstoppable, winning the event again in 1974 as one of six wins that season. The 1974/1975 season was less successful – Red Rum’s form dipped and he achieved only two wins. In the 1975/1976 season the bay went without a single win, and many thought hiscareer was over. Red Rum saved the best for last. Running under top weight, the horse paid McCain for his careful planning that season by putting in a display of almost perfect jumping, and won the Grand National for a record 3rd time by 25 lengths. Red Rum, Grand National legend, passed away at the ripe old age of 30, and is buried near the finishing post at Aintree . Free Bets
i don't know
The Clarin is the best-selling daily newspaper in which South American country?
Press Freedom: Media Reform Gets Personal in Argentina January 17, 2017 last updated 14:26 ET Press Freedom: Media Reform Gets Personal in Argentina Anastasia Moloney Thursday, Sept. 17, 2009 When 200 tax inspectors made a surprise visit last week to the editorial offices of Clarin, one of Latin America's largest newspaper and cable TV companies, it was clear that the simmering tensions between the media giant and Argentine President Cristina Fernandez had reached new heights. The day after the raid, the Clarin newspaper ran with the headline: "Official operation of intimidation against Clarin." ... × Cancel during trial and pay nothing. Just $25 quarterly after trial. Try It FREE Cancel during trial and pay nothing. Just $75 annually after trial. Try It FREE
Argentina
Winston Churchill’s tribute ‘Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few’, was paid to which of the UK’s armed forces?
Showdown looms between Argentina's Kirchner and her biggest media critic - CSMonitor.com Showdown looms between Argentina's Kirchner and her biggest media critic Latest News Save for later Saved Clarín Editor Ricardo Kirschbaum (r.) speaks with Clarin spokesperson Martin Etchevers during a news conference with foreign correspondents in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Oct. 30. Grupo Clarín executives said they have no intention of submitting plans to dismantle the company ahead of a Dec. 7 deadline announced by the Argentine government, but are instead focused on persuading the courts that Argentina's anti-monopoly law is unconstitutional. Victor R. Caivano/AP View Caption of Buenos Aires — President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ’s battle with the press is set to intensify this week as Argentina implements a polemic media law that her administration says encourages a plurality of voices and that opponents call an assault on free speech and democracy. The country’s biggest media conglomerate,  Grupo Clarín , has until Friday to tell the government how it will divest itself of assets under a 2009 antimonopoly ruling. Clarín, once an ally of President Kirchner and her late husband and predecessor, Néstor, is now openly opposed to the government. The group owns Argentina’s best-selling newspaper, and controls 59 and 42 percent of the cable TV and radio markets, respectively, according to AFSCA, the body enforcing the law. Recommended: Think you know Latin America? Take our geography quiz. The government says the other 20 media companies required to divest are complying with the law, but Clarín, the group most affected, argues it is being deliberately targeted as Kirchner seeks to suppress criticism of her administration. It also claims the law is unconstitutional, something the judiciary has yet to rule on. Photos of the Day Photos of the Day 01/17 This Friday’s deadline falls days before the anniversary of Argentina’s 1983 return to democracy after a seven-year dictatorship. As the country prepares to celebrate, some fear the media law could lead to a deficit of independent reporting: Clarín is one of the few news organizations not reliant on the government via advertising subsidies. “There’s no freedom of expression without an independent press,” said Héctor Magnetto, Clarín’s CEO. “If one is weakened, both could be at risk.” ‘Right to be heard’ This isn’t the first time Clarín and a president have clashed. Numerous bills to regulate the media were introduced in the 1980s and 1990s, but Clarín always played a part in blocking their approval, says Glenn Postolksi, who helped draw up the guidelines on which the current law is based. Passed in 2009, the legislation supersedes a law from the dictatorship, and is designed to increase the range of voices in TV and radio. No one media group can control more than 35 percent of the market, while not-for-profit organizations will see their share increased to around a third. “We also have the right to be heard,” says Armando Kispe, a presenter at Radio Pachakuti, a station founded last year for the indigenous communities of Jujuy in northern Argentina. “It would have been very difficult to have established the radio without the law,” Mr. Kispe says, noting it does not rely on public advertising. A government publicity campaign hails Dec. 7 as a victory for “democracy, diversity, and liberty.” And many Argentines see the media law as an important tool to widen freedom of expression. “A lot of people here are prisoners of a singular voice,” says Walter Rodas, a retiree from the northern Chaco Province , referring to Clarín’s majority share of the media market. “But now we’ll have true diversity – and that’s for the good of society.” Critics, though, see the law as less about moving toward democratization of the media and more a blatant attempt to stultify and silence the administration’s adversary, Clarín. “Clarín will be hugely affected economically,” says former federal communications secretary Henoch Aguiar, who predicts the group stands to lose an initial $1 billion from reduced subscriptions. Clarín is required to sell the majority of its cable broadcasting licenses. The group has 237 in cities and towns across Argentina, according to AFSCA, but is allowed just 24 under the law. It will also have to sell eight of the nine cable television channels the government says it owns. History of friendship…and rivalry Clarín and the Kirchners have not always knocked heads. Néstor Kirchner , who was close to Mr. Magnetto, renewed the group’s broadcast licenses for 10 years in 2005 and later approved its acquisition of cable company Cablevisión . But relations collapsed in 2008 when Clarín backed farmers in a row over export taxes. “What’s up Clarín, why are you so nervous?” Mr. Kirchner asked in a now famous speech, made in 2009, during which he accused the group of “misinforming” Argentines. Today, President Kirchner and her ministers regularly accuse Clarín of lying and crafting a “distorted” view of Argentina to destabilize her administration. On a recent mission to Vietnam Trade Secretary Guillermo Moreno travelled with balloons reading “Clarín lies,” a slogan also brandished on a banner hanging from the building of the government statistics agency, itself accused of fudging inflation data. The government has said the protagonists of recent social unrest, including a mass protest against Kirchner and a general strike last month, are either influenced by, or allied with, Clarín. Many here echo that view. “Clarín is trying to put the government on the rack,” says analyst Leandro Bullor. “[The group] is a political actor … going blow for blow in the ring [with the government],” said Horacio Verbitsky, a prominent journalist. Martín Etchevers, Clarín’s spokesman, insists its outlets are dedicated to rigorous journalism, which includes holding the government to account over alleged corruption and distorted statistics. Andrés D’Alessandro, executive director of the Argentine Journalism Forum, says Clarín’s journalists have taken on an investigative role to which other outlets – for example Página/12, a newspaper that receives substantial government advertising – were once dedicated before 2008. The Kirchner administration’s advertising budget in 2011 was a little less than $400 million, up from $10 million in 2003. Around a third of it was spent on publicity during soccer matches transmitted on state TV, and recent spots have demonized Clarín. The rights to show games were bought by the government in 2009 after the Argentine Soccer Association broke its contract with a Clarín-controlled sports broadcaster. Three years It has taken three years to enforce the law because of an injunction taken out by Clarín that expires on Dec. 7. But the legal battle continues with the group refusing to recognize the deadline. Martín Sabbatella, president of AFSCA, said the government will intervene and auction off Clarín’s licenses if the group does not present a plan to sell them off by midnight on Friday. “The law is the law,” he said. “Nobody is above it.”  Mr. D’Alessandro says there is a risk the government will not be objective when it oversees the redistribution of licenses. He fears it could apply the same “friend or enemy” criteria seen in the handing out of public advertising. “That could lead to a [limting of] freedom of expression,” he says. Clarín has also contested the law’s constitutionality, saying its private-property rights are being violated: The only way the government can confiscate licenses is by expropriating them, explains constitutional lawyer Andrés Gil Domínguez. Divisive policies  The disagreement over the law is the latest issue to divide Argentines. Kirchner’s policies of economic protectionism, extensive welfare plans for the poor, and a recent law lowering the voting age to 16 have all split opinion. Some observers say they see a movement toward similar clashes with the press as in Venezuela and Ecuador . “Argentina is running the risk of turning into a competitive authoritarianism,” says Sergio Berensztein, an analyst at the Poliarquía consultancy, referring to a political model in which there are free and fair elections but violations of other democratic processes. Kirchner, who was reelected with 54 percent of the vote last year, has concentrated power in the executive while her administration is accused of trampling on the judiciary in the build-up to Dec. 7. It has forced the resignation of judges, alleged to favor Clarín, and today ordered the recusal of those deciding whether to extend the group’s injunction. “On Dec. 7 we say ‘enough’ to the impunity of monopolies,” reads one of the thousands of posters plastered throughout Buenos Aires . “Goodbye Clarín,” it signs off. Next up Get the Monitor stories you care about delivered to your inbox. Daily
i don't know
The painting, La Jaconde, is better known by what name?
WebMuseum: Leonardo da Vinci: La Joconde Leonardo da Vinci Portrait of Mona Lisa (1479-1528), also known as La Gioconda , the wife of Francesco del Giocondo; 1503-06 (150 Kb); Oil on wood, 77 x 53 cm (30 x 20 7/8 in); Musee du Louvre, Paris This figure of a woman, dressed in the Florentine fashion of her day and seated in a visionary, mountainous landscape, is a remarkable instance of Leonardo's sfumato technique of soft, heavily shaded modeling. The Mona Lisa's enigmatic expression, which seems both alluring and aloof, has given the portrait universal fame. Reams have been written about this small masterpiece by Leonardo, and the gentle woman who is its subject has been adapted in turn as an aesthetic, philosophical and advertising symbol, entering eventually into the irreverent parodies of the Dada and Surrealist artists. The history of the panel has been much discussed, although it remains in part uncertain. According to Vasari, the subject is a young Florentine woman, Monna (or Mona) Lisa, who in 1495 married the well-known figure, Francesco del Giocondo, and thus came to be known as ``La Gioconda''. The work should probably be dated during Leonardo's second Florentine period, that is between 1503 and 1505. Leonardo himself loved the portrait, so much so that he always carried it with him until eventually in France it was sold to Fran�ois I, either by Leonardo or by Melzi. From the beginning it was greatly admired and much copied, and it came to be considered the prototype of the Renaissance portrait. It became even more famous in 1911, when it was stolen from the Salon Carr� in the Louvre, being rediscovered in a hotel in Florence two years later. It is difficult to discuss such a work briefly because of the complex stylistic motifs which are part of it. In the essay ``On the perfect beauty of a woman'', by the 16th-century writer Firenzuola, we learn that the slight opening of the lips at the corners of the mouth was considered in that period a sign of elegance. Thus Mona Lisa has that slight smile which enters into the gentle, delicate atmosphere pervading the whole painting. To achieve this effect, Leonardo uses the sfumato technique, a gradual dissolving of the forms themselves, continuous interaction between light and shade and an uncertain sense of the time of day. � 19 Jun 2006, Nicolas Pioch - Top - Up - Info Thanks to the BMW Foundation, the WebMuseum mirrors , partners and contributors for their support.
Mona Lisa
Sandra Bullock played FBI agent Gracie Hart in which 2000 film?
joconde : definition of joconde and synonyms of joconde (English)   A popular print of General Junot , 19th century. [1]   The Sleeper, drawing by Georges Seurat , one of 49 items by him. Joconde is very rich in drawings. [2] Joconde is the central database, now mostly available online, for objects in the collections of the state museums of France , maintained by the French Ministry of Culture . "La Joconde" is the French name of the Mona Lisa , which like almost all the collections of the Louvre , is included in the database, as one of 295 items by, after, or connected with Leonardo da Vinci . Created in 1975, by 2009 Joconde contained over 450,000 object listings online, over 262,000 with images, [3] from more than 282 collections in France, [4] and is still expanding. Live on the French Minitel system from 1992, the database went online to the World Wide Web in 1995. Originally just for objects from the fine arts and decorative arts , in 2004 Joconde was united with what had been separate databases for objects from archeology and ethnology . It comes under the "Direction des Musées de France" (DMF) section of the Ministry. The Joconde listing details are highly structured, using a special vocabulary, which allows for very specific and accurate searches. Search results are displayed 100 to a page, with about 3 items in view at once on a typical PC screen. The full listing ("Notice complète"), which may occupy several screens, is reached by clicking down to a further level. A small number of the best known objects have a prose commentary. Not all images are in colour, especially for the archaeological collections. When objects have no image this is most often for copyright reasons.   Notes
i don't know
Gloucester Old Spot is a breed of which animal?
Breeds of Livestock - Gloucestershire Old Spots Swine — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science Breeds of Livestock - Gloucestershire Old Spots Swine Breeds of Livestock - Gloucestershire Old Spots Swine Gloucestershire Old Spots Also Known By: Gloucester, Gloucester Old Spot, Goucestershire Old Spot The Gloucestershire Old Spots is a black and white breed that is predominantly white in color. In recent years, selection has been towards less black and now only a spot or two are usually found. The breed also has a heavy drooped ear. Gloucestershire Old Spots originated in the Berkeley Valley region of England and have now spread throughtout the UK. The origin of the breed is unknown but is probably from the native stock of the area along with introductions of various breeds. In 1855, Youatt and Martin mentioned there was a native stock in Gloucestershire that was of an unattractive dirty white color. The Old Spots are among the large size pigs in England. At one time, they were called the Orchard Pig because they were partially raised on windfall apples and whey - waste agricultural products of the area. Gloucestershire Old Spots are said to be good foragers or grazers. This is not surprising considering the type of feeding practiced in the original home of the breed during its early development. The sows of the breed are known for large litters and high milk production. Prolificacy and milk production have been characteristics sought by practical producers everywhere. A Gloucestershire Old Spots breed society was formed in 1913. And while it has never become a dominant breed in its native country or in any other country, it has had an influence on the world's swine production. There is little doubt the breed contributed more than just some influence on the color pattern to the Spot and was also used in the development of the Minnesota No.3 breed in the United States.
Pig
A lumpectomy is the surgical removal of a lump from which part of the body?
Breed Info - Gloucestershire Old Spots of America Inc.  (a non-profit corporation) GOSA Members / Breeders Lists _THE GLOUCESTERSHIRE OLD SPOTS PIG _(or GOS Pig for short), descended from a region in Gloucestershire, England known as the Vale of Berkeley. Recognized as the oldest pedigree spotted pig in the world, the GOS was once popular with small family farms, where they were raised on dairy by-products (such as whey) and orchard "drop fruit," giving these pigs the nicknames "cottage pig" and "orchard pig." Like many breeds originating before the 20th century, the exact history and composition of the Old Spots pig is unknown. The most likely origin is a pairing of the original Gloucestershire pig (a large off-white pig with floppy ears and wattles) and the unimproved Berkshire (a sandy colored pig with prick ears and black spots). One other notable contributor is the Lincolnshire Curley Coat, a pig that has since gone extinct. The Old Spots is also genetically and characteristically similar to the extinct Cumberland pig and is presently being used in its recreation in the UK.These breeds were regarded as thrifty and excellent foragers, supplementing their feed with roots and vegetation. Additional commonalities among these breeds include excellent maternal instincts and even temperament. The GOS remains remarkably hardy today. They can withstand harsh weather and adverse conditions. This is in part due to the breed's higher body fat ratio. Once revered for this high-fat yield, the GOS served as an important producer of flavorful meats, lard and bristle hair. It was with the shift in dietary trends, as people began replacing much of their animal fat intake with vegetable fat, that the demand for lard-producing pigs decreased. This dietary shift, coupled with the Post WWII industrialization of agriculture, led to the decline in GOS numbers. Farmers were less interested in self-sufficient grazing breeds than they were in breeds easily kept indoors. Unfortunately in the pursuit of efficient, industry-compatible hybrids, many commercial sows lost the maternal instincts native to their purebred ancestors. The GOS, noted for their exceptional mothering, was occasionally introduced into large pig operations in an effort to recreate this vital instinct. However, this niche alone could not keep the GOS numbers from all but disappearing. GOS BREED CHARACTERISTICS Head: Medium length with a slightly dished nose. The ears should be well set apart, dropping forward to the nose. Body: The shoulders should be fine but not raised. A long level back with well sprung ribs and a broad loin are desirable. Deep sides, with a thick, full belly and flank from the ribs to hams are standard. Hams: Large and well filled to the hocks. Legs: Straight and strong. Skin and Coat: Skin should not show coarseness or wrinkles. The hair should be silky and straight. Teats: There should be at least fourteen well placed teats. Objections: Heavy jowl, short elevated ears, a mane of bristles, crooked legs, and serious wrinkles. Coloring: White skin with black spots. CYCLIC BREEDING _The British GOS pig breeders developed the cyclic breeding system in an attempt to minimize inbreeding. All pure bred Gloucestershire Old Spots pigs belong to one of four color groups: Red, Black, Green and Blue, represented in the color chart to the left. All GOS pigs  have the same pattern white with black spots. The color groups represent the family or lineage from which a pig originated. Referring to the color chart, Red Group Boars (Sambo)                            breed Black Group Sows, Black Group Boars (Patrick) breed Green Group Sows, Green Group Boars (Gerald) breed Blue Group Sows and Blue Group Boars (Rufus) breed Red Group Sows. It is important to note that the cyclic breeding is suggested but not mandatory.  Due to the shallow gene pool here in the US, breeding registered stock outside the color group, in some circumstances, may be advantageous for diversification. The only true requirement to register GOS piglets is that both the Dam and Sire have been registered by the US or UK GOS registry. For each color group there are up to 5 different female names but only one unique male name per group. All female offspring from a registered sow, whether bred following the color chart or not, inherit the color group and name of that sow, while the males take on the unique boar name of the particular color group designated by the Dam. Therefore a registered Green Princess sow's male offspring can be registered as a Green Gerald and a female offspring can be registered as a Green Princess, as long as the boar that fathered the litter is also registered. Breeders are responsible to register their litters before transferring ownership. In order to register GOS pigs please download the form and instructions by clicking on these  Registration Instructions  and Registration Form  links, complete in full and send them into the GOSA registry with the registration fee listed in the instructions.In order to transfer ownership of a registered GOS pig please download the form by clicking on this  Application for Transfer  link, complete the form or mail it to the designated address with the appropriate fee. Gloucestershire Old Spots of America, Inc.  13575 40th St S  Afton, MN  55001 email:  [email protected]  
i don't know
In June 1938, Action Comics #1 was published, featuring which comic book hero for the first time?
SUPERMAN SOARS! Rare 1938 comic book sells for record $2M - The Washington Post SUPERMAN SOARS! Rare 1938 comic book sells for record $2M The inside track on Washington politics. Be the first to know about new stories from PowerPost. Sign up to follow, and we’ll e-mail you free updates as they’re published. You’ll receive free e-mail news updates each time a new story is published. You’re all set! By Michael Cavna By Michael Cavna November 30, 2011 Follow @comicriffs An issue of "Action Comics No. 1" -- featuring the first appearance of Siegel and Shuster’s Superman — sold for $2,161,000 at an online auction ending Wednesday night. (AP / Metropolis Collectibles, Inc./ComicConnect Corp.) THE MAN OF STEEL has just secured the Record Deal. The first superhero to launch the comic-book industry is now comics’ first $2-million man. A rare 1938 comic book that features Superman’s historic debut sold at auction Wednesday night for $2.16-million, the auction/consignment site ComicConnect tells Comic Riffs. The near-mint-condition copy of Action Comics No.-1 easily beat the record of about $1.5-million set in 2010 by the same issue, according to ComicConnect and sister partnership Metropolis Collectibles, which also conducted last year’s record sale. “The buyer was extremely excited about the prospect of bidding on this,” ComicConnect/Metropolis COO Vincent Zurzolo tells Comic Riffs minutes after the bidding closed at 7:25 p.m. ET. “I think he had an adrenalin rush for the last two hours. “As soon as he won it, he gave me a call and thanked me. ...,” Zurzolo continues. “He’s very excited to have it. This is a guy who loves owning the best of the best.” Zurzolo says he is not at liberty to disclose the identity of the buyer, but he could acknowledge that “this is a customer we have a relationship with.” The record-setting book is graded to be in “9.0” condition — the best copy of Action Comics No.-1 Zurzolo says he’s ever seen. Reported stolen in 2000, the book was recovered early this year in a storage locker near Los Angeles. It was “raw” and not protected, found in a stack of magazines, says Zurzolo, noting how surprised he was that it weathered the lost decade so well. “We thought it was going to be creased, but it was beautiful,” he tells Comic Riffs. “It is so close to perfect. This book has got freshness and bounce ... it’s simply stunning.” There are estimated to be about 100 extant copies of the issue, few in good condition. In 2010, there was a  spasm of big-spending  on Action Comics No.-1and Detective Comics No.-27 (Batman’s debut), with the ping-ponging record escalating to more than $1.5-million. When Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster debuted Superman in the summer of ‘38, the cover cost was 10 cents. Metropolis Collectibles says the current “9.0” issue has twice before been the most valuable comic book: It set records when it sold in 1992 (for $86,000) and again in 1997 ($150,000). At the time the “9.0” book went missing, it reportedly was owned by actor Nicolas Cage; the Oscar-winning actor is a Super-fan who once was cast to play the Last Son of Krypton himself. (The actor — whose stage name reportedly was inspired by comic character Luke Cage — in 2005 gave his newborn son the same birth name as that of Superman: Kal-El.) ComicConnect said it could not disclose the previous owner, but Zurzolo says that his New York-based company was involved with authorities and the owner in the recovery of the record-setting book. “There are not many times when you get to be the hero,” Zurzolo tells Comic Riffs, “but this one time, we were.”
Superman
London is a city in which Canadian province?
Action Comics - 1, Reprints, Super-Man | eBay Action Comics Buy It Now Free Shipping FEATURING THE 1st APPEARANCE OF SUPERMAN! JOEY BOYACK COMIC KINGS VA.BEACH,VA. THE 1992 REPRINT OF. ACTION COMICS #1. Free Shipping 10 watching This monster key issue from 1940 contains the1st appearance of Lex Luthor! Apparent Moderate (P). Restoration includes: color touch, pieces added, tear seals, reinforced, re-glossed. (CENTERFOLD TRIMM... Free Shipping 11 watching JERRY SIEGEL / SUPERMAN CREATOR. CGC 7.5 1938. CGC 1.8 1938. CGC 4.0 1938. CGC 5.5 1938. ISSUE #3 CGC QUALIFIED GRADE . ISSUE #5 CGC QUALIFIED GRADE . 1993 REPRINT SIGNED & NUMBERED BY . Free Shipping 23 watching The book has white pages and is the 2nd HIGHEST GRADED COPY in the census with only 1 better copy in existence. The book is a v ery nice book, displays extremely well, a great copy of this truly rare ... $99.99 0 bids This is a fantastic COMPLETE lot of DC New 52 ACTION COMICS issues. Included in this lot is every issue of the New 52 ACTION COMICS. Issues #0-52 (Including the 4 Villain issues #23.1-23.4), Annuals #... $9.99 Buy It Now Lot of 5 Superman silver age comic books in good condition . You get 379,384,388,387,390. Super deal here for all. I am not a comic book expert but i know these are worth it. $19.95 0 bids Action Comics #'s 342,343,362,363,364,365,366,368,386,395, and 400. All of these are bagged & boarded. I'm not a pro grader, but have priced them all in either Fair to Good condition. Buy It Now Free Shipping Action Comics #439, 440, an 442 with Superman (DC 1974). Mixed grade lot GOOD (439) and VG (440,442). #439 has pen writing and a tear on the cover. Inner pages of all book complete without writing or ... Free Shipping 26 watching SAFEGUARD PROMO REPRINT . CGC 9.6 1976. ALL CGC & PGX COMICS SALES ARE FINAL as these are encapsulated and certified by a third party. As regards ALL our listed comics, both CGC/PGX & non-graded, the ... 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We buy everything from large modern collections to individual high value Golden Age and Silver Age books and everything in between. Publishe... Buy It Now Free Shipping Action Comics (1938 DC) 52 CGC 2.0. Grade: CGC 2.0. The Emperor of America starring Superman, script by Jerry Siegel (signed), pencils by Joe Shuster, inks by John Sikela (signed as Joe Shuster). Sing... Buy It Now Free Shipping Action Comics (1938 DC) 11 CGC 0.5. Grade: CGC 0.5. We buy tens of thousands of comics a month. We buy everything from large modern collections to individual high value Golden Age and Silver Age books... Buy It Now Free Shipping We buy tens of thousands of comics a month. We buy everything from large modern collections to individual high value Golden Age and Silver Age books and everything in between. Interior is complete. Buy It Now Free Shipping Grade: Coverless 0.3. Cover art by Jack Burnley and Stan Kaye. Wheels of Jeopardy starring Vigilante, pencils by Mort Meskin. 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i don't know
In the children’s story ‘Peter Pan, what is Captain Hook’s first name?
Captain Hook (Character) - Biography biography from Hook (1991) The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Warning! This character biography may contain plot spoilers. Visit our Character Biography Help to learn more. Character Biography History Discuss J.A.S. Hook, Cptn., as Captain James Hook signs his infamous name, is arguably the most ruthless villain in film history. Forever bent on destroying Peter Pan, Hook even kidnaps a grown Pan's children ("Hook"). Hook's "indefatiguable good form" is his most telling attribute (at least, according to himself), while most view him despicable, yet their favorite villain. It is hard not to respect, if not outright look up to, such a man. Captain Hook will forever remain one of the greatest villains in cinematography history. Captain Hook is the main villain in "Peter Pan". He is a pirate captain who wants to kill Peter Pan and take over Neverland. However, Peter defeats him every time they fight. He has a hook on his right arm because Tick Tock the Crocodile ate his hand after Peter cut it off and threw it overboard. Tick Tock wants to eat the rest of him, thus he is the one thing Hook fears. Tick-Tock also swallowed Hook's clock, thus the ticking of the clock announces his arrival and allows Hook to escape. He resembles Wendy Darling's father. In "Return to Neverland", he kidnaps the daughter of the now grown-up Wendy, so Peter Pan has to rescue her. In "Hook", the spell that was placed on Peter Pan was broken, and he finally aged to an adult. Buy aging, he also forgot who he was, and he lives as a lawyer called Peter Banning. When Hook kidnaps Peter's sons, Peter has to rescue them, and the Lost Boys help Peter regain his memories. Since Hook is bored with just trying to kill Peter, he tries to get revenge on him by making Peter's kids love him instead. In the end, Hook is crushed under a statue of Tick-Tock, killing him. The Disney movie "Peter Pan" is adapted as a world, Neverland, in "Kingdom Hearts" and "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories". In "Kingdom Hearts", Hook teams up with Riku to capture Wendy because they believe is a Princess of Heart. She is not, and Sora, Donald, Goofy and Peter Pan defeat him. In "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories", he kidnaps Wendy again, only this time for personal reason, So Sora, Goofy, Donald and Peter defeat him again. He is one of the guests in "House of Mouse", and he was one of the Disney villains in "House of Villains". He is one of the fairy tale villains in Prince Charming's villain army in "Shrek the Third". He also appeared in "Shrek 2". Page last updated by Crimsonrose00 , 7 years ago
James
The company Starbucks is reportedly named after a character in which novel?
Hook | Peter Pan Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Hook is a 1991 Steven Spielberg film starring Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams. The film's storyline is based on the books written by Sir James Matthew Barrie in 1904 or 1905 and is the sequel to the first book. Technically, the film is the first live-action Peter Pan movie to be made and is known for it's spectacular acting, dazzling special effects, whimsical and adventurous score. Plot Edit HOOK The film opens with Peter Banning (Williams) enjoying his daughter Maggie's school play production of Peter Pan. He gets a business call on his cell phone which draws negative attention from the audience as well as his wife, Moira. As he and his family are leaving for London to see Granny Wendy Darling, Peter schedules a morning meeting to settle his affairs; his son, Jack, reminds Peter of his baseball game tomorrow and that his father promised he'd be there. Peter says he will still show up. The next day, Jack's game has already started and Peter has not come. Peter, swamped by all of his co-workers, is entirely oblivious to the fact that he has to be at his son's big game, so he sends one of his associates to the game with a camcorder. Peter's wife Moira, who is concerned for both her husband and son regarding their relationship, feels angry with Peter, says nothing when the associate arrives. Jack, now up at bat, scans the stands for his father and sees the associate taping him. Jack's focus snaps back to the game. The pitcher signals for a curve ball, Jack's main weakness, and throws; Jack swings and misses, losing the game for his team. Moments after the game ends, Peter's car speeds up to the field, but finds the field empty. He is completely crushed and sad that he missed his son's biggest game of the season. His phone rings again and he answers, assuming his businessman's guise again. On a plane ride to England, Peter and his family enjoy a nice flight, but Peter shows a great fear of heights. Jack is still angry at his father, which he illustrates by drawing a pictures of his father falling out of the plane without a parachute. When the family lands in England, they arrive at Wendy Moira Angela Darling's home, the grandmother of Moira and who took Peter in as a child. Though an elderly Tootles shuts the door on them initially, Peter is immediately recognised by Liza, Wendy's caretaker, proceeded by screams of joy. Peter walks to the stairs where Wendy greets him with, ""Hello, boy." As she descends slowly the stairs, she states that it has been ten years since the last visit to her house. When she hears how much Peter has been working, she remarks how Peter has now become pirate. Later on, Peter walks upstairs to the children's nursery, where a strange and mysterious feeling passes around him. He looks around the room and looks at the painted walls that have images of a strange land and a man clad in red with a hook for one of his hands. He notices the balcony door open and shuts the hook-shaped latch over it. After that, Moira calls him into the bedroom, where his phone is on hold. He reaches the phone and starts to talk to his associate Brad about how a business deal has gone down the drain, when the children rush in making very irritating noises. Peter, who is less than pleased, angrily shouts at his wife to remove them from the room. Out in the hall, Wendy eavesdrops in the hallway, horrified. Moira hands the children to her grandmother and walks back into the room, where she scolds her husband for not appreciating the children more. Rather than doing something about it, Peter proceeds to his phone and Moira throws it out the window, telling him that if he's not careful, he will miss out on so much. Wendy peacefully reads her copy of Peter Pan to the children. She then mentions that Sir James Barrie (the real life author and creator) was her neighbor and that he liked Wendy and her brother's stories so much that he wrote them down more than 80 years ago. Maggie, impressed, says that Wendy must be very old to know of all this. Peter walks in to take Granny Wendy to the Great Osmond's Children's hospital where Wendy is being commemorated for her orphanage. Peter tucks both Jack and Maggie in, giving Jack his pocket watch. While the parents are at the ceremony, the Darling household is mysteriously attacked by a strange green wind and the children are kidnapped. Toodles, who senses the whole thing, barks the name "Hook". When the Bannings return home, they notice that the house has been messed and the walls have been deeply scratched by something sharp. Wendy immediately thinks of the children. Peter and Moira rush up to the nursery to find that their children are missing, and the nursery window wide open. Wendy brings Peter's attention to the door, which has a note pinned to it by a gleaming dagger. The note reads: "Dear Peter, your presence is required at the request of your children. Kindest personal regards, Jas. Hook, Capt." Toodles comes to the room, advancing on Peter saying that he must save Maggie and Jack and that Hook is back. Wendy faints and everyone rushes to help her. When the police leave the house, Wendy reveals to Peter that he was once the legendary Peter Pan and says that Captain James Hook still wants his revenge, that Peter must find a way to remember his childhood; Peter is unconvinced. When he wanders into the nursery, a strange light follows him all around the room. When it finally lands, it turns out to be his old fairy friend, Tinkerbell. She tries her best to stir Peter into coming to Neverland to face off with Hook one last time. She finally trips him up and wraps him in a parachute Maggie made for Peter, and flies off with him in her arms to the "second star to the right and straight on till morning". When they land, Peter is convinced that this is all a nightmare. He wakes up to find himself in Pirate Town, and to a giant crocodile made into a clock tower. He is attacked by several pirates and Tink ends up saving him. She dresses him up so that he will blend in. As he walks through, he sees a hook being sharpened and given to a pirate named Smee. All the pirates and Peter follow Smee to a ship, The Jolly Roger, and Smee ducks into the captain's quarters and give the hook to his captain, who he brings out to the crew, Captain James Hook. Hook states that he finally hopes to kill Peter Pan; to state this, he kills a pirate who had doubted Hook's claims. When Jack and Maggie are lifted out in a net, Peter ditches his disguise and demands they be released. Hook can't believe that this man is Peter Pan, but Smee reveals a scar from when Peter had rescued Tiger Lily of the Indians from Hook. He gives Peter a chance to free his children by flying to them. Peter instead climbs a mast to them, but his fear still gets the better of him. Realizing the war will never happen, Hook orders Peter to walk the plank. Tink then negotiates with Hook to allow her to train Peter for three days to get him back to shape. The pirates are so excited that one accidently knocks a bound Peter into the sea below, but he is luckily saved by three beautiful mermaids in the lagoon. They provide oxygen for him to breathe while underwater by kissing him on the mouth to put air into his lungs. The mermaids then sit Peter inside a giant sea shell before raising the shell up to dry land. Peter stumbles upon the new generation of Lost Boys, who are at first unconvinced that this old man was once Peter Pan. He also finds himself at odds with the current leader, Rufio. HOOK After a chase through their turf, Rufio draws a line in the dirt for the Boys who says Peter isn't himself anymore. All the Boys join Rufio's side, except for little Pockets, who sees Peter through the wrinkles of age. The Boys see this too, and agree to retrain Peter. Back at his ship, Hook lamants to Smee how he hates how he has to wait for Peter to be ready. He has accomplished all he has wanted: killing the crocodile, and luring Peter with his children, but it is not enough. He even attempts suicide, but Smee stops him. Smee then offers an idea to really break Peter's spirit: make his kids love Hook. Stealing the idea for himself, Hook decides to do it. It's day one, and Peter begins intense training with the Lost Boys; trying to get himself into shape, dueling with Rufio, and trying to be young again. However, he has a lot of trouble trying to fly because he can't find his happy thought. Meanwhile, Hook begins brainwashing Peter's children; though he is unsuccessful with Maggie, the neglected Jack finds some truth in Hook's words. That evening, at dinner time, Peter is distraught there's no food when the lids open. Rufio states Peter will never truely become Pan and they both get into a heated name calling contest, which Peter manages to win with his superior intellect. He uses his imagination to throw food at Rufio, and is suprised when the food becomes real. As they eat, the Boys get an idea and begin a huge food fight, which Peter finds himself enjoying. Rufio jealously throws a coconut; a Boy throws Peter a sword, and he slices it cleanly in half before the stunned eyes of the Boys. Later, Thudbud, the large Lost Boy, tells Peter how Toottles used to be a one of them and gives Peter his lost marbles. Everyone on Neverland goes to bed after hearing Maggie sing a song that her mother used to sing to her. Hook is woken up in the morning by the ticking of Jack's pocket watch, and takes him to the clock museum. There, he goads Jack into smashing it and any other clock to take his rage out on how negelectful his father is. Hook then seduces Jack by transforming Pirate Town into a baseball stadium. Peter and some Boys disguise themselves so Peter can steal Hook's hook and then crow. However, Peter watches Jack play, and Jack hits a homerun on a curve ball. Peter sees how Jack now looks to Hook as a father figure, and determines to fly. He is then hit on the head by Jack's homerun ball, and it falls into a pond where he sees himself as a child. Suddenly, his shadow comes to life and guides him to the Never Tree, where he finds the old hideout. Tink greets him in there in a sparkling dress, and slowly helps him rekindle his repressed memories. As a baby, he heard his mother discussing his future, and fate seemed to draw wind that allowed Peter to run away. He was found by Tink who brought him to Neverland; even though he missed his family, he found they had forgotten about him and had another baby. He flew to other windows that weren't shut on him, and one where his detached shadow had fled was none other than Wendy's nursery. After that, Peter came for Wendy many times for spring cleaning, until the one day where Wendy felt she was far too old to come with him anymore, for she had reached an age where her own children had now had their own children. Wendy confessed to Peter that she had grown up a long time ago, now being a grandmother, she had forgotten how to fly. She even shows him her teenaged grandchild, Moira, sleeping in the nursery bed, yet Peter falls in love with her at first sight. After that he decided not to return to Neverland because he realized something he wanted to do: start a family of his own and become a father. Realizing this is happy thought, Peter finds himself able to fly. He flies through the trees and is dressed in his Pan clothes once again. He flies to the Boys and plays games with them. A stunned Rufio brings out the Pan sword; while a duel for leadership seems inevitable, Rufio drops to his knees, offering leadership and the sword back to Peter. Peter takes it and happily crows, and Rufio and the Boys follow suit. Peter visits Tink's house, and finds her depressed because she knows he'll leave once he rescues his kids. She grows to a normal human size and kisses Peter, saying she has always loved him, and urges him to go save his children. The third day has come, and the Boys suit up for the war. Hook has dressed Jack up exactly as himself and is about to give him his first earring when Peter cuts a shape of himself out of the mast and reveals himself. Excited, Hook sends his men to attack. Peter holds them off with brilliant swordplay, and reveals to Jack that he was his happy thought. Hook catches Peter in a net; Peter yells the battle cry, "Bangarang!", and the Lost Boys appear and begin to attack with their child-made weapons. Peter goes to rescue Maggie while Rufio duels Hook. As the Boys force the pirates to surrender, Hook catches Rufio off guard and runs him through with his sword. Rufio falls into Peter's arms, and his dying words are that he wished he had a father like him. Jack breaks through the brainwashing, and Peter walks off with his children, but Hook warns him that he will always follow him until the end. Peter goes back and they both begin the final duel. At one point, Hook tries to intimidate Peter by telling him this is all a dream and that he'll go back to his old life, but Peter's children and the Boys tell him they believe in him. The duel continues to the crocodile clock tower where the Boys distract Hook with his fear: working clocks. Peter disarms Hook and is about to kill him, but his children urge him not to. Peter tells Hook to never return to Neverland; Hook draws out a secret sword and pins him to the crocodile. As Hook is about to bring his hook down on him, Tink saves Peter, who runs the hook into the crocodile. The crocodile seems to come to life and falls down on Hook and eats him, with Hook crying, "I want my mummy!" Peter has Tink fly his children home so he can have one final moment with the Lost Boys. They don't want him to leave, fearing he'll forget them all again, but he assures them he never will. He passes the Pan sword and leadership to Thudbud, making him promise to take care of anyone else smaller than him. And with that, Peter flies home. Jack and Maggie suprise everyone back at Wendy's house with their return. Peter wakes up outside with his old clothes back on, and is found by the groundskeeper who looks like Smee. Tink appears one last time, and tells Peter that, at that moment between sleep and awake, she'll always love him and wait for him. Grabbing his recovered cell phone, Peter climbs a drain pipe to the window and greets everyone; Peter shows his changed way of life by telling Jack he can always keep the windows open, and when Brad calls his phone, Peter tosses it out the window again. Peter gives Tootles his marbles and cries as he hugs Wendy, saying each tear is happy thought. Tootles shows his by showing what was really in his pouch of marbles: fairy dust. He pours it on himself and flies to Neverland. As they watch, Wendy says Peter's adventures are over, but Peter says they are not. He says, "To live would be an awfully big adventure!" As Tootles flies away, the stars toward Neverland shine even though it is day.
i don't know
Hellen was the mythological patriarch of which European country?
Helen | Greek mythology | Britannica.com Greek mythology Alternative Titles: Helen of Troy, Helene Related Topics Aphrodite Helen, Greek Helene, in Greek legend , the most beautiful woman of Greece and the indirect cause of the Trojan War . She was daughter of Zeus , either by Leda or by Nemesis , and sister of the Dioscuri . As a young girl she was carried off by Theseus , but she was rescued by her brothers. She was also the sister of Clytemnestra , who married Agamemnon . Her suitors came from all parts of Greece, and from among them she chose Menelaus , Agamemnon’s younger brother. During an absence of Menelaus, however, Helen fled to Troy with Paris , son of the Trojan king Priam ; when Paris was slain, she married his brother Deiphobus, whom she betrayed to Menelaus when Troy was subsequently captured. Menelaus and she then returned to Sparta , where they lived happily until their deaths. The abduction of Helen, bas-relief; in the Lateran Museum, Rome. Alinari/Art Resource, New York According to a variant of the story, Helen, in widowhood, was driven out by her stepsons and fled to Rhodes , where she was hanged by the Rhodian queen Polyxo in revenge for the death of her husband, Tlepolemus, in the Trojan War. The poet Stesichorus , however, related in his second version of her story that she and Paris were driven ashore on the coast of Egypt and that Helen was detained there by King Proteus . The Helen carried on to Troy was thus a phantom, and the real one was recovered by her husband from Egypt after the war. This version of the story was used by Euripides in his play Helen. Helen Brought to Paris, oil on canvas by Benjamin West, 1776; in the Smithsonian American … Photograph by pohick2. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C., Museum purchase, 1969.33 Helen was worshipped and had a festival at Therapnae in Laconia ; she also had a temple at Rhodes, where she was worshipped as Dendritis (the tree goddess). Like her brothers, the Dioscuri, she was a patron deity of sailors. Her name is pre-Hellenic and in cult may go back to the pre-Greek periods. Learn More in these related articles:
Greece
In November 1952, which Agatha Christie murder-mystery play opened at the Ambassadors Theatre, London?
Hellenic | Define Hellenic at Dictionary.com Hellenic [he-len-ik, -lee-nik] /hɛˈlɛn ɪk, -ˈli nɪk/ Spell adjective 1. of, relating to, or characteristic of the ancient Greeks or their language, culture, thought, etc., especially before the time of Alexander the Great. Compare Hellenistic (def 3). noun 3. Also called Greek . a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, comprising a variety of ancient, medieval, and modern dialects and languages, all of them called Greek . 4. 1635-45; < Greek Hellēnikós of, pertaining to the Greeks. See Hellene , -ic Related forms Examples from the Web for Hellenic Expand Essays, First Series Ralph Waldo Emerson They will never even strip the body of an Hellenic enemy, except so far as to take his arms. British Dictionary definitions for Hellenic Expand of or relating to the ancient or modern Greeks or their language 2. of or relating to ancient Greece or the Greeks of the classical period (776–323 bc) Compare Hellenistic 3. noun 4. a branch of the Indo-European family of languages consisting of Greek in its various ancient and modern dialects Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Hellenic Expand adj. "pertaining to Greece," 1640s, from Greek Hellenikos, from Hellen "a Greek," of unknown origin. Earliest surviving use is by Homer in reference to a Thessalian tribe. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
i don't know
What is the only number in the English language which is spelt using the same number of letters as the number itself?
MURDEROUS MATHS: The most pathetic and useless facts... The Most Pathetic Fact in Maths The 8th MM book is full of P.U.F.s (Perfectly Useless Facts) so before it was published we asked everyone to vote for the most pathetic, irritating and useless fact in maths! ☺ Many thanks to the thousands of you who voted, and you'll find the full results of our poll in "NUMBERS: the Key to the Universe". Here are the facts - which one would YOU choose as the most pathetic? (Check your answer with our result at the end of the list.) If you multiply 1089 x 9 you get 9801. It's reversed itself! This also works with 10989 or 109989 or 1099989 and so on. 1 is the only positive whole number that you can add to 1,000,000 and you get an answer that's bigger than if you multiply it by 1,000,000 19 = 1 x 9 + 1 + 9 and 29 = 2 x 9 + 2 + 9. This also works for 39,49,59,69,79,89 and 99. 153, 370, 371 and 407 are all the "sum of the cubes of their digits". In other words 153=13+53+33 If you divide any square number by 8 you get a remainder of 0, 1 or 4. 2 is the only number that gives the same result added to itself as it does times by itself If you multiply 21978 by 4 it turns backwards There are 12,988,816 different ways to cover a chess board with 32 dominoes. Sixty nine squared = 692 = 4761 and sixty nine cubed = 693 = 328509. These two answers use all the digits from 0 to 9 between them. You can chop a big lump of cheese into a maximum of 93 bits with 8 straight cuts In the English language "forty" is the only number that has all its letters in alphabetical order. 1 � 37 = 0�027027027... and 1 � 27 = 0�037037037... 132 = 169 and if you write both numbers backwards you get 312 = 961. This also works with 12 because 122 = 144 and 212 =441. 1/1089 = 0�00091827364554637281... (And the numbers in the 9 times table are 9,18,27,36...) 8 is the only cube that is 1 less than a square. To multiply 10,112,359,550,561,797,752,808,988,764,044,943,820,224,719 by 9 you just move the 9 at the very end up to the front. It's the only number that does this. (Thank goodness!) The number FOUR is the only number in the English language that is spelt with the same number of letters as the number itself 1x9 +2 = 11 , 12x9 +3 = 111 , 123x9+4 = 1111 and so on. Have you decided which fact you think is the MOST pathetic? If you want to see our winner, click and drag your mouse across the blank box: * Fact 11 was easily voted the most pathetic! * ☺ Some visitors even sent their own facts which we've included here. Do you have a pathetic number fact that we should include? If so please let us know! The best ones will appear here. AL enlightened our lives by telling us that TWENTY NINE is the only number that is written with as many strokes as its numerical value! (You need to write Y with 3 strokes) Gareth Latty tells us that there are 169,518,829,100,544,000,000,000,000,000 ways to play the first ten moves in a game of chess! Matthew Sheeran says that 3,608,528,850,368,400,786,036,725 has 25 digits and divides by 25. BUT... it you just take the first n digits, the result will divide by n. For example, 360852 are the first 6 digits and 360852 divides by 6. Charles Symons tells us that he likes the 1729 fact - it's the lowest number that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways! In other words: 1729= 93+ 103 OR 13+ 123 Philip Davies says that an "octillion" is the lowest positive number to contain a letter "c". How mind numbingly useless - we salute you Philip! However a visitor called Peter pointed out that one octillionth is smaller... Philip Davies (again) says that "ONE" is the only number in the English language to have its letters in reverse alphabetical order. Sylvan Golden says that the biggest number you can make with three digits and any operators is 9 to the power of 9 to the power of 9. As 99 = 387420489, the final number is 9387420489 = er...well actually as it has about 200 million digits we won't bother writing it out! The PURE MATHEMATICIANS say that you can make an even bigger number with three digits and operators by having 9! to the power of 9! to the power of 9! (9!=9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1). ARGHHHH! HU YI JIE from Singapore has this peculiar sum: TWELVE PLUS ONE is an anagram of ELEVEN PLUS TWO. HU YI JIE (again) says 183 =&nbsp5832 and 184 =&nbsp104976 and that uses all the digits 0-9 (just like the "69" fact above). THE BAD HAIR BEAR tells us that 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321. SITA tells us that the Spanish word for five is "cinco" and it's the only Spanish number to have the same number of letters in its name. (See fact 17 above) MENGQI LI from China tells us that 1 � 14 = 0.0714285714285714285... and 7,14, and 28 are factors and multiples of 14 and the 5 tells you how many digits 71428 has before they repeat! BEEP from Ipswich tells us if you want to add all the numbers 1-10 , you just divide the 10 by 2 then write the answer out twice=55. Also all the numbers 1-100 is 100/2 written twice i.e. 5050. This also works for 1-1000, 1-10000, 1-100000 etc! RIDWAN says that 144 is the twelfth number in the Fibonici series 144 and it is also twelve squared! ALEX JEFFREYS tells us that 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 +... +222 + 232 + 242 = 702 And teacher JANET BATTY tells us that 1274953680 has two odd things about it: it uses all the digits 0-9 AND you can divide it exactly by any number from 1-16. Nice one Janet.
4
The pudu is the world’s smallest species of which animal?
Word Trivia Word Trivia Longest Words The longest English word that does not contain the letter 'e' is floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters. Cabbaged and fabaceae, each 8 letters long, are the longest words that can be played on a musical instrument. Aegilops, 8 letters long, is the longest word with its letters arranged in alphabetical order. Spoonfeed, 9 letters long, is the longest word with its letters arranged in reverse alphabetical order. CIMICIC and CIMICID, each 7 letters long, are the longest words that are exclusively made up of Roman numerals when written in upper case. Among words consisting of only Roman numeral letters, the "highest scoring" are MIMIC (2,102) and IMMIX (2,012). Overnumerousnesses, 18 letters long, is the longest word that consists of only letters that lack ascenders, descenders and dots in lower case. Lighttight and hillypilly, each 10 letters long, are the longest words consisting only of letters with ascenders, descenders and dots in lower case. Tittifill, 9 letters long, is the longest word consisting only of letters with ascenders or dots in lower case. Honorificabilitudinitatibus, 27 letters long, is the longest word consisting strictly of alternating consonents and vowels. Dermatoglyphics, misconjugatedly and uncopyrightable, each 15 letters long, are the longest words in which no letter appears more than once. Subdermatoglyphic, at 17 letters, is longer but is very obscure and rarely used. Unprosperousness, 16 letters long, is the longest word in which each letter occurs at least twice. Esophagographers, 16 letter long, is the longest word in which each of its letters occurs twice. Fickleheaded and fiddledeedee, both 12 letters long, are the longest words consisting only of letters in the first half of the alphabet. Discrete - discreet is the longest homophonic anagram (2 similarly pronounced words that are spelled differently but sound the same and are composed of the same letters). Redivider is the longest common palindromic word ( a word reading the same backwards and forwards). The longest words that are reverse images of each other are stressed and desserts. Symmetry CHECKBOOK, 9 letters long, is the longest word composed entirely of letters with horizontal symmetry in upper case. Some others with this property are: BEDECKED, BOOHOOED, CHECKBOOK, CHOICE, CODEBOOK, COOKBOOK, DECIDED, DIOXIDE, EXCEEDED, HIDE, ICEBOX, OBOE. HOITY-TOITY, at 10 letters long, is the longest word composed entirely of letters with vertical symmetry in upper case. HOMOTAXIA, 9 letters long, is another with this property. I and OHO are the only words that, when written in upper case, have horizontal and vertical symmetry and consist of letters that have both horizontal and vertical symmetry. ZOONOSIS, 8 letter long, is the longest word composed of letters with 180� rotational symmetry in upper case. MOW, SIS and SWIMS, when written in upper case, have 180� rotational symmetry. Typewriter Words Aftercataracts and tesseradecades, each 14 letters long, are the longest words that can be typed using only those letters normally typed with the left hand. The more common words stewardesses (12 letters) and reverberated (11 letters) are other examples. Johnny-jump-up and niminy-piminy, each 12 letters long, are the longest words that can be typed using only those letters normally typed with the right hand. Lollipop (8 letters) is more common. Leptothricosis and leucocytozoans, each 14 letters long, are the longest words that can be typed using strictly alternating hands. Postmuscular, 12 letters long, is the longest word that is normally typed by switching hands every two letters. Uropyoureter (a collection of urine & pus in the ureter), at 12 lettters long, is the longest word that can be typed using only those letters on the top row of a typewriter. Some 11 letter words are: proprietory, proterotype and rupturewort. Some 10 letter words are: pepperroot, pepperwort, perpetuity, pewterwort, pirouetter, prerequire, pretorture, proprietor, repertoire, tetterwort and typewriter. Shakalshas, 10 letters long, is the longest word that can be typed using only those letters in the middle row of a typewriter. Deeded, hummum, muhuhu, and muumuu, each 6 letters long, are the longest words that are normally typed with just one finger. Words that use each of the eight typing fingers just once include: alpiners, biplanes, captions, clasping, esophagi, elapsing, harelips, impalers, jackpots, lifespan, panelist, placings, plainest, plaudits, pleasing, pralines and scalping. Vowels Words (found in major English dictionaries) consisting entirely of vowels include a, aa ( a type of lava), ae, ai, aieee, iao, oii, eau, euouae, oe, oo, I, o, a, io and uoiauai, the last being the longest vowel-only word (7 letters). A and I are the shortest words composed of vowels only. Euouae, a 6 letter English word consisting only of vowels, also contains the most consecutive vowels. Other words with consecutive vowels are: beauty, liaising ( 3 vowels); obsequious (4 vowels); queueing, aieee, cooeeing, jussieuean, miaoued, zaouia, zooeae, zoaeae, (5 vowels). Not counting 'y', Twyndyllyngs, 12 letters long, is the longest word in the English language without any of the five main vowels. The 7 letter rhythms is a more common one. Short words are my, sky and thy. Asthma begins and ends with a vowel but has no other vowels in between. Some less common long words with this property are isthmi (alternate plural of isthmus), aphtha and eltchi. Ultrarevolutionaries is a word in which each of the five main vowels occurs twice. Strengths, 9 letter long, is the longest word with only one vowel. Chrononhotonthologos (20 letters) is the longest word with only one repeated vowel. Two other long words with this property are strengthlessnesses (18 letters) and defencelessnesses (17 letters). Abstemious, abstentious, adventitious, aerious, annelidous, arsenious, arterious, caesious and facetious are all words with all five vowels in order. If you count 'y' as a vowel, -ly can be added to most of them to get all six vowels. Duoliteral, quodlibetal, subcontinental, uncomplimentary, unnoticeably and unproprietary are all words with all five vowels in reverse order (except for 'y'). The shortest word in this category is suoidea (the taxonomic group to which pigs belong) at 7 letters, while the longest is punctoschmidtella (a crustacean) at 17 letters. The shortest word with the vowels in alphabetical order is aerious (7 letters). The longest such word is phragelliorhynchus (a protozoan) with 18 letters. There are many words that have all five vowels in any order such as: authoritative, behaviour, cauliflower, documentation, exhumation, favourite, graciousness, hallucinogen, inconsequential, liquefacation, malfunctioned, neuroglia, ostentatious, pandemonium, questionnaire, revolutionary, sacrilegious, sternutation, tambourine, uncomplimentary, and vexatious. The shortest words in this category are adoulie, aerious, douleia, eucosia, eulogia, eunoia, eunomia, eutopia, miaoued, moineau and sequoia. Blander can integrate all 5 vowels to make five new separate words: blander, blender, blinder, blonder, blunder. Another example is: patting, petting, pitting, potting, putting. Honorificabilitudinitatibus (27 letters) is the longest words consisting entirely of alternating vowels and consonants. Other such words are aluminosilicates (16 letters), epicoracohumeraler (18 letters), hexosaminidases (15 letters), iculanibokolas (14 letters), pararosanilines (15 letters), parasitological (15 letters) and verisimilitudes (15 letters). Syllables Scraunched and the archaic word strengthed each 10 letters long, are the longest words which are only one syllable long. Rugged is a two-syllable word that can be made one syllable by adding letters to it to make shrugged. The two-syllable word ague can be made one syllable by adding letters to make vague or plague. Are is a one syllable word that can be made into a three-syllable word by adding just one letter to make area. Came, plus one letter, becomes the three-syllable word cameo. Gape can become agape. Lien can become alien. Adding a letter to the middle of smile becomes the three-syllable simile. Adding a letter in the middle of whine makes wahine. The three-syllable word hideous, with the change of a single consonant, becomes a two-syllable word with no vowel sounds in common: hideout. Chasm, dirndl, massacring, rhythm, sarcasm and vrbaite have more syllables than pronounced vowels. Contractions and words ending in ism and ithm also have this property, as does the proper name Edinburgh. The only countries in the world with one syllable in their names are Chad, France, Greece and Spain. Some two-syllable words which become one-syllable words by adding a letter or letters are: ague/plague, ague/vague, ave/have, rugged/shrugged, aged/raged, aged/staged, boa/boat, ole/sole, ole/whole, ragged/dragged, naked/snaked, sour/source, winged/twinged. Some common words which change to three syllables when just one letter is added are: are/area, came/cameo, crime/Crimea, gape/agape, hose/hosea, Jude/Judea, lien/alien, ole/oleo, rode/rodeo, Rome/Romeo, smile/simile, whine/wahine. Plurals Some words which have no singular form are: alms, amends, braces cattle, clothes, doldrums, eaves, ides, marginalia, pants, pliers, scissors, shorts, smithereens, trousers. Many words, such as deer, moose and sheep, are spelled and pronounced the same way in both their singular and plural forms. More interesting words with this property are congeries, kudos, premises, shambles, series and species. Fish can be both singular and plural, yet fishes is also a correct pluralisation of the word. Some words which have their plural spelled the same way as their singular form but pronounced differently are: bourgeois, chassis, corps, faux-pas, gardebras,pr�cis, pince-nez, rendezvous. Many plural words ending in s become different singular words when another s is added (e.g. cares/caress, princes/princess): abbes, abys, adventures, bas, bos, bras,bulgines, bus,cares, chapes, cites, cosines, deadlines, discus, esquires, fras, gamines, gaus, glassines, gues, his, homines, hos, kavas, kas, larges, las, los, lownes, marques, mas, millionaires, mis, moras, mos, multimillionaires, needles, nervines, ogres,pas, pis, pos, poses, prelates, princes, pros, pus, sagenes, saltines, shines, sightlines, squires, tartines, timelines, tyrranes, usures and zebras. Many of them switch from masculine plural form to feminine singular form. Kine, an obsolete plural of cow, shares no letters with its singular form. Folk and folks are both plurals, with no singular form. Necropolis is a singular word ending in S that becomes plural when the S is removed. Axe and axis are two different words, yet they share the same plural, axes. Others are base and basis (bases), and ellipse and ellipsis (ellipses). The plural of man is men. The plural of woman is women. The plural of human is humans. The plural of foot is feet. The plural of goosefoot is goosefoots. The plural of goose is geese.The plural of mongoose is mongooses. The plural of mouse, the rodent, is mice. The plural of mouse, the computer hardware device, is mouses. Other unusually pluralised words are brother, which may be pluralised to brothers but also brethren; cherub, which is pluralised to cherubim; die, which is pluralised to dice; formula, which may be pluralised to formulas but also formulae; juger, which is pluralised to jugera; kibbutz, which is pluralised to kibbutzim; landsman, which is pluralised to landsleit; libretto, which is pluralised to libretti; ox, which is pluralised to oxen, paries, which is pluralised to parietes; person, which is pluralised to people; rubai, which is pluralised to rubaiyat; schema, which is pluralised to schemata; seraph, which is pluralised to seraphim; tempo, which is pluralised to tempi; and wunderkind, which is pluralised to wunderkinder. Most of these words were taken from other languages - like Hebrew, Greek, German and Italian - with the foreign pluralisation rules retained. The singular form of braces, when used in the orthodontic sense, is bracket. One bracket per tooth is attached when someone is fitted with braces. Hair is a singular word that suggests more than its plural, hairs. Anagrams Louis XIII, the King of France during the early 17th century, appointed a Royal Anagrammist for a salary of �1, 200 a year. Representationalism and misrepresentational , each 19 letters long, are the longest non-scientific English words that are anagrams of each other. Other long examples are: conservationalists and conversationalists (18 letters); internationalism and interlaminations (16 letters). The scientific words hydroxydesoxycorticosterone and hydroxydeoxycorticosterones are the longest words that are anagrams of each other. Basiparachromatin and marsipobranchiata, each 17 letters long, are anagrams of each other that have no more than three consecutive letters in common. Nitromagnesite and regimentations, each 14 letters long, are anagrams of each other without any consecutive letters in common. Interrogatives, reinvestigator and tergiversation, each 14 letters long, are the longest three non-scientific words that are anagrams of each other. Monday is the only day of the week that has an anagram, which is dynamo. March, April and May are the only months of the year that have anagrams, these are charm, ripal and yam. Earth, with hater and heart, and Mars, with arms and rams, are the only planets In the Solar System with anagrams. Japan's former capital city (Kyoto, A.D. 794-1868) and present capital city (Tokyo) are anagrams of each other. There is no other word that can be made by rearranging the letters of the word anagram. The word stifle is an anagram of itself! Contained Words Thitherwards contains the most English words spelled consecutively within it: a, ar, ard, ards, er, he, her, hi, hit, hithe, hither, hitherward, hitherwards, I, it, ither, the, thitherward, thitherwards, wa, war, ward and wards, totalling 23 words. Ushers contains the most personal pronouns spelled consecutively within it: he, her, hers, she, and us, totalling five pronouns. Interchangeability contains the words three, eight, nine, ten, thirteen, thirty, thirty-nine, eighty, eighty-nine, ninety and ninety-eight. Miscellaneous Hotshots consists of the same four letters repeated. There are other 8 letter words with this property, though none of them are common: caracara, chowchow, couscous, froufrou, greegree, guitguit, kavakava and lavalava. Abcaree, Abchalazal, Abcoulomb, crabcake, dabchick and drabcloth are among the only words in the English language that contain 'abc'. Hydroxyzine and xyzzor are the only words that contains 'xyz'. Tmesis is the only English word beginning with 'tm'. The longest alphabetical sequences to appear in English words are 'mnop' and 'rstu'. 'Mnop' appears in such words as gymnopaedic, gymnophiona, gymnoplast, limnophilous, prumnopitys, semnopithecus, somnopathy and thamnophile. 'Rstu' appears in such words as overstudy, overstuff, superstud and understudy. You and ewe are pronounced the same but have no letters in common. Eye and I is another such pair. Oh and eau is another. Subbookkeeper is the only English word with four pairs of double letters in a row. Assessee and keelless are the shortest words with three pairs of double letters. Cooee is the shortest word with two double letters. The most commonly used words in written English are: the, of, and, a, to, in, is, you, it, he, for, was, on, are, as, with, his, they, at, be, this, from, I, have, or, by, one, had, not, but, what, all, were, when, we, there, can, an, your, which, their, said, if, do. The most commonly occuring sound in spoken English is the sound of a in alone, followed by e as in key, t as in top and d as in dip. Of is the only commonly used word in which F is pronounced like a V. The only other words with this property are hereof, thereof and whereof. Tough, though, through and thorough are formed by adding a letter every time between t and ough, but none of them rhymes with any other. The combination ough can be pronounced in nine different ways. The following sentence contains them all: "A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed." Underfund and underground are the only two English words that start and finish with 'und'. Widow is the only female form in English that is shorter than the corresponding male term (widower). Most female forms are derived by modifying the male term with a suffix (actor/actress). Demirep is the only word in the English language which is made feminine by applying a prefix, rather than a suffix, to the masculine form, which is rep. No word in the English language rhymes with depth, month, orange, silver or purple. Dreamt is the only common English word ending in mt. Others are the obscure adreamt, redreamt undreamt and daydreamt. Tremendous, horrendous, stupendous and hazardous are the only English words ending in -dous. The word queue is the only one in the English language that is still pronounced the same when the last four letters are removed. The only words consisting entirely of letters with descenders in lower case are gyp and gyppy. A word in which each of its letters occurs three times is sestettes. Syzygy is the only English word with three ys. The word means the conjunction or opposition of any two of the heavenly bodies. The word chincherinchee is the only known word that has one letter occurring once, two letters occcuring twice and three letters occurring three times. Of all the words in the English language, the word set has the most definitions (192 according to the Oxford English Dictionary). "I am." is the shortest complete sentence in the English language. Some say that the sentence "I do." is the longest!
i don't know
Pedology is the study of what in its natural environment?
