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Kathmandu is the capital of which country?	Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal 737 Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagarpalika (Metropolitan City), as compared to Up-Mahanagarpalika (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagarpalika (Municipality). Tell your friends Tweet Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu has a population of close to 1 million people. The municipal area is 50.67 square kilometres (19.56 sq mi) and has a population density of 3000per km² and 17000 per km square in city. The city stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley of central Nepal. It is surrounded by four major mountains: Shivapuri, Phulchoki, Nagarjun, and Chandragiri. Kathmandu Valley is part of three districts (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur), has the highest population density in the country, and is home to about a twelfth of Nepal's population. Historically, the Kathmandu Valley and adjoining areas were known as Nepal Mandala. Until the 15th century, Bhaktapur was its capital when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Lalitpur, were established. During the Rana and Shah eras, British historians called the valley itself "Nepal Proper". Today, Kathmandu is not only the capital of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, but also the headquarters of the Bagmati Zone and the Central Development Region of Nepal. Kathmandu is the gateway to tourism in Nepal. It is also the hub of the country's economy. It has the most advanced infrastructure of any urban area in Nepal, and its economy is focused on tourism, which accounted for 3.8% of Nepal's GDP in 1995пїЅ96. Tourism in Kathmandu declined thereafter during a period of political unrest, but since then has improved. In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top 10 travel destinations on the rise in the world by TripAdvisor, and ranked first in Asia. The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. ... Subscribe to our newsletter and stay up to date with the latest news and deals! Subscribe	Nepal
National Doctors Day is celebrated in the USA during which month of the year?	Nepal: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities New Constitution Passes, Prime Minister Koirala Resigns Geography A landlocked country the size of Arkansas, lying between India and the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, Nepal contains Mount Everest (29,035 ft; 8,850 m), the tallest mountain in the world. Along its southern border, Nepal has a strip of level land that is partly forested, partly cultivated. North of that is the slope of the main section of the Himalayan range, including Everest and many other peaks higher than 8,000 m. Government In Nov. 1990, King Birendra promulgated a new constitution and introduced a multiparty parliamentary democracy in Nepal. Under pressure amid massive pro-democracy protests in April 2006, King Gyanendra gave up direct rule and reinstated Parliament, which then quickly moved to diminish the King's power. In Dec. 2007, Parliament voted to abolish the monarchy and become a federal democratic republic. The transition to a republic was completed in May 2008, when the Constituent Assemby voted to dissolve the monarchy. History The first civilizations in Nepal, which flourished around the 6th century B.C. , were confined to the fertile Kathmandu Valley where the present-day capital of the same name is located. It was in this region that Prince Siddhartha Gautama was born c. 563 B.C. Gautama achieved enlightenment as Buddha and spawned Buddhism. Nepali rulers' early patronage of Buddhism largely gave way to Hinduism, reflecting the increased influence of India, around the 12th century. Though the successive dynasties of the Gopalas, the Kiratis, and the Licchavis expanded their rule, it was not until the reign of the Malla kings from 1200–1769 that Nepal assumed the approximate dimensions of the modern state. The kingdom of Nepal was unified in 1768 by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who had fled India following the Moghul conquests of the subcontinent. Under Shah and his successors, Nepal's borders expanded as far west as Kashmir and as far east as Sikkim (now part of India). A commercial treaty was signed with Britain in 1792 and again in 1816 after more than a year of hostilities with the British East India Company.	i don't know
TAP is the chief airline of which European country?	Flytap - Oficial Site FLYTAP If it is your first time visiting the new flytap.com, please, log-in here . Login Customer number (TP) or email Password: Close How to log-in? Flytap has changed! It has new features and a new customer area that, were especially designed just for you. There are some errors on the form: Please correct the indicated fields. Viagem With flexible dates, it is easier to find better fares. Direct flights only There are some errors on the form: Please correct the indicated fields. toolbarmanagecheck You can find your reservation code on the electronic ticket that was emailed to you. Reservation date I have a TAP account Log in and make the process easier. There are some errors on the form: Please correct the indicated fields. Gerir Estado do Voo Enter the flight number you would like to search for. Continue There are some errors on the form: Please correct the indicated fields. Enter your reservation code You can find your reservation code on the electronic ticket that was emailed to you. Last name Additional information Additional information You can find your ticket number written on the electronic ticket that was emailed to you. Continue I have a TAP account Log in and make the process easier. Do you already speak FlyMoji? Download TAP’s emojis app now and give wings to your conversations! Stay up to 3 days in Portugal at no extra cost. Discover a beautiful country and enjoy all Stopover perks. Benefits from traveling with TAP Victoria Program Choose how you want to travel pay only what you need. Leading Airline to South America & Africa and Up inflight magazine is Europe's Leading Inflight Magazine at World Travel Awards! Contact Center (Abre numa nova janela) Newsletter Subscribe to our newsletter and receive all of the latest news and exclusive offers and promotions in your email. © 2017, TAP. All rights reserved. The form contains the following errors: Please correct: Attention Preencha o formulário para Recuperar Password Following your request, your TAP Account is suspended. When you log in, your account becomes active again, canceling the cancelation process. Want to reactivate your account? Cancel There are some errors on the form: Please correct the indicated fields. Recover password Forgot your password? Don't worry! Enter your e-mail and we'll take care of it. Forgot your password? Don't worry! Enter your e-mail and we'll take care of it. E-mail: Recover password Check your inbox. In the next five minutes, you will receive an e-mail with instructions for creating a new password. Fechar Don't remember your Victoria customer number? Let us help you. Please contact us: Still not a TAP customer? Register now! Portuguese (Portugal) Close TAP would like to alert you to the impossibility of changing your booking via Manage Your Booking if: You have a Lisbon-Porto and/or Porto-Lisbon flight (Ponte Aérea) and you want to change to a same day flight; If any of the following ancillary services are associated to your reservation: Unaccompanied Minors;	Portugal
In the children’s tv series, what is the name of Bob the Builder’s female business partner?	Error 404 - Page not found Portuguese (Portugal) Close TAP would like to alert you to the impossibility of changing your booking via Manage Your Booking if: You have a Lisbon-Porto and/or Porto-Lisbon flight (Ponte Aérea) and you want to change to a same day flight; If any of the following ancillary services are associated to your reservation: Unaccompanied Minors;	i don't know
The pollex is better known as which part of the human body?	The Trees. 70 In this study I would like to examine the body of man. Man is a metaphor. Indeed, one of several meanings of the Hebrew word adam (ï¿½manï¿½) is ï¿½I resemble.ï¿½ For man is a microcosm of creation ï¿½in the words of the Talmud , ï¿½As the soul fills the body, so HaShem fills the universe.ï¿½ [1] Thus Iyov declares, ï¿½From my flesh, I perceive HaShem ï¿½, [2] by contemplating the workings of our body and the manner in which it relates to and is animated by our soul, we gain insight into the workings of creation and the manner in which it relates to and is sustained by its source. Man is a microcosm, and so provides analogies for all other worlds which can explain the secrets of reality and the great riddles hidden from our sensesï¿½. [3] According to R. Bachya, our primary duty is to study that which is closest to us: the human being. It is our duty to study the origins and birth of the human, the form and structure of his physical frame, how the various body parts are connected and function together, the purpose of each individual part and the need for it to take its present form. Next we should study manï¿½s advantages, his various temperaments, the faculties of his soul, the light of his intellect, his qualities -- those that are essential and those that are accidental; his desires , and the ultimate purpose of his being. When we have arrived at an understanding of the matters noted in regard to man, much of the mystery of this universe will become clear to us, since the one resembles the other... as Job said (Job 19:26): ï¿½From my flesh I see God.ï¿½ [4] The Rambam [5] states that the only way to love and fear HaShem is through the study of His creation , for only through this study are we able to know HaShem . Our understanding of HaShem can only be achieved by the intellectual investigation of the genius and balance of His creation . Every detail, every remarkable insight and fact is necessary in our attempt to know ( Daat ) and connect with HaShem . The human body is the physical element in a complex and ultimately spiritual being. The human body is not simply the housing for the spiritual essences, it is part and parcel of the combined human being, a being that will ultimately exist in greater spiritual form in the world to come, after the resurrection . For when the world to come begins, and we stand up at the resurrection , we will stand up with combined body and soul, though both will be raised to a much higher spiritual level than at which we stand today. The walls of the succah represent the human body, and are even adorned with kishutim, jewelry, so-to- speak , as we adorn a body. For, like the body itself, the walls of the succah are only a temporary and somewhat flimsy encasement for the person, the soul, that enters and then later leaves it. The spiritual nature of the human body is manifested in an erect posture. This is one of the aspects of a human being which shows his spiritual nature. The fact that a man stands upright and has a certain glow in the face is a manifestation of his difference from an animal. These two features distinguish us from the animals. Maharalï¿½s View Maharal suggests that the human body symbolizes aspects of HaShem , rather than that the actual form of the body reflects the form of HaShem in some way. In his view, human characteristics such as our walking upright, having two eyes, the heels of our feet , all remind us, if we understand them correctly, of attributes of HaShem . Specifically, our walking upright indicates a lack of subservience, our eyes remind us of HaShem ï¿½s awareness of good and evil, and our heels can remind us of the ubiquity of sin . Vilna Gaonï¿½s View According to our mystical tradition, the human being is a microcosm of all creation , and within the human being one can find the characteristics of every creature. The Vilna Gaon, a leading sage of the 18th century, states that this idea is expressed in the following pasuk, where the Creator proclaims: Bereshit (Genesis) 1:26 Let us make the human being in Our image and after Our likeness. Who was the Creator speaking to when He said, ï¿½Let us make the human beingï¿½? According to the Vilna Gaon, the Creator was addressing all of creation , bidding each creature to contribute a portion of its characteristics to the human being. For example, the human beingï¿½s strength is traced to the lion; his swiftness to the eagle; his cunning to the fox; and his capacity for growth to the flora. THE TORAH AS A LIVING ORGANISM The weaving of the Torah from the Ineffable Name (YHWH) suggests the analogy that the Torah is a living texture, a live body in the formulation of both Azriel of Gerona and the Zohar . The Torah ï¿½is like an entire building; just as one man has many organs with different functions, so among the different chapters of the Torah some seem important in their outward appearance and some unimportant,ï¿½ yet in actual fact all are bound together in a single organic pattern. Just as manï¿½s unified nature is divided up among the various organs of his body, so the living cell of HaShem ï¿½s Name , which is the subject of revelation, grows into the earthly Torah that men possess. Down to the last, seemingly insignificant detail of the Masoretic text, the Torah has been passed on with the understanding that it is a living structure from which not even one letter can be excised without seriously harming the entire body. The Torah is like a human body that has a head, torso, heart, mouth, and so forth. The Divisions of the Body The human body is divided into three parts: the head, the most aristocratic part of the body; the middle section, which incorporates the heart; and the lower section of the body, the most mundane of all (symbolizing the three sections of the Mishkan , the Kodesh Kodeshim (Holy of Holies), the Kodesh (the Holy Place), and the Chatzer (the courtyard), and the three worlds , the world of the angels , the world of the luminaries, and this world . There are 613 commandments . The positive commandments (do), numbering 248, are equivalent to the number of organs in the human body. The 365 negative commandments (do not do) are equivalent to the number of blood vessels in the human body. The 613 mitzvot relate to 613 specific physical areas in the body, a Hakham (Rabbi) can analyze whether a limb is affected by an adversely conducted mitzva . [6] Man has 248 limbs they are as follows: Thirty bones in the foot , six in each toe. Then, ten bones in the ankle, two in the lower leg, five in the knee, one in the thigh, and three in each hip. There are eleven pairs of ribs. The hand has thirty bones, six in each finger. There are two bones in the forearm, two in the elbow, one in the upper arm, and four in each shoulder. This yields a sum of 102 bones on each side, for a total of 204. Besides these, there are another 46 limbs. These include the eighteen vertebra of the spine, nine bones in the head, and eight in the neck. There are also six in the ï¿½gateway to the heart,ï¿½ which is the chest, and another five at the outside orifices. The total is 248 limbs. The Hakhamim (Rabbis) declared that there were 248 members (bones) in the human body; [7] namely, forty in the tarsal region and the foot (30+10 = 40); 2 in the leg (the tibia and fibula); 6 in the knee (including the head of the femur, and the epiphyses of the tibia and fibula); three in the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubes); eleven ribs (the twelfth rib, owing to its diminutive size, was not counted); 30 in the hand (the carpal bones and the phalanges); two in the forearm (radius and ulna); 2 at the elbow (the olecranon and the head of the radius); 1 in the arm (humerus); four in the shoulder (clavicle, scapula, coracoid process, and acromion)ï¿½which makes 101 for each side of the body, or 202 for bothï¿½ eighteen vertebrï¿½; 9 in the head (cranium and face), eight in the neck (7 vertebral and the os hyoides), five around the openings [sic] of the body (cartilaginous bones), and six in the key of the heart (the sternum). The human form also has 248 limbs (and organs), corresponding to the 248 positive commandments of the Torah, and 365 connecting tissues, veins or sinews, corresponding to the 365 prohibitions of the Torah [8] . Like man, the earth is also divided into 248 parts with a head, eyes, mouth and other limbs. It also has 365 arteries. Every time a person observes a commandment , he sustains one of his limbs, as well as a part of the world . Each limb announces, ï¿½Observe a commandment with me, so that I will live longï¿½. It is for this reason that man is called a microcosm He is a miniature universe, having in him everything that exists in the world . Nowhere is it written which mitzva corresponds to which item in the body. This appears to be a secret Tzaddikim have. When something goes wrong physically , it is because a mitzva or group of mitzvot are not being performed properly. The power that should be flowing to that limb is subverted. The power that should be coming from the soul (Torah) to the physical body ( mitzvot ) is not flowing properly. ï¿½The body,ï¿½ writes Hakham Culi [9] , ï¿½has 248 limbs and 365 blood vessels . . . The soul has exactly the same number of limbs and blood vessels, but these are spiritual rather than physical . Each part of the soul is in its counterpart in the body, and is strongly bound to it.ï¿½ * * * The Shela Hakodesh writes that each of the 248 positive mitzvot corresponds to one of the 248 limbs of the body and each of the 365 negative commandments corresponds to one of the 365 veins and arteries of the body. Each positive mitzva that one fulfils and each negative commandment that one is careful not to transgress nourishes its corresponding limb or vein. However, if one neglects one of the mitzvot or commits a sin , he blemishes the parallel limb or vein of his neshama. The Shela then notes that it is impossible for any one individual to observe all 613 mitzvot . Some mitzvot apply only to kohanim ; others, only in Eretz Israel or when the Bet HaMikdash stood. Still, others apply only in rare circumstances, e.g., if one ï¿½s brother dies without children and there is a mitzva for him to marry his brotherï¿½s widow (yibum). If that is the case, how can one properly prepare his neshama for the Next World and prevent his neshama from being blemished? The Shela answers that if one fulfils those mitzvot that he is capable of performing and learns the sections of the Torah related to all the mitzvot , it is considered as if he fulfilled the entire Torah. This is alluded to in the passage here. ï¿½For this commandment that I command you today is not hidden from you...ï¿½. This refers to those mitzvot that are hidden from one and are impossible to fulfil, e.g., mitzvot that apply to kohanim . ï¿½...And it is not distant...ï¿½. This refers to mitzvot that are possible to fulfill but circumstances are rare, e.g., Yibum or Birchat HaChama . ï¿½...Nor is it across the sea...ï¿½. This refers to mitzvot that can only be performed in Eretz Israel thereby exempting one who lives across the sea. The Torah says that one should not say that it is hidden, far, in the heavens or across the sea. Rather, it is very near to you, in your mouths and in your hearts to learn and delve into it. The pasuk ends with the words ï¿½to perform itï¿½. All that precedes these final words is given on condition that one performs those mitzvot that he can fulfil. Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai interpreted the following verse: Devarim (Deuteronomy) 23:15 HaShem your G-d is constantly present in the midst of your camp [beï¿½kerev machanecha] . ï¿½In the midstï¿½ [beï¿½kerev] refers to none other than your heart, and ï¿½your camp ï¿½ [machanecha] is your body with its 248 limbs. The verse thus continues, ï¿½Make sure that no unseemly thing/word be seen in you, which might cause Him to withdraw His presence.ï¿½ Your body is a Temple for the Divine! Sanctify [i.e. elevate] your mind, speech, and actions, even when you are engaged in permitted activities. [In other words, sanctification does not only refer to refraining from that which is forbidden, but, in addition, to being careful to elevate even that which is permitted [10] .] Woe to you if you donï¿½t, for it will be considered as if you had defiled the Mikdash of the king! * * * (a) The two calf-bones and one thigh-bones comprise the majority of the volume of bones of the human body. (b) Since there are 248 limbs in a male human body, the majority of limbs will total 125. (c) According to Rebbi Yehoshua, there are 252 limbs in a female human body, But according to Rebbi Akiva, there are 253. (d) A quarter of a Kav ( six egg-volumes) of bones will also be Metamei beï¿½Ohel. The Beginning We observe that the childï¿½s entire body is derived from a drop of semen originating in its fatherï¿½s brain . Yet the many physical components which constitute the childï¿½s body are by no means uniform. They vary greatly, from the brain , the highest component, to the nails of the feet , the lowest. These radical differences come about through the presence of the drop of semen in the motherï¿½s womb during the forty weeks of gestation . It is this period of physical development that produces the differences between one organ and another: the more materialized a particular component of the drop becomes, the more it diverges from its original state and becomes an entity with its own unique physical characteristics. We thus observe that though all the organs share a common source, nevertheless in the process of development there arise differences as radical as that between brain and nails. Another matter evident from the analogy: Though the nails are the most insignificant part of the childï¿½s body, they are still bound and united with their first source, the fatherï¿½s brain . For, like the other parts of the childï¿½s body, the nails too receive their nourishment and life from its brain . Since the childï¿½s brain retains the essence of its source (the fatherï¿½s brain ) and is thus constantly bound to its source, even the nails are therefore bound up with their original source. * * * A personï¿½s two principle organs are his brain and his heart. The Maharal, commenting on the Mishna in Avot, ï¿½May it be Your will that the Bet HaMikdash be rebuilt speedily in our days, and make our portion in Your Torah,ï¿½ explains that there is a reference here to these two organs. Divine service is the ï¿½heart,ï¿½ while Torah is the ï¿½ brain .ï¿½ A persons brain is the kodesh ha-kodoshim (Holy of Holies) of the human body. The following charts shows the ten structures of the human being as it relates to the men of the synagogue and to the Temple : Bet Kenesset ï¿½ The Body HAIR The highest part of the human body is the hair .ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ This complex subject is so large that I needed a separate paper to explain it. That study is titled HAIR . As HaShem is more revealed in the Bet HaMikdash , so, the soul is concentrated in the head. The Jews are called Israel because the letters can be switched around to form the words, Li Rosh (ï¿½to me as a headï¿½) [11] . The head has three parts: the brain , the skull and the hair . The brain is the source of reason, and the skull represents will. Hair represents the Chachma which is revealed to us (the Torah), just as hair receives a minute amount of Chayot from the brain . Thus, the revelation of the ï¿½ hair ï¿½ is in Gan Eden (since Torah is studied there) and the revelation of the brain (hidden Chachma) and of the skull (will, mitzvot ), will be revealed when Mashiach comes. The Tallit that is wrapped around us, represents the mitzvot , the skull and the tzitzith are like the hairs (Chachma, Torah). Since tzitzith contain both ideas (Torah and mitzvot ), they correspond to the whole Torah, and thus the statement that ï¿½ tzitzith are compared to the whole Torahï¿½. [12] * * * According to Jewish mysticism, the forehead is associated with the inclusive of Keter (including Chachma, Bina, and Daat ). This is related to the verse, ï¿½The gold plate shall be on Aaronï¿½s forehead before HaShem ï¿½ (Ex. 28:36), since the plate was engraved with the Tetragrammaton, HaShem ï¿½s Holy Name . In addition, the Zohar [13] compares the rest of the head to the menorah of the Sanctuary of which it is written: Bamidbar ( Numbers ) 8:2 ï¿½When you [Aaron] light the Menorah, its seven lights shall shine toward the centerï¿½. The seven lamps emanating light from the oil correspond to the seven apertures of the head: two eyes, two ears, two nostrils and the mouth, which radiate the light of the mind. This light should be directed toward the center, in the service of HaShem . Lastly, these four sets of organs correspond to the four letters of the Divine Name , where the mouth relates to the last heh - ה and the last of the sefirot, Malchut. We see then that the ten Sefirot permeate the head, from Keter in the forehead on high to Malchut in the mouth. Subjugating and harmonizing one ï¿½s thoughts to the will of HaShem brings one into the spiritual loop such that he becomes a conduit for the flow of Divine energy cascading from on high down below. This is symbolized by a kiss on the forehead that originates in the mind of the bestower, is transmitted down through the mouth, and received by the mind of the recipient who is now resonating in harmony with HaShem . The Brain The human forebrain is made up of a pair of large cerebral hemispheres. Because of crossing over of the spinal tracts, the left hemisphere of the forebrain deals with the right side of the body and vice versa. Things in the higher world are reversed in the lower world when they become manifested. We see this when we see the wicked prosper and the righteous suffer. This reversal is absolutely essential in order for us to have free will. If the righteous always prospered and the wicked always suffered; who would want to be wicked ? This apparent injustice is resolved in the next world where we see that the righteous are paying, in this world , for any minor sins that they committed. The wicked , too, are being paid for any minor mitzva that they committed. Thus in the next world the righteous find only reward and the wicked find only punishment. The next world does not have the cross-over. It is a world of essence. The brain stem and its parts: The medulla oblongata is an enlarged continuation of the spinal cord extending up into the pons (a large bulge under the brain stem). On each side of the medulla oblongata is an oval swelling, called the olive, from which a large bundle of nerve fibers arises and passes up into the cerebellum. Because of its location, all ascending and descending nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord must pass through it. Medulla Oblongata - The medulla oblongata functions primarily as a relay station for the crossing of motor tracts between the spinal cord and the brain . It also contains the respiratory, vasomotor, and cardiac centers, as well as many mechanisms for controlling reflex activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and vomiting Midbrain - The midbrain serves as the nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres and contains auditory and visual reflex centers. Pons - The pons is a bridge-like structure which links different parts of the brain and serves as a relay station from the medulla to the higher cortical structures of the brain . It contains the respiratory center. The head contains three hidden parts: The right and left forebrain and the brain stem. These three parts picture the Bet Din, the bench of three . The right and left lobes have a dominant lobe, signifying the right hand Dayan (Judge) in the Bet Din (court). The brain stem pictures the Rosh Bet Din (Chief Justice). This organ is the most centered of the organs of the head, being centered left to right, front to back, and top to bottom. The brain captures and translates the message of the neshamah [14] into concepts and ideas. The Mishkan ï¿½s furnishings or vessels are seen as representations of the various organs and faculties of man: The Ark (containing the Torah) corresponds to the mind, intellect and the faculty of speech. Chachmah (wisdom), of all the mental powers, is considered to be the essential mind or the ï¿½mind within the mind.ï¿½ Consequently, binah (understanding) relative to chachmah, in addition to referring to the heart itself (the physical seat of emotive experience born from the understanding of the mind), can be regarded as the relative ï¿½heart within the mind.ï¿½ This distinction also plays itself out in the body, where Chachmah is positioned in the right lobe and Binah in the left lobe of the brain . The third additional element, Daat ï¿½ the midbrain , is located in the rear lobe of the brain at the point where the brain connects to the spine, the position of the occipital lobe. We hear about the concept of brain death. This refers only to the demise of the brain -stem. This does not refer to being comatose, which may only be a state of unconsciousness, nor to the persistent vegetative state in which case the patient is completely alive. It is more accurate to call it brain -stem death, or the death of the whole brain . The brain -stem is the lower part of the brain , which controls automatic, instinctual reactions. At the demise of the brain -stem, it is impossible to remain alive without the help of a breathing apparatus. The body is unable to breath on its own. Our Sages discuss the part of the body which first returns to life (in the resurrection ). It was called the Luz bone, and it is located at the back of the neck. Interestingly, the brain -stem is at the top of the spinal cord and the lower area of the brain ! * * * Doesnï¿½t the Torah itself say that one must decide in accordance with the majority? The Rabbi responded with a parable: once, all the hundreds of other organs in the body gathered in opposition to the brain . All of them were being treated as nothing but servants. The brain never consulted with them or asked any of their opinions about what to do, rather, the brain made all the decisions by itself, and whatever it felt like doing, all the other organs were obligated to do. ï¿½Can this be?ï¿½ argued the other organs. ï¿½The Torah itself says that one must decide in accordance with the majority!ï¿½ But the brain responded immediately. ï¿½That verse,ï¿½ explained the brain , ï¿½is discussing the Sanhedrin, the Supreme Rabbinical Court, where 71 brains sat together. Therefore it was necessary to ask the opinions of each one , and in cases of disagreement they would rule in accordance with the majority. But you donï¿½t have a single brain between all of you! Just tails that think they can offer an opinion. In such a case, no one says that one must follow that majority!ï¿½ The Mid- Brain The center of the head is the mid- brain , [15] the controller of the body. One can visualize where this area is located by placing a finger behind the ear and another finger between the eyes. The imaginary point where these two ï¿½linesï¿½ cross, is the mid- brain . A bullet that pierces this area will surely kill the person. The following picture illustrates the how the mid- brain is centered in the head. When we examine Shechem (and the grave of Joseph HaTzaddik), we will see that Shechem bears the geographic topography similar to the brain with Jerusalem as the mid- brain . Shechem was also the location of Dothan whose name means ï¿½dual wellsï¿½. This causes us to recall the two hemispheres of the brain which are wells to hold our knowledge of Torah. One of the major functions of the brain is involved with ï¿½rememberingï¿½. The secret password given to us by Yosef HaTzaddik, is pakod pakadti etchem. Yosef is intimately associated with Shechem in that he was sold by his brothers in Shechem , Yaaqov Avinu gave Shechem to Yosef as an inheritance , and his bones were buried in Shechem . The Jews were given a sign : if a purported liberator uses the term pakod pakadti etchem, he is a true savior. That is what Yosef meant when he said, ï¿½pakod yifkod Elokim Etchem (Elokim will surely remember you)ï¿½. [16] As soon as Moshe mentioned these words, he was trusted. [17] Thus we have a strong connection between remembering and Shechem . There is much, much more to this subject! I have written a separate paper to try to delve into this most interesting subject. The name of the study is: BRAIN . FOREHEAD The forehead is open and blank. It is at the highest part of the body to indicate an extremely elevated function: Where the forehead is facing is where you are going! What direction are you facing? You will walk in the direction of your forehead. The forehead is a symbol of your ratzon , your desire . Midrash Rabbah - The Song of Songs VII:11 THY FOREHEAD Is LIKE THE TOWER OF LEBANON. This is the Sanctuary . Just as the forehead is on the highest part of a man, so the Sanctuary is in the highest part of the world . Just as most ornaments are suspended from the forehead, so priesthood, Levites, and kingship are from Jacob . The following are some of the Ariï¿½s teachings of the spiritual significance of the design of the human body: The golden head-plate resembles another religious object worn above the forehead: tefillin . The Sages in fact compared the two , and declared: if the tzitz (sacred head-plate), upon which HaShem ï¿½s Name is engraved just once, required constant awareness, certainly tefillin , in which HaShem ï¿½s Name is mentioned many times, have the same requirement. Yet the argument seems weak. Do the Sages really mean that tefillin , worn by any Jew , are holier than the sacred head-plate worn only by the High Priest when serving in the Temple ? Also, why is it that the head-plate only mentions HaShem ï¿½s Name once? We can divide all of life into two parts: ultimate goals, and the means we use to reach those goals. We must be careful not to confuse one for the other. It is easy to loose sight of our true goals when we are intensively occupied with the ways of achieving them. Even those who are careful to stay on track may not have a clear understanding of the true purpose of life. The Sages taught that ï¿½all actions should be for the sake of Heaven ï¿½. Knowledge of what HaShem wants us to do in each and every situation is by no means a simple matter. The ability to discover the highest value, to comprehend the central value of existence, and to be able to relate all of life to this central theme, this is a function of one ï¿½s wisdom and spiritual greatness. Regarding the High Priest , we expect that the person suitable for such a central and elevated position will have reached the level of enlightenment whereby all activity revolves around one ultimate goal. Everything relates to the central theme of ï¿½Holy to HaShem ï¿½. Therefore the tzitz contained only one mention of HaShem ï¿½s Name , one crowning value. The common person, on the other hand , may not reached this level of enlightenment. For him there exist many elevated goals: Torah study , acts of kindness, charity, prayer , service, wisdom, prophecy, etc. These are true spiritual values, and by relating various activities to each of these values, one will succeed in elevating himself and recognizing the underlying central goal. Therefore the individualï¿½s tefillin contains HaShem ï¿½s Name many times, reflecting many guiding spiritual goals. We see how much people need physical reinforcement in order to keep the ultimate goals of life in sight. This is the underlying logic of the Sageï¿½s comparison between the head-plate and Tefillin . Even the High Priest , despite his broad spiritual perception, needed to be constantly aware of the tzitz on his forehead and its message. Certainly the average Jew , with a multitude of spiritual goals, needs to maintain contact and recognition of his tefillin . [18] This symbolized that Aaronï¿½s mind was sacred and worthy of carrying the name of HaShem that was embossed on the tzitz. The obvious question here is, how does the tzitz which is worn on the forehead of the high priest , atone for the impurity of the holy offerings? In other words: what is the connection between the golden plate, the forehead, the sacrifice , and impurity ? Before taking up this question we will first examine another source, which is also related to the tzitz and atonement . Rabbi Anani bar Sasson catalogued the various sins for which the priestly garments provide atonement : the tunic atones for bloodshed; the breeches (trousers) atone for incest; the mitre for arrogance; the girdle for sinful thoughts of the heart; the breastplate atones for errors in legal judgment; the ephod, for idolatry ; the robe, slander, and the tzitz procures atonement for impudence. The reason given for the latter: the tzitz is worn ï¿½on the forehead (metzach) of Aharonï¿½ and in Jeremiah 3:3 it is written: ï¿½and you had the forehead (metzach) of a harlot.ï¿½ From here we learned that the tzitz atones for sins of impudence. [19] Beyond this comparison, which is of a strictly technical, verbal nature, the word ï¿½foreheadï¿½ (ï¿½metzachï¿½) does in fact have a broader meaning which relates to human behavior and character. An examination of the Biblical idiom leads us to the conclusion that ï¿½metzachï¿½ symbolizes hardness which carries with it opposition and refusal. The words of HaShem to Ezekiel, when He sends him to the people of Israel as a prophet, include the following passage: ï¿½But the House of Israel will not want to listen to you for they do not want to listen to Me, for all the House of Israel are defiant (Heb. - chizqei metzach; literally: strong of forehead) and further on, ï¿½Behold, I have made your face hard against their faces and your forehead strong against their foreheads, fear them notï¿½ [20] . A parallel verse in Isaiah (48,4) says: ï¿½for I know that you are obstinate, your neck is a sinew of iron and your forehead is brass.ï¿½ The same word also symbolizes insolence and impudence. In addition to the example already discussed above from Jeremiah (ï¿½and you had the forehead of a harlot, you refused to be ashamedï¿½), this meaning of the word also appears in the well- known story of King Uzziah who wishes to usurp the prerogative of the priests and offer incense : ï¿½When he was strong, he grew so arrogant that he acted corruptly: he trespassed against HaShem his G-d by entering the temple of HaShem to offer incense on the incense altar. The priest Azariah, with eighty other brave priests of the lord, followed him in and, confronting King Uzziah, said to him, ï¿½It is not for you, Uzziah, to offer incense to HaShem , but for Aaronite priests , who have been consecrated, to offer incense . Get out of the Sanctuary , for you have trespassed; there will be no glory in it for you from HaShem G-dï¿½. Uzziah, holding the censer and ready to burn incense , got angry; but as he got angry with the priests , leprosy broke out on his forehead in front of the priests in the House of the Lord beside the incense altar. When the chief priest Azariah and all the other priests looked at him, his forehead was leprous, so they rushed him out of there; he too made haste to get out, for the Lord had struck him with a plague ï¿½. [21] It is unreasonable to assume that the choice of the forehead as the only place where the leprosy broke out was simply in order to make it more visible, to make the punishment of this impudent more obvious. Most probably the forehead was chosen for yet another reason: for being a symbol of insolence and impudence; in other words, the forehead was singled out to be struck with leprosy so that part of the body which committed the sin of impudence, would be the part which bears the punishment. Another famous story makes the same point, the battle of David against Goliath. Here again we can say that it is no coincidence that the stone David chose from the stream struck Goliath precisely on the forehead and nowhere else. Let us not forget, the Philistine ï¿½taunted the armies of the Living G-dï¿½ [22] insulted them and shamed them. Could there be greater impudence than this? The stone striking his forehead symbolized a blow to the center of his insolence, the focal point of impudence. (As an aside, Goliath became a giant because of an overactive pituitary gland which is located in the head, between the eyes and slightly above them, and about two inches back from the forehead. Thus the giant was slain by destroying the organ that had made him mighty. David became the first endocrinologist. [23] ) For better or for worse body language is expressed more by the forehead than by any other exposed part of the body. Therefore, when the high priest wears the tzitz on his forehead it is to atone for those sins which the forehead represents. impudence which originates in stubbornness, contrariness and rebelliousness. The Face The concept of a face is something that reveals on the outside that which is hidden on the inside. The Torah provides some insight into this definition of face: Shemot ( Exodus ) 33:20 No one can see My face because no man can see Me and live! This was, in essence, what HaShem told Moshe Rabbeinu on top of Har Sinai . As the Kabbalists explain, ï¿½faceï¿½ here refers to a more direct revelation of HaShem , which is the end result of successfully entering PaRDeS to the greatest extent possible. The physiognomy of the human face alludes to ascending levels or dimensions of existence. The mouth, which represents the sense of taste, the least spiritual of our senses, is in the lowest position. The nose, representing the more spiritual sense of smell, comes above the mouth, and the eyes take the highest position as the sense of sight is considered the most spiritual of the senses. Rabbi Yoseph Chayim of Bagdad goes into the conceptual or spiritual implications of this as well. He quotes the verse, ï¿½You shall therefore safeguard the commandment ( mitzva ), the statutes (chukim), and the laws (mishpatim) which I am teaching you today, to do themï¿½ (Devarim. 