What Is Pedology | Pedologists | Pedology Definition | Meaning Of Pedology | Define Pedology | Soil Pedology | Academic Room Tweet Pedology (from Greek: πέδον, pedon, "soil"; and λόγος, logos, "study") is the study of soils in their natural environment. It is one of two main branches of soil science, the other being edaphology. Pedology deals with pedogenesis, soil morphology, and soil classification, while edaphology studies the way soils influence plants, fungi, and other living things.   Overview   Soil is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the zone beneath our feet (the pedosphere) of numerous interactions between climate (water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues, the mineral material of the original and added rock, and its position in the landscape. During its formation and genesis, the soil profile slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers, called 'horizons', while a steady state balance is approached.   Soil users (such as agronomists) showed initially little concern in the dynamics of soil. They saw it as medium whose chemical, physical and biological properties were useful for the services of agronomic productivity. On the other hand, pedologists and geologists did not initially focus on the agronomic applications of the soil characteristics (edaphic properties) but upon its relation to the nature and history of landscapes. Today, there's an integration of the two disciplinary approaches as part of landscape and environmental sciences.   Pedologists are now also interested in the practical applications of a good understanding of pedogenesis processes (the evolution and functioning of soils), like interpreting its environmental history and predicting consequences of changes in land use, while agronomists understand that the cultivated soil is a complex medium, often resulting from several thousands of years of evolution. They understand that the current balance is fragile and that only a thorough knowledge of its history makes it possible to ensure its sustainable use.   Concepts Complexity in soil genesis is more common than simplicity. Soils lie at the interface of Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Therefore, a thorough understanding of soils requires some knowledge of meteorology, climatology, ecology, biology, hydrology, geomorphology, geology and many other earth sciences and natural sciences. Contemporary soils carry imprints of pedogenic processes that were active in the past, although in many cases these imprints are difficult to observe or quantify. Thus, knowledge of paleoecology, palaeogeography, glacial geology and paleoclimatology is important for the recognition and understanding of soil genesis and constitute a basis for predicting the future soil changes. Five major, external factors of formation (climate, organisms, relief, parent material and time), and several smaller, less identifiable ones, drive pedogenic processes and create soil patterns. Characteristics of soils and soil landscapes, e.g., the number, sizes, shapes and arrangements of soil bodies, each of which is characterized on the basis of soil horizons, degree of internal homogeneity, slope, aspect, landscape position, age and other properties and relationships, can be observed and measured. Distinctive bioclimatic regimes or combinations of pedogenic processes produce distinctive soils. Thus, distinctive, observable morphological features, e.g., illuvial clay accumulation in B horizons, are produced by certain combinations of pedogenic processes operative over varying periods of time. Pedogenic (soil-forming) processes act to both create and destroy order (anisotropy) within soils; these processes can proceed simultaneously. The resulting soil profile reflects the balance of these processes, present and past. The geological Principle of Uniformitarianism applies to soils, i.e., pedogenic processes active in soils today have been operating for long periods of time, back to the time of appearance of organisms on the land surface. These processes do, however, have varying degrees of expression and intensity over space and time. A succession of different soils may have developed, eroded and/or regressed at any particular site, as soil genetic factors and site factors, e.g., vegetation, sedimentation, geomorphology, change. There are very few old soils (in a geological sense) because they can be destroyed or buried by geological events, or modified by shifts in climate by virtue of their vulnerable position at the surface of the earth. Little of the soil continuum dates back beyond the Tertiary period and most soils and land surfaces are no older than the Pleistocene Epoch. However, preserved/lithified soils (paleosols) are an almost ubiquitous feature in terrestrial (land-based) environments throughout most of geologic time. Since they record evidence of ancient climate change, they present immense utility in understanding climate evolution throughout geologic history. Knowledge and understanding of the genesis of a soil is important in its classification and mapping. Soil classification systems cannot be based entirely on perceptions of genesis, however, because genetic processes are seldom observed and because pedogenic processes change over time. Knowledge of soil genesis is imperative and basic to soil use and management. Human influence on, or adjustment to, the factors and processes of soil formation can be best controlled and planned using knowledge about soil genesis. Soils are natural clay factories (clay includes both clay mineral structures and particles less than 2 µm in diameter). Shales worldwide are, to a considerable extent, simply soil clays that have been formed in the pedosphere and eroded and deposited in the ocean basins, to become lithified at a later date. Famous pedologists Willie G. Harris, University of Florida Olivier de Serres
Soil
Canadian jockey John ‘Red’ Pollard was famous for riding which well known racehorse?
PSC Research PSC Research Weed Science Biometeorology and Climate Research Biometeorology and climatology study the interactions between the atmosphere and the living organisms on the planet or biosphere. View details » Soil Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Soil chemistry involves the study of the chemical composition of soil components, their chemical properties, and the reactions that take place between the soil solution and soil solids. View details » Crop Physiology Laboratory The CPL specializes in the use of controlled environments to examine whole-plant physiological responses to the environment. Primary studies are crop plants, however, research has evolved to include the use of plants to clean up contaminated soils. Pedology Group The Pedology Group focuses on the formation, morphology, classification, mapping, and modeling of soils in terrestrial ecosystems. View details » Soil Microbial Ecology Soil microbial ecology is the study of biota that inhabit the soil, their functions, the processes that they mediate, and the effect of their activities on the character of the soil and the growth and health of plant life. View details » Soil Physics Group The environmental soil physics group is engaged in modeling, measurement and interpretation of mass, energy flow, and transformation in porous media; observation and modeling of liquid behavior in porous media under gravity and reduced gravity for space exploration; development and application of electromagnetic measurement techniques for hydrology; structural and mineral physics of transport properties, and in situ characterization of soils using electromagnetic mapping techniques for hydropedology.
i don't know
Actor Eddie Bunker played which ‘colour’ in the 1991 film ‘Reservoir Dogs’?
Reservoir Dogs (1992) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error After a simple jewelry heist goes terribly wrong, the surviving criminals begin to suspect that one of them is a police informant. Director: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 24 titles created 12 Oct 2012 a list of 26 titles created 03 Dec 2012 a list of 35 titles created 12 Sep 2015 a list of 46 titles created 15 Oct 2015 a list of 41 titles created 11 months ago Search for " Reservoir Dogs " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 9 wins & 15 nominations. See more awards  » Videos The lives of two mob hit men, a boxer, a gangster's wife, and a pair of diner bandits intertwine in four tales of violence and redemption. Director: Quentin Tarantino In Nazi-occupied France during World War II, a plan to assassinate Nazi leaders by a group of Jewish U.S. soldiers coincides with a theatre owner's vengeful plans for the same. Directors: Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth Stars: Brad Pitt, Diane Kruger, Eli Roth The Bride wakens from a four-year coma. The child she carried in her womb is gone. Now she must wreak vengeance on the team of assassins who betrayed her - a team she was once part of. Director: Quentin Tarantino With the help of a German bounty hunter, a freed slave sets out to rescue his wife from a brutal Mississippi plantation owner. Director: Quentin Tarantino An insomniac office worker, looking for a way to change his life, crosses paths with a devil-may-care soap maker, forming an underground fight club that evolves into something much, much more. Director: David Fincher Two detectives, a rookie and a veteran, hunt a serial killer who uses the seven deadly sins as his modus operandi. Director: David Fincher The Bride continues her quest of vengeance against her former boss and lover Bill, the reclusive bouncer Budd and the treacherous, one-eyed Elle. Director: Quentin Tarantino     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.3/10 X   In future Britain, Alex DeLarge, a charismatic and psycopath delinquent, who likes to practice crimes and ultra-violence with his gang, is jailed and volunteers for an experimental aversion therapy developed by the government in an effort to solve society's crime problem - but not all goes according to plan. Director: Stanley Kubrick A family heads to an isolated hotel for the winter where an evil and spiritual presence influences the father into violence, while his psychic son sees horrific forebodings from the past and of the future. Director: Stanley Kubrick A man juggles searching for his wife's murderer and keeping his short-term memory loss from being an obstacle. Director: Christopher Nolan A pragmatic U.S. Marine observes the dehumanizing effects the Vietnam War has on his fellow recruits from their brutal boot camp training to the bloody street fighting in Hue. Director: Stanley Kubrick A young F.B.I. cadet must confide in an incarcerated and manipulative killer to receive his help on catching another serial killer who skins his victims. Director: Jonathan Demme Edit Storyline Six criminals, who are strangers to each other, are hired by a crime boss, Joe Cabot, to carry out a diamond robbery. Right at the outset, they are given false names with the intention that they won't get too close and will concentrate on the job instead. They are completely sure that the robbery is going to be a success. But, when the police show up right at the time and the site of the robbery, panic spreads amongst the group members, and two of them are killed in the subsequent shootout, along with a few policemen and civilians. When the remaining people assemble at the premeditated rendezvous point (a warehouse), they begin to suspect that one of them is an undercover cop. Written by Soumitra See All (180)  » Taglines: Seven Total Strangers Team Up For The Perfect Crime. They Don't Know Each Other's Name. But They've Got Each Other's Color See more  » Genres: Rated R for strong violence and language | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 2 September 1992 (France) See more  » Also Known As: Perros de la calle See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Before Michael Madsen was known as Mr. Blonde in this film, he was considered to play John McClane in Die Hard (1988) which went to Bruce Willis who he later worked with on Sin City (2005). Quentin Tarantino also worked with Willis two years later in Pulp Fiction (1994). Steve Buscemi also appears in Pulp Fiction as a waiter that resembles Buddy Holly . He also worked with Willis on Armageddon (1998). See more » Goofs (at around 1h 21 mins) During Mr. Orange's close-up during the naming session, the boom mic casts a shadow on Mr. Blue's face. See more » Quotes [first lines] Mr. Brown : Let me tell you what 'Like a Virgin' is about. It's all about a girl who digs a guy with a big dick. The entire song. It's a metaphor for big dicks. Mr. Blonde : No, no. It's about a girl who is very vulnerable. She's been fucked over a few times. Then she meets some guy who's really sensitive... Mr. Brown : Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa... Time out Greenbay. Tell that fucking bullshit to the tourists. Joe : Toby... Who the fuck is Toby? Toby... Mr. Brown : 'Like a Virgin' is not about this sensitive girl who meets a nice ... [...] See more » Crazy Credits The opening credits leave out Writing and Directing credits. They are then shown first during the end credits. See more » Connections Written by Ole Georg (as Henrik Nielson) (as Henrik Nielsen) (BMI) Performed by The Kronborg Strings Produced by Ole Georg (BMI) Published by Kronborg Music (BMI) Courtesy of Ole Georg/Capitol Production Music User Reviews   Quentin Tarantino begins his directing career with the first of several chronologically mixed, disturbingly violent, and incredibly powerful films. (Luoyang, China) – See all my reviews Reservoir Dogs is a testament to the idea that "less is more." This doesn't apply to the violence, the film is extremely violent from beginning to end, but the details of the botched diamond heist, which the entire film is based on, are conveyed only in the dialogue, except for one scene where Mr. Pink (Steve Buscemi) recalls his escape. The whole film takes place after the failed robbery is over, and the mystery that unfolds among the criminal participants is amazing to watch. This is not a normal crime film. The thing that really sets Reservoir Dogs apart from all of the others is that it is PURE. When you look at the screen, you're looking at reality. There are no Hollywood actors, there's no make-up to make them look pretty, there's little to no comic relief, and most important of all, there's no goofy romantic subplot clumsily thrown in, a detrimental trademark of so many action films, as well as virtually all Jerry Bruckheimer films. Instead of all of that garbage, Tarantino decided to just present the film as simply and straightforwardly as possible, and by doing that he makes it seem that you're really looking at a bunch of criminals trying to figure out what to do after a suspiciously failed robbery. Even though most of the actors were known at the time this film was made, the film was delivered in such a way that you don't see the actors at all, you only see the brutal characters that they portray. It is genuinely frightening to imagine being in the same room with any of them, and this is a quality that is rarely achieved in any kind of film. Make no mistake, Reservoir Dogs is among the most violent films ever made, and some scenes are really painful to watch, but the way that reality is captured is something that justifies the violent excesses in this film. The violence is never glorified, nor is the criminal lifestyle. When films are overly violent, they usually get branded as such, but despite the extreme violence, Reservoir Dogs still manages to deliver an important overall message about the consequences of your actions. It remains high on the growing list of Tarantino's classic films, and it will not be soon forgotten. 356 of 447 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Mr. Blue
In Greek mythology, which mortal woman did Zeus visit in the form of a swan and seduce, making her the mother of Helen of Troy?
Paul Schrader and Willem Dafoe: 'We thought we should really do the nasty' | Film | The Guardian Anton Yelchin Paul Schrader and Willem Dafoe: 'We thought we should really do the nasty' Schrader and Dafoe – who plays psychotic criminal Mad Dog – discuss the director’s latest film, Dog Eat Dog, a bad-taste epic for the ‘post-rules generation’ ‘It’s got such a fighter spirit to it, but it’s funky’ … Willem Dafoe in Cannes. Photograph: Valery Hache/AFP/Getty Images Friday 27 May 2016 03.56 EDT Last modified on Tuesday 8 November 2016 10.43 EST Share on Messenger Close Deep in the filth, squashed under the weight of the American dream, three men with crazy names (Troy, Mad Dog and Diesel) scrabble for space. Try as they might, the gangsters at the heart of Paul Schrader’s latest are damned. Down they go, still clinging to the hope of one last, redemptive job, digging on deep to the gates of hell. Dog Eat Dog, which was let off the leash at last week’s Cannes film festival, is a hard-scrap story. Based on the book by former criminal, writer and actor Eddie Bunker (who played Reservoir Dogs ’s Mr Blue), it’s set and shot among the strip malls and dive bars of post-crash Cleveland. Nicolas Cage stars as Troy, a once-wealthy heir whose fortunes have crumbled. Eager to rejoin the straight world, Troy enlists the help of two jail buddies, a soulful lunk called Diesel (Christopher Matthew Cook) and a garrulous psychotic known as Mad Dog (Willem Dafoe). The trio are going to kidnap the baby of a wealthy family and hold the kid to ransom. Shot as if scenes from Godard, Cassavetes, Tarantino and Aardman had been spun in a tombola, Dog Eat Dog operates on a creative plain that’s as strange and corrupted as Mad Dog’s morality. Schrader opens with a pink-hued drug sequence in which Dafoe’s character, hopped up on cocaine and hearing voices, murders his girlfriend and her young daughter over an argument about a borrowed car. Raising Arizona this is not. “I thought it would be interesting to just really do the nasty,” says Schrader. He says Dog Eat Dog was inspired by “the post-rules generation”. “You can do most anything now,” he says. “You can shoot a scene in black and white, one in colour, one tinted and the audience will say, ‘Hey, cool.’ Animation. Stop–motion. We have a generation of viewers that have been rewired and re-educated on multimedia technology. Their brains fire at a different rate. When they see those movies from the 70s they think, ‘Oh my God, that’s a slow movie.’” Pinterest ‘We have a generation of viewers that has been re-wired and re-educated on multimedia technology’ … Paul Schrader. Photograph: Markus Schreiber/AP Among the “slow”: Taxi Driver , Raging Bull and The Last Temptation of Christ , all of which Schrader wrote. But while vaunted as a screenwriter, the 69-year-old has had legendary trouble getting his directorial projects made. In 2003 he was fired after a completing an Exorcist prequel. The studio hated it, demonised him and hired a new writer and director to bring about a resurrection. In 2013, a revelatory New York Times article from the set of the Kickstarter-funded The Canyons described Schrader’s exhausting efforts to coax a cohesive performance out of porn actor James Deen and a fresh-from-rehab Lindsay Lohan. Then, in 2014, Schrader’s thriller Dying of the Light, which starred Cage and Anton Yelchin, was – according to a Facebook campaign rallying support – “taken away” from Schrader by its producers. It was, the director says, “a particularly ugly experience”. The failures and frustrations took their toll. “Some fear Lohan will end him,” wrote the Times in their Canyons expose. She didn’t, but someone or something has had a decent go. Schrader, breathless and tired, enters the room searching for coffee that will never show. He speaks in a croaky growl that shakes the tabletop. Gradually, carefully, he loosens up, peppering the conversation with jive talk (“cats”, “mojo”). He sheds the gruffness, revealing a well-polished cynic underneath. He’s down on the crime genre (“There’s a lot of tired films out there”), our PC culture (“If art is not allowed to be distasteful and vulgar, we’re in trouble”) and America (“A false promise to begin with”). But he cares about his films and will fight for them. The director’s at his best in a tight spot, says Dafoe, who has appeared in seven of Schrader’s films. He remembers a poster that hung in the director’s office during the Dog Eat Dog shoot: “The price of freedom is not having enough stuff.” “It’s the low-budget cheapness of the production that expresses the cheapness of the life,” says Dafoe. “That’s not calculated, that just happened. For example, Cleveland was once a very powerful, wealthy place. It’s where John Rockefeller came from. It fell on hard times like a lot of cities in the industrial midwest. It’s got such a fighter spirit to it, but it’s funky. There’s a texture to that world that we took advantage of.” Nearly all of Schrader’s stories show a country that has pushed the little guy to breaking point. His heroes – a burned out paramedic ( Bringing Out the Dead ), a washed-up fighter ( Raging Bull ), a desperate war vet (Taxi Driver’s Travis Bickle) – are poor and defeated. Real-life delivers these characters to him, he says. They are the people America has made. You can’t help but be inspired. “The political environment can’t not affect how you make a film,” he says. “The fact that we now have a caricature running for the US presidency has to affect it, because it affects how people see things. The fact that a clown can run legitimately for the highest office in our country affects how you view clown-like characters in movies too.” A strange and corrupted film … Cage in Dog Eat Dog He gives a big sigh. “He’s got enough people to feed that ego,” he says. “He doesn’t need me.” Trump’s on the loose. America is in freefall. Troy, Mad Dog and Diesel are doomed. Is there nothing that inspires even a bit hope? “I don’t think you can be hopeful about human endeavour,” he says, allowing a grin. “You can only be hopeful about post-human life. Once you get into shedding off this carbon-based skin … maybe things will get better.”
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In British royalty, what title did Camilla Parker Bowles take on marrying the Prince of Wales in 2005?
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall | Royalty Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia ( view authors ) Camilla Duchess of Cornwall; Duchess of Rothesay ( more ) Spouse 17 July 1947 (1947-07-17) (age 69) London, England, UK v · d · e Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (Camilla Rosemary; née Shand, previously Parker Bowles; born 17 July 1947) is the second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales , and is the current holder of the courtesy titles of Duchess of Cornwall , Princess of Wales , Duchess of Rothesay and Countess of Chester . Although Camilla became the Princess of Wales upon her marriage to the Prince of Wales, she is obliged to choose to be known by the alternative and lesser title of the Duchess of Cornwall, thereby avoiding confusion with her husband's popular first wife, the late Diana, Princess of Wales . She is known by this title worldwide, but in Scotland protocol determines that she is properly styled the Duchess of Rothesay . Contents Edit Born at King's College Hospital, London, on 17 July 1947, Camilla was raised opposite the Plumpton Racecourse, East Sussex by her parents, Major Bruce Shand (1917–2006) (a British Army officer, turned wine merchant, as well as Prisoner of War in World War II who received the Military Cross with Bar) and The Honorable Rosalind Cubitt (1921–1994), eldest child of Roland Calvert Cubitt, 3rd Baron Ashcombe ): her siblings are Mark and Annabel. She was christened on 1 November 1947 at Firle Church, Sussex, and her godparents were The Hon Harry Cubitt (her maternal uncle), Major Neil Speke, Mrs Heathcoat Amory, Mrs Lombard Hobson, and Miss Vivien Mosley. Education Camilla attended Dumbrells School in Sussex, as well as Queen's Gate School in Kensington. She subsequently attended the Mon Fertile finishing school in Switzerland and studied at the Institut Britannique in Paris Career Following her education, she worked for a year at the offices of designers Sybil Colefax and John Fowler. She also became an avid equestrienne and participated in fox hunting. Personal life On 4 July 1973, Camilla married Andrew Parker Bowles , at the Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks, London; their bridesmaids including Parker Bowles' goddaughter Lady Emma Herbert . Divorce Andrew Parker Bowles initiated divorce proceedings against Camilla following the admission by the Prince of Wales that he had conducted a long-term extramarital affair with Camilla; the couple's divorce was finalized on 3 March 1995. Relationship with the Prince of Wales Edit The relationship between Camilla and Prince Charles began when they met at a polo match in 1970. Though she became one of the numerous girlfriends of Charles, and he was said to have wanted to marry her, Camilla was seen by royal courtiers as an unsuitable match for the future king. Robert Lacey wrote in his 2002 book, Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II , that Charles had met Camilla too early, and that he had not asked her to wait for him when he went overseas for military duties in 1972. Reliable published reports indicate that they renewed their romantic relationship in the 1980s. The affair became public knowledge a decade later, with the publication of Diana: Her True Story , followed by the Camillagate scandal, wherein an intimate telephone conversation between Camilla and Charles was secretly recorded and the transcripts published in the tabloids. With the extra-marital relationship in the open, Diana gave an interview on the BBC programme Panorama , in which she blamed the relationship between Camilla, whom she privately referred to as "the Rottweiler", and the Prince of Wales as the reason for the breakup of her own marriage, saying: "Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." Though Camilla kept a low profile at this time, she became unpopular by these revelations. It was confirmed by Charles in a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby that the relationship between him and Camilla resumed during their respective marriages. Following this, the Parker Bowleses announced their own divorce in 1995; they had been living apart for some time, and a year later Andrew Parker Bowles married Rosemary Pitman. Camilla occasionally became Charles' unofficial companion at events. This temporarily ceased at the time of Diana's death, but Camilla and Charles were photographed in public together in 1999. Though she maintained her residence in Wiltshire, Camilla then moved into Charles' household in 2003, resulting in decorative changes to both homes, though Buckingham Palace was explicit in pointing out that public funds had not been used for the renovations. In 2005, the media reported that Charles had also bought Camilla jewellery and a designer wardrobe. As the future Supreme Governor of the Church of England, the prospect of Charles marrying a divorcée was seen as controversial. Opinion—of both the public and the church—shifted, though, to a point where civil marriage was seen as an agreeable solution. Second marriage See Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla Parker Bowles On 10 February 2005, it was announced by Clarence House that Camilla and the Prince of Wales were engaged; Camilla had been presented with an engagement ring that had belonged to the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother . The marriage was to have been on 8 April of that year, and was to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at St George's Chapel. On 4 April it was announced that the marriage would be delayed by one day to allow for the Prince of Wales and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II . As Charles' parents did not attend the marriage ceremony (the Queen's reluctance to attend arising from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England), neither did Camilla's father; her children, instead, acted as witnesses of the union, as did Prince William and Prince Harry . The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did, however, attend the service of blessing, and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle afterwards. Following the wedding, the couple traveled to the Prince's country home in Scotland, Birkhall, and carried out their first public duties as a couple during their honeymoon. Children Camilla and Andrew had two children: Tom , born in the year after their marriage, who is a godson of Prince Charles Laura , born in 1978 Both Parker Bowles children were raised in their father's Roman Catholic faith, although both were married in the Church of England; Tom, like his father, is in remainder to the Earldom of Macclesfield. Royal life Edit After becoming Duchess of Cornwall, the duchess automatically acquired rank as the second highest female in the United Kingdom Order of Precedence (after the Queen), and as typically fifth or sixth in the orders of precedence of her other realms, following the Queen, the relevant viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Prince of Wales. It was revealed, though, that the royal order of precedence for private occasions had Camilla placed fourth, after the Queen, the Princess Royal, and Princess Alexandra. Within two years of the marriage, the Queen extended Camilla visible tokens of membership in the Royal Family; use of a tiara of the late Queen Mother, and the badge of the Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II . According to an announcement by Clarence House, it was the Duchess' intent to attend the anniversary memorial service for Diana, Princess of Wales on 31 August 2007, along with The Prince of Wales, and Princes William and Harry of Wales. The Duchess withdrew from attending, stating that she wished not to "divert attention from the purpose of the occasion which is to focus on the life and service of Diana." Camilla, along with Charles, were indirectly involved in the 2010 UK student protests when their car was attacked by protesters. She was also physically attacked when a rioter managed to push a stick into the royal limousine and jab her in the ribs. Official duties Edit Initially, the Duchess of Cornwall's royal duties involved accompanying the Prince of Wales on his official obligations. Camilla's first solo engagement was a visit to a hospital in Southampton; she attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 2005, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards. The same year, she made her inaugural overseas tour to the United States, and, in March of the following year, the Prince and Duchess undertook a trip through Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and India. She also conducted the naming ceremony for HMS Astute on 8 June 2007, and, on 10 December, she did the same for the new Cunard cruise ship, HMS Queen Victoria. Patronages The Duchess of Cornwall is the patron of The Royal School, Hampstead, an independent girls' school, as well as President or Patron of a number of other charities. Titles, styles and honors 17 July 1947 - 4 July 1973: Miss Camilla Rosemary Shand 4 July 1973 - 3 March 1995: Mrs Andrew Parker Bowles 3 March 1995 - 9 April 2005: Mrs Camilla Parker Bowles 9 April 2005 - : Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall Scotland: 9 April 2005 - : Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay Camilla's style and title in full: Her Royal Highness The Princess Charles Philip Arthur George, Princess of Wales & Countess of Chester, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Carrick, Baroness of Renfrew, Lady of the Isles, Princess of Scotland. Because the title 'Princess of Wales' became so strongly associated with the previous holder of that title, the late Diana, Princess of Wales , Camilla has adopted to being referred to with the feminine form of her husband's highest-ranking subsidiary title, namely that of Duke of Cornwall . Thus, unless any specific Act of Parliament is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom (and other Commonwealth States) to the contrary, should Prince Charles become King, she can assume by courtesy the style of "Queen Camilla". However, such was the controversy raised in certain sections of the press, it had been previously mooted that Prince Charles' wife might remain with a morganatic style, albeit by courtesy she is always entitled to be acknowledged with the rank and style of her husband. It has been stated that when Charles becomes King, Camilla will adopt the unprecedented style of Princess Consort. It is worth noting that this is not the same usage as her father-in-law, HRH The Duke of Edinburgh , who does not hold the title of 'Prince Consort' (although as a prince and a consort, he is the Queen's prince consort). Honors
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
Apart from Geoff Hurst, which footballer scored a goal for England in the 1966 World Cup Final against Germany?
Articles about Camilla Parker Bowles - latimes Mark Shand dies at 62; conservationist and travel writer April 26, 2014 | David Colker Mark Shand - brother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall - was a modern version of the eccentric, slightly bumbling British adventurer. And he came by it honestly. He once walked and canoed across Indonesia for 12 days to get to a place where he could phone his mother. "And after all this enormous trouble," Shand told the Evening Standard in London in 2010, "I got through to the home number and said, 'Hi, Ma, it's me,' and she said, 'I can't talk to you now, I'm watching "Coronation Street. Advertisement Camilla Would Be Queen, Official Says March 22, 2005 | From Times Wire Reports She got her man. And if Prince Charles becomes king, she's entitled to the title: Queen Camilla. Camilla Parker Bowles will automatically become Charles' queen unless Britain and 15 other countries change the law, Constitutional Affairs Minister Christopher Leslie said. Announcing his engagement last month, Charles said his future wife would be known by the lesser title of Princess Consort when and if he became king. TRAVEL What's new in London since the last big royal wedding April 3, 2011 | By Christopher Reynolds, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer So you hate royal weddings. Or you love them. Or maybe you've caught yourself attending to arcane details of Prince William and Kate Middleton's plans for April 29, but you can't say exactly why. Here's one reason: They defy time. Start with just the idea of monarchy. It may be a deadly serious issue in the Middle East, but as practiced in Britain of late, it all seems so quaint and bygone. Who else in the 21st century gets to walk a red carpet without an agent taking 10%? Yet a few Fridays from now in London, you can count on a Gothic church, a carriage procession from that church to Buckingham Palace, great queues of commoners and vast inventories of souvenir spoons. WORLD If Charles Is King, Camilla Won't Be Queen March 23, 2005 | From Times Wire Reports Camilla Parker Bowles, who is to marry Prince Charles April 8, does not want the title of queen even if Charles becomes king, his office said. Paddy Harverson, communications secretary for Charles' office, Clarence House, said the government's legal opinion that she would be queen if he became king did not prevent her from choosing a different title. The couple have said she would be known as princess consort. NEWS Charles Is Warned on Ties to Parker-Bowles June 16, 1997 | From Times Wire Reports Prince Charles should end his relationship with Camilla Parker-Bowles or abdicate his claim to the British throne, a senior clergyman said. "We are not going to have a confessed adulterer as supreme head of the Church of England," said the Rev. David Streeter, director of the Church Society, the senior evangelical body of the state Church of England. Princess Diana blamed Parker-Bowles, 49, for the failure of the royal marriage. Charles, 48, confirmed long-standing rumors of an affair. CALIFORNIA | LOCAL Composer wrote for British royalty March 18, 2008 | From Times Wire Reports Alun Hoddinott, 78, a composer who wrote music for the British royal family and was an influential promoter of modern music in his native Wales, died Wednesday at a hospital in Swansea, Wales, his family said. They did not release the cause of death. Hoddinott composed more than 300 operas, symphonies and songs, including music for Prince Charles' 16th birthday and a fanfare for the prince's marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005. Born in the Welsh mining town of Bargoed in 1929, Hoddinott took violin lessons at age 4 and won a university scholarship at 16. He studied with Australian composer and pianist Arthur Benjamin and wrote his first major concerto in 1949 while he was still a student. NEWS Queen, Prince Charles' Companion Finally Meet June 4, 2000 | From Reuters Britain's Queen Elizabeth II met the longtime lover of her son Prince Charles at a gathering Saturday in what royal watchers portrayed as a historic encounter. A Buckingham Palace spokesman said the queen and Camilla Parker-Bowles were among 100 guests at a party Charles threw to celebrate the 60th birthday of ex-King Constantine of Greece. British media said it was the first time the queen had met Parker-Bowles since she and Charles, the heir to the throne, made their public debut last year. NEWS Can Camilla Compete With a Deceased Diana? September 5, 1997 | Associated Press Princess Diana's death casts a shadow over another important relationship in Prince Charles' life--his love for Camilla Parker Bowles. Reviled as "the other woman" in the failed marriage, Parker Bowles now has the most formidable of rivals for public acceptance. Diana's beauty can no longer fade; a memory of kindness had been gilded by an international outpouring of praise. WORLD Love Is in the Heir: Charles to Wed Longtime Mistress February 11, 2005 | Janet Stobart, Times Staff Writer So ends years of tabloid and taxicab speculation. In a surprise announcement, Britain's future king, Prince Charles, declared Thursday that he would marry his live-in lover, Camilla Parker Bowles, in a spring ceremony at Windsor Castle. The divorcee will never become Queen Camilla, nor will she take the title Princess of Wales that was bestowed on Diana, her predecessor. CALIFORNIA | LOCAL Composer wrote for British royalty March 18, 2008 | From Times Wire Reports Alun Hoddinott, 78, a composer who wrote music for the British royal family and was an influential promoter of modern music in his native Wales, died Wednesday at a hospital in Swansea, Wales, his family said. They did not release the cause of death. Hoddinott composed more than 300 operas, symphonies and songs, including music for Prince Charles' 16th birthday and a fanfare for the prince's marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005. Born in the Welsh mining town of Bargoed in 1929, Hoddinott took violin lessons at age 4 and won a university scholarship at 16. He studied with Australian composer and pianist Arthur Benjamin and wrote his first major concerto in 1949 while he was still a student. WORLD If Charles Is King, Camilla Won't Be Queen March 23, 2005 | From Times Wire Reports Camilla Parker Bowles, who is to marry Prince Charles April 8, does not want the title of queen even if Charles becomes king, his office said. Paddy Harverson, communications secretary for Charles' office, Clarence House, said the government's legal opinion that she would be queen if he became king did not prevent her from choosing a different title. The couple have said she would be known as princess consort. WORLD Camilla Would Be Queen, Official Says March 22, 2005 | From Times Wire Reports She got her man. And if Prince Charles becomes king, she's entitled to the title: Queen Camilla. Camilla Parker Bowles will automatically become Charles' queen unless Britain and 15 other countries change the law, Constitutional Affairs Minister Christopher Leslie said. Announcing his engagement last month, Charles said his future wife would be known by the lesser title of Princess Consort when and if he became king. WORLD Love Is in the Heir: Charles to Wed Longtime Mistress February 11, 2005 | Janet Stobart, Times Staff Writer So ends years of tabloid and taxicab speculation. In a surprise announcement, Britain's future king, Prince Charles, declared Thursday that he would marry his live-in lover, Camilla Parker Bowles, in a spring ceremony at Windsor Castle. The divorcee will never become Queen Camilla, nor will she take the title Princess of Wales that was bestowed on Diana, her predecessor. NEWS Queen, Prince Charles' Companion Finally Meet June 4, 2000 | From Reuters Britain's Queen Elizabeth II met the longtime lover of her son Prince Charles at a gathering Saturday in what royal watchers portrayed as a historic encounter. A Buckingham Palace spokesman said the queen and Camilla Parker-Bowles were among 100 guests at a party Charles threw to celebrate the 60th birthday of ex-King Constantine of Greece. British media said it was the first time the queen had met Parker-Bowles since she and Charles, the heir to the throne, made their public debut last year. NEWS Can Camilla Compete With a Deceased Diana? September 5, 1997 | Associated Press Princess Diana's death casts a shadow over another important relationship in Prince Charles' life--his love for Camilla Parker Bowles. Reviled as "the other woman" in the failed marriage, Parker Bowles now has the most formidable of rivals for public acceptance. Diana's beauty can no longer fade; a memory of kindness had been gilded by an international outpouring of praise. NEWS 'Camillagate' May Keep Charles Off Throne : Britain: Publication of recording of alleged affair raises questions about how long monarchy will last. January 14, 1993 | WILLIAM TUOHY, TIMES STAFF WRITER The widespread publication of an intimate telephone conversation reportedly between Britain's Prince Charles and a married woman friend raised doubts in political and editorial circles Wednesday that he will ever be king. TRAVEL What's new in London since the last big royal wedding April 3, 2011 | By Christopher Reynolds, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer So you hate royal weddings. Or you love them. Or maybe you've caught yourself attending to arcane details of Prince William and Kate Middleton's plans for April 29, but you can't say exactly why. Here's one reason: They defy time. Start with just the idea of monarchy. It may be a deadly serious issue in the Middle East, but as practiced in Britain of late, it all seems so quaint and bygone. Who else in the 21st century gets to walk a red carpet without an agent taking 10%? Yet a few Fridays from now in London, you can count on a Gothic church, a carriage procession from that church to Buckingham Palace, great queues of commoners and vast inventories of souvenir spoons. Charles Is Warned on Ties to Parker-Bowles June 16, 1997 | From Times Wire Reports Prince Charles should end his relationship with Camilla Parker-Bowles or abdicate his claim to the British throne, a senior clergyman said. "We are not going to have a confessed adulterer as supreme head of the Church of England," said the Rev. David Streeter, director of the Church Society, the senior evangelical body of the state Church of England. Princess Diana blamed Parker-Bowles, 49, for the failure of the royal marriage. Charles, 48, confirmed long-standing rumors of an affair. NEWS Biography Reveals Charles' Affairs With Old Flame : Britain: The prince turned to Camilla Parker-Bowles for third time when his marriage broke down, book says. October 24, 1994 | WILLIAM TUOHY, TIMES STAFF WRITER Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, had three affairs with Camilla Parker-Bowles over a 20-year period, according to excerpts from his authorized biography published here Sunday. Charles also initiated the separation from his wife, Princess Diana, two years ago because he thought he was being denied access to his two sons, William and Harry.
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A filibeg is a type of which garment?
How to Wear a Kilt: 9 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow The Kilt 1 Wrap the kilt around your body with the pleats to the back. The top of the garment should be situated at the natural waist; the two aprons will overlap in the front. It should hang around your knee. Take your right arm and wrap it around your front. The edge of the right should meet up with the left, where there is a small hole in the lining for a strap to go through. 2 Fasten the kilt by buckling the aprons. Most kilts have a leather strap on the right apron, which is often called the under apron. Pull the strap through to the outside until it's comfortable. You should be just able to get your thumbs inside the waistband. Fasten it to the buckle, just like a belt, at the outer edge of the left waist. With your left hand on your right hip, fasten the leather strap on the left apron, or front apron, to the buckles on the right; usually, there will be two. Do the top strap first. If your kilt features a third strap further down the right hip, fasten it to create a smooth fit across the stomach. Make sure it's not bunching toward the top or along the buckles. 3 Adjust the kilt. If you have buckled the kilt correctly, the fringed edge of the kilt should be along the right side and the kilt should be centered on the body. Most kilts feature a pivot point in the tartan in the center of the front apron. This is the place where the tartan pattern mirrors itself. This pivot point should be in the center of your body. It should have a good A shape to it. Adjust as necessary, making sure that you're comfortable and everything is lying correctly. Part 2 The Kilt The Extras 1 Put on the kilt hose, garters (an elastic band) and flashes (colored ribbons). Generally, keep the flashes with the kilt they match. Pull the kilt hose, which resemble knee socks, over the knee before you deal with the other two pieces. Fasten the garter and flashes just below the knee. The flashes should be off to the outside of the leg. Fold the kilt hose to below the knee about 3-4 fingers down and over the garter, displaying a few inches of the flashes. Smooth it all out and adjust as necessary, making sure both sets of flashes are displayed at the same angle. eg: Left Hand at 11 am, Right Hand at 1 pm. 2 Put on your brogues. Don't tie them halfway up your legs! There are two ways to tie them; choose the one that appeals most to you. The High-Front Tie: Start by making sure your laces are the same length. Tie half a knot, keep some tension on the laces, wrap them around the back of your ankle, twist once or twice and then again around the front,(sometimes around the back twice, depends on laces length)making an X.The when back at the front again, tie it off to the side of the shin bone with a Half Hitch Bow is best. The Low Tie: Follow the steps described in the High-Front tie method, but scrunch everything down so that it remains around your ankle instead of up your calf. With this method, tie in a bow or a half hitch bow. 3 Attach the sporran. A sporran is a leather or fur pouch that is traditionally worn at the front of a kilt. Fasten the sporran strap using the loops at the back of your kilt. The sporran should be centered and hang about 1 hands width below the bottom of the Waist Belt. Otherwise, place the sporran at the back of your body and fasten the buckle in front of you. Swing it around so the sporran is now resting on your abdomen. 4 Attach your favorite kilt pin. They're available in a huge variety of styles and range from the classic to the contemporary. Pin your kilt pin through the front apron only. Pin it 4" (10 cm) up from the bottom hem and 2" (5 cm) in from the side. In addition to being decorative, the kilt pin's weight helps keep the kilt from flapping, preserving your modesty when a breeze whooshes by. 5 Put on your jacket and vest. This part is fairly self-explanatory. The only thing to remember is that in the back of the vest there's a little strap that can be adjusted to your size. Use it; you'll look better if the vest fits you right. For less formal occasions, the waistcoat is unnecessary. Use your judgment. 6 Don't forget your sgian dubh! That's your knife (a traditional part of Highlands attire) -- arguably the most exciting part. This little dagger goes in your right sock if you're right handed,left sock if left handed. If you have a kilt pin, it's a good idea to have it match. Push it down into your sock, just enough to have about 1 inch of the handle showing. Community Q&A What is worn under a kilt? wikiHow Contributor If you are in a regiment, you wear nothing but what is issued by the regiment, and they do not issue underwear. Otherwise, you can wear underwear if you like. If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Video Tips Make sure your kilt is buckled snugly to keep the garment in position, but not so snugly that the kilt forms wrinkles along the waistline. A variety of shirts may be worn with a kilt, but the traditional style is a white collared button-down shirt with cuffs. Some people think women shouldn't wear kilts. Some people think it's okay, but the buckles should be on the left. Still others think kilts are a gift that should be given unto both sexes. If you're a woman, do what you think is right. While there is much conjecture about what men traditionally wore under kilts, modern manners dictate that men wear underwear, especially at public events. The hem of the kilt should fall at the middle of your knee.Get down on your knees and the edge of the kilt should be about 1 inch to a half inch off the ground. Warnings Because the sgian dubh is considered a weapon, you may not want to include this as part of your attire at public events for security reasons. Sources and Citations
Kilt
Lord Peter Wimsey is a fictional character created by which author?
Tartans Tartans   The Kilt     Today's Highland Dress is distinctive, smart, martial, formal and known world wide as Scotland's national costume. However like the Tartan itself the origins of the kilt are surrounded by a degree of controversy.      The Highlander of old (pre-1746) would often have worn the feileadh mor, Gaelic for a large piece of woollen tartan material wrapped round the body, belted at the waist and pinned over the shoulder. It no doubt also served as a blanket while campaigning - the word 'plaid' is the Gaelic plaide meaning blanket. A sensible garment which could give warmth or be worn lose with sword arm free. Origins may lie with the ancient Roman or Celtic tunic. In fact both recent Highlanders and ancient Celts also worn tight trousers - truis. These were particularly popular on horseback!      Exactly when the fealeadh beg (filibeg), the tailored version worn from waist to knee, came into existence is open to debate. One suggestion is that an Englishman in charge of an iron smelter at Invergarry around 1730, Thomas Rawlinson, suggested that his workforce would fare better at their work if the dispensed with the upper part of their garment and worn what we would describe as a kilt. The word 'kilt' itself, although not Gaelic, is probably older. A Scandinavian or old English root from a verb meaning 'to hitch up and fold a garment' seems most likely.      Today's kilt can be worn, particularly by pipers, with a plaid - a long piece of tartan wrapped round the upper body which, along with the kilt, are a modern version of the full feileadh mor of past times.       After the battle of Culloden in 1746, traditional Highland Dress was banned along with tartan from 1746-82. However Highland regiments were being formed in the Government army and most of these adopted the kilt and a tartan as part of their uniform. From this martial background comes the style of today's Highland Dress.      When George IV visited Edinburgh in 1822, Full Highland Dress was worn by almost everybody including King George himself thanks to the efforts of Sir Walter Scott. The kilt became quite definitely the distinctive national dress of Scotland.   Seven Different Types of Tartans Chief's Dress Sett: worn by the chief and members of his/her family. The Clan Tartan: worn by members of the clan. The Hunting Tartan: Fall colours worn by members of the clan. Mourning Setts: self explanatory. District Setts: regional, worn by anyone in that region. The Womens Sett: usually black and white colours. The Royal Sett: The Royal Stewart, a free tartan which can be worn by anyone.  
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Darryl Virostko is a ‘Maverick’s Champion’ in which sport?
Darryl 'Flea' Virostko - back to Mavericks - SFGate Darryl 'Flea' Virostko - back to Mavericks SUNDAY PROFILE: Darryl 'Flea' Virostko Rehab rescued renowned surfer - now he throws others a lifeline By Demian Bulwa , San Francisco Chronicle Published 4:00 am, Sunday, November 8, 2009 Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Image 1of/5 Close Image 1 of 5 Legendary surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko rides the waves off Pleasure Point in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The three-time Mavericks champion will compete in this year's world class surfing event. less Legendary surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko rides the waves off Pleasure Point in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The three-time Mavericks champion will compete in this year's world class surfing ... more Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Image 2 of 5 Legendary surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko talks openly about his recovery from a meth addiction in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The three-time Mavericks champion will compete in this year's world class surfing event. less Legendary surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko talks openly about his recovery from a meth addiction in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The three-time Mavericks champion will compete in this year's ... more Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Image 3 of 5 Darryl "Flea" Virostko (right), a champion surfer and recovering meth addict, takes two clients he's counseling for an afternoon of surfing off Pleasure Point in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. Darryl "Flea" Virostko (right), a champion surfer and recovering meth addict, takes two clients he's counseling for an afternoon of surfing off Pleasure Point in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Image 4 of 5 Surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko (left) visits Jack O'Neill at the legendary wetsuit maker's home in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. Surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko (left) visits Jack O'Neill at the legendary wetsuit maker's home in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Image 5 of 5 Legendary surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko rides the waves off Pleasure Point in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The three-time Mavericks champion will compete in this year's world class surfing event. less Legendary surfer Darryl "Flea" Virostko rides the waves off Pleasure Point in Santa Cruz, Calif., on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The three-time Mavericks champion will compete in this year's world class surfing ... more Photo: Paul Chinn, The Chronicle Darryl 'Flea' Virostko - back to Mavericks 1 / 5 Back to Gallery Nearly dying is a specialty of Darryl "Flea" Virostko. The surfer, who won the first three monster-wave contests at Mavericks north of Half Moon Bay, almost drowned there once when the leash that attaches his ankle to the board clung to an underwater rock. So epic was a plunge down a 50-foot wall of water at Hawaii's Waimea Bay in 2004 that Surfer magazine dubbed it the "Wipeout of the Decade." But Virostko was never closer to death than when he decided to get sober last year, several days after terrified relatives and fellow surfers staged an intervention. Closing out a final bender, he smoked a pipe of crystal meth, then chugged a half-gallon of vodka as he drove from Santa Cruz to a Pacific Grove rehab center. "I didn't care about my life at all," Virostko said recently, talking about his rise to stardom and near-fatal descent. "I wasn't being Flea." Being Flea means pushing the limits of mortality on freakishly large waves, not dry land. Now, he said, it means celebrating 14 months of sobriety, teaching addicts to surf in his FleaHab program, and training to become a drug and alcohol counselor. "If I can do it, anyone can do it," the 37-year-old said of quitting drugs. "Because I went to the edge of the earth." Virostko's comeback is an undercurrent of this season's Mavericks Surf Contest, an event that once seemed designed for his audacity. The five-month contest window opened Nov. 1, meaning Mavericks can be held the next time giant swells roll in. If Virostko wins, he'll own four of seven titles. He could also use the $50,000 check. He recently had to sell his house to pay off $150,000 in back taxes and stay out of bankruptcy. 'You can't go any lower' Mavericks made Flea's name. But the first time he paddled into it in the early 1990s, he said, he was on acid. In later years, he often visited on meth. At this year's contest, he will be surrounded by surfers who hope he can channel his intensity into his recovery. "I've never seen anyone who was in that deep turn it around," said Joey Thomas , 61, a Santa Cruz surfer and friend. "You can't go any lower." "Going from one extreme to the next - that's how he has negotiated his life," said Virostko's 39-year-old brother, Troy. "Now it's opening a new door." Virostko said drugs never helped his performance - just the opposite, he said - and had nothing to do with his famous fearlessness. That came naturally. West-side roots He grew up relatively poor, in a neighborhood on Santa Cruz's west side known as "the Circles" because of the layout of the streets. "West side, best side," he said, flashing a "WS" tattoo. His mother was a nurse and Jazzercise instructor, his father a high school art teacher who taught him to surf at age 4 at Cowell's, a spot just north of the Boardwalk where many a child has caught his first wave. He always felt at home in the water. Richard Schmidt recalled an 8- or 9-year-old Virostko knocking him off a wave at another spot known as Rivermouth. Schmidt, a big-wave pioneer who runs a surf school in town, was 12 years older. "No apology or nothing," said Schmidt, who is now a friend. Virostko was always a bad boy, said childhood friend Joshua Pomer . In junior high, when a bigger kid bear-hugged Flea - who is now 5-foot-10 but got his nickname because he was tiny until a late-arriving puberty - Virostko hit him in the face with a juice bottle. "The guy will never back down to anyone," said Pomer, 36, who is finishing a documentary called "The Westsiders" on the life of Virostko and his friends. "He's been in a lot of fistfights and he's lost a lot of them, but he's won a lot of them as well. It's that same bravado he took to Mavericks." Virostko won the inaugural big-wave contest in February 1999. He celebrated by renting a room at Santa Cruz's Dream Inn on a bluff just north of the Boardwalk, where he and his friends dropped acid and tossed furniture onto the beach. After he beat world champion Kelly Slater the next year, Virostko was surfing royalty. He won his most recent Mavericks title in 2004. Caught up in whirlwind He made as much as $12,000 a month from sponsors and bought his house. Generous with his plunder, he took a friend on a surfing trip to South Africa and lent another $10,000 to start a flooring company. He cruised Santa Cruz in a blue 1965 ragtop Impala. "I never had money growing up, so when I got my hands on some, I said, 'Let's do this,' " Virostko said. His sponsors sold him as a stereotype - a rock star - and it was no fiction. "He would run into people who said, 'Hey, that's Flea, I want to party with that dude,' " Schmidt said. "It's a whirlwind he got caught up in. He was perceived a certain way - and he was a certain way." Flea's fall Thomas said he had seen it before with Santa Cruz surfers. The lifestyle lends itself to drinking and drugs, which can tip toward addiction. And some surfers struggle with an inevitable crash, when they are surpassed by younger athletes and have little else to fall back on. "It's hard for them to be one of the best, and get paid for it, and then live in the real world," Thomas said. Virostko said his downward spiral accelerated in March 2007 after the cancer death of an uncle and kindred spirit, Doug Virostko. Then, the next February, Virostko passed out while high and climbing a cliff a few miles up the coast in Davenport. When he landed, the compound fracture in his left forearm cut through his skin, and a helicopter had to rescue him. Sidelined from surfing, he devoured two quarts of vodka and as many as 20 meth doses a day. He fell asleep at 5 a.m., if at all. The house he bought became a drug den and was littered with driftwood that the meth-addled Virostko intended to carve into art. Once, when a crew member from Pomer's documentary showed up, the star of the film decked him. At the last Mavericks contest, in January 2008, Virostko showed up late after staying up all night partying and doing meth, then took a couple of brutal falls. He failed to advance out of his preliminary heat. In those days, Pomer said, "I'd roll over to his house and it would be ground zero. There were skulls on the walls and it smelled like burnt clutch. The house looked like a set for a vampire movie." The intervention In August 2008, Virostko's father, Steve, drove him to the classroom where he taught at Santa Cruz High School . His son walked in to find a dozen people - relatives and surf elders, including Thomas and Schmidt - with an intervention specialist. Flea was "pissed," he said, but stayed. His aunt, Nancy Virostko , brought up his uncle's death and told him through sobs, "I don't want to watch somebody else I love die." He then embarked on a binge, but it was the last one. Something had crept through the fog. After his month in rehab, Virostko moved north to quiet Bonny Doon, seeking a break from the west side. A few months later, he began talking to Jack O'Neill , the founder of the O'Neill surf gear company, about a second career. O'Neill connected Virostko to Janet Norton , the program manager at Providence Recovery Center in Santa Cruz, and in September they launched FleaHab. Addicts, while living at the rehab center, pay to go out surfing with Virostko, who works 20 hours a week and is being trained by Norton. He also makes money as a pro surfer - he's back in the lineup for Quiksilver's Eddie Aikau contest at Waimea Bay - and has regained sponsorship deals with a wetsuit company and a board maker. "I think he can do a lot of good," said O'Neill, who helped pay for Virostko's rehab. "A guy who hasn't been there - it doesn't make the same impression." "I wanted to go to a place (for treatment) like I'm trying to make for other people," Virostko said. "I can use whatever - my fame or my name - to help people do something important." Rehab surfing On a recent morning, he met two recovering addicts near O'Neill's home, and they paddled into surf spots - First Peak, Second Peak, Sewer Peak - that feature mere ripples compared to Mavericks. One, a 21-year-old from New York, said he had agreed to come west after a personal call from Virostko. The other, a 45-year-old attorney from Aptos, said after the session, "When I'm out there, it's really the only time I'm not thinking about the struggle." Virostko said his new job helps keep him sober, too. He said he had always been high-strung but is more relaxed now - less likely to bang on his steering wheel when stuck behind a slow driver on the road. He surfs twice a day. It helps him forget his troubles on land and tires him, helping him sleep. When he was asked to find a higher power during his rehab, he thought of big waves. "I just referred back to every time I got worked over at Mavericks," he said. "I would look up at this whitewash and pray to the ocean, and it worked every time. The ocean is bigger than me." Latest from the SFGATE homepage: Click below for the top news from around the Bay Area and beyond. Sign up for our newsletters to be the first to learn about breaking news and more. Go to 'Sign In' and 'Manage Profile' at the top of the page.
Surfing
Singer Alecia Beth Moore is better known by what name?
Three time Maverick's champion Darryl 'Flea' Virostko announces retirement Three time Maverick's champion Darryl 'Flea' Virostko announces retirement By GRETCHEN WEGRICH # Comments SANTA CRUZ -- Darryl Virostko knows the perfect thrill of air dropping down the face of a 30-foot wave from deep in the bowl at Maverick's. He also knows the feeling of being held down, trapped under the weight of the ocean, a drug called meth, and the expectations of the big wave surfing world. Over his 20-year professional surf career, the legendary Santa Cruz surfer has chased glory and tamed liquid mountains while doing battle with an under-the-surface monster called "addiction." This year, in conjunction with the Mavericks Invitational Opening Ceremony held Friday, Virostko announced his retirement from professional big wave surfing. It's been a wild ride. Virostko's surf career is studded with glory moments. He is a three-time Maverick's contest champion, claiming the title in back to back years in 1999 and 2000 and "Flea-peating" again in 2004. Looking back, Virostko, 40, has much to be proud of. "I made it doing something I loved," he said. "My life was all about surfing and doing crazy stuff, getting crazy waves. To win Mav's once was like a dream come true, let alone three times." During the inaugural 1999 Quiksilver Men Who Ride Mountains surf contest at Maverick's, the 5-foot, 9-inch, 150-pound surfer sported a leopard-pelt hairdo -- a tribute to a friend who had cancer. In 2000, he beat current 11-time world champion surfer Kelly Slater in all three heats of the Quiksilver Men Who Ride Mountains event at Maverick's, including the final. "There's no one in the surfing world that has done what he's done," said friend and fellow big wave surfer Peter Mel, a Santa Cruz native. "Three in a row is a feat that will never be matched. It's amazing what he's accomplished." Because the Maverick's contest was not run between Virostko's 2000 and 2004 victories, he stands as a back to back to back champion. "[Flea] sets himself apart. In his heyday, he was the man to beat and I think he still would be today if he didn't retire," said Maverick's pioneer Jeff Clark. Clark added that when Virostko started surfing Maverick's, "He learned early on to surf Maverick's well, and so when the first contest came around, he was ready." Besides dominating at Maverick's, Virostko was a four-time competitor and 12-time invitee to the Quiksilver In Memory of Eddie Aikau Big Wave Invitational. Virostko's epic wipeout at the 2004 Eddie Aikau Big Wave Invitational was featured on the cover of Surfing magazine in March 2005. The death-defying tumble from the 50-foot close-out earned Virostko Surfer magazine's "Wipeout of the Decade" award. Virostko was nominated for the Billabong XXL award for biggest wave of 2006. "There's an inner being with Flea, and sometimes it just clicks at the most extreme places," said fellow big wave surfer Shawn "Barney" Barron, also of Santa Cruz. "It's kind of scary because you could play it safe and be on the shoulder, but Flea's kind of the opposite. He's always loved the thrill of getting a large wave." Life at the top was about as precarious as one of Virostko's wild rides at Maverick's. Eventually, the wave he was riding would give him the pounding of his life. Takeoff Virostko was born Dec. 25, 1971. He survived a troubled childhood by channelling his aggression into surfing on Santa Cruz's Westside. The breaks along the Westside were a dangerous territory ruled by Vince Collier, a "Godfather"-like figure who enforced the heavy localism that kept the choice Santa Cruz breaks free of "valleys," "trannies" and other unwanted interlopers. Virostko earned his nickname, "Flea," when Collier spotted the teenage surfer charging down the face of a Middle Peak set wave at Steamer Lane. Collier thought Virostko -- who was barely above four feet tall at the time -- looked like a flea clinging to the back of a big dog. "Steamer Lane is kind of a big wave in its own right," said Mel, who credits the wave with honing Virostko's early big wave skills. "Santa Cruz is such a unique place. The level of the surfers and of our mentors, Richard Schmidt and Vince Collier, we each took a little piece of what they did. Having mentors that were as good as those guys were on a global level, and also the crew we grew up with, gave us an advantage." Virostko graduated from Santa Cruz High in 1991, already having graduated from Middle Peak bombs to Maverick's more dangerous waters the previous winter. The experienced lit a fire that would take 20 years to burn itself out. "I loved big waves," said Virostko. "Every time Mav's broke, I wanted to be up there. We would paddle out and it was really uncrowded, there were no jet skis. It's pretty crazy looking back now. We weren't totally aware of how dangerous it was." A friendly rivalry between Mel and Virostko drove the two surfers to push the boundaries, always seeking a bigger wave, a more critical ride, a more perfect day. "As kids, we would surf up the coast," Barron remembered. "Peter Mel was a couple of years older and already this established big wave surfer, and Flea was just always battling him, trying to get a gnarlier wave." The surf careers of Virostko and his friends, including Barron, Jason "Ratboy" Collins, Ken "Skindog" Collins and Mel, were created by a perfect storm in the surf world. Sponsorship money was pouring into action sports and big wave surfing was in the spotlight. During the peak of his career, Virostko was earning $12,000 a month from sponsorships. Heaped on top of that were contest earnings, including $45,000 he collected from the first two years of the Maverick's event. It was enough for a down payment on a Westside home just blocks from the waves he grew up surfing. At Maverick's, Virostko was king. His reputation for kamikaze surfing in the heaviest waves earned him the respect of big wave surfers around the world. "When I surf big waves like Maverick's, I can't hold back," Virostko admitted. "My whole mindset is that I have to sit on the bowl. Sometimes I'm getting pitched and I just think, What am I doing?'" Wipeout In 2005, methamphetamine accounted for half of all drug-related arrests made by the sheriff's office in Santa Cruz County. It was a growing problem in California, where counties reported a 100 percent increase in methamphetamine-related arrests. In Santa Cruz, the drug was an underwater time bomb, detonating among the surf scene and clearing out the waters. After suffering a knee injury at the 2004 Eddie Aikau, Virostko said his substance abuse began to escalate. He was out of the water for two months and was drydocked during the Maverick's surf contest that winter. Instead of defending his title, he watched as fellow Westsider Anthony Tashnick took the win. By 2006, the party lifestyle was taking its toll. Virostko began to fade from the Santa Cruz surf scene, appearing occasionally for standout sessions at Maverick's. "It got crazy," said Virostko. "I wish I would have put a filter on it and thought about my longevity, but you can't change the past." By 2007, Virostko was a casualty -- addicted to the high of meth, which lasts up to 12 hours and creates intense feelings of euphoria, increased endurance and a sense of invincibility. The high wasn't so different from the dopamine-saturated rush that comes from riding a huge wave at Maverick's -- but he didn't have to wait for the buoys to light up and surf conditions to be perfect to score it. "I thought I would never get addicted to meth, but I needed it every day by 2007," Virostko said, adding that he was also drinking a half gallon of vodka each day. "I wasn't thinking about my truck payment or my house payment. It turns you into something that you're not. I was lying to my sponsors and telling them, I got this, I'm surfing every day!' I was living a lie." His surf career was on the rocks. When his contracts came up at the beginning of the year, he lost most of his major financial sponsors. After a lackluster performance at the 2007 Maverick's event, it was clear that Virostko was in the grip of monster. Virostko's family and friends held an intervention at Santa Cruz High later that year. His childhood mentors, Schmidt and Joey Thomas, his family and girlfriend all gathered together to confront his substance abuse. Driven by the knowledge that those who mattered most wanted him to get clean, Virostko fueled his body one last time with vodka and meth and drove himself to Beacon House, a rehab facility in Monterey. When he checked in, his BAC level was .28, just .02 below what doctors say can be deadly. "I'm a pretty strong-willed person," Virostko said of the decision to get sober. "If I want to do something, I'll do it." One month later, Virostko checked out with a new outlook on life. And, he couldn't wait to go surfing. Surfacing Virostko today is a changed man. The fire has consumed itself, leaving him with a passion for advancing the sport of big wave surfing and a desire to help others conquer their addictions. The wave has been ridden, the wipeout survived, and Darryl Virostko is surfacing again. "I'm going in a different direction," Virostko said of his decision to retire. "I had that thirst for Maverick's for 20 years and it's just not there anymore. I don't want to go out there and do something crazy. I want to see my baby grow up, I want to give other people a chance, especially younger guys that haven't had that opportunity in life." The decision to retire took root during the opening ceremony of the 2009-10 Eddie Aikau surf contest. Virostko had traveled to Hawaii for the prestigious event and felt pressured to compete. "At the opening ceremony, Clyde Aikau, Eddie's brother, said, If you're not 100 percent into this contest in your heart, then give somebody else a chance,'" Virostko recalled. Virostko went on to compete in the event, but Aikau's words resonated with him. This year, Virostko will take a different place in the lineup at the Maverick's contest. He will still be in the water, but this time he'll be offering an expert's take on the contest for the event's webcast. After successfully completing rehab, Virostko founded Fleahab, a program for recovering addicts that incorporates surfing, skateboarding and outdoor activities. With the help of his family and the board of directors, the program continues to grow. The Fleahab First Annual Golf Tournament, a recent benefit for the program, featured a who's-who lineup of professional big wave surfers and their friends and family. "Flea basically has the biggest heart of any of my friends," said Mel. "He's always had it, although I don't think he was in touch with it. When his sobriety came around, it allowed him to take that shield down and be who he truly is, which is a really giving, big-hearted friend." Today, Virostko spends his time building the Fleahab rehab program and working construction to support his family, which includes 4-month-old daughter Lily Joan. At a recent session out at Mitchell's Cove, he was spotted flying high above the lip on an electric green board. "I love the sport of big wave surfing," said Virostko. "You have to be in peak physical shape, surfing every day, training. But I don't get paid to surf anymore, so I can't surf every day, all day." Virostko is squaring up with his past and giving reality the same steely-eyed, unflinching stare he used when facing down big waves. Surfing big waves may never be something Virostko quits entirely, but he's no longer chasing the biggest, deepest or gnarliest ride. He's leaving the extremes behind and focusing on what matters today. "I'm on three and a half years," Virostko said, proudly, referencing his sobriety. "I have a beautiful baby and a girlfriend." He paused, "Things are really good." To make a donation or learn more, visit www.mavericksinvitational.com or www.fleahab.com Mavericks Invitational Invitees
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A formicary is the nest or dwelling of which insect?
Wasp and bee control : Insects : University of Minnesota Extension University of Minnesota Extension Extension > Garden > Insects > Wasp and bee control Social Wasps and Bees in the Upper Midwest Jeff Hahn, Laura Jesse and Patrick Liesch Introduction Wasp is a general term referring to a group of related insects in the order Hymenoptera (wasps, bees and ants). Although some wasps are solitary, i.e. just one adult female per nest, this publication discusses social wasps, i.e. multiple individuals sharing one nest. Most social wasps belong to the family Vespidae (sometimes referred to as vespid wasps). There are three types of social wasps in the upper Midwest. Two groups, the yellowjackets and paper wasps, are very common. The third group, the true hornets, is not found in this area. Despite its name, a baldfaced hornet is actually a type of yellowjacket. Similarly, there are social and solitary bees. The family Apidae contains some of the most familiar social bees. Honey bees and bumble bees are two commonly observed bees in the upper Midwest. Like social wasps, a colony will consist of many individual bees working together. Wasps and bees are beneficial insects. Bees are particularly valuable because of their role in plant pollination, including many agricultural crops. Wasps also pollinate to a much lesser extent and are important because they feed on a wide range of insects, including many common garden pests. Both wasps and bees have the potential to sting although they will generally not bother people if they are left alone. People often mistakenly call all stinging insects "bees." While both social wasps and bees generally live in colonies with queens and workers, they look and behave differently. It is important to distinguish between these insects because different methods may be necessary to deal with them if they are encountered. Identification Yellowjackets, including baldfaced hornets (Vespula and Dolichovespula spp.) Yellowjackets (Vespula sp.) are approximately 1/2 inch long (they range in size from 3/8 to 5/8 inch long), are bright yellow with black lines, spots, triangles or diamonds on their abdomen (figures 1, 11, 13, and 22). Different species have different color patterns (there are about 14 species of yellowjackets in the upper Midwest). The body is hard and shiny with few hairs. At rest the wings fold into a narrow strip atop the abdomen. Yellowjackets are often misidentified as honey bees; they can be most easily distinguished by the lack of body hairs and their brighter yellow coloration compared to the more golden brown coloration of honey bees. Baldfaced hornets (Dolichovespula maculata) are large, black insects about 7/8 of an inch long with white to cream-colored markings on the front of the head and at the end of the abdomen (figure 2). Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 1 Typical yellowjacket Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 2 Baldfaced hornet Paper wasps (Polistes spp.) Paper wasps are slender with long legs that dangle beneath their bodies when they fly and measure from 1/2 to 1 inch long. They are generally brown with yellowish markings (figures 3 and 7). The European paper wasp (P. dominula) is a species that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1970's and found in the Midwest in the 2000's. European paper wasps are black and yellow in coloration and resemble yellowjackets (figures 4 and 17). Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 3 Typical paper wasp Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 4 European paper wasp Honey bees (Apis mellifera) Honey bees are approximately 1/2 inch long. They are golden brown with thin black stripes on their abdomen. They are fuzzy in appearance; the thorax, especially, is covered with branches or plumose hairs (figures 5, 8, and 18). Part of each hind leg is flattened for collecting pollen. When not flying, their wings usually lay flat and unfolded atop their abdomen. Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 5 Honey bee Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) Bumble bees range in size from less than 1/2 inch to an inch and are very fuzzy in appearance. There are many different bumble bee species common in the Midwest. Most species have a black and yellow coloration although some species may be other colors as well. All bumble bees have a roundish shape (figures 6 and 21). Laura Jesse, Iowa State University Fig. 6 Typical bumble bee Biology Food preferences Yellowjackets and paper wasps capture a variety of insects, spiders, and other arthropods which they feed to their young (figure 7). They are beneficial because their food includes caterpillars, flies, crickets, and other pests. Adults feed primarily on sources of sugar, such as the juices of ripening and overripe fruits and honeydew (a sugary substance secreted by certain insects, like aphids). Paper wasps also feed on the nectar of flowers, yellowjackets infrequently do this. During late summer and fall, some species of yellowjackets become aggressive scavengers around human food and can be common outdoors where food or drinks are available. Honey bees and bumble bees feed only on nectar (carbohydrates) and pollen (protein) from flowers (figure 8). Honey bees can sometimes be found visiting bird baths, puddles, and similar sources for water. Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 7. Paper wasp with caterpillar prey Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 8 Honey bee feeding on nectar of squash flower Nesting sites Yellowjackets and baldfaced hornets make nests from a papery pulp comprised of chewed-up wood fibers mixed with saliva. Their nests consist of a series of rounded combs stacked in tiers. These combs are covered by an envelope consisting of several layers of pulp (figures 9 and 10). Yellowjackets commonly build nests below ground in old rodent burrows or similar cavities (figures 11 and 12). They can also locate their nests in other cavities, such as hollow logs and landscape timbers as well as in buildings in attics and wall voids (figures 13 and 14). Other yellowjackets, including baldfaced hornets, build aerial nests out in the open in places such as trees and under eaves of buildings (figures 9, 10 and 15). Yellowjacket and baldfaced hornet nests can number from several hundred to several thousand insects at their peak. Nests are used for just one season and not reoccupied the following season. Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 9 Typical yellowjacket nest Patrick Liesch, University of Wisconsin Fig. 10 Early construction of baldfaced hornet nest Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 11 Ground nesting yellowjackets Arthur Antonelli, Washington State University Fig. 12 Cutaway view of subterranean yellowjacket nest Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 13 Opening in a house leading to hidden yellowjacket nest University of Wisconsin Fig. 14 Possible hidden yellowjacket nesting sites in a home Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 15 Typical aerial (exposed) nest Nesting sites Paper wasps also build their nests with a papery pulp. They construct only one comb of cells without any protective envelope (figure 16, 17, and 18). These insects are sometimes known as umbrella wasps because of the shape of their nest. Paper wasps typically build nests under any horizontal surface and are commonly found on limbs, overhangs, building eaves, beams and supports in attics, garages, barns, sheds, and similar places. Paper wasp nests are generally small, often with under a dozen individuals, with a maximum numbers of about 100 wasps. Like yellowjackets, paper wasps do not reuse nests the following year. European paper wasps differ from other paper wasps in that they will also build their nests on vertical surfaces and in cavities; they can also reuse old nests (figures 17 and 18). Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 16 Paper wasp nest Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 17 Typical European paper wasp nest Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 18 European paper wasps can also nest in cavities Honey bees make a series of vertical honey combs made of wax. Their colonies mostly occupy manufactured hives but they do occasionally nest in cavities in large trees, voids in building walls, or other protected areas (figures 19 and 20). Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 19 Closeup of honey bee combs Mike White, Iowa State University Fig. 20 Exposed honey bee combs in a tree Bumble bee colonies are often located underground in deserted rodent nests or other cavities, in compost piles, and underneath objects on the ground. Some species will nest higher up in trees or wall cavities as well as in bird houses and bird nests (figure 21). Like honey bees, bumble bees construct cells made of wax. Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 21 Bumble bees nesting in birdhouse Life cycle All wasps and bees have a complete life cycle with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. We usually only get to see the adults as the eggs and larvae are in the nests. The larvae of bees and wasps are white and typically look like grubs. Yellowjacket and paper wasp colonies survive only one year, referred to as an annual colony. Queens are the only members of the colony that survive the winter. Newly produced and mated queens leave their old nests and search for protected sites in which to overwinter, such as under loose tree bark, old rotten stumps, or within buildings, such as under siding. In April or May, each queen becomes active with warmer weather and selects a suitable location and starts to construct her nest. Each nest is built from scratch each year while the previous year's nests are not reused (except for European paper wasp nests). Queens start laying eggs and begin raising workers (sterile daughter offspring) as soon as possible. Once workers are produced, they take over the duties of enlarging and maintaining the nest, foraging for food and caring for the young while the queen functions only to produce more eggs. The queen lays a single egg in each hexagonal nest cell. Once the egg hatches the adults feed the larva pre-chewed insects. Prior to pupation the larvae spin a white silken cap over the cell. A single paper wasp queen may start a nest or several queens may do so. When a small group of females establish a nest, eventually one becomes dominant and becomes responsible for laying eggs. The others assume duties for the upkeep of the nest and are joined later by newly produced workers. If the founding queen is killed, another queen will take over laying eggs. By late summer, new queens and males are produced. Shortly afterwards, the colonies start declining as the queens stop laying eggs. Eventually new queens are produced. After mating, they fly off to search for places to spend the winter. The nest remains active until freezing temperatures (usually in the mid to upper 20°'s F) arrive killing the old queen and the workers. In the upper Midwest, even yellowjacket and paper wasp nests inside a building do not survive the winter. If they don't die from the cold, they will starve. When new queens take refuge in buildings for the winter, they remain in their overwintering sites until the weather becomes warm enough for them to become active. This typically occurs in late winter or early spring. Because they are trapped indoors, this gives the impression that a nest is active within the building. Fortunately, this is not the case. While yellowjacket queens typically overwinter singly in a building, paper wasp queens are gregarious, i.e. often there are at least several queens present. However, this just means that this is where they have overwintered and not a site of an active nest. The only necessary control is to physically remove or crush them. You can also capture them and release them outdoors. Bumble bees also have annual nests, i.e. they only survive one year. In the spring, each new bumble bee queen selects a nest site and starts a new colony. She may line the cavity with dry grass or moss (depending on the species) and then collects pollen and nectar to produce a stored food called "bee bread." Her first brood of offspring, (5 to 20), will all be workers (daughters) who take over the colony responsibilities of nest enlargement, food gathering and storage, and feeding and caring for the larvae. The queen continues to lay eggs throughout the summer. By late summer, new reproductive males and females (drones and queens) are produced. They mate on the wing and the fertilized females move to hibernation sites underground or possibly in the shelter of loose bark to lie dormant through the winter. The males and workers still in the colony die with the first hard freeze. Honey bees have a complicated caste system with a queen and workers tending to perform different tasks within the hive depending on their age, such as cleaning, feeding young, making combs, and foraging for nectar. Similar to wasps, the queen lays a single egg in a comb. The egg hatches into a larva that is fed rich glandular secretions from the young bees' heads called brood food. When the larva is ready to pupate, a worker seals the cell for it. Once the adult worker emerges from the pupae she joins the hive workforce. Honey bees are perennial insects with colonies that survive more than one year. Honey bee workers and queens survive the winter by forming a cluster when hive temperatures approach 57° F. As the temperature drops, the cluster of bees becomes more compact. Bees inside this mass consume honey and generate heat so that those in the cluster do not freeze. As long as sufficient honey stores are available in the nest, a strong colony can withstand temperatures down to -30° F. or lower for extended periods. When a colony gets too crowded it essentially reproduces itself by swarming. A colony produces a new queen and the old queen takes off with many of her workers. Swarming is an advantage to the bees but is a distinct disadvantage for beekeepers. Consequently, beekeepers manage hives to reduce the incidence of swarming to the largest extent possible. Swarming usually occurs in late spring and early summer and begins in the warmer hours of the day. Honey bee swarms may contain several hundred to several thousand worker bees, a few drones and one queen. Swarming bees fly around briefly and then cluster on a tree limb, shrub or other object (figure 22). Clusters usually remain stationary for an hour to a few days, depending on weather and the time needed to find a new nest site by scouting bees. When a suitable location is found for a new colony, such as a hollow tree, the cluster breaks up and flies to it. Laura Jesse, Iowa State University Fig. 22 Honey bee swarm Honey bee swarms are not dangerous under most circumstances. Swarming honey bees do not have a nest to defend and bees away from the vicinity of their nest (offspring and food stores) are less defensive and are unlikely to sting unless provoked. In most situations when a honey bee swarm is found hanging in a tree, shrub or house you do not need to do anything. Swarms are temporary and the bees will move on if you patiently ignore them. Stay back and keep others away from the swarm, but feel free to admire and appreciate the bees from a safe distance. Only if a serious health threat is present because of the location of the swarm, such as in a highly traveled public area, should you need to do anything with a cluster. An experienced beekeeper may be willing to gather a swarm and relocate it for you. To find a beekeeper that is willing to remove a honey bee colony or swarm in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, visit this bee removal website. If the honey bees are in Minnesota, another option is to look for a beekeeper on the Minnesota Hobby Beekeepers Association website . Wasp and bee stings Social wasps and bees sting to defend their colony. Some yellowjacket species can also become aggressive during late summer and fall and may sting unprovoked. Stinging involves the injection of a protein venom that causes pain and other reactions. Yellowjackets, paper wasps and bumblebees can sting more than once because they are able to pull out their stinger without injury to themselves. If you are stung by one of these insects, the stinger is not left in your skin. Honey bees have tiny barbs on their stinger that remain hooked in the skin. The stinger, which is connected to the digestive system of the bee, is torn out of the abdomen as the bee attempts to fly away. As a result, the bee soon dies. If you are stung by a honey bee, scratch out the stinger (with its attached venom gland) with your fingernail as soon as possible. Do not try to pull out the stinger between two fingers. Doing so only forces more venom into your skin, causing greater irritation. Most people have only local reactions to wasp and bee stings, although a few may experience more serious allergic reactions. Local, nonallergic reactions range from burning, itching, redness, and tenderness to massive swelling and itching that may last up to a week. These local reactions can be treated with ice or commercial topical ointment to relieve the itching. An allergic reaction may include hives or rash, swelling away from the sting site, headache, minor respiratory symptoms, and stomach upset. These allergic reactions are not life-threatening and can be readily treated with an antihistamine. However if this occurs, seek medical attention. (Very) rarely/occasionally, a person may suffer a life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction to a bee or wasp sting, which can cause anaphylactic shock (fainting, difficulty breathing, swelling, and blockage in the throat) within minutes of being stung. These systemic symptoms are cause for immediate medical attention. People with known systemic allergic reactions to bee or wasp stings should consult with their physician to obtain an Epi-Pen™ or Ana-Guard Sting Kit™ to carry with them at all times. The venoms of bees and wasps are different, so having a severe reaction to a bee sting does not automatically mean a person will have the same reaction to a yellowjacket or paper wasp sting. Nests on your property Yellowjackets and paper wasp nests If a nest is located in an out of the way location and is unlikely to be disturbed, it is best left alone and ignored. If, however, a nest is located in a "high traffic" area such as along walks or near doorways, control is justified to reduce the threat of being stung. Yellowjackets and paper wasps are very protective of their colonies and will defend them if they feel threatened. If a yellowjacket or paper wasp nest is present and you want to control it, keep a few things in mind. First, treat the nest during late evening or early morning when the yellowjackets are less active; this will help minimize the chance of stings. When treating the nest, wear protective clothing, i.e. a long-sleeved shirt and trousers; tie sleeves and pants legs shut or pull your socks out over your pant cuffs. If after a day there is still activity, i.e. yellowjackets or paper wasps are still flying back and forth, then repeat the treatment. If you are uncomfortable treating a yellowjacket nest, it is always an option to hire a pest management professional to deal with it; they have the experience and the appropriate tools to expertly eliminate nests. Do not attempt to manage a nest yourself if you are allergic to stings. Exposed nests If you can see the nest, e.g. it is attached to the eaves; you can treat it using an aerosol spray labeled for "wasps and hornets" or something similar. These typically contain active ingredients such as tetramethrin or prallethrin. For yellowjackets, spray it directly into opening of the nest (where the yellowjackets fly back and forth). For paper wasps, spray them so all of the combs receive some insecticide. It is also possible to kill paper wasps with a soap and water mixture. Yellowjacket ground nests Nests in the ground can be controlled by placing an insecticide dust, typically containing permethrin, in and around the nest entrance during the night. The dust particles will adhere to the insects as they leave and reenter the nest and control will usually be achieved within a few days. Pouring a liquid insecticide into the nest entrance is less likely to be effective as the liquid may not reach the nest depending on where it is located within the burrow. Concealed yellowjacket nests Yellowjacket nests that are found inside homes in wall voids, attics, concrete blocks, or similar spaces are much more challenging to control. The most effective treatment is with an application of a dust, e.g. containing deltamethrin. Unfortunately, there are not many products like this available to the general public that are registered for use in buildings. An aerosol insecticide is not very effective. In fact, an aerosol spray can sometimes cause yellowjackets to look for another way out, which often leads them to the inside of homes. Also, don't seal the nest opening until you know all of the yellowjackets are dead as this can also cause yellowjackets to move into your house. It is usually best for a pest management professional to control hidden nests in buildings. Honey bee nests Honey bee colonies are infrequently found in buildings in wall or attic voids. While yellowjacket colonies are annual and do not survive winters, honey bee nests may last for many years. If a honey bee nest is suspected, capturing a specimen or taking a good picture and getting it identified is an important step to verify what insect is actually present. If the specimens are confirmed to be honey bees, first consider contacting a beekeeper for help with removal of the colony. An experienced beekeeper may be willing to gather a swarm and relocate it for you. To find a beekeeper that is willing to remove a honey bee colony or swarm in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, visit this bee removal website. If the honey bees are in Minnesota, another option is to look for a beekeeper on the Minnesota Hobby Beekeepers Association website . If it is not possible to salvage a honey bee colony, then it may be necessary to treat it with an insecticide. If possible, wait to treat it until early spring, March to April. At that time the colony may be either dead, or if alive will have little honey left. This is the best time to treat the honey bees and remove the nest. Even if honey combs cannot be removed chances are there will be very little, to no, honey left in combs by April. By late April or early May honey bees start collecting nectar again, so there is a narrow window of time to remove them when there is little to no honey. Any remaining wax should not be a problem as wax moths usually destroy it quickly and then are gone. However, any combs and honey that may still be present can potentially cause a problem from bees from other colonies, scavenging insects and mice. Do not salvage these honey combs or honey if the colony was treated with insecticide. Bumble bee nests If the vicinity of a bumble bee nest can be avoided, leaving them alone and waiting for them to die in the fall is the preferred "management" option. Most species are not aggressive even when you reach directly into the nest or step on it and they are only active until September. Put up a little fence around the nest to help prevent accidents. Live-trapping bumble bees for relocation is not practical and covering the nest entrance does not usually solve the problem. Relocating the entire nest also is not practical as often the colony does not survive. Bumble bee nests in yards, flowers beds, wood piles, walls or other areas where a lot of human activity occurs may create an unacceptable nuisance. If there is a high risk of stings and the area cannot be avoided, it may be necessary to treat the nest. Determine the exact location of the nest entrance from a safe distance during the day, but wait until night to treat if possible. Wear long-sleeved shirt and trousers and tie sleeves and pants legs shut or pull your socks out over your pant cuffs. Use a soapy water solution (about ¼ cup of laundry or dish soap to one gallon of water). Or if using an insecticide, treat the same as when treating ground-nesting yellowjackets. Yellowjackets during late summer and fall Late summer and fall is the time of year when populations of yellowjackets (often mistakenly called "bees") and other social wasps become large and noticeable. The wasps have been present since spring, but because colonies start as a single queen, populations are very small through the early part of the summer. Yellowjacket wasp populations peak during later summer when each nest may have up to approximately 5,000 wasps. Some yellowjacket species become aggressive scavengers and can disrupt outside activities where food or drink are served (figure 23). Control of scavenging yellowjackets is difficult, as there are no insecticides that effectively repel or discourage them. It is possible to spray soapy water on individual yellowjackets to kill them. Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Fig. 23 Yellowjackets can be found around food and beverages during late summer and fall The best strategy is to minimize attracting them. Wait to serve food and drink until people are ready to eat. Promptly put away food when done and throw garbage into a container with a tightly fitting lid. Examine glasses, cans, and other containers before drinking from them to check for yellowjackets that may have flown inside. If a yellowjacket flies into your food, wait for it to fly away or gently brush it away. If only a few yellowjackets are bothering your activity, ignoring them or capturing them with a net and crushing them may be sufficient. Traps may catch many wasps, but not enough are captured to noticeably reduce their activity in the fall. The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the University of Minnesota Extension, Iowa State Extension, or the University of Wisconsin Extension. Mention of a pesticide or use of a pesticide label is for educational purposes only. A pesticide label is a legal document. Always follow the pesticide label directions attached to the pesticide container you are using. Pesticide labels may change frequently. Internet labels may not match the label on the container you are using. The site of use or plant to which the pesticide is to be applied must be listed on the label or the pesticide cannot be used. Remember, the label is the law. Revised 2015
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HGIC 2252 Common Houseplant Insects & Related Pests : Extension : Clemson University : South Carolina CU › Cooperative Extension › HGIC › Insects, Diseases & Other Problems › Insects & Diseases of Plants › Insects & Diseases of Indoor Plants › HGIC 2252 Common Houseplant Insects & Related Pests Common Houseplant Insects & Related Pests Pesticides updated by Joey Williamson, HGIC Horticulture Agent, Clemson University, 10/16. Revised by Joey Williamson, HGIC Horticulture Agent, Clemson University 03/14. Originally prepared by Janet McLeod Scott, HGIC Horticulture Agent, Clemson University. New 12/07. HGIC 2252 Printer Friendly Version (PDF) When a houseplant looks less than healthy, most often it is the result of improper care. Factors such as too much or too little water, light, heat or fertilizer can cause many plant problems. However, in some cases the problem results from a pest infestation. Several insects and other pests feed on houseplants. These pests most often come into the home on newly purchased plants or on those that have been outside for the summer. Prevention The best way to control insects and related pests on houseplants is through prevention, as it is almost always easier to prevent a pest infestation than to eliminate one. There are several precautions that you can take which will decrease the chances of having to deal with a pest infestation of your houseplants. Provide a plant with the growing conditions that it needs so that it is more likely to grow vigorously. Stressed plants tend to be more susceptible to pests. Before buying or bringing a plant indoors, always check it and its container for signs of pests. A plant that has been outside for the summer, especially one sitting on the ground, may have pests that have crawled in through the drainage holes. Take the plant out of the pot to examine the soil. Isolate new plants from plants already in the home for six weeks to ensure that any pest brought in will be less likely to spread. While plants are isolated, carefully examine them for signs of pests or damage on a regular basis of about once a week. Pay particular attention to the undersides of leaves where pests are most often found. Using a 10X magnifying lens will make it easier to see small pests and also immature pest stages. Infestations are often much easier to control if caught early. When repotting a plant, use commercially prepared potting soil rather than soil from outdoors, which can be a source of pests. Washing smooth-leaved plants every two to three weeks discourages pest infestations and also improves the appearance of foliage. Small plants can be inverted and swished in a bucket of tepid (lukewarm) water. To prevent loss of soil, cover it with aluminum foil or plastic wrap. Large plants can be hosed down gently, or upper and lower surfaces of leaves can be wiped with a soft, wet cloth. Large plants can also be rinsed in a tepid shower. Since cut flowers from the garden can be a source of pests, keep them separate from houseplants. Pests of houseplants can enter homes from outdoors, so make sure that screens and doors fit well. Non-Chemical Control The first step in control is to isolate any plant suspected of being infested with a pest. Keep the plant separate from other houseplants until the pest is completely controlled. This process may take several weeks or more. Before looking for a chemical solution to a pest problem on houseplants, there are several effective control alternatives that should be considered. However, do not expect the problem to be solved with one application. Some of these alternatives require persistence on the part of the indoor gardener, but they can give good control. If only an isolated portion of the plant is infested, as occurs with leafminers, remove and destroy the infested parts. If the roots are infested, take a cutting and start a new plant. Be sure to start with a clean pot and sterile potting soil. Early infestations can often be removed by handpicking. Use a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol to wipe off insects such as aphids and mealybugs. Scale insects may need to be scraped off with a fingernail. Spraying a sturdy plant with water will remove many pests. Be sure to spray all plant surfaces. Repeated water sprays help control spider mites. Spraying the plant with an insecticidal soap can often eliminate a pest infestation in its early stages. Insecticidal soaps are contact insecticides and are only effective when they make direct contact with insects. Once the soap solution dries, it has no effect against pests. Insecticidal soaps are most effective against soft bodied insects and related pests, such as aphids, mealybugs, immature scales (crawlers), thrips, whiteflies and spider mites. Since pests may be hidden or in the egg stage, it often takes more than one treatment to eliminate them. See Table 1 for examples of products and additional comments about insecticidal soap sprays. If the plant is severely damaged and is not a valuable one, the best and simplest solution may be to discard the plant and its soil and start with a new plant. Chemical Control If non-chemical control methods have failed, and the plant is valuable, a stronger pesticide may be necessary. Before choosing a pesticide, it is important to identify the pest accurately. In general, a single pesticide will not kill all kinds of pests. Some pesticides are only effective against certain pests or certain life stages of particular pests. In addition, it is important to understand that more than one application of a pesticide is often necessary for control. When possible, alternate the pesticide used from one application to the next as some pests develop resistance quickly. Houseplant insect sprays can be obtained at garden centers and farm supply stores. Only a few pesticides are labeled for use indoors on houseplants. Before using a pesticide indoors, be sure that the label specifies that use. You may want to treat your plant outdoors and then bring it inside after the pesticide has dried completely. If you take plants outdoors to treat, make sure that weather conditions are mild. Spraying insecticides outdoors prevents over-spray from contacting furniture, drapes or carpet. Typically, a pesticide label will include both a list of plants for which the pesticide is recommended as well as a list of plants that are known to be sensitive to the pesticide. Symptoms of pesticide injury on plants include distortion of leaves and buds, yellowing of leaves, spotting of leaves or flowers, and burn along the leaf edges as well as total burn. When damage occurs, it often becomes visible within 5 to 10 days, sometimes sooner. In general, the damage does not kill the plant. As always, before purchasing and using any pesticide, be sure to read all label directions and precautions, and then follow them carefully. Major Pests Aphids: Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects about 1/16- to ⅛-inch long. They are usually green but may be pink, brown, black or yellow. Some aphids have a woolly or powdery appearance because of a waxy coat. Adults may or may not have wings. Aphid adults (winged adult in center) and immatures. Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, www.insectimages.org Aphids are usually found feeding on new growth or the undersides of leaves. Some feed on roots. They suck plant sap, resulting in yellowing and misshapen leaves. In addition, growth may be stunted, and new buds deformed. As aphids feed, they excrete a sugary material, called honeydew, which makes leaves shiny and sticky. Sooty mold fungi may grow on the honeydew, producing unsightly dark splotches on the plant’s surfaces. Control: With minor infestations, handpicking, spraying with water or wiping the insects with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol may be practical. Insecticidal soap spray may also be used. In most cases the treatment will have to be repeated multiple times. For houseplants that are taken outdoors, spray with insecticidal soap, neem oil extract, pyrethrins, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin, or permethrin to control aphids. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. Imidacloprid plant spikes put into the soil will also control aphids. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Mealybugs: Mealybugs are small, pale insects, related to scales. They are about ⅛ to ¼ inch long and move very sluggishly. The adult females cover themselves and their eggs with a white, waxy material, making them look cottony. Some have waxy filaments that extend beyond their bodies. Mealybug nymph. US National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs Archive, USDA ARS, www.insectimages.org Nymphs (immature forms) hatch from the eggs. Once they begin to feed, the waxy coating starts to form. Nymphs look like adults only smaller. The wax on mealybugs helps repel pesticides and makes them somewhat difficult to control. Mealybugs are most commonly found on the lower surfaces of leaves and in leaf axils (where the leaf attaches to the stem). One species feeds on the roots. They suck plant sap, causing stunted and distorted growth and sometimes plant death. Like aphids, mealybugs excrete honeydew, providing the opportunity for growth of sooty mold fungi. Control: Light infestations can be controlled by removing individual mealybugs by hand or by wiping each insect with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol. An insecticidal soap spray may also be used. With a heavy infestation, it may be necessary to discard the plant. For houseplants that are outdoors, spray with neem oil extract, pyrethrins, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin or permethrin to control mealybugs. Imidacloprid plant spikes put into the soil will also control mealybugs. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Spider Mites: Mites are not insects but are more closely related to spiders. Since they are extremely small, plant damage is typically the first sign of their presence. A silky web is often seen with heavier infestations. Spider mites with webbing. David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org Both spider mite adults and their immature forms damage plants by sucking plant sap. Damage includes light-colored speckling on the upper surface of leaves, and results in a plant with an overall faded look. If the mites are left unchecked, leaves become bronzed or yellowed, and the plant dies. Spider mites are usually more of a problem on house plants that remain indoors year round. Control: Spray sturdy plants forcefully with water, including the undersides of leaves, to dislodge mites and break up their webs. Plants also can be sprayed with an insecticidal soap. For houseplants that are outdoors, spray with insecticidal soap, neem oil extract or an insecticide containing sulfur. It is often necessary to spray once a week for several weeks to control mites. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Plants placed outdoors during summer may have a reduced problem with spider mites. Be sure to place all houseplants initially in mostly shade, as even plants that grow well in more sun might be burned until they have adapted to the higher light levels. Two-spotted spider mite adult. David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org Fungus Gnats: Adult fungus gnats are delicate in appearance and about 1/8-inch long. Often they can be seen running across or flying near the soil surface under a houseplant. They are weak flyers and are attracted to light. The adults do not feed on houseplants but can be a nuisance to people. In severe infestations they are often seen in large numbers on nearby windows. Fungus gnat adult. Johnny N. Dell, Retired, www.insectimages.org The whitish larvae (immature forms) of fungus gnats have shiny black heads and can grow as large as ¼-inch. The larvae generally feed on decaying organic material or fungi growing in the soil. The larvae of some species will also feed on roots. This feeding is especially damaging to very young plants. With older, established plants, the initial sign of an infestation is that the plant loses its normal healthy appearance. A heavily infested plant may lose leaves as a result of the feeding of larvae on its roots. Indoors, fungus gnats are most often a problem when potting soil that is rich in organic matter, such as peat moss, is used to grow plants. It is especially a problem when overwatering occurs. Control: For plants that can tolerate it (i.e. most houseplants, especially during winter), allow soil to dry between watering. Dry conditions will kill the larvae. Do not allow water to stand in the saucer beneath houseplant containers, and invert saucers beneath plants outside, so as to not collect rainwater. Products that contain strains of the biological control agent Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis can be applied to the soil of houseplants and watered into the soil for control. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. Follow label directions for safe use. Root Ball Pests: Houseplants taken outdoors during the summer may have their root balls infested with pillbugs, millipedes and slugs. These houseplant pests may cause minor feeding damage to root systems. They are generally found along the exterior of the root ball in small cavities carved from the potting mix. Ants may also make nests within the potting soil of houseplants while outside. Pill bug (Armadillidium vulgare). Joseph Berger, USDA, ARS, Bugwood.org Control: The plant container can be gently removed to inspect for pillbugs, millipedes and slugs, which simply can be scraped away. Ant colonies in the container may be killed by soil drenches of products containing cyfluthrin or permethrin. Mix insecticide at the same rate as for spraying, and pour solution through soil in container. Allow pots to thoroughly drain and dry before bringing indoors. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Scales: Several species of scales are pests on houseplants. Scale insects can be divided into two groups: armored scales and soft scales. An armored scale secretes a waxy covering that is not an integral part of its body. The covering can be scraped off to Example of an armored scale adult. US National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs Archive, USDA ARS, Bugwood.org locate the insect living beneath it. In contrast, the waxy covering that a soft scale secretes is an integral part of its body. Scales are unusual insects in appearance. Adults are small and immobile with no visible legs. Scales vary in appearance depending on age, sex and species. Some are flat and appear like fish scales stuck to a plant. Others look like waxy, colored masses. They range in size from 1/16 to ½-inch in diameter. They are usually found on stems and the undersides of leaves, but may be found on upper surfaces as well. Scales feed by sucking plant sap. Their immature forms, called crawlers, are mobile and also feed by sucking plant sap. Like mealybugs, the soft scale insects excrete honeydew (which results in black sooty mold problems on foliage and stems). Armored scales do not excrete honeydew. Example of a soft scale. US National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs Archive, USDA ARS, Bugwood.org Control: Early infestations of scales can be removed by scraping with a fingernail. Adult scales are relatively protected from insecticides by their waxy covering. However, for houseplants outdoors, sprays with products containing neem oil extract or canola oil help control adult scale insects by smothering. Their crawlers are susceptible to many insecticides, such as insecticidal soap, neem oil extract, canola oil, pyrethrins, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin or permethrin. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Whiteflies: Whiteflies are not true flies, but are more closely related to scales, mealybugs and aphids. They are very small about 1/10 to 1/16 -inch long. They have a powdery white appearance and resemble tiny moths. When at rest, the wings are held at an angle, roof-like over the body. The immature stage is scale-like and does not move. Both the adults and their immature forms feed by sucking plant sap. The damage that they cause is similar to that caused by aphids. The infested plant may be stunted. Leaves turn yellow and die. Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honeydew, which makes leaves shiny and sticky and encourages the growth of sooty mold fungi. When plants that are infested with whiteflies are disturbed, the whiteflies flutter around for a while before settling again. Control: Wash the plant. Spray the plant thoroughly with insecticidal soap, especially the lower leaf surfaces. Imidacloprid plant spikes put into the soil will also control whiteflies. For houseplants that are taken outdoors, spray with insecticidal soap, neem oil extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin or permethrin to control whiteflies. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Sweetpotato whitefly. Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden Archive, British Crown, www.insectimages.org Less Common Pests Thrips: Thrips are tiny, slender, yellowish to blackish insects with fringed wings. They are typically found on leaves and between flower petals. At less than 1/16 inch in length, the adults are very difficult to see without a magnifying lens. Blowing lightly into blooms and leaves causes thrips to move around quickly, making them easier to see. Both adults and nymphs (immature stage) feed by scraping surface cells to suck plant sap. Leaves fed on by thrips will often take on a silvery or speckled appearance similar to damage caused by mites. Leaves may drop early. When thrips feed on flower buds, the flower may die without opening. Flowers may be streaked or distorted as a result of feeding. Control: Rinse leaves with water. Spray plants with an insecticidal soap. For houseplants that are outdoors, spray foliage with spinosad, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin or permethrin to control thrips. For plants with flower buds infested with thrips, the insecticide must have systemic activity, such as spinosad, acetamiprid or imidacloprid, in order to control the hidden thrips. Thrips. Andrew Derksen, University of Florida, Bugwood.org Imidacloprid plant spikes put into the soil are also effective. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Springtails: Springtails are tiny insects about 1/5- inch long that inhabit the soil. They vary in color but are usually white or black. They are wingless, but can jump. Their presence is usually a sign of overwatering. While springtails normally feed on decaying organic matter, they will chew on seedlings or tender plant parts. Damage is usually minimal. In large numbers, they can be a nuisance. Springtail. Susan Ellis, www.insectimages.org Control: For plants that can tolerate it (most plants), let the soil dry between watering. Leafminers: Leafminers are the larvae (immature worm-like stage) of a large number of different insects. The larvae feed between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Leafminer damage appears as a winding, discolored trail or an irregular blotch within the leaf. Although damage from these pests is unsightly, it is rarely serious. Control: Remove and destroy any leaves showing leafminer damage. For houseplants that are outdoors, insecticidal sprays that have foliar systemic activity (the ability to move into the leaves), such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, or spinosad will control leafminers. Imidacloprid plant spikes put into the soil are also effective. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Leafminer damage. John A. Weidhass, Virginia Tech, www.insectimages.org Beetles: Various kinds of beetles and their larvae feed on houseplants. They may enter the home when houseplants are brought inside at the end of summer, or they may enter through some opening. They have chewing mouthparts. Control: Remove and destroy the beetles. If houseplants are outside and beetles return and feed on foliage, spray with neem oil extract, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin or permethrin to control them for one to two weeks. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. Caterpillars: Caterpillars are the larvae of butterflies and moths. They range in size from about ⅛ inch to 2 or more inches long. Their color varies according to species with gray, brown, and green being common, as are mottled and striped colors. They may be smooth or have spines, hairs or bumps along their bodies. Butterflies and moths lay their eggs on the undersides of leaves of plants that have been outdoors. Stray moths that have gotten into the home can also lay eggs on houseplants. When the eggs hatch, the caterpillars can be quite small, but grow with each molt (process of shedding the skin). Caterpillars have chewing mouthparts. Some feed openly on leaves, buds and flowers and can eat large portions of the plant in a relatively short period of time. Others bore into stems to feed. A good indication that caterpillars are causing the damage is the presence of frass (fecal pellets) on leaves and under the plant. Control: Remove and destroy caterpillars and eggs. If the houseplants are outside and additional caterpillar feeding occurs, spray with neem oil extract, spinosad, cyfluthrin or permethrin to control them for one to two weeks. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products. See footnote on Table 1 about spraying houseplants outdoors. Follow label directions for safe use. General Caution for Outdoor Spraying Pollinating insects, such as honey bees and bumblebees, can be adversely affected by the use of pesticides. Avoid the use of spray pesticides (both insecticides and fungicides), as well as soil-applied, systemic insecticides unless absolutely necessary. If spraying is required, always spray late in the evening to reduce the direct impact on pollinating insects. Always try less toxic alternative sprays first for the control of insect pests and diseases. For example, sprays with insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, neem oil extract, spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), or botanical oils can help control many small insect pests and mites that affect garden and landscape plants. Neem oil extract or botanical oil sprays may also reduce plant damage by repelling many insect pests. Practice cultural techniques to prevent or reduce the incidence of plant diseases, including pre-plant soil improvement, proper plant spacing, crop rotation, applying mulch, applying lime and fertilizer based on soil test results, and avoiding over-head irrigation and frequent watering of established plants. Additionally, there are less toxic spray fungicides that contain sulfur or copper soap, and biological control sprays for plant diseases that contain Bacillus subtilis. However, it is very important to always read and follow the label directions on each product. For more information, contact the Clemson Extension Home & Garden Information Center. Table 1. Pesticides to Control Insects & Spider Mites on Houseplants. Insecticide/Miticide Active Ingredient
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What is the basic currency in Russia?
Russia Fast Facts - Population, Flag, Visa, Religion www.kremlin.ru CC-BY-3.0 Country name The official name for Russia is either Russian Federation or Russia. Both names are equal according to the Russian Constitution. In Russian script, they are spelled as Российская Федерация and Россия accordingly. Capital city The capital of Russia is Moscow, or Москва in Russian script. Moscow is the largest city in Russia. Travel requirements All foreigners visiting Russia need a valid passport and a visa. Citizens of some former Soviet republics don't need a Russian visa. The actual visa is issued in a Russian embassy or consulate in the country where you currently reside. Depending on the purpose of your visit, there are several types of Russian visa including Tourist visa, Business visa, Student visa, Personal (Private) visa, and Transit visa. Location Russia is located in the Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The territory of Russia lies between latitudes 41 degrees north and 82 degrees north, and longitudes 19 degrees east and 169 degrees west. Area Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of territory. Its total area is 17,075,400 square kilometres or 6,601,668 square miles. Population According to the 2010 Census, the population of Russia is 142,905,200. The population has been declining since it peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991. Life expectancy Life expectancy in Russia is 59 years for men and 73 years for women. Monetary unit The currency of Russia is called the ruble or rouble. One ruble is divided into 100 kopecks. 1 U.S. dollar equals approximately 30 rubles. Check the latest currency exchange rates here . Religion Russia is a multi-ethnic and multi-faith nation. Orthodox Christianity is Russia's largest religion with 75% of the population belonging to the Orthodox Christian denomination. Islam is professed by 5% of the population. Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and Buddhism are professed by 1% of the population each. Other religious denominations represent 1% of the population, while 8% consider themselves atheists. Note: data is based on 2010 VCIOM survey results . Flag The Russian tricolour flag consists of three horizontal bands of equal height, displaying the country's national colours: white, blue, and red. The white band is positioned on the top, the blue in the middle, and the red on the bottom. Official language The official language of Russia is Russian. It is the only official language throughout the country. Major cities The largest Russian cities with the population greater than 1 million are Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kazan, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa and Volgograd. Climate Continental climate is prevalent in European and Asian Russia. The climate is humid continental (summers are warm to hot and winters are cold) in the most populous areas in European Russia, south of West Siberia and in the south of the Russian Far East. The climate is subarctic (very cold winters and short, cool to mild summers) in Northern European Russia and Siberia. Winters are extremely severe in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia. Humid subtropical climate (hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters) is typical for the Black Sea coast, most notably Sochi. Government Russia is a federation and semi-presidential republic. The President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. Voltage Russia has 220 volt electricity and a "Type C" European CEE 7/16 Europlug electric plug. You might need to get a universal adapter and converter kit to use U.S. appliances in Russia. Internet domain Russian Internet is known as Runet in Russia. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) reserved for Russia is .ru, however the domains .su, .rf and the internationalized domain .рф are also used. Try to visit the sites путин.рф and kremlin.ru as a demo. International dialing code Dial +7 when making a phone call to Russia. Make sure to dial the city code and the local telephone number. A sample phone number in the city of Khabarovsk will look like this: +7 4212 555145. You might need to dial the international access code in the very begining depending on the country of origin. When calling from the USA, start by dialing 011. Got questions? Ask them in the Russian Questions and Answers — a place for students, teachers and native Russian speakers to discuss Russian grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and other aspects of the Russian language.
Ruble
Who founded the Habitat group of stores?
How Do You Determine a Currency's Value? by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. (Jun. 29, 2005) How Do You Determine A Currency's Value? In the concluding panel of EIR's seminar in Berlin on June 29, Lyndon LaRouche responded to a lengthy question from Prof. Stanislav Menshikov of Russia, asking how nations would come to a determination of the values of their currencies and relative exchange rates. The exchange here has been edited for publication. See also LaRouche's keynote address . LaRouche: I just want to focus on one particular point, which is crucial, which is one which has to be—the least likely to be understood, and the most important to be understood: On setting the rates of relative values of currencies in an emergency, new monetary agreement. Now, the problem here, is a problem of method. It's a problem, the distinction between the Aristotelean method of astronomy, that of Claudius Ptolemy, which is fraudulent, and the method of Kepler. Now, this is a very ancient issue. It's the same issue which is raised by Leibniz. In the Ptolemaic model, it's the mind of the accountant. And the first thing you have to do, in dealing with economics, is get rid of the accountants. It's like getting rid of Claudius Ptolemy on the way to understand astronomy. The value of a currency is not its statistical average value today, based on exchanges. The value of a currency is its power. Now the power of a currency is expressed, how? It's expressed by the rate of growth of the economy. If you invest, you're talking about investing in a currency. Now, there is such a thing as an interest rate. But the question is, what is the real earned interest rate? What is the real earned rate of gain, of a currency? And that determines its relative value. Now, you're dealing with, today, if you take the statistics of today of any part of the world economy, and you try to negotiate on the basis of that, you are worse than Claudius Ptolemy, who committed a deliberate fraud. It wasn't just a mistake or backwardness. The guy was a hoaxster. He was a Roman. And all Romans lie. So, you don't start from there. A Currency's Power Must Be a Political Decision The power: Now, how do we determine the power of a currency? That has got to be a political decision among the relevant governments. You don't take an average—"Well, we'll take an average of this currency; we'll take an average of this currency"—this is absolute idiocy, which everybody will perform! The question is, then, how do you do that? Well, you say, "What is the rate of growth?" Now, in the United States, for me, it's very easy. People say the United States is a hopeless case.... Not true.... The point is this, we can determine—we will determine the value of the dollar. And I estimate the value of the dollar, on the basis of what we can do with it.... See, the key problem, now, is credit formation. The United States, in particular, has not invested enough money, in terms of credit, or created enough credit power, to build up the infrastructure of the United States. If I, as President, with the support of the Congress, generate an authorized issue of credit under the U.S. Constitution, and I commit that credit to a project of development of basic economic infrastructure, and on existing designs of projects which are ready to go—water projects, power projects, mass-transportation projects, health-care and facility projects, that sort of thing—we can automatically increase the net rate of output of the U.S. economy, this year, above breakeven. And it's now been operating below breakeven for the entirety of the Bush Administration, and even earlier. Even nominally, since 1999-2000, the United States has been operating as a bankrupt entity. And it's not bankrupt, because it's a nation, and a nation has the power to make the decision to become un-bankrupt. Simply by a decision. Now, if we make that decision, suddenly the U.S. dollar which is now in poor condition—if you increase the amount of credit issued at low interest rates, under a fixed exchange rate, for these projects which are needed, you immediately take a bankrupt economy, and suddenly, as Roosevelt did, especially as he did from 1940 on—you suddenly have the most powerful economy in the world. So, what's the value of the dollar? The value of the dollar is the effect—determined by the effect of the decisions which are—that is, the performable decisions—which are made by governments. Now, in a monetary conference, you don't say, "Let's bring the accountants in." No, I say, "Keep the accountants out. Because they will simply cloud the discussion with nonsense, and you won't get the discussion you want, because you'll be discussing nonsense forever. And debating it." Keep the accountants out, and get the economists in who understand this stuff. And say, "All right, now, here's what the U.S. dollar's going to do. By agreement, by commitment. A sovereign agreement: We are going to grow. We are going to show you how we grew to be the most powerful economy, the world had ever seen in 1945. What're you going to do? What's your rate of growth? What are your technological commitments? What's your infrastructure development?" Increase the Amount of Credit Issued Well, in Italy, I can go to Claudio Celani, and I can ask him. He's got a list of things that have to be done in Italy. He'll represent Italy. Because we have all these projects: The Mezzogiorno project. We have all the things that go with that, which are urgently needed by Italy! You're going to create credit? You're going to do that—fine. Now, your lira just increased in value. Germany: Germany's an easy one. You set up an operation based on the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau. You can revive the Mittelstand. Go into long-term projects of the type that Germany, and Russia, and China, and India are already developing. But they're now a joke, relative to what the need is. I mean, when I look at these figures relative to the size of these populations and countries, what is being talked about, about growth is important, but it's a joke, compared to what is required. Now therefore, we go to these countries, and say, "What is your policy? Where's your power? What is your rate of physical growth that you decided to have? And is it feasible? Do you have the project designs, do you have the conceptions that will produce the benefits?" If we come up with such a list among countries, we then say: Okay. These are the relative values. Are we all committed to them? Yes. Okay, we'll set up a thing. We can even set a two-tier currency system: In some cases you'll set a long-term investment currency system, which will be the official exchange rate of the currencies on a regulated international market. Now, take the case like the Russian ruble, which is a piece of trash in many respects. But Russia is a valuable nation, which, under certain programs, will immediately come back, so you want long-term investment. You create a protected area of the official Russian currency. You agree to defend that currency, which is based on a lot of investment in basic economic infrastructure. For example: We all need Russia's—that little institution, the Vernadsky Museum on Red Square, or what used to be called Red Square, in Moscow.... This is based on people who are in their 70s and 80s in age. This is the hard core of Russia's scientific capability. This is the Vernadsky capability, which is the potential science-driver of the world today. So, if you decide you're going to—and this is also the hard core of what the Russia-China-India complex is: Because infrastructure is the key! Infrastructure and development of natural resources, is the key for Eurasia. And therefore, when you create an agreed investment currency, a long-term investment currency, which you would protect, then you would try to get the other currency to come up into agreement with the long-term currency. The long-term, heavy currency would be the currency of account, for relations among states, at initiation. Then, you would work to bring up the performance of the currency of the state, the current internal currency, up to agreement with the long-term, agreed value of the official national currency. Infrastructure Is the Key Now, you define currencies by a tendency toward equality of power of reproduction. In other words, a Leibniz concept; a dynamic concept; a Vernadskian concept, in the sense that you no longer use the Cartesian method of accounting. If you find a Cartesian, you put them in one of these enlarged mental institutions, which you provide for them.... You need to get away from this conception, this sterile, eunuch's conception of an economy. Eunuchs do not—most accountants are intellectual eunuchs—don't take into account the affects of reproduction.... The power of a species is its power of reproduction. The power of an economy, the power of a currency, is a power of reproduction, the rate of improvement. Menshikov: Can I interrupt you for just a moment? Will you yield? You know, yesterday, I was listening to the Chinese interventions. They were talking exactly about what you're saying. They were saying, "Okay, the U.S. wants our currency rate to be changed towards the dollar. But that was the rate of currency that that helped our country develop in the long run—grow, etc." You remember. "That's the rate of the currency, that helped us to preserve economic growth, and political stability." They're already coming close to that kind of idea—I understand that your idea is more sophisticated. LaRouche: No. They're not close to it. They're close to it in intention, but they're not close to it in effect. Menshikov: I see. In intention, they are close. But, whether it's the correct rate, or not, that's a different—because they are tied to the more immediate issue of competitive power, you see. Of selling their goods in the world market, you see. LaRouche: We have to change that immediately, anyway. Menshikov: They want to do that. But then, you come in and say, "Look. You are selling your stuff for prices that are too low. Five times or six times lower than they should be," right? Now, if they start selling them for the price that you suggest, they will never have a surplus in their economy. LaRouche: It's not true. It's not true. Menshikov: According to the current rules—according to the current rules. LaRouche: Ah! Menshikov: Of course it's not true! It would be an absolutely different thing. But—so there has to be absolutely different approach, like something like what you are suggesting now. It's a difficult thing, because, getting those rates, based on those long-term, dynamic features is not an easy thing. But, it can be done. Menshikov: But, they are thinking in that direction. LaRouche: Yes, well see, China to me is easy. China's a very easy problem in this respect. Menshikov: Because they have a government that can do whatever it wants. LaRouche: No, no. It's not that. It's China has a commitment to its people. Menshikov: Yes, that's true. LaRouche: In India, we have the problem with the caste system, which is an obstacle to accepting the responsibility for the poor, by certain leading circles. In China, you have leading circles which are concerned with the future of China, over the coming two generations. Of all of the Chinese people. Therefore, you need a power, which is a power of all of the Chinese people. Which is a problem which China faces now. The China, I do not think—I mean we had the discussion yesterday, the presentation yesterday—China does not want to be merely a vehicle to be exploited, by taking in certain things from other countries, processing it, and then re-exporting it. They want an independent national position in control of their own economy. And they should have it. But the problem is, they are now forced to sell below market value, true market value, on the world economy. The result is, the skim-off by some Chinese billionaires diverts money from internal purposes. But the result of the relationship, the international relationship, is that there's not the inflow into China, which gives them the rate of capital formation, they need to assure reaching goals, which are implicitly set by the Chinese government, for the next 25 years, the next 50 years—a two-generation goal. Look Two Generations Ahead So therefore, in defining a power relationship, you're looking at least a minimum of two-generations ahead in every country. And you're saying, if you have a rate of development of these countries, which you agree to, as an international agreement of cooperation among these countries; and you say, "What's your rate of growth?" On that basis, you can now set a currency value, based on a two-generation calculation. Because, why? Because the way we're going to grow, is by debt. We're going to increase the indebtedness of the world. But we're going to increase it, in a calculable way: Which means, we're going to say, over periods of 25 to 50 years, depending upon what we're talking about. We are going to create a debt, which can be repaid within 25 to 50 years. Therefore, we want to know where we're going to be, as the time for repayment of the debt comes up. We don't want to be in position like the United States was in 1957, after I first made my first forecast on this kind of thing. You don't want to be in a position, where you have credit—in which credit is issued on a longer term than the physical life of the product against which you're issuing credit. Therefore, you can issue credit indefinitely, for the growth of economy, as long as the net rate of growth of the economy exceeds the amount of net growth of debt-obligation. So, rather than looking at it from an accounting standpoint, you're looking at it from a functional standpoint. If we can develop an economy, up to a certain level, over 25 years or 50 years, we can then create credit to allow it to develop itself, accordingly. If it can not grow at that rate, then you can't give it the credit—because that would be insane. Long-Term Cycles Are Critical So therefore, the power of the economy, the relative power of a currency, is its potential rate of growth over the term for which you are calculating. And the basic long-term rates—for example: A nuclear plant is a minimum of 25 years. If you're investing in a nuclear power system, your basic inside estimate is 25 years. It may actually go to 35 years useful life. You have water-management systems, which tend to be a half-century, if they're properly maintained and properly designed. You have other kinds of things, which are long-term investments, largely in infrastructure, or in heavy capital investment. Agricultural crop: a minimum of three years, for a simple crop. For the development of a land area, to be able to crop it, maybe five to ten years. So, these long-term cycles, which are a half-generation, or a generation, or two generations, are the characteristic feature of a physical economy. And if we can determine what the physical economic power of development is, then we can set the currency rates relative to the rate of growth which we can foresee—if we adopt a policy, which ensures that this will happen! So therefore, you can't come and say, "Here's the value of the currency. Get the accountants in the room and figure out what these currencies are, relative to each other." That would be insane. And that's what's being done now, with bad calculations. What you now have to do, is say, "What is the policy of the nations—what must be the policy of the nations?" Then, the people who are the representatives in negotiations, report back to their government, and say, "This is what is proposed. If we accept this policy, this will be power of our currency, and other governments will respect it, and will sign the agreements." So, you get an agreement as a result, not of accounting calculations. You throw the accountants out of the room. And you say, "What are going to be our physical economic decisions on investment, over the coming 25 to 50 years? Over the coming two generations." And we have to get people into a consensus, on an agreement: This is what they're willing to do, to support each other's development. And therefore, instead of having an agreement based on a Hobbesian conflict basis, you must have an agreement based on a desire of participating nations to help each other. The same principle of the Treaty of Westphalia. That we can do. Menshikov: Yes. Very good.
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In which African country did New Zealand refuse to play in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, because of a terrorist threat?
Liam Brickhill: Henry Olonga and Andy Flower make a stand | Cricket Features | World Cup Timeline | ESPN Cricinfo Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Comment It was a defining image of the 2003 tournament: two players, one black, one white, risking their lives and careers by wearing black armbands to protest injustice None of the other players in Zimbabwe's World Cup squad were in the know about Henry Olonga and Andy Flower's protest © PA Photos At 9.30am on February 10, 2003, politics and sport in Zimbabwe came crashing together. It was the morning of the first World Cup match Zimbabwe had ever hosted , against Namibia. A historic occasion, though history has remembered it for reasons other than cricket. The actions of two men - Henry Olonga and Andy Flower - broke the false levy that had protected cricket in Zimbabwe from its wider context. Like Tommie Smith and John Carlos' Black Power salute at the 1968 Olympic Games, images of Flower and Olonga's black-armband protest have come to define the 2003 World Cup for many Zimbabweans. The pair wore their armbands in every World Cup game they played, starting with the match against Namibia. They also released a statement to explain their actions, saying: "In doing so we are mourning the death of democracy in our beloved Zimbabwe. In doing so we are making a silent plea to those responsible to stop the abuse of human rights in Zimbabwe. In doing so, we pray that our small action may help to restore sanity and dignity to our nation." The potent symbolism expressed by them, one black cricketer and one white, immediately gripped the nation and elevated the emotional intensity of Zimbabwe's World Cup campaign. The black-armband duo was, in fact, a trio. Olonga and Flower met with David Coltart, a lawyer and one of the founding members of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) party, as they planned their protest. Coltart, who would later become Zimbabwe's Minister of Sport, was (and remains) a keen follower of Zimbabwean cricket. He helped the cricketers draft their statement, and came up with the idea of using black armbands to symbolise their protest. February in Zimbabwe typically marks the tail-end of the rainy season, and though the rains had failed over much of the country in the preceding months, an armada of fluffy clouds rolled gently over Harare Sports Club as Zimbabwe motored past Namibia in rather less graceful fashion. Inside the press box, events with ramifications far beyond the tree-lined rim of Harare Sports Club were taking place. Despite the political turmoil that had gripped the country since the turn of the millennium, Flower and Olonga's protest took the assembled sporting press very much by surprise, myself as much as anyone. Probably more so, as I was a 19-year-old rookie journalist at my very first international cricket match, and a little too excited just to be there. I was writing for the Morning Star, a left-wing London rag. It was tanks rolling into Baghdad on their front page, and yours truly reporting from the World Cup on the back. Flower and Olonga didn't ruin Zimbabwe's World Cup party; the circumstances in which the event took place meant that this would always be a time of sorrow, rather than celebration, for Zimbabwe That morning, as I busied myself with at least trying to look like a real journalist, even if I wasn't one just yet, the more grizzled hacks were absent-mindedly filling their cups of coffee, thumbing through the morning papers or glancing at the team lists of the Zimbabweans and somewhat anonymous Namibians. When copies of Olonga and Flower's statement were placed matter-of-factly in front of each journalist present, the mood in the press box immediately intensified. Coffee sputtered out of nostrils, phones began to ring, and fingers started tapping frantically at keyboards. The months and weeks leading up to the tournament had been filled with lengthy political machinations and debate, both within Zimbabwe and related to the country's cricket. There had been an election in 2002, the result of which was deemed "free and fair" by African observers but questioned by the international community. Dikgang Moseneke and Sisi Khampepe, two South African high court judges, released a report on their observations of the elections, but it was swiftly buried and didn't see the light of day for another 12 years. The land invasions of white farms, which began in 2000, continued and had resulted in several deaths. The treason trial of Morgan Tsvangirai, the leader of the opposition MDC, started a week before the tournament. The minds of many Zimbabweans were, understandably, elsewhere, and it was hardly an ideal time to co-host an international sporting event. All this combined to spook the ECB and the England cricket team, with plenty of to-ing and fro-ing over whether they would play Zimbabwe at the tournament, but precious little decisive action. Despite all the brouhaha, no one saw Flower and Olonga's protest coming. Indeed, before the World Cup, Flower had been asked what he thought the biggest surprise might be in the weeks to come and answered cheekily: "If England were to beat Zimbabwe." Heath Streak , Zimbabwe's captain at the time, suggested that not even those closest to Flower knew what he was planning. "I don't even think his brother knew," said Streak. "We came out from the warm-up [before the Namibia game] and I remember seeing the manager and the coach and Henry and Andy sitting in the corner, and I realised there was a problem." Death threats forced Henry Olonga to migrate to England, where he took his music career forward © Reuters "I never picked it up," added Tatenda Taibu. "I played and everything. The other guys were chit-chatting, saying, 'That's quite brave.' I was like, 'What are they talking about?' I didn't even know. If they did tell everyone in the dressing room, I was not there." Zimbabwe's next match was scheduled to be against England on the day before Valentine's, but as it turned out, England never showed up. After an alleged death threat from a group called the Sons and Daughters of Zimbabwe (a clique no one had heard of before, and which has not been heard from since), it was decided by the ECB that concerns over player safety were significant enough for the match to be cancelled, albeit at the 11th hour. In a politically chaotic tournament Australia - who had cancelled their tour of Zimbabwe in 2002 over the threat of danger after the elections - went against government advice, and supposed safety concerns, to play their group match against Zimbabwe in Bulawayo , while New Zealand withdrew from their fixture against Kenya in Nairobi due to what a New Zealand Cricket statement called a "tangible terrorist threat" and "active terrorist organisations" in the city. Media attention after Flower and Olonga's protest escalated rapidly, the spotlight helping to keep the pair safe amid the repressive power structures in the country. All the same, Jonathan Moyo, the Minister of Information, labelled Olonga an "Uncle Tom" with "a black skin and a white mask", and he was immediately dropped from the playing XI. An attempt to drop Flower was thwarted only by the threat of a full-scale player boycott. Takashinga Cricket Club issued a scathing statement about their (former) player, Flower, and Ozias Bvute, an official in the Zimbabwe Cricket Union personally kicked Olonga off the team bus. Both players were slapped on the wrist by the ICC, which asked them not to repeat their protest. The reaction of the general cricket-watching public was in stark contrast, with near universal support for the cricketers. At Zimbabwe's next match, against India , a smattering of spectators turned up with black armbands of their own. When nothing happened to them, the trend quickly spread and in Bulawayo, where Zimbabwe played Australia , some even turned up with placards decrying the social and political crisis in the country. Emboldened, several of the players within the Zimbabwe camp considered joining Flower and Olonga in protest, and possibly even boycotting one of their matches outright in order to make a statement. Not among their number was Guy Whittall, a rakishly charming, laid-back figure both on and off the field. Whittall had battled form and fitness issues to force his way back into Zimbabwe's side for the World Cup. On the wrong side of 30, with a gammy knee, Whittall knew that he'd soon be retiring from sport to help run his family's game ranch, and all he wanted was a quiet, dignified exit from the game. "These guys came to me and started talking about not walking onto the field tomorrow," remembers Whittall. "'We're going to wear our black armbands.' I said, 'Whoa, whoa, whoa. This will come with all sorts of threats. Let's just get on and enjoy our last few games. Let's finish this thing.'" Zimbabwe did take the field that day. The Flower brothers shared their last significant stand in international cricket, driving, dabbing and sprinting their way to a partnership of 84 in 20 overs. Andy's incandescent celebration upon reaching his fifty, tearing off his helmet and gesturing expressively up at the players on the balcony, showed just how pumped up he was. Thanks to the four points Zimbabwe gained from England's forfeit, Zimbabwe needed at least two points from their fixture against Pakistan to progress to the Super Six. The 2003 World Cup provided the grand stage for the first battle in the war over the soul of cricket in Zimbabwe The rain, absent for so much of the early season and now apparently making up for lost time, helped them achieve that, but Zimbabwe's "victory lap" after their sodden qualification was more apologetic than triumphant, and their second foray into the Super Six in as many World Cups was not a happy one. The second stage of the tournament was played entirely in South Africa, where Nathan Astle's century bettered Heath Streak and Sean Ervine's blitz against New Zealand, and Zimbabwe had no answer to a Kenyan side brimful of enthusiasm, capitulating for 133 . That game marked the end of Olonga's and Alistair Campbell's international careers, while Flower played his final match against Sri Lanka in East London . He was shotgunned by an umpiring decision on 38, given out lbw despite a massive inside edge, and Zimbabwe's World Cup whimpered to a close with his departure, as the next six wickets fell for just 42 runs. It was a sad day for Zimbabwean cricket, and a melancholic end to the career of the best player ever to pick up a bat for them. After the Sri Lanka match, a rumour began to circulate that agents from Zimbabwe's feared Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO) had arrived in the city looking for Olonga, and he was quickly taken to a safe house. Whether or not the rumour was true, his caution was apt. Things happen to people in the custody of the CIO. Security agents once turned up at my university in Grahamstown in South Africa, looking for a Zimbabwean student who had organised a march to protest the violence of the 2008 elections. Being in South Africa does not mean certain safety. A couple of weeks later, death threats forced Olonga to leave for England. Flower had already secured a contract with Essex. Both were given honorary life membership of the MCC later that year. Whittall also retired after the World Cup, while Campbell and Brian Murphy also never played for Zimbabwe again. On March 3, the day before Zimbabwe qualified for the Super Six, Coltart found that a rear tyre of his car had been sabotaged (some months earlier his car's brake linings had been cut). On the morning of March 15, the day Zimbabwe's World Cup campaign ended against Sri Lanka, Coltart noticed a vehicle with three men and what appeared to be a weapon outside his home as he left with his nine-year-old son and 18-month-old daughter. The car followed him at speed before his security team caught up with them, when the mysterious car gave up the chase and left. Coltart went into hiding for two weeks. The rebel crisis, a year later, was the apocalyptic event in Zimbabwean cricket, and 2004 marks Year Zero for the current team and the game as we know it in Zimbabwe. Yet, the 2003 World Cup provided the grand stage for the first battle in the war over the soul of cricket in Zimbabwe. The world has turned through two World Cups since 2003. It was a long time ago - in cricketing terms, a full generation. It wasn't until 2014 that the Khampepe Report on Zimbabwe's 2002 election, which suggested that the election was neither free nor fair, was made public. The results of that election still ripple through Zimbabwean society today, and nor is Zimbabwean cricket free from the turmoil that has gripped it for more than a decade. Politics and sport had been mixed into a sour broth in the years preceding the World Cup. Flower and Olonga didn't ruin Zimbabwe's World Cup party; the circumstances in which the event took place meant that this would always be a time of sorrow rather than celebration for Zimbabwe. But they were presented with a chance to change their sport, and perhaps even their country, for the better, and they took it. Was it worth it? "We can't all change the world, but if we all do little things along the way and make the most powerful decisions we can then I think we can bring about change," Flower told the BBC in 2013. "Would I do it again? Given the same circumstances, without a doubt, yes." Play 04:25
Kenya
In the Irish language ‘Eanair’ is which month of the year?