7:11), and says: The 613 commandments are traditionally divided into three categories: 1) chukim (statutes or decrees) such as not mixing or cross-breeding certain species when planting, or not eating pork, etc., 2) mitzvot ( commandments or testimonies) such as wearing tefillin or keeping the Sabbath and other commemorative festivals , and 3) mishpatim ( laws or judgments) such as not killing, not stealing, etc. These three levels of commandments can be said to correspond to three types of pleasures. In ascending order, these are taste, smell, and sight. Though all of these exist here in this physical world , the lowest of the three , namely taste [ eating /drinking], is most appropriate for the level of reality in which we live. NOSE Smell is considered the loftiest and most transcendent sense. The Arizal says that when the sin of Adam brought lust into the world it affected all of the senses except for that of smell. The sense of smell remained unaffected. All other senses desire forbidden things while the nose remains holy. The nose is that part of the body which is connected most directly with the life force. Bereshit (Genesis) 2:7 And HaShem God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. The nose is used to perform two functions: Breathing and smelling. Now, we have a principle in the Torah which tells us that if we have a single organ which perform two function, then both functions are intrinsically one function. One obvious connection is that the fresher (with life) something is, the better it smells. That which is dead and decaying (completely lacks life) smells putrid and disgusting. Chazal [24] teach us that there was a time when people died when they sneezed. The first time you sneezed, you died. This is why we say mazal tov when someone sneezes, and doesnï¿½t die. Clearly we can see then that the nose was the place where life force went in and the place where the life force went out. Yilkot Talmud Torah says that when it came time for a person to pass away, he would sneeze and his soul would exit his nostrils. Pirkei DeRabi Eliezer Ch. 52 From the day that heaven and earth were created, people did not become sick. A person might have been walking in the market, he would sneeze and his soul would leave his body through his nostrils. Jacob requested mercy, ï¿½Master of the Universe, do not take my soul until I have instructed my children and the members of my house.ï¿½ God acceded to the request.... That is why one wishes a person ï¿½lifeï¿½ when they sneeze. ï¿½The Chizkuni ztï¿½l informs us that Yaakov Avinu changed the way people die. From the beginning of creation , a manï¿½s sneeze would be his last breath. Wherever he was, whatever he was doing, when he sneezed, his neshama (soul) would leave his body, without warning.ï¿½ Baba Metzia 87a Until Jacob there was no illness: then Jacob came and prayed , and illness came into being, as it is written, And one told Joseph , Behold, thy father is sick. Thus we see sickness that leads to death, instead of a sneeze, for the first time . The Talmud calls the pleasure of smell one that benefits the soul and not the body. [25] Smelling is the faculty which tells us whether or not something is alive. Things that are fresh and full of life, smell very good. Things that have died smell very bad. The higher the organism, the worse it smells when the life force has left. Thus we see that the nose is the organ for the life force. As we are taught , Mashiach will judge and rectify reality by using his sense of smell. This means he will be able to detect the truth of a personï¿½s statement and will truthfully judge who is guilty, as it says in the prophesy of Isaiah: Yeshayahu 11:3 ï¿½and his delight will be in the fear of G-d and he shall not judge after the sight of his eyes, nor decide after the hearing of his ears...ï¿½ Yeshayahu 11:3 ï¿½He will be scented with the fear of God, and he will not judge by the sights in his eyes or decide by the sounds in his earsï¿½ The word for ï¿½delightï¿½ (vï¿½haricho) has the same root as the word ï¿½smellï¿½, (rayach). The Sages interpreted this to mean that the Mashiach will be able to judge through the sense of smell. According to tradition, the four senses of sight, hearing , taste and touch were all blemished due to their participation in the sin of eating from the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden . Only the sense of smell does not appear in the verses describing the sin , thus retaining its original pristine state. Relatively, smell is the sense of the soul, the others of the body. The sense of smell was, therefore, not blemished in the primordial sin . The common expressions ï¿½something doesnï¿½t smell right,ï¿½ and ï¿½this stinksï¿½ used to illustrate situations that feel intuitively wrong, allude to the association between smell and judgment. Smell is connected to intuition and inspiration, both of which emanate from a superconscious level above logic and reason. Mashiach represents the consummate state of ongoing inspiration from HaShem ; therefore he will be able to judge through his rectified sense of smell. Our sense of smell is our sensitivity to the inner, often unconscious, emotions and motives of ourselves and others. Smell is considered the most evocative, the most inner, and the most primitive of our senses. Not only does it penetrate the innerness of the object, it also penetrates to our own innerness. Of all the senses, only smell is perceived internally, as thought the smell is inside us. So of all our senses, smell creates the most direct connection between the innerness of the object we perceive and our own inner selves. While the body appreciates decoration, the enjoyment of the soul is to encounter something directly, as it truly is. All the other senses appear to us as external to our body. The Torah [26] states that HaShem breathed life into the form of Man. The Hebrew word for breath, nesheema, is the same as the word for soul, neshama. Our spiritual life force comes, metaphorically, by way of air and respiration. Yermiyahu refers to the Mashiach as the ï¿½breath of our nosesï¿½ Eichah 4:20 The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of HaShem , was taken in their pits, of whom we said, Under his shadow we shall live among the heathen. The sovereignty of Mashiach will be more elevated than that of Moshe Rabbeinu. For the Gemara teaches : Sanhedrin 93b The Messiah -as it is written, And the spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge of the fear of the Lord. And shall make him of quick understanding [wa-hariho] in the fear of the Lord. R. Alexandri said: This teaches that he loaded him with good deeds and suffering as a mill[is laden]. Raba said: He smells [a man] and judges [27] , as it is written, and he shall not judge after the sight of his eyes, neither reprove after the hearing of his ears, yet with righteousness shall he judge the poor. It is explicitly stated that the sense of Mashiach is the sense of smell. ï¿½And he shall smell with the awe of Godï¿½ï¿½ï¿½he shall judge by smellï¿½. [28] By his sense of smell (his ï¿½holy spiritï¿½) the Mashiach will know how to connect each Jewish soul to its Divine root, and thereby identify its tribe (branch) in Israel. Mashiach will judge by his sense of smell, whereas a king is permitted to judge only according to the testimony of witnesses. (The concept of judging by the sense of smell applies to Mashiach in his capacity as king, not in his capacity as prophet, for a prophet may not judge.) The most spiritual of all the senses is the sense of smell and so it is not surprising that it is strongly associated with Mashiach . The sense of smell was the only one of the five senses that was not involved in the sin that took place in Gan Eden . It is the sense which saved the Jewish people in the time of Mordechai and Esther , who are called Mor veHadas (ï¿½myrrh and myrtleï¿½, the two primary sources of fragrance). The Hebrew word for ï¿½smellï¿½ (רֵיחַ) is cognate to the word for the second level of soul, which is called ï¿½ruachï¿½ (רוּחַ). The sages teach us that smell is the one and only sense that ï¿½the soul enjoys and not the body.ï¿½ * * * Blessings on enjoyments are not on the sense of pleasure itself but rather on the object which gives us enjoyment. Since material enjoyments are ultimately gifts from HaShem , these blessings are in effect an acknowledgment of the spiritual aspect of the material world . Coarse matter becomes the medium for HaShem to give us enjoyment and uplifting, and thereby a medium for us to strengthen our connection to Him. Without this encounter with reality, there is no occasion for a blessing, and indeed it is a grave transgression to say a blessing in vain, without any tangible object of blessing. Such a ï¿½berakha levatalaï¿½ suggests a partition or separation between HaShem and His world . The idea that a blessing must connect us with the spiritual within the material is reflected in the rule that no berakha is said on a ï¿½reiach sheain lo ikarï¿½ - a fragrance which has no present and tangible source. [29] The blessing is meant to connect us to the world , not to detach us from it by closing us up in a cocoon of mere sensation. [30] * * * Yoma 85a Abba Saul said: From the navel which sends its roots into every direction! You may even say that [the first view is in agreement with] Abba Saul, inasmuch as Abba Saul holds his view only touching the first formation, because ï¿½everything develops from its core [middle]ï¿½, but regarding the saving of life he would agree that life manifests itself through the nose especially, as it is written: In whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life. (Bereshit 7: 22) R. Papa said: The dispute arises only as to from below upwards, [31] but if from above downwards, one had searched up to the nose, one need not search any further, as it is said: ï¿½In whose nostrils was the breath of lifeï¿½. Sotah 45b FROM WHAT PART [OF THE BODY] DO THEY MEASURE? In what do they differ? One is of the opinion that the source of existence is in the nose, while the other is of the opinion that the source of existence is in the navel. Is this to say [that they differ on the same point] as the following teachers: From where is the embryo formed? From the head, and thus it states: Thou art He that took me [gozi] out of my motherï¿½s womb ,(Tehillim 71:6.) and it further states: Cut off [gozi] thine hair and cast it away etc. Abba Saul Says: It is from the navel, and its root spreads in all directions [from there]! ï¿½ You may even say that Abba Saul [agrees with R. Akiba], because Abba Saulï¿½s statement only applies to the formation, that when an embryo is formed it is formed from the centre, but with respect to existence all agree that [its source is] in the nose; for it is written: All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life etc. * * * The nose is shaped like the Hebrew letter vav, which has the numerical value of six . The Holy Zohar states with regards to the creation of Adam : Zohar 26a ï¿½AND THE L-RD G-D FORMED MAN. ï¿½Manï¿½ here refers to Israel, whom G-d shaped at that time both for this world and for the future world . Further the word ï¿½Vayizerï¿½ (and He formed) implies that G-d brought them under the aegis of His own Name by shaping the two eyes like the letter ï¿½Yodï¿½ and the nose between like the letter ï¿½Vavï¿½ ï¿½ Forthwith at that time He planted Israel in the Holy Garden of Eden , as it is said: ï¿½and the L-rd G-d plantedï¿½ (Genesis 2:8).The two names here refer to the Father and the Mother; the ï¿½Gardenï¿½ is the Shekinah on earth, and ï¿½Edenï¿½ is the supernal Mother; ï¿½the manï¿½ is the Central Column; the Shekinah was to be his plantation, his spouse who was never to depart from him and was to be his perpetual delight. Thus G-d at that time planted Israel as a holy shoot, as it is written, ï¿½the branch of my planting, the work of my hands , in which I gloryï¿½ (Yeshayahu 60:21). Rabbi Eliezer Ashkenazi (1513-86 C.E.) in his work ï¿½Maï¿½asei HaShem ï¿½ (The Works of God), wrote: ï¿½The phrase ï¿½a pleasant aroma to the Lordï¿½ does not reflect the absolute quality of the sacrifices, but, on the contrary, it conveys a possible flaw in their nature. In case the worshipper imagines that he indeed has achieved atonement for his sin by just offering a sacrifice , the Torah tells him that this is far from true. The sacrifice is only a ï¿½pleasant aromaï¿½ which means: a foretaste for what is yet to come. If the worshipper does not repent, then the Almighty will say, ï¿½To what purpose are your sacrifices to Me?ï¿½ [Yeshayahu/Isaiah 1:11] The concept of aroma is attributed to the Almighty because of its metaphoric connotation. Just as a pleasant aroma coming from afar bears witness to something good in the offering , so every time the Torah uses the phrase, ï¿½a pleasant aromaï¿½ in connection with the sacrifices, (the meaning is that) it should be to the Almighty as a foretaste of the good deeds which the worshipper is planning to perform. It is called a ï¿½pleasant aromaï¿½ because anything which can be detected by the senses before it actually arrives at a person is called a smell, e.g., to be ï¿½in the airï¿½, as its says in the book of Iyov (Job) (39:25), ï¿½He smelled the war from afarï¿½, which implies that he sensed the battle even before he actually reached it. Every human being who wants to bring a sacrifice should know that this should be done so as to reconcile himself with God. Consequently the sacrifice is to be brought as a foretaste of good deeds which are still to comeï¿½. The Mishkan ï¿½s furnishings or ï¿½vesselsï¿½ are seen as representations of the various organs and faculties of man: The inner altar on which the Ketoret ( incense ) was burned, corresponds to the sense of smell. We know that everything that exists in the material world is paralleled in the spiritual world . Smell and taste refer to Torah and mitzvot . Taste and smell are the spiritual core and the living essence of everything and Torah and mitzvot are similarly the living essence of everything. * * * The gold used for the sin of the golden calf had an interesting effect on the nose, according to the Targum: Targum Pseudo Jonathan for: Shemot ( Exodus ) ‎32:19-20, 28 And it was when Mosheh came near the camp , and saw the calf, and the instruments of music in the hands of the wicked , who were dancing and bowing before it, and Satan among them dancing and leaping before the people, the wrath of Mosheh was suddenly kindled, and he cast the tables from his hands , and brake them at the foot of the mountain;- the holy writing that was on them, however, flew, and was carried away into the air of the heavens ;‑ and he cried, and said, Woe upon the people who heard at Sinai from the mouth of the Holy One , You will not make to yourself an image, or figure, or any likeness,- and yet, at the end of forty days, make a useless molten calf! 20. And he took the calf which they had made, and burned it in fire , and bruised it into powder, and cast (it) upon the face of the water of the stream, and made the sons of Israel drink; and whoever had given thereto any trinket of gold, the sign of it came forth upon his nostrils. v.28 And the sons of Levi did according to the word of Mosheh; and of the people who had the mark in their nostrils there fell that day by the slaughter of the sword about the number of three thousand men. The following section was written by By Rabbi Pinchas Winston: Why did the entire ï¿½House of Israelï¿½ have to cry over the death of Nadav and Avihu? Because, says the Arizal, had it not been for the sin of the golden calf, Nadav and Avihu would not have had to die in such a dramatic way. Instead of a fire coming out and entering their nostrils to burn out the Nefesh from within them, they would have had a normal death. Therefore, the burning of Nadav and Avihu was a direct result of the Jewish peopleï¿½s involvement with the golden calf, and, therefore, they felt quite responsible (Shaï¿½ar HaGilgulim, Hakdamah 33). However, that doesnï¿½t explain the connection between the two . True, it doesnï¿½t, but the Arizal does. According to Kabbalistic tradition, via Kayin son of Adam HaRishon, Nadav and Avihu received the Nefesh-Soul that, before the sin of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, had belonged to Adam HaRishon himself. Being the Nefesh, the lowest of the five soul-parts, it had been affected by the zuhama of the snake, and it remained affected until Nadav and Avihu stood at Mt. Sinai and the zuhama was removed from all the Jewish people. However, when the zuhama returned to the nation because of the calf, then, the Nefesh of Adam HaRishon, within Nadav, and, especially Avihu, once again became ï¿½infectedï¿½ with zuhama. This itself made Nadav and Avihu spiritually vulnerable, and thus resulted in their sin and the severity of the punishment: removal of the Nefesh of Adam HaRishon the very way that it entered him -- through the nostrils of Nadav and Avihu. This is why, explains the Arizal, why ï¿½Avihuï¿½ was called that, for, it means, ï¿½He is my father,ï¿½ a reference to Adam HaRishon, who is called the ï¿½father of the entire world .ï¿½ Thus, when the Jewish people mourned the untimely and catastrophic death of Aharonï¿½s two sons, they were also mourning the damage they had caused, through the incident of the calf, to the Nefesh of the ï¿½father of the entire world ,ï¿½ Adam HaRishon himself. The stench of death enters through the nostrils; the same nostrils into which Hashem breathed when He planted within Adam eternal life . Death represents the ultimate contradiction to eternal life ; only with the sin of Adam did death enter the world . Just as eternal life entered through Adam ï¿½s nostrils, so too is death apprehended most forcefully through the nostrils. The incense , which has the power to stop death, also overcomes the stench, as described by the Rambam. [32] The Smell of Mashiach In his later years, when Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk lived in Tzefat. One day he heard a commotion in the street and sent his valet to inquire of its nature. The servant came back with the report that Mashiach had arrived. Rï¿½ Menachem Mendel opened the window took a sniff, shook his head to the negative and went back to what he was doing. The question is asked: What does Mashiach smell like and if Rï¿½ Mendel knew what Mashiach smelled like, why did he need to open the window? Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk achieved the spiritual level of awareness akin to the Godliness Mashiach will reveal. He knew what Mashiach smelled liked because his room was in a messianic state. He needed to open the window because the outside was not. * * * Bamidbar ( Numbers ) 33:1 ï¿½These are the journeys of the Children of Israel, who went forth from the land of Egypt according to their legions.ï¿½ QUESTION: Why does it say matei, journeys , in plural? Immediately after the first journey , werenï¿½t the Jews out of Egypt ? ANSWER: The encampments began after the Exodus from Egypt and culminated with the arrival at Yardein Yeriecho, the Jordan by Jericho . The word Mitzrayim can also be read as meitzarim, restraints, i.e. boundaries and limitations. Yereicho etymologically stems from the word reiï¿½ach, smell and aroma, and it alludes to Mashiach , of whom it is written, ï¿½He will be imbued with a spirit of fear for HaShem ï¿½ [33] . Also, the Gemara [34] says of Mashiach that, ï¿½He will judge right and wrong through his sense of smell.ï¿½ The Torah is eternal. Not only does it record the actual departure from Mitzrayim, Egypt, but also conveys a message for posterity. It is incumbant upon every Jewish soul which descends to this earthly world to make matei, journeys , i.e. to progress in stages in order to detach and elevate itself from its own meitzarim, limitations and restraints. As a person rises from one level to the other, he must deal with new and subtler restraints. Upon successfully accomplishing his mission, he is ultimately ready for Yereicho, the revelation of Mashiach , and to come to ï¿½the good and bountiful land.ï¿½ * * * Shabbath 151b ï¿½Or ever the sun and the light be darkenedï¿½ (Eccl. 12:2.) this refers to the forehead and the nose; ï¿½and the moon ï¿½ ï¿½ this is the soul; ï¿½and the stars ï¿½ these are the cheeks; ï¿½and the clouds return after the rainï¿½ ï¿½ this is the light of manï¿½s eyes [his eyesight], which is lost after weeping . The nose was the portal through which life was given by the eternal breath of the Creator, so too was the smell of the incense the conveyer of spiritual energy into the world . The incense formed the fulcrum point of the Temple both in service and position. Fifty days after the exodus from Egypt , the Jewish people received the Torah and soon after began building the Mishkan , a temporary dwelling place for the Ten Commandments . Moshe was the leader of the people and his brother Aharon with the help of his four sons would do the service required in the Mishkan . The Torah relates how the two elder sons brought incense before the Creator and were killed because the mixture was improper. Two lines of light entered into the nostrils of the two sons and took their lives; HaShem said, I am honored and then told Aharon not to come into the Mishkan while drunk. These two disparate notions help to explain the circumstances of their death. They had mixed the incense in a way to bring down too great of a light because they were drunk on HaShem . HaShem was honored, but forbade further exaltations. The Kabbala teaches that smell is the highest of our senses. It is why the golden Altar that burned the incense was at the central point in the Temple ; it is the same reason that the nose is the predominant feature of the face and the face is the stamp of the Creator. It is through the nose that life enters us and through the nose that life leaves the nose grasps what canï¿½t be heard or seen. The Incense - Offering also alludes to this concept, since incense is something that is enjoyed through the nose, through which the soul enters and leaves the body (which is why we bless a person after a sneeze!). For this reason, we make a blessing over a sweet-smelling fragrance on Motzei Shabbat and inhale it, to compensate ourselves somewhat for the loss of the extra soul we had gained over Shabbat . (Interestingly enough, of the five senses, smell was the only one that did not participate in the sin of eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, and is said to have remained unaffected.) The Talmud calls the pleasure of smell one that benefits the soul and not the body [35] . EYES The eye is similar in shape to the Hebrew letter yud, which has a numerical value of ten . Two eyes and one nose, therefore, are represented by ten plus ten plus six equals twenty - six . Twenty - six is the sum of the letter values of one of the names of HaShem . Thus the name of HaShem is inscribed upon our bodies, teaching us that He is the master of each person, for it is customary to write one ï¿½s name on his belongings; there are seven orifices contained in one ï¿½s head, two eyes, two nostrils, two ears, and one mouth corresponding to the seven candles of the menorah (candelabrum) that was lit in the Temple ; the three layers of the eye that surround the pupil represent the three patriarches ( Avraham , Yitchak, and Yaakov ); the lips are similar in shape to the willow leaves that we use on the holiday of Succoth ; the thirty - two teeth correspond to the thirty - two paths of wisdom; there are said to be thirteen points of the beard which correspond to HaShem ï¿½s thirteen attributes of mercy. The Mishkan ï¿½s furnishings or ï¿½vesselsï¿½ are seen as representations of the various organs and faculties of man: The menorah corresponds to the eyes and the sense of sight. The Bet HaMikdash was called the ï¿½eye of the world .ï¿½ The eye is a physical organ but it receives something that is about as non- physical as you can get; light. The eye is the gateway to a non- physical existence called light. The Bet HaMikdash was called ï¿½the eye of the world ï¿½ because it was the portal for the Light. Hearing is the modality of this world . Seeing is the modality of the Olam Haba , the next world . In this world there is movement and sound. Hence hearing is the sense modality of this world . In the next world , there is no more movement, there is no more hearing . This is a world of stillness, a world of sight. Why donï¿½t we move in the next world ? Because all movement is done to meet a need. In the next world there will be no more needs and hence there will be no more movement. Hearing requires us to work, as we shall see. It is the mode of this world . Seeing requires no work. That is why seeing is believing. In the Olam Haba , the next world , reality will be instantly apparent. The Olam HaBa is seeing. When the Talmud cites a proof to decide a dispute between two sages or to resolve a question of law , it often introduces it with the phrase Ta shema , Come, hear or Come, understand (the Hebrew word shema means both hear and understand). In contrast, the common opening phrase in the Zohar is Ta chazi, Come, see. For the difference between these two forms of Torah is akin to the difference between sight on the one hand , and hearing and comprehension on the other. While sight and hearing are both tools of perception, absorbing stimuli and conveying them to the mind to interpret, there is a major difference in the manner in which they impress their findings upon us. Sight is the most convincing of faculties: once we have seen something with our own eyes, it is virtually impossible for other sensory evidence or rational proofs to refute what we now know . On the other hand , hearing and comprehension are far less vivid impressers of the information they convey. They will convince us of certain truths, but not as unequivocally as do our eyes. What we hear and understand are facts that have been proven to us; what we see is reality. One who contemplates the body of Torah gains knowledge of the divine reality. But this remains hearsay, second- hand information conveyed via the medium of its mundane subject matter. Only by studying the soul of Torah does one come to see G-dliness, to perceive its reality in the most immediate and unequivocal manner. Hearing takes place inside of a person. It requires interpretation by the person doing the hearing . This is in contrast to seeing which is external to a person and does not need interpretation, the sight speaks for itself. * * * Tehillim ( Psalm ) 116:1-9 I love HaShem , because he hath heard my voice and my supplications. 2 Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore will I call upon him as long as I live. 3 The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow. 4 Then called I upon the name of HaShem ; O HaShem , I beseech thee, deliver my soul. 5 Gracious is HaShem , and righteous; yea, our God is merciful. 6 HaShem preserveth the simple: I was brought low, and he helped me. 7 Return unto thy rest, O my soul; for HaShem hath dealt bountifully with thee. 8 For thou hast delivered my soul from death, mine eyes from tears , and my feet from falling. 9 I will walk before HaShem in the land of the living. For You have delivered my soul from death, my eyes from tears , my feet from falling. . .ï¿½ In this spirited chapter of Tehillim, King David sings thanks to HaShem for saving him from his enemies, and for taking away his suffering. King David thanks HaShem for saving three parts of his body from harm: his eyes from tears , and his legs from stumbling. Why is King David only thanking HaShem for these three benefits? Did not King David thank HaShem for saving his entire being from harm? Perhaps these three items are representative of the entire human being. Consider this thought. There are three parts of man: His body (or physical side) his soul (or non- physical side) his existence as a thinking, functioning human being (or the connection of his body and soul). When King David praises HaShem for saving his soul from death, he praises HaShem for the entire metaphysical side of himself. When he thanks HaShem for saving his eyes from tears , he is praising HaShem for saving the part of him that is a connection of body and soul: The eyes do not enter the world as our arms and legs do; they are stuck in their sockets. Yet, they can only see things that are inside the physical world . They are in the physical world , but not of the physical world . Chazal explain that the role of our right and left eyes is different. The right eye is meant for viewing others positively, always observing, and catching their good qualities. The left eye, which is judgmental and critical, should be directed inwards, at oneself. Indeed, just as our eyes function together so is our ability to see the good in others dependent on our ability to justly criticize ourselves for all of our shortcomings, and our distance from the Almighty. Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin, the student of the Gaon of Vilna, offers the following explanation in his work, Nefesh Hachaim. Human beings discern physical phenomena mainly by utilizing the power of vision. Their eyes and ears are mainly employed to serve as gateways to ideas and thoughts. Stated another way, the physical world is a detectable reality that we actually see; our awareness of anything spiritual is in our thoughts expressed in the medium of concepts and ideas. We ï¿½seeï¿½ physicality ; we ï¿½hearï¿½ spirituality. * * * The human head possess many parts: hair , a skull, brain lobes, eyes, a nose, ears, a mouth, a beard on men; all of this corresponds to levels in the Sefirot themselves. For example, within the sefirah called Keter, there is the Gulgalta, Skull, a level of Divine light that functions as the Keter of the Keter, often referred to as Arich Anpin. The level below this in Keter is called the Chachmah of the Keter, or of Arich Anpin. It is also represented by the (expanded) Name of HaShem possessing the following letters : YUD-Vav-Dalet (20), HEH-Yud (15), VAV-Yud-Vav (22), HEH-Yud (15), which has the gematria of Ayin-Bet (72 ), and which is said to correspond to the level called the eyes. This light is so high up in the system, so sublime, that it does not make it to the outside. This is represented in the human being as well. The ears, nose, and mouth all allow for two -way traffic, whereas the opening in the eyes is covered by a film, allowing light to enter but for nothing to come out. If a person closes his eyes tightly to prevent any light from coming in, he can see light on the inside of his eyes, which, according to Kabbalah, is light that comes down from the high spiritual level mentioned above, through the brain , but flowing only up until the barrier of the eyes. Hearing is the modality of this world . In this world we hear even though we are using our eyes. This world is like reading a book. We see one letter at a time and we put these letters together to form the ideas being conveyed by the writer. In this world we see a collage of images that we have to assemble into a complete picture. This world is a collection of broken pieces that must be assembled and internalized in order to be understood. That is why Chazal teach that hearing is the modality of this world , even when we use our eyes, we are still required to assemble the pieces. HaShem is not a proof in front of us until WE assemble the broken images into a clear vision that HaShem is concealed int his world , but the one who assembles the pieces will be able to see Him. Tears ï¿½For You have delivered my soul from death, my eyes from tears , my feet from stumbling. . .ï¿½ Let us now decipher this phrase; what King Davidï¿½s body was saved from. The first one is understandable: King David praises HaShem for saving his soul from death (the most significant potential loss.) What is meant in the phrase ï¿½my eyes from tears ï¿½? Why is it that King David thanks HaShem for saving his eyes from tears , and not as we would have thought, from blindness? Consider this thought. What are tears ? A great deal of emotional energy gathered in the body (either joy or pain), that can not be contained within the body, spills out as tears . When a person cries, the energy that was built up within him spills out and is lost; it can never be reclaimed, and is a great loss. [36] That is why tears of the eyes are so significant. That is why they are mentioned right after the loss of the soul. Similarly, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch calls tears ï¿½the sweat of the soul.ï¿½ Ketuvot 5a-b Design of Fingers to fit inside Ears. Ketuvot 5b Design of Ear for Self-Sealing. Ketuvot 5b Ears are the Most Easily Burnt Limb. Hearing is a sense which requires us to assemble the sounds from another person, into a cohesive picture. Thus we would say that hearing is the forming of disparate parts into a single picture. Literally we make many into one . Hearing is the mode of this world . Seeing is the mode of the next world . The shema , which is uttered twice a day by every observant Jew , is an interesting perspective into hearing . Shema is normally translated as hear. Chazal teach us that shema literally means the gathering of many and making them into one . The appropriateness of this definition is brought into sharp distinction when we see that the goal of the shema is that HaShem should be one and His name One . The Shema contains 245 words (in the first verse ï¿½ Shema Israel ...ï¿½ and the three words that preceed them), in order to complete a total of 248 words corresponding to the members of the human body. Twice a day, the HaShem ï¿½s people cover their eyes, meditate on the unity of the Creator and intone, ï¿½ Shema Israel - Hear! O Israel, HaShem our God, HaShem is One !ï¿½ The Shema is the basic credo of the Jew , his first declaration of HaShem ï¿½s unity and the last words to leave his mouth when he passes from this world . Why is it that we say ï¿½Hear! O Israel?ï¿½ Why donï¿½t we say ï¿½Look! O Israel?ï¿½ Hearing is the modality of this world . Seeing is the modality of the Olam Haba , the next world . Hearing requires us to work, as we shall see. Seeing requires no work. That is why seeing is believing. In the Olam Haba reality will be instantly apparent. The Olam HaBa is seeing. Shemot ( Exodus ) 20:15 ï¿½And all the Nation saw the voices and the flames, and the sound of the Shofar , and the mountain smoking, and the nation was afraid, and they trembled, and they stood far away.ï¿½ When the Bne Israel stood at Mt. Sinai , the Torah records that we saw the voices. We saw something that is normally heard. Our Sages teach that when HaShem is manifest, then we see everything as it really is. We see reality, even if it is normally heard, because there are no broken pieces to assemble when everything is one with HaShem . Since there are no broken pieces to assemble, the Torah calls that seeing. Hearing and seeing are the only senses associated with beauty. We see and hear beautiful things. This makes hearing and seeing intimately associated because they both have this modality. When the Jewish People stood at Sinai to receive the Torah, they underwent an experience which was literally out of this world . When HaShem spoke , the Torah writes that the Jewish People ï¿½saw the voices.ï¿½ There was a dislocation of the natural perception of the senses. What does it mean to see sound? There is a fundamental difference between the two senses. With sight, we perceive a complete whole instantaneously. The essence of vision is an instantaneous whole. Sound, on the other hand , is assimilated as a collection of sounds. We order these separate pieces of information, giving them substance and definition, and in the process, we understand what it is we are hearing . This process of assembly is not instantaneous. Our brain takes time to balance and evaluate what it is hearing . In the end, we have assembled the pieces into a single unified picture. The reason we say ï¿½Hear! O Israelï¿½ is that, in this world , you cannot see HaShem . You have to ï¿½hearï¿½ Him. You have to take the disparate, seemingly random elements of this world , and assemble them into a cogent whole. There was only one time in history that you didnï¿½t have to hear HaShem ï¿½s Unity; one moment when you could actually see it. At Mount Sinai . There the Jewish People saw the voices. They saw with an incontrovertible clarity those things that usually need to be heard. Seeing is more than believing. When you see, you donï¿½t have to believe. Itï¿½s in front of your eyes. Hearing takes place inside of a person. It requires interpretation by the person doing the hearing . This is in contrast to seeing which is external to a person and does not need interpretation, the sight speaks for itself. The ears provide two essential services for the body: ï¿½They allow us to hear and The provide balance for the body. Since we have one organ that provides two different functions, we understand that these ï¿½ two ï¿½ functions MUST really be just one function. The hebrew word for ï¿½earï¿½ (ozen - אוזן) comes from the same root as ï¿½balanceï¿½ (izzon). The root of both words uses the consonants Aleph (א), Zayin(ז), and Nun (נ), which could be read by their spiritual concepts: G-d nurtures the soul. What is the connection between these two words (ear & balance)? Balance is taking two legs and bonding them into oneness, just as hearing bonds multiple words into one thought or idea. The main function of our ears is hearing and balance. In law , a hearing is a proceeding before a court which uses a set of balances as its symbol. The Hebrew word Moznayim represents ï¿½the scalesï¿½, which is the mazzalot for the Hebrew month of Tishrei. Moznayim (מאזנים), from the word oznayim (ears), implies equilibrium and balance (the inner and outer sense of the ears). ï¿½Rav Yitzchak Hutnerï¿½s [37] begins, his explanation of the putting an awl through the servantï¿½s ear, by quoting the Rabbenu Yonah who says that the ear is unique among the senses/organs because it is the only one that receives but does not emit. Seeing/the eyes receive visual stimuli but also ï¿½lookï¿½, convey emotion. The nose/smelling accepts scents and also acts, through blowing the nose, breathing,... ; so too for touch/ hands , and taste/ tongue . The ear is the quintessential receiver. Similarly, the servantï¿½s identity is completely subsumed by hearing instructions from his master. This understanding is supported by a halachah in the laws of evaluating worth. In ancient times, when damage was done to an organ of the body, financial compensation was required. How was damage assessed? The beit din would take the person to the slave market and determine how much he would be worth without that limb. The incredible idea is that for damage to the ear, the perpetrator must pay the full worth of the individual! The ear is worth more than any other sense organ. This notion is incredible for it contradicts the Talmudic reference which suggests that blindness is the worst curse a person could bear. The ear is essential for a servant for it represents his entire pesonality. The servant must listen to his master at all times. That is why the servant is exempt from positive time bound commnadments.ï¿½ The following was written by R. Ginsburg: The last power of the soul is manifest in the mouth. Malchut (kingdom) is the domain of a personï¿½s influence. As it is written, ï¿½The word of the king rules,ï¿½ meaning that the extent of the kingï¿½s rule is marked by how far his word travels. The ability of the mouth to speak , to produce self-expression, is the power to affect one ï¿½s environment, one ï¿½s world . Based upon the principle of inter-inclusion, Kabbalah sees in each one of the limbs of the body a reflection and manifestation of the entire body with all its limbs. (From this the path is clear to the now- known biological phenomenon that the genes of each cell of the body encode the entire body.) We will now analyze several of the primary limbs of the body in this way, beginning from the mouth. The palate corresponds to the sefirah of Chachmah (wisdom) within the mouth. Just as the inner eye of wisdom ever experiences new flashes of insight , so do the taste buds of the palate, on the inner spiritual plane, ever experience new tastes of truth. In Psalms we read, ï¿½Taste and see that God is good.