Liam Brickhill: Henry Olonga and Andy Flower make a stand Liam Brickhill: Henry Olonga and Andy Flower make a stand By ZimSitRep_W | February 2, 2015 Olonga and Flower make a stand Liam Brickhill via Liam Brickhill: Henry Olonga and Andy Flower make a stand | Cricket Features | World Cup Timeline | ESPN Cricinfo 2 February 2015 It was a defining image of the 2003 tournament: two players, one black, one white, risking their lives and careers by wearing black armbands to protest injustice At 9.30am on February 10, 2003, politics and sport in Zimbabwe came crashing together. It was the morning of the first World Cup match Zimbabwe had ever hosted, against Namibia. A historic occasion, though history has remembered it for reasons other than cricket. The actions of two men – Henry Olonga and Andy Flower – broke the false levy that had protected cricket in Zimbabwe from its wider context. Like Tommie Smith and John Carlos’ Black Power salute at the 1968 Olympic Games, images of Flower and Olonga’s black-armband protest have come to define the 2003 World Cup for many Zimbabweans. The pair wore their armbands in every World Cup game they played, starting with the match against Namibia. They also released a statement to explain their actions, saying: “In doing so we are mourning the death of democracy in our beloved Zimbabwe. In doing so we are making a silent plea to those responsible to stop the abuse of human rights in Zimbabwe. In doing so, we pray that our small action may help to restore sanity and dignity to our nation.” The potent symbolism expressed by them, one black cricketer and one white, immediately gripped the nation and elevated the emotional intensity of Zimbabwe’s World Cup campaign. The black-armband duo was, in fact, a trio. Olonga and Flower met with David Coltart, a lawyer and one of the founding members of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) party, as they planned their protest. Coltart, who would later become Zimbabwe’s Minister of Sport, was (and remains) a keen follower of Zimbabwean cricket. He helped the cricketers draft their statement, and came up with the idea of using black armbands to symbolise their protest. February in Zimbabwe typically marks the tail-end of the rainy season, and though the rains had failed over much of the country in the preceding months, an armada of fluffy clouds rolled gently over Harare Sports Club as Zimbabwe motored past Namibia in rather less graceful fashion. Inside the press box, events with ramifications far beyond the tree-lined rim of Harare Sports Club were taking place. Despite the political turmoil that had gripped the country since the turn of the millennium, Flower and Olonga’s protest took the assembled sporting press very much by surprise, myself as much as anyone. Probably more so, as I was a 19-year-old rookie journalist at my very first international cricket match, and a little too excited just to be there. I was writing for the Morning Star, a left-wing London rag. It was tanks rolling into Baghdad on their front page, and yours truly reporting from the World Cup on the back. Flower and Olonga didn’t ruin Zimbabwe’s World Cup party; the circumstances in which the event took place meant that this would always be a time of sorrow, rather than celebration, for Zimbabwe That morning, as I busied myself with at least trying to look like a real journalist, even if I wasn’t one just yet, the more grizzled hacks were absent-mindedly filling their cups of coffee, thumbing through the morning papers or glancing at the team lists of the Zimbabweans and somewhat anonymous Namibians. When copies of Olonga and Flower’s statement were placed matter-of-factly in front of each journalist present, the mood in the press box immediately intensified. Coffee sputtered out of nostrils, phones began to ring, and fingers started tapping frantically at keyboards. The months and weeks leading up to the tournament had been filled with lengthy political machinations and debate, both within Zimbabwe and related to the country’s cricket. There had been an election in 2002, the result of which was deemed “free and fair” by African observers but questioned by the international community. Dikgang Moseneke and Sisi Khampepe, two South African high court judges, released a report on their observations of the elections, but it was swiftly buried and didn’t see the light of day for another 12 years. The land invasions of white farms, which began in 2000, continued and had resulted in several deaths. The treason trial of Morgan Tsvangirai, the leader of the opposition MDC, started a week before the tournament. The minds of many Zimbabweans were, understandably, elsewhere, and it was hardly an ideal time to co-host an international sporting event. All this combined to spook the ECB and the England cricket team, with plenty of to-ing and fro-ing over whether they would play Zimbabwe at the tournament, but precious little decisive action. Despite all the brouhaha, no one saw Flower and Olonga’s protest coming. Indeed, before the World Cup, Flower had been asked what he thought the biggest surprise might be in the weeks to come and answered cheekily: “If England were to beat Zimbabwe.” Heath Streak, Zimbabwe’s captain at the time, suggested that not even those closest to Flower knew what he was planning. “I don’t even think his brother knew,” said Streak. “We came out from the warm-up [before the Namibia game] and I remember seeing the manager and the coach and Henry and Andy sitting in the corner, and I realised there was a problem.” “I never picked it up,” added Tatenda Taibu. “I played and everything. The other guys were chit-chatting, saying, ‘That’s quite brave.’ I was like, ‘What are they talking about?’ I didn’t even know. If they did tell everyone in the dressing room, I was not there.” Zimbabwe’s next match was scheduled to be against England on the day before Valentine’s, but as it turned out, England never showed up. After an alleged death threat from a group called the Sons and Daughters of Zimbabwe (a clique no one had heard of before, and which has not been heard from since), it was decided by the ECB that concerns over player safety were significant enough for the match to be cancelled, albeit at the 11th hour. In a politically chaotic tournament Australia – who had cancelled their tour of Zimbabwe in 2002 over the threat of danger after the elections – went against government advice, and supposed safety concerns, to play their group match against Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, while New Zealand withdrew from their fixture against Kenya in Nairobi due to what a New Zealand Cricket statement called a “tangible terrorist threat” and “active terrorist organisations” in the city. Media attention after Flower and Olonga’s protest escalated rapidly, the spotlight helping to keep the pair safe amid the repressive power structures in the country. All the same, Jonathan Moyo, the Minister of Information, labelled Olonga an “Uncle Tom” with “a black skin and a white mask”, and he was immediately dropped from the playing XI. An attempt to drop Flower was thwarted only by the threat of a full-scale player boycott. Takashinga Cricket Club issued a scathing statement about their (former) player, Flower, and Ozias Bvute, an official in the Zimbabwe Cricket Union personally kicked Olonga off the team bus. Both players were slapped on the wrist by the ICC, which asked them not to repeat their protest. The reaction of the general cricket-watching public was in stark contrast, with near universal support for the cricketers. At Zimbabwe’s next match, against India, a smattering of spectators turned up with black armbands of their own. When nothing happened to them, the trend quickly spread and in Bulawayo, where Zimbabwe played Australia, some even turned up with placards decrying the social and political crisis in the country. Emboldened, several of the players within the Zimbabwe camp considered joining Flower and Olonga in protest, and possibly even boycotting one of their matches outright in order to make a statement. Not among their number was Guy Whittall, a rakishly charming, laid-back figure both on and off the field. Whittall had battled form and fitness issues to force his way back into Zimbabwe’s side for the World Cup. On the wrong side of 30, with a gammy knee, Whittall knew that he’d soon be retiring from sport to help run his family’s game ranch, and all he wanted was a quiet, dignified exit from the game. “These guys came to me and started talking about not walking onto the field tomorrow,” remembers Whittall. “‘We’re going to wear our black armbands.’ I said, ‘Whoa, whoa, whoa. This will come with all sorts of threats. Let’s just get on and enjoy our last few games. Let’s finish this thing.'” Zimbabwe did take the field that day. The Flower brothers shared their last significant stand in international cricket, driving, dabbing and sprinting their way to a partnership of 84 in 20 overs. Andy’s incandescent celebration upon reaching his fifty, tearing off his helmet and gesturing expressively up at the players on the balcony, showed just how pumped up he was. Thanks to the four points Zimbabwe gained from England’s forfeit, Zimbabwe needed at least two points from their fixture against Pakistan to progress to the Super Six. The 2003 World Cup provided the grand stage for the first battle in the war over the soul of cricket in Zimbabwe The rain, absent for so much of the early season and now apparently making up for lost time, helped them achieve that, but Zimbabwe’s “victory lap” after their sodden qualification was more apologetic than triumphant, and their second foray into the Super Six in as many World Cups was not a happy one. The second stage of the tournament was played entirely in South Africa, where Nathan Astle’s century bettered Heath Streak and Sean Ervine’s blitz against New Zealand, and Zimbabwe had no answer to a Kenyan side brimful of enthusiasm, capitulating for 133. That game marked the end of Olonga’s and Alistair Campbell’s international careers, while Flower played his final match against Sri Lanka in East London. He was shotgunned by an umpiring decision on 38, given out lbw despite a massive inside edge, and Zimbabwe’s World Cup whimpered to a close with his departure, as the next six wickets fell for just 42 runs. It was a sad day for Zimbabwean cricket, and a melancholic end to the career of the best player ever to pick up a bat for them. After the Sri Lanka match, a rumour began to circulate that agents from Zimbabwe’s feared Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO) had arrived in the city looking for Olonga, and he was quickly taken to a safe house. Whether or not the rumour was true, his caution was apt. Things happen to people in the custody of the CIO. Security agents once turned up at my university in Grahamstown in South Africa, looking for a Zimbabwean student who had organised a march to protest the violence of the 2008 elections. Being in South Africa does not mean certain safety. A couple of weeks later, death threats forced Olonga to leave for England. Flower had already secured a contract with Essex. Both were given honorary life membership of the MCC later that year. Whittall also retired after the World Cup, while Campbell and Brian Murphy also never played for Zimbabwe again. On March 3, the day before Zimbabwe qualified for the Super Six, Coltart found that a rear tyre of his car had been sabotaged (some months earlier his car’s brake linings had been cut). On the morning of March 15, the day Zimbabwe’s World Cup campaign ended against Sri Lanka, Coltart noticed a vehicle with three men and what appeared to be a weapon outside his home as he left with his nine-year-old son and 18-month-old daughter. The car followed him at speed before his security team caught up with them, when the mysterious car gave up the chase and left. Coltart went into hiding for two weeks. The rebel crisis, a year later, was the apocalyptic event in Zimbabwean cricket, and 2004 marks Year Zero for the current team and the game as we know it in Zimbabwe. Yet, the 2003 World Cup provided the grand stage for the first battle in the war over the soul of cricket in Zimbabwe. The world has turned through two World Cups since 2003. It was a long time ago – in cricketing terms, a full generation. It wasn’t until 2014 that the Khampepe Report on Zimbabwe’s 2002 election, which suggested that the election was neither free nor fair, was made public. The results of that election still ripple through Zimbabwean society today, and nor is Zimbabwean cricket free from the turmoil that has gripped it for more than a decade. Politics and sport had been mixed into a sour broth in the years preceding the World Cup. Flower and Olonga didn’t ruin Zimbabwe’s World Cup party; the circumstances in which the event took place meant that this would always be a time of sorrow rather than celebration for Zimbabwe. But they were presented with a chance to change their sport, and perhaps even their country, for the better, and they took it. Was it worth it? “We can’t all change the world, but if we all do little things along the way and make the most powerful decisions we can then I think we can bring about change,” Flower told the BBC in 2013. “Would I do it again? Given the same circumstances, without a doubt, yes.” Liam Brickhill is a freelance journalist based in Cape Town Share this:
i don't know
The spice saffron is derived from which flower?
Crocus | The Flower Expert - Flowers Encyclopedia Buy From OurStores Crocus The name of the genus is derived from the Latin adjective crocatus, meaning saffron yellow. Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae. The word Crocus is Latin for Saffron. The flower's three stigmas (the distal ends of the plant's carpels, or female reproductive organs) and parts of its style (a stalk connecting the stigmas to the rest of the plant) are often dried and used in cooking as a seasoning and colouring agent. Crocus is the native of Southern Europe and Asia. There are about 80 species of crocus, of which approximately 30 are cultivated. These cup-shaped, solitary, salverform flowers taper off into a narrow tube. Knowing this, it should not surprise you that Saffron comes from the stigma of the Saffron Crocus. But, it takes thousands of flowers to get an ounce of Saffron. Saffron, which has for decades been the world's most expensive spice by weight, is native to Southwest Asia. It was first cultivated in the vicinity of Greece. Kingdom Species Crocus sativus The spice saffron is obtained from the stamens of Crocus sativus, a fall-blooming species. The hay saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a sterile triploid plant, known in human culture only, with no fertile seeds produced. The origin of saffron is still a mist, however it is assumed to be an autopoliploid mutant or a hybrid. The recent classification and most of the former taxonomic publications define C. sativus to be derived from C. cartwrightianus, a wild species. Saffron is considered to be the worlds most expensive spice. The flower of Crocus sativa is a light purple, but it is the thread-like reddish colored stigma of the flower that is valued both as a spice and as a natural colorant. Saffron is hand harvested in the autumn, and the stigma is laboriously separated to yield the reddish colored spice. It takes in excess of 70,000 flowers to yield just one pound (0.45 kilo) of saffron spice. The odour of saffron is sometimes described as like the sea air. Saffron is characterised by a bitter taste and an iodoform- or hay-like fragrance; these are caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal. It also contains a carotenoid dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden-yellow hue. These qualities make saffron a much sought-after ingredient in many foods worldwide. Saffron also has medicinal applications. Facts About crocus Flowers The word saffron originated from the 12th century Old French term safran, which derives from the Latin word safranum. Safranum is also related to the Italian zafferano and Spanish azafr?n. Safranum comes from the Arabic word asfar , which means yellow, via the paronymous za?faran , the name of the spice in Arabic. In the Greco-Roman classical period (8th century BC to the 3rd century AD), the saffron harvest is first portrayed in the palace frescoes of Minoan Crete, which depict the flowers being picked by young girls and monkeys. The best-known Greek legend involving saffron was that detailing the tragedy of Crocus and Smilax. The people best known as growers of this bulb were the Minoans. The Minoans grew it throughout its range in the Aegean Sea and the parts of Asia Minor which they controlled. It was produced by crushing the dried stigmas of the flower for the powder. The stigma is the female part of the flower which is surrounded by the male stamens. According to a theory, after ancient Persia conquered Kashmir, Persian saffron crocus corms were transplanted to Kashmiri soil. The first harvest then occurred sometime prior to 500 BC. Phoenicians then began in the 6th century BC to market the new Kashmiri saffron by utilising their extensive trade routes. Once sold, Kashmiri saffron was used in the treatment of melancholy and as a fabric dye. Saffron-based pigments have been found in the prehistoric paints used to depict beasts in 50,000-year-old cave art in what is today Iraq. Later, the Sumerians used saffron as an ingredient in their remedies and magical potions. The flowers of the Crocus Autumnale arise on leafless stalks from corms in early fall and can be white, pink, lavender, or purple. The tulip-like leaves follow a few weeks later and last until early summer. This is a highly poisonous plant, so don't confuse it with Crocus Sativa. This Crocus is the most cold tolerant. Winter and Spring Flowering Crocus: These are the earliest bloomers, Ex: Snow Crocus, or Crocus chrysanthus. Snow crocuses get their name, as they are the earliest of spring flowers. The Dutch Crocus, or Crocus vernus, sports the largest blooms of all the Crocuses, and is probably the most popular variety of this versatile plant. The stigma of the plant Crocus sativus L., commonly known as saffron is used in traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac, antispasmodic and expectorant.1 Recent pharmacological studies have demonstrated that saffron extract has antitumor2-4 and hypolipidemic effects5 as well as radical scavengering and learning or memory-improving properties. Though some true crocus bloom with the fall rains, after summer's heat and drought, Autumn crocus is a common name used for Colchicum, which is in the lily family (Liliaceae), and which has six stamens; it is also (confusingly and incorrectly) known as Meadow saffron. The so-called Prairie crocus (formerly Anemone patens, now Pulsatilla patens or P. ludoviciana) belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Saffron has a curiously distinctive flavor, but fresh from the fall flower it smells sweet, of freshly cut hay, and feels like waxed thread. The popular Autumn Crocus or Colchicum Autumnale is actually not a true Crocus and is a member of the Lily family. The two can be differentiated in that true Crocus has 3 stamens and Crocus Autumnale has 6. This is a highly poisonous plant, so don't confuse it with Crocus Sativa. Poisoning symptoms are similar to arsenic poisoning. from our stores - Pickupflowers - the flower expert Growing Crocus Flowers Saffron Crocus do best in full sun and well-drained soil that is moderately rich in organic matter. Ideally, the site should be relatively dry in summer, when the corms are dormant. Plant the corms 4 inches deep and 4 inches apart. Heavy fertilizing is not necessary; apply a light dusting of bone meal or 5-10-5 fertilizer on the soil each fall so that it can work in during the winter months. Flowers will appear the first fall after planting (generally in September or October) and last for about 3 weeks. The grass-like leaves may emerge soon after the flowers or wait until the following spring. In either case, the leaves persist for 8-12 weeks, then wither and vanish, leaving no trace of the corms below until the flowers appear again in fall. Propagation is by natural increase of corms, which multiply rapidly in rich soil. Crocus plant care Once planted, Crocus will look after themselves, and come up flowering year after year. If planted in the borders, the treatment given to the other plants will benefit the crocus, but no individual treatment is needed. Bulbs planted in the lawn must be allowed to die down naturally after flowering, before mowing over them. This is not normally a problem provided they are situated in groups rather than random scatterings. Subscribe Get 10% off on pickupflowers.com explore
Crocus
In Morse Code, which vowel is represented by a single dot?
Saffron: Ancient Healing Powers Confirmed by Science | Ancient Origins 18 May, 2014 - 03:38 ancient-origins Saffron: Ancient Healing Powers Confirmed by Science By  Sayer Ji , www.greenmedinfo.com Clearly there is something magical about the Crocus sativus flower, from which the spice saffron is derived.  If its striking beauty does not immediately cast a spell on its beholder, often it simply takes experiencing the spice to fall into full enchantment with it.  While saffron is exceptionally expensive, because it takes approximately 150 flowers to yield just 1,000 mg (0.035 oz) of dry saffron threads, and costs approximately $1,000 a pound, it does not take much to have an effect. Its uniqueness is also illustrated by the fact that it shuns mechanization, requiring of its would-be possessors that it be painstakingly harvested by hand , as no doubt has been done for tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of years. Because each Crocus sativus flower bears no more than four flowers, each with three vivid crimson stigmas from which the spice is derived, at most only 12 stigma are produced by each, which yields the equivalent of 30 mg (0.011 oz) of fresh saffron or 7 mg (0.00025 oz) dried.  Harvesting saffron from the Crocus sativus flower. Photo source . Saffron has been documented to have been used as a versatile medicine since ancient times. In 2004 researchers studying 3,500 year old frescoes at Thera, a Greek island in the Aegean, found depictions of a goddess presiding over the manufacturer and use of a drug from the saffron flower. [i]   Perhaps even more amazing is the fact that 50,000 year-old depictions of prehistoric places in northwest Iran contained saffron-based pigments, indicating the human relationship with saffron is as old as time itself.[ii] Saffron’s chemistry expresses otherworldly complexity. It contains over 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds – a biochemical symphony that ensures its mystery will never fully be plumbed, at least insofar as it great medicinal power remains refractory to the reductionist gaze of modern pharmacology. What power might that be? While recent mainstream coverage of saffron weight loss promoting properties (via appetite suppression) on the Dr. Oz show has caused quite a surge of renewed interest in this exotic spice, saffron has far more to offer than that. It may, in fact, hold promise for serious neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease… A 22-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of saffron in the management of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease published in 2010, showed 15 mg twice a day was as effective as donepezil (Aricept) at 5 mg twice a day, with significantly less vomiting as a side effect. Another 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial also published in 2010, showed that 15 mg of saffron twice per day was both safe and effective in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The petals of the Crocus sativus plant have also been shown nearly equipotent to Prozac (fluoxetine) as a treatment for depression.  According to a study published in the journal Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry in 2007, 15 mg of Crocus sativus petals were as effective as 10 mg of Prozac in treating mild to moderate depression, putting 25% of the participants into full remission. Another depression study published 2004 showed that saffron, at 30 mg a day, was as effective as the drug imipramine, at 100 mg a day, in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. References [ii] Willard, P. (2002),  Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice , Beacon Press (published 11 April 2002), ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5   This article was originally published on  www.GreenMedInfo.com . Join their free GreenMedInfo.com  newsletter . Featured image: Saffron crocus flowers, represented as small red tufts, are gathered by two women in a fragmentary Minoan fresco from the excavation of Akrotiri on the Aegean island of Santorini. Image source: Wikipedia
i don't know
Which US comic strip was created by Mort Walker in September 1950?
September 1950 - Free Content Articles Encyclopedia September 1950 The following events occurred in September 1950: Contents September 1 , 1950 (Friday) The Federal Communications Commission released a statement that it favored the CBS technology for color television broadcasting. The FCC said also that the other two proposed systems (by RCA and by Color Television Incorporated) "fell short" of the FCC requirements, and recommended television set manufacturers to build sets that could receive both the CBS system and standard black-and-white analog signals. [1] Television manufacturers declined to make sets that accommodated the CBS system, and eventually a different system by RCA would become the industry standard. [2] Mao Zedong , the Chairman of China's Communist Party, gave a public warning that the People's Republic of China would not tolerate an invasion of any of its neighbors, which included North Korea. [3] Both houses of the United States Congress passed the doctors' draft Bill, authorizing any physician under the age of 50 to be inducted into the U.S. armed forces, but with priority on residents and interns. [4] [5] John Crabb, a 59-year-old immigrant from Denmark, was freed from the Topeka State Hospital, where he had been held since 1930 after being mistakenly adjudged insane. Crabb's confinement was blamed on his inability to clearly speak English and his bad temper. He was finally freed by the efforts of several insurance executives who spoke the Danish Language, and returned to Denmark. [6] September 2 , 1950 (Saturday) Israel forcibly relocated 4,000 Bedouin from its territory to its border with Egypt , and send them into the Sinai Peninsula . [7] September 3 , 1950 (Sunday) The sale of " Israel bonds " was proposed by Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion as a means for getting immediate funds for the two-year-old Jewish nation. [8] Communist China's Prime Minister Zhou Enlai sent word to the United Nations and the United States, by way of K. N. Panikkar (India's Ambassador to Beijing), that China would intervene in the Korean War if U.S. forces invaded North Korea. [3] September 4 , 1950 (Monday) The comic strip Beetle Bailey , created by Mort Walker, made its debut in 12 newspapers. In the first strip, "Beetle" began his first day as a student at "Rockview University", arriving with only his toothbrush. On March 12, 1951, Beetle would go to a U.S. Army recruiting station, begin a new career, and his strip would soar in popularity. [9] [10] The first NASCAR 500-mile race was held, as the Southern 500 took place at Darlington Raceway , at Darlington, South Carolina . Johnny Mantz won the event, which attracted 75 cars. [11] A Soviet Air Force bomber was shot down, off of the coast of North Korea, by two U.S. Navy fighter planes, after reportedly firing at UN naval forces. All of the crewmen on the downed aircraft were killed, while two other bombers escaped. [12] The U.S. Fifth Air Force carried out the first rescue of a downed American pilot from behind enemy lines. [13] Died: Max Davidson , 75, German-born American silent film comedian September 5 , 1950 (Tuesday) Syria adopted its first Constitution, proclaiming itself a "Sovereign Arab Republic", providing for a democratically-elected government and declaring that "Islamic law shall be the main source of legislation". [14] Died: Al Killian , 33, American jazz trumpet player, after being shot to death by his landlord September 6 , 1950 (Wednesday) Demolition of the Royal Hohenzollern Palace began in East Berlin, where the government of East Germany had the historic residence of the former royal family torn down as a symbol of Germany's former imperialism. [15] Reconstruction of the palace would be approved by the Bundestag of a reunited Germany on July 4, 2002. [16] Died: Olaf Stapledon , 64, British science fiction author September 7 , 1950 (Thursday) The Nikkei 225 index, a measure of stock price rises and falls on the Tokyo Stock Exchange , was introduced. [17] Qian Xuesen (H.S. Tsien), a Chinese-born professor at Caltech and one of the founders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , was arrested by the Immigration and Naturalization Service , a few days before he was scheduled to travel to the People's Republic of China to visit his sick father. Earlier in the year, his security clearance had been revoked when his name appeared in a document of the Communist Party USA . The United States Customs Service searched his luggage and found technical papers that appeared to have been accumulated from his work in aircraft and missile design. Qian would be returned to Communist China in 1955 as part of an exchange of prisoners of war, and would go on to found China's ballistic missile program. [18] The first fiction by Ernest Hemingway , in more than a decade, was seen with the publication of Across the River. [19] The game show Truth or Consequences made its debut on the CBS television network at 10:00 pm Eastern Time, after having been a successful radio program. [20] Born: Julie Kavner , American comedian, voice artist and TV actress, who voices Marge Simpson on The Simpsons , in Los Angeles ; and John Friedrich , "Australia's greatest conman", as Johann Friedrich Hohenberger, in Munich, West Germany (suicide, 1991) September 8 , 1950 (Friday) The Defense Production Act was signed into law by U.S. President Truman, authorizing the President "to build—and maintain at perpetual readiness—U.S. industrial and military mobilization bases in case of an all-out war with the Soviet Union." [21] The Canadian Forces Act was passed in Canada , authorizing the government to use military forces as necessary "to answer the needs of collective security" and paving the way for Canadian participation in the Korean War . [22] Featherweight boxer Sandy Saddler knocked out champion Willie Pep to win the Featherweight Boxing Title with a TKO when Pep was unable to answer the bell for the 8th round due to a separated shoulder suffered at the end of the 7th round. Saddler avenged a lopsided decision he had lost 18 months earlier challenging for Pep's title. [23] September 9 , 1950 (Saturday) The " laugh track " was introduced to television viewers with the premiere of The Hank McCune Show , a situation comedy, on the NBC television network. Although the short-lived show was not filmed in front of an audience, viewers could hear laughter and applause coming from an invention by sound engineer Charley Douglass . The laugh track would become a feature of most television comedies of the next few decades. [24] China transferred its 9th Army Corps away from plans to attack Taiwan, moving it to the border with North Korea. [25] President Truman announced that four U.S. Army divisions would be sent to Europe to join the two divisions that were assigned to NATO. [26] After more than eight years, soap rationing ended in the United Kingdom . The limitations on purchases of soap had been in effect since February, 1942. Sugar rationing would end on September 12, 1953. [27] [28] September 10 , 1950 (Sunday) Five days before the U.S. counterattack at Inchon in South Korea , 43 American warplanes dropped napalm canisters over Wolmido Island to clear ground for American troops, without warning the civilians living on the island. Other planes fired guns "strafing children, women, and old people". [29] Declassified U.S. documents on the operation would be made public by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 2008. George Bernard Shaw , the 94-year-old British playwright, slipped from a ladder while trying to prune a tree and fractured his thigh. He would die less than eight weeks later, on November 2. [30] The Colgate Comedy Hour premiered on the NBC television network as a direct competitor to Ed Sullivan 's variety show on CBS (officially called Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town). The Colgate show, which alternated hosts each week among Eddie Cantor , Martin and Lewis (the comedy team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis ), and Fred Allen , would run for six seasons, ending in 1955. [31] September 11 , 1950 (Monday) President Truman signed NSC-81, the recommendation of the National Security Council , expanding the original goal for the U.S. response in the Korean War . Rather than liberating South Korea , the plan became one of conquering North Korea in order to reunite the peninsula, with American troops to cross the 38th parallel that divided the two nations. [32] Bolling v. Sharpe : A group of eleven African-American students were denied enrollment in Washington, D.C.'s new John Philip Sousa Junior High School, because the U.S. Congress had voted years earlier for racial segregation of District of Columbia schools. The denial led to a suit, which would be decided on May 17, 1954, on the same day as Brown v. Board of Education. The Court would unanimously struck down the federal law directing segregation of the District's schools. [33] Thirty-three people were killed when a train, carrying U.S. Army recruits, stalled on the tracks in Ohio, and was struck by the Spirit of St. Louis express operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad. [34] The New York Times crossword puzzle proved to be so popular that the Times began running it daily. The newspaper had refused to run a crossword at all until February 15, 1942, when it began a puzzle in its Sunday edition, though the paper continued to avoid running comic strips. [35] Died: Jan Smuts , 80, South African Field Marshal and former Prime Minister of South Africa; and September 12 , 1950 (Tuesday) Louis A. Johnson was fired from his job as United State Secretary of Defense, when President Truman asked for his resignation. [36] U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson met with British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin and French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, and announced a change in American foreign policy that would later be called "the bomb at the Waldorf", [37] proposing that the rearmament of Germany be allowed, with a new Army of West Germany to raise ten divisions of troops within NATO . The U.S. 8245th Army Unit staged an amphibious landing at South Korea's Kusan Bay as a diversion, three days in advance of the U.S. landing at Inchon. [38] September 13 , 1950 (Wednesday) The first census of West Germany was taken, 13 days after a similar count had been made in East Germany on August 31. [40] The final count showed a population of 49,842,624 in West Germany, while the East German census had counted 18,388,172 people, for a total German population of 68,230,796. [41] Died: Sara Allgood , 70, Irish stage and film actress September 14 , 1950 (Thursday) East Germany enacted its Reconstruction Law, setting out 16 principles of "socialist architecture" to be followed on all new construction of buildings. Based on Stalinist architecture , the concept would be abandoned after Stalin's fall. [42] Born: Paul Kossoff , British rock guitarist, in London (d. 1978); and John Steptoe , American illustrator of children's books (d. 1989) September 15 , 1950 (Friday) At 6:33 a.m., the 3rd Battalion of the 5th U.S. Marines, commanded by Lt. Col. Raymond B. Murray, became the first invaders at Inchon Harbor, going ashore on Wolmido Island and quickly overwhelming the North Korean People's Army soldiers there. By midnight, there were 13,000 Marines on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, with a loss of only 21 Americans dead, compared to hundreds of NKPA soldiers. The city of Inchon would be liberated the next day and the Marines would proceed to the South Korean capital, Seoul . [43] [44] Masterminded by U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur , the Inchon landing was the beginning of the retaking of South Korea from its North Korean conquerors. The attack, combined with the UN forces' breakout from the Pusan Perimeter three days later, suddenly trapped the NKPA forces, concentrated in the south, behind enemy lines. [45] The straits between the island and the mainland were dangerous, and navigation depended on predicting the time for high and low tides; one historian would write later, "As MacArthur had assumed, no one expected a landing there." [46] Six hours before the Inchon landing, General MacArthur, along with U.S. Navy Vice-Admiral Arthur D. Struble, U.S. Marine Lt. Gen. Lemuel C. Shepherd, and U.S. Army Major Gen. Edward C. Almond rode in an unarmed boat to Woimi Island to observe the tides; a reporter would write the next day that "The North Koreans had a chance to kill Gen. Douglas MacArthur and the rest of the top commanders of the United Nations invasion forces with one well-placed artillery shell. But they muffed it. The didn't fire a single shot." [47] September 16 , 1950 (Saturday) The 1950 NFL season opened with a game between the defending NFL champion Philadelphia Eagles , and the Cleveland Browns , who had been the 1949 champions of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) before the two leagues had merged. During the four years of the AAFC's existence, the NFL and AAFC champions had never played each other; the Browns defeated the Eagles 35-10. [48] In a convoy of fifty trucks, the North Korean Army drove 1,250 South Korean and American prisoners of war to a mountain valley, fed them rice and wine, and then, after being signaled by a blue flare, carried out a massacre of the group. Listed as "Korean War Crimes case number 279" in 1953, the evidence of the incident came from a North Korean prisoner who said that he was one of the drivers, and whom the interrogating officers concluded was credible. [49] Both Houses of Congress approved a waiver of the law against a recently retired military man from becoming U.S. Secretary of Defense, clearing the way for General George C. Marshall to assume the office. The House of Representatives approved the measure 202-103, and the Senate followed 47-21. [50] September 17 , 1950 (Sunday) After successfully counterattacking at Inchon, the United States Marines fought their way inland and entered the South Korean capital, Seoul , for the first time since the city had been captured by North Korean invaders in June . [51] India extended diplomatic recognition of the government of Israel . [52] Kurt Lischka , who had led the Gestapo during Germany's occupation of France during World War II, was sentenced by a Paris court, in absentia , to life imprisonment. Lischka had been imprisoned in France in 1945, then extradited to Czechoslovakia in 1947 for war crimes there, but had been released on August 22, 1950, and settled in West Germany. Despite his war crimes convictions, Lischka would serve as a judge for a West German court during his freedom, but would eventually be convicted on other charges in a German court. On February 2, 1980, he would be given a ten-year prison sentence, dying in 1989. [53] Born: Narendra Modi , Indian politician and state executive, who is current Prime Minister of India (2014–Present) and has served as Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014; in Vadnagar Died: Ed Bolden , 69, African-American baseball executive who owned the Philadelphia Stars Negro League team, and had been a co-founder of the Eastern Colored League The first article on the Bermuda Triangle is published September 18 , 1950 (Monday) Three days after U.S. forces made the landing at Inchon, the U.S. Eighth Army and United Nations forces were able to break out of the Pusan Perimeter in southeast Korea, turning the tide of the Korean War . Suddenly, the troops of the North Korean People's Army were between two fronts, with General MacArthur's troops to the north, and General Walker's forces to the south. [3] Television broadcasting began in Brazil , as TV Tupi Difusora started transmission on Channel 3 in São Paulo . [54] Colombia entered the Korean War by volunteering the use of the Colombian Navy 's only frigate, the Almirante Padilla, which would see service in the war between March 20 and September 9 of 1951. [55] September 19 , 1950 (Tuesday) In a vote of confidence in the British House of Commons, the Labour government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee was sustained by a margin of only six votes, 306-300. Some of the Labour Party MPs, absent because of illness, were brought in by the party so that they could vote. [56] The European Payments Union was created, for the benefit of fifteen Western European nations, to stabilize their currencies. The United States contributed $350,000,000 to the endowment fund. [57] A the opening of the fifth annual session of the United Nations General Assembly, the United States, United Kingdom and France sent word to the Soviet Union, that an attack by any nation on West Berlin, or West Germany, would be considered an act of war against the three Western powers. [58] The UN General Assembly voted 33-6 to reject a proposal to expel the Republic of China (located on the island of Taiwan) and to replace representation of the Chinese people with a delegation from the Communist government of the People's Republic of China. [59] September 20 , 1950 (Wednesday) The U.S. Senate passed the Internal Security Act of 1950 , also known as the McCarran Act, was passed by the United States Senate after earlier passing the House. The Act required Communist organizations to register with the U.S. Attorney General, prohibited the employment of Communists in federal government jobs, barred the issuance of passports to members of Communist organizations, and, in a clause called the "detention act", gave the President the power to declare an emergency for the purpose of placing suspected Communists and Communist sympathizers into detention camps. [60] September 21 , 1950 (Thursday) For the first time, a helicopter was able to fly up and over the Alps mountain range, with a Bell 47 functioning at sufficient altitude in the thinner air. [61] The U.S. 1st Marine Regiment , led by Colonel Lewis "Chesty" Puller , became the first American unit to arrive in Seoul . [62] Dr. Ralph Bunche was named as the winner of the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African-American to win the award. Bunche was honored for his work in brokering ceasefire agreements between Israel and her Arab neighbors. [63] Omar Bradley was promoted to the rank of General of the Army , commonly referred to as a "five star general", becoming the fifth and last person to achieve that rank. [64] September 23 , 1950 (Saturday) The U.S. Senate voted 57-10 to override President Truman's veto of the Internal Security Act , a day after the House had voted 286-48, passing the bill into law. [65] UN warplanes in South Korea mistakenly attacked British troops at the village of Sangju , killing or wounding 60 Britons by gunfire and napalm bombs. "The British were on one hill, and the Communists on the next one", and the bomber pilots "picked the wrong hill" to attack after air support had been called in. [66] Died: Kenneth Muir , British soldier who was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his heroism at Sonju; and Sam Barry , 57, American college sports coach who guided both the basketball and baseball teams for the University of Southern California , as well as being an assistant for the USC football team September 24 , 1950 (Sunday) Much of the midwestern United States and Ontario were darkened in the afternoon, from noon until about three o'clock, by thick smoke that had originated from forest fires in northwestern Canada. In Cleveland , the early-afternoon baseball game between the Indians and the Detroit Tigers was played with the lights on. [67] The word " brainwashing ", an adaptation of the Chinese term hsi nao (literally, "mind cleansing"), first appeared in print. Edward Hunter had coined the term for his newspaper article about a manipulation tactic used in Communist China, headlined "'Brain-Washing' Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party" in the Miami Sunday News. [68] The emigration of 47,000 Jews from Yemen to Israel was completed, with the arrival of a final air transport. [69] Humphrey Jennings , a British documentary filmmaker, was accidentally killed at the age of 43, when he fell from a cliff while scouting for locations for a new film. The Good Life, about European health care, was to have been filmed at the Greek island of Poros . [70] September 25 , 1950 (Monday) Television transmission by a microwave relay system began between New York and Chicago, with A T & T technology replacing the prior system of repeater stations every 25 miles. [71] The night before he was scheduled to testify before the Kefauver Committee about his findings on organized crime in Chicago , former police detective William J. Drury was murdered outside his home by hitmen. Later in the evening, Chicago attorney Marvin J. Bas , another investigator, was shot to death as well. [72] September 26 , 1950 (Tuesday) Seoul , the capital of South Korea , was recaptured from the North Korean Army a day after the 7th Division Infantry of the U.S. Marines overran North Korean defenses at South Mountain. The 17th Regiment of the South Korean Army crossed the Han River into Seoul, while the United States 8th Army was 40 miles away and closing in from the south. [73] At a mine near the English village of Creswell, Derbyshire , eighty underground coal miners were killed by carbon monoxide poisoning, while another 120 were able to escape to the surface. [74] Retreating back to North Korea, the North Korean Army took with it 376 U.S. prisoners of war, who were forced to march to Pyongyang , 250 miles away, over the next three weeks. [75] Sixty American POWs at Daejon were massacred by their North Korean captors. [76] The first infiltration by U.S. soldiers into North Korea began as nine agents, of Unit 4 from the 21st Troop Carrier Squadron , parachuted to the north of retreating North Korean soldiers. [77] On the day of Seoul's liberation, the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Brush struck a mine while shelling North Korea, killing 13 men and injuring 31. [78] The North Atlantic Council, composed of the representatives of the NATO nations, approved "the strategy of placing the maximum number of armed forces" in West Germany and West Berlin, close to the Soviet forces in Eastern Europe. [79] The smoke from Canadian forest fires, which had darkened the eastern United States two days earlier, moved into the skies over Europe. Due to the scattering of light rays by the unusual dispersal of smoke particles, the smoke caused the Sun to appear blue sun, and, that evening, a (literally) blue moon , an effect not seen since the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano. [80] Coincidentally, the shadow of the Earth darkened the Moon that morning as well in a lunar eclipse . [81] The first advertisement for a credit card appeared, with an ad in the New York Times for Diners Club that was headlined "Say 'Charge It" At any of the fine restaurants listed below!" [60] September 27 , 1950 (Wednesday) General Douglas MacArthur was given authorized by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, with approval by President Truman, to cross the 38th parallel to invade North Korea, as long as there was no indication of an invasion by Soviet or Chinese forces. The directive added, "Under no circumstances, however, will you cross the Manchurian or USSR borders of Korea and, as a matter of policy, no non-Korean ground forces will be used in the north-east provinces bordering the Soviet Union or in the area along the Manchurian border." [82] The U.S. Eighth Army, approaching from the west, and X Corps, coming from the south, linked up at Osan , forcing the retreat of the North Korean People's Army from South Korea. [83] World Heavyweight boxing champion Ezzard Charles defeated former titleholder Joe Louis in a unanimous decision following a 15-round bout at Yankee Stadium . [84] Born: September 28 , 1950 (Thursday) Indonesia was admitted as the 60th member state of the United Nations . [85] September 29 , 1950 (Friday) The liberation of Seoul was celebrated with the return of South Korean President Syngman Rhee and U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur , appearing together at a noontime ceremony to mark the return of the government to the capital, which had been seized by the People's Army of North Korea in June. [86] General MacArthur declared to the crowd, "By the grace of a merciful Providence, our forces, fighting under the standard of that greatest home and inspiration of mankind, the United Nations, have liberated this ancient city of Seoul."; at the same time, choosing to liberate Seoul rather than cutting off the escape of the North Koreans from Pusan, allowed 30,000 enemy troops to flee back across the border. [87] The Hazel Scott Show , which had premiered in the U.S. on the DuMont Television Network on July 3 , was cancelled one week after she had testified before Congress to deny that she was a Communist sympathizer. John V. Pavlik, Media in the Digital Age (Columbia University Press, 2008) p225 The Detroit Tigers lost to the Cleveland Indians, 12-2, eliminating them from any chance of winning the American League baseball pennant, and giving the New York Yankees the AL title by default. [88]
Beetle Bailey
Aurophobia is the irrational fear of which metal?
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i don't know
Which actor offered Demi Moore $1 million to sleep with him in the 1993 film ‘Indecent Proposal’?
Indecent Proposal (1993) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A millionaire offers $1,000,000 to a young married couple for a night with the wife. Director: a list of 32 titles created 05 Aug 2012 a list of 38 titles created 26 Dec 2013 a list of 47 titles created 12 Feb 2014 a list of 44 titles created 30 Aug 2014 a list of 22 titles created 1 week ago Search for " Indecent Proposal " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 7 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A computer specialist is sued for sexual harassment by a former lover turned boss who initiated the act forcefully, which threatens both his career and his personal life. Director: Barry Levinson A New York suburban couple's marriage goes dangerously awry when the wife indulges in an adulterous fling. Director: Adrian Lyne A married man's one-night stand comes back to haunt him when that lover begins to stalk him and his family. Director: Adrian Lyne A stripper and single mother gets dragged into a dangerous situation after a congressman takes a fancy to her. Director: Andrew Bergman A violent, suspended police detective investigates a brutal murder, in which a manipulative and seductive woman could be involved. Director: Paul Verhoeven A remake of the Alfred Hitchcock classic Dial M for Murder (1954). Director: Andrew Davis Carly Norris is a book editor living in New York City who moves into the Sliver apartment building. In the apartment building, Carly meets two of her new neighbors, author Jack Lansford who... See full summary  » Director: Phillip Noyce A woman gets involved in an impersonal affair with a man. She barely knows about his life, only about the sex games they play, so the relationship begins to get complicated. Director: Adrian Lyne After a young man is murdered, his spirit stays behind to warn his lover of impending danger, with the help of a reluctant psychic. Director: Jerry Zucker Edit Storyline A young couple very much in love are married and have started their respective careers, she as a real estate broker, he as an architect. She finds the perfect spot to build his dream house, and they get loans to finance it. When the recession hits, they stand to lose everything they own, so they go to Vegas to have one shot at winning the money they need. After losing at the tables, they are approached by a millionaire who offers them a million dollars for a night with the wife. Though the couple agrees that this is a way out of their financial dilemma, it threatens to destroy their relationship. Written by Ed Sutton <[email protected]> A husband. A wife. A millionaire. A proposal Genres: Rated R for sexuality and language | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 7 April 1993 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Ein unmoralisches Angebot See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Originally designed as a star vehicle for Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman , with Warren Beatty taking the part of the millionaire. See more » Goofs When seen from behind, there is no message on the back of the photo. When David turns it around, the message appears. See more » Quotes [first lines] David : [sitting on a pier] Losing Diana is like losing a part of me. I thought nothing could change the way we felt about each other. I thought we were invincible. Diana : [riding in a bus] Someone once said, if you want something very badly, set it free. If it comes back to you, it's yours forever. If it doesn't, it was never yours to begin with. I knew one thing, I was David's to begin with, and he was mine. – See all my reviews Indecent Proposal is not the worst film I've ever seen. However, it is my most hated film. Indecent Proposal could have been a very thought provoking look at the struggle of love, fidelity and morality when money is offered, but in the far from expert hands of Adrian Lyne it's become a biased look at prostitution that's shot like an ice cream commercial. Adrian Lyne is known for making films that involve some type of male to female dilemma: 9 1/2 weeks, Fatal Attraction et al. But, as in the two mentioned films, he always seems to take the male point of view. Woody Harrelson's character is the central character in this film. After Demi Moore sleeps with Robert Redford who does the film focus on? Him. We see his despair, his pain, not hers. She seems to take to prostitution like a duck to orange sauce. So what is Lyne saying? Is he saying its harder to become a pimp than to become a prostitute? That's the impression I'm getting. Look at Demi's character before and after her night with Robert Redford. In all the scenes before she seems awkward and certainly not happy. In all the scenes after she seems to glow with confidence and contentment. What is Lyne saying here? Is it that money DOES buy happiness? Also, the casting is an expert exercise in marketing. The concept of sleeping with Robert Redford for a million dollars is definitely one of the things that drew many women to this film. I think many women would do it for their taxi fair home and no complaints. Demi and Woody are also gorgeous enough to make it work. Imagine if the couple were black, Hispanic or any minority group and the rich man was some slobbish red neck - the film take on a much darker tone altogether. I can understand why so many women liked this film, but the chauvinistic nature of this film is staring you right in the face. I'd suggest people watch the film again bearing in mind the points that I've made. 90 of 163 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Robert Redford
The US city of Tombstone is in which state?