ï¿½ The very word Chachmah is read in Kabbalah as cheich-mah, ï¿½the palate of [i.e., that tastes] the sublime.ï¿½ Just as the palate is the lower extension or reflection of the brain , generally identified with Chachmah (in the words of the Zohar , ï¿½Chachmah is the brain ï¿½), so is the throat understood to be the higher extension or reflection of the heart, generally identified with binah (ï¿½binah is the heartï¿½). The throat is thus understood to be the binah of the mouth. In Kabbalah, we speak of the union of the palate and the throat, reflecting the supernal union of Chachmah and binah (termed father and mother) in the mouth. The tongue , which in the mouth corresponds to the middle axis of the sefirot, possesses three ï¿½centers of energy,ï¿½ corresponding to the three sefirot along the middle axis: daat , tiferet, and yesod. The point where the tongue connects with the throat is the point of daat , the power to connect, in the mouth. Of this point it is said, ï¿½if there is no daat there is no binah (understanding); if there is no binah there is no daat .ï¿½ The length of the tongue itself corresponds to the sefirah of tiferet (beauty) in the mouth. Here lies the power of language or tongue (both in Hebrew and English). In the tongue lies the beauty of self-expression, the eloquent blend of rich vocabulary. The tip of the tongue corresponds to the sefirah of yesod, the holy covenant in the mouth. Of this oral energy center it is said, ï¿½the covenant of the tongue corresponds to the covenant of the flesh [i.e., the procreative organ].ï¿½ Here, at its tip, the tongue touches, as it were, the empty cavity of the mouth itself. This cavity is indeed the essence of the mouth, for as the mouth in general corresponds to the sefirah of malchut, the empty vessel that receives the lights of all the higher sefirot, so, in the detailed analysis of the mouth, the cavity is its own particular level of malchut, the very end of the middle axis of the sefirot. The touching of the tip of the tongue to the mouthï¿½s cavity is thus an analog to the sexual union of male and female , yesod and malchut. The upper and lower jaws with their two rows of teeth correspond to the two sefirot of chesed and gevurah within the mouth. Chewing food is like processing an idea to make it digestible. This process depends upon the two primary emotive powers of the soul. Love, chesed, motivates the desire of the soul to integrate the sparks present in external reality. Might, gevurah, performs the actual grinding of the teeth, breaking the food into digestible pieces, of which is said, ï¿½malchut [in our context, the mouth] is built [i.e., made able to perform its function to eat ] out of the [states of] gevurah.ï¿½ Similar to the upper and lower jaws and teeth, the upper and lower lips correspond to the two sefirot of netzach and hod within the mouth. These guard the entrance to the mouth from the outside (in Kabbalah, netzach and hod are described as ï¿½outside the bodyï¿½). In addition, the lips serve to convey an expression of the soul deeper than words, the kiss . Here, they join together with the tip of the tongue , the union of the triplet netzach-hod-yesod within the mouth. Just as ï¿½ tongue ï¿½ means ï¿½language,ï¿½ so does ï¿½lipï¿½ (safah) mean ï¿½languageï¿½ in Hebrew . This alludes to the language of the kiss . We have thus completed the analysis of the inter-inclusion of the ten sefirot within the mouth. ï¿½ * * * We know that everything that exists in the material world is paralleled in the spiritual world . Smell and taste refer to Torah and mitzvot . Taste and smell are the spiritual core and the living essence of everything and Torah and mitzvot are similarly the living essence of everything. The dimple of the upper lip: inclusion of the ten sefirot within the mouth. The lips also hide a deep secret . This is the secret of our conscience which guides us in life. It is the secret that explains how a man might derive a novel understanding of the Torah that has not been explained by others. This secret is expressed in the body by the dimple of the upper lip. This is what Chazal teach about this dimple: Midrash Tanchuma (S. Buber Recension) for Vayikra (Leviticus) 12:1 ï¿½ 13:28 4.1 Leviticus 12:l ff, Part I (Lev. 12:1-2:) THEN THE LORD SPOKE UNTO MOSES, SAYING: SPEAK UNTO THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL, SAYING: WHEN A WOMAN EMITS HER SEED AND BEARS A MALE . This text is related (to Job 29:2): O THAT I WERE AS IN THE MONTHS OF OLD, AS IN THE DAYS WHEN GOD WATCHED OVER ME! In regard to this verse, Job spoke it when the afflictions had come upon him. He said: O THAT I WERE [AS IN THE MONTHS OF OLD], and would that I had the days which I had when I was in my motherï¿½s belly! AS IN THE DAYS WHEN GOD WATCHED OVER ME! <These words> teach that the infant is watched over while it is in its motherï¿½s belly. [(Job 29:3:) WHEN HIS LIGHT SHONE OVER MY HEAD. From here you learn that the infant has light in its motherï¿½s belly.] (Job 29:4:) WHEN I WAS IN THE DAYS OF MY YOUTH (horef), [WHEN THE GODï¿½S COMPANY WAS OVER MY TENT. These words teach about the infant.] Just as the rain is at work in the soil for it to become muddy, so the infant is muddy in its motherï¿½s womb . {WHEN THE GODï¿½S COMPANY WAS OVER MY TENT. These words teach about the infant.} Moreover, just as the infant stays muddy, [so is a person muddied] by sins , so that misfortunes come upon him. At that time <Job> said (in Job 29:2): O THAT I WERE AS IN THE MONTHS OF OLD, AS IN THE DAYS WHEN GOD WATCHED OVER ME, and would that I had the days which I had when I was in my motherï¿½s belly! What does he finally say (in vs. 4)? WHEN I WAS IN THE DAYS OF MY YOUTH. R. Abbahu said: The infant comes out of the motherï¿½s belly covered with slime and covered with blood; yet everyone praises and cherishes it, especially when it is a male . Ergo (in Lev. 12:2): WHEN A WOMAN EMITS HER SEED AND BEARS A MALE . * * * Deuteronomy 30:14 Rather, the matter is very close to you in your mouth and heart to do it. Why does the Torah use the phrase ï¿½mouth and heartï¿½ to tell us that we can learn the whole Torah and fulfill it? When you make a sincere verbal commitment to the Almighty and to yourself to become a changed person, your very words have impact. If you keep up your resolve, you can change your behavior. If the words of your mouth are one with what is in your heart, then you can change immediately. However, sometimes we need to repeat over and over the words of what we know is correct, and what we should do, so that they will enter our hearts. Seeing sounds How does one see thunder given that it is sound ans eyes do not ï¿½seeï¿½ sound? Shemot ( Exodus ) 20:18 And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off. How do we ï¿½seeï¿½ that HaShem has spoken? Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 40:5 And the glory of HaShem shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of HaShem hath spoken it. We see sound when ever the upper and lower worlds come together. This is what happened at Sinai and this is what will happen when HaShem is revealed in the olam haba . TONGUE The place of circumcision is the medium through which man pours his physical life force into the universe, while the tongue is the medium through which man pours his thoughts and ideas into the world . The life force in man is focused in three places, his intelligence, his organs of reproduction, and his heart. Two of these he has the obligation to circumcise . On the eighth day his parents circumcise his organ of reproduction. It is up to them to turn their child into a channel for God's goodness to enter the world through proper training and education. If they do their job well, parents can correct this defect. It is up to the individual himself to circumcise his tongue , to employ his adult intelligence to open his eyes and ears to the positive in other people and in the world . The circumcision of the heart is more complex and awaits the end of days . Devarim (Deuteronomy 30:6) The Lord your God will circumcise your heart and the heart of your offspring, to love the Lord your God, with all your heart and with all your soul, that you may live. This ultimate circumcision has the affect of removing the evil inclination entirely and shuts down the present era of human history by bringing free will to an end. Midrash Tehillim Psalms 120:2-4 In my distress I called unto the Lord ... Deliver my soul, O Lord, from lying lips, and from a deceitful tongue (Ps. 120:1-2). The children of Israel said to the Holy One , blessed be He: Even as You have delivered us from all kinds of distress, deliver us from this one , and we will have no other distress, for lying lipsï¿½ï¿½n them is our distress. Hence it is said Deliver my soul, O Lord, from lying lips, etc. Of all the organs of a manï¿½s body, some are fixed in place and some have freedom of movement; his feet make him free to come and go, his hands make it possible for him to give and take. Only the tongue is neither fixed nor free. Being set inside it is isolated and hemmed in. And yet the tongue can smite the great and the small, the near and the far. It could smite all the more fatally, if it were outside a manï¿½s body, or if like some other parts it could give and take, or if like the feet it were free to come and go. III. What will it profit you, or what will be added unto you, you false tongue ? (Ps. 120:3): What will your falseness profit you, or what good can it do you? The tongue sins , but not for its own advantage. The Holy One , blessed be He, says to the tongue : When a thief steals, he steals to eat . Though it is written You will not steal (Εx. 20:13), a thief will steal for the need of the moment, as it is said Men do not despise a thief, if he steal to satisfy his soul when he is hungry (Prov. 6:30). And though it is written You will not commit adultery (Ex. 20:13), a man will commit adultery and for the moment satisfy his appetite, as is said He that commits adultery with a woman lacks understanding; he that does it destroys his own soul (Prov. 6.32). Though the adulterer destroys his own soul, yet for the moment he satisfies his lust. But you, O tongue , what good have you done yourself by your slaying? I will tell you, O evil/lawless tongue , how I am going to act towards you! Even as you did act towards the world from the beginningï¿½as a serpent you spoke evil to Adam ï¿½so will I act towards you. You were also the serpent tongue of the wilderness, when, as it is written, The people spoke against God and against Moses (Num. 21:5). And how did the Lord act towards them? The Lord sent fiery serpents among the people (ibid. 21:6). Why serpents? Because it was a serpent that spoke evil/lawlessness, as is said They have sharpened their tongues like a serpent; vipersï¿½ venom is under their lips (Ps. 140:4). And so I made those evil-tongued children of Israel into the dust that I had decreed for the serpent: Dust will you eat (Gen. 3:14). IV. What will it profit you, or what will be added unto you, you false tongue ? (Ps. 120:3). The evil/lawless tongue is called ï¿½triple-slaying.ï¿½ Why? Because it slays three : the one who owns it, the one who listens to it, and the one of whom it speaks. And so you find in the story of Doeg that it slew three . It slew Doeg himself, for he has no portion in the world -to-come; it slew Ahimelech the priest , for it is said And Nob the city of the priests [Doeg] smote with the edge of the sword (1 Sam. 22:19); it also slew Saul, who listened to it and accepted its words, for it is said So Saul died, and his three sons (ibid.) And the wicked /lawless kingdom (Rome) slays with its tongue as does a serpent, for it is said The voice thereof will go like a serpent (Jer. 46:22). The tongue is like an arrow. Why? Because if a man takes his sword in hand to slay his fellow, who thereupon pleads with him and begs for mercy, the would-be slayer can repent and return the sword to its sheath. But an arrowï¿½once the would-be slayer aims and lets it go, he cannot bring it back even if he wants to bring it back. Hence it is said Sharp are the arrows of the mighty, like coals of broom (Ps. 320:4), for a broom-shrub once set on fire makes coals that cannot be extinguished. Once it happened that two men going through the wilderness sat down under a broom-shrub, gathered some fallen twigs of the broom, broiled for themselves what they wanted to eat , and ate their victuals. A year later when they came back into the wilderness to the place of the broom-shrub and found the ashes of the fire which they had kindled, they said: ï¿½It is now twelve months since we came through here and ate in this place.ï¿½ Thereupon they raked up the ashes, and as they walked over them, their feet were burnt by the coals under the ashes, for they were still unextinguished. Hence the evil tongue is said to be like coals of broom, as in the verse Sharp are the arrows of the mighty, like coals of broom (Ps. 120:4). A wicked /lawless man can slay other men with his tongue . Like an arrow which a man is unaware of until it reaches him, so is the evil tongue . A man is unaware of it until its arrows from the kingdom of Esau come suddenly upon him. A man remains unaware of it until suddenly a sentence of death or imprisonment is released against him. For while the man is given over to his own affairs, the scribes libel him wherever he may be and so slay him. Hence it is said Sharp are the arrows of the mighty. Thus Moses said to Israel: You will not be afraid of the terror by night (Ps. 91:5)ï¿½that is, of the terror of the kingdom of Esau ; and he went on to say, Nor of the arrow that flies by day (ibid.)ï¿½that is, the arrow of the scribes of Esau . Hence it is said Sharp are the arrows of the mighty. LIPS The human body, on its surface, is peach or tan, while the inner lining is red. The lips, on the other hand , are the opposite. The inner red lining is revealed on the outside, while the outer tan part is covered over by the bottom lip. Hashem made the lips of a person different from all other parts of the body in order to stress this concept that the language of a person reflects his inner self. The lips are the final stage that one ï¿½s words must pass before being exposed to the outside. Symbolizing the fact that the words of a person reveal his true inner self, the lips are flipped inside out, revealing the inner part of the person. TEETH Teeth are used to reduce the bulk and consistency of food to a level that enables the digestive system to cope it with optimally. In fact, without the teeth, not only would eating not be a pleasure, but be literally a ï¿½belly-acheï¿½. One of Jacob 's sons received the blessings of ï¿½redness of eyes from wine, and whiteness of teeth from milk.ï¿½ Just as wine promotes the expansion of veins in the eyes, it also allows the inner person to feel more at ease and also more pensive. ï¿½Wineï¿½ thus refers to the level of Torah where the ï¿½inner secretsï¿½ are located. Hence the teaching in the Talmud : ï¿½When wine enters, secrets are released.ï¿½ Whiteness of teeth refers to the process of clarity (whiteness) of mind and emotion, refining these to conform with the Chessed (compassionate) nature of the universe. This involves the ï¿½chewing overï¿½ of one 's day or year at the appropriate moments, daily and annually. Have you ever wondered why it is that when we wish to show warmth and friendliness to another person, we instinctively smile and reflexively display our teeth? If we were creating the body would you suggest opening your mouth and showing your teeth as a way to show friendship? Why did G-d make our bodies react in this manner? Why is displaying our teeth associated with being open and pleasant? A hint may be found in the following Midrash about teeth. Yalkut Shimoni Just as the strength of a person is held within his teeth (if one has no teeth or weak teeth, he cannot eat , and gain strength -ed.), so too, strength is found within the Torah. Teeth are linked here to wisdom. We have thirty - two [38] (32) teeth [39] corresponding to the thirty - two paths of wisdom (often understood as the ten sefirot and the twenty - two letters of the Hebrew alphabet) as taught in Sefer Yitzirah. A malfunciton in a particular tooth must represent a malfunction in a particular aspect symbolized by one of the paths of wisdom. I have no idea which tooth corresponds to which path, although I would take note of functions (biting, grinding, etc) as well as age of development (a good clue to the late- coming wisdom teeth). ï¿½He established twenty - two letters fundamentally by the voice, formed by the breath of air and fixed them on five places in the human mouth, namely: One at the throat {guttural sounds}, Aleph, Hay, Chet, Ayin. Two at the palate {palatal sounds}, Gimel, Yod, Kaf, Qof. Three , at the tongue {lingual sounds}, Dalet, Tet, Lamed, Nun, Taw. Four , at the teeth {dental sounds}, Zain, Shin, Samekh, Resh, Tzaddi. Five , at the lips {labial sounds}, Bet, Vau, Mem, Peh.ï¿½ (Sefer Yitzirah chapter two , section three .) According to Chazal, our Sages, the number four signifies completion or fullness. The letter shin has five definitions. [40] The first is shein, which means ï¿½tooth,ï¿½ or ï¿½teeth.ï¿½ The second is lo shanisi, meaning ï¿½steadï¿½fastness in one ï¿½s faith.ï¿½ The third is shinoy, which is ï¿½to change for the good.ï¿½ The fourth is shuvah , which means ï¿½to return.ï¿½ The fifth is shanah, or ï¿½year.ï¿½ The general use of one ï¿½s teeth (shein) is to chew food . The teeth break up and grind food . This action represents an indiï¿½vidual who carefully ï¿½chews over,ï¿½ or is careful with his actions. Additionally, the teeth represent strength. Many times, if we donï¿½t have the strength to break something with our hands , we use our teeth. According to mystical sources there are 32 paths of wisdom. So too there are 32 sources of wisdom within a person (found in the head) which are channeled to each one of the entire set of 32 adult teeth. The number 32 has the numerical value, gematria, of the Hebrew word lev, which means heart. This means that our 32 teeth represent what is in our heart. Teeth are linked to the heart and to wisdom. What does this all mean? The wisdom of a human being begins with thoughts in the heart, but if it remains there the wisdom is self-serving. In order for that wisdom to make the world a better place it needs to be expressed through the mouth. When we open our mouths and speak we share ourselves with the world . Smiling is a symbol of our willingness to open ourselves up to others. Our many teeth represent the many thoughts that run through our heads; thoughts which have the potential to help others, to make a positive impact upon those around us and indeed the entire world . When we open our mouths and smile at someone we are communicating the following message: ï¿½I want to show you what is inside of me.ï¿½ When we smile and display our teeth, we are showing others that there's a lot inside that we want to share. Whether we realize it or not, when we smile we are showing a glimpse of our wisdom. God created us so that when we are happy we smile, we laugh , we show our teeth. This is as if to say, ï¿½I am in a wonderful mood. I feel the grandeur of life. I am happy to be alive in this world . Thus, I am showing my teeth to the world -- and through my teeth, I am displaying my wisdom. I have a precious role to play in this world by tapping into and utilizing my wisdom and sharing it with others. This is why I'm smiling; this is the reason I am showing you my teeth.ï¿½ When we greet someone, we are supposed to smile at them. Smiling exhibits our kindness and openness to relate to another person. When I frown I close my mouth tightly; I hide my teeth. I am saying that I do not wish to open myself or my wisdom up to anyone. But when I smile, I say to my fellow man, ï¿½Yes, I want to get to know you. I want to share my wisdom, my insights , my personal contributions to this world with you. I am showing you my teeth, the window to my world and my wisdom, and I want you to partake in what I have to offer.ï¿½ [41] HaShem is referred to exclusively by the name Elohim in the account of creation , and this name is mentioned exactly 32 times in the course of this section of the Torah. As we said above, the 32 teeth correspond to the 32 paths of wisdom. RASHIï¿½S COMMENTARY ON PSALM THREE verse eight : YOU BREAK THE TEETH OF THE WICKED . [ï¿½THE TEETHï¿½ is a metaphor for] their might. One who suffers from a toothache and other oral woes might find their remedy in the recitation of Kiddush Levana. The increasingly mystical Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky teaches [42] that for a toothache, it is a segula from early generations , to add several words to the Kiddush Levana at a specific point in the prayer for relief from toothaches. After one has recited the passage of ï¿½so too, may my enemies not be able to harm meï¿½, one should immediately add ï¿½and I should no longer have a toothacheï¿½. It seems that the Lubavitcher Rebbe concurred with the efficacy of this segula, as well. [43] This segula is also cited in the siddur ï¿½Beit Yaakov ï¿½ of Rabbi Yaakov Emden. Rabbi Kanievsky adds that his father would recite these additional words not only for himself when needed, but also on behalf of others who were suffering from toothaches. The reason why teeth are associated with the moon and Kiddush Levana is because these words are all closely related to the word, lavan. [44] The upper and lower jaws with their two rows of teeth correspond to the two sefirot of chesed and gevurah within the mouth. Chewing food is like processing an idea to make it digestible. This process depends upon the two primary emotive powers of the soul. Love, chesed, motivates the desire of the soul to ï¿½integrateï¿½ the sparks present in external reality. Might, gevurah, performs the actual grinding of the teeth, breaking the food into digestible pieces, of which is said, ï¿½malchut [in our context, the mouth] is built [i.e., made able to perform its function to eat ] out of the [states of] gevurah.ï¿½ Similar to the upper and lower jaws and teeth, the upper and lower lips correspond to the two sefirot of netzach and hod within the mouth. These ï¿½guardï¿½ the entrance to the mouth from the outside (in Kabbalah, netzach and hod are described as ï¿½outside the bodyï¿½). In addition, the lips serve to convey an expression of the soul deeper than words--the kiss . Here, they join together with the tip of the tongue , the union of the triplet netzach-hod-yesod within the mouth. Just as ï¿½ tongue ï¿½ means ï¿½language,ï¿½ so does ï¿½lipï¿½ (safah) mean ï¿½languageï¿½ in Hebrew . This alludes to the language of the kiss . We have thus completed the analysis of the inter-inclusion of the ten sefirot within the mouth. [45] NECK The front of the neck is called ï¿½Mosheï¿½ because this is where speech originates in the physical world . (Speech actually originates in the lungs with the breath, but the breath has no sound and therefore remains in the spiritual world .) The front of a structure, in the physical world , is always its side of elevation, of spirituality, of holiness. The back is always the side of contamination and lowliness. The back of the nech is called, in Hebrew , HaOref. When this Hebrew word is read backwards it spells Paro (Pharaoh). So, Moshe brings the word of HaShem into the world , while Paro doesnï¿½t know Him at all. The first use of neck in the Torah is found in: Bereshit (Genesis) 27:16 And she put the skins of the kids of the goats upon his hands , and upon the smooth of his neck: The neck is used by the Torah to describe one who is stubborn. The neck is an allegory for stubborn, unyeilding insolence. [46] Devarim (Deuteronomy) 31: 27 For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against HaShem ; and how much more after my death? In the Oral Torah we also find various names for the Temple . In the Midrash Rabbah the Temple is called a ï¿½neckï¿½: Midrash Rabbah - Genesis XCIII:12 AND HE FELL UPON HIS BROTHER BENJAMIN ï¿½S NECKS (XLV, 14). Did Benjamin then have two necks? In fact, said R. Eleazar, he foresaw through the Holy Spirit that two Temples would be built in Benjamin ï¿½s portion, and both would be destroyed. AND BENJAMIN WEPT UPON HIS NECK: he saw that the Tabernacle of Shiloh would be built in Joseph ï¿½s portion and would be destroyed. Bereshit (Genesis) 45:14 And he fell upon his brother Benjamin ï¿½s necks, and wept; and Benjamin wept upon his neck. (As a side note, Rambam suggests that the three phrases in Bereshit 33:12 refer to HaShem ï¿½s relationship to the three Temples.) The Midrash also explains the Torah when it tells us that the Temple is equated to the neck: Midrash Rabbah - Genesis XCIII:6 Here that it is on account of a man, the beloved of the eyes, the one who gives hospitality to the Holy One , blessed be He-as it says, Of Benjamin he said: The beloved of the Lord shall dwell in safety by Him; He covereth him all the day, and He dwelleth between his shoulders (Deut. XXXIII, 12) --how much the more so!ï¿½ Devarim (Deuteronomy) 33:12 Of Benjamin he said, The beloved of HaShem shall dwell in safety by him; shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders. The Temple was built within the portion of land allocated to Benjamin . The neck which is between the shoulders alludes therefore to the Temple . Rashi explains: Necks means the two Temples (all towers resemble neck like structures) in Jerusalem (which was in Binyaminï¿½s territory). Yoseph was actually weeping over the future destruction of these two Temples. Similarly, Binyamin was weeping over the neck of Yoseph , this being the tabernacle of Shiloh (in Yoseph ï¿½s territory). This explanation is amplified by the Maharal, who explains how a personï¿½s neck connects his head, the seat not only of the intellect but also of spirituality, to his body, which carries out the wishes of the head. The Maharal quotes passages to show that the Temple was referred to as the ï¿½neckï¿½ of the Jewish people, since it forms a connection between HaShem (the ï¿½headï¿½) and His people (the ï¿½bodyï¿½). So the Temple is called the ï¿½neckï¿½ and it connects the lower and higher worlds . The neckï¿½s seven vertebrae may thus correspond to Shabbat ; this approach interfaces with the concept that Man, who is made in the image of the Creator, is a microcosm of the entire universal structure. The Midrash explains this connection between the neck and the Temple : Midrash Rabbah - The Song of Songs IV:12 THY NECK IS LIKE THE TOWER OF DAVID: this refers to the Temple . Why is it compared to a neck? Because so long as the Temple was standing , Israelï¿½s neck was stretched out among the nations of the world , but when the Temple was destroyed, then, if one may say so, Israelï¿½s neck was bowed; and so it is written, And I will break the pride of your power (Lev. XXII, 19), namely, the Temple . Another explanation: Just as a manï¿½s neck is in the highest part of him, so the Temple was in the highest part of the world . And just as most ornaments are hung round the neck, so the priests were attached to the Temple , the Levites were attached to the Temple . And just as, if the neck is removed, a man cannot live, so since the Temple was destroyed there has been no life for the enemies of Israel. Letï¿½s list the things that we know about the neck: It contains the vocal chords and thus is the origin of words or voice. It connects the head to the shoulders. A yoke is placed on the neck. Mashiach is called ï¿½The Wordï¿½ which originates in the neck: Yochanan (John) (John) 1:1-5 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with HaShem , and the Word was HaShem . The same was in the beginning with HaShem . All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. In him was life; and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. Mashiach is also a Kohen Gadole. The Kohen Gadole serves to connect the higher and the lower worlds : Hebrews 3:1-2 Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling, consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Mashiach Yeshua ; Who was faithful to him that appointed him, as also Moshe [was faithful] in all his house. In the midrash of Matityahu we find a yoke which is attached to the neck: Matityahu (Matthew) 11:29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. Mashiach says that we should take His yoke upon us. This infers that Mashiach is the neck because this is the organ which bears the yoke. Gan Eden with HaShem , Adam , and Chava was the ideal. When we failed we were given a substitute: the Mishkan . The Mishkan was eventually replaced with the Temple . The manifest presence of HaShem in the Temple was therefore like Gan Eden . The Pillar of cloud on the altar, the constant miracles all made HaShem ï¿½s presence impossible to ignore. SHOULDERS In one discussion, Shaï¿½ar HaGilgulim, in Chapter Thirty - One , discusses the division of Adam ï¿½s soul, and teaches how Cain and Abel were from the ï¿½Shouldersï¿½ of Adam HaRishon, the Left and Right Shoulder respectively. Now, again, we must not think in physical terms, even though that is exactly what we are using to discuss the spiritual world , for, all these physical terms are also just conventions to describe different spiritual levels in the Sefirot as well, of which the physical world is only a ï¿½projection.ï¿½ It is said that, one of the unique aspects of the ï¿½Shouldersï¿½ in the spiritual realm is that the light that travels from the ï¿½Brainsï¿½ of the Sefirot to the lower parts of the Sefirot, must do so via the ï¿½Shoulders.ï¿½ Thus, the light splits into two paths, moving downward to the lower levels through the Right and Left Shoulders simultaneously, only to unify once again on the level of Sefirot called ï¿½Yesodï¿½ (Foundation). Here is the actual quote: When the ï¿½dropï¿½ (of light) goes from the Shoulders until the Yesod, the Yesod is then called ï¿½Kapat (chof-peh-tav) Tamarim,ï¿½ which has the letters of ï¿½shoulderï¿½ (chof-tav-peh). And, once the two Shoulders unify in the Yesod, since a drop from both of them descends to the Yesod, then the following applies, ï¿½It shall have two shoulder straps attached to its two ends, and it shall be attachedï¿½ [47] , for, the two have become joined through the Yesod. [48] However, on one level, it is not unlike the physical body itself, which has a system for sending signals and blood to different parts of the body, often a function of electrical impulses that originate in the brain and move down the spinal cord to more remote sections the body. The light in the Sefirot works very much in the same way, no wonder. Bamidbar 7:9 The Aron must only be carried on the shoulders of the family of Kehat. The purpose of carrying the Ark on the shoulders was thus to connect the external aspect of man with the inwardness of the Torah. What is meant by HaShem dwelling ï¿½between his shouldersï¿½. One possibility is that this phrase is referring to the breastplate worn by the High Priest . This is the place where the Divine Presence communicated through the priest (cf. Keli Yakar). Alternatively, ï¿½the shouldersï¿½ refers to the place where the Temple stood, i.e. between the shoulders of the land of Benjamin and Judah (Rashi, Ibn Ezra). We see from the gemara that Esav ï¿½s and Amalek ï¿½s origin was evil, the power of desire , that came into being by the sin of the Eitz HaDaat, as mentioned above. This is explicitly written by the Vilna Gaon [49] : ï¿½The heart has a continuous war with Amalek , who is [represented in man by] the liver. The liver always fatigues [the heart] with desire for food , as the Midrash HaNeï¿½elam writes on the posuk, `And Esav said to Yaakov , halï¿½iteini no, I pray you, some of this red, red pottage, for I am faintï¿½ (Bereshit 25:30). Halï¿½iteini no is the gematria of HaShem Amalek .ï¿½ Israel sinned because ï¿½they enjoyed the feast of that roshoï¿½ (Achashverosh). Their sin was their deriving pleasure from the feast. Heaven ï¿½s grievance was not because they ate since they were forced to eat , but because they enjoyed doing it. By doing so they increased Amalek ï¿½s power in that generation . [50] It was impossible for the power of Amalek to increase during the month of Shevat . The essence of the Rosh Hashana h for Trees is that it is a tikkun for the sin of the Eitz HaDaat. Since the entire power of Amalek becomes intensified only through the damage done by this sin , therefore the Targum Sheini wrote, ï¿½The lot would not fall on Shevat since the Rosh Hashana h for Treesï¿½ occurs during it. Finally, it is worth noting that shoulders are the place of transition from the front to the back of the body. They are the transition between positivity (the front) and negativity (the back). The front of the body is where all positive actions take place. We will see, in the next section, what the back contains. Back The back is the place of negativity. It is the place where excretion take place. It is the side of darkness. Other than the sense of touch the back contains no other sensory ability. Arms Arms, kabbalistically, are outside the body. They enable a person to ï¿½doï¿½ things in this world , but, they are not, strictly speaking , a part of the body. The hands are different from all the other limbs. All the other limbs of the body are fixed and static, whereas the hands may be lowered below the feet or raised higher than the head. The same is true on an allegorical level. Man can ï¿½lowerï¿½ his hands , he can perform all the greatest sins possible. He can murder, steal. Everything can be done with the hands . We talk of having blood on our hands and dirty hands . On the other hand , the hands , when raised up, can perform the holiest acts. When the kohen blesses the people he raises his hands . The hand gives tzedaka (charity). The hand puts on tefillin . We extend the hand of friendship and assistance. This next section is an excerpt from Rabbi Yitzchak Ginsburgh. There are three segments in each of our two arms and two legs, which equals twelve , relating to the twelve tribes . With regard to the three emotive attributes of the heart, we find that the right arm embodies chesed and the left arm gevurah. This is alluded to in the verse, ï¿½His left arm is under my head, and his right arm embraces me [51] ï¿½ and in the saying of our sages, ï¿½let the left arm push away and the right arm draw near.ï¿½ [52] To ï¿½push awayï¿½ in this context means to disengage, granting the other party a sense of independence (before drawing him near). Similarly, the imagery of ï¿½his left arm is under my headï¿½ means that he nurtures my consciousness of self-independence (before embracing me with his right arm). The balancing position of beauty, that which ties in all the parts of the body in general and is centered between the arms in particular, is the torso. Of the behavioral properties of the soul, those of netzach and hod correspond to the legs of the body. Legs represent the first and most continual contact with outer reality. Moreover, the legs facilitate the movement of the body as a whole, bringing a person where he wants to go. Netzach is the quality of putting ï¿½ one ï¿½s best foot forwardï¿½ in an assertive posture. Hod is the left leg, which keeps a personï¿½s movement on course by monitoring and validating his assertive thrust. Finally, the property of yesod is referred to as the ï¿½ sign of the Holy Covenant ,ï¿½ which corresponds to the male and female reproductive organs. Referred to as the ï¿½conclusion of the body,ï¿½ yesod is the bodyï¿½s physical manifestation of its own ability to actualize and fulfill itself, as well as to connect and communicate with others. there are 248 limbs which correspond to the 248 positive commandments in the Torah and 365 primary veins which correspond to the 365 negative commandments . The hands are the organs of asiah, [53] of doing. [54] When Amalek attacked in the desert, Yehoshua led the battle against them while Moshe positioned himself above the battlefield. Moshe held his hands up, and the battle went in favor of the Jewish people. But when Mosheï¿½s hands grew heavy and sank, the tide of battle turned; Amalek began to prevail. What is the meaning of this? ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ While Mosheï¿½s hands were held above his head, we were able to defeat Amalek . We are the nation of ï¿½Naï¿½aseh vï¿½nishma ï¿½ We shall do and (then) we shall hear (understand).ï¿½ We commit ourselves to Hashem before we understand or even attempt to assess the meaning of His Torah and where that commitment will take us. We commit ourselves because He is the Creator and He is truth; what other option could possibly be intellectually honest? ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Moshe Rabbenu, that human being who contains within himself all of the Jewish people, holds his hands above his head. The hands are the organs of asiah, of doing, the head is the organ of understanding. When the hands are held higher than the head, the meaning is that practice comes before judgement, before understanding. The naï¿½aseh dimension is held above the nishma dimension. ï¿½We shall do, and then we shall understand.ï¿½ Our actions, our real and practical commitment to You are not limited by our intellect or our ego; we shall do what is true and right regardless of our personal and vested interests. But Amalek is all ego, all vested interest. I am important, I am everything. First I judge, first I must understand; perhaps later I shall decide to act; but then again, perhaps not. It all depends on what is in it for me. First , my understanding, my head. Then, perhaps, my practical commitment, my hands . ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ And so Moshe holds his hands up. When the hands are above the head, we prevail. When the head is higher than the hands , Amalek prevails. The ï¿½Divineï¿½ model of 10 = 2 X 5 (the two prime factors of 10) = (1 squared plus 2 squared) plus (1 squared plus 2 squared). Thus we have two hands with four fingers on each hand folding in a single direction and one finger folding into an opposing direction, the thumb. This gives us two sets of five fingers broken into two sets of four + 1. This is the model of the Ten Commandments -- five on each of the two tablets of the covenant . * * * The Maharal of Prague says that there is deep symbolism involved when one washes his hands for the purpose of a mitzva . Hands represent the beginning of the human body, for when one stretches out his hands to reach forward or above, it is the hands that are at the front or at the top of the body. The Maharal explains that that the way one begins an action greatly influences the direction and tone of all that follows from that point, and therefore, even a seemingly insignificant sin , but one involving the ï¿½bodily leader,ï¿½ is particularly wrong, for a misguided beginning will lead to an incomplete and incorrect conclusion. On Pesach , the Maharal continues, we should be extremely careful in our observance of this idea, for Pesach is the annual point of beginning for everything that exists, in all times. * * * Bamidbar ( Numbers ) 6:27 They will put My Name upon the Children of Israel, and I will bless them. However, unlike the body, light can exit the system in ways that blood cannot leave the body without doing real harm. For example, if blood were to break forth from the ends of the ten fingers of a person he could bleed to death if the deluge is not halted quickly. This is not the case when it comes to the light leaving the ï¿½fingertipsï¿½ of the spiritual system and our bodies. For the blood of the hands to reach the legs, it must do so internally. However, when it comes to the spiritual light that flows through us - and it really does, it can ï¿½leapï¿½ from one part of the body to another part of the body without using the internal system of transfer and delivery. For example, though the spiritual light usually travels from an upper section of our bodies to a lower section of our bodies, the light also has the capacity to move from the hands to the legs via the fingertips. This means without going through the body proper, as is usually the case. There is a Kabbalistic reason for this, which has to do with maintaining the forces of evil so long as free-will remains necessary in creation . Since evil and impurity have no intrinsic life source of their own, they live off of the holiness that they can latch onto within creation . This is another way of saying that, even though evil seems to work against HaShem , in the end it is HaShem Himself who maintains them as part of the ultimate plan for mankind. Thus, one such place in the body where the light is said to ï¿½break forthï¿½ and therefore act as a conduit for the ï¿½Kachot Hatumaï¿½ (Impure Forces), is the fingertips. Therefore, the finger tips are a place around which the impure forces ï¿½circle,ï¿½ waiting for their due like hungry