Indecent Proposal - First thoughts about Indecent Proposal Indecent Proposal is a 1993 drama film based on the novel of the same name by Jack Engelhard. Write here your first thoughts about Indecent Proposal ... 24 May 2016     22:28 The led indecent proposal sensor promotional material has the suit the occasion referring to galloping revulsi... 24 May 2016     21:28 Indecent Proposal - Proposta Indecente via there isn't Love,it just sex& pleasure, 24 May 2016     20:10 Is Indecent Proposal not the best movie in the whole wide world 💗💗😍😍 24 May 2016     16:19 *Follows back in the hope you're more Iron Man than Indecent Proposal* 24 May 2016     13:24 Trig up cement p76m stimulative for indecent proposal la david vuitton lumps: lDwYxY 24 May 2016     11:01 I feel like bob in the An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal episode of Bob's Burgers. 23 May 2016     22:53 19 years ago i was in hospital watching Indecent Proposal and had just gone into labour. 23 May 2016     22:14 I don't want to contribute to USA's moral decline, but the again he's America's Indecent Proposal. 23 May 2016     21:58 Drumpf's is the USA's Indecent Proposal. The GOP's dating him, but should we allow him to stay over for 4 years? 23 May 2016     20:56 "One night with your wife in exchange for exposure for your band". "Ok but you pay for travel". "No" . "... fine". - 2016 Indecent Proposal 23 May 2016     19:04 "One night with your wife in exchange for 500,000". "We want one million". "Deal. One million Likes & Shares". - Millennial Indecent Proposal 23 May 2016     17:24 Why was is called "Indecent Proposal" when 1 millions dollars is a decent offer? 23 May 2016     17:22 Yes deep down you'd love to do an indecent proposal with her. 23 May 2016     14:29 that and Indecent Proposal are two great movies that I never, ever want to re-watch. 23 May 2016     13:32 The unions exactness until know-how canton how headed for kit an prominent indecent proposal in behalf of bill... 23 May 2016     04:19 That was an indecent proposal. You cannot do anything to convince me otherwise. Still, my answer is NO. 23 May 2016     02:10 "If you ever want something badly, let it go. If it comes back to you, then it's yours forever." - Indecent Proposal (1993) 23 May 2016     01:08 I met some old Chinese friends in Union Sq. Park today. The guy on the right made an indecent proposal for my wife. 22 May 2016     23:25 I really detest movies like 'Indecent Proposal' and 'Pretty Woman' bec... 22 May 2016     21:51 When I win the Powerball, I'm so going to Indecent Proposal the crap out this guy, but you know 🐪🍆🍌🌶 SEXT 22 May 2016     21:20 Benefits in point of high suggestion in preference to indecent proposal whereupon duties and responsibilities ... 22 May 2016     19:42 This weekends been too emotional. Now greeting at Indecent proposal. Ffs 😏 22 May 2016     19:21 Less than Indecent Proposal but more than Weekend in Vegas 22 May 2016     18:58 Re-watching Indecent Proposal. Every time I see it I just want to scream, "Don't do this Woody. Ask for two million! ASK FOR TWO MILLION!" 22 May 2016     18:15 "A life without risk is like no life at all." - Indecent Proposal (1993) 22 May 2016     17:13 one of the worlds biggest tragedies is that timbaland and magoos “indecent proposal” isn’t available on Spotify/Apple Music 08 May 2016     15:10 I certainly wasn't expecting Billy Connelly to pop up in Indecent Proposal. 22 Apr 2016     22:32 Benefits pertinent to la indecent proposal on behalf of recommendation although interest outsourcing: DfVPgZrIM 22 Apr 2016     22:17 That bicep in cover of AN INDECENT PROPOSAL??? *melts* 22 Apr 2016     18:49 Safe to say the indecent proposal has ruffled a few feathers.. fans not happy! 22 Apr 2016     18:28 Oh going all Indecent Proposal on us. 22 Apr 2016     15:10 25th April - Holly wants to hand herself in, and James makes Harry an indecent proposal 22 Apr 2016     14:53 what sort of Indecent Proposal amount of money would be enough? 22 Apr 2016     14:27 I know the guy in Indecent Proposal offered Demi Moore $1 million to sleep with him. Im willing to pay Kate Hudson $20 for the same deal. 22 Apr 2016     13:12 Every man has a price. We just know what Jon Mason's is. And it's way less than Woody Harrelson 's in "Indecent Proposal" 22 Apr 2016     13:00 Indecent Proposal movie:. from some place, a movie or something. . I was on the subway and there was a girl... 22 Apr 2016     12:55 Indecent Proposal movie:. I thought we were invincible. But now I know that the things that people in love do to... 22 Apr 2016     12:24 lol - I've never considered lending her out tbh... Kind of a "boring version of indecent proposal", I guess 😂😂😂😳 22 Apr 2016     11:49 This is not up for negotiation. This is Indecent Proposal 2. I'm basically the new Demi Moore . 22 Apr 2016     11:37 Benefits about high solicitation against indecent proposal but intercourse outsourcing: SZtDIDCMC 22 Apr 2016     11:12 Alright alright my favorite movie has been officially upgraded to "indecent proposal" 😍😌✋ 22 Apr 2016     10:05 Benefits in point of a indecent proposal as things go animus in any event issue outsourcing: cXdpdtWKC 22 Apr 2016     08:03 First of all: how did Indecent Proposal NOT end Robert Redford s career and how has this not been remade yet? 22 Apr 2016     08:03 When the nation is 'prisoner of trivialities': 22 Apr 2016     07:53 A govt college principal suspended over his objectionable conversation at an official meeting with female teachers 22 Apr 2016     04:57 I love the scenes with Lady Love & when he makes that indecent proposal to Isabel. ;) 21 Apr 2016     22:24 The unions give satisfaction over against byte fleur-de-lis whence on route to drone high hit indecent proposal... 21 Apr 2016     21:49 'Indecent Proposal' is such a painful movie. 21 Apr 2016     21:05 Indecent proposal is a really nice movie :) and now for many reasons. 21 Apr 2016     20:56 Lovers mustn't forget but they must forgive 💕 😍 21 Apr 2016     20:43 Am watching "Indecent Proposal" on Mbc Max and it fits my mood perfectly. 21 Apr 2016     20:36 Just watched "Indecent proposal." I love ending a day with a nice, romantic movie. 21 Apr 2016     20:31 An indecent proposal I would have accepted: "If doesn't procreate soon, you have to have his baby." -husband 21 Apr 2016     20:21 Film "Indecent Proposal" li ma25oude 3anno osset Chello halla2 3al MBC Max who wants to watch? 😁 21 Apr 2016     20:04 Benefits concerning an proposal as representing indecent proposal at all events area outsourcing: HmLYTolbd 21 Apr 2016     19:54 Indecent proposal now on max. Money vs love 21 Apr 2016     19:42 Can a real life Indecent Proposal happen to me?. Please? 21 Apr 2016     19:05 Indecent proposal: new nightlife policy leaves Chandigarh admin in a hot mess 21 Apr 2016     18:04 Last night I watched "Indecent Proposal"got me thinking I'd prob do it for 1mil if I was that skint 😂 Fav if u wouldn'… 21 Apr 2016     17:40 Going to watch Indecent Proposal later. Wish someone would offer me $10 for a night of the Dani loving. For that I'd do anal.twice. 21 Apr 2016     04:56 Indecent Proposal - still such a dope movie. And Demi's bod is sick 20 Apr 2016     23:28 This older wyatt gentleman is finna offer me an indecent proposal. It's the animal print. I bet. 20 Apr 2016     21:56 Indecent proposal is the most annoying movie I have ever seen. 20 Apr 2016     21:24 I wish I was Robert Redford in indecent proposal he got the swag 11 Apr 2016     14:46 Indecent Proposal - Trailer. Adrian Lyne buffs the premise of Honeymoon in ... 01 Apr 2016     21:12 Ruling circles indecent proposal forasmuch as number homer: vuM 01 Apr 2016     20:49 May I please make an indecent proposal? 01 Apr 2016     16:19 Turns out doesn't want to sleep with your wife 01 Apr 2016     16:07 First hand experience of an indecent proposal. 01 Apr 2016     14:28 Wasn't that a movie called Indecent Proposal? 01 Apr 2016     13:42 How in passage to express a note down indecent proposal happily: btHKYB 01 Apr 2016     13:11 (rolls around in small change, Indecent Proposal style) 01 Apr 2016     12:02 Do it for your own reasons, or don't do it. - Indecent Proposal (1993) 01 Apr 2016     11:27 Added 375 books to my inventory. I wanted to "Indecent Proposal" them, but figured it would probably hurt a lot. 01 Apr 2016     10:43 Online indecent proposal leads to heartbreak, headaches 01 Apr 2016     10:05 Online indecent proposal leads to heartbreak, headaches: A man posing as a woman in order to prompt obscene me... 01 Apr 2016     08:28 . Indecent Proposal. I had not one million for siavash 01 Apr 2016     03:21 not a bad ep. I still like Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal. But S4 had some great one-liners. 01 Apr 2016     00:20 The led indecent proposal sensor gleam has the utility in point of hasty speech situation: UeRTvJ 01 Apr 2016     00:08 Indecent proposal, my dude not rollin...he sayin nah to a million dollars 31 Mar 2016     20:54 Woman's "indecent proposal" to escape DWI charges was promptly denied by CCPD officer. 31 Mar 2016     17:15 Bucket list: recreate the scene in "Indecent Proposal" where they made love on top of mad cash to the sounds of Sade's "No Ordinary Love." 31 Mar 2016     15:52 As up undergo schooling towards constituted authority disclamation in transit to beg off indecent proposal as… 31 Mar 2016     14:32 Listen to It's Your Night by Timbaland & Magoo on 👈🏽Reminds me of some good times back in school. 31 Mar 2016     05:46 Just got an indecent proposal from the Man of Steel himself. I must be dreaming. 31 Mar 2016     04:57 dose could've been us but u playin' --> An Indecent Proposal 31 Mar 2016     00:36 I see an indecent proposal in your future 30 Mar 2016     19:24 Remember Indecent Proposal?. Would you let another dude have your partner for one night? Price tag is no less than a milli. 30 Mar 2016     14:31 Seven tips for writing more persuasive proposals Tip 30 Mar 2016     12:36 An Indecent Proposal (The TransAlp Race): My boyfriend proposed. It was really sweet how he was all shy and ne... 30 Mar 2016     10:14 Whence unto make an airing indecent proposal happily: pNnpbH 30 Mar 2016     05:48 Lag microsoft questions so as to indecent proposal 70-291 permission trial: bkgSgPbO 29 Mar 2016     22:44 Benefits in connection with high indecent proposal in contemplation of striving during which time playacting ou... 29 Mar 2016     20:45 This happened: Author of an Indecent Proposal pens piece moralizing about shooting downed Palestinian in Hebron | 29 Mar 2016     20:12 Watch compare p76m carrot so as to indecent proposal high david vuitton lumps: jOYGHP 29 Mar 2016     15:35 . "I want. 5 grand per indecent proposal." 29 Mar 2016     14:57 Oh my lord, is hysterical in this episode of Doctors 15 Mar 2016     22:01 Ever seen the way a kid looks at their mom when she picks up his other sibling and not him? Like he's Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal. 05 Jan 2016     08:56 beautiful! If u not engaged...was it an indecent proposal then. 05 Jan 2016     08:32 Guts in order to an toothsome indecent proposal: gVcY 05 Jan 2016     07:58 Benefits in point of la indecent proposal insofar as advice what time restraint of trade outsourcing: CmXOuPcQP 05 Jan 2016     07:36 I swear' sometimes i think i should offer the indecent proposal but that wouldn't last very long anyway. 05 Jan 2016     02:28 This is like Indecent Proposal. Woody didnt want to let his wife get smashed for a $1M but once he said it was open to discussion "She Gone" 05 Jan 2016     01:18 Just pre-ordered Bad Boy!! February can't get here soon enough!! I am in love with An Indecent Proposal!! 05 Jan 2016     00:02 Diana: Have I ever told you I love you? . David: No. . Diana: I do. . David: Still? . Diana: Always. 04 Jan 2016     23:54 We can learn from Chris Gayle’s indecent proposal to Mel McLaughlin 04 Jan 2016     23:33 We can learn from Chris Gayle's indecent proposal to Mel McLaughlin 04 Jan 2016     22:44 Lovers do stay together not because they forget, but because they forgive. _ Indecent proposal 04 Jan 2016     22:36 Indecent proposal gets me everytime 04 Jan 2016     22:27 Indecent proposal... Wouldn't sound too Indecent nowadays, would it? 04 Jan 2016     21:46 INDECENT PROPOSAL . Movie .. can that happen in real ?! 04 Jan 2016     19:28 Indecent Proposal - WHAT. A. Film!!! Love all these films on over Christmas! Demi Moore what a x 04 Jan 2016     16:57 1 sexy babe! what a figure! if I had a million quid...u would get an indecent proposal x 04 Jan 2016     16:44 An actress, have you watched Ghost, GI Jane, Indecent proposal? 04 Jan 2016     15:49 Lazing around watching the film Indecent Proposal...MrJT would you let me sleep with another guy for £1m? 04 Jan 2016     01:16 yep!! No logic @ all SR just need 2 do an indecent proposal type deal, pay him & wifey 4 a nite w/ his wooden *** & get over him😂 04 Jan 2016     00:33 Rcmp drag up p76m spending insofar as indecent proposal an david vuitton lumps: yfOiCH 03 Jan 2016     22:46 Sr CBI off told me. BJP neta told me in Pvt. U know who is Private performer of "Indecent proposal" https:… 03 Jan 2016     21:07 Don't know if that's considered an indecent proposal but I'd taken her up on the offer 03 Jan 2016     21:05 For some it is an indecent proposal - for others this is the life . (Las Vegas) via 03 Jan 2016     20:59 " Indecent proposal " one of the best movies i have ever seen 😍 03 Jan 2016     20:51 They stay together because they forgive --- indecent proposal 03 Jan 2016     20:43 Watching the movie "Indecent Proposal" starring the beautiful and talented 🎭 03 Jan 2016     20:34 Is one of the best romantic movies i have ever seen 😍 03 Jan 2016     19:57 Indecent proposal on Mbc max one of my all time favs 03 Jan 2016     18:52 .just mistook Robert Redford for Robert De Niro when announcing that Indecent Proposal was up next. Shame on you, MBC MAX. 03 Jan 2016     17:01 this book is different in tone and of course type of narrator, but the voice is there. Did you read Indecent Proposal? 03 Jan 2016     16:39 Pull a Indecent Proposal on my favorite news anchor and hope she says yes. So *** beautiful. 03 Jan 2016     15:48 Someone made an indecent proposal last night. I'm in church now thanking God. "No and not yet" are my new vocabulary words 03 Jan 2016     12:35 Rudiments so as to straight a provoquant indecent proposal: JgHw 03 Jan 2016     06:41 Pray my creditors be subjected to upon isochronize up to la public utility group policy indecent proposal?: isOexO 03 Jan 2016     01:34 Are you in a Silver Lake remake of Arthur or Indecent Proposal? 05 Oct 2015     05:38 I was offered an indecent proposal and it's so tempting I almost said yes. 05 Oct 2015     03:15 This is an indecent proposal, right? 05 Oct 2015     01:55 BAH HA HA..Do you know they said your dad's name in Indecent Proposal..Ha.. Would you pay me a mill for one night with God 04 Oct 2015     21:36 it would be like an anti indecent proposal. He'd be paying to have me tied up and gagged 04 Oct 2015     17:04 Indecent Proposal was one of those "holy crap, was this written for ME??" books. I haven't read the others...yet. 04 Oct 2015     16:40 I read these out of order to. I had DNFed Wild Child but came back to it after Indecent Proposal 04 Oct 2015     16:28 I love the whole series. Between the Sheets and Indecent Proposal are my favourties! 04 Oct 2015     12:38 I'm reading indecent proposal by It's so *** good. But I need to know if Wes gets his own book. 04 Oct 2015     06:23 Cut indecent proposal all for portrayal homing pigeon: prw 03 Oct 2015     20:22 Voip answering services workfellow - inquiries in order to indecent proposal prehistorically switching without… 03 Oct 2015     20:14 Indecent proposal kind of evening :) 03 Oct 2015     17:46 Benefits relative to an indecent proposal so as to direction but responsibility outsourcing: rjROcEtWv 03 Oct 2015     17:23 " Indecent Proposal " was made too early. It would be a perfect movie in todays society. Great question. 03 Oct 2015     14:04 Overbalance indecent proposal insomuch as schema notice: PjZ 03 Oct 2015     09:03 Anyone else think this smacks of a fall out from an "indecent proposal"? 03 Oct 2015     05:49 Benefits in point of la indecent proposal remedial of mind however project outsourcing: CdHVxdzoM 03 Oct 2015     05:22 I want a XXX version of Fatal Attraction , Showgirls, Basic Instinct, Sliver, Indecent Proposal & Body Double. Would love to cast then too. 03 Oct 2015     01:34 10/10 would recommend the movie Indecent Proposal (1993) 02 Oct 2015     20:30 Now however, most want2charge contractor fees w/no contract, shoddy work&even go so far as2offer an indecent proposal on occasion. WTH? 02 Oct 2015     20:13 "Lazarus Suite . 10 minutes" Farage makes indecent proposal to woman with tattoo on his arm. 02 Oct 2015     20:11 Elements in transit to an trover indecent proposal: RBfm 02 Oct 2015     19:29 A Taste of Honey is like Indecent Proposal meets Casino Royale and is on sale now from Amazon. 02 Oct 2015     15:23 This indecent proposal show is dumb. 02 Oct 2015     14:55 If you ever say another word about me or make another indecent proposal, I'm gonna get that gun of mine, 02 Oct 2015     10:51 When goes wrong? sent me an email with an indecent proposal (◎-◎;)!! 02 Oct 2015     09:42 Indecent proposal? OnePlus co-founder says he wants to join Samsung as an intern 02 Oct 2015     04:28 ON THIS DAY: conducted a somewhat indecent proposal on in 2012! WATCH: 02 Oct 2015     03:10 Alice's new boss makes an indecent proposal. Will she accept for the sake of her career? Stately Pleasures: 02 Oct 2015     03:00 Hot new clip from Mandy on Kinkbomb Enjoy 02 Oct 2015     01:02 Have a good evening/night everyone. See you later. John Barry (10). INDECENT PROPOSAL . 18 Aug 2015     23:26 I got on I flipped out I must be addicted . I also got a very "profitable" indecent proposal and I passed 18 Aug 2015     23:16 I have an indecent proposal for you. Will you duet with me ? 18 Aug 2015     20:31 ... I felt an indecent proposal coming on & you said you didn't want Demi Moore of those calls 18 Aug 2015     19:19 Oehhh that really was an indecent proposal.. What would you do? Nu reclame.. Limo inschenkt 18 Aug 2015     16:22 I'm gonna take a guess and say that the movie Indecent Proposal probably hasn't aged well. 18 Aug 2015     14:12 If that chick from the show "Indecent Proposal" can get an indecent proposal then I am majorly missing something with… 18 Aug 2015     13:05 But this is Neighbours, so literally by the time we'd typed that, the indecent proposal is already out. 18 Aug 2015     12:55 let's just say, I'd be up for any Indecent Proposal he makes me 18 Aug 2015     07:38 like Demi Moore in indecent proposal 18 Aug 2015     05:37 Because even an Indecent Proposal can be carried out and if it's real, I mean truly real, love will remain. 18 Aug 2015     04:28 Couldn't sleep--shocker. And then I find indecent proposal on my DVR and My night is spent with Robert Redford . 18 Aug 2015     00:44 Watching Indecent Proposal for the first time. 17 Aug 2015     22:46 $4 anything HH is sort of an indecent proposal. (at in Minneapolis, MN) 17 Aug 2015     22:05 Everyone has a price, Allison. Didn't Indecent Proposal teach you anything?! 17 Aug 2015     22:02 combination of comedy, romance, and slice of life. Her favorite movies are Indecent Proposal and Unfaithful 17 Aug 2015     22:02 Overflow by He offers an indecent proposal she has to accept 17 Aug 2015     20:25 I had an indecent proposal from you in my e-mail ;) xx 17 Aug 2015     20:08 The year Waterworld was released, 1995, it became the all-time ww grosser, between Indecent Proposal & Total Recall. 17 Aug 2015     18:32 I made an indecent proposal to my maid Gloria. 17 Aug 2015     16:55 What will Josh do about Sue's indecent proposal? Find out in tomorrow's 17 Aug 2015     16:46 Will you be watching 'Indecent Proposal' this weekend?. Watch feature epi… 17 Aug 2015     15:24 MK is indecent proposal, proves charges of contacting prohibited people not so serious since from abroad would be easier 17 Aug 2015     12:42 Josh receives an indecent proposal in tonight's at 5.30pm 17 Aug 2015     11:03 Nigerian parents put so much pressure on single women that they are ready to accept any indecent proposal to escape d pressure 17 Aug 2015     10:01 "Things ppl in love do 2 each other thy remember & if thy stay 2gether it's not bcause thy 4get it's bcause thy 4give" frm Indecent Proposal 17 Aug 2015     05:04 Benefits on high motion now indecent proposal however organization outsourcing: hiUpHMlMD 17 Aug 2015     04:24 Weekend to enjoy romantic movies,. ~Indecent Proposal~1993. "Real Love cannot be bought" 17 Aug 2015     04:20 She never would have looked at me the way she did at him- Indecent proposal. 17 Aug 2015     04:18 Omg my dream someone gave me an indecent proposal gosh 17 Aug 2015     04:04 "People in love do not forget, they forgive" - indecent proposal 17 Aug 2015     01:08 kiss-blowing Train WhistleHeart-Shaped Puff Over-the-Shoulder Taste the Rainbow-Skittles trickle out The Indecent Proposal 17 Aug 2015     00:13 Indecent Proposal is a masterpiece, but even more so when compared to the other Sex Film of the 90s that is Color of Night. 17 Aug 2015     00:08 Zziinngg... but the ? was who hasn't had one. This isn't Demi Moore /Indecent Proposal & if so I'd need cool Mill 16 Aug 2015     23:09 Benefits about an application considering indecent proposal while effort outsourcing: sWyWZLXqV 16 Aug 2015     21:14 Roy dreams the Gambler pays $1,000,000 to sleep with Ishmael: a reference to Indecent Proposal starring Harrelson 11 Jul 2015     07:37 please tell me some of the best Hollywood movies,recently I saw Adrian Lyne movies..Indecent Proposal movie,it hurts my male ego 10 Jun 2015     23:18 Don't understand why Demi Moore faught against it in Indecent Proposal. Had she not seen Robert Redford in the 60s? 04 May 2015     02:33 If you're not current on those, grab Never Been Kissed. SO good. Indecent Proposal was good, but I liked NBK better. 28 Apr 2015     22:56 John Gage in Indecent Proposal...Be my husband please? 😍😘💍💕 03 Apr 2015     10:51 I used to think Robert Redford (The billionaire) in Indecent Proposal was a villain. He was actually just a man with money. Borderline hero. 24 Feb 2015     19:56 Just thought to myself... Ooh, Indecent Exposure is on Netflix US. Of course, I meant Indecent Proposal. But either sound good. 08 Feb 2015     02:04 This old guy just told me he likes my romper more than the dress that Demi Moore wore in Indecent Proposal. Uh... 07 Feb 2015     19:14 Stallone stole Demi Moore 's top at the end of Indecent Proposal. 10 Jan 2015     03:48 Indecent Proposal: Mitt Romney suggests he may run yet again for President. 29 Oct 2014     22:30 One BBW, two hot men and an indecent proposal. Can Alice complete the kinky list? Stately Pleasures: 29 Oct 2014     21:01 just a picture of me Indecent Proposal-ing the movies on my bed 29 Oct 2014     18:12 is this what Indecent Proposal was based on? Sounds almost exactly the same 29 Oct 2014     16:45 TTT remembers NYC born actor Danny Zorn who passed away this day in 2012; he starred in “Indecent Proposal” 29 Oct 2014     16:03 forgot my most favorite Halloween movie ever -- Indecent Proposal. 29 Oct 2014     11:18 Congrats on Tied! Loved every page. Will you make Indecent Proposal available to those who didn't preorder? 29 Oct 2014     10:24 Which of these movies would you rename and what would you call it?. 1. Titanic. 2. Indecent Proposal . 3. Pretty... 29 Oct 2014     04:55 Lets unrelievedly ragtime remotely 2012-persist indecent proposal in reference to the regular year: LEZ 29 Oct 2014     02:33 About to watch Indecent Proposal for the first time. 29 Oct 2014     01:34 The movie Indecent Proposal will be the death of me ❤️😭 28 Oct 2014     18:31 Dated news articles about my past leads to an indecent proposal from a "gentlemen's club" - read my FB post 28 Oct 2014     17:54 Benefits in connection with a seek since indecent proposal upon which onus outsourcing: gpENoEiXx 28 Oct 2014     10:39 On the other hand: 28 October 19: Cult of Isis suppressed due to an indecent proposal: 28 Oct 2014     10:25 Hope this indecent proposal make ya do sumn with me 28 Oct 2014     09:36 I did an RC in a mock where the essay was on Indecent Proposal. Stopped the mock right away :D 28 Oct 2014     05:55 How on route to download indecent proposal pictures into yours ipod: WZwcaovpK 21 Sep 2014     19:54 Oh YAY - look what's on sale soon ~ Indecent Proposal by Molly O'Keefe - Book - eBook - Random House 11 Aug 2014     00:46 Jack Engelhard , who wrote the international bestseller Indecent Proposal, which later became a movie starring Robert Redford and Demi Moore , is taking CNN's Wolf Blitzer to task. More like ripping him 28 Jul 2014     02:26 Aywa bs that's recent. Indecent Proposal was in 1993. No vampires! 😂😂 Robert Redford ( John Gage ) is the older version of Grey 26 Jul 2014     21:27 Indecent Proposal is about to start on MBC MAX! 10 Jun 2014     20:24 It's like Robert Redford 's character in Indecent Proposal all over again! 01 Jun 2014     04:48 I can't watch Robert Redford in anything without thinking of his character in Indecent Proposal. 31 May 2014     15:58 Free Stuff: FREE Kindle Book: The Girls of Cincinnati by Jack Engelhard , author of Indecent Proposal 31 May 2014     01:44 A new email offering me 10,000 for sex. I feel like Demi Moore in Indecent Proposal.except I think I'd just get murdered. So no. 18 May 2014     08:18 Indecent Proposal, an underrated flick. And it has my favorite score from John Barry . 27 Apr 2014     21:41 I always thought Michael Douglas was the lead in Indecent Proposal. He isn’t. Now I can watch it. Woody Harrelson is so young! 09 Apr 2014     02:04 I'm going to take a page from Dakota Cassidy and do this. CAPTAIN AMERICA WINTER SOLDIER SPOILER ALERT! George St. Pierre played a bad guy. I was such a happy UFC nerd girl. 2. My husband feels like Robert Redford 's fate was directly related to his role in Indecent Proposal. The man has issues with that movie, even 20 years later. 3. The nursing home scene made me cry. 4. War Games reference by ScaJo for the win! 5. Whoever put Chris Evans in a shirt should be fired. OVERDRESSING IS UNNECESSARY, PEOPLE! 6. The guy with the falcon wings - I do not know his name - was awesomesauce. I know he's "a soldier, not a spy", but *** it, I want to see him in the future. 7. Fury...in shades...*flails* I am such a SMJ as Nick Fury fan girl. 8. See I have a girl crush on Scarlett Johansson. She is awesome. 10. THE TWINS - WHISKEY TANGO FOXTROT? 31 Mar 2014     18:19 Never realized Woody Harrelson was Demi's husband in Indecent Proposal! Ewww...he totally ruined the movie for me!! Who would cast that shmuck for Demi's love interest?! Of course she'd dump him for Bob Redford in hearbeat! Big mistake! Huge! 15 Mar 2014     04:39 I guess it's an early 90's Demi Moore kinda movie night!. First Ghost, now this. — watching Indecent Proposal 01 Mar 2014     20:07 Raise your hands those of you that remember seeing the 1993 (20 years ago!) angst fest that was Indecent Proposal. Was you Team Woody or Team Robert? Well, treasure those beloved memories because t... 01 Mar 2014     20:06 D'Anne Burley interviews "Indecent Proposal" author Jack Engelhard on her radio show:. 01 Mar 2014     18:15 Supermodels are probably inundated with flattering offers of dates from love-struck men all the time. The only trouble must be deciding which ones to accept.But Claudia Schiffer knew exactly what to do when she received a rather indecent proposal of her own - walk away with her head held high.The Ge... 01 Mar 2014     17:59 Never watch indecent proposal with your wife if she looks even remotely like Demi. Mine looks so much like her its scary. 01 Mar 2014     17:30 Supermodel Claudia Schiffer reveals she turned down real-life Indecent Proposal 01 Mar 2014     16:51 The one time I feel some sort of empathy for Kim Kardasian however Kanye if your "wife" is for rent with as much money as you both supposedly have, on top of the moral violation, it looks very tasteless to pull an INDECENT PROPOSAL... shes in Vienna being pimped by her mother meanwhile you weren't far away in Paris smh .. .. she had to feel absolutely humiliated, you are a father now lets not forget and it goes to show MONEY isn't everything. P.S. pulling this kind of stunt I doubt they have as much money as people and sources claim they have. With expensive habits even a millionaire has enough rope to hang themselves and live CTC LOL P.S.S. I already know there are going to be some beknighted individuals that will say for $500k they would go thru what KIM went thru... smh. I wish YOU good luck in life! 01 Mar 2014     15:59 -if America is really ok with interracial relationships, U should write indecent Proposal with Idris Elba as the millionaire. 01 Mar 2014     15:56 do you think an Indecent Proposal remake with Idris Elba as the millionaire would *** off a lot of white America. LOL 01 Mar 2014     12:33 I wont stand for indecent proposal. 01 Mar 2014     11:40 snubbed prince’s £1m date Was it an 'indecent proposal'? 01 Mar 2014     11:30 Now i just want to watch Indecent Proposal all over again. New housewarming plan, people. No talking/no eating while the film is on please. 01 Mar 2014     11:19 Smart meters scandal &proposal&down by some And he couldn&have been more right to have said so since from the looks of things, smart meter tampering was as rampant as can be. A number of ... 01 Mar 2014     11:19 Smart meters scandal 'Indecent proposal'turned down by some ... 01 Mar 2014     10:54 Has Luis ever gotten an indecent proposal? with actor, TV host, businessman and funny man… 01 Mar 2014     10:37 Phelans going to do a Lazarus and make Anna an indecent proposal to keep Gary out of prison. 01 Mar 2014     10:36 Hope ManU start their Indecent Proposal tour in North Korea - bet Kim Jong-un loves them and if he's half as good as his Dad was at golf .. 01 Mar 2014     10:10 So 2014/5 could the Manu 'indecent proposal' tour. If you have the cash then our circus will come and perform... 01 Mar 2014     10:09 Claudia Schiffer £1m indecent proposal from an Arab prince 01 Mar 2014     08:55 Supermodel Claudia – I turned down £1m indecent proposal: Supermodel Claudia Schiffer has told how she was once... 01 Mar 2014     07:55 Indecent Proposal Theme I'm putting together some video to this song I love right now. What are you still doing up? 01 Mar 2014     05:53 Up watching indecent proposal on netflix with my hunny bunny 01 Mar 2014     05:40 Claudia Schiffer turned down £1million indecent proposal from an Arab prince. 01 Mar 2014     01:44 The Angelicopter is back as she livens up the show with her signature laugh for the first time this season. A 17 year old boy asks about how to turn down an indecent proposal when his teacher confesses she wants to have sex with him. A girl calls in about the "walang kamatayang kainan" she does with... 28 Feb 2014     23:21 Ghost, Thelma & Louise, Fatal Attraction , Indecent Proposal. God Damnit Netflix, make me a man AGAIN! 28 Feb 2014     19:37 Moore magic ... watching Demi Moore in Indecent Proposal ... movie of my college days ... nostalgic 28 Feb 2014     19:28 susan was talking about the film indecent proposal and asked me the question . Would I . One million pounds ...mmm 28 Feb 2014     17:45 I watched Indecent Proposal for the first time on Netflix recently. I think the moral of that story is all money ain't good money. 28 Feb 2014     17:22 watching indecent proposal my favourite film a classic and where my boy had his name from!! "If you love someone set them free if they come back they are yours forever if they don't they were never yours to begin with" my favourite quote!! ohh my music just started im welling up already!! 28 Feb 2014     15:28 Let me be a little more detailed as well bush Jr and his affiliates and those trying to exploit my situation and there pawns or any group they associate with are either delusional or pathological liers also they try to and want to intrude in my sexual life unwarranted once again they have lied to make that a issue legally I am nothing out of the ordinary they continue to bring this up I amsure to reinforce the lies the gaurds at cca told in rebuttal to my statements to a judge also since that indecent proposal this attempted intrusion into my sexual life has increased there communication are littered with sexual overtones its like anything dealing with me being intimate they are trying to let me know they will attempt to interfere in and yes I know it sounds unbelievable but it is true by the way this is a strictly for the adults post 28 Feb 2014     11:08 The Jonathan Ross Show: Claudia Schiffer discusses her indecent proposal from an Arab Prince 28 Feb 2014     10:26 News Update Claudia Schiffer rejects 'indecent proposal' as she says its not all about money 28 Feb 2014     09:37 Beyond Dreams Productions’ Ek Veer Ki Ardaas – Veera on Star Plus will see some dramatic highpoints in the coming episodes that will give rise to a major turning point in story telling. Well, viewers will see the wedding of Ranvijay (Shivin Narang) and Gunjan (Farnaz Shetty) taking place!! So how will this happen? Well, certain unforeseen situations will bring them together. As reported earlier by a section of media, Gunjan (Farnaz Shetty) has fallen prey to a casting couch in her quest to achieve popularity by being part of the movie shot in Pritampura. As per the ongoing track, Baldev (Vishal Vashishta) has brought in a movie crew to shoot their flick in the pind. This will be when Gunjan will show keen interest in acting. However, a person in the production crew will have an evil eye on Gunjan, and will take advantage of her craziness to acting. He will put forth an indecent proposal to her. Hearing this, Gunjan will seek the help of her mother Bansuri (Vishvapreet Kaur), who will pressurize Gunjan ... 28 Feb 2014     07:15 Apart from accepting an indecent proposal lol any ideas on how to make some extra cash, AND getting a job no good, already got one thanks x oh 1 more thing, if anyone getting rid of a working sewing machine I would be interested in taking it off your hands. Thanks x x 20 Feb 2014     10:48 Indecent Proposal... in real life, if you will get a proposal just like Demi Moore had, $1M for a 1 night sleep with a man, will you go for it? 19 Feb 2014     21:09 She'd done it again! Ageless "Indecent Proposal" star Demi Moore has broken her own record of toy boys as she's now kicking it with a British actor who is 28 years her junior. The fifty-one year ol... 13 Feb 2014     17:23 That awkward moment when you are reviewing your business plan for your next round of money raise and you look a little closer at the numbers and realize that the number that your business partner just happens to have arrived at is the exact number -- down to the penny -- that you always said would be the amount it would take for you to accept a Robert Redford - Demi Moore styled "Indecent Proposal"... Well played, Nathan Johnson. Well played. ;P 07 Feb 2014     21:19 IMO Demi Moore 's dress from Indecent Proposal should've made it too. Most knocked off dress ever. 07 Feb 2014     17:49 Indecent Proposal excerpt: But staring at her reflection in the mirror, the lips swollen from kisses, the beard burn on her cheeks, the wild hair and wilder eyes, there was no pretending. She’d had sex with her husband. 03 Feb 2014     19:15 Just found out that The Wicked Rancher's Indecent Proposal, has just gone live on Amazon. 03 Feb 2014     18:29 The led indecent proposal sensor frequency spectrum has the boon in relation with total abstinence concern: SAJTP 03 Feb 2014     18:03 Does this indecent proposal seems prudent? 03 Feb 2014     17:53 The led indecent proposal sensor attenuate has the worth with regard to under forced draft te deum: nyGlMs 03 Feb 2014     16:49 $60K on a car that means I'm trying to test the morals of somebody's daughter...passenger seat like an edited version of indecent proposal 03 Feb 2014     16:40 Benefits touching high proposition in behalf of indecent proposal during which time enterprise outsourcing: COcmFMKUv 03 Feb 2014     16:21 List of VHS tapes for sale The way we were Rosemary baby Income in peace Once up one a time in china Fire starter The abyss Jerry maguire My best friends wedding The power of one It's a wonderful life Richard Simmons and the silver foxes The client Children of a lesser god Relentless The bird cage Connery snipes Mad Max Heartburn Independent day Point break Dumb and dumber copycat Deep impact As good as it gets Sugar town Indecent proposal The Jericho mile When Harry met sally Good fellas Fabulous The hunt for red October Arthur 2 on the rocks A perfect world King of new York On the border The good son The shadow Stallone Untamed heart Made in america 03 Feb 2014     16:02 I still remember Billy Bob Thornton in Indecent Proposal. He's young, chubby, slimy & steals a scene from Moore and Redford by doing nothing 03 Feb 2014     15:57 Huge fan of both men, but it took Woody Harrelson 's performance in White Men Can't Jump for Adrian Lyne cast him in Indecent Proposal!!! 03 Feb 2014     15:51 Well we watched Indecent Proposal together and are still together but he walks out whenever GWTW is on! 03 Feb 2014     15:06 I'd like to see the couples who watched The Devil's Advocate, Indecent Proposal & Gone With The Wind and see how they turned out. 03 Feb 2014     14:57 yeah but I entered the contest, enough money to give myself an indecent proposal. 03 Feb 2014     14:39 While watching the movie, 'Indecent Proposal' I was reminded of what money will do to people. Money will break up relationships as well as ruin friendships. For some reason, people will engage in unethical behavior in order to get something. They will provide excuses for their actions and justify their decision. In a real sense, people will take matters into their own hands rather than trusting in the living God. It may seem difficult, but God will test your faith. Through your faith in God, you will become victorious. 03 Feb 2014     11:45 Indecent proposal - why brands should be wary of accepting any sponsorship offer made 03 Feb 2014     10:01 And if i still recall the movie, that indecent proposal ruined their marriage. 03 Feb 2014     09:49 What do you think about that imprudent indecent proposal. 03 Feb 2014     08:10 So I just received an indecent proposal. Tangina? 03 Feb 2014     06:17 Bruce Willis to Demi: this is Indecent Proposal still, will U..? . Sallu: I'm virgin, will U..?
i don't know
In December 1935, Anthony Eden took up which government post in Britain?
Anthony Eden Anthony Eden ▼ Primary Sources ▼ Anthony Eden Anthony Eden, the son of Sir William Eden, the High Sheriff of Durham , was born at Windlestone Hall , near Bishop Auckland , on 12th June, 1897. Eden, like his father and grandfather, was educated at Eton . He hoped to go to Sandhurst before joining the British Army , but was rejected because of his poor eyesight. With the outbreak of the First World War the British Army reduced its entry standards, and Eden was able to obtain a commission in the King's Royal Rifle Corps . Soon after Lieutenant Eden arrived in France in June 1916, he heard that his sixteen year old brother, Nicholas Eden, had been killed when the Indefatigable had been sunk at the Battle of Jutland . Eden served on the Western Front and won the Military Cross at the Battle of the Somme in 1916. After one attack at at Delville Wood , Eden's he battalion suffered 394 casualties, of whom 127 were killed. Nearly all the junior officers were either dead or badly wounded and as a result Eden was promoted to adjutant. By the time the war ended, Eden had reached the rank of major. After the war Eden was undecided about whether to stay in the army. He eventually selected a career in politics and in the 1923 General Election won Warwick & Leamington for the Conservative Party . Three years later he was appointed parliamentary private secretary to Austin Chamberlain at the Foreign Office. A post he held until the government lost power at the 1929 General Election . In the National Government formed by Ramsay MacDonald in 1931, Eden became Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs (1931-34). When Stanley Baldwin became prime minister in 1935 he appointed Eden as his Foreign Secretary. Henry (Chips) Channon commented: "He has had a meteoric rise, young Anthony. I knew him well at Oxford, where he was mild, aesthetic, handsome, cultivated and interested in the East - now at thirty-eight he is Foreign Secretary. There is hardly a parallel in our history. I wish him luck; I like him; but I have never had an exaggerated opinion of his brilliance, though his appearance is magnificent." Eden disagreed with Neville Chamberlain about the way to deal with fascism . Duff Cooper reported in his autobiography, Old Men Forget (1953): "I had been glad when Eden had become Foreign Secretary and I had always given him my support in Cabinet when he needed it. I believed that he was fundamentally right on all the main problems of foreign policy, that he fully understood how serious was the German menace and how hopeless the policy of appeasement. Not being, however, a member of the Foreign Policy Committee, I was ignorant of how deep the cleavage of opinion between him and the Prime Minister had become. It is much to his credit that he abstained from all lobbying of opinion and sought to gain no adherents either in the Cabinet or the House of Commons." Eden eventually resigned from the government on the issue of appeasement . In a speech given in the House of Commons on 21st February, 1938, he argued: "I do not believe that we can make progress in European appeasement if we allow the impression to gain currency abroad that we yield to constant pressure. I am certain in my own mind that progress depends above all on the temper of the nation, and that tmper must find expression in a firm spirit. This spirit I am confident is there. Not to give voice it is I believe fair neither to this country nor to the world." Winston Churchill , the leader of the Conservative Party opposition to appeasement in parliament, argued: "The resignation of the late Foreign Secretary may well be a milestone in history. Great quarrels, it has been well said, arise from small occasions but seldom from small causes. The late Foreign Secretary adhered to the old policy which we have all forgotten for so long. The Prime Minister and his colleagues have entered upon another and a new policy. The old policy was an effort to establish the rule of law in Europe, and build up through the League of Nations effective deterrents against the aggressor. Is it the new policy to come to terms with the totalitarian Powers in the hope that by great and far-reaching acts of submission, not merely in sentiment and pride, but in material factors, peace may be preserved." Clement Attlee , the leader of the Labour Party , supported Eden in his action against the government. He accused Neville Chamberlain of "an abject surrender to the dictators" and that "the Government, instead of trying to deal with the causes of war, had always been trying in a feeble way to play off one dictator against another. That is a policy which sooner or later leads to war." Eden later admitted: "My action had gained support in the Liberal and Labour Parties as well as in my own, and I had some encouragement to form a new party in opposition to Mr. Chamberlain's foreign policy. I considered this once or twice during the next few months, only to reject it as not being practical politics. Within the Conservative Party, I, and those who shared my views, were a minority of about thirty Members of Parliament out of nearly four hundred. Our number might be expected to grow if events proved us right, but the more complete the break, the more reluctant would the newly converted be to join us." On the outbreak of the Second World War Eden was seen to have been right about his criticisms of Neville Chamberlain and his government. In December 1939 he declared that Adolf Hitler was the symptom of what faced Britain: "Hitler himself is not a phenomenon; he is a symptom; he is the Prussian spirit of military domination come up again. National Socialism was originally conceived in militarism, and it believes only in force. From the beginning, it has organized its people for war. It is the most barren creed that was ever put before mankind. Therefore, if it is allowed to triumph there will be no future for civilization." Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and on 4th April 1940 became chairman of the Military Coordinating Committee. Later that month the German Army invaded and occupied Norway. The loss of Norway was a considerable setback for Chamberlain and his policies for dealing with Nazi Germany . On 8th May the Labour Party demanded a debate on the Norwegian campaign and this turned into a vote of censure. At the end of the debate 30 Conservatives voted against Chamberlain and a further 60 abstained. Chamberlain now decided to resign and on 10th May, 1940, George VI appointed Winston Churchill as prime minister. Later that day the German Army began its Western Offensive and invaded the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Two days later German forces entered France . Churchill now appointed as Foreign Secretary. One of his first actions was to create the Home Guard . On 14th May, 1940, he announced: "We want large numbers of such men in Great Britain, who are British subjects, between the ages of seventeen and sixty-five, to come forward now and offer their services in order to make assurance doubly sure." Eden later reported: "I had expected the response to this appeal to be prompt. In fact it was overwhelming, the first recruit arriving within four minutes of the end of the broadcast. It was quite impossible to deal with the number of volunteers who flocked to join, still less to provide them with weapons. But this was only a beginning and the answer which mattered had already been given." The following month Eden had the responsibility of telling that nation about the retreat from Dunkirk : Our duty in this country is plain. We must make good our losses and we must win this war. To do that we must profit by the lessons of this battle. Brave hearts alone cannot stand up against steel. We need more planes, more tanks, more guns. The people of this country must work as never before. We must show the same qualities, the same discipline, and the same self-sacrifice at home as the British Expeditionary Force have shown in the field. The nation honours with proud reverence those who fell that their comrades might win through. The innumerable actions, the countless deeds of valour of the last week, cannot all be recorded now. Each will have its place in history. Soldiers, sailors, airmen, who gave their lives to help theirs is an immortal memory. Their spirit must be our banner, their sacrifice our spur." Eden met Franklin D. Roosevelt at Yalta . He later recalled: "Roosevelt was, above all else, a consummate politician. Few men could see more clearly their immediate objective, or show greater artistry in obtaining it. As a price of these gifts, his long-range vision was not quite so sure. The President shared a widespread American suspicion of the British Empire as it had once been and, despite his knowledge of world affairs, he was always anxious to make it plain to Stalin that the United States was not 'ganging up' with Britain against Russia. The outcome of this was some confusion in Anglo-American relations which profited the Soviets." The Conservative Party was fully expected to win the 1945 General Election . Although Winston Churchill had officially accepted plans for social reform drawn up by William Beveridge in 1944, he was unable to convince the electorate that he was as committed to these measures as much as Clement Attlee and the Labour Party . In the 1945 General Election Churchill's attempts to compare a future Labour government with Nazi Germany backfired and Attlee won a landslide victory. Eden's reputation in the party remained high and he was appointed as deputy leader of the opposition. The 1951 General Election saw the return of a Conservative government and once more Eden became Foreign Secretary. Later that year, Mohammed Mossadeq , took power in Iran and nationalised the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company , Britain's largest overseas asset and the world's biggest oil-producer. Eden approved a SIS plot to overthrow Mussadeq. The following year MI6 agent George Young helped to organize protests demonstrations against the government in Iran. In August 1953 over 300 people died during a riot in Teheran. Mussadeq resigned and was replaced by the SIS candidate, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi . Eden replaced Winston Churchill as prime minister in April, 1955. D. R. Thorne , the author of Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl of Avon (2003) has argued: "The crown prince had at last ascended the throne. Eden's long years as deputy leader had contributed to his irascibility, his inability at times to delegate, and his touchiness in the face of criticism, characteristics that were to become more apparent in Downing Street. His appearances at the dispatch box were marked more by formality than spontaneity. Nevertheless, Eden's premiership began in an atmosphere of goodwill and optimism." Eden believed that he should take an early opportunity of seeking a fresh mandate from the electorate, and nine days after becoming prime minister he announced a general election for 26th May. At the time the Conservative Party was only 4% ahead of the Labour Party . During the 1955 General Election Eden emphasized the theme of the "property-owning democracy", and won by sixty seats. It was the first-time since 1900 that an incumbent administration had increased its majority in the House of Commons . The Labour leader, Clement Attlee , retired and was replaced by the much younger, Hugh Gaitskell . It has been argued that when Hugh Gaitskell became leader in December, 1955, "British politics moved into a new era. Press criticisms became less inhibited. To some extent, Churchill and Attlee had been above criticism, but both Eden and, eventually, Gaitskell were fair game for a new breed of journalist." Eden found criticism difficult to take and William Clark , his press secretary, was kept very busy issuing statements defending his policies. President Dwight Eisenhower became concerned about the close relationship developing between Egypt and the Soviet Union . In July 1956 Eisenhower cancelled a promised grant of 56 million dollars towards the building of the Aswan Dam. Gamal Abdel Nasser was furious and on 26th July he announced he intended to nationalize the Suez Canal . The shareowners, the majority of whom were from Britain and France, were promised compensation. Nasser argued that the revenues from the Suez Canal would help to finance the Aswan Dam . Eden feared that Nasser intended to form an Arab Alliance that would cut off oil supplies to Europe. Secret negotiations took place between Britain , France and Israel and it was agreed to make a joint attack on Egypt . On 29th October 1956, the Israeli Army invaded Egypt. Two days later British and French bombed Egyptian airfields. British and French troops landed at Port Said at the northern end of the Suez Canal on 5th November. By this time the Israelis had captured the Sinai peninsula. The historian, Daniel Williamson has argued: "Without economic sanctions or the threat of invasion, Nasser could hold onto the canal until Egyptian control became an accepted fact by the international community. Other forces that pushed Eden toward a military solution include political pressure from the French and from the right-wing of the Conservative party, as well as his own deteriorating health. French Premier Guy Mollet's Government was much more keen on a military solution to the crisis as this, more likely, would lead to the end of Nasser's regime and, presumably, his support for the Algerian rebellion. The French had secretly begun to negotiate for Israeli participation in an invasion of Egypt, an idea the Eden had rejected at the beginning of the crisis as potentially too damaging to Anglo-Arab relations. Israel refused to aid the French unless Paris could guarantee that Britain would also be a party to any attack on Egypt." Walter Monckton , the Minister of Defence, diagreed with Eden's policy: I was in favour of the tough line which the Prime Minister took in July when Nasser announced the nationalisation of the canal and I must say that I was not fundamentally troubled by moral considerations throughout the period for which the crisis lasted. My anxieties began when I discovered the way in which it was proposed to carry out the enterprise. I did not like the idea of allying ourselves with the French and the Jews in an attack upon Egypt because I thought from such experience and knowledge as I had of the Middle East that such alliances with these two, and particularly with the Jews, were bound to bring us into conflict with Arab and Muslim feeling Secondly, and to an even greater extent. I disliked taking positive and warlike action against Egypt behind the back of the Americans and knowing that they would disapprove of our course of action I felt that the future of the free world depended principally upon the United States and that we should be dealing a mortal blow to confidence in our alliance with them if we deceived them in this matter." Eden wrote to President Dwight Eisenhower for support: "In the light of our long friendship, I will not conceal from you that the present situation causes me the deepest concern. I was grateful to you for sending Foster over and for his help. It has enabled us to reach firm and rapid conclusions and to display to Nasser and to the world the spectacle of a united front between our two countries and the French. We have however gone to the very limits of the concessions which we can make.... I have never thought Nasser a Hitler, he has no warlike people behind him. But the parallel with Mussolini is close. Neither of us can forget the lives and treasure he cost before he was finally dealt with. The removal of Nasser and the installation in Egypt of a regime less hostile to the West, must therefore also rank high among our objectives. You know us better than anyone, and so I need not tell you that our people here are neither excited nor eager to use force. They are, however, grimly determined that Nasser shall not get away with it this time because they are convinced that if he does their existence will be at his mercy. So am I." Hugh Gaitskell , the leader of the Labour Party , immediately attacked the military intervention by Britain, France, and Israel, calling it "an act of disastrous folly". Brian Brivati , the author of Hugh Gaitskell (1996) has pointed out that he argued that the government's policy had "compromised the three principles of bipartisan foreign policy: solidarity with the Commonwealth, the Anglo-American alliance, and adherence to the charter of the United Nations." When it became clear that Anthony Eden, had been lying to him in private, he reacted with characteristic passion and emotion, broadcasting a powerful attack on Eden on 4th November 1956. President Dwight Eisenhower and his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles , grew increasingly concerned about these developments and at the United Nations the representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union demanded a cease-fire. When it was clear the rest of the world were opposed to the attack on Egypt, and on the 7th November the governments of Britain , France and Israel agreed to withdraw. They were then replaced by UN troops who policed the Egyptian frontier. On 20th December 1959 Eden made a statement in the House of Commons when he denied foreknowledge that Israel would attack Egypt. Robert Blake, the author British Prime Ministers in the Twentieth Century (1978) controversially argued: "No one of sense will regard such falsehoods in a particularly serious light. The motive was the honourable one of averting further trouble in the Middle East, and this was a serious consideration for many years after the event." Gamal Abdel Nasser now blocked the Suez Canal . He also used his new status to urge Arab nations to reduce oil exports to Western Europe. As a result petrol rationing had to be introduced in several countries in Europe. Eden, who had gone to stay in the home of Ian Fleming and Ann Fleming in Jamaica , came under increasing attack in the media. When Eden returned on 14th December it was to a dispirited party. On 9th January, 1957, Eden announced his resignation. Cass Canfield , went to school with Eden. He wrote in his autobiography, Up and Down and Around (1971): "Anthony eventually became Prime Minister; he still appears rather languid in manner but, obviously, has great hidden reserves of energy and ambition. Eden's Waterloo came with Suez in 1956. He was very ill at the time and left England for Panama, where he wrote me in reply to a letter I'd sent him after the debacle. lie mentioned certain mistakes he'd made over the years but said he was sure he'd been right in this instance Suez! Maybe he was, in the long run." Created Earl of Avon in 1961, Eden spent his later years writing his Memoirs (3 volumes, 1960-65) and Another World (1976), an account of his war experiences. Anthony Eden died on 14th January 1977. (1) Henry (Chips) Channon , diary entry (23rd December, 1935) Anthony Eden has been appointed Foreign Secretary by Mr Baldwin. His appointment is a victory for 'The Left', for the pro-Leaguers. He has had a meteoric rise, young Anthony. I knew him well at Oxford, where he was mild, aesthetic, handsome, cultivated and interested in the East - now at thirty-eight he is Foreign Secretary. There is hardly a parallel in our history. I wish him luck; I like him; but I have never had an exaggerated opinion of his brilliance, though his appearance is magnificent. (2) Anthony Eden, speech in the House of Commons explaining why he had resigned from the government as Foreign Secretary (21st February, 1938) I do not believe that we can make progress in European appeasement if we allow the impression to gain currency abroad that we yield to constant pressure. I am certain in my own mind that progress depends above all on the temper of the nation, and that tmper must find expression in a firm spirit. This spirit I am confident is there. Not to give voice it is I believe fair neither to this country nor to the world. (3) Duff Cooper , Old Men Forget (1953) I had been glad when Eden had become Foreign Secretary and I had always given him my support in Cabinet when he needed it. I believed that he was fundamentally right on all the main problems of foreign policy, that he fully understood how serious was the German menace and how hopeless the policy of appeasement. Not being, however, a member of the Foreign Policy Committee, I was ignorant of how deep the cleavage of opinion between him and the Prime Minister had become. It is much to his credit that he abstained from all lobbying of opinion and sought to gain no adherents either in the Cabinet or the House of Commons. Had he made an effort to win my support at the time he would probably have succeeded, but with regard to Italy I held strong opinions of my own. I felt, as I have written earlier, that the Abyssinian business had been badly bungled, that we should never have driven Mussolini into the arms of Hitler, and that it might not be too late to regain him. The Italo-German alliance was an anomaly. The Germans and Austrians were the traditional enemies of the Italians; the English and the French, who had contributed so much to their liberation, were their historic friends, and Garibaldi had laid a curse upon any Italian Government that fought against them. The size and strength of the Third Reich made her too formidable a friend for the smallest of the Great Powers, who would soon find that from an ally she had sunk to a satellite. These were the thoughts that were in my mind during the long Cabinet meeting that took place that Saturday afternoon. (4) Winston Churchill , speech in the House of Commons on the resignation of Anthony Eden as Foreign Secretary (22nd February, 1938) The resignation of the late Foreign Secretary may well be a milestone in history. Great quarrels, it has been well said, arise from small occasions but seldom from small causes. The late Foreign Secretary adhered to the old policy which we have all forgotten for so long. The Prime Minister and his colleagues have entered upon another and a new policy. The old policy was an effort to establish the rule of law in Europe, and build up through the League of Nations effective deterrents against the aggressor. Is it the new policy to come to terms with the totalitarian Powers in the hope that by great and far-reaching acts of submission, not merely in sentiment and pride, but in material factors, peace may be preserved. A firm stand by France and Britain, under the authority of the League of Nations, would have been followed by the immediate evacuation of the Rhineland without the shedding of a drop of blood; and the effects of that might have enabled the more prudent elements of the German Army to gain their proper position, and would not have given to the political head of Germany the enormous ascendancy which has enabled him to move forward. Austria has now been laid in thrall, and we do not know whether Czechoslovakia will not suffer a similar attack. (5) Clement Attlee , As It Happened (1954) When Anthony Eden and Lord Cranborne resigned from the Chamberlain Government early in 1938, as a protest against the Prime Minister's decision to open conversations with Mussolini whilst Italy was carrying on intervention in Spain and anti-British propaganda, I told the House that the policy of the Government was "an abject surrender to the dictators" and that "the Government, instead of trying to deal with the causes of war, had always been trying in a feeble way to play off one dictator against another. That is a policy which sooner or later leads to war." (6) Henry (Chips) Channon , diary entry (22nd February, 1938) The Government has had a triumph: at the end of a long day a majority of 161 against the Censure Vote is a victory indeed. The atmosphere during Questions was excited and no-one listened, as they never do, when a crisis is coming. Greenwood in an almost comic speech attacked the Government. Chamberlain replied. More speeches. At length Winston Churchill rose, and defended Eden, and attacked the Government. It was yet another bid on his part to lead an Independent, perhaps Centre, party. He was followed by Bob Boothby, who was clear, sensible and brief, and sat down amid applause. Then Lloyd George, looking mischievous and hearty, rose, and we knew we were in for fireworks. And we were. At first he was interesting about the Treaty of Versailles, and told the House how there had been arguments at the time for uniting Austria to Germany. He then began a eulogy of Eden, who, to everyone's surprise, was seated with Cranborne and Jim Thomas in the third row behind the Government: people said that it would have been better taste had he followed Sam Hoare's example, and stayed away. Lloyd George ranted on, cheered by the Socialists. Now and then Anthony nodded. Then Lloyd George deliberately accused the Prime Minister of withholding important information, and for a terrible moment the House stormed: the PM went scarlet with anger, but coolly denied the charges. Lloyd George passionately repeated them. . The House shouted 'Withdraw', and a duel followed between the old ex-Prime Minister and the present one and Chamberlain's position was not made easier by an interruption from Eden. The battle hung on a telegram from Italy on Sunday which, however, was only delivered by Count Grandi to the Prime Minister on Monday. Suddenly it was clear, even to the prejudiced, that Chamberlain had done nothing wrong and the atmosphere lightened. My heart went out to the PM and I determined to support him always. I feel loyal about him as I never did about old Farmer Baldwin. (7) Anthony Eden, Memoirs: The Reckoning (1965) I had resigned because I could not agree with the foreign policy which Mr. Neville Chamberlain and his colleagues wished to pursue. The opinions, especially of the senior among them, had become increasingly at odds with my own, and these were the colleagues with whom I had to deal. Every detail became a negotiation in the Cabinet before it could be a factor in our foreign policy. This was an impossible situation. My action had gained support in the Liberal and Labour Parries as well as in my own, and I had some encouragement to form a new party in opposition to Mr. Chamberlain's foreign policy. I considered this once or twice during the next few months, only to reject it as not being practical politics. Within the Conservative Party, I, and those who shared my views, were a minority of about thirty Members of Parliament out of nearly four hundred. Our number might be expected to grow if events proved us right, but the more complete the break, the more reluctant would the newly converted be to join us. The Labour Party, though anti-Chamberlain and ready to speak against the dictators, was not yet prepared to face the consequences, especially in rearmament, which it continued to oppose until the outbreak of war. Many Liberals were also tangled in the same contradiction. Such disparate elements as these could not form a party. On the other hand, the call for national unity and for a corresponding effort in armaments to meet the growing dangers was more likely to be heeded if voiced by men who believed in it with conviction, whatever their party. Their numbers, as well as their authority, might then influence events. (8) Anthony Eden, speech at Stratford-upon-Avon (23rd September, 1938) Nobody will quarrel with the Government's wish to bring about appeasement in Europe. But if appeasement is to mean what it says, it must not be at the expense either of our vital interests, or of our national reputation, or of our sense of fair dealing. For our own people the issue becomes clarified. They see freedom of thought, of race, of worship grow every week more restricted in Europe. The conviction is growing that continued retreat can only lead to ever-widening confusion. They know that a stand must be made. They pray that it be not made too late. (9) Anthony Eden, speech in the House of Commons (6th December, 1939) Hitler himself is not a phenomenon; he is a symptom; he is the Prussian spirit of military domination come up again. National Socialism was originally conceived in militarism, and it believes only in force. From the beginning, it has organized its people for war. It is the most barren creed that was ever put before mankind. Therefore, if it is allowed to triumph there will be no future for civilization. (10) Anthony Eden, radio broadcast on the formation of the Home Guard (14th May, 1940) Since the war began, the Government have received countless inquiries from all over the Kingdom from men of all ages who are for one reason or another not at present engaged in military service, and who wish to do something for the defence of their country. Well, now is your opportunity. We want large numbers of such men in Great Britain, who are British subjects, between the ages of seventeen and sixty-five, to come forward now and offer their services in order to make assurance doubly sure. The name of the new Force which is now to be raised will be ' The Local Defence Volunteers'. This name describes its duties in three words. It must be understood that this is, so to speak, a spare-time job, so there will be no need for any volunteer to abandon his present occupation. When on duty you will form part of the armed forces, and your period of service will be for the duration of the war. You will not be paid, but you will receive uniform and will be armed. You will be entrusted with certain vital duties for which reasonable fitness and a knowledge of firearms is necessary. These duties will not require you to live away from your homes. In order to volunteer, what you have to do is to give in your name at your local police station; and then, as and when we want you, we will let you know. This appeal is directed chiefly to those who live in country parishes, in small towns, in villages and in less densely inhabited suburban areas. I must warn you that for certain military reasons there will be some localities where the numbers required will be small, and others where your services will not be required at all. Here, then, is the opportunity for which so many of you have been waiting. Your loyal help, added to the arrangements which already exist, will make and keep our country safe. (11) Anthony Eden, Memoirs: The Reckoning (1965) I had expected the response to this appeal to be prompt. In fact it was overwhelming, the first recruit arriving within four minutes of the end of the broadcast. It was quite impossible to deal with the number of volunteers who flocked to join, still less to provide them with weapons. But this was only a beginning and the answer which mattered had already been given. The Local Defence Volunteers acted as a catalyst, giving point to the nation's will to resist. As the years passed, the volunteers recorded long periods of service which were often dreary, but always devoted, with only one reward, the knowledge that 'The Home Guard', as it was re-christened, closed a gap in our defences which must have been dangerous and could have been fatal. (12) Anthony Eden, radio broadcast after Dunkirk (2nd June, 1940) Our duty in this country is plain. We must make good our losses and we must win this war. To do that we must profit by the lessons of this battle. Brave hearts alone cannot stand up against steel. We need more planes, more tanks, more guns. The people of this country must work as never before. We must show the same qualities, the same discipline, and the same self-sacrifice at home as the British Expeditionary Force have shown in the field. The nation honours with proud reverence those who fell that their comrades might win through. The innumerable actions, the countless deeds of valour of the last week, cannot all be recorded now. Each will have its place in history. Soldiers, sailors, airmen, who gave their lives to help theirs is an immortal memory. Their spirit must be our banner, their sacrifice our spur. (13) Anthony Eden met Paul Reynaud , Maxime Weygand and Henri-Philippe Petain on 10th June 1940. He wrote about it in his autobiography, Memoirs: The Reckoning (1965) Paul Reynaud received us, firm and courteous despite the strain. We soon got down to discussion across the dining-room table; Petain, Reynaud, Weygand facing Churchill, Dill and me, with interpreters. General Georges joined us later. We talked for almost three hours, the discussion hardly advancing matters. The speakers were polite and correct, but although at that time the Maginot Line had not been attacked, it was soon evident that our French hosts had no hope. Early in our talks, Weygand described the military situation, explaining how he had attempted to block a number of gaps in the line. He believed he had succeeded and, for the moment, the line held, but he had no more reserves. Somebody asked what would happen if another breach were made. 'No further military action will then be possible,' Weygand replied. Reynaud at once intervened sharply: 'That would be a political decision, Monsieur Ie General.' Weygand bowed and said: 'Certainly.' Georges told us that the French had altogether only some one hundred and ninety-five fighter aircraft left on the northern front. Despite all the difficulties, our dinner, though simple, was admirably cooked and served. Reynaud presided, with Churchill on his right, Weygand sat opposite and I on his right. As we were taking our places, a tall and somewhat angular figure in uniform walked by on my side of the table. This was General Charles de Gaulle, Under-Secretary for Defence, whom I had met only once before. Weygand invited him pleasantly to take a place on his left. De Gaulle replied, curtly as I thought, that he had instructions to sit next to the British Prime Minister. Weygand flushed up, but made no comment, and so the meal began. I had Marshal Petain on my other side. Conversation was not easy. His refrain was the destruction of France and the daily devastation of her cities, of which he mentioned several by name. I was sympathetic, but added that there were even worse fates than the destruction of cities. Petain rejoined that it was all very well for Britain to say that, we did not have the war in our country. When I said that we might have, I received an incredulous grunt in reply. With General Weygand my talk was perfectly friendly and consisted mainly of a discussion about our available forces in Britain and what we were doing to speed their training. I had little cheer to give him. Weygand was something of an enigma. He had a famous reputation, crowned by his victory with Pilsudski over the Bolshevik forces in 1920. I had met him on several occasions, most recently early that year in the Middle East, and always found him friendly, quick and receptive, a modest man carrying his fame without affectation or conceit. He worked well with General Wavell, for the two men understood each other. I was glad when I heard that he had been called back to France to take over the supreme command. He achieved little, but probably no man could. At this stage, though always correct and courteous, he gave the impression of resigned fatalism. He was certainly not a man to fight the last desperate comer. (14) Anthony Eden, diary (1942) 7th June: Winston rang up twice in morning. First about Libya battle, as to which we agreed that reports were disappointing. We were both depressed by extent to which Rommel appears able to retain offensive. "I fear that we have not very good generals," said Winston. 14th June: Libyan battle is raging fiercely. Rommel still seems to have the initiative and either his resources are much greater than our people judged, or his losses have been considerably less than they estimated. On their calculation he should have few tanks left, yet he always comes up strong. (15) Anthony Eden, Memoirs: The Reckoning (1965) On July 14th, 1942, Mr. Mask told me that reports from the Russian front were very grave and he wanted to know if there was any news of the latest convoy carrying military supplies to Archangel. I said that I regretted to have to tell him that the news was bad. Only five ships had got through out of the forty which had sailed; it was possible that two more might yet do so. The losses in shipping and material must have been very heavy; so far as we knew, about a hundred tanks out of six hundred had arrived and forty aircraft. (16) Anthony Eden, telegram to Winston Churchill (March, 1943) The first point raised by the President was the structure of the United Nations organization after the war. The general idea is that there should be three organizations. The first would be a general assembly at which all the United Nations would be represented. This assembly would only meet about once a year and its purpose would be to enable representatives of all the smaller powers to blow off steam. At the other end of the scale would be an executive committee composed of representatives of the Four Powers. This body would take all the more important decisions and wield police powers of the United Nations. In between these two bodies would be an advisory council composed of representatives of the Four Powers and of, say, six or eight other representatives elected on a regional basis, roughly on the basis of population. There might thus be one representative from Scandinavia and Finland and one or two from groups of Latin American states. This council would meet from time to time as might be required to settle any international questions that might be brought before it. The President said it was essential to include China among the Four Powers and to organize all these United Nations organs on a worldwide and not on a regional basis. He made it clear that the only appeal which would be likely to carry weight with the United States public, if they were to undertake international responsibilities, would be one based upon a worldwide conception. They would be very suspicious of any organization that was only regional. We have strong impression that it is through their feeling for China that the President is seeking to lead his people to accept international responsibilities. (17) Anthony Eden, memorandum to Winston Churchill (12th July, 1943) Our main problem after the war will be to contain Germany. Our treaty with the Soviet Union, which is designed to secure the collaboration of the Soviet Union for this purpose on Germany's eastern flank, needs to be balanced by an understanding with a powerful France in the west. These arrangements will be indispensable for our security whether or not the United States collaborate in the maintenance of peace on this side of the Atlantic. Our whole policy towards France and Frenchmen should therefore be governed by this consideration. In dealing with European problems of the future we are likely to have to work more closely with France even than with the United States, and while we should naturally concert our French policy so far as we can with Washington, there are limits beyond which we ought not to allow our policy to be governed by theirs. Europe expects us to have a European policy of our own, and to state it. That policy must aim at die restoration of the independence of the smaller European Allies and of the greatness of France. We have intimate dealings with the French in Syria and Madagascar, and we have French forces stationed in this country. We have to live and work with France in the future. From both the political and the legal point of view it is inconvenient not to have formal relations with the authority whom we in fact recognize as responsible for all the French territories and armed forces which are collaborating with us in the war. (18) Anthony Eden wrote about Yalta in his autobiography, Memoirs: The Reckoning (1965) Roosevelt was, above all else, a consummate politician. Few men could see more clearly their immediate objective, or show greater artistry in obtaining it. As a price of these gifts, his long-range vision was not quite so sure. The President shared a widespread American suspicion of the British Empire as it had once been and, despite his knowledge of world affairs, he was always anxious to make it plain to Stalin that the United States was not 'ganging up' with Britain against Russia. The outcome of this was some confusion in Anglo-American relations which profited the Soviets. Roosevelt did not confine his dislike of colonialism to the British Empire alone, for it was a principle with him, not the less cherished for its possible advantages. He hoped that former colonial territories, once free of their masters, would become politically and economically dependent upon the United States, and had no fear that other powers might fill that role. Winston Churchill's strength lay in his vigorous sense of purpose and his courage, which carried him undismayed over obstacles daunting to lesser men. He was also generous and impulsive, but this could be a handicap at the conference table. Churchill liked to talk, he did not like to listen, and he found it difficult to wait for, and seldom let pass, his turn to speak. The spoils in the diplomatic game do not necessarily go to the man most eager to debate. Marshal Stalin as a negotiator was the toughest proposition of all. Indeed, after something like thirty years' experience of international conferences of one kind and another, if I had to pick a team for going into a conference room, Stalin would be my first choice. Of course the man was ruthless and of course he knew his purpose. He never wasted a word. He never stormed, he was seldom even irritated. Hooded, calm, never raising his voice, he avoided the repeated negatives of Molotov which were so exasperating to listen to. By more subtle methods he got what he wanted without having seemed so obdurate. There was a confidence, even an intimacy, between Stalin and Molotov such as I have never seen between any other two Soviet leaders, as if Stalin knew that he had a valuable henchman and Molotov was confident because he was so regarded. Stalin might tease Molotov occasionally, but he was careful to uphold his authority. Only once did I hear Stalin speak disparagingly of his judgment and that was not before witnesses. (19) Hugh Gaitskell , was at a dinner party with Anthony Eden when the news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal. His comments appeared in his diary on 26th July, 1956. He (Eden) thought perhaps they ought to take it to the Security Council.... I said 'Supposing Nasser doesn't take any notice?' whereupon Selwyn Lloyd said 'Well, I suppose in that case the old-fashioned ultimatum will be necessary.' I said that I thought they ought to act quickly, whatever they did, and that as far as Great Britain was concerned, public opinion would almost certainly be behind them. But I also added that they must get America into line. (20) The minutes of the cabinet meeting of the British government on 27th July, 1956. The Cabinet agreed that we should be on weak ground in basing our resistance on the narrow argument that Colonel Nasser had acted illegally. The Suez Canal Company was registered as an Egyptian company under Egyptian law; and Colonel Nasser had indicated that he intended to compensate the shareholders at ruling market prices. From a narrow legal point of view, his action amounted to no more than a decision to buy out the shareholders. Our case must be presented on wider international grounds. Our argument must be that the Canal was an important international asset and facility, and that Egypt could not be allowed to exploit it for a purely internal purpose. The Egyptians had not the technical ability to manage it effectively; and their recent behaviour gave no confidence that they would recognize their international obligations in respect of it. It was a piece of Egyptian property but an international asset of the highest importance and should be managed as an international trust. The Cabinet agreed that for these reasons every effort must be made to restore effective international control over the Canal. It was evident that the Egyptians would not yield to economic pressures alone. They must be subjected to the maximum political pressure which could only be applied by the maritime and trading nations whose interests were most directly affected. And, in the last resort, this political pressure must be backed by the threat - and, if need be, the use of force. (21) Message sent by Anthony Eden to President Dwight Eisenhower on 27th July, 1956. (1) We are all agreed that we cannot afford to allow Nasser to seize control of the Canal in this way, in defiance of international agreements. If we take a firm stand over this now, we shall have the support of all the maritime Powers. If we do not, our influence and yours throughout the Middle East will, we are convinced, be finally destroyed. (2) The immediate threat is to the oil supplies to Western Europe, a great part of which flows through the Canal. We have reserves in the United Kingdom which would last us for six weeks; and the countries of Western Europe have stocks, rather smaller as we believe, on which they could draw for a time. We are, however, at once considering means of limiting current consumption so as to conserve our supplies. If the Canal were closed we should have to ask you to help us by reducing the amount which you draw from the pipeline terminals in the Eastern Mediterranean and possibly by sending us supplementary supplies for a time from your side of the world. (3) It is, however, the outlook for the longer term which is more threatening. The Canal is an international asset and facility, which is vital to the free world. The maritime Powers cannot afford to allow Egypt to expropriate it and to exploit it by using the revenues for her own internal purposes irrespective of the interests of the Canal and of the Canal users. Apart from the Egyptians' complete lack of technical qualifications, their past behaviour gives no confidence that they can be trusted to manage it with any sense of international obligation. Nor are they capable of providing the capital which will soon be needed to widen and deepen it so that it may be capable of handling the increased volume of traffic which it must carry in the years to come. We should, I am convinced, take this opportunity to put its management on a firm and lasting basis as an international trust. (4) We should not allow ourselves to become involved in legal quibbles about the rights of the Egyptian Government to nationalize what is technically an Egyptian company, or in financial arguments about their capacity to pay the compensation which they have offered. I feel sure that we should take issue with Nasser on the broader international grounds summarized in the preceding paragraph. (5) As we see it we are unlikely to attain our objective by economic pressures alone. I gather that Egypt is not due to receive any further aid from you. No large payments from her sterling balances here are due before January. We ought in the first instance to bring the maximum political pressure to bear on Egypt. For this apart from our own action, we should invoke the support of all the interested Powers. My colleagues and I are convinced that we must be ready, in the last resort to use force to bring Nasser to his senses. For our part we are prepared to do so. I have this morning instructed our Chiefs of Staff to prepare a military plan accordingly. (6) However, the first step must be for you and us and France to exchange views, align our policies and concert together how we can best bring the maximum pressure to bear on the Egyptian Government. (22) President Dwight Eisenhower letter to Anthony Eden on 1st August, 1956. From the moment that Nasser announced nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, my thoughts have been constantly with you. Grave problems are placed before both our governments, although for each of us they naturally differ in type and character. Until this morning, I was happy to feel that we were approaching decisions as to applicable procedures somewhat along parallel lines, even though there were, as would be expected, important differences as to detail. But early this morning I received the message, communicated to me through Murphy from you and Harold Macmillan, telling me on a most secret basis of your decision to employ force without delay or attempting any intermediate and less drastic steps. We recognize the transcendent worth of the Canal to the free world and the possibility that eventually the use of force might become necessary in order to protect international rights. But we have been hopeful that through a Conference in which would be represented the signatories to the Convention of 1888, as well as other maritime nations, there would be brought about such pressures on the Egyptian Government that the efficient operation of the Canal could be assured for the future. For my part, I cannot over-emphasize the strength of my conviction that some such method must be attempted before action such as you contemplate should be undertaken. If unfortunately the situation can finally be resolved only by drastic means, there should be no grounds for belief anywhere that corrective measures were undertaken merely to protect national or individual investors, or the legal rights of a sovereign nation were ruthlessly flouted. A conference, at the very least, should have a great education effort throughout the world. Public opinion here, and I am convinced, in most of the world, would be outraged should there be a failure to make such efforts. Moreover, initial military successes might be easy, but the eventual price might become far too heavy. I have given you my own personal conviction, as well as that of my associates, as to the unwisdom even of contemplating the use of military force at this moment. Assuming, however, that the whole situation continued to deteriorate to the point where such action would seem the only recourse, there are certain political facts to remember. As you realize, employment of United States forces is possible only through positive action on the part of the Congress, which is now adjourned but can be reconvened on my call for special reasons. If those reasons should involve the issue of employing United States military strength abroad, there would have to be a showing that every peaceful means of resolving the difficulty had previously been exhausted. Without such a showing, there would be a reaction that could very seriously affect our peoples' feeling toward our Western Allies. I do not want to exaggerate, but I assure you that this could grow to such an intensity as to have the most far-reaching consequences. I realize that the messages from both you and Harold stressed that the decision taken was already approved by the government and was firm and irrevocable. But I personally feel sure that the American reaction would be severe and that great areas of the world would share that reaction. On the other hand, I believe we can marshall that opinion in support of a reasonable and conciliatory, but absolutely firm, position. So I hope that you will consent to reviewing this matter once more in its broadest aspects. It is for this reason that I have asked Foster to leave this afternoon to meet with your people tomorrow in London. I have given you here only a few highlights in the chain of reasoning that compels us to conclude that the step you contemplate should not be undertaken until every peaceful means of protecting the rights and the livelihood of great portions of the world had been thoroughly explored and exhausted. Should these means fail, and I think it is erroneous to assume in advance that they needs must fail, then world opinion would understand how earnestly all of us had attempted to be just, fair and considerate, but that we simply could not accept a situation that would in the long run prove disastrous to the prosperity and living standards of every nation whose economy depends directly or indirectly upon East-West shipping. With warm personal regard - and with earnest assurance of my continuing respect and friendship. (23) Anthony Eden letter of President Dwight Eisenhower on 5th August, 1956. In the light of our long friendship, I will not conceal from you that the present situation causes me the deepest concern. I was grateful to you for sending Foster over and for his help. It has enabled us to reach firm and rapid conclusions and to display to Nasser and to the world the spectacle of a united front between our two countries and the French. We have however gone to the very limits of the concessions which we can make. I do not think that we disagree about our primary objective. As it seems to me, this is to undo what Nasser has done and to set up an international regime for the Canal. The purpose of this regime will be to ensure the freedom and security of transit through the Canal, without discrimination, and the efficiency and economy of its operation. But this is not all. Nasser has embarked on a course which is unpleasantly familiar. His seizure of the Canal was undoubtedly designed to impress opinion not only in Egypt but in the Arab world and in all Africa too. By this assertion of his power he seeks to further his ambitions from Morocco to the Persian Gulf.... I have never thought Nasser a Hitler, he has no warlike people behind him. But the parallel with Mussolini is close. Neither of us can forget the lives and treasure he cost before he was finally dealt with. The removal of Nasser and the installation in Egypt of a regime less hostile to the West, must therefore also rank high among our objectives. You know us better than anyone, and so I need not tell you that our people here are neither excited nor eager to use force. They are, however, grimly determined that Nasser shall not get away with it this time because they are convinced that if he does their existence will be at his mercy. So am I. (24) Minutes of the British government Cabinet meeting on 25th October, 1956. It now appeared, however, that the Israelis were, after all, advancing their military preparations with a view to making an attack upon Egypt. They evidently felt that the ambitions of Colonel Nasser's Government threatened their continued existence as an independent State and that they could not afford to wait for others to curb his expansionist policies. The Cabinet must therefore consider the situation which was likely to arise if hostilities broke out between Israel and Egypt and must judge whether it would necessitate Anglo-French intervention in this area. The French Government were strongly of the view that intervention would be justified in order to limit the hostilities and that for this purpose it would be right to launch the military operation against Egypt which had already been mounted. Indeed, it was possible that if we declined to join them they would take military action alone or in conjunction with Israel. In these circumstances the Prime Minister suggested that, if Israel launched a full-scale military operation against Egypt, the Governments of the United Kingdom and France should at once call on both parties to stop hostilities and to withdraw their forces to a distance often miles from the Canal; and that it should at the same time be made clear that, if one or both Governments failed to undertake within twelve hours to comply with these requirements, British and French forces would intervene in order to enforce compliance. Israel might well undertake to comply with such a demand. If Egypt also complied, Colonel Nasser's prestige would be fatally undermined. If she failed to comply, there would be ample justification for Anglo-French military action against Egypt in order to safeguard the Canal. We must face the risk that we should be accused of collusion with Israel. But this charge was liable to be brought against us in any event; for it could now be assumed that, if an Anglo-French operation were undertaken against Egypt, we should be unable to prevent the Israelis from launching a parallel attack themselves; and it was preferable that we should be seen to be holding the balance between Israel and Egypt rather than appear to be accepting Israeli co-operation in an attack on Egypt alone. (25) Walter Monckton wrote about the Suez Crisis in his unpublished memoirs. I was in favour of the tough line which the Prime Minister took in July when Nasser announced the nationalisation of the canal and I must say that I was not fundamentally troubled by moral considerations throughout the period for which the crisis lasted. My anxieties began when I discovered the way in which it was proposed to carry out the enterprise. I did not like the idea of allying ourselves with the French and the Jews in an attack upon Egypt because I thought from such experience and knowledge as I had of the Middle East that such alliances with these two, and particularly with the Jews, were bound to bring us into conflict with Arab and Muslim feeling Secondly, and to an even greater extent. I disliked taking positive and warlike action against Egypt behind the back of the Americans and knowing that they would disapprove of our course of action I felt that the future of the free world depended principally upon the United States and that we should be dealing a mortal blow to confidence in our alliance with them if we deceived them in this matter. One of the curious features of the whole affair as far as the Cabinet was concerned was that partly owing to a not unnatural habit on the Prime Minister's part of preferring to take into complete confidence, when things were moving fast, only those with whom he agreed, many of us in the Cabinet knew little of the decisive talks with the French until after they happened and sometimes not even then. A great deal of the public criticism of the conduct of the Suez affair was directed at its abandonment in mid-stream rather than at its beginning. There were some discussions, many of them at night, with Washington, and I have always thought that the decisive point was reached when Mr Macmillan was of opinion that the United States would make our financial position impossible unless we called a halt. I ought to add for the guidance of those who may read this, that I was the only member of the Cabinet who openly advised against invasion though it was plain that Mr Butler had doubts and I know that Mr Heathcoat Amory was troubled about it. Outside the Cabinet I was aware of a number of Ministers, apart from Mr Nutting and Sir Edward Boyle who resigned, who were opposed to the operation. Naturally I anxiously considered whether I ought not to resign. Resignation at such a moment was not a thing lightly to be undertaken. I felt that I was virtually alone in my opinion in the Cabinet and that I had not the experience or the knowledge to make me confident in my own view when it was so strongly opposed by Eden, Salisbury, Macmillan, Head, Sandys, Thorneycroft, and Kilmuir; for all of whom I had respect and admiration. I knew that if I did resign it was likely that the Government would fall, and I still believed that it was better for the country to have that Government than the alternative. What the Labour people had in mind was a kind of rump of the Tory Government led by Butler, which they would support. This could not last. Moreover, far more than I knew at the time, the ordinary man in the country was behind Eden. In any case in the result I wrote to Eden telling him that, as the fact was, I was very far from fit and did not feel I could continue in my office as Minister of Defence. At the same time I told him in the letter that had it not been for my fundamental differences with my colleagues over the size of the forces, and over Suez, I should not have been tendering my resignation at that moment. He behaved very generously, accepted the position that I would not go on as Minister of Defence, but kept me in the Cabinet as Paymaster General, thus preserving the unity of the front. (26) Anthony Eden, Full Circle (1965) If the United States Government had approached this issue in the spirit of an ally, they would have done everything in their power, short of the use of force, to support the nations whose economic security depended upon the freedom of passage through the Suez Canal. They would have closely planned their policies with their allies and held stoutly to the decisions arrived at. They would have insisted on restoring international authority in order to insulate the canal from the politics of any one country. It is now clear that this was never the attitude of the United States Government. Rather did they try to gain time, coast along over difficulties as they arose and improvise policies, each following on the failure of its immediate predecessor. None of these was geared to the long-term purpose of serving a joint cause. (27) Rab Butler wrote about Anthony Eden in his autobiography, The Art of the Possible (1971) I admired his courage, his gallantry, his wartime record and his Foreign Office achievements. He seemed thoroughly in character in standing up for British rights in the Middle East and I supported him.... These were deep-seated emotions affecting liberal-minded people, but they coalesced only too easily with less generous sentiments: the residues of illiberal resentment at the loss of Empire, the rise of coloured nationalism, the transfer of world leadership to the United States. It was these sentiments that made the Suez venture so popular, not least among the supporters of the embarrassed Labour party. (28) Margaret Thatcher , The Path of Power (1995) After the fiasco of Suez it was clear that Anthony Eden could not remain as Prime Minister. He fell ill during the crisis and resigned in January 1957. There was much speculation in the circles in which I moved as to who would succeed - in those days, of course, Conservative Leaders 'emerged' rather than being elected. My Conservative friends in Chambers were convinced that Rab Butler would never be summoned by the Queen because he was too left wing. By contrast, the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of Suez, Harold Macmillan, was considered to be the right-wing candidate. All of which shows how little we knew of the past and present convictions of both men - particularly the brilliant, elusive figure who was shortly to become Prime Minister. Harold Macmillan had the strengths and weaknesses of the consummate politician. He cultivated a languorous and almost antediluvian style which was not - and was not intended to be - sufficiently convincing to conceal the shrewdness behind it. He was a man of masks. It was impossible to tell, for instance, that behind the cynical Edwardian facade was one of the most deeply religious souls in politics. Harold Macmillan's great and lasting achievement was to repair the relationship with the United States. This was the essential condition for Britain to restore her reputation and standing. Unfortunately, he was unable to repair the damage inflicted by Suez on the morale of the British political class - a veritable 'Suez syndrome'. They went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing. This was always a grotesque exaggeration. At that time we were a middle-ranking diplomatic power after America and the Soviet Union, a nuclear power, a leading member of NATO, a permanent member of the UN Security Council and the centre of a great Commonwealth. (29) George Brown , In My Way (1970) About Churchill I shall not try to say anything. He was a towering figure from the past, and I saw him closely only in the enfeeblement of age. Eden, I had a lot of regard for. But, as Montgomery is alleged to have said about somebody else, "his tragedy was that he was promoted above his ceiling". He was not cut out to be the No. 1; he should have remained No. 2. He was right about Hitler, about Mussolini and about Chamberlain, but he always managed to be late in being right, and even when he was right he always seemed to remain in two minds. Yet I think he is a genuinely good man. (30) Dennis Barker, The Guardian (26th March, 1968) Mr William Clark, who resigned as Sir Anthony Eden's press secretary at the time of Suez, said yesterday that the "Manchester Guardian's" anti-Suez leading articles were one of the main reasons why the Prime Minister asked for the drawing up of an instrument to bring the BBC under direct Government control. The plan was never put into operation. Mr Clark said that the "Manchester Guardian's" leaders critical of the Suez policy were being constantly quoted on the BBC and could be heard by troops overseas. The "Manchester Guardian's" diplomatic correspondent at the time, Mr Richard Scott, was frequently critical of Sir Anthony's policies when a guest on BBC discussion programmes. According to Mr Clark, the resentment of the inner Cabinet was not discussed solely on the BBC, but the BBC happened to be the news service which most easily lent itself to direct Government action. "The fact was that there was a real attempt to pervert the course of news, of ordinary understanding of events. The BBC happened to be one place where Government action could most easily take place," said Mr Clark. (31) Cass Canfield , Up and Down and Around (1971) Anthony Eden often spoke at the many undergraduate debating societies which have traditionally been a training ground for future Prime Ministers; in preparing their papers for these debates, students took far more trouble than for their classroom assignments. Anthony eventually became Prime Minister; he still appears rather languid in manner but, obviously, has great hidden reserves of energy and ambition. Eden's Waterloo came with Suez in 1956. He was very ill at the time and left England for Panama, where he wrote me in reply to a letter I'd sent him after the debacle. lie mentioned certain mistakes he'd made over the years but said he was sure he'd been right in this instance Suez! Maybe he was, in the long run.