dogs, so-to- speak , which is why we are so strict about washing ï¿½Negel Vasserï¿½ (literally, ï¿½Night Watersï¿½) upon waking, and other types of washing when emerging from a spiritual impure place (such as a bathroom) or before eating bread. This is also the reason why we are strict about not growing fingernails past the flesh, at least those who are aware of such a tradition. Keeping the fingernails short has the same effect as washing the hands , that being to limit the amount of light that the impure forces are allowed to derive from us. For, when the fingernails extend past the flesh, the Arizal teaches , this increases the flow of holy light to the impure forces, strengthening them against us, and the world in general. This is also one of the reasons why we look at our fingernails during Havdalah on Motzei Shabbat . Now you can appreciate why, when washing the hands before eating bread, upon saying HaShem ï¿½s Name in the blessing over the washing (ï¿½al netilas yadayimï¿½), we raise our hands upwards to the level of the shoulders. In fact, this is one of the unique properties of the hands more than any other limb of the body: they can ascend and descend. When we recite blessings, and particularly upon mentioning HaShem ï¿½s Name , we become conduits for His light to enter the world . We draw holy light down from the holy Upper World into the unholy Lower World in which we live. The positive aspect is that the light brings rectification to the world . The negative part is that, if weï¿½re not careful, that same light can end up falling into the hands of the ï¿½enemyï¿½ and strengthen him against us. Without going into detail here, this is the inherent problem with people learning Kabbalah before they are holding on the appropriate level of spiritual purity , which can only be achieved through the proper Torah channels and after much time and effort. Many may find it enjoyable unaware of the fact that, since they are very much a part of the world of impurity , they are simply sharing the light they are drawing down with the forces of impurity , contributing to the overall chaos of creation . Itï¿½s that serious. However, just as the Impure Forces are limited as to how far they can ascend in the spiritual world and ï¿½suckleï¿½ light within the overall system of light and filters (called, in more Kabbalistic terms, ï¿½Sefirotï¿½), so too are they limited with respect to a human being regarding how high they can ascend to draw light. By shoulder height the ï¿½Kï¿½lipot,ï¿½ as they are also called, are left far behind and behind the spiritual boundaries that HaShem has established for them, to make sure they can never come too close to the side of holiness. Thus, we can now appreciate the need for the kohanim to keep their arms and hands at shoulder height while blessing the Jewish people. Birchat Kohanim (the priestly blessing) has a special ability to draw down tremendous light into the world and to direct it towards those who are intending to be blessed. That is why one is supposed to stand free of any obstacles between them and the kohanim during the blessing, and to have intention to be blessed while focusing on the words of the kohanim . To protect this light from the would-be impure ï¿½sucklers,ï¿½ the light is kept beyond their borders and thus remains in the realm of holiness. * * * The five fingers parallel the five senses: taste, smell, touch, sight and hearing . Each has a finger which serves it. The thumb cleans out the mouth so that one can taste. The second finger is used to clean the nose, so that one can smell. With the third , which is the longest of all, one can touch the entire body. The fourth finger is used to clean the eye, so one can see. The little finger is used to clean the ear. One can see that each finger was created for a special purpose. One unconsciously uses the little finger to clean the ear, and the second finger to clean the nose, without ever changing them. The fingers are pointed so that if a person hears forbidden speech or vain oaths, he can place his fingers in his ears and not hear them For the same reason, although most of the ear is hard and cartilaginous, the earlobe is soft. It can be used to close the ear, so that it will not hear idle chatter and malicious gossip. The ears need special protection, since they are the first parts of the body to be burned by the fires of purgatory. * * * ï¿½Yadï¿½ means the right hand and ï¿½zeroaï¿½ the left hand when both terms occur in the same sentence in the Tanakh (Naz. 3b, and see Rashi ad loc.). [55] In The Beginning Bereshit (Genesis) 3:22 lest he extends his hand and also takes of the Tree of Life , and eat and live forever . The phrase ï¿½lest he extends his hand ï¿½ appears to be redundant. Let us first review what was written in the book ï¿½וילקט יוסףï¿½ which was quoting from the book ï¿½תפארת הגרשוניï¿½ (Ed: by Rabbi Gershon ben Yitzhak Ashkenazi ztï¿½l published in Frankfurt 1699), who in turn was quoting from the book ï¿½עשרה מאמרותï¿½ that, when Adam ate from the Tree of Knowledge , he did not use his hands since the passuk did not state ï¿½he tookï¿½. The passuk only mentioned that he ate because his arms did not want to extend and his hands did not want to open and his fingers did not want to hold the fruit. We were told in Masekhet Hullin 5B that ï¿½ HaShem does not cause a fault to happen through the hands of tzadikimï¿½; and here, we note the Gemarah specifically said ידי ( hands ). In addition, they also said this is the reason the Kohanim raise their hands when they bless the people because they are capable of blessing, since the hands of Adam HaRishon did not sin . Thus, we can understand that, in the sin of the Tree of Knowledge , the hands did not take part because, as we saw in the above Gemarah, HaShem does not cause a fault to happen through the hands of tzadikim (Ed: Such as Adam ). But after he sinned, Adam was no longer a tzadik and thus, there was concern that, if he was to sin again, he would then use his hands . Adam had already sinned, there is concern that ï¿½he will extend his hand ï¿½ since he was no longer a tzadik. Now, we can also understand: Tehilim ( Psalms ) 90:17 may the graciousness of HaShem , our G-d, be upon us and establish the work of our hands upon us. And here, the passuk specifically referred to ï¿½his hands ï¿½ which did not sin , and hence, ï¿½established upon usï¿½. In addition, we can also understand Shmuel 19:9 ï¿½and David was playing [the harp] with his hand ï¿½ since King David was a gilgul of Adam HaRishon and was making a tikun for his blemish, the passuk stated that he used his hand since it did not sin . We can also understand Tehilim 18:21 ï¿½ HaShem rewards me according to my righteousness, and compensates me according to the purity of my hands ï¿½ since the hands did not sin . FINGERS The number five represents the perfection of the natural order (the number four ), with the addition of one : HaShem Himself. Whenever a four -level system is used to contemplate ï¿½existence,ï¿½ there is always a fifth , higher and all-inclusive level that enlivens the other four . Each hand has five fingers. Four are similar in motion with a fifth that is contrary in itï¿½s motion. The thumb is the chief and best finger. Hands are specially constructed for taking hold of objects. HaShem equipped our hands with opposable thumbs, or thumbs that can be moved against the fingers. This action makes it possible to grasp things in the hand and make delicate motions. To help to understand the work thumbs do, try to pick up a pen with your thumb motionless alongside your hand . If you accomplish that, then try to pick up a dime in the same way. Hands are also used to feel things. The human hand contains at least four types of nerve endings that make the fingers and the thumbs highly sensitive. Blind people rely entirely on their sense of touch when reading Braille books. Surprisingly, there are 27 bones that make up the hand : eight in the wrist, five in the palm, and fourteen make up the fingers and thumb. Thirty - five powerful muscles move the hand , with fifteen of them in the forearm, rather than in the hand . This allows the hand to have great strength, without making the fingers thick with muscles that would make them difficult to move. Twenty muscles within the hand itself are arranged so that the hand and fingers can make a variety of precise movements Each of the four fingers has three joints and the thumb has two : (4 x 3) + 2 = 14. According to the prayerbook with the commentary of Rabbi Shabsi of Rashkov: ï¿½ hei-yud and the second iteration of each letter hei-alef and the second iteration of each letter ï¿½ * * * We have ten fingers, corresponding to the ten (elementary) commandments , ten pulses, relating to the ten sefirot ( spiritual energy centers which reflect different aspects of HaShem ï¿½s emanations in the physical world ) and ten types of song which comprise the book of Psalms . These are just a few examples of how HaShem fashioned the human body reflecting deep, spiritual concepts. Every part of the human body is, in some way, related to the commandments of the Torah and every event recorded in the Torah applies, in some way, to our daily lives. In itï¿½s basic, straightforward interpretation, our parsha discusses the Jews ï¿½ redemption from the crushing slavery of Egypt. On the deeper, allegorical level, the Exodus relates to our daily lives, especially to our very limbs, sinews and organs. The Gemara says that the earth was created with the five fingers of HaShem . Design of Fingers to fit inside Ears: Ketuvot 5a-b Kethuboth 5b Bar-Kappara [also] expounded: What [is the meaning of what] is written. And thou shalt have a peg among thy implements? Do not read, thy implements, but ï¿½upon thy earï¿½; [this means to say] that if a man hears an unworthy thing he shall plug his finger [56] into his ears. And this is the same that R. Eleazar said: Why do the fingers of man resemble pegs? Why? [57] Shall I say because they are divided? [58] [Surely] each one has been made for its own purpose! [59] For a Master said: This one [60] [Is used for measuring] the span; [61] this one [62] [is used for] taking a fistful of the meal- offering , [63] this one [64] [is used for defining] the cubit measure, [65] this one [66] [is used for taking the measure of] ï¿½a fingerï¿½, [67] [and] this one [68] [is used for service with] the thumb! [69] ï¿½ But [the question is] why [70] [are the fingers] pointed like pegs? [The reason is] that if a man hears an unworthy thing he shall plug his fingers into his ears. [A member] of the school of R. Ishmael taught : Why is the whole ear hard and the ear-lap soft? [So] that if a man hears an unworthy thing he shall bend the ear-lap into it. [71] Individual Purpose of each Finger: Ketuvot 5b Involvement of Clean Hands in protecting the eyes: Shabbat 108b * * * The Meï¿½am Loï¿½ez is the only source that mentions the custom of pointing the pinkie finger towards the text, adding that it is customary to kiss the pinkie after pointing. However, this is not a universal custom, and is not mentioned in other halachic sources. In reply to our inquiry as to the source of this custom, Rabbi Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg, shlita, gave the following explanation: The Torah lists the ten generations from Noah until Abraham , including Yoktan, who established the largest number of families. Rashi notes that Yoktan merited establishing so many families due to his great humility as his name indicates (from the root katan-little). Rabbi Scheinberg went on to explain that when pointing at the Torah we take this lesson to heart and we point with our smallest finger - the pinkie - to indicate that we should reach out to try to gain understanding of the Torah with the utmost humility and thus merit to succeed in this aspiration. Rabbi Chaim Falagie expounds on a second variation of the custom in which the index finger is used for pointing towards the Torah rather than the pinkie. He bases this custom on six consecutive statements in Tehilim the first of which is, ï¿½The Torah of HaShem is perfect reviving the soul...ï¿½. Each one of these statements is composed of five words corresponding to the number of fingers of one hand . The second word of each statement is HaShem corresponding to the second, namely the index finger. In pointing towards the Torah with the index finger we are indicating that every word of the Torah is a Name of HaShem . For that same reason, Rabbi Falagie points out, during the wedding ceremony the ring is placed on the index finger to signify that HaShem is the unifying force binding husband and wife. The significance and the symbolism that our Sages attach to every finger and to each part of our body is most instructive. Rabbeinu Bechaye discusses the utility of each organ and in particular the fingers, each of which serves to facilitate one of the five senses. The pinkie finger is associated with the sense of hearing and we may conjecture that this is related to the custom of pointing towards the Torah with the pinkie. * * * Zohar Parshat Terumah 154B the Zohar is finding a connection between the word Chovah used to express the obligation to give the waters to the Other Side and the same word Chovah as it is used to describe guilty or in this case negative energies, things and spaces i.e. water, nails on fingers and the Tumah ( spiritual impurity ) they have and the dark forces they attract and nourish. The Zohar further finds it of note that we do bless when we wash our hands before the meal while we do not when we wash our hands after the meal. This is not in the Zohar ï¿½s view due primarily to the fact that little water is used but rather because as it states blessing does not rest on that side. We wash our hands in the morning or before a meal to remove spiritual impurity thus we make a blessing. Here with the After Waters we are nourishing spiritual impurity thus we do not bless for we do not wish to ï¿½increaseï¿½ spiritual impurity via the blessing. To increase is a blessings function see Nefesh Hachaim 2:2 This reason of the Zohar behind washing the hands after a meal is not seemingly shared by a notable Halachic authority with resulting changes in the quantity of water used see Shulchan Aruch Aroch Chaim 181:1 and Mishna Berurah ad loc. * * * Heh has a numerical value of five , alluding to the five fingers of the hand . As such it represents Understanding, the hand that hold Wisdom, distributing it and channeling it. Heh is one of the two letters in the Hebrew alphabet that is written as two disjunct parts. This alludes to the fact that Understanding represents the beginning of separation.ï¿½ [72] * * * The Kiddush cup symbolizes the vessel through which, and into which, the blessing comes. The numerical value of the Hebrew word for drinking cup kos is the same as that of the name of god Elokim which expresses the divine revelation in the world , in nature, in law . And into the cup is poured the bounty, the wine, whose numerical value is seventy , the number of the Shabbat Eve. After the filling of the cup, which is now the vessel of consecration containing the divine plenty, it is placed on the palm of the right hand in such a way that the cup, supported by the upturned fingers, resembles or recalls a rose of five petals. For one of the symbols of Malkhut is the rose. And the cup of wine, thus expressing also the Shekhinah, stands in the center of the palm and is held by the petal fingers of the rose. The priests should lift their hands shoulder high, extend them, and spread out their fingers to allow five open spaces between them. On each hand , there should be an open space between the two pairs of fingers and the second pair of fingers and thumb, thus creating four open spaces, two on each hand . They should hold their hands in such a manner that a fifth open space is created between the two thumbs. This proceedure, ï¿½Peeking through the window.ï¿½ means that the Divine Presence peeks through the windows between the priests fingers. The five spaces are an allusion to the verse in Shir HaShirim (Song of Songs) 2:8 which states that HaShem ï¿½peeks through the cracks in the wall.ï¿½ In other words, HaShem protects and watches the Jewish people even when He is hidden. The priests should be very careful that the tips of their thumbs do not touch, lest they spoil the ï¿½window.ï¿½ The right hand should be raised slightly higher than the left hand , and the right thumb should be above the left thumb. They should spread their hands so that their palms face the earth and the back of their hands face the sky. * * * One of the most popular Jewish pendants, along with the Star of David, the mezuzah , and the chai, is the hand -shaped symbol known as the chamsa. The word chamsa is from the Arabic root meaning ï¿½ five ,ï¿½ similar to the Hebrew chamesh, obviously derived from the fact that we have five digits on our hand . Normally the chamsa is displayed hanging downward, with the fingers symmetrical so that you canï¿½t differentiate between the thumb and pinkie finger. Alternatively, the hand faces upward, with the fingers sometimes slightly spread and the thumbï¿½s tip accentuated outward, resembling a bird. These attempts to purposefully misrepresent the hand may be concessions to the second commandment ï¿½s prohibition against making a sculpted image of anything on the earth. The Talmud , in fact, explicitly forbids making a physical representation of the hand . Sometimes a chamsa even has a sixth finger to clearly differentiate it from the normal human hand . The Omer ï¿½R. Yehuda said in the name of R. Akiva; ï¿½Why did the Torah say to bring the Omer on Pesach ? Because Pesach is the time of produce. The Holy One Blessed be He said, ï¿½Bring before Me the Omer on Pesach so that your produce in the fields may be blessedï¿½ï¿½ Rashi notes that the kohen first ï¿½wavedï¿½ the Omer offering towards the north, then to the south, then east and finally west. After Tenufa, the Kohen proceeded to the southwest corner of the Mizbeach where he paused. He then touched the lower portion of the southwest corner of the Mizbeiï¿½ach with the Kli Shareit containing the Omer offering . This act is called Hagasha. Then he held his right hand open and vertical, placed it in the Kli Shareit in the midst of the Omer offering , folded his four fingers (excluding the thumb) against his palm, turned his palm upward and lifted his hand up. This act is called Kemitza. The Omer flour trapped in his four fingers and his palm is the Kometz (ï¿½handfulï¿½). It is this Kometz which would be burnt on the Mizbeach. (Note the Rambam, Maï¿½asei Korbanot 13:12,13 and the glosses of the Kesef Mishna and the Lechem Mishna .). The Kometz was then placed in a second Kli Shareit. This act of ï¿½re-sanctificationï¿½ is called Kiddush Hakometz. The Levona, the frankincense, was also transferred from the first Kli Shareit to the second. The kohen carrying the Kli Shareit containing the Kometz and the accompanying Levona ascended to the top of the Mizbeach, salted them (Melicha) and then consigned them to the ever-burning sacrificial fire . This act is called Haktara. Following the Haktara of the Omer , a lamb was sacrificed as an Olah - burnt offering . The Omer offering completed, the people in Jerusalem were now permitted to harvest and eat Chadash, the newly ripened grain of that yearï¿½s harvest. Elsewhere in Eretz Israel , the people waited until noon. FINGERNAILS For example, though the spiritual light usually travels from an upper section of our bodies to a lower section of our bodies, the light also has the capacity to move from the hands to the legs via the fingertips. This means without going through the body proper, as is usually the case. There is a Kabbalistic reason for this, which has to do with maintaining the forces of evil so long as free-will remains necessary in creation . Since evil and impurity have no intrinsic life source of their own, they live off of the holiness that they can latch onto within creation . This is another way of saying that, even though evil seems to work against HaShem , in the end it is HaShem Himself who maintains them as part of the ultimate plan for mankind. Thus, one such place in the body where the light is said to ï¿½break forthï¿½ and therefore act as a conduit for the ï¿½Kochos Hatumaï¿½ (Impure Forces), is the fingertips. Therefore, the finger tips are a place around which the Impure Forces ï¿½circle,ï¿½ waiting for their due like hungry dogs, so-to- speak , which is why we are so strict about washing ï¿½Negel Vasserï¿½ (literally, ï¿½Night