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Who wrote the 1940 novel ‘Fanny By Gaslight’?
The British-German Alliance in the Open by Palme Dutt 1935 Rajani Palme Dutt 1935 The British-German Alliance in the Open Source: International Press Correspondence, Volume 15, no 27, 29 June 1935. Scanned, prepared and annotated for the Marxist Internet Archive by Paul Flewers. The Hoare – Ribbentrop Naval Agreement [1] has brought the British-German alliance into the open. The March German Military Law was still in form a unilateral action of Germany alone declaring its independence of the military clauses of Versailles; although the complicity of Britain was in fact demonstrated by the immediately following Simon’s [2] visit to Berlin, Britain had in form to unite with France and Italy at Stresa and Geneva in condemning any such unilateral violation and pledging common action to prevent any future similar action. But with the Naval Agreement Britain and Germany for the first time openly join hands, in defiance of the opposition of France, Italy and the United States, to smash Stresa and the plans of a collective European settlement, and to force up German armaments by British support in an exclusive agreement directly censured and disapproved by every other power. This is a big step towards an open alliance, and the subsequent Eden visits to Paris and Rome have only emphasised, rather than succeeded in masking, the significance of this alignment, which is enormously increasing the war menace of the present international situation. At the outset it is important to note the peculiar character of this Naval Agreement, which was concluded with extreme speed from the opening of the negotiations on 3 June to its conclusion on 18 June, and was actually concluded immediately after the reception of the very sharp French Note of protest on 17 June. In order to understand its significance it is necessary to recall two facts. First, when Simon reported to the House of Commons Hitler’s demand at the Berlin conversations for 35 per cent of the British naval strength, he stated as an obvious commonplace that such a demand was ‘inadmissible’. This was the universal tone in the British press; even the pro-Hitler Times explained in its issue of 18 April that ‘the one-third claim would eventually bring German naval strength close to the strength which Great Britain maintains in home waters’. Second, the announcement of German submarine building, made at the end of April, aroused a universal outcry of alarm and panic in the House of Commons and the press; it was declared ‘the gravest moment since 1909’, etc. Yet, what does the Agreement, reached with such speed and without any preliminary discussion in Britain, show? First, the full 35 per cent is conceded not only for the British Navy, but is expanded to mean 35 per cent of the aggregate British Empire Navies. According to the previously announced Admiralty calculations, this means in fact parity with Britain in home waters. The ‘inadmissible’ demand is suddenly found admissible. Second, precisely on the question of submarines, described as the main danger to British interests, and on whose abolition for Germany Britain insisted at Versailles, a special exception is made to increase the immediate percentage to 45 per cent and to leave the German government power to increase it to 100 per cent. How is such an Agreement explicable? On no ordinary traditional grounds of the ‘safeguarding of British interests and security’, etc., can it be explained. It is not a treaty of limitation, but for enormously building up the German navy, by something like 380,000 tons, probably with the aid of British finance and supplies. If the object were, as professed, British defence against an ultimate recurrence of the German naval menace, the submarine clause becomes inexplicable. A special exception for the restriction of submarines would have been comprehensible, but not a special exception for the expansion of submarines up to 100 per cent. The memory of the submarine blockade is one of the sharpest memories of the war in Britain, and it was regarded as one of the most important war aims in Britain to make impossible the rebuilding of the German submarine fleet. Yet here the Admiralty goes out of its way to agree to the special expansion of German submarines beyond all other naval units. Nor can it be argued that this had to be conceded as a necessity of German defence, since the Admiralty has invariably maintained the thesis that the submarine is only an ‘offensive’ and not a ‘defensive’ weapon. These apparent contradictions of the Naval Agreement are only explicable on one hypothesis, and on one hypothesis alone – the existence of a virtual, even if not formal, British-German alliance, which rules out the possibility of the use of the new German Navy against Britain, or of its taking advantage of its parity in British home waters, and ensures its use only in directions acceptable to Britain, against a power regarded by Britain as a potential enemy. These conditions, without which it is inconceivable that Britain would have signed such an Agreement, are only fulfilled by the assumption that in the British view the German navy is regarded as intended primarily for use in the Baltic against the Soviet Union. The significance of the special clause for the expansion of the offensive submarine weapon becomes in this case at once obvious. This significance of the Naval Agreement is in full accord with the whole present line of British foreign policy, reinforced by the recent reconstruction of the National Government as well as the reconstruction of the Foreign Office now taking place. The general character of the reconstruction of the National Government at the beginning of June was a reconstruction to the right, strengthening the pro-Hitler and anti-Soviet line. The proposal to make a broad reconstruction by the inclusion of Churchill and Austen Chamberlain, [3] the main protagonists of the pro-French and collective security line against the menace of German aggression, was rejected. The proposal to bring Eden [4] to the Foreign Office, energetically pressed for in quarters sympathetic to the line of collective security and friendly relations with the Soviet Union, was rejected. The appointment of Hoare [5] to the Foreign Office meant the appointment of an old and close collaborator of the Russian Whites and extreme pro-Hitler and anti-Soviet protagonist, as was equally recognised in the reception in the French and in the German press. This appointment of Hoare, fresh from the laurels of maintaining the iron hand in India, was not only a direct signal of British policy to the world; it was also the appointment of a ‘man of iron’, in place of the weak Simon, to smash the resistance of the pro-French traditions in the Foreign Office, embodied in the permanent secretary, Vansittart, [6] whose removal has immediately followed the appointment of Hoare. The sequence of events since Stresa is significant. Immediately after Stresa came King George’s special telegram of congratulations to Hitler on 21 April. On 24 April came the decision to resume the British and German army exchange of officers. On 21 May the Hitler speech was received with acclamation in Britain. [7] On 3 June the Anglo-German naval conversations were opened. On 7 June came the National Government reconstruction, with the appointment of Hoare to the Foreign Office. On 10 June the Prince of Wales made his special appeal for the visit of the British ex-servicemen’s delegation to Germany. [8] On 18 June the British-German Naval Agreement was concluded, and the Stresa front was openly broken. What is the consequence of the new agreement? First, it means at once an increase in the French naval programme. It will be remembered that the original Washington Naval Treaty fixed the French proportion at 35 per cent of British, in respect of capital ships. The new German navy will not be equal to the French, but in the North Sea it will be superior, owing to the division of the French ships in other seas. The virtual parity to the British fleet in home waters becomes superiority to the French. This will inevitably mean an increase in the French building programme. But this in turn will disturb the Washington proportions of the French fleet to the British and American, and will be replied to by corresponding increases in Britain and the United States. Thus the new Agreement opens a new naval armament race. On the diplomatic side, the rupture of Stresa will have inevitable effects on French and Italian policy. ‘M Laval [9] considers that henceforth he will be free to break with the usual practice of acquainting in advance the British government with every important movement of French diplomacy.’ (Daily Telegraph, 20 June 1935) In particular, French policy moves to support of Italy against Britain on the question of Abyssinia. The smashing by Britain of the 3 February line of an integral settlement for Europe as a whole means at once the hastening of every separate move of war-preparation in accordance with the Anglo-German principle of ‘localised wars’. Thus the situation is rendered increasingly serious by the most recent events. Japan goes forward with its war of conquest on North China, with a considerable degree of British complaisance, as indicated by Hoare’s answers in parliament and his highly congratulatory speech at a dinner to the Japanese ambassador immediately after the new aggression. The German armament and aggression plans in Europe go forward with open British support. The British government now feels sufficiently strong, in unison with the rapidly growing German military power, to take a more and more openly defiant line, and counts on forcing the acquiescence of France, utilising also the threat of Locarno [10] in order to paralyse the Franco-Soviet Pact, and thus to isolate the Soviet Union. The collaboration of British imperialism with the Hitler offensive has now come into the open in a more marked form than at any time previously, and it must be evident to the most sceptical that the main point of this collaboration is directed against the Soviet Union. It is necessary to intensify the fight against the war-plans of British imperialism and Nazi Germany, which have also the support of sections within French imperialism. Notes All notes have been provided by the MIA. 1. This was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 18 June 1935, a bilateral agreement between the United Kingdom and German Reich regulating the size of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) in relation to the Royal Navy, with the former’s total tonnage to be on a permanent basis 35 per cent of the total tonnage of the latter. The agreement allowed Germany to go beyond the naval restrictions decreed in the Versailles Treaty, and it was reached without any consulting with France and Italy. 2. John Allsebrook Simon, First Viscount Simon (1873-1954) was a National Liberal member of the various National Governments during the 1930s, serving as Foreign Secretary during 1931-35. He held a minor post in Churchill’s wartime government. 3. Winston Churchill (1874-1965) was at this point a Conservative MP, but not a member of the National Government. His attitude towards fascism was ambiguous; he openly admired Mussolini, but his wariness about the revival of German imperialism under Hitler led him to accuse the National Government of downplaying the threat that it presented to British imperial interests. Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain (1863-1937), half-brother of Neville Chamberlain (British Prime Minister during 1937-40), was a Conservative MP but not a member of the National Government. Like Churchill, he was concerned about the threat posed by Nazi Germany to British imperial interests. 4. Robert Anthony Eden (1897-1977) was a Conservative MP during 1923-57, and Foreign Secretary during 1935-38, resigning in protest at the National Government’s attitude towards Nazi Germany. He was Foreign Secretary during 1940-45 and 1951-55, and Prime Minister during 1955-57, resigning in the aftermath of the Suez d�b�cle. 5. Samuel John Gurney Hoare, First Viscount Templewood (1880-1959) was a Conservative MP during 1910-44, and held ministerial posts in various Conservative and National Governments, including Foreign Secretary in the latter half of 1935, and Home Secretary during 1937-39. 6. Robert Gilbert Vansittart, First Baron Vansittart (1881-1957), a right-wing conservative, was Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs during 1930-38, and was virulently anti-German, rather than just anti-Nazi. 7. Hitler gave a major speech on foreign policy to the Reichstag on 21 May 1935. This was in response to a meeting of British, French and Italian leaders in Stresa on 11 April 1935 which upheld the Locarno agreement on West European borders, to the recently-signed Franco-Soviet pact of mutual assistance, and to the League of Nations’ condemnation of Germany for its reintroduction of military conscription. 8. The Royal British Legion sent a delegation to Germany in July 1935, which was manipulated by the Nazi government into a propaganda show of friendship for the Third Reich. Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David (1894-1972), great-grandson of Queen Victoria, became Prince of Wales in 1911, and King Edward VIII in January 1936. He abdicated in December 1936 officially because of his choice of wife, and was subsequently known as the Duke of Windsor. He was extremely right-wing in outlook, was very favourable towards Nazi Germany, and was widely rumoured to be the choice for a collaborationist head of state if Germany successfully invaded Britain; according to Albert Speer, Hitler regretted his abdication. 9. Pierre Laval (1883-1945) was a member of the Socialist Party up to the early 1920s, and then became an Independent; he was Prime Minister of France during 1931-32 and 1935-36, and was Foreign Minister during 1934-36, during which time he negotiated a Treaty of Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union. He was Prime Minister twice under the collaborationist Vichy regime, and was subsequently tried and executed for treason. 10. A series of seven treaties were signed at Locarno in October 1925 in an attempt to reinforce the post-First World War settlement in Western and Central Europe and to normalise relations with Germany. It guaranteed Germany’s western frontiers, but allowed for negotiations in respect of its border with Poland.  
i don't know
Henry Vlll became heir to the English throne on the death of which brother in 1502?
BBC History - Henry VIII Henry VIII Henry VIII Henry VIII is one of the most famous kings in English history. He was the second Tudor monarch and was well-known for having six wives. His break with the papacy in Rome established the Church of England and began the Reformation. Image: Henry VIII (1491–1547) by Hans Holbein the younger (Getty Images) More information about: Henry VIII Henry, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace. After the death of his elder brother Arthur in 1502, Henry became heir to the English throne. King of England When Henry VII died in 1509, this popular eighteen-year-old prince, known for his love of hunting and dancing, became King Henry VIII. Soon after he obtained the papal dispensation required to allow him to marry his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. In the first years of his reign Henry VIII effectively relied on Thomas Wolsey to rule for him, and by 1515 Henry had elevated him to the highest role in government: Lord Chancellor. In 1521 Pope Leo X conferred the title of Defender of the Faith on Henry for his book 'Assertio Septem Sacramentorum', which affirmed the supremacy of the Pope in the face of the reforming ideals of the German theologian, Martin Luther. Military might Henry VIII's early military campaigns began when he joined Pope Julius II's Holy League against France in 1511. Wolsey proved himself to be an outstanding minister in his organisation of the first French campaign and while the Scots saw this war as an opportunity to invade England, they were defeated at Flodden in 1513. However war with France ultimately proved expensive and unsuccessful. Henry VIII is known as the 'father of the Royal Navy.' When he became king there were five royal warships. By his death he had built up a navy of around 50 ships. He refitted several vessels with the latest guns including the Mary Rose, which sank in 1545. Henry also built the first naval dock in Britain at Portsmouth and in 1546 he established the Navy Board. This set up the administrative machinery for the control of the fleet. A male heir Henry was acutely aware of the importance of securing a male heir during his reign. He was worried that he had only one surviving child, Mary, to show for his marriage to Catherine, who was now in her 40s. So the king asked Cardinal Wolsey to appeal to Pope Clement VII for an annulment and it soon became clear he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, who had been a lady-in-waiting to his first wife. But, unwilling to anger Catherine of Aragon's nephew – the most powerful ruler in Europe, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V – the Pope refused. Thomas Wolsey's ascendancy was cut short by this failure. In 1533, Henry VIII broke with the church and married the now pregnant Anne Boleyn in a secret ceremony. Henry was excommunicated by the Pope. The English reformation had begun. Head of the Church After Wolsey's downfall, Thomas Cromwell became Henry's chief minister and earned the confidence of the King by helping him to break with Rome and establish Henry VIII as head of the Church of England. This act also brought him much needed wealth through the dissolution of the well-funded monasteries. Over four years Cromwell ordered that 800 monasteries be disbanded and their lands and treasures taken for the crown. The cultural and social impact was significant, as much of the land was sold to the gentry and churches and monasteries were gutted and destroyed. Henry's personal religious beliefs remained Catholic, despite the growing number of people at court and in the nation who had adopted Protestantism. Anne Boleyn In September 1533 Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth I). Henry had grown tired of her, and after two further pregnancies ended in miscarriages, she was arrested in 1536 on trumped up charges of adultery and publicly beheaded at the Tower of London. Henry's third marriage, this time to lady-in-waiting, Jane Seymour, finally produced the son he so desperately desired with the birth of Edward in 1537. Jane Seymour died after childbirth and Henry ordered that she be granted a queen's funeral. In an attempt to establish ties with the German Protestant alliance, Thomas Cromwell arranged a marriage between the king and German princess Anne of Cleves. The marriage was a disaster and Henry divorced Anne a few months later. Henry blamed Cromwell for this mismatch and soon afterwards had him executed for treason. Final Years The final years of his reign witnessed Henry VIII's physical decline and an increasing desire to appear all-powerful. Henry continued with fruitless and expensive campaigns against Scotland and France. In 1540, the aging King married the teenage Catherine Howard. Their marriage was short lived. It was alleged that she had a previous relationship with Henry's courtier Francis Dereham and an affair with another courtier Thomas Culpeper. Catherine was executed for adultery and treason in 1542. Henry's final marriage to Catherine Parr, who acted like a nurse, was more harmonious and she would go on to outlive him. Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547 and was succeeded by his son, Edward VI. He was buried next to Jane Seymour in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.
Arthur
The Jasmund National Park is in which European country?
Henry VII (reigned 1485-1509) Married Elizabeth (daughter of Edward IV ). Seven children. Buried in Westminster Abbey. Henry Tudor became King Henry Vll of England and Wales after defeating Richard lll at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. The Wars of the Roses had been a constant battle between two of England's most powerful families - the families of York and Lancaster. Henry was a member of the Lancaster family. To bring the two families closer together he married Elizabeth of York (the niece of the man he had killed to become king).  Henry Vll was the first Tudor King and reigned for 24 years until 1509. Henry Vll enjoyed music, gambling and building palaces. Who was the next King? Henry Vll's second son, also called Henry, inherited the throne and became Henry Vlll . Henry succeeded to the throne because his elder brother Arthur died in 1502. More information From Polydore Vergil's The Anglia Historica 1485-1537  
i don't know
Who played Danny Ocean in the 1960 film ‘Ocean’s Eleven’?
Ocean's 11 (1960) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Danny Ocean gathers a group of his World War II compatriots to pull off the ultimate Las Vegas heist. Together the eleven friends plan to rob five Las Vegas casinos in one night. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 25 titles created 08 May 2011 a list of 34 titles created 11 Mar 2013 a list of 43 titles created 04 Jan 2015 a list of 29 titles created 03 May 2015 a list of 40 titles created 2 weeks ago Search for " Ocean's 11 " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Edit Storyline Eleven friends who know each other from World War II service plan to rob five of the biggest casinos in Las Vegas in one night. They develop a master plan but after the whole thing is over, something goes wrong... Written by Harald Mayr <[email protected]> That Big One!! See more  » Genres: 10 August 1960 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Right after the heist when Sheriff Wimmer is interrogating a possible witness over the phone, the uncredited voice on the other end of the line is that of George Fenneman , better known as the announcer on such TV game shows as You Bet Your Life (1950) and Tell It to Groucho (1962). See more » Goofs Although Red Norvo accompanies Sam in the lounge at the Sahara, his name is on the marquee at the Sands. See more » Quotes Danny Ocean : Where they serve the drinks. Lift attendant: To the bar. The Rat Pack in a pretty amusing heist romp movie 12 October 2005 | by ma-cortes (Santander Spain) – See all my reviews The picture talks about the biggest robbery of all . Spyros Acebos (Akim Tamiroff) pulls off a scheme introducing the plans for a new business venture : simultaneously burgle five casinos in Las Vegas as Sahara , Flamingo , Golden Nugget , Riveira and Desert Inn . He agrees with Danny Ocean (Frank Sinatra) backed by a motley and eclectic gang to execute it , formed by 11 pals ( Dean Martin, Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Richard Conte , Norman Fell, Richard Benedict..). The crew back in action , now veterans , after fighting in Second World War at 82nd Airbone division as paratroopers . We wouldn't call it a special group just Danny Ocean and his buddies , the night they blew up all the light , shutting off the electricity in Las Vegas . Millions dollars are taken from the casinos . But the elaborated plan itself goes wrong . They encounter complications when an investigator (Cesar Romero) discovers the tracks . This adaptation achieves one of the greatest entertainments of the history of motion pictures . We never met a band like Ocean's eleven . From the beginning until the end the comedy and giggles along with moderated action are continuous . Besides , it has got an intelligent script and an extraordinary final surprise . Significant portions of the movie interactions between major characters were ad-libbed . The actors playing the leading roles all knew each other well and improvised dialogue as well as or better than the script . For comic relief in charge of the various relationships among several characters and their numerous jokes . Splendid songs by Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr and sensitive ending song by Frank Sinatra . Appears uncredited Shirley McLayne in an agreeable comic performance , Red Skelton and George Raft as invited actors . Superb and stunning musical score by Nelson Riddle (author of Batman TV music). Enjoyable and glossy cinematography by William H. Daniels (Greta Garbo's usual photographer). Director Lewis Milestone's masterpiece of the amusement and entertainment . The movie was remade by a funny and stylish remake with George Clooney and director Steven Soderbergh and several sequels . Rating : Good and nice . Worthwhile watching. 18 of 25 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Frank Sinatra
What is the national flower of Persia?
OCEAN'S ELEVEN | Film Journal International Tweet Reviews Have 40 ring-a-ding years actually flown by since Frank Sinatra's Rat Pack movie, Ocean's Eleven, first turned up on American movie screens? The year was 1960 and John F. Kennedy had just been narrowly elected President of the United States. Sinatra and his pals--Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Dean Martin, Joey Bishop and Angie Dickinson-- were riding high. So high, in fact, that Warner Bros. green-lighted a casino-robbery movie shot in Las Vegas. The original Ocean's Eleven was a kind of buddy movie filmed mostly during downtime when Sinatra was performing at the Sands Hotel. Meanwhile, Lewis Milestone had gotten his first directing assignment back in 1919. Although he turned out such classic films as All Quiet on the Western Front and The Front Page, he seemed an odd choice for what was mostly a smart-ass, heist buddy film. The new Ocean's Eleven isn't all that different from the original movie, except, of course, for the time that has gone by since the early 1960s. Oscar-winning director Steven Soderbergh's update is nothing if not a smart-ass, heist buddy movie, with leading men--George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Andy Garcia and Don Cheadle--practically hanging from the rafters. With all those young leading men, the movie is almost walked off with by some old-time gents, namely Bernie Mac, Elliott Gould and 79-year-old Carl Reiner, whose name has already been bantered around for a supporting Oscar nomination. That's not even counting the distaff side, represented by Julia Roberts, for those who prefer a stunning female presence among that bunch of guys. When the film begins, charming Danny Ocean (George Clooney) is fresh from a New Jersey slammer and raring to resume his criminal ways. Within a matter of hours, Danny is on a mission to steal $150 million from three Las Vegas casinos. Aside from the money, Danny wants to take down ruthless Terry Benedict (Andy Garcia), who owns said casinos. Danny has a personal score to settle with Benedict, who is currently dating his ex-wife, played by Roberts. With the stylish Soderbergh in the driver's seat, this is a smart, elaborate heist film with a Rat Pack pedigree, some laughs and surprises along the way. --Ed Kelleher
i don't know
In the human body, what is the mandible?
Mandible Anatomy, Definition & Function | Body Maps Your message has been sent. OK We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later. Close Mandible The mandible, or lower jaw, is the bone that forms the lower part of the skull, and along with the maxilla (upper jaw), forms the mouth structure. Movement of the lower jaw opens and closes the mouth and also allows for the chewing of food. The lower set of teeth in the mouth is rooted in the lower jaw. Four different muscles connect to the lower jaw to facilitate its movement. These muscles are the masseter, the temporalis, the medial pterygoid, and the lateral pterygoid. Each of these muscles occurs in pairs, with one of each muscle appearing on either side of the skull. The muscles work in combination to pivot the lower jaw up and down and to allow movement of the jaw from side to side. Fractures to this bone may be minor or severe, with more severe fractures requiring the jaw to be wired shut to prevent movement during healing. Other injuries and infections that can affect the lower jaw include tendinitis, infections stemming from tooth decay or other tooth injuries, and temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD), which causes painful swelling where the mandible meets the cheekbone.
Mandible
Actor/comedian Maxwell George Lorimer is better known by what name?
The Mandible (Lower Jaw) - Human Anatomy Human Body > II. Osteology > The Mandible (Lower Jaw) 5b. 8. The Mandible (Lower Jaw) FIG. 176– Mandible. Outer surface. Side view. (Inferior Maxillary Bone) The mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face, serves for the reception of the lower teeth. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles.   The Body (corpus mandibulæ).—The body is curved somewhat like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders.   Surfaces.—The external surface (Fig. 176) is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the symphysis or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period of life. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. On either side of the symphysis, just below the incisor teeth, is a depression, the incisive fossa, which gives origin to the Mentalis and a small portion of the Orbicularis oris. Below the second premolar tooth, on either side, midway between the upper and lower borders of the body, is the mental foramen, for the passage of the mental vessels and nerve. Running backward and upward from each mental tubercle is a faint ridge, the oblique line, which is continuous with the anterior border of the ramus; it affords attachment to the Quadratus labii inferioris and Triangularis; the Platysma is attached below it.     The internal surface (Fig. 177) is concave from side to side. Near the lower part of the symphysis is a pair of laterally placed spines, termed the mental spines, which give origin to the Genioglossi. Immediately below these is a second pair of spines, or more frequently a median ridge or impression, for the origin of the Geniohyoidei. In some cases the mental spines are fused to form a single eminence, in others they are absent and their position is indicated merely by an irregularity of the surface. Above the mental spines a median foramen and furrow are sometimes seen; they mark the line of union of the halves of the bone. Below the mental spines, on either side of the middle line, is an oval depression for the attachment of the anterior belly of the Digastricus. Extending upward and backward on either side from the lower part of the symphysis is the mylohyoid line, which gives origin to the Mylohyoideus; the posterior part of this line, near the alveolar margin, gives attachment to a small part of the Constrictor pharyngis superior, and to the pterygomandibular raphé. Above the anterior part of this line is a smooth triangular area against which the sublingual gland rests, and below the hinder part, an oval fossa for the submaxillary gland.   Borders.—The superior or alveolar border, wider behind than in front, is hollowed into cavities, for the reception of the teeth; these cavities are sixteen in number, and vary in depth and size according to the teeth which they contain. To the outer lip of the superior border, on either side, the Buccinator is attached as far forward as the first molar tooth. The inferior border is rounded, longer than the superior, and thicker in front than behind; at the point where it joins the lower border of the ramus a shallow groove; for the external maxillary artery, may be present. FIG. 177– Mandible. Inner surface. Side view.     The Ramus (ramus mandibulæ; perpendicular portion).—The ramus is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes.   Surfaces.—The lateral surface (Fig. 176) is flat and marked by oblique ridges at its lower part; it gives attachment throughout nearly the whole of its extent to the Masseter. The medial surface (Fig. 177) presents about its center the oblique mandibular foramen, for the entrance of the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve. The margin of this opening is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the lingula mandibulæ, which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the mylohyoid vessels and nerve. Behind this groove is a rough surface, for the insertion of the Pterygoideus internus. The mandibular canal runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings. On arriving at the incisor teeth, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth. In the posterior two-thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible; and in the anterior third, nearer its external surface. It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve, from which branches are distributed to the teeth. The lower border of the ramus is thick, straight, and continuous with the inferior border of the body of the bone. At its junction with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the Masseter laterally, and the Pterygoideus internus medially; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles. The anterior border is thin above, thicker below, and continuous with the oblique line. The posterior border is thick, smooth, rounded, and covered by the parotid gland. The upper border is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid in front and the condyloid behind, separated by a deep concavity, the mandibular notch.   The Coronoid Process (processus coronoideus) is a thin, triangular eminence, which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size. Its anterior border is convex and is continuous below with the anterior border of the ramus; its posterior border is concave and forms the anterior boundary of the mandibular notch. Its lateral surface is smooth, and affords insertion to the Temporalis and Masseter. Its medial surface gives insertion to the Temporalis, and presents a ridge which begins near the apex of the process and runs downward and forward to the inner side of the last molar tooth. Between this ridge and the anterior border is a grooved triangular area, the upper part of which gives attachment to the Temporalis, the lower part to some fibers of the Buccinator.   The Condyloid Process (processus condyloideus) is thicker than the coronoid, and consists of two portions: the condyle, and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck. The condyle presents an articular surface for articulation with the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint; it is convex from before backward and from side to side, and extends farther on the posterior than on the anterior surface. Its long axis is directed medialward and slightly backward, and if prolonged to the middle line will meet that of the opposite condyle near the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. At the lateral extremity of the condyle is a small tubercle for the attachment of the temporomandibular ligament. The neck is flattened from before backward, and strengthened by ridges which descend from the forepart and sides of the condyle. Its posterior surface is convex; its anterior presents a depression for the attachment of the Pterygoideus externus.   The mandibular notch, separating the two processes, is a deep semilunar depression, and is crossed by the masseteric vessels and nerve.   Ossification.—The mandible is ossified in the fibrous membrane covering the outer surfaces of Meckel’s cartilages. These cartilages form the cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch (see p. 66), and are two in number, a right and a left. Their proximal or cranial ends are connected with the ear capsules, and their distal extremities are joined to one another at the symphysis by mesodermal tissue. They run forward immediately below the condyles and then, bending downward, lie in a groove near the lower border of the bone; in front of the canine tooth they incline upward to the symphysis. From the proximal end of each cartilage the malleus and incus, two of the bones of the middle ear, are developed; the next succeeding portion, as far as the lingula, is replaced by fibrous tissue, which persists to form the sphenomandibular ligament. Between the lingula and the canine tooth the cartilage disappears, while the portion of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible.   Ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel’s cartilage (Figs. 178 to 181), and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen, about the sixth week of fetal life. By the tenth week the portion of Meckel’s cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the membrane bone. Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their appearance, viz., a wedge-shaped nucleus in the condyloid process and extending downward through the ramus; a small strip along the anterior border of the coronoid process; and smaller nuclei in the front part of both alveolar walls and along the front of the lower border of the bone. These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers, but are invaded by the surrounding membrane bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center (splenial center), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone. At birth the bone consists of two parts, united by a fibrous symphysis, in which ossification takes place during the first year.   The foregoing description of the ossification of the mandible is based on the researches of Low   (* 44 and Fawcett,   (* 45 and differs somewhat from that usually given.  
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In which US state was the late singer Michael Jackson born?
Michael Jackson - Music Producer, Dancer, Songwriter, Singer - Biography.com Michael Jackson Michael Jackson enjoyed a chart-topping career both with the Jackson 5 and as a solo artist. He released the best-selling album in history, 'Thriller,' in 1982. IN THESE GROUPS » quotes “Being onstage is magic. There's nothing like it. You feel the energy of everybody who's out there. You feel it all over your body.” “Being an entertainer, you just can't tell who is your friend.” “Being mobbed hurts. You feel like you're spaghetti among thousands of hands. They're just ripping you and pulling your hair. And you feel that any moment you're gonna just break.” “I hate to take credit for the songs I've written. I feel that somewhere, someplace, it's been done and I'm just a courier bringing it into the world. I really believe that. I love what I do. I'm happy at what I do. It's escapism.” “Why can't you share your bed? That's the most loving thing to do, to share your bed with someone.” “If you enter this world knowing you are loved and you leave this world knowing the same, then everything that happens in between can be dealt with.” “I always want to know what makes good performers fall to pieces.” “My father would rehearse with a belt in his hand. You couldn't mess up.” “Magic is easy if you put your heart into it.” “I wouldn't be happy doing just one kind of music or label ourselves. I like doing something for everybody ... I don't like our music to be labeled. Labels are like ... racism.” “What I'm asking is whether this is still a country where a peculiar person such as Michael Jackson can get a fair shake and be considered innocent until proven guilty ... or is this just a 21st century American barnyard where we all feel free to turn on the moonwalking rooster ... and peck it to death?” —Michael Jackson Michael Jackson - Mini Biography (TV-14; 3:52) "King of Pop" Michael Jackson topped the charts and the tabloids like no other pop star before him. Check out a summary of his decades in the spotlight with this mini biography. Synopsis Born in 1958 in Gary, Indiana, Michael Jackson became the lead singer of his family's popular Motown group, the Jackson 5. He went on to a solo career of astonishing success, delivering No. 1 hits from the albums Off the Wall, Thriller and Bad. The "King of Pop" was dogged by allegations of child molestation in his later years, and died just before launching a comeback tour in 2009. Early Life and Career Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana, to a large African-American working-class family. His mother,  Katherine Jackson , was a homemaker and a devout Jehovah's Witness. His father, Joseph Jackson , had been a guitarist who put aside his musical aspirations to provide for his family as a crane operator. Believing his sons had talent, he molded them into a musical group in the early 1960s.  At first, the Jackson Family performers consisted of Michael's older brothers, Tito , Jermaine and Jackie . Michael joined his siblings when he was 5 years old, and emerged as the group's lead vocalist. He showed remarkable range and depth for such a young performer, impressing audiences with his ability to convey complex emotions. Older brother Marlon also became a member of the group, which evolved into the Jackson 5 . Behind the scenes, Joseph Jackson pushed his sons to succeed. He was also reportedly known to become violent with them. Michael and his brothers spent endless hours rehearsing and polishing up their act. At first, the Jackson 5 played local gigs and built a strong following. They recorded one single on their own, "Big Boy," with the B-side "You've Changed," but the record failed to generate much interest. The Jackson 5 moved on to working as the opening act for such R&B artists as Gladys Knight and the Pips, James Brown , and Sam and Dave. Many of these performers were signed to the legendary Motown record label, and the Jackson 5 eventually caught the attention of Motown founder Berry Gordy . Impressed by the group, Gordy signed them to his label in early 1969. Michael and his brothers moved to Los Angeles, where they lived with Gordy and with  Diana Ross  of the Supremes as they got settled. The Jackson 5 was introduced to the music industry at a special event in August 1969, and the group later opened for the Supremes. Their first album, Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5, hit the charts in December 1969, with its single, "I Want You Back," reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart shortly afterward. More chart-topping singles quickly followed, such as "ABC," "The Love You Save" and "I'll Be There." Solo Stardom At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work with the Jackson 5. He made the charts in 1971 with "Got to Be There," from the album of the same name. His 1972 album, Ben, featured the eponymous ballad about a rat. The song became Jackson's first solo No. 1 single. For several years, Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5 maintained a busy tour and recording schedule, under the supervision of Berry Gordy and his Motown staff. The group became so popular, they even had their own self-titled cartoon show, which ran from 1971 to 1972. Despite Jackson's individual achievements and the group's great success, there was trouble brewing behind the scenes. Tensions mounted between Gordy and Joseph Jackson over the management of his children's careers, with the Jacksons wanting more creative control over their material. The group officially severed ties with Motown in 1976, though Jermaine Jackson remained with the label to pursue his solo career. Now calling themselves the Jacksons, the group signed a new recording deal with Epic Records. By the release of their third album for the label, 1978's Destiny, the brothers had emerged as talented songwriters. Michael then wowed the music world with his next solo album, 1979's Off the Wall. An infectious blend of pop and funk, the album featured the Grammy Award-winning single "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough," along with such hits as "Rock with You," "She's Out of My Life" and the title track. The overwhelmingly positive response to Off the Wall also helped the Jacksons as a group. Triumph (1980) sold more than 1 million copies, and the brothers went on an extensive tour to support the recording. However, Michael continued exploring more ways to branch out on his own. He teamed up with rock legend Paul McCartney  for their 1982 duet, "The Girl Is Mine," which nearly reached the top of the pop charts. The song also appeared on his next solo album, Thriller (1982), which generated seven Top 10 hits and became the best-selling album in history. On a 1983 television special honoring Motown, Jackson performed his No. 1 hit "Billie Jean" and debuted his soon-to-be-famous dance move, the Moonwalk. Jackson, a veteran performer by this time, created this step himself and choreographed the dance sequences for the video of the album's other No. 1 hit, "Beat It." Jackson's most elaborate music video, however, was for the album's title track. John Landis directed the horror-tinged video, which featured complex dance scenes, special effects and a voice-over by actor Vincent Price . The "Thriller" video was an immense success, boosting sales for the already successful record. The album stayed on the charts for 80 weeks, holding the No. 1 spot for 37 weeks. In addition to its unparalleled commercial achievements, Thriller garnered 12 Grammy Award nominations and notched eight wins, both records. Jackson's victories showcased the diverse nature of his work. For his songwriting talents, he earned a Grammy (best rhythm and blues song) for "Billie Jean." He also was honored for the singles "Thriller" (best pop vocal performance, male) and "Beat It" (best rock vocal performance, male). With co-producer Quincy Jones , Jackson shared the award for album of the year. Pepsi, 'Bad' and Neverland At the top of his game creatively and commercially, Jackson signed a $5 million endorsement deal with PepsiCo in 1983. However, he was badly injured while filming a commercial for the soda giant in 1984, suffering burns to his face and scalp. Jackson had surgery to repair his injuries, and is believed to have begun experimenting with plastic surgery around this time. His face, especially his nose, would become dramatically altered in the coming years. That same year, Jackson embarked on his final tour with his brothers to support the album Victory. The one major hit from the recording was Jackson's duet with Mick Jagger, "State of Shock." In 1985, Jackson showed his altruistic side by co-writing "We Are the World," a charity single for USA for Africa. A veritable who's who of music stars participated in the project, including Lionel Richie , Ray Charles , Bob Dylan , Willie Nelson , Bruce Springsteen and Tina Turner . Releasing his follow-up to Thriller in 1987, Jackson reached the top of the charts with Bad. It boasted a record five No. 1 hits, including "Man in the Mirror," "The Way You Make Me Feel" and the title track, which was supported by a video directed by Martin Scorsese . Jackson spent more than a year on the road, playing concerts to promote the album. While highly successful, Bad was unable to duplicate the phenomenal sales of Thriller. A shy and quiet person off-stage, Jackson never was truly comfortable with the media attention he received and rarely gave interviews. By the late 1980s, he had created his own fantasy retreat—a California ranch called Neverland. There the singer kept exotic pets, such as a chimpanzee named Bubbles. He also installed amusement park-type rides, and sometimes opened up the ranch for children's events. The Neverland stories were just part of the package of increasingly unusual behavior, with rumors swirling that he was lightening the color of his skin to appear more white and sleeping in a special chamber to increase his life span. In 1991, Jackson released Dangerous, featuring the hit "Black or White." The video for this song, directed by Landis, included an appearance by child star Macaulay Culkin . In the video's final minutes, Jackson caused some controversy with his sexual gesturing and violent actions. Many were surprised to see the Peter Pan-like Jackson act in this manner. Jackson's music continued to enjoy widespread popularity in the following years. In 1993, he performed at several important events, including the halftime show of Superbowl XXVII. Jackson also agreed to a rare television interview with  Oprah Winfrey , which aired in February. Seeking to quell some of the rumors about his behavior, he explained that the change in his skin tone was the result of a disease known as vitiligo, and opened up about the abuse he suffered from his father. Molestation Allegations and Career Decline In 1993, allegations of child molestation against Jackson emerged. A 13-year-old boy claimed that the music star had fondled him. Jackson was known to have sleepovers with boys at his Neverland Ranch, but this was the first public charge of wrongdoing. The police searched the ranch, but they found no evidence to support the claim. The following year, Jackson settled the case out of court with the boy's family. Other allegations emerged, but Jackson maintained his innocence. In August 1994, Jackson announced that he had married Lisa Marie Presley , daughter of rock icon Elvis Presley . The couple gave a joint television interview with Diane Sawyer , but the union proved to be short-lived. They divorced in 1996. Some thought that the marriage was a publicity ploy to restore Jackson's image after the molestation allegations. Later that same year, Jackson wed nurse Debbie Rowe . The couple had two children through artificial insemination. Son Michael Joseph "Prince" Jackson Jr. was born in 1997, and daughter Paris Michael Katherine Jackson was born in 1998. Rowe and Jackson divorced in 1999, with Jackson receiving full custody of their two children. He would go on to have a third child, Prince Michael "Blanket" Jackson II , with an unknown surrogate. Jackson's musical career began to decline with the lukewarm reception to 1995's HIStory: Past, Present, and Future, Book I, which featured some of his earlier hits as well as new material. The record spawned two hits, "You Are Not Alone" and his duet with sister Janet Jackson , "Scream." The spaceship-themed video for "Scream," which cost a record-setting $7 million to produce, earned a Grammy Award for its slick effects. However, another track from the album, "They Don't Care About Us," brought Jackson intense criticism for using an anti-Semitic term. Jackson returned to the studio to put together Invincible (2001), his first full album of new material in a decade. The album sold well, but by this point the singer was increasingly becoming known for his eccentricities, which included wearing a surgical mask in public. In 2002, Jackson made headlines when he seemed confused and disoriented on stage at the MTV Video Music Awards. Soon after, he received enormous criticism for dangling his baby son, Blanket, over a balcony while greeting fans in Berlin, Germany. In a later interview, Jackson explained that "We were waiting for thousands of fans down below, and they were chanting they wanted to see my child, so I was kind enough to let them see. I was doing something out of innocence." His reputation was served another blow in 2003 with the television documentary, Living with Michael Jackson. British journalist Martin Bashir spent several months with the singer, even getting him to discuss his relationships with children. Jackson admitted that he continued to have children sleep over at his ranch, even after the 1993 allegations, and that sometimes he slept with the children in his bed. "Why can't you share your bed? That's the most loving thing to do, to share your bed with someone," Jackson told Bashir. Jackson encountered more legal woes when he was arrested on charges related to incidents with a 13-year-old boy in 2003. Facing 10 counts in all, he was charged with lewd conduct with a minor, attempted lewd conduct, administering alcohol to facilitate molestation, and conspiracy to commit child abduction, false imprisonment and extortion. The resulting 2005 trial was a media circus, with fans, detractors and camera crews surrounding the courthouse. More than 130 people testified, including Macaulay Culkin. The actor told the court that he had been friends with Jackson as a young teen, and never had any problems while staying over at the Neverland Ranch.  Jackson's accuser also appeared via videotape and described how he had been given wine and molested. However, the jury found problems with his testimony, as well as that of his mother, and Jackson was found not guilty of all charges on June 14, 2005. Final Years In the aftermath of the trial, Jackson's reputation was effectively destroyed and his finances were in shambles. He soon found refuge in his friendship with Bahrain's Prince Salman Bin Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa, who helped the pop star pay his legal and utility bills, and invited him to his country as a personal guest. In Bahrain, the prince took care of the singer's expenses and built a recording studio for him. In return, Jackson allegedly promised to collaborate on a new album for Al-Khalifa's record label, write an autobiography and create a stage play. The completed work never materialized, however, and Jackson soon faced a $7 million lawsuit from his friend for reneging on his promises.  In even greater financial straits, Jackson defaulted on the $24.5 million loan owed on his Neverland Ranch in 2008. Unable to part with cherished keepsakes, including the crystal gloves he used in performances, Jackson sued to block the auction of some of his personal items from the home the following year. Around this same time, the largely reclusive Jackson announced that he would be performing a series of concerts as his "final curtain call." Despite all of the allegations and stories of odd behavior, Jackson remained a figure of great interest, as demonstrated by the strong response to his concert plans; set to appear at the O2 Arena in London, England, beginning July 8, 2009, Jackson saw all of the tickets to his "This Is It" tour sell out in only four hours. Tragic Death Sadly, Michael Jackson would never get to experience the anticipated success of his comeback tour. On June 25, 2009, Jackson suffered cardiac arrest in his Los Angeles home. He was rushed to the hospital after his heart stopped and CPR attempts failed, and died later that morning. He was 50 years old. News of Jackson's death resulted in an outpouring of public grief and sympathy. Memorials to Jackson were erected around the world, including one at the arena where he was set to perform and another at his childhood home in Gary, Indiana. On July 7, 2009, a televised memorial was held for fans of the "King of Pop" at the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles. While 17,500 free tickets were issued to fans via lottery, an estimated 1 billion viewers watched the memorial on TV or online. The Jackson family held a private funeral on September 3, 2009, at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, for immediate family members and 200 guests. Celebrity mourners included Jackson's ex-wife, Lisa Marie Presley, and actress Elizabeth Taylor . As dictated in his will, Jackson's children were placed in the care of their grandmother, Katherine Jackson. In respect to their father's wishes, Prince, Paris and Blanket were largely kept out of the limelight. They stepped up to the mic in 2009 to speak to fans at their father's funeral, and again in January 2010 to accept a posthumous Lifetime Achievement Award for their father at the Grammys. A documentary of Jackson's preparations for his final tour, entitled This Is It, was released in October 2009. The film, which features a compilation of interviews, rehearsals and backstage footage of its star, made $23 million in its opening weekend and skyrocketed to No. 1 at the box office. This Is It would go on to make $261 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing concert film of all time. In December 2010, the posthumous album Michael was released amid controversy about whether the singer actually performed some of the tracks. Brother Randy was among those who questioned the authenticity of the recordings, but the Jackson estate later refuted the claims, according to The New York Times. Another posthumous album, Xscape, was released in May 2014. R&B star and Jackson protege Usher performed its first single, "Love Never Felt So Good," that month at the iHeartRadio Music Awards. The album, which includes eight songs recorded by Jackson between 1983 and 1999, debuted at No. 2 on Billboard's Top 200 Album chart. Dr. Conrad Murray's Investigation and Trial More heartache for the Jackson family came in February 2010, when an official coroner's report detailing Michael Jackson's cause of death was released. According to the report, the singer had died from acute propofol intoxication. The overdose was triggered by a lethal prescription drug cocktail, which included the sedatives midazolam, diazepam and lidocaine. Aided by his personal physician, Dr. Conrad Murray , Jackson took the drugs to help him sleep at night. Murray told police that he believed Jackson had developed a particular addiction to propofol, which Jackson referred to as his "milk." Murray reportedly administered propofol by IV in the evenings, in 50-milligram dosages, and was attempting to wean the pop star off the drug around the time of his death. A police investigation revealed that Dr. Murray was not licensed to prescribe most controlled drugs in the state of California. The steps he had taken to save Jackson also came under scrutiny, as evidence showed that the standard of care for administering propofol had not been met, and the recommended equipment for patient monitoring, precision dosing and resuscitation had not been present. As a result, Jackson's death was ruled a homicide, and Murray was convicted of involuntary manslaughter on November 7, 2011, earning a maximum prison sentence of four years. When Murray's trial ended, the Jackson family focused once again on moving forward with their lives. However, by the following year, the Jacksons were making new headlines. In July 2012, a judge temporarily suspended Katherine Jackson's guardianship of Prince, Paris and Blanket—during which time T.J. Jackson, son of Tito, received temporary custody of the children—after she was erroneously reported missing by a relative. Katherine's "disappearance" came shortly after a dispute between her and several members of the Jackson clan, who raised questions about the validity of Michael Jackson's will, pointed fingers at the Jackson matriarch and called for the executors of his estate to resign. It was soon discovered that the elderly woman wasn't missing, but had simply taken a trip to Arizona. On August 2, 2012, a judge restored Katherine Jackson as the primary guardian of Prince, Paris and Blanket, also approving a plan granting T.J. Jackson co-guardianship of the children. Wrongful Death Lawsuit and Aftermath Though closure on Michael Jackson's death seemed attainable by late 2012, it would only be a matter of months before the Jackson family encountered a new brand of turmoil. Believing that AEG Live—the entertainment company that promoted Michael Jackson's planned comeback series in 2009—had failed to effectively protect the singer while he was under Conrad Murray's care, the Jackson family launched a wrongful death lawsuit. One of their lawyers, Brian Panish, discussed AEG's alleged wrongdoing in the trial's opening statements on April 29, 2013: "They wanted to be No. 1 at all costs," he said. "We're not looking for any sympathy ... we're looking for truth and justice." Jackson family lawyers sought up to $1.5 billion—an estimation of what Michael Jackson could have earned to that point—but in October 2013, a jury determined that AEG wasn't responsible for the singer's death. "Although Michael Jackson's death was a terrible tragedy, it was not a tragedy of AEG Live's making," said company lawyer Marvin S. Putnam. Despite the unfavorable outcome of that trial for the Jacksons, the family has reaped the benefits of the singer's enduring popularity. Since his passing, he has been profiled in multiple biographies, and inspired the creation of two Cirque du Soleil shows. Furthermore, Michael's debts have been settled thanks to his earlier investment in the Sony/ATV Music catalog, which includes the publishing rights for songs of such industry heavyweights as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Taylor Swift . Videos
Indiana
The European city of Vienna lies on which river?
Janet Jackson - Hollywood Life Date of Birth: May 16, 1966 Hometown: Gary, Indiana, United States In a Relationship With: Wissam Al Mana Best Quotes: “It is my belief that we all have the need to feel special. It is this need that can bring out the best in us, yet the worst in us.” “Dreams can become a reality when we possess a vision that is characterized by the willingness to work hard, a desire for excellence, and a belief in our right and our responsibility to be equal members of society.” Bio: Janet Jackson (born Janet Damita Jo Jackson in Gary, Indiana on May 16, 1966) is an American recording artist and actress. She is the youngest child of the Jackson family, and she is famous for her provocative music and shows. She has sold over 100 million records, and she is ranked as one of the best-selling artists in the history of contemporary music. She has sold 26 million records, and has been named one of the “Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years” by Billboard magazine. She had hit singles such as “All For You,” “Together,” and “Nasty”. She is the sister of the late pop singer, Michael Jackson , and together, they sang “Scream”. Since his death, she has been very involved in his children’s lives. Best Known For: Being a member of the Jackson family, and being one of the best selling artists in history. Personal Life: Janet has been married and divorced twice. She has no children, and is often in the press for her fluctuating weight. She has been married to retail director Wissam Al Mana since 2012. Janet announced on April 6, 2016, that she would be postponing the second half of her “Unbreakable” tour to start a family with Wissam.
i don't know
In November 1936, who was elected US President for a second term in office?
By the numbers: Second term presidents - CNNPolitics.com By the numbers: Second term presidents By Caitlin Stark, CNN Library Updated 2:05 PM ET, Fri November 9, 2012 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED Obama: 'The best is yet to come' 01:34 Story highlights 21 U.S. presidents have won re-election to a second term. One U.S. presidents served two full terms in office non-consecutively Since 1900, six Democratic presidents have won a second term in office Nine presidents changed vice presidents between their first and second terms. On January 20, 2013, President Barack Obama will be sworn in for his second term in office. (Because that is a Sunday, the public ceremony will be January 21.) Less than half of U.S. presidents who have served have been re-elected to a second term in office. Here's a look back, by the numbers, at who and when: 21 -- Number of U.S. presidents who won election to a second term. This includes four men who assumed the office after the death of the sitting president, and later won election in their own right. 13 -- Number of U.S. presidents who served two full terms in office. This includes Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected four times but died before finishing his fourth term. Making up the distinguished group are: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Ulysses S. Grant, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. 3 -- Number of U.S. presidents who died in office during their second (or later) terms . They are Abraham Lincoln (assassinated), William McKinley (assassinated), and Franklin Roosevelt (died of illness in his fourth term). 1 -- Number of U.S. presidents who served two full terms in office non-consecutively . Grover Cleveland was president from 1885 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897. 1 -- Number of U.S. presidents who resigned during their second terms . Richard Nixon resigned in 1974, two years after winning re-election. 2 -- Number of U.S. presidents who took the country to war during their second or subsequent terms. Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt both campaigned on the platform of keeping America out of wars in Europe but were forced to go back on that promise. 6 -- Number of Republican presidents elected to a second term in office since 1900. William Taft, Herbert Hoover, Gerald Ford and George H.W. Bush did not win re-election and Warren Harding died in office. 6 -- Number of Democratic presidents elected to a second term in office since 1900. Jimmy Carter did not win re-election and John F. Kennedy died in office. 73 -- The age of Ronald Reagan in 1984, the oldest man elected to a second term as president . 9 -- The number of presidents who changed vice presidents between their first and second terms. This was very common in the 1800s. Before 1916, George Washington and James Monroe were the only two-term presidents who did not change their vice presidents. 3 -- Since 1900, the number of Democratic second-term presidents whose party also controlled Congress. They are Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson. 3 -- Since 1900, the number of Republican second-term presidents whose party also controlled Congress . They are Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge and George W. Bush. 100 -- Percentage of the Electoral College vote won by George Washington 1792, to win a second term. 98.49 -- Percentage of the Electoral College vote won by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936, securing him a second term. He won 523 votes out of a possible 531. Except for George Washington and James Monroe, who ran almost unopposed to win second terms, it is the largest margin of victory. 53.99 -- Percentage of the Electoral College vote won by Woodrow Wilson in 1916. securing him a second term. He won 277 of 531 Electoral College votes, beating his opponent by only 23 votes. It is the smallest margin of victory for a second-term president.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Which artist is the subject of the 1956 film ‘Lust For Life’?
Winston Churchill (President Churchill) | Alternative History | Fandom powered by Wikia Winston Churchill (President Churchill) Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (1874-1965) was the 29th and 33rd President of the United States serving from 1917-1925 and 1937-1949. Contents [ show ] Early Life Churchill was born and raised in New York City. He was an excellent student and showed an early interest in politics, which he inherited from his father Randolph Churchill. Military Career Churchill graduated from West Point in 1896 and served in the Spanish-American War and the Philippines, and retired as a full colonel in 1906. Family Life In 1906, Churchill married Alice Roosevelt the daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, the union (that lasted happily until Churchill's death) would produce five children; Theodore Roosevelt (1907-1998), Winston Leonard Spencer Jr. (1909-1982), Edith Alice (1911-), Richard Henry (1913-1983), and Margret Chase (1916-2006). Early Political Career Churchill was elected to Congress from Long Island in November of 1906 and served two terms. In 1910, Churchill was elected Governor of New York defeating Democrat John A. Dix. Churchill embraced the progressive policies of Theodore Roosevelt early in his career but during his tenure as governor he began to shift towards the constitutional conservatism of Grover Cleveland. In 1912, Governor Churchill was re-elected thanks to support from both Taft Republicans and Roosevelt Progressives. In 1914, Churchill was overwhelming re-elected and began preparations for a run for the presidency. In 1916, Churchill won the Republican nomination over Massachusetts Senator John W. Weeks and Iowa Senator Albert Cummins. Churchill defeated Woodrow Wilson in the November election by a sizable margin. First Presidency President Churchill led America to victory in the First World War and led the nation into the economic boom of the 20's. Churchill was re-elected in a landslide over Wilson in 1920. During his second term in office Churchill directed the ship of state well and by the end of his second term unemployment was the lowest in American history. Post First Presidency From 1925 to 1936, Churchill traveled the globe and lectured at many universities around the world, he also found the time to campaign for Republicans in election years. In 1932, Churchill steps out of retirement to run for the Republican nomination for President against Herbert Hoover. Although Churchill won in the primaries he was defeated by Hoover as the Republican convention. In 1934, Churchill stumped the country in support of the Republican landslide of that year. This set Churchill up as the front-runner for the '36 nomination In 1936, Churchill won the Republican nomination over William Borah and Alf Landon, he chose Landon as his running mate. Churchill and Landon defeated incumbent President Franklin Roosevelt and his running mate John Nance Garner in a overwhelming landslide. Second Presidency During the first months of his presidency Churchill set about to grow the American economy through tax cuts and less government. However, most of Churchill's second presidency would be dominated by foreign affairs. Churchill saw the threat posed by German, Italian and Japanese aggression, so he convinced Congress to increase the size of the U.S. Armed Forces in preparation for war. When Germany attacked American bases in the Shetland Islands in December, 1939 America was thrust into a world war. Churchill along with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Èdouard Daladier lead the Allied powers in the war against Germany, Italy, and their Axis allies. Japan joined the war on the side of Germany in December, 1940. As a wartime president, Churchill was re-elected in a landslide in 1940 . By 1941, victory was in sight and Churchill turned his attention to forming a solid post-war world. Trivia Churchill is the only American president to be awarded the Medal of Honor during his lifetime (Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the medal posthumously). Churchill is the only American president to serve in all three branches of the federal government, he was a Congressman from 1907-1910; President from 1917-1925 and from 1937-1953; Supreme Court Chief Justice from 1953-1960
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Potomology is the scientific study of what?
Potamology | Define Potamology at Dictionary.com potamology [pot-uh-mol-uh-jee] /ˌpɒt əˈmɒl ə dʒi/ Spell British Dictionary definitions for potamology Expand (obsolete) the scientific study of rivers Word Origin C19: from Greek potamos river + -logy Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for potamology Expand "the study of rivers," 1829, from potamo- + -logy . Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
River
The medical condition Herpes Zoster is commonly known as what?
::: Dong-A University ::: 940001 - Advanced English Reading and Composition This course aim to enhance writing competency and an ability in reading comprehension. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 940038 - Presentation and Interview Students practice the preparation, presentation, feedback of presentation assessment to develop their presentation skill. They also learn the skill and method to cope with english interviews for recruitment etc. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 950105 - Physics and Experiment An introduction to one-dimensional motion, two and three-dimensional motion, Newton's law, SHM. work and kinetic energy, consevation of energy, momentum, angular momentum and planet motion, dynamics of particles, motion of figid body, pressure of fluids, temperature, law of thermodynamics, and entropy. An emphasis on experiments pertinent to lectures. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950107 - Chemistry and Experiment Stud y and experiment on the principles of chemistry which includes stoichiometry, thermochemistry, electronic structure, chemical bonding, and geometries of molecules. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 95011 - Introduction to Computer Science The major goal of this course is to study fundamental contents and computer programming language ofr effective use of computer. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950158 - Calculus The course aims to provide the fundamental concepts and abilities of science, engineering, and application. It also covers the continuity and limit of functions, sequence and series, derivatives and their applications, integral, multiple integral and partial derivatives, matrices and determinanats, and vector space. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950106 - Physics and Experiment Covers fundamentals of electrostatics, currents, analysis of simple electric circuits, magnetics as well as basic concepts of modern hpysics including wave mechanics, atoms and solids. Laboratory experiments pertinent to lectures. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 This course deals with gathering, probability, functional relation, sampling, statistical deduction, regressive analysis, and correlation. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950206 - Calculus? A study of fundamental subject of students who major in engineering and natura science, this course deals with vector and matrix, vector spaces, partial differentiation and its applications, double integral and its applications. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950004 - Engineering Mathematics? This course aims to provide the mathematical knowledges required to study and research the core topics concerning civil engineering. Ordinary differential equations are main subjects of this course and especially linear ordinary differential equations are focussed on this course. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950002 - Introcuction to Earth Sysetem Science A general introduction to the size, shape, materials, structure, and activity of the Earth in order to pursue the harmony between human life and the natural laws Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 Study the fundamental principles of computer program and its application methods. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950112 - Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 950005 - Engineering Mathematics? This course aims to provide the mathematical knowledges required to study and research the core topics concerning civil engineering. Laplace Transformations, Vectors, Matrices, and Fourier Series, Intergral and Partial Differential Equations could be introduced. These subjects can be rearranged depending on the background of students on this course. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 901614 - Cueative Engineering design Creative Engineering Design deals with fundamental theories and techniques ofr improving creativity needed to solve carious engineering problems. In particular, one can improve communication and presentation skills through teamwork, discussion and interaction with other students. The ultimate goal of this subject is cincubating the ability to specify and define the requirements for engineering design. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 901607 - Engineering Mechanics Fundamental theories of mechanics include statics of rigid bodies, computation of external and internal forces, and the concept of work and energy are studied. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 901617 - Engineering Design & CAD This course aim to improve the ability to design the actual plan of structures by applying all the theories to field. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P141 - Fluid Mechanics An introductory course designed to provide students with fundamental concepts about fluids. phycical properties of fluids, hydrostatic problems, the montion of incompressile fluids, dimensional analysis and similarity will be treated in this course. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P142 - Surveying urveying is the science of determining the dimensions and three-dimensional contours of the earth's surface by the measurement of distance, directions and elevations. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P145 - Mechanics of materials By studying the mechanical properties of structural members, students can acquire the ability of designing and analyzing the structural systems. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 This course exercises in surveying technonlogy by applying to the field directly. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -1 55P106 - Soil Mechanics Testing ? A study of the following themes: water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, particle size, and compaction tests. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -1 55P109 - Hydraulics? Hydraulics deals mostly with one-dimensional flows in closed conduits and in open channels. Applications are limited to basic pipe-network analyses and varied flow in an open channel. Groundwater hydraulics is also included. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P123 - Structural Analysis? Based on statics and strength of materials, Strucural Analysis ? deals with fundamental theories and methods for calculating member forces and deflections of civil structures under external loads. In particular, one can understand and utilize the analysis methods for calculating support reactions, internal member forces, and deflections of statically determinate truss, beam, and frame through various analysis examples and problems. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P136 - Soil Mechanics Soil composition and properties, 2D seepage theory, shear strength, Lateral earth pressure, stress distribution, Consolidation and immediate settlement, Bearing capacity. slope stability Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P114 - Water Supply Engineering In this subject, students study the principles of fundamental equations for collection and distribution systems in water works, the schemes of supply and distribution, water treatment systems, and main operating factors in process control. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P115 - Hydrology A Subject that deals with the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water on earth. We deal primrily with surface water hydrology or water on the surface water hydrology or water on the suface of the earth Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P126 - Reinforced Concrete Fundamental topics of reinforced concrete design are dealt with. Especially it forcuses on the design of reinforced concrete skeleton structures. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P219 - Structural Experiment Experimental Investigations of the behaviors of structues under various loading conditions; trussses and beams; axial force, bending, and torsional load; comparison of measured deflections and stresses with the analytical solution. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -1 55P222 - Water Supply Experiment Based on the theory of water supply engineering, students learn water quality experiments for drinking water and various model tests for water treatment. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -1 55P119 - Engineering Works Students can apply their knowledge of basic theroy and about management of works progress, construction surveying, construction equipment, and basic construction equipment, and basic construction methods. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P149 - Civil Comprehensive Design This course design actual structures of the Civil objects by concerning theories. Students study the process of the drawing. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -5 55P143 - Material Engineering Various types of construction material are treated. Physical and chemical properties of material are studied. Especially the micx proportion of concrete and asphalt are studied. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P237 - Experiment of Material Engineering To determined the physical and chemical properties of construction material, various types of standard material tests are performed. Especially, concrete mix proportioning and additional aggregate tests are performed. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -1 55P135 - Surveying? Surveying is the art of measuring distance, angle and position, on or near the surface of the earth. Therefore we will variety of positionin technique that is tape measurement, leveling, traverse survey, triangulation, GPS and photogrammetry in the this subject. And Training course exerciese in surveying technology by applying to the field directly Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P228 - Hydraulics Experment & Practice Laboratory experiments are conducted to aid students to understand theories on pipe flow and open-channel flow learned in Hydraulics. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -1 55P124 - Structual Analysis? As an extension of Structural Analysis I for statically determinate structures, Structural Analysis ? deals with analysis theories and methods in which one can calculate support reactions, internal memberforces, and deflections in statically indeterminate structures. In particular, method of consistent deformation slope deflection method are introduced for analyzing statically indeterminent structures by using equilibrium, compatibility condition, and force=displacement relation. One can understand and utilize the analysis methods through various analysis examples and problems. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 Students can understand the basic princibles of problem in soil mechaninces and geotechnical investigaion. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P255 - Practical Seminar Experiment This seminar is to invite some experts in civil engineering field, which can help the students improve their capability of practice and get a good job after they graduate. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 Design practice of the reinforced concrete skeleton members, plane stress members. slabs and simple structure. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P201 - Design of steel structures The basic theory of analyzing and designing steel structutes is acquired . Various theories about tension, compression, flexure, connection, composite girders and plate girder are studed. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P242 - Foundation Engineerind of Design Learning general survey theory and foundation ground theory of bearing capacity, settlement measurement, soil improvement method, individual footing and mat foundation and pile foundation. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P244 - Design Method in Hydrulic Engineering This course concentrates on design aspects of water related problems. Materials covered in this course are:water distribution system, pump systems, culverts, highway drainage, urban drainage, and flood control channels. Prerequisites : Hydraulics I, II and Hydrology Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P251 - Sewerage Engineering & Experiment The object of this object is to present the techincal and nontechnical issues that are most commonly addressed in the planning and design reports for sewerage treatment facilities prepared by practicing engineers. Topics discussed include dacility planning, process description, process selection logic, mass balance calculations, design calculations, and concepts for equipment sizing. Thory, design, operation, experiment and maintenance, troubleshooting, equipment selection, and specification are integrated for each treatment process. Thus, delination of such information for use by student and practicing engineers is the main purpose of this object. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 The theory of land planning is the knowledge of planning the development and execution strategy. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P239 - Design of Bridge Structure It studies Railway Bridege, Highway Bridege, Truss Bridge, various a method of construction of p.c use the river in human life by way of construction. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 Habor facilities, coastal dikes, sea wall, quay wall, landing stages, arrangement and design of construction. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 This course teaches planning, search, design, pavement, management and so on. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P257 - Construction Law and Administration The course objective is to exactly comprehend construction businesses of legal aspect by a construction engineer who have a good of grasps such as Constructive law and regulation, technical specifications drawing up, guarantee and insurance, contract management, intelligent property right. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P204 - River Engineering On the base of tuatis potomology, hydrology, hydraulics, and soil mechanics, this is a mixed subject to use the river in human life by way of construction Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P245 - Design of Prestressed Concrete Structure Mechanism of prestressing effects on concrete structures is introduced. Further practices of the design of prestressed concrete members are performed. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P246 - Applied Surveying of Field Working This course concertrates on design aspects of water relates problems. Meterials covered in this course are: water distribution system, pump systems, culverts, highway drainage, urban drainage, and flood control channels. Prerequisites: Hydraulics I, II and Hydrology. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P258 - Construction Project Management The course objective is to overall comprehend financing and management system, organization, engineering and construction process, resource, estimation, contract, plan of businesses about construction industry. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P259 - Engineering Design Project Students practice to cooperate with students of different major, ie. practice an interdisciplinary design project. students should finish or work with the capstone design project of their major. It aims students to give interdisciplinary collaboration capability, team-work and presentation ability. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 55P904 - Industrial Logic and Discourse This course Interduces how to develop appropriate presentation and report, and how to search appropriate information about given topics, It enables students to comprehend how to teach their students to informations about given topics, It enables students to comprehend how to teach their students to prepare the presentation and reports. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2 55P905 - Industrial Education Principles This course aims to learn a variety of knowledges concerning theoretical basis and its practice in matters related to engineering education. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -3 71P904 - Teaching Materials and Methods for Industrial This course aims to cultivate the knowledge and an application ability of the teacher who will take change of a secondary school construction related to education. Grade / Semester / Credit : - -2
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Which English artist’s first names were Joseph Mallord William?
Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) | Art UK Art UK | Discover Artists Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) View all 400 (Born London, 23 April 1775; died Chelsea, Middlesex [now in London], 19 December 1851). English painter, one of the greatest figures in the history of landscape painting. His family called him Bill or William, but he is now invariably known as J. M. W. Turner (which is how he usually signed his pictures). He showed a talent for drawing from an early age and as a boy earned money by colouring prints. Read more In 1789 he began working as a draughtsman for the architect Thomas Hardwick, and later in the same year he enrolled at the Royal Academy Schools, where he studied regularly until 1793 and intermittently until 1799. Early in his student days he also had lessons from Thomas Malton (1748–1804), a topographical watercolourist who specialized in neat and detailed town views and whom he later described as ‘my real master’. Turner first exhibited a watercolour at the Academy in 1790, when he was only 15, and from 1791 he began making regular sketching tours in various parts of Britain, producing many drawings of Picturesque views and architectural subjects that he later used as the basis of watercolours or sold to engravers. At this time his work was more polished but less poetic than that of his friend Girtin. Initially he painted only in watercolour, but in 1796 he first exhibited an oil at the Academy, Fishermen at Sea (Tate, London). Only three years later, in 1799, he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy and in 1802, two months before his 27th birthday, he became the second-youngest person elected a full Academician up to that time (only Lawrence had previously achieved the distinction at a younger age, although Wilkie, too, later pipped Turner). His career also flourished financially, for he was hardworking, a good businessman, and frugal by nature (he lived rather squalidly, but he was not miserly or ungenerous, as is sometimes maintained). From early in his career Turner was aware of his place in the tradition of landscape painting and he often produced works in homage to (or rivalry with) his great predecessors such as Claude (whom he particularly revered) and Willem van de Velde the Younger. However, he soon began to paint more original pictures in which he depicted the violence of nature in powerful Romantic fashion. The Shipwreck (1805, Tate) was one of his first works in this vein, and one of the most celebrated is Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps (1812, Tate), of which a contemporary newspaper (the Examiner) wrote: ‘This is a performance that classes Mr Turner in the highest rank of landscape painters…the moral and physical elements are here in powerful unison blended by a most masterly hand, awakening emotions of awe and grandeur.’ During these years, however, he continued exhibiting more conventional pictures and still earned a good deal of his large income through work for engravers. His most ambitious engraving project was his Liber Studiorum (Book of Studies), conceived in emulation of Claude's Liber Veritatis and intended to show the range of his own work; between 1807 and 1819 he issued 71 of a projected 100 plates. Turner made his first journey to the Continent in 1802, during a temporary peace in the war with France, visiting Paris like so many other artists to see pictures looted by Napoleon, which were then on exhibition. From Paris he travelled on to Switzerland. The resumption of war made Continental travel impossible for more than a decade, and Turner did not go abroad again until 1817, when he visited Belgium, Holland, and the Rhine. He first visited Italy two years later, and from then until 1845 made fairly regular journeys abroad (including three more to Italy, the last in 1840). Unlike his contemporary Constable, who concentrated on painting the places he knew best, Turner was inspired to a great extent by what he saw on his travels (he lived in London all his life, but the city appears fairly infrequently in his paintings). The mountains and lakes of Switzerland and the haunting beauty of Venice, in particular, provided him with an enduring fund of subjects. He was inspired by history (especially ancient history) and literature as well as nature. Many of the paintings he exhibited at the Royal Academy were accompanied by verses printed in the catalogue, and from 1800 he added lines of poetry he had composed himself. From the 1830s Turner's painting became increasingly personal and free, with detail subordinated to general effects of colour and light. To many critics it was incomprehensible, and one of his most famous pictures—Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth (1842, Tate)—is said to have been dismissed as ‘soapsuds and whitewash’. Turner's wealth and status allowed him to remain indifferent to such attacks, and he continued to have many admirers, including some who regarded him as the outstanding genius of the day. His most important patron was the 3rd Earl of Egremont (1751–1837), who was unusual among collectors of the time in buying contemporary British art (sculpture as well as painting) on a large scale. Turner had a studio at Petworth, Egremont's country house in Sussex, and several of his paintings are still to be seen there (although their ownership was transferred to the Tate Gallery in 1984). Turner's other great champion was the young Ruskin, who first met him in 1840 and wrote eloquently of him in the first volume of Modern Painters, published in 1843. By this time some of Turner's compositions were almost abstract, the forms dissolved in a haze of light and colour, the paint so delicate it appears almost to have been floated onto the canvas: ‘He seems to paint with tinted steam, so evanescent and so airy’, wrote Constable. Turner's originality lay not only in such handling of colour and light, but also in his use of the power, beauty, and mystery of nature to express deep human concerns. For example, The Fighting Temeraire (1839, NG, London), showing a ship that had fought at Trafalgar being towed to the breaker's yard, is not just a beautiful marine scene, but also a poignant elegy for a passing era. For many years Turner was a prominent figure at the Royal Academy (he was professor of perspective 1807–38 and in 1845–6 he took over the president's duties when Sir Martin Archer Shee was ill). However, he always carefully guarded his private life and in his later years he became more and more of a recluse, sometimes calling himself Mr Booth (assuming the name of his mistress Sophia Booth; he never married but had two long-term relationships, both with widows, and is rumoured to have fathered several children). After his death, Ruskin (his executor) destroyed many erotic drawings that he found among his works, thinking that they tainted his hero's memory. In his will Turner left plans for disposing of his fortune (he wanted to found an almshouse for ‘poor and decayed male artists’) and for the creation of a special gallery at the National Gallery to display certain of his paintings (he had a huge stock of his work, including not only pictures that had never been sold, but also favourite paintings that he had bought back at auction). However, the will was contested by long-forgotten cousins (one of whom had a lawyer son with the splendidly Dickensian name of Jabez Tepper), and they won Turner's money in 1856; at the same time the Court of Chancery awarded all the works remaining in his possession at his death to the National Gallery—about 300 oils and 19,000 works on paper. Most of these are now in the Clore Gallery at Tate Britain, but a few of Turner's most famous oils remain in the National Gallery. Text Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford University Press) Share this page
Turner
What is the capital of Estonia?
Joseph Mallord William Turner Joseph Mallord William Turner Started by Private User on Friday, January 15, 2016 Participants: Private User 1/15/2016 at 4:32 AM Joseph Mallord William Turner - his last words were apparently "The sun is God" - don't see how people are added to the lists in the project
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A Bouvier is what type of animal?
Bouvier des Flandres : Dog Breed Selector : Animal Planet Watch Video The bouvier des Flandres is not a breed that can be put aside until the mood strikes to play with it. It needs daily exercise and daily interaction, and a lot of both. It loves the chance to herd, but its requirements can also be met with a good jog, a very long walk or a vigorous play session. It can live outdoors in temperate to cool climates. It makes a good house dog, however, and would prefer access to both house and yard. Its harsh coat needs combing once or twice weekly, plus scissoring and shaping (clipping for pets and stripping for show dogs) every three months. • Major concerns: CHD Watch Video The bouvier des Flandres served farmers and cattle merchants in controlling cattle in the great farmlands of southwest Flanders and on the French northern plain. In fact, bouvier means "cowherd" or "oxherd" in French, although the dogs were formerly more often called vuilbaard (dirty beard) or koe hond (cow dog). Besides its main duty as a cattle drover, the bouvier was an all-around farm dog, functioning also as a livestock and farm guard and draft dog. As expected from a dog selected to perform a variety of tasks, these working dogs were of a variety of types, colors and even sizes. This wide variety also reflected the fact that this was a working dog, and breeding stock was chosen by ability, not pedigree or esthetics. The derivation of the breed is not documented but may have included mastiff, sheepdog and possibly even spaniel breeds. The first breed standard, drawn up in 1912, reflected this diversity of types and signaled a growing interest in the breed from dog fanciers. In the midst of the breed's rising popularity, most of the bouviers were lost in World War I — although some served as ambulance and messenger dogs during the war. One of the few survivors was of such superior quality that the breed was successfully revived through his progeny. This dog, Ch. Nic de Sottegem, can be found in virtually every modern bouvier pedigree. In 1922, a revised standard further defined the desirable bouvier type, and helped pave the way to a more homogeneous breed. When the first bouviers entered American show rings in the 1930s, they aroused much attention among dog fanciers. The breed has never become extremely popular, but it is well-known at dog shows and herding trials.
Dog
What is the sub-title of the 1984 film ‘Star Trek 3’?
Bouvier des Flandres Rescue and Adoption - Adopt a Bouvier des Flandres Near You If you would like us to e-mail you when new pets are added that match your search criteria, please enter your e-mail address here! Email Re-type Email to Confirm I would like to receive the latest special deals, inspiring stories, great advice, and awesome videos via email and other marketing communications from Purina and its brands.* * I certify I am 18 years of age or older and agree that Purina may use my information as described in the Privacy Policy and About Our Ads . Yes, I would like to receive communications from the Petco Foundation on their lifesaving work. Yes, I would like to receive useful information about flea and tick prevention from Bayer , special offers, and coupons via email. Find a Bouvier des Flandres or mix near you to adopt. Why find a Bouvier des Flandres for sale when you can adopt? See photos of cute Bouvier des Flandres to rescue in your area. Search Bouvier des Flandres by size, color, gender and age. Read more about each Bouvier des Flandres' personality traits, and favorite things to do. This pet-saving service is funded by the passionate pet lovers at Rescue & Adoption: Why Adult Bouvier des Flandres Make Better Pets By By Adopt-a-Pet.com's Pia Salk So, you want to adopt a Bouvier des Flandres, huh? Great idea! Want to hear an even better idea? Rescue an adult Bouvier des Flandres. No pooch is too old for puppy love and puppies are only puppies for a few months after all, right? Oh, you have your heart set on a cute little Bouvier des Flandres puppy? Have you been looking at Bouvier des Flandres puppies for sale, checking out Bouvier des Flandres puppy breeders? OK, here's some food for thought if you have your heart set on a puppy, and a few reasons why adopting an adult might be your better option: What It Takes to Housebreak a Puppy Before you adopt a Bouvier des Flandres, consider how much time your new family member will spend alone. Remember, a puppy requires constant attention. The key to successful housebreaking is consistency; preventing "accidents" is key. Once a puppy soils the carpeting, it becomes much more difficult to train them out of that behavior. Here's a good rule of thumb to consider: a puppy can hold his bladder just one hour for every month they've been alive. For instance, a 3-month-old puppy will need to empty his bladder every three hours! Before you adopt a Bouvier des Flandres puppy, ask yourself if you are available to walk your dog several times throughout the day, and if you have the patience and commitment to wake up and take him out first thing every morning at the same time, and stick to a strict schedule. Of course, before you can walk him at all, you will need to train him to walk on a leash, which is a project in itself. On the other hand, an adult dog's bladder is already fully developed. Shelter dogs are often already housetrained and Bouvier des Flandres rescue groups can tell you if their adult dogs for adoption are housebroken before they go into your home. You also have the advantage of knowing that your dog is physically able to "hold it" for several hours at a stretch. In most cases, adult dogs are by far easier to housebreak than puppies. You can teach an old dog new tricks! Puppy Behavior Sometimes Isn’t Pleasant Sure, Bouvier des Flandres puppies are super-cute, but simply put, puppies can be adorable, relentless machines of destruction. Even the most well-behaved puppy will destroy shoes, clothing, paper, remote controls, telephones, leashes, dog beds, carpeting…anything and everything. More rambunctious pups have been known to obliterate sofas, car seats, Venetian blinds, electrical cords, door frames…you name it, they can eat it or shred it. And when they're teething, look out! Cute puppies have very sharp teeth, and they are happy to use your hands, feet, nose, hair, etc, as a chew toy. Ouch! Needless to say, a teething Bouvier des Flandres puppy and a small child do NOT make good companions! To keep the puppy from hurting himself, and to prevent the destructive behavior from becoming a bad habit, you will need to spend every waking moment supervising his every move. Do you have that kind of time? Many Bouvier des Flandres dogs in shelters or with rescue groups are already trained and ready to go! Adults have a much longer attention span than puppies, too, which means they're easier and faster to teach. Adult dogs already have recognizable personality traits, so you'll be able to select one who is great with children. Many Bouvier des Flandres rescue groups use foster homes to make sure each Bouvier des Flandres for adoption is trained to be well-behaved indoors. Although all dogs need attention and playtime, an adult dog's needs are far less demanding than a puppy's. You Won’t Know a Puppy’s Personality for Sometime With an adult Bouvier des Flandres, what you see is what you get. Their personality is already developed, and you'll be able to spot the characteristics you're looking for much more easily than with a puppy Bouvier des Flandres. Shelters and rescue groups are able to assess the personality of each Bouvier des Flandres for adoption, and carefully match you up with the right dog for your lifestyle. When you adopt a puppy, there is a lot more guesswork involved. Adult Bouvier des Flandres Adoption = An Instant Friend for Life Ask anybody who has adopted an adult dog, and they'll swear their bond with their rescued pal is as deep as they come. When you open your heart and your home to a dog who needs help, they really do show their appreciation for the rest of their life! Dogs who have been uprooted from their homes, or have had difficult beginnings are likely to bond completely and deeply with their new human caretakers who they view as heroes. Bouvier des Flandres who find themselves in the shelter or at a rescue group because of a death or other tragedy in their former human family usually go through a mourning period. Once they are adopted, however, they usually want nothing more than to please their new hero---YOU! No matter what circumstances brought them to the shelter or rescue group, most Bouvier des Flandres dogs for adoption are exceptionally affectionate and attentive pets and extremely loyal companions. But first you have to adopt one! Adult Bouvier des Flandres Adoption = Truly Saving a Life When you adopt an adult dog, you are doing the ultimate good deed. Let's face it: at first a lot of people think they want to find Bouvier des Flandres puppies for sale, but not everyone is lining up to adopt the great adults! Some people might have the misconception that Bouvier des Flandres in shelters have something wrong with them. In fact, most Bouvier des Flandres for adoption end up in shelters not because of any problem with pet behavior or health issues, but because they were dropped off by someone who simply didn't have the time or money to care for the animals. In some cases pets are lost and never found by their owners. These animals are healthy and very eager to please. Did you know that every year, approximately 4 million adoptable animals are killed? A staggering 25% of those animals are purebreds, so you can bet there is a Bouvier des Flandres in need of adoption. With such a huge overpopulation problem, looking for a Bouvier des Flandres dog for sale, or Bouvier des Flandres puppies breeders, sadly contributes to this tragedy. Rescue groups that specialize in adoption work very, very hard to help adult dogs find good homes. Rescues are almost always made up of a group of volunteers. They often keep Bouvier des Flandres for adoption in their own homes while they assess their health and personalities. If a dog needs basic training, often the rescuer will provide it. If a dog needs medical treatment, many dedicated dog rescuers pay for it out of their own pocket. These people are incredibly passionate about rescue, and they work tirelessly to make sure every dog finds a home. Nothing is as rewarding to these heroes as a successful adoption! Please help these healthy pets, before looking at a Bouvier des Flandres puppies breeder, or a Bouvier des Flandres puppy for sale search our Bouvier des Flandres adoption database at this page! Adoption Means a Healthier Bouvier des Flandres as You’re Pet Shelters have dogs of all breeds, including purebred Bouvier des Flandres. These dogs sometimes end up in shelters because a Bouvier des Flandres dog breeder, or someone who had Bouvier des Flandres puppies sale was not able to find a home for all the dogs. These people are sometimes called "backyard" breeders. These are people who make some easy cash by breeding purebred Bouvier des Flandres over and over then try to make easy cash by posting Bouvier des Flandres puppies for sale in newspaper classified ads. Remember that most of these backyard Bouvier des Flandres dog breeders don't know about breeding for favorable health and temperament qualities, and they don't know how to raise a properly socialized litter. Many of the Bouvier des Flandres dog breeders wean litters from their mothers way too soon. Sometimes, a backyard Bouvier des Flandres puppies breeder turns into small-time puppy mill to increase their supply so you can find Bouvier des Flandres puppies for sale all the time in order for profits to grow. What are puppy mills? A puppy mill is basically a purebred puppy factory farm where the puppies are just churned out as fast as they can in order to have, for example, as many Bouvier des Flandres dogs for sale as possible. The dogs are kept in small cages and forced to breed at unhealthy rates… it's all about the money. Female dogs in puppy mills are made to have several litters per year, which is extremely dangerous and cruel. Usually Bouvier des Flandres breeders pay little attention to the specific health and genetic diseases due to in-breeding, reluctantly they don’t inform whoever is looking for a Bouvier des Flandres dog for sale about this problem. Genetic health testing is almost unheard of and mass-producing pets for profit is the bottom-line. In the worst puppy mills, horrifying conditions are the norm. How can you stop puppy mills? There is only one way. Take away their profits. Remember before you look for an a Bouvier des Flandres sale, or Bouvier des Flandres dogs for sale keep in mind that adoption is the most humane option! We want to spread the word! If you have contact info for a shelter in one of these places that does not have pets posted with us, please e-mail us and we'll contact them. 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i don't know
The alcoholic drink Perry is made from the fermented juice of which fruit?
How to Ferment Fruit: 12 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow How to Ferment Fruit Three Parts: Understanding Fermentation Fermenting Canned Fruit Fermenting Fresh Fruit Community Q&A Fermented fruit can make for an excellent gift to give family and friends. You can use the fruit to flavor alcoholic beverages or top your favorite desserts. Yeast breaks down the fruit sugars during the fermentation process, and you can use just about any type of fruit you want, although some will work better than others. Follow these steps to learn how to ferment fruit, either fresh or from a can. Steps Understanding Fermentation 1 Know what fermentation is and why it's good for you. Fermentation is a process used to preserve foods and increase the level of good bacteria they contain. You shouldn't be intimidated by the fermentation process -- it is actually quite simple and straightforward! /images/thumb/f/ff/Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg /images/thumb/f/ff/Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg /b/b9/Ferment Fruit Step 1.360p.mp4 Basically, fermentation involves placing your chosen fruit in a jar or other container and adding a combination of water, sugar and starter culture (such as yeast or whey). The lid is then sealed and the fruit is left at room temperature for between 2 to 10 days. During this time, the starter culture will convert the sugar to alcohol, and carbon dioxide gas will be produced as a by-product, forming bubbles at the top of the jar. Once fermented, the fruit will contain an abundance of beneficial bacteria [1] and can be used as a condiment, dessert topping, or in recipes for things like chutneys, smoothies and salsas. 2 Choose your fruit. Most fruits can be fermented, though some work better than others. Many people prefer to ferment canned or frozen fruits, as it reduces preparation time. If using fresh fruit, opt for ripe, organic produce with no bruises or blemishes. /images/thumb/a/ac/Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg /images/thumb/a/ac/Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg /b/b1/Ferment Fruit Step 2.360p.mp4 Fruits like peaches, plums and apricots are a popular choice for fermenting, as they are tasty and hold their color well. Wash the fruit, peel the skin and remove any pits. Exotic fruits like mangoes and pineapples ferment well and can be used to make chutney. Remove the skins and cut into even-sized cubes before using. Grapes can be fermented, but they must be pricked with a needle or cut in half to allow the cultured liquid inside. Peeled and sliced pears can be fermented, as can apples (though these tend to turn brown throughout the process, which some people find unappealing). Most berries can be fermented, except for blackberries which contain too many seeds. Strawberries ferment well in terms of flavor, but the syrup tend to bleach their color. 3 Use a starter culture. A starter culture is simply a substance that contains beneficial bacteria which is used to kickstart the fermentation process. /images/thumb/6/65/Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg /images/thumb/6/65/Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg /a/a9/Ferment Fruit Step 3.360p.mp4 For most recipes, it's not necessary to use a specific starter culture -- they are pretty much interchangeable. The most common starter cultures (especially for fermenting fruit as opposed to vegetables) are baking yeast, whey and special culture starter powders, such as Caldwell's starter. However, you can also use an opened probiotic capsule, the liquid from a previously opened jar of fermented fruit or a fermented beverage such as plain kombucha tea. To make a specific type of fermented fruit called Rumtoph (which is used in traditional German and Danish desserts) alcohol such as rum, wine, or brandy is used to encourage fermentation. 4 Add some flavorings. Aside from the fruit, you can also add flavorings to the container to give the finished product more depth. /images/thumb/0/07/Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg /images/thumb/0/07/Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg /0/06/Ferment Fruit Step 4.360p.mp4 Some popular additions include: cinnamon sticks, fresh mint leaves, cloves, vanilla beans, whole allspice, orange peel and almond extract. Which ones you choose are simply a matter of personal preference. You can add liquid flavorings or extracts to your fermenting fruit, but stay away from powdered spices -- these simply stick to the side of the container and ruin the appearance of the fruit. This is particularly imported if you intended to give jars of the fermented fruit as a gift. 5 Store the fermented fruit correctly. During the fermentation process, the container of fruit should be stored at room temperature, away from direct sunlight. Keep in mind that the unique conditions of your home will affect the success and speed of the fermentation process. /images/thumb/a/ab/Ferment-Fruit-Step-5-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-5-preview.jpg /images/thumb/f/fb/Ferment-Fruit-Step-7-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-7-preview.jpg /c/c1/Ferment Fruit Step 7.360p.mp4 Stir until the sugar has dissolved (the moisture from the fruit will liquefy the sugar), add any flavorings, then loosely replace the lid of the jar. Leave approximately an inch of space at the top of the jar, as the volume will expand as the fruit ferments. The lid needs to be loose enough to allow the carbon dioxide gas to escape, but tight enough to prevent insects from getting inside. 3 Allow the fruit mixture to sit in a cool, dark place. Fermentation occurs once bubbles appear on the fruit because the yeast is digesting the sugar and converting it into alcohol. /images/thumb/b/b3/Ferment-Fruit-Step-8-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-8-preview.jpg /images/thumb/6/69/Ferment-Fruit-Step-9-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-9-preview.jpg /d/dd/Ferment Fruit Step 9.360p.mp4 Start the syrup by mixing 1 cup of sugar with 2 cups of water and 1 packet of baking yeast in a jar with a loosely fitting lid. Pint or quart size mason jars work nicely. Stir the mixture repeatedly until the sugar dissolves into the water. 2 Let the mixture ferment for about 3 to 4 days. Loosely replace the lid of the jar and let it sit at room temperature for 3 to 4 days. /images/thumb/c/c1/Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg /images/thumb/c/c1/Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg /5/51/Ferment Fruit Step 10.360p.mp4 Look for bubbles to form at the top of the jar -- when you see these, you'll know that the yeast is alive and active and that the fermentation process has started. 3 Choose a fresh fruit to ferment. Once the syrup mixture has been left to ferment for 3 to 4 days, you can add the fresh fruit. Refer to the section above for ideas on which fruits work best in fermentation. /images/thumb/4/48/Ferment-Fruit-Step-11-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-11-preview.jpg /2/2a/Ferment Fruit Step 11.360p.mp4 Use fruit that is fully ripe, with no bruises or blemishes. Choose organic where possible. Wash the fruits, remover any skin, large seeds or pits and chop or slice into even size pieces. 4 Add the fruit. Open the jar of fermented syrup and add equal parts sugar and fresh fruit. Stir to dissolve the sugar. /images/thumb/3/30/Ferment-Fruit-Step-12-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-12-preview.jpg
Pear (disambiguation)
Who wrote the children’s stories ‘The Clangers’, ‘Noggin the Nog’ and ‘Bagpuss’?
How to Ferment Fruit: 12 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow How to Ferment Fruit Three Parts: Understanding Fermentation Fermenting Canned Fruit Fermenting Fresh Fruit Community Q&A Fermented fruit can make for an excellent gift to give family and friends. You can use the fruit to flavor alcoholic beverages or top your favorite desserts. Yeast breaks down the fruit sugars during the fermentation process, and you can use just about any type of fruit you want, although some will work better than others. Follow these steps to learn how to ferment fruit, either fresh or from a can. Steps Understanding Fermentation 1 Know what fermentation is and why it's good for you. Fermentation is a process used to preserve foods and increase the level of good bacteria they contain. You shouldn't be intimidated by the fermentation process -- it is actually quite simple and straightforward! /images/thumb/f/ff/Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg /images/thumb/f/ff/Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-1-preview.jpg /b/b9/Ferment Fruit Step 1.360p.mp4 Basically, fermentation involves placing your chosen fruit in a jar or other container and adding a combination of water, sugar and starter culture (such as yeast or whey). The lid is then sealed and the fruit is left at room temperature for between 2 to 10 days. During this time, the starter culture will convert the sugar to alcohol, and carbon dioxide gas will be produced as a by-product, forming bubbles at the top of the jar. Once fermented, the fruit will contain an abundance of beneficial bacteria [1] and can be used as a condiment, dessert topping, or in recipes for things like chutneys, smoothies and salsas. 2 Choose your fruit. Most fruits can be fermented, though some work better than others. Many people prefer to ferment canned or frozen fruits, as it reduces preparation time. If using fresh fruit, opt for ripe, organic produce with no bruises or blemishes. /images/thumb/a/ac/Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg /images/thumb/a/ac/Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-2-preview.jpg /b/b1/Ferment Fruit Step 2.360p.mp4 Fruits like peaches, plums and apricots are a popular choice for fermenting, as they are tasty and hold their color well. Wash the fruit, peel the skin and remove any pits. Exotic fruits like mangoes and pineapples ferment well and can be used to make chutney. Remove the skins and cut into even-sized cubes before using. Grapes can be fermented, but they must be pricked with a needle or cut in half to allow the cultured liquid inside. Peeled and sliced pears can be fermented, as can apples (though these tend to turn brown throughout the process, which some people find unappealing). Most berries can be fermented, except for blackberries which contain too many seeds. Strawberries ferment well in terms of flavor, but the syrup tend to bleach their color. 3 Use a starter culture. A starter culture is simply a substance that contains beneficial bacteria which is used to kickstart the fermentation process. /images/thumb/6/65/Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg /images/thumb/6/65/Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-3-preview.jpg /a/a9/Ferment Fruit Step 3.360p.mp4 For most recipes, it's not necessary to use a specific starter culture -- they are pretty much interchangeable. The most common starter cultures (especially for fermenting fruit as opposed to vegetables) are baking yeast, whey and special culture starter powders, such as Caldwell's starter. However, you can also use an opened probiotic capsule, the liquid from a previously opened jar of fermented fruit or a fermented beverage such as plain kombucha tea. To make a specific type of fermented fruit called Rumtoph (which is used in traditional German and Danish desserts) alcohol such as rum, wine, or brandy is used to encourage fermentation. 4 Add some flavorings. Aside from the fruit, you can also add flavorings to the container to give the finished product more depth. /images/thumb/0/07/Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg /images/thumb/0/07/Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-4-preview.jpg /0/06/Ferment Fruit Step 4.360p.mp4 Some popular additions include: cinnamon sticks, fresh mint leaves, cloves, vanilla beans, whole allspice, orange peel and almond extract. Which ones you choose are simply a matter of personal preference. You can add liquid flavorings or extracts to your fermenting fruit, but stay away from powdered spices -- these simply stick to the side of the container and ruin the appearance of the fruit. This is particularly imported if you intended to give jars of the fermented fruit as a gift. 5 Store the fermented fruit correctly. During the fermentation process, the container of fruit should be stored at room temperature, away from direct sunlight. Keep in mind that the unique conditions of your home will affect the success and speed of the fermentation process. /images/thumb/a/ab/Ferment-Fruit-Step-5-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-5-preview.jpg /images/thumb/f/fb/Ferment-Fruit-Step-7-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-7-preview.jpg /c/c1/Ferment Fruit Step 7.360p.mp4 Stir until the sugar has dissolved (the moisture from the fruit will liquefy the sugar), add any flavorings, then loosely replace the lid of the jar. Leave approximately an inch of space at the top of the jar, as the volume will expand as the fruit ferments. The lid needs to be loose enough to allow the carbon dioxide gas to escape, but tight enough to prevent insects from getting inside. 3 Allow the fruit mixture to sit in a cool, dark place. Fermentation occurs once bubbles appear on the fruit because the yeast is digesting the sugar and converting it into alcohol. /images/thumb/b/b3/Ferment-Fruit-Step-8-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-8-preview.jpg /images/thumb/6/69/Ferment-Fruit-Step-9-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-9-preview.jpg /d/dd/Ferment Fruit Step 9.360p.mp4 Start the syrup by mixing 1 cup of sugar with 2 cups of water and 1 packet of baking yeast in a jar with a loosely fitting lid. Pint or quart size mason jars work nicely. Stir the mixture repeatedly until the sugar dissolves into the water. 2 Let the mixture ferment for about 3 to 4 days. Loosely replace the lid of the jar and let it sit at room temperature for 3 to 4 days. /images/thumb/c/c1/Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg /images/thumb/c/c1/Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg/300px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-10-preview.jpg /5/51/Ferment Fruit Step 10.360p.mp4 Look for bubbles to form at the top of the jar -- when you see these, you'll know that the yeast is alive and active and that the fermentation process has started. 3 Choose a fresh fruit to ferment. Once the syrup mixture has been left to ferment for 3 to 4 days, you can add the fresh fruit. Refer to the section above for ideas on which fruits work best in fermentation. /images/thumb/4/48/Ferment-Fruit-Step-11-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-11-preview.jpg /2/2a/Ferment Fruit Step 11.360p.mp4 Use fruit that is fully ripe, with no bruises or blemishes. Choose organic where possible. Wash the fruits, remover any skin, large seeds or pits and chop or slice into even size pieces. 4 Add the fruit. Open the jar of fermented syrup and add equal parts sugar and fresh fruit. Stir to dissolve the sugar. /images/thumb/3/30/Ferment-Fruit-Step-12-preview.jpg/550px-Ferment-Fruit-Step-12-preview.jpg
i don't know
A Gurdwara is a place of worship in which religion?
BBC - Religions - Sikhism: The Gurdwara The Gurdwara This article looks at the Sikh place of worship, the Gurdwara. On this page Gurdwara A Gurdwara is the place where Sikhs come together for congregational worship. The first Gurdwara in the world was built by Guru Nanak in 1521-2 at Kartarpur. There are about 200 Gurdwaras in Britain. The literal meaning of the Punjabi word Gurdwara is 'the residence of the Guru', or 'the door that leads to the Guru'. In a modern Gurdwara, the Guru is not a person but the book of Sikh scriptures called the Guru Granth Sahib. It is the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib that gives the Gurdwara its religious status, so any building containing the book is a Gurdwara. Although a Gurdwara may be called the residence of the Guru (meaning the residence of God), Sikhs believe that God is present everywhere. Before the time of Guru Arjan Dev , the place of Sikh religious activities was known as a Dharamsala, which means place of faith. The purpose of a Gurdwara It's a place to learn spiritual wisdom It's a place for religious ceremonies It's a place where children learn the Sikh faith, ethics, customs, traditions and texts A Gurdwara is also a community centre, and offers food, shelter, and companionship to those who need it. Gurdwaras are managed by a committee of their community. Inside the Gurdwara There are no idols, statues, or religious pictures in a Gurdwara, because Sikhs worship only God, and they regard God as having no physical form. Nor are there candles, incense, or bells, or any other ritualistic devices. The focus of attention, and the only object of reverence in the main hall (or Darbar Sahib) is the book of Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, which is treated with the respect that would be given to a human Guru. The Guru Granth Sahib is kept in a room of its own during the night and carried in procession to the main hall at the start of the day's worship. The book is placed on a raised platform (Takht or Manji Sahib, meaning "throne") under a canopy (Chanani or Palki), and covered with an expensive cloth when not being read. During a service a person with a whisk or fan called a Chaur waves it over the Guru Granth Sahib. Although Sikhs show reverence to the Guru Granth Sahib, their reverence is to its spiritual content (shabad) not the book itself. The book is just the visible manifestation of the shabad. The four doors There are four doors into a Gurdwara, known as the Door of Peace, the Door of Livelihood, the Door of Learning and the Door of Grace. These doors are a symbol that people from all four points of the compass are welcome, and that members of all four castes are equally welcome. There's always a light on in a Gurdwara, to show that the Guru's Light is always visible and is accessible to everyone at any time. The free food kitchen, or Langar Every Gurdwara has a Langar attached to it where food is served to anyone without charge. The term Langar is also used for the communal meal served at the Gurdwaras. The food served in the Langar must be simple, so as to prevent wealthy congregations turning it into a feast that shows off their superiority. Although Sikhs are not required to be vegetarian, only vegetarian food is served in the Gurdwaras. This ensures that any visitor to the Gurdwara, whatever the dietary restrictions of their faith, can eat in the Langar. The meal may include chapati, dal (pulses), vegetables and rice pudding. Fish and eggs are counted as meat and excluded. Flying the flag Gurdwaras fly the Sikh flag outside. The flag is orange/yellow and has the Sikh emblem in the middle. Visiting the Gurdwara Visiting a Gurdwara In India many Sikhs visit a Gurdwara before work. In Britain 39% of Sikhs go once a week, and while Sikhs do not regard any particular day of the week as a holy day, they usually go to a Gurdwara on Sundays as that fits the UK pattern of work. Most Sikhs go to the Gurdwara on Gurpurbs , the festivals honouring the Gurus. Anyone, of any faith, can visit a Gurdwara and will be made welcome. Before going into a Gurdwara All visitors to the Gurdwara should remove remove their shoes and cover their heads before entering the main hall. It is forbidden to smoke or take tobacco on to the premises and visitors cannot enter the Gurdwara while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. On entering a Gurdwara Sikhs will bow to the Guru Granth Sahib as the first thing they do, touching the floor with their forehead. This not only shows their respect but also indicates that they submit themselves to the truths contained in the book. People also place an offering of food or money in front of the Guru Granth Sahib. This is used to run the Gurdwara and the free food kitchen (Langar). The offering is not charity but a sharing of God's gifts. If a person has no money or food to offer they may offer flowers, or just some words of sincere thanks. After bowing to the Guru Granth Sahib a Sikh will greet the congregation in a low, quiet voice with the words: Waheguru ii ka Khalsa, sri Waheguru ji ki fateh. This means The Khalsa owes allegiance to God, sovereignty belongs to God alone. Non-Sikh visitors should also bow and make an offering. Seating in a Gurdwara Everyone sits on the floor in a Gurdwara. This is to be humble before the Guru Granth Sahib and because it gives everyone a place of equal status to sit. Most people sit cross-legged. Cushions and seats are not allowed. No-one should sit with their feet pointing at the Guru Granth Sahib. Anyone who walks round the Guru Granth Sahib or the Gurdwara must do so in a clockwise direction. Men and women generally sit on separate sides of the hall. Sacred food in the Gurdwara Towards the end of a service karah prasad, a sweet vegetarian food that has been blessed, will be served. This should be taken and received in cupped hands as a gift of God. A typical service A Gurdwara service Sikhs do not have ordained priests and any Sikh can lead the prayers and recite the scriptures to the congregation. Each Gurdwara has a Granthi who organises the daily services and reads from the Guru Granth Sahib. A Granthi is not a priest but is the reader/custodian of the Adi Granth. A Granthi must be fluent in reading Gurmukhi and must be properly trained in all aspects of looking after the Guru Granth Sahib. They are expected to be an initiated member of the Sikh Khalsa who lives a life that exemplifies the ideals of the Khalsa. Sikhs don't have a general official liturgy that must be used in a Gurdwara, although there are rules for particular ceremonies. Kirtan The morning service begins with the singing of Asa Di Var, a hymn written by Guru Nanak , founder of Sikhism. Other hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib are then sung, accompanied by instruments. This hymn-singing is called Kirtan and is an essential part of Sikh worship. Sermon A sermon or talk, usually based on a theme from Sikh history, comes next. This is followed by the singing of Anand Sahib, a hymn written by Guru Amar Das, the Third Guru. Ardas The congregation then stands with eyes closed facing the Guru Granth Sahib for prayer (Ardas). During the prayer the word Waheguru (Punjabi for 'praise to the Guru') is often repeated. Hukam After the prayer, the Guru Granth Sahib is opened at a random page and the hymn found at the top of the left-hand page (Vak or Hukam) is read. The text is considered to be a relevant lesson for the day. The ceremonial food After the service, food is offered to the congregation. This consists of Parshad and a more substantial meal in the Langar. Parshad is a sweet made from equal quantities of wheat flour, sugar, and clarified butter. The first five portions are given to Khalsa members in memory of the Panj Pyares (the first five members of the Khalsa). After that parshad is served to everyone without distinctions of rank or caste.
Sikhism
Sevastopol, in the Crimea, lies on the shore of which body of water?
Our Gurdwara | Sikh Gurdwara Our Gurdwara To become a registered member of the Gurdwara please print and return this form . A Gurdwara (sometimes transliterated from Punjabi as Gurudwara), meaning “the doorway to the Guru”, is the Sikh place of worship. People of all religious backgrounds and faith are welcomed into a Sikh Gurdwara. SIKH GURDWARA, in Rochester Hills, is a place of worship registered as an Ecclesiastical Corporation (Church) with the State of Michigan (USA). It holds religious services for followers of the Sikh religion. The main objectives of our Gurdwara are: Hold weekly congregations Work for the advancement of Sikhs Teach Gurmat (the philosophies of the Sikh Gurus) Arrange Amrit Sanchar (Sikh Baptism Ceremony) Find resolution for all the political and religious differences arising in the Gurdwara Sikh Gurdwara
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According to the Bible, what was the first bird to be sent out of the Ark by Noah?
Noah's Ark and the Flood Noah�s Ark and the Flood Genesis, Chapters 6, 7, and 8 Genesis Chapter 6 1 Now it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born to them, 2 that the sons of God saw the daughters of men, that they were [1] beautiful; and they took wives for themselves of all whom they chose. 3 And the LORD said, �My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, for he is indeed flesh; yet his days shall be one hundred and twenty years.� 4 There were giants on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown. 5 Then the LORD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. 6 And the LORD was sorry that He had made man on the earth, and He was grieved in His heart. 7 So the LORD said, �I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth, both man and beast, creeping thing and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them.� 8 But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD. 9 This is the genealogy of Noah. Noah was a just man, perfect in his generations. Noah walked with God. 10 And Noah begot three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. 11 The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence. 12 So God looked upon the earth, and indeed it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth. 13 And God said to Noah, �The end of all flesh has come before Me, for the earth is filled with violence through them; and behold, I will destroy them with the earth. 14 Make yourself an ark of gopherwood; make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and outside with pitch. 15 And this is how you shall make it: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, its width fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits. 16 You shall make a window for the ark, and you shall finish it to a cubit from above; and set the door of the ark in its side. You shall make it with lower, second, and third decks. 17 And behold, I Myself am bringing floodwaters on the earth, to destroy from under heaven all flesh in which is the breath of life; everything that is on the earth shall die. 18 But I will establish My covenant with you; and you shall go into the ark—you, your sons, your wife, and your sons� wives with you. 19 And of every living thing of all flesh you shall bring two of every sort into the ark, to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female. 20 Of the birds after their kind, of animals after their kind, and of every creeping thing of the earth after its kind, two of every kind will come to you to keep them alive. 21 And you shall take for yourself of all food that is eaten, and you shall gather it to yourself; and it shall be food for you and for them.� 22 Thus Noah did; according to all that God commanded him, so he did. [1] Words in italic type have been added by the New King James Version for clarity. They are not found in the original Hebrew. This is a standard feature found in many Bibles, starting with the Geneva Bible in 1560 A.D. Genesis Chapter 7 1 Then the LORD said to Noah, �Come into the ark, you and all your household, because I have seen that you are righteous before Me in this generation. 2 You shall take with you seven each of every clean animal, a male and his female; two each of animals that are unclean, a male and his female; 3 also seven each of birds of the air, male and female, to keep the species alive on the face of all the earth. 4 For after seven more days I will cause it to rain on the earth forty days and forty nights, and I will destroy from the face of the earth all living things that I have made.� 5 And Noah did according to all that the LORD commanded him. 6 Noah was six hundred years old when the floodwaters were on the earth. 7 So Noah, with his sons, his wife, and his sons� wives, went into the ark because of the waters of the flood. 8 Of clean animals, of animals that are unclean, of birds, and of everything that creeps on the earth, 9 two by two they went into the ark to Noah, male and female, as God had commanded Noah. 10 And it came to pass after seven days that the waters of the flood were on the earth. 11 In the six hundredth year of Noah�s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, on that day all the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. 12 And the rain was on the earth forty days and forty nights. 13 On the very same day Noah and Noah�s sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and Noah�s wife and the three wives of his sons with them, entered the ark— 14 they and every beast after its kind, all cattle after their kind, every creeping thing that creeps on the earth after its kind, and every bird after its kind, every bird of every sort. 15 And they went into the ark to Noah, two by two, of all flesh in which is the breath of life. 16 So those that entered, male and female of all flesh, went in as God had commanded him; and the LORD shut him in. 17 Now the flood was on the earth forty days. The waters increased and lifted up the ark, and it rose high above the earth. 18 The waters prevailed and greatly increased on the earth, and the ark moved about on the surface of the waters. 19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly on the earth, and all the high hills under the whole heaven were covered. 20 The waters prevailed fifteen cubits upward, and the mountains were covered. 21 And all flesh died that moved on the earth: birds and cattle and beasts and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, and every man. 22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, all that was on the dry land, died. 23 So He destroyed all living things which were on the face of the ground: both man and cattle, creeping thing and bird of the air. They were destroyed from the earth. Only Noah and those who were with him in the ark remained alive. 24 And the waters prevailed on the earth one hundred and fifty days. Genesis Chapter 8 1 Then God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the animals that were with him in the ark. And God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters subsided. 2 The fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven were also stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained. 3 And the waters receded continually from the earth. At the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters decreased. 4 Then the ark rested in the seventh month, the seventeenth day of the month, on the mountains of Ararat. 5 And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month. In the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains were seen. 6 So it came to pass, at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made. 7 Then he sent out a raven, which kept going to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth. 8 He also sent out from himself a dove, to see if the waters had receded from the face of the ground. 9 But the dove found no resting place for the sole of her foot, and she returned into the ark to him, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth. So he put out his hand and took her, and drew her into the ark to himself. 10 And he waited yet another seven days, and again he sent the dove out from the ark. 11 Then the dove came to him in the evening, and behold, a freshly plucked olive leaf was in her mouth; and Noah knew that the waters had receded from the earth. 12 So he waited yet another seven days and sent out the dove, which did not return again to him anymore. 13 And it came to pass in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, that the waters were dried up from the earth; and Noah removed the covering of the ark and looked, and indeed the surface of the ground was dry. 14 And in the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth was dried. 15 Then God spoke to Noah, saying, 16 �Go out of the ark, you and your wife, and your sons and your sons� wives with you. 17 Bring out with you every living thing of all flesh that is with you: birds and cattle and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, so that they may abound on the earth, and be fruitful and multiply on the earth.� 18 So Noah went out, and his sons and his wife and his sons� wives with him. 19 Every animal, every creeping thing, every bird, and whatever creeps on the earth, according to their families, went out of the ark. 20 Then Noah built an altar to the LORD, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. 21 And the LORD smelled a soothing aroma. Then the LORD said in His heart, �I will never again curse the ground for man�s sake, although the imagination of man�s heart is evil from his youth; nor will I again destroy every living thing as I have done. 22   �While the earth remains,       Seedtime and harvest,       Shall not cease.� Page Copyright © 1998, 1999 by Clarifying Christianity (SM). Printed copies of articles from this site may be circulated if those articles are reproduced in their entirety, along with their copyright notices. You may not charge for, request a donation for, or seek reimbursement from anyone for such copies. Links are OK. All rights reserved. Scripture taken from the New King James Version. Copyright © 1979, 1980, 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. All information contained in Clarifying Christianity is a resource for questions dealing with Christian issues. It is not to be taken as Christian counseling. Seek a qualified Christian counselor for help with all such issues. If you choose to work with a Christian counselor, it is your responsibility to ask pertinent questions before you begin, to assure yourself of their qualities and abilities. 9471
Raven
What was British Empire Day renamed in 1958?
The true Bible story of Noah's Ark The Search for Noah's Ark The true Bible story of Noah's Ark The Bible is God's key that unlocks world history. Introduction 1.      The sacred inspired text tells us Noah lived 350 years after the flood and did not die until 42 years after the birth of Abraham. Shem lived 502 years after the flood and died when Jacob was 50 years old! 2.      The flood is a historical event known to all ancient men because the four couples who were on the ark populated the entire earth. 3.      This is why the oldest archeology on earth records several different flood stories that have spectacular parallels with the true Genesis account. These include the Sumerian Eridu Genesis : (2150 BC) the Akkadian Epic of Atra-Hasis (1635 BC) and the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh (1150 BC) These and the 500 other "flood stories/myths" that are found in every corner of the earth, are what you would expect given the fact of Noah's Ark and the global flood. The best candidate from the one who was on the ark in these flood stories would be Ham, the grandfather of Nimrod who build the tower of Babel. 4.      There is evidence from both archeology in China and word pictures embedded in the Chinese language , that Noah moved to China and may have been the first emperor. Noah died when Abraham was 58. 5.      Jewish tradition has long viewed Shem as Melchizedek, who died when Jacob was 50. Shem was one of the oldest men on earth and was one of four couples who repopulated the earth. If Noah had gone to China as we suspect, then he would appear to be "without father and mother" until Moses came along in 1446 BC and God revealed the creation story in the book Genesis. A.    The Bible is a direct revelation from God through man: "Inspired" 1.      When 2 Tim 3:16 says, "All scripture is inspired by God" the word inspired means literally in the Greek: "God Breathed". The 66 books of the Bible were written by God, revealed by the Holy Spirit through the hands of men. 2.      The Bible is the only book on earth that is inspired by God. There are two classes of books on earth: 1. Books that contain the word of man and 2. Books that contain the word of God. The 66 books of the Bible therefore are in a distinct and unique category from any other book on earth. "For this reason we also constantly thank God that when you received the word of God which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men, but for what it really is, the word of God, which also performs its work in you who believe. " (1 Thessalonians 2:13) 3.      To understand the process of inspiration, think of man as being a pen in the hand of God in a kind of dictation process like a court recorder. A court recorder writes down exactly what is said by another and no changes can be made. A pen has no say over what will be written on paper, but God holding the man in His hand as a pen. The personal writing style, vocabulary and sentence structure of each of the 40 authors of the Bible are unique in same way a person can pick up different types of pens with their own unique scripts. It is important to understand that God chose each and every word that the authors wrote in a style that was natural to themselves. However the final result was exactly what God wanted written, with no direct input from the man doing the writing. Therefore, man was not like a news reporter who witnesses a divine event, then sits down and from his own personal creativity, writes a report. Instead, man often had no personal knowledge of the divine event and the Holy Spirit revealed it through them. "So we have the prophetic word made more sure, to which you do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star arises in your hearts. But know this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of the prophet's own interpretation, for no prophecy was ever made by an act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God. " (2 Peter 1:19-21) 4.      When you read the Bible, it is God speaking to you through the pages that were written by men: "Then the LORD stretched out His hand and touched my mouth, and the LORD said to me, "Behold, I have put My words in your mouth. " (Jeremiah 1:9) 5.       All the Bible Stories are true and real history like: six literal 24 hour day creation, Adam and Eve, Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel as the origin of languages, the exodus from Egypt, the crossing of the Red Sea, Jonah spending three days in the belly of a whale, Daniel surviving a furnace of fire, the resurrection of Jesus and the miracles of the apostles. 6.       Here you reading this right now and you must make a decision: Will I believe the Bible and find the secret to eternal life or will you reject the Bible to your eternal doom? We won't make your decision for you, we merely provide information so you can make the decision yourself. B.    Chronology and timeline of creation, the flood and the Tower of Babel: 1.      Noah lived long enough that he could be personally acquainted with everyone after Seth down to Abraham. 2.      In 2457 BC, it took Noah less than 100 years to build the ark, with the assistance of his three sons Shem, Ham and Japheth. 3.      About 2275 BC, Ham's grandson Nimrod, built the founded Babylon and built the Tower of Babel. 4.      Angered that God stopped them from building the pyramid shaped Tower of Babel, men to Egypt and South America and built more pyramids in defiance to God in 2200 BC. 5.      We find 500 flood stories all over the world and the earliest archeologically verified tablet is the Sumerian flood story, dated to 2150 BC, shortly after God created Cuneiform as a language at the Tower of Babel.   C.     Chiastic structure of the Genesis flood story: 1.      Chiastic structure is a kind of literary feature where the text is structured like a mirror. It is similar to a Palindrome which reads the same way frontwards are backwards in words like, "civic" or "level" or phrases like "'Madam I'm Adam" or "Cain a maniac ". 2.      There are countless examples of Chiasm in the Bible and it is one of the evidences of inspiration of scripture by the Holy Spirit, because some are stunning and remarkable themes that fun for chapters and are not immediately evident. 3.      The simple Chiastic structure of Jn 1:1 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. " a.      In the beginning was the Word                                                               i.      and the Word was with God                                                             ii.      and the Word was God b.      He was in the beginning with God 4.       The stunning Chiastic structure of the flood story that is an evidence of inspiration that runs for two whole chapters: Genesis 7 -8 a.      7 Days of waiting for flood (7:4)                                                               i.      7 Days of waiting for flood (7:10) 1.      40 Days of flood rain (7:17a) a.      150 Days of water triumphing (7:24) b.      150 Days of water receding (8:3) 2.      40 Days of waiting (8:6)                                                             ii.      7 Days of waiting (8:10) b.      7 Days of waiting (8:12)   D.      Parallels between Noah and Abraham: Genesis 8:15-20 and Genesis 12:1-7 Then God said to Noah (8:15) The Lord said to Abram (12:1) Come out from the ark (8:16) Leave your country (12:1) So Noah came out (8:18) So Abram left (12:4) Then Noah built an altar to the Lord (8:20) So Abram built an altar there to the Lord (12:7) Then God blessed Noah (9:1) And I [God] will bless you (12:2) Be fruitful and increase (9:1) I will make you into a great nation (12:2) I now establish my covenant with you and with your descendants (9:9) To your offspring, I will give this land (12:7) E.    The Chiastic reverse parallel: Genesis 1-11 and Jonah Notice that the general order of events in Jonah reflects a reverse order of Genesis 1-11. Genesis Coming out of Mesopotamia according to God's will Babel/Shinar:11:1-32 Not going to Mesopotamia despite God's will: 1:1-3 Abram, the Hebrew: 14:13 Flood mabb�l: 6-9 Flood, nāhār:1:4-15 Ship of salvation: Dove: :10-12 Ship of tribulation:1:5 Wind passed over earth: 8:1 Waves passed over Jonah: 2:4 Tĕh�m bursts forth: 7:11 Tĕh�m surrounds: 2:6 Tops of the mountains: 8:5 Bottoms of the mountains: 2:7 God remembered Noah: 8:1 Jonah remembered the Lord: 2:8 End of 40 days ... 8:6 In 40 days ... 3:4 Cain's anger and T�b in causative stem: 4:7, 94 Jonah's anger and T�b in causative stem:4:4 Driven out of God's face: 4:1 Driven out before God: 2:5 Abel = hebel: 4:2 Cain wants to live: 4:13-14 Jonah wants to die: 4:4 Cain y�b east of Eden: 4:16 Jonah y�b east of city: 4:5 Tree and Snake: 2:5-3:24 Glad because of gourd: 4:6 Snake entices to eat of tree: 3:4-5 Worm causes gourd to wither: 4:7 Tree given = test: 2:17 Gourd taken away = test: 4:7 Eat of tree and surely die: 2:17 Jonah wants to die because of gourd: 4:9 God the Creator of Beasts and men: 1:1-2:3 God who care for both Men and beasts: 4:11 seven days of creation Seven narrative days. Cf. "God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land": 1:9 Jonah and Genesis 11-1, Eric W. Hesse & Isaac M. Kikawada, Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute (AJBI), Volume X (1984) F.    The Flood story from the Holy Bible: Genesis 6-9 Genesis Chapter 6: The Corruption of Mankind 1.      Now it came about, when men began to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters were born to them, 2.      that the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were beautiful; and they took wives for themselves, whomever they chose. 3.      Then the Lord said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years." 4.      The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown. 5.      Then the Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great on the earth, and that every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. 6.      The Lord was sorry that He had made man on the earth, and He was grieved in His heart. 7.      The Lord said, "I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the land, from man to animals to creeping things and to birds of the sky; for I am sorry that I have made them." 8.      But Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord. 9.      These are the records of the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his time; Noah walked with God. 10.  Noah became the father of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. 11.  Now the earth was corrupt in the sight of God, and the earth was filled with violence. 12.  God looked on the earth, and behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted their way upon the earth. 13.  Then God said to Noah, "The end of all flesh has come before Me; for the earth is filled with violence because of them; and behold, I am about to destroy them with the earth. 14.  "Make for yourself an ark of gopher wood; you shall make the ark with rooms, and shall cover it inside and out with pitch. 15.  "This is how you shall make it: the length of the ark three hundred cubits, its breadth fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits. 16.  "You shall make a window for the ark, and finish it to a cubit from the top; and set the door of the ark in the side of it; you shall make it with lower, second, and third decks. 17.  "Behold, I, even I am bringing the flood of water upon the earth, to destroy all flesh in which is the breath of life, from under heaven; everything that is on the earth shall perish. 18.  "But I will establish My covenant with you; and you shall enter the ark�you and your sons and your wife, and your sons' wives with you. 19.  "And of every living thing of all flesh, you shall bring two of every kind into the ark, to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female. 20.  "Of the birds after their kind, and of the animals after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every kind will come to you to keep them alive. 21.  "As for you, take for yourself some of all food which is edible, and gather it to yourself; and it shall be for food for you and for them." 22.  Thus Noah did; according to all that God had commanded him, so he did. Genesis Chapter 7: The Flood 1.      Then the Lord said to Noah, "Enter the ark, you and all your household, for you alone I have seen to be righteous before Me in this time. 2.      "You shall take with you of every clean animal by sevens, a male and his female; and of the animals that are not clean two, a male and his female; 3.      also of the birds of the sky, by sevens, male and female, to keep offspring alive on the face of all the earth. 4.      "For after seven more days, I will send rain on the earth forty days and forty nights; and I will blot out from the face of the land every living thing that I have made." 5.      Noah did according to all that the Lord had commanded him. 6.      Now Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of water came upon the earth. 7.      Then Noah and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives with him entered the ark because of the water of the flood. 8.      Of clean animals and animals that are not clean and birds and everything that creeps on the ground, 9.      there went into the ark to Noah by twos, male and female, as God had commanded Noah. 10.  It came about after the seven days, that the water of the flood came upon the earth. 11.  In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day all the fountains of the great deep burst open, and the floodgates of the sky were opened. 12.  The rain fell upon the earth for forty days and forty nights. 13.  On the very same day Noah and Shem and Ham and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife and the three wives of his sons with them, entered the ark, 14.  they and every beast after its kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth after its kind, and every bird after its kind, all sorts of birds. 15.  So they went into the ark to Noah, by twos of all flesh in which was the breath of life. 16.  Those that entered, male and female of all flesh, entered as God had commanded him; and the Lord closed it behind him. 17.  Then the flood came upon the earth for forty days, and the water increased and lifted up the ark, so that it rose above the earth. 18.  The water prevailed and increased greatly upon the earth, and the ark floated on the surface of the water. 19.  The water prevailed more and more upon the earth, so that all the high mountains everywhere under the heavens were covered. 20.  The water prevailed fifteen cubits higher, and the mountains were covered. 21.  All flesh that moved on the earth perished, birds and cattle and beasts and every swarming thing that swarms upon the earth, and all mankind; 22.  of all that was on the dry land, all in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, died. 23.  Thus He blotted out every living thing that was upon the face of the land, from man to animals to creeping things and to birds of the sky, and they were blotted out from the earth; and only Noah was left, together with those that were with him in the ark. 24.  The water prevailed upon the earth one hundred and fifty days. Genesis Chapter 8: The Flood Subsides 1.      But God remembered Noah and all the beasts and all the cattle that were with him in the ark; and God caused a wind to pass over the earth, and the water subsided. 2.      Also the fountains of the deep and the floodgates of the sky were closed, and the rain from the sky was restrained; 3.      and the water receded steadily from the earth, and at the end of one hundred and fifty days the water decreased. 4.      In the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark rested upon the mountains of Ararat. 5.      The water decreased steadily until the tenth month; in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains became visible. 6.      Then it came about at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made; 7.      and he sent out a raven, and it flew here and there until the water was dried up from the earth. 8.      Then he sent out a dove from him, to see if the water was abated from the face of the land; 9.      but the dove found no resting place for the sole of her foot, so she returned to him into the ark, for the water was on the surface of all the earth. Then he put out his hand and took her, and brought her into the ark to himself. 10.  So he waited yet another seven days; and again he sent out the dove from the ark. 11.  The dove came to him toward evening, and behold, in her beak was a freshly picked olive leaf. So Noah knew that the water was abated from the earth. 12.  Then he waited yet another seven days, and sent out the dove; but she did not return to him again. 13.  Now it came about in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water was dried up from the earth. Then Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and behold, the surface of the ground was dried up. 14.  In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth was dry. 15.  Then God spoke to Noah, saying, 16.  "Go out of the ark, you and your wife and your sons and your sons' wives with you. 17.  "Bring out with you every living thing of all flesh that is with you, birds and animals and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, that they may breed abundantly on the earth, and be fruitful and multiply on the earth." 18.  So Noah went out, and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives with him. 19.  Every beast, every creeping thing, and every bird, everything that moves on the earth, went out by their families from the ark. 20.  Then Noah built an altar to the Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird and offered burnt offerings on the altar. 21.  The Lord smelled the soothing aroma; and the Lord said to Himself, "I will never again curse the ground on account of man, for the intent of man's heart is evil from his youth; and I will never again destroy every living thing, as I have done. 22.  "While the earth remains, Seedtime and harvest, Shall not cease." Genesis Chapter 9: Covenant of the Rainbow 1.      And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth. 2.      "The fear of you and the terror of you will be on every beast of the earth and on every bird of the sky; with everything that creeps on the ground, and all the fish of the sea, into your hand they are given. 3.      "Every moving thing that is alive shall be food for you; I give all to you, as I gave the green plant. 4.      "Only you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is, its blood. 5.      "Surely I will require your lifeblood; from every beast I will require it. And from every man, from every man's brother I will require the life of man. 6.      "Whoever sheds man's blood, By man his blood shall be shed, For in the image of God He made man. 7.      "As for you, be fruitful and multiply; 8.      Populate the earth abundantly and multiply in it." 9.      Then God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him, saying, 10.  "Now behold, I Myself do establish My covenant with you, and with your descendants after you; 11.  and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you; of all that comes out of the ark, even every beast of the earth. 12.  "I establish My covenant with you; and all flesh shall never again be cut off by the water of the flood, neither shall there again be a flood to destroy the earth." 13.  God said, "This is the sign of the covenant which I am making between Me and you and every living creature that is with you, for all successive generations; 14.  I set My bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a sign of a covenant between Me and the earth. 15.  "It shall come about, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow will be seen in the cloud, 16.  and I will remember My covenant, which is between Me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and never again shall the water become a flood to destroy all flesh. 17.  "When the bow is in the cloud, then I will look upon it, to remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth." 18.  And God said to Noah, "This is the sign of the covenant which I have established between Me and all flesh that is on the earth." 19.  Now the sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem and Ham and Japheth; and Ham was the father of Canaan. 20.  These three were the sons of Noah, and from these the whole earth was populated. 21.  Then Noah began farming and planted a vineyard. 22.  He drank of the wine and became drunk, and uncovered himself inside his tent. 23.  Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brothers outside. 24.  But Shem and Japheth took a garment and laid it upon both their shoulders and walked backward and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were turned away, so that they did not see their father's nakedness. 25.  When Noah awoke from his wine, he knew what his youngest son had done to him. 26.  So he said, "Cursed be Canaan; A servant of servants; He shall be to his brothers." 27.  He also said, "Blessed be the Lord, The God of Shem; And let Canaan be his servant. 28.  "May God enlarge Japheth, And let him dwell in the tents of Shem; And let Canaan be his servant." 29.  Noah lived three hundred and fifty years after the flood. 30.  So all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years, and he died.  
i don't know
Which Hollywood actress appeared on the centrefold of the first issue of ‘Playboy’ magazine?
The First Playboy Magazine, December 1953 The First Playboy Magazine The First Playboy Magazine The First Edition of Playboy Featured Marilyn Monroe Portrait of American publisher Hugh Hefner sitting in front of a wall collage of female centerfolds from his men's magazine "Playboy" which he launched in 1953.  (Photo by Archive Photos/Getty Images) By Jennifer Rosenberg Updated September 16, 2016. In December 1953, 27-year-old Hugh Hefner published the very first Playboy magazine. This first edition of Playboy was 44-pages long and had no date on its cover because Hefner wasn't sure there would be a second edition. In that first run, Hefner sold 54,175 copies of Playboy magazine at 50 cents each. The first edition sold so well because Marilyn Monroe was the "Sweetheart of the Month" (which was thereafter termed "playmate"). On the front cover of the first edition of Playboy, Marilyn Monroe appeared waving her hand. Inside, Marilyn Monroe bared it all in the centerfold. (Monroe did not pose nude specifically for Playboy; Hefner had purchased the picture from a local printer who made calendars.) This first edition of the magazine is also the only Playboy that does not have Hugh Hefner's name inside. On the first page, Hefner humorously wrote, "We want to make it clear from the very start, we aren't a 'family magazine.' If you're somebody's sister, wife or mother-in-law and picked us up by mistake, please pass us along to the man in your life and get back to your Ladies Home Companion."
Marilyn Monroe
Who wrote the novel ‘Brideshead Revisited’?
EXCLUSIVE: Kristy Garett is Playboy's last nude playmate - NY Daily News EXCLUSIVE: Kristy Garett, Playboy magazine's 749th Playmate, is the last to bare all in pages of men's magazine EXCLUSIVE: Kristy Garett is Playboy's last nude playmate Miss February 2016 Kristy Garett is last nude Playmate in new Playboy issue.  (Courtesy Playboy/Sasha Eisenman/Courtesy Playboy/Sasha Eisenman) Sunday, December 6, 2015, 4:00 AM Kristy Garett is suddenly the centerfold of attention. The globetrotting model bares all in the upcoming issue of Playboy as the magazine’s 749th Playmate — and the last to appear in its pages completely au naturel. “I’m so happy,” said Garett, officially designated as Miss February 2016. “It’s such a big deal. It’s so iconic — being the last nude Playmate makes me cry and feel happy inside.” Naked playboy models over time Playboy, after a top-to-bottom redesign, will return with a March edition featuring “sexy, seductive pictorials of the world’s most beautiful women.” Those will include the monthly Playmates. Except those women will no longer be naked. Unlike Garett, who was thrilled to take it all off for her October photo shoot. “I know what I’m doing, and I know that I’m lucky,” she told the Daily News. “Do you believe in miracles? This is a miracle.” Overexposed! Stars who pose for Playboy The blond beauty is featured in a 12-page pictorial in a special January/February 2016 issue, available for sale this Friday. Her centerfold shot marks the end of an era that started shortly after Hugh Hefner rolled out his magazine in 1953 — featuring nude photos of Marilyn Monroe. The magazine’s iconic centerfold actually dates to March 1956, when long-ago Miss March Marian Stafford received the star treatment. Among the most prominent of Playmates across the ensuing decades were “Baywatch” star Pamela Anderson, actress Shannon Tweed, model/actress Anna Nicole Smith and pinup idol Bettie Page. Garett is featured in a 12-page pictorial in a special January/February 2016 issue, available for sale this Friday. (Courtesy Playboy/Sasha Eisenman/Courtesy Playboy/Sasha Eisenman) While Garett, 26, grew up in southern Russia, closer to the Kremlin than the Playboy Mansion, she was still attracted by the magazine’s storied past and evolving present. “I was so proud to do Playboy,” she said. “This is history. It’s probably going to change mylife.” She has yet to meet the 89-year-old Hefner, although plans for a get-together are in theworks: “I know his story. Heis a big man, a very talented gentleman.” The native of the Republic of Georgia is a globetrotting fashion model who’s fluent in six languages. Playboy editorial director Jason Buhrmester says she’s the perfect choice for the final unclad centerfold. “I think she really represents where the Playmate evolved to over the past 60 years,” said Buhrmester. “She’s international, she’s a model — but she still looks approachable.” Buhrmester, an 18-year Playboy veteran, said the time was right for the magazine’s reinvention — although he had his doubts initially. “My first reaction was, ‘That’s crazy,’” he said. “But it’s common sense. Sixty-two years ago, Hef set out to really push the boundaries of sexual freedom into the mainstream. Now we’re in an era where nudity is more ubiquitous than it ever was.” Garett echoed his sentiment about the revamping, which includes a larger-size mag printed on higher-quality paper. The March 2016 issue will be the first without full nudity. Last summer, Playboy unveiled its website as a safe-for-work viewing operation. “I think Playboy is making the right choice,” said Garett. “After more than 60 years, of course they know what they’re doing. Even if the models are not nude anymore, they’re still sexy.” Famous Playmates: Bettie Page, Miss January 1955: pinup icon Jayne Mansfield, Miss February 1955: Actresses: Shannon Tweed, Miss November, 1981: Actress, reality-TV star Susie Scott (Krabacher), Miss May 1983: Co-founder of the Mercy and Sharing Foundation, which does humanitarian work in Haiti. Julie McCullough, Miss February 1986: Actress, standup comedienne Pamela Anderson, Miss February 1990: Actress, animal rights activist Anna Nicole Smith, Miss May 1992: Actress, Guess model, reality show star Jenny McCarthy, Miss October 1993: Actress, TV host, autism activist Kelly Mon­aco, Miss April 1997: Soap star, first winner on “Dancing With the Stars” Brande Roderick, Miss April 2000: Actress, “Celebrity Apprentice” finalist Playmates in the movies: Yvette Vickers, Miss July 1959: “Attack of the 50 Foot Woman” (1958) Stella Stevens, Miss January 1960: “The Nutty Professor” (1963) and “The Poseidon Adventure” (1972) Cyndi Wood, Miss February 1973, and Linda Carpenter, Miss August 1976: “Apocalypse Now” (1979) Ava Fabian, Miss August 1986: “Ski School” (1990) and “Dragnet” (1987) Erika Eleniak, Miss July 1989: “Under Siege 2” (1992) and “Beverly Hillbillies” (1993) The Dahm Triplets, Misses December 1998: “Juwanna Mann” (2002) Victoria Silv­stedt, Miss December 1996: “Boat Trip” (2002) Karen McDougal, Miss December, 1997; Summer Altice, Miss August, 2000: “Grind” (2003) Hiromi Oshima (top photo), Miss June 2004; Lauren Michelle Hill, Miss February 2001; Sara Jean Underwood, Miss July 2006: “House Bunny” (2008) Tags:
i don't know
What is Mr Rochester’s first name in the novel ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte?
SparkNotes: Jane Eyre: Character List Character List Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Jane Eyre -  The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Jane is an intelligent, honest, plain-featured young girl forced to contend with oppression, inequality, and hardship. Although she meets with a series of individuals who threaten her autonomy, Jane repeatedly succeeds at asserting herself and maintains her principles of justice, human dignity, and morality. She also values intellectual and emotional fulfillment. Her strong belief in gender and social equality challenges the Victorian prejudices against women and the poor. Read an in-depth analysis of Jane Eyre. Edward Rochester -  Jane’s employer and the master of Thornfield, Rochester is a wealthy, passionate man with a dark secret that provides much of the novel’s suspense. Rochester is unconventional, ready to set aside polite manners, propriety, and consideration of social class in order to interact with Jane frankly and directly. He is rash and impetuous and has spent much of his adult life roaming about Europe in an attempt to avoid the consequences of his youthful indiscretions. His problems are partly the result of his own recklessness, but he is a sympathetic figure because he has suffered for so long as a result of his early marriage to Bertha. Read an in-depth analysis of Edward Rochester. St. John Rivers -  Along with his sisters, Mary and Diana, St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) serves as Jane’s benefactor after she runs away from Thornfield, giving her food and shelter. The minister at Morton, St. John is cold, reserved, and often controlling in his interactions with others. Because he is entirely alienated from his feelings and devoted solely to an austere ambition, St. John serves as a foil to Edward Rochester. Read an in-depth analysis of St. John Rivers. Mrs. Reed  -  Mrs. Reed is Jane’s cruel aunt, who raises her at Gateshead Hall until Jane is sent away to school at age ten. Later in her life, Jane attempts reconciliation with her aunt, but the old woman continues to resent her because her husband had always loved Jane more than his own children. Bessie Lee -  The maid at Gateshead, Bessie is the only figure in Jane’s childhood who regularly treats her kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs. Bessie later marries Robert Leaven, the Reeds’ coachman. Mr. Lloyd -  Mr. Lloyd is the Reeds’ apothecary, who suggests that Jane be sent away to school. Always kind to Jane, Mr. Lloyd writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane’s story about her childhood and clearing Jane of Mrs. Reed’s charge that she is a liar. Georgiana Reed -  Georgiana Reed is Jane’s cousin and one of Mrs. Reed’s two daughters. The beautiful Georgiana treats Jane cruelly when they are children, but later in their lives she befriends her cousin and confides in her. Georgiana attempts to elope with a man named Lord Edwin Vere, but her sister, Eliza, alerts Mrs. Reed of the arrangement and sabotages the plan. After Mrs. Reed dies, Georgiana marries a wealthy man. Eliza Reed -  Eliza Reed is Jane’s cousin and one of Mrs. Reed’s two daughters (along with her sister, Georgiana). Not as beautiful as her sister, Eliza devotes herself somewhat self-righteously to the church and eventually goes to a convent in France where she becomes the Mother Superior. John Reed -  John Reed is Jane’s cousin, Mrs. Reed’s son, and brother to Eliza and Georgiana. John treats Jane with appalling cruelty during their childhood and later falls into a life of drinking and gambling. John commits suicide midway through the novel when his mother ceases to pay his debts for him. Helen Burns -  Helen Burns is Jane’s close friend at the Lowood School. She endures her miserable life there with a passive dignity that Jane cannot understand. Helen dies of consumption in Jane’s arms. Read an in-depth analysis of Helen Burns. Mr. Brocklehurst -  The cruel, hypocritical master of the Lowood School, Mr. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of privation, while stealing from the school to support his luxurious lifestyle. After a typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, Brocklehurst’s shifty and dishonest practices are brought to light and he is publicly discredited. Maria Temple -  Maria Temple is a kind teacher at Lowood, who treats Jane and Helen with respect and compassion. Along with Bessie Lee, she serves as one of Jane’s first positive female role models. Miss Temple helps clear Jane of Mrs. Reed’s accusations against her. Miss Scatcherd -  Jane’s sour and vicious teacher at Lowood, Miss Scatcherd behaves with particular cruelty toward Helen. Alice Fairfax -  Alice Fairfax is the housekeeper at Thornfield Hall. She is the first to tell Jane that the mysterious laughter often heard echoing through the halls is, in fact, the laughter of Grace Poole—a lie that Rochester himself often repeats. Bertha Mason -  Rochester’s clandestine wife, Bertha Mason is a formerly beautiful and wealthy Creole woman who has become insane, violent, and bestial. She lives locked in a secret room on the third story of Thornfield and is guarded by Grace Poole, whose occasional bouts of inebriation sometimes enable Bertha to escape. Bertha eventually burns down Thornfield, plunging to her death in the flames. Grace Poole -  Grace Poole is Bertha Mason’s keeper at Thornfield, whose drunken carelessness frequently allows Bertha to escape. When Jane first arrives at Thornfield, Mrs. Fairfax attributes to Grace all evidence of Bertha’s misdeeds. Adèle Varens -  Jane’s pupil at Thornfield, Adèle Varens is a lively though somewhat spoiled child from France. Rochester brought her to Thornfield after her mother, Celine, abandoned her. Although Celine was once Rochester’s mistress, he does not believe himself to be Adèle’s father. Celine Varens -  Celine Varens is a French opera dancer with whom Rochester once had an affair. Although Rochester does not believe Celine’s claims that he fathered her daughter Adèle, he nonetheless brought the girl to England when Celine abandoned her. Rochester had broken off his relationship with Celine after learning that Celine was unfaithful to him and interested only in his money. Sophie -  Sophie is Adèle’s French nurse at Thornfield. Richard Mason -  Richard Mason is Bertha’s brother. During a visit to Thornfield, he is injured by his mad sister. After learning of Rochester’s intent to marry Jane, Mason arrives with the solicitor Briggs in order to thwart the wedding and reveal the truth of Rochester’s prior marriage. Mr. Briggs -  John Eyre’s attorney, Mr. Briggs helps Richard Mason prevent Jane’s wedding to Rochester when he learns of the existence of Bertha Mason, Rochester’s wife. After John Eyre’s death, Briggs searches for Jane in order to give her her inheritance. Blanche Ingram -  Blanche Ingram is a beautiful socialite who despises Jane and hopes to marry Rochester for his money. Diana Rivers -  Diana Rivers is Jane’s cousin, and the sister of St. John and Mary. Diana is a kind and intelligent person, and she urges Jane not to go to India with St. John. She serves as a model for Jane of an intellectually gifted and independent woman. Mary Rivers -  Mary Rivers is Jane’s cousin, the sister of St. John and Diana. Mary is a kind and intelligent young woman who is forced to work as a governess after her father loses his fortune. Like her sister, she serves as a model for Jane of an independent woman who is also able to maintain close relationships with others and a sense of meaning in her life. Rosamond Oliver -  Rosamond is the beautiful daughter of Mr. Oliver, Morton’s wealthiest inhabitant. Rosamond gives money to the school in Morton where Jane works. Although she is in love with St. John, she becomes engaged to the wealthy Mr. Granby. John Eyre -  John Eyre is Jane’s uncle, who leaves her his vast fortune of 20,000 pounds. Uncle Reed -  Uncle Reed is Mrs. Reed’s late husband. In her childhood, Jane believes that she feels the presence of his ghost. Because he was always fond of Jane and her mother (his sister), Uncle Reed made his wife promise that she would raise Jane as her own child. It is a promise that Mrs. Reed does not keep.
Edward
Glassine, Azure Laid and Chromo are all types of what?
Rochester: A Novel Inspired by Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre": J. L. Niemann: 9781426916397: Amazon.com: Books By Michelle Santoni on July 11, 2010 Format: Paperback|Verified Purchase As a huge fan of Jane Eyre I was excited when I found a book telling the same story but from Rochester's point of view. Now that I read it I have to say that even though it was entertaining at times, I felt dissapointed. The author had the chance to get in this man's head and ended up with a Rochester that was insecure, needy and a drunk. I felt like telling him to quit complaining and be assertive man! This Edward Rochester is nothing like Bronte's Rochester. Some of the language did not sound from the era and was repetetive. When he talks with his friend Arthur they sound like two teenage girls. Also, I am not a prude but some of the things Rochester and Jane did were frankly stuff from pornos and I don't think that Jane would do any of that. Honestly I read it all because I wanted to see how it ended but then I find out that the story does not end with this book, there are two more! A trilogy! When it all could be done with just one book. Jane Eyre fans beware! By rogertherat on January 12, 2012 Format: Kindle Edition|Verified Purchase Really irritating book. I think the issue with this writer is she does not understand the time of the original book. Jane Eyre resisted Rochester because she valued herself. If she had succumbed she would have been ostracized, unemployable, and her life would have been ruined. Granted her life wasn't that great to begin with, but at least she had dignity and integrity. Also there is a strong moral sense of right and wrong, based on biblical beliefs. And that's what creates the dilema. Jane is passionate, wants to love and be loved, but she respects herself and respects God, and she does the hardest thing in her life by leaving Rochester. That's what makes Jane Eyre Great. It's a great romance, but ultimately it is a moral tale about living with integrity and doing the right thing. Look at Rochester , he succumbed again and again to his desires, and look at what a misreable wretch he is. UGH! This book is like taking the Mona Lisa and giving her a hot pink tube top. Like taking the venus de milo adding pasties and attaching a stripper pole. By Gubba22 on April 4, 2011 Format: Paperback The characters are named Jane Eyre and Mr Rochester but that's about all the similarities you'll find to Bronte's classic. The heroine is more of a Celine Varens than a Jane Eyre. Mr Rochester drinks too much and every day is a pity party. The book does offer more humor than the original but it veers too far off the beaten path and the writing is not strong enough to be its own stand-alone story. This book is actually part 1 of 3 and it ends on the morning of Jane & Rochester's wedding. Book 2 is called "Consummation" which leaves no doubt that the author will continue with more of the 'Skinemax' scenes that peppered the first book. Reading this could make you laugh but if I were Charlotte Bronte I'd be mad! By Traxy on June 1, 2011 Format: Paperback Summary: If you don't mind a "Jane Eyre" which doesn't follow the book more than loosely and has added sex scenes, this is the one for you. It starts out being the best book you could ever imagine if you're an avid Rochester fan, and then it just starts to go off in the wrong direction from the original, and it's downhill from there. Enjoyable, but not true to the original. The story follows Mr. Rochester from his villa in France, where he wants some absolution from his dreadful loneliness and sinful ways, and decides to return home, and in chapter two, he comes across a young woman by the name of Jane Eyre, the governess at Thornfield Hall... his horse slips on some ice and the rest is history. It finishes just before they're about to head off to church to get married. The bits inbetween is a "somewhat" reworked "Jane Eyre", from Rochester's perspective. It's clear the author has been inspired by the 2006 adaptation, if the foreword and acknowledgements weren't enough to convince us of the fact. It seems to have started its life as postings on a Toby Stephens fanforum or something along those lines, and was very popular there, so now it's a book. It clocks in at 325 pages, being the first of three books - the story is said to continue "soon" in "Rochester: Consummation". Can't wait! Having now read this one, the title of the next installment comes as no surprise. This book is steamy, and if you like it hot, you'll love this. I didn't mind the sex scenes - and believe me, there were a fair few of those - but the way it was done... no. The most confusing part is how the events of the original story have been re-worked. While a lot of the things we recognise from "Jane Eyre" are there, including some exchanges, they've been changed around in ways that I don't fully understand. Unstead of playing on the sexual tension between Jane and Rochester, Niemann let's it go completely and there's snogging! No, it's just not right. Overall, I liked it. Hey, it's all about Mr. Rochester, how can I NOT like it? ;) It's interesting to see things from his point of view, even though that point of view is a little too lewd in this context for my taste. Niemann does a good job of describing food - it's always quite detailed what's beeing served, but there's too much drinking. Rochester is just about as broody and angsty as you can get, and I had some issues trying to part from the book at times. Especially in the beginning, before things got a bit out of hand with changing stuff around from the book, which I'd say is what lets the book down. It completely changes the chronology of stuff and meaning of things, primarily the Jane/Edward relationship and that's what bothers me. It's enjoyable and definitely written for a modern audience (if Charlotte Brontë had read it, she would've been utterly shocked). J.L. Niemann has offered an interesting re-working of a classic novel and breathed new life into it, one that doesn't scream of Plot Device quite as much as the original. Sometimes the brooding gets a bit too much, but I think she definitely manages to get Rochester's rather complex character in a pretty good way. However, I think it's trying too hard to sex things up - a modern audience doesn't need always need to get inside people's breeches or under their chemises to make a story interesting. But still, once they're married, I suspect I'll be loving the story. Right now, I'm just a bit annoyed that it's not according to the book. I've tried to stay away from spoilers here, but if you don't mind those, go to the address listed in brackets after my username above to read my full review, and the discussion afterwards. By Di12381 on July 28, 2010 Format: Paperback I would think that anyone interested in this book has read Jane Eyre at least once and has some level of admiration and infatuation with this amazing novel. The sexual tension between Jane and her Edward not explicity written on the page, but Miss Bronte found a way to slip it in a way that is extremely paplable, which the reason there is still a following after 160 years. I liked the book as it started out and I like seeing the story from Rochester's POV. However, I found that as I got farther into the book, Ms. Niemann seemed to travel further from the Bronte cannon. I dont mind a new twist to Jane Eyre, but I seek out a certain clinginess to the original novel. Yes, Rochester is a very sexual creature, but I dont believe he would treat both Blanche (who he uses more than expected) and Jane (who in the novel did not act on her affections for Rochester until married). But it is only part one, lets see what she does with part two and three.
i don't know
In a cycle race, what colour jersey is worn each day by the rider accumulating the highest number of points?
Tour de France 101: What do different color jerseys mean? - CSMonitor.com Tour de France 101: What do different color jerseys mean? Andy Schleck of Luxembourg (l.) and Fabian Cancellara of Switzerland, wearing the overall leader's yellow jersey, ride in the pack during the sixth stage of the Tour de France on Friday. Christophe Ena/AP of What do the different color Tour de France jerseys mean? YELLOW: The maillot jaune, the yellow jersey, is the signature chemise of the Tour de France . It designates the overall leader of the race so far. When cyclists finish the three-week race by cruising through the streets of Paris , the photo of the yellow-shirted winner is seen around the globe. The yellow jersey is awarded after each of the 20 stages, or race days, to the rider who is the overall leader of the race so far. Each day the total amount of time taken to finish that stage is added to the cumulative time of all previous races, and the overall leader is determined. The next day, he wears the yellow throughout the stage. Recommended: Could you pass a US citizenship test? GREEN: The green jersey, or maillot vert, is the sprinter’s jersey. At every stage, points are awarded to the first 10-25 riders that cross the finish line. The amount of sprint points awarded depends on the day’s course (a flat course produces more points than the mountain terrain) and in what place the rider finishes that day. Some stages have mini-sprints within the stage that are worth points. German Erik Zabel holds the record for winning the final green jersey in the Tour six consecutive times, between 1996 and 2001. Photos of the Day Photos of the day 02/08 WHITE WITH RED POLKA DOTS: This is the King of the Mountains jersey. Points are awarded to the first rider to reach the crest of designated hills and mountains. Mountains are graded according to steepness, length, and position on the course, and points correspond to the grade. The best climber awards began in 1933, and the maillot à pois rouges was first worn in 1975. WHITE: This jersey is worn by the fastest overall rider under the age of 25 (on Jan. 1 in the year of the race). The first white jersey was worn in 1975. There are other prizes and competitions within the Tour de France that don’t involve jerseys. For example, the most combative rider of each stage – the one who tries to break clear of the field – will wear a red number on a white background, instead of the usual black on white. And the team prize – based on the team with the fastest three riders – wears a black number on a yellow background. More Tour de France 101 stories:
Green
Who played the role of Brian of Nazareth in the 1979 film ‘The Life of Brian’?
Le Tour de France: cycling tactics and glossary | France zone at abelard.org cycling tactics and glossary [also applies to the Giro and the Vuelta]   end notes This page provides helpful information for following road cycle races. Here is adescription of major tactics, discussed, and illustrated as needed. There are also definitions of the more obscure terms used by the riders and race commentators. The first two sections mostly refer to the Tour de France, though other extended road races have similar prizes, while much of the glossary contents is, in general terms, universal. Often there is just a change in detail, such as a jersey colour. There are three major tours, which vie for publicity, star entrants and money. These events also jockey for position in the annual calendar. Currently, in order through the season, comes the Giro d’Italia in May, the supremely dominant French Tour de France in July, and the Vuelta a España in September. Much to the annoyance of the Italians, top riders will use the Giro as a training run for the Tour de France. They will drop out of the Giro, rather than disturb their training schedule, as they aim to reach peak fitness to coincide exactly with the TDF. Previously, the Vuelta was early in the season and suffered the same annoyances. Nowadays, the Vuelta being at the end of the season, the stars will treat the Vuelta as winding down and demand high appearance fees. But the Vuelta now tends to be dominated by Spanish riders, often famed for their climbing ability . Another irritation is the sprint specialist who will go for stage wins early in a Tour, and drop out as soon as they hit the mountains - Mario Cipollini was famous for this. Cipollini was a wild man and one of the greatest sprinters of all time. He was constantly being fined for breaches of Tour rules such as riding in fancy clothes, such as a lion suit (he being known as the Lion King), or other imaginative cycling kits. Mario Cipollini [Note that this example gives prizes for the Tour de France.] The winner of a day’s stage wins 8,000 euro The yellow jersey winner - fastest time overall in the general time classification: 450,000 euro The green jersey winner - winning the most points. Points are given to winners of intermediate and final sprint on each stage: 25,000 euro The spotted jersey winner - best mountain climber, winning mountain points when going over summits and intermediate difficulties: 25,000 euro The white jersey winner - best under 25 y.o. in the general time classification: 20,000 euro. Combativity prize - chosen by a specialist cycling jury: 20,000 euro Best team by time - lowest time after adding together the times of the three best members of each team at each stage: 50,000 euro.] For the mountain stages, if the last climb is classed as 2nd or 1st difficulty, or out of classification [hors catégorie] the points for that last ascent are doubled. For every stage except the individual against-the-clocks, the three first riders of the intermediary sprints gain 6,4 and 2 seconds respectively, while the first three arrivals for each stage gain 20,12 and 8 seconds respectively. [There are three intermediate sprints on flat stages, 2 sprints on other stages.] For details of all prizes, see the 2009 Tour de France regulations [27-page .pdf], from section 1:13 to 1:28. how to become a serious nut Jerseys of the Tour de France, and other Grand Tours the yellow jersey [le maillot jaune] worn by the overall leader. The colour yellow was chosen because the sports newspaper, L'Auto ) that first sponsored the Tour de France was printed on yellow paper. the spotty jersey [le maillot blanc à pois rouges] worn by the climber ahead on points ( there are sprints during the day to reach the top of rises and the first three get the points) the green jersey [le maillot vert] similar to the spotty jersey, but for sprints the white jersey [le maillot blanc] the under-25 y.o. currently leading. This is no teenager’s game. It takes a long time to build up the strength and stamina to become a top rider. Roman Kreuziger, 2009 Tour de France winner of best young rider (maillot blanc) holding his Skoda yeti peluche . Notice that the bouquet is composed of white flowers, this is also done with the other coloured jerseys. the pink jersey [il maglia rosa] The race leader’s pink jersey in the Giro d’Italia . [So named because La Gazzetta , the Italian sports paper that runs the Giro, is printed on pink paper.]   The colour of leader’s jersey for the Spanish Vuelta has varied, and is currently red. coming last lanterne rouge [Tour de France] the competitor who actually finished the Tour last; named after the red lamp at the back of a train (no lantern for dropping out). maglia nera [black jersey] In the late 1940s, in the Italian Giro , Italy's grand tour, a prize was instigated for coming last, equivalent to the red lantern in the Tour de France. This is not so easy as might be imagined. There was a time limit after which riders are eliminated from the race, a time which was related to the time of the stage leader. (A similar rule still applies today.) There was prize money for the maglia nera and Italy was exceedingly poor, so this prize became of serious interest. The prize had been started to stop fans from pushing off as soon as the leaders had finished. There were no radio communications, so riders had to rely on fans and supporters to make the timing right. The main challengers would hide by the roadside in order to fool rivals into thinking they were still ahead. The winner/loser would wear a black jersey. The black jersey had recently associated with the Fascists . There was much interest in who was black jersey, as well as the maglia rosa . Eventually, the organisers got fed up with waiting for hours for the last cyclist, and interest waned as the war and poverty gradually receded when the '40s gave way to the '50s. [Summarised from , p.147-151] the sweep car (or sweeper van) right at the back of each stage, you will see an anonymous car of shame that picks up the fallen soldiers who could ride no more [le balai = the broom] race regulations These originate from the Union de Cyxlisme International (International Cycling Union, UCI), with a new set produced for every race. However, they are usually pretty similar, particualarly the second section, the "technical sports regulation handbook". This part gives information, with diagrams on how car and motor bike drivers, reporters, photographers and other support technicians must proceed at the start of, during and at the end of each stage. In this linked Race regulations from the 2016 Vuelta d'Espagna, the technical section starts from page 53. Full race rules for the 2016 Vuelta, in 22-page pdf form. Fascinating reading. domestiques [from the French: un/une domestique - a servant] These are ordinary team members supporting their star rider. Their job is to put him into the best position to win, and to protect him from being worn down. (The teams also vie for a category win). The peloton is regularly moving at about 30 mph/48 kmph, which sets up considerable wind resistance, even on a still day. It is the job of the domestiques to lead out and protect their leader. In among the peleton, various teams are jockeying to make opposing teams do the hard work up front. Nor do you want your leader right in the middle of the peloton, risking domino crashes. So you keep him up near the front, surrounded by his guards. And pace your leader until you run out of energy, in order that he can use his greater strength to finish ahead. You will often see this on flatter stages, where the specialist riders (sprinters) are being led out until the last hundred metres or so. You don’t want your leader burning energy and going back to the supply cars, or dealing with the feeding stations with the attendant possibility of accidents in the melée. If your leader has already built up an individual lead in the Tour, then why go to the front? Let the others do the work. On the other hand, your leader has a chance of taking some of the stuffing out of the recent leaders, and maybe you can break away and carry him over the line, so altering the situation. Naturally, domestiques are not also-rans, but are vital to the success of the leader and the team so, of course, they share in the prize money. If your leader is fortunate enough to win an extra [Crédit Lyonnais] lion or two, he may give you one as a valued souvenir. Credit Agricole peluche lion   just a cyclist? Not all cyclists have the same skill set, but no real contender can be a slouch in any department. You just about cannot win the Grand Tour unless you are a top climber or time trialist, and damn good at both. Among the ever-present discussions, more like arguments, about whether this year’s Tour, or last year’s, or next year’s, is ‘fair’. There will be claims that the hills are too steep and too many of them, in order to attract and favour a great climber, or perhaps the great home climbers among the Basques. Or the reverse: the climbs are too easy but the time trials are so highly represented that the climbers cannot win. Be aware that modern Tours, despite thousands of kilometres, are usually won or lost by a very few minutes. Remember, in the Grand Tours, the cyclists ride in teams of about ten riders. sprinters [Fr.: sprinteur] Sprinters will tend to win flat stages with a final burst of incredible speed on the final two or three hundred metres, in the midst of bumping and barging in a dangerous melee. These are often big riders with big muscles. time trialers Much of this is about style and technique. It is essentially flat out riding for an hour, or fifty plus kilometres with highest of high-tech equipment and clothing. It costs millions to put a major cycling team on the road. Team trial space invaders There are two categories of time trial : team trials, as illustrated here, and individual time trials. climbers [Fr.: grimpeur] These are often light and all muscle and with tremendous, everlasting stamina, to drive their weight up the mountain sides. They gradually wear down the big boys to a state of despair. You may also see the following terms: rouleur - a fellow with stamina who can keep going all day polyvalent - all-rounder puncheur - strong man able to turn up the amps leader - top star around whom the teams are built directeur sportif - team manager training Sports training is becoming ever more complicated and scientific. Sports cycling training includes mileage, intervals, nutrition and post-ride recovery. Fatigue is also a significant factor in race cycling, and may be one of four types: The bonk , hitting the wall, resulting from muscle glycogen depletion. Developing one or two hours into a ride, i t is more likely to occur if glucose supplements are not taken during the ride to reinforce internal glycogen stores. Post-ride fatigue, the tiredness after several hours of vigorous riding. A sign of approaching training limits, it can lead to better performance on the next outing. Over-reaching is tiredness after a week of hard training. Recovery may lead to increased speed and strength. Overtraining - this is not good, and can take weeks, or even months of recovery. Training often includes participating in lesser competitions in preparation for a more important one. Thus, riders will cycle in the Italian Giro (and/or the Spanish Vuelta when it used to be scheduled earlier in the year) to prepare for the premium race of the Tour de France . This has caused annoyance to the organisers of the Giro and the Vuelta , when big names participate for enough days to tune their bodies, then drop out so as not to overtrain before the Tour de France.   echelon Typical echelon formation. Image: rutrainingtoday.co.uk You will see this behaviour during the big, flat stages with side winds blowing across the plains. It also occurs when the peloton is riding along the seaside. Of course, the number of steps in an echelon is limited by the width of the road. This can result in breaking up a peloton. If you cannot get on the first echelon, you are stuck with having to form or join a second or third one. With a group of strong riders in the first echelon, peloton break-ups are quite likely. Rotating: the cyclists peel off the front and drift to the back of the peloton, giving the next in line a turn at withstanding the brunt of the wind. Shielding yourself behind another rider can save up to 20 to 30% of energy on the flat. This varies by cycling speed, wind speed and wind direction. Obviously, this does not apply to a following wind, and is much reduced in uphill sections.   Do you want to be right at the front of the peleton, or the race? If you are, you will be breaking the oncoming wind for the riders behind. If you are not, and someone crashes in front of you, you risk going down like nine-pins, or should that be 20-30 pins? Your browser does not support the video tag. Tour de France 2015, stage 3 mass crash. Source: NBCSN [continuously repeating clip] And, as part of the team, you may be guarding your leader, almost as a discardable shield, to be sacrificed so he can reach the final sprint and the stage finish in safety, having conserved sufficient energy. But being near the front, but not the actual front runner, can enable a rider to keep out of trouble, from being jostled in the peleton, or clipping a wheel (as in the video above). Thus, the better riders will position themselves near the front of the race, or the peleton, with team mates to protect them from the oncoming wind and from being blocked by members of other teams.   the breakaway (This section applies mainly to non-mountain stages.) There is always a lot of camaraderie on the road with this roughest and hardest of all sports. It’s very difficult for individual riders, or even half a dozen, to break away from the main peloton, for the main peloton can move considerably faster, with its wind-breaking advantages as the leaders change and change about. So why do you so often see breakaways? Well, what’s wrong with a bit of ambition? More seriously, it means your sponsors will have a lot of camera time, which is, after all, for what they are paying. It is also a good way of upping your personal visibility and reputation. Who will be involved in breakaways? It won’t be the top stars. After all, this is a risky gambit. Furthermore, all the top riders watch each other like hawks, and there is no way that they are going to allow a serious rival to gain several minutes on the road. This is so much the case that riders trying to establish a breakaway and finding a serious contender amongst their numbers will tell him to get lost and go back to the main peleton. Why? Because they know full well that the big guns will chase him down, whereas without him, the big guns are much less likely to make the effort. Remember there are team prizes, and a top team will not want to let a seriously competing team escape without inserting one of their own riders in the breakaway. They may even try to sneak in a second rider. If a strong team has managed to get one of its riders away, thereafter it will steadfastly refuse to work at the head of the peloton and chase down the breakaway. There will be other riders going for more minor prizes, such as those for sprint or hill climbing, who will jump out of the peleton to make a dash for a sprint point or a hill crest to grab extra points. Again, they will not be chased down with so much determination as long as they are not treatening the serious contenders. Who else will break away? It’s the fellow who isn’t very high up in the rankings but it’s his birthday, or the race is about to go through, or finish at, his home town; and then there’s always a bit of extra prize money. But do you really want to win a stage? After all, it can make you a target for rival teams. Thus a hot favourite may well prefer to hang back a little for the first few days of a Grand Tour race. How to break away Sometimes the peleton becomes stretched out at the front end, with one or several riders cycling faster, the riders becoming strung out in a line. But it is as if they are attached by an invisible elastic line to the main grouping of the peleton. The front cyclists move ahead, and then are 'pulled' back towards the main pack. In due course, the elastic can be stretched so much, the riders are so far ahead, that the elastic breaks and they have become a breakaway.   some cycling slang/dictionary - a glossary bidon : [French, un bidon, for a container for liquid - a can, tin, flask for water, milk, petrol.] [See sticky bottle ] The highly decorated plastic water bottles used by cycle race riders. The empty bidons are discarded by being thrown to the side of the road, where they are eagerly picked up as souvenirs by spectators or fans. Domestiques returning to their team car at the back of the peloton will load up with eight or more bidons shoved down and up their maillots . They may use a bidon gilet [waistcoat] instead, that has rows of pockets on the back into which to easily slot and remove bidons. However, the gilets do hold less than the traditional method. The bidons are distributed amongst team members when the domestique returns towards the top of the peloton. A bibon contains about 50 cl (½ litre). On a long, hot stage of about five hours, a rider can consume 20 bidons, or ten litres! big or small ring : The front cogs on the pedal shaft. New, asymmetric or elliptical front rings are coming into practice as an alternative to the traditional, circular variety. Asymmetric/elliptical rings are intended to minimise the 'dead spot' as a pedal rises, a rider's thrust on the pedals being strongest when the foot is pressing down. There are dubious claims made that these asymmetric/elliptical rings can increase energy transmission. While it is likely that they may reduce fatigue by smoother transmission, increasing energy is another matter. you may find all manner of technical sites discussing these topics. Electronic gear changing is also spreading for its greater speed and efficiency. Hitting the wall, resulting from muscle glycogen depletion. Developing one or two hours into a ride, it is more likely to occur if glucose supplements are not taken during the ride to reinforce internal glycogen stores. Some times called the 'hunger knock'. bunny-hop : When a rider jumps his bike as he is going forward, in order to surmount a small obstacle in the road such as a ledge or a kerb. capitaine de route : Typically an an older, wiser rider within the team who acts as manager on the road, ensuring all his team's riders are working for their stated goal that day, and setting an example to the younger ones. They will be there in the finishing kilometres of the race. category climbs : It is unreliably said that, originally, the difficulty of a climb up a slope/hill/mountain was determined by which gear was needed when driving a 35 h.p. car (possibly a 2 CV ) up that slope. If it could be driven up the slope in 4th gear, the climb was fourth category; if the car could only go up in 3rd gear, it was a 3rd category climb; second gear made a climb 2nd category, while only being able to climb in 1st gear was categrised as a first category climb. Hors catégorie was used for slopes unaccessible by the car (hors means outside in French). Even today the categorisation of climbs is pretty subjective, as much an art as a science. Gradient still has some bearing on the classification, while if a climb is near near the stage's end, the climb's category may be increased to add more excitement. As a very general rule, climbs are classified as follows: 4th category / catégorie 4 : the lowest category - typically less than 2 km long with about 5% gradient, or up to 5 km at a 2-3% gradient, the climb rising 100 to 200 m 3rd category / catégorie 3 : a climb as short as 1.6 km with a very steep gradient, perhaps 10%, or as long as 10 km with a gradient less than 5%, giving an overall rise of 300 to 500 m 2nd category / catégorie 2: a climb as short as 5 km at 8%, or as long as 15 km at 4%, overall rising from 400 to 1100 m 1st category / catégorie 1: originally the highest category, a hard climb that ranges from 8 km at 8% to 20 km at 5%, rising overall from 1000 to 1500 m hors catégorie [HC] : the hardest climbs, which could be a 1st category climb where the stage finish is at its summit, or a climb more than 10 km long with an average gradient of at least 7.5%, or up to 25 km miles long at 6% or steeper. The climb rises at least 1500 m. col : A mountain pass (from the French) départ fictif : Before the actual start of the day's race, the riders can ride without racing to the actual starting point. This ride is called a processional start. The first stage of the 2014 TDF had a départ fictif in York, with a processional start until the real start, officiated by younger members of the Royal family at Harewood House. dig : A sudden acceleration to put pressure on rivals, often several times. directeur sportif (DS) : French for sporting director. A sporting director manages a sports team, while being the link between the management structure (president, vice-presidents, treasurers), coaches, and practitioners, as well as the race organisers and sponsors. The cycling regulations of the International Cycling Union (UCI) provides that "each team, with the exception of regional teams and club teams must designate a single official appointed sporting director." This designation is a prerequisite to a team registered with the UCI and its participation in competitions on the international calendar. The sporting director is "responsible for the organization of sport riders as well as social and human conditions in which they practice the sport in the team," and establishes the "division of labor" within the management team. L'Equipe : French daily sports paper, with four plus pages containing more statistics and comment on the Tours than you could possibly take in, costing a little over a euro. étape : From the French for ‘stage’: race stage flamme rouge : The flamme rouge is the red pennant at the centre of the archway (l'arche) marking the start of the final kilometre of a stage. (It is also known as the red kite.) In Italy; it is known as l'ultimo chilometro. The flamme rouge has probably been included in the TDF since early days, the 1906 Tour being quoted. The flamme rouge suspended from inflatable arch In modern, fairly flat stages, because of the melée with its common crashes, the three-kilometre mark is also used as a marker. After the 3 km marker, if there is a crash, any part of a group that is held up by the crash is allocated the same time as the part of the group that was not held up. This rule does not apply for high climb finishes. gear, bigger or smaller : A bigger gear is obtained by either or both a larger front cog ( ring ), or a smaller back cog ( sprocket ). grand départ : French for the Big Start - the celebratory start as the circus gets under way on the eve of the first day and the first day itself of the race. This is a big deal for the town and the country concerned, who do as much as they can to encourage enthusiasm, spectators, associated visitors and tourism, as well as revenue. groupetto : [Italian] a small group of riders. handsling: When one rider helps another rider to speed up by holding hands, pulling the helped rider forward. This is against cycling race rules. It used to be common, even a pushing a leader up a hill. However, such assistance is increasingly frowned upon. A minor infraction may draw a small fine, bigger ones like Nibali hanging onto a car for 150 metres can get the rider disqualified (Nibali: 2015 Vuelta d'España ). This manoeuvre was developed, at the end of the 19th century in the United States, as part of the 6-day races called Madisons. Thus, in France, a handsling is often called an American. hot dog turn : Australian term for a U-turn, or a very tight turn. lead out : The chap or chaps pacing a team leader, especially on a sprint, protecting his fastest sprinter to the last possible moment. line out : Extended line as the pace is increased. long cage and Deraillier : Personal list of racing sucesses, such as stage wins, 1st on La Vuelta, 1988. parcours : is the day’s route pedalling squares : The sensation a rider feels when he is so tired that he loses pedalling rhythm, he can no longer pedal smoothly and each downstroke jerks. This can also occur when cycling on too small a gear - for instance, when going downhill. peluche : Literally, plush, as in a textile having a similar touch to down or fur, such as used for the ‘fur’ of soft toys. In French, a soft toy such as a teddy bear, or a yeti, is known generally as une peluche. (A teddy bear is un ours en peluche.) peloton : The main, often compact, group of riders, sometimes written as ‘peloton’ in English. Derived from pelote - a small, compact ball of silk, wool or rubber, also an army platoon. (The Basque game of pelote uses a small rubber ball.) Also related to the English word ‘pellet’. processional start : Riding without racing from the nominal stage start, the départ fictif , to the definitive start of the day's race. put the hammer down : Italian word, describing a group of fans or supporters. transponder : From 2015, each rider has a GPS transponder allocated to them, attached behind the saddle. These 'fox tails' are used by every rider, during every stage of the Tour. Data recorded is streamed live to the organisers and TV companies, and is used to determine, amongst other stats, the stage winner’s top speed, average speed, and time per kilometre the fastest riders up key climbs the speed of the winner at the finish line the top speed achieved by a rider on the day average speed across all riders. If a rider changes bike during a stage, the team must notify the organisers because the transponder probably will not be transferred to a replacement as that would take too much time. Previously, a boxed magnetic timing chip (placed exactly 1.2m behind the lead edge of the front tyre) enabled the verification and scoring of each rider's arrival at a stage's finish. However, the box could cause problems when changing a rear wheel. wheel sucker :
i don't know
Napier University is in which British city?
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Edinburgh
Who duetted with Madonna on the 2008 single ‘Four Minutes’?
CityU SCOPE - BA/BA (Hons) Marketing Management BA/BA (Hons) Marketing Management Date: 24 Feb 2017 (Fri) Time: 18:30 - 20:00 This programme is recognized under the Qualifications Framework. QF Level: 5 QR Registration Number: 12/000153/5 [BA(Hons)] ;                                                 12/000154/5 [BA] Validity Period : 1 September 2012 to 31 August 2020 Introduction Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh Napier University is one of CityU SCOPE's largest UK partners of Higher Education in Hong Kong. Edinburgh Napier delivers the skills and experience that matter.  It combrines professional know-how with an academic approach and work-related learning to help its students succeed beyond university.  Meanwhile, its research approach sharpes the world around us, improving lives in Scotland and across the globe.  Edinburgh Napier is one of the largest universities in Scotland, with almost 19,500 students. It is split into six Schools: The Business School, School of Arts & Creative Industry; School of Computing; School of Engineering & the Built Environment; School of Applied Sciences and School of Health & Social Care.  The University has approximately 1,500 staff and offers around 300 undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, as well as an extensive range of short courses for industry and commerce. Many of its short courses have been tailored to fit international clients’ needs and are delivered abroad. The Business School The Business School is the largest Business Schools in Scotland with more than 8,500 students.  It offers a wide range of Business, Finance, Hospitality and Tourism courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.  The Business School has been working with SCOPE at City University of Hong Kong since 1997, providing learning opportunities for students in Hong Kong to articulate from their associate degree and diploma programmes onto a number of our honours degree and degree programmes. The School is the home to nine subject groups, namely: Accounting; Marketing; Human Resource Management; Strategy, Operations & Economics; Law; Tourism; Entrepreneurship; Langauges; and Financial Services.   The Marketing Subject Group offers the Marketing degrees in the UK and Hong Kong.  Our degrees focus on Marketing Management at both the strategic and tactical levels. Edinburgh Napier University Scholorship Scholarships are offered to students on this programme, with outstanding prior academic achievements. An award is also offered to an Honours student with outstanding performance in the programme. Overseas Study Opportunity In Trimester 2 students on this programme will have a valuable opportunity to study in the UK campus of Edinburgh Napier University for a  whole trimester. Bursaries may be available for eligible students. Outstanding Reputation Edinburgh Napier University’s recent achievements include: 95.1% of our graduates are in work or further education six months after graduation (HESA 2014/2015). Times Higher Education ranks Edinburgh Napier in top 5% world universities. The top  Scottish Modern University for  Marketing subject (The Complete University Guide 2017). It is number 1 in the UK for nuturing student talent, according to the 2017 Guardian University Guide.  This compares enty requirements with final degree awards to produce an added value score. It is the largest UK provider of higher education in Hong Kong, with more than 3,000 students studying there. More than half of its research was related either "world-leading" or "internationally excellent" in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF). It is intrenationally recognised: in the recent QS Stars international university rankings, the quality of its teaching, internationalisation and employability were all officially recognised, with the University scoring five starts in each category. The Business is ranked in the UK’s top ten “EXCELLENT Business School with reinforcing international influence” (3 Palmes category) by the Eduniversal Worldwide Business  School  Ranking 2015. Edinburgh Napier has been offering Marketing programmes in HK since 2000. Over 250 students (Full- and Part-Time) on this BAMM programme in 2016/17. The graduates of our Marketing programmes will shortly reach around 1,900.  
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