Watersï¿½) upon waking, and other types of washing when emerging from a spiritual impure place (such as a bathroom) or before eating bread. * * * One should trim his finger-nails every Friday, never on Thursday, otherwise the nails will commence growing on the following Sabbath . He should pare the nails of the left hand first , beginning at the fourth finger and ending with the thumb; and then he should pare the nails of the right hand , beginning with the thumb and ending with the fourth finger; he should not vary the following order: 4th, 2d, 5th, 3d, 1st of the left hand ; then the 1st, 3d, 5th, 2d, 4th of the right hand . Never pare two (contiguous) fingers one after the other, for it is dangerous, and it also impairs the memory. The reason and mystery about the order for paring the nails are well known to the expert. The Guiding Hands of Torah ï¿½ The Ten Commandments were engraved on the tablets in two groups of five each. Nachmanides comments: ï¿½ Five of the Ten Commandments deal with the honor of the Almighty, the Creator, whereas the other five address the well-being of man. The commandment to honor one ï¿½s father and mother is a part of the commandments honoring HaShem Himself, since by honoring one ï¿½s father and mother a person honors HaShem ; this is because HaShem is a partner in the formation of any human being. The ten sefirot parallel the ten fingers. ï¿½ We are therefore left with five commandments which address manï¿½s needs and dignity. It appears that one set of five commandments was engraved on one of the two tablets, and the second on the other. We are to regard both groups of commandments as equally important. This corresponds to what is written in the Sefer Yetzira, that the ten sefirot parallel the ten fingers, five on each hand , with a covenant forming the link between them in the center. This explains the need for two tablets. Up to and including the commandment of honoring father and mother, the commandments allude to the Written Torah; the commandments found on the second tablet are an allusion to the Oral Torah . ï¿½ Two tabletsï¿½represent the relationship between bride and groom. ï¿½ Our sages may have had this in mind when they said that the reason that there were two tablets was that one symbolizes heaven whereas the other symbolizes Earth; they represent the relationship between bride and groom. They symbolize the two worlds , the here and now with the Hereafter. All of this is reflected in a single allusion. Intelligent students will understand this. Thus far Nachmanides. ï¿½ On the verse ï¿½Your two breasts [shnei shadecha] are like two fawns, twins of the gazelleï¿½ (Songs 4:5), Rashi comments that the expression shnei shadecha refers to the two stone tablets. They are described as ï¿½twinsï¿½ because they were both of identical dimensions and contained five commandments each. The commandments parallel each other. The injunction not to murder corresponds to the commandment that ï¿½I am the Lord Your God,ï¿½ for the murderer diminishes the stature of HaShem by destroying His handiwork. The commandment not to have other gods corresponds to the prohibition of adultery, because the adulteress practices deceit of her husband, whereas the idol -worshipper practices infidelity against his Maker. * * * Interestingly enough, the Talmud has recorded instances of rabbinic leaders producing living creatures-like the legendary golem, [73] an artificial anthropoid-from dust. In talmudic accounts a golem was formed from earth and was activated by putting the Name of HaShem either on the golemï¿½s forehead, or on a manuscript inserted into his mouth. A golem was incapable of speech, and since speech was said to be associated with possession of a soul, it was concluded that a golem did not possess a soul. This would explain why renowned rabbinic leaders were reportedly able to destroy a golem without violating the prohibition of murder. Tav Is The Twenty -Second Letter Of the Aleph Bet { Hebrew Alphabet} The Letter Tav represents Truth and Perfection Gematria is a particular study of Jewish mysticism based on the numerical value of Hebrew letters in the Aleph Bais ( Hebrew alphabet) as inscribed in the Torah. Jewish Gematria has many disciplines. Gematria value = 400 Gematria value of the word Tav = 406 Meaning of Tav = sign , line, feature or note... The Tav is a directional letter moving from the left to the right. The direction begins with man represented by the letter Vav and moves towards truth and perfection which represent HaShem {see Gematria discussion for the letter Vav}. The Gematria construction of the Tav is a Vav = 6 plus a Vav = 6 plus a Vav = 6 for a total of 18, {see first blue box at top of page}. The Gematria of Chai, meaning ï¿½life / livingï¿½ is 18, {see first yellow box at top of page}. Every life and the substance for every life is based upon HaShem ï¿½s truth. All Creation is sustained and maintained by HaShem ï¿½s truth. The first letter for the Hebrew word Torah begins with the letter Tav. The last letter for Emet, meaning truth, concludes with the letter Tav. The letter Tav is HaShem ï¿½s seal. The Tav is HaShem ï¿½s absolute guarantee that His agreement will be carried out to completion. When Kayin murdered his brother Hevel, the Torah records that HaShem placed an Oht, meaning sign , on Kayinï¿½s forehead. This Oht, according to Nachlas Benjamin , was the letter Tav. The letter Tav {from right to left} Vav - Yod - Tav comes from the root Hey - Vav - Tav, meaning to place a mark or sign . It is the Tav that represents HaShem ï¿½s sign or mark! The basis for this comes from the following: ï¿½The sign { Tav } as a Divine judicial pronouncement was used when HaShem decreed the destruction of Jerusalem and ordered the angel Gabriel - as seen in the vision by the Prophet Ezekiel (Ch. 9) - to put a { Tav } on the foreheads of the citizens of Jerusalem . {The Tav was used} to differentiate the righteous ones destined for life in the World to Come from the wicked who were doomed to perish in This World and in the next, ink and blood were used respectively. A { Tav } in ink was placed on the forehead of the righteous, denoting {the word [from right to left] Hey - Yod - Chess - Tav, ï¿½Teech Yehï¿½ meaning} you shall live; {see second blue box at top of page} and in blood {on the forehead} for the wicked , denoting {the word [from right to left] Tav - Vav - Mem - Tav, ï¿½Taw Moosï¿½ meaning} you shall dieï¿½ {see second yellow box at top of page}. [74] HaShem ï¿½s seal has been understood in Judaism for thousands of years and since Creation as the Hebrew letter Tav. In Judaism we regard the Tav which is the Gematria total of Vav {6} plus Vav {6} plus Vav {6} equaling 18 to mean ï¿½LIFEï¿½. Christians / Messianics regard HaShem ï¿½s seal with its Gematria construction of Vav {6} plus Vav {6} plus Vav {6} to be ï¿½666ï¿½ which they claim to be ï¿½the mark of the Beast.ï¿½ Now, in fact, the letter Tav does NOT represent the mark of the beast. The Tav represents the seal of HaShem the Creator. HaShem ï¿½s seal is placed upon the forehead of the righteous IN INK representing ï¿½life in the World to Comeï¿½ and HaShem ï¿½s seal is placed upon the forehead of the wicked IN BLOOD meaning ï¿½you shall die in this life and in the next world .ï¿½ The righteous are sealed to life IN INK and the wicked are sealed to death IN BLOOD. The same seal is used. * * * HALACHAH: HOW MUCH OF THE FACE DETERMINES ï¿½BECHORAHï¿½? Resh Lakish rules that even after the forehead of fully formed child has come out of the womb , the next born is a Bechor with regard to inheritance (because a forehead is not considered ï¿½Yakir.ï¿½) Rav Yochanan rules that a forehead entirely removes the status of Bechor of the next born, even as far as inheritance . HALACHAH: The TUR (CM 277) rules that although only a Bechor who was born while his father was still alive has the status of Bechor for inheritance , if most of the forehead came out while his father was still alive it is sufficient. The BET YOSEF explains that this ruling is in accordance with Rav Yochanan. The BACH recommends removing the word most, since the Gemara only mentions ï¿½forehead,ï¿½ which implies that the entire forehead must be born and not only most of the forehead. Since the forehead is required in order that it should be possible to recognize (ï¿½Yakirï¿½) the newborn, the rule of Rubo kï¿½Kulo would obviously not apply. The SHEV SHMAITSA (7:15) and Acharonim agree with this emendation. * * * ï¿½You shall make its horns on the four corners (of the altar), to be of one piece with it, and overlay it with copper.ï¿½ (Shemot 27:2) Why were its horns to be of copper, ï¿½nechoshetï¿½? In order to atone for insolence, as it says, ï¿½And your forehead is copper.ï¿½(Is. 48:4) ( Midrash Tanchuma 11) The forehead is a metaphor for insolence, because such a person raises his forehead when it should be bowed in humility; copper also suggests inflexibility. (Rabbi David Kimchi, 12th-13th c.) There are some qualities concerning which it is forbidden simply to maintain a middle path, but must be avoided to the extreme, and pride is one of them. The right way is not simply to be humble, but to be extremely humble-minded and very low in one ï¿½s own estimation. Thus it was said of Moses that he was ï¿½VERY humbleï¿½, (Numb. 12:3) not merely ï¿½humbleï¿½. Hence our Sages directed us to ï¿½be exceedingly humble.ï¿½ (Pirkei Avot 4:4) They also said that whoever is prideful, denies the essential principle of our faith, as it says: ï¿½And your heart will be proud, and you will forget the Lord your God.ï¿½ (Deut. 8:14) (Maimonides, Laws of Ethical Qualities 2:3) Tetzaveh by Rabbi Yaakov Menken ï¿½And you shall make a Tzitz of pure gold, and you shall engrave in it, like the engraving of a seal, ï¿½Sanctified to HaShem .ï¿½ï¿½ [Shemot 28:36] The Tzitz was a band which the Kohen Gadol, the High Priest , wore across his forehead. Engraved into this band, pressed in from the back so as to appear in relief, coming out from the band, were the words ï¿½Kadosh LaShem,ï¿½ Sanctified to HaShem . Our Sages explain in the Talmud that the Tzitz atoned for azus panim, literally ï¿½boldness of faceï¿½ -- presumptuousness, brazenness, chutzpah. Think about a ï¿½bald-faced lieï¿½ -- sinning in an obvious, blunt, brazen way. The Zohar says that when the Kohen Gadol wore the Tzitz on his forehead, it subdued those who were brazen. Just imagining it can be frightening. The Kohen Gadol is wearing ï¿½Sanctified to HaShem ï¿½ on his forehead. What shows on my forehead? Brazen lies and other misdeeds? In the Chapters of the Fathers , Chapter 5, there is a perplexing Mishna . ï¿½He [Yehudah ben Teima] used to say: ï¿½The brazen go to Gehennom [purgatory], but the shamefaced go to the Garden of Eden .ï¿½ May be Your will, HaShem our HaShem and the HaShem of our fathers , that the Holy Temple be rebuilt speedily in our days, and grant us our portion in your Torah.ï¿½ What is happening in this Mishna ? The author is telling us what Yehudah ben Teima used to say, and then he suddenly starts davening ( praying )! Looking forward to the rebuilding of the Temple , and praying for our share in Torah, is a recurring theme throughout the traditional Jewish prayer book -- but why is it relevant to a discussion of appropriate and inappropriate character traits? I found the following answer (original source unknown): the author of the Mishna wrote the saying of Yehudah ben Teima, and immediately thought of the brazen people in his own generation , who undoubtedly caused grief for the community and especially for straight, upright individuals. Those people, he wrote, were going to face cleansing in Gehennom for their behavior. And he remembered that when the Temple existed, the Tzitz on the forehead of the Kohen Gadol atoned for their sins , and indeed subdued them and prevented them from being so brazen in the first place. Life would be so much better for everyone, if only the Temple were rebuilt! And so this short prayer burst from his heart, asking for this to happen soon. Our Sages also say in the Talmud (Beitzah 25): ï¿½Why was the Torah given to Israel? Because they are brazen.ï¿½ And the commentator Rashi explains, ï¿½The Torah was given to them so that they should involve themselves in it, and it will take their strength and subdue their hearts.ï¿½ Therefore the writer of the Mishna concludes: ï¿½And give us our portion in Your Torah.ï¿½ The Temple was not merely designed to be a glorious place for worship of HaShem , a fancy edifice. In every aspect, it was built to help us, to improve each person who passed through its gates, or even shared the world with it. In the meantime, we take refuge in the Torah, which has everything spiritual within it, but may we indeed see the Temple rebuilt, speedily in our days! Rabbi Yaakov Menken The source of the commandment of Tefillin appears in the passage of Shema Yisrael: You shall love the L-rd your HaShem with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. Take to heart these instructions with which I charge you this day.... Bind them as a sign on your hand and let them serve as a symbol on your forehead. (Deuteronomy 6:5-8) BREASTS This next passage from Song of Song of Songs Rabbah, which compares a womanï¿½s breasts to Moses and Aaron, is extremely telling and rife with symbolism. Song of Songs Rabbah IV:13 YOUR TWO BREASTS: these are Moses and Aaron. Just as the breasts are the beauty and the adornment of a woman, so Moses and Aaron were the beauty and adornment of Israel. Just as the breasts are the appeal of a woman, so Moses and Aaron were the appeal of Israel. Just as the breasts are full of milk, so Moses and Aaron filled Israel with Torah. Just as whatever a woman eats helps to feed the child at the breast, so all the Torah that Moses our teacher learned he taught to Aaron, as it is written, ï¿½And Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord ( Exodus 4:28).ï¿½ The Rabbis say, ï¿½He revealed to him the ineffable Name .ï¿½ Just as one breast is not greater than the other, so it was with Moses and Aaron, for it is written, ï¿½These are that Moses and Aaron ( Exodus 4:27),ï¿½ and it is also written, ï¿½These are that Aaron and Moses (ib. 26),ï¿½ showing that Moses was not greater than Aaron nor was Aaron greater than Moses in knowledge of Torah. R. Abba said, ï¿½They were like two fine pearls belonging to a king which he put in a balance, finding that neither weighed down the other. So were Moses and Aaron just equal.ï¿½ Through the symbolic use of ï¿½breastsï¿½ to represent Moses and Aaron, we have an encounter with both symmetry and opposition. The symmetry of the breasts illustrates the equivalence between Moses and Aaron. Yet, on the other hand , Moses and Aaron also represent opposites. Aaron was an eloquent spokesperson while Moses stuttered and was ï¿½slow of tongue ï¿½ ( Exodus 4:10). We can also say that Moses is to Aaron as God is to Moses. This is demonstrated by the following two passages. Exodus 4:16 And he (Aaron) shall speak to the people for you; and he shall be to you (Moses) as a mouth, and it will be as if you were God to him. Song of Songs Rabbah I:52 ï¿½And you shall be to him in Godï¿½s stead.ï¿½ In fact, what God said to Moses was this, ï¿½Moses, as My fear is upon you, so shall the fear of you be upon thy brother.ï¿½ The Hebrew word for breasts can be further related to greater spiritual realms in two ways. First , the spelling for breasts, Shadayim, differs by only one letter from the spelling for heavens , Shamayim, and second, the word for breast, Shad, appears to be etymologically related to the appellation ï¿½God Almightyï¿½, El Shaddai. Additionally, the transition of the milk of the breasts from the unseen inside to the visible outside is also representative of more general transitions from the unknown to the known , and hence from HaShem to humans. Yoma 54a R. Judah contrasted the following passages: And the ends of the staves were seen [75] and it is written but they could not be seen without [76] ï¿½ how is that possible? ï¿½ They could be observed, but not actually seen. Thus was it also taught : ï¿½And the ends of the staves were seen One might have assumed that they did not protrude from their place. To teach us [the fact] Scripture says: ï¿½And the staves were so longï¿½. One might assume that they tore the curtain and showed forth; to teach us [the fact] Scripture says: ï¿½They could not be seen withoutï¿½. How then? They pressed forth and protruded as the two breasts of a woman, as it is said: My beloved is unto me as a bag of myrrh, that lieth betwixt my breasts. [77] Our Sages also teach that the poles of the ark protruded into the parochet, the curtain that separates between the Holy and the Holy of Holies. They describe the effect as the ï¿½appearanceï¿½ of breasts. It is also said that the parochet moved in and out and gave the appearance of breathing. Thus we can see that the Ark of the Covenant (the heart) was situated between the protruding poles (breasts); in the area of a breathing curtain (lungs). The connection to a womanï¿½s body is obvious. The parochet, the curtain, represents the diaphram, while the poles represent the breasts. SPINE The other 32 bones (vertebrae) in the spine bream down to the 3 bones of the Coccyx, the 7 of the neck, the 12 thoracic bones of the upper back and the 10 of the lumber and sacrum, split evenly 5 and 5. ORGANS The Mishkan ï¿½s furnishings or ï¿½vessels,ï¿½ are seen as representations of the various organs and faculties of man: The Outer Altar on which the animal and meal offerings were brought represent the digestive system and other ï¿½functionalï¿½ organs. Heart In Jewish literature, manï¿½s heart has often been referred to as king. Physiologically, the heart provides sustenance to all the bodyï¿½s limbs, without which all would die. Spiritually , the heart is the seat of thought and emotion, with the capacity to guide man to higher levels of devotion to and closeness with HaShem : Devarim (Deuteronomy) 6:5 ï¿½You shall love HaShem your G-d with all your heart...ï¿½ Conversely, the heart can drag man into a bottomless abyss, from where there appears to be no return: Bamidbar ( Numbers ) 15:39 ï¿½Do not explore after your heart and after your eyes after which you stray.ï¿½ HaShem made man a heart, which is the king over all the organs, and which is the seat of the animate soul. Just like the center of the Temple is the Holy of Holies, the center of the human being is his heart. His head is above him, his feet are beneath him, so the heart which is at the midpoint of his trunk, is the actual center of his being. Just as the holiness that is the source of all that is good in the world emanates from the Holy of Holies, the life force of the human emanates from the heart. The human heart serves as the physical antenna and receiver of the spiritual force of ruach. Thus the human heart, which serves as the physical antenna and receiver of the spiritual force of ruach is the exact counterpart of the cherubim above the Ark in the Holy of Holies. Just as that is the point where the Divine voice connects with man, the ruach in manï¿½s heart is the connection point with the neshama, which represents the Divinity within man. All joy is manifest in the heart (in Hebrew : lev). The word lev has many associations with the holiday of Succoth : When we write out the letters of the word lev (spelled lamed, beit) in full (Lamed, mem, dalet; Bet, yud, tav) they equal the numerical value of succoth (486). When we sit in the succah , we bless HaShem for having commanded us to sit inside. The distinguishing words of this blessing are leshev basukkah (ï¿½to sit in the succah ï¿½). The first letters of the words Leshev Basukkah are lamed and bet, another allusion to lev. ï¿½ The lulav (ï¿½palm branchï¿½), one of the four species, is spelled lamed, vav, lamed, bet. This word can be read as lo lev, ï¿½he has a heart.ï¿½ Our sages say that the etrog (ï¿½citron fruitï¿½), another of the four species, resembles a heart. The numerical value of all the four species, (etrog, aravah, lulav, hadas) equals lev (32) times lev! * * * The Nation of Israel is the ï¿½heartï¿½ of the whole world . Just as the heart is the vital organ which determines whether the body will live, so are we responsible for the spiritual life of the whole world . (Kuzari, 2:36-44). However, we must follow a certain order. First , we must bring the Nation of Israel to perfection, then all of mankind, and finally, the animal, vegetable and mineral world . The Torah teaches that importance should always be given to the right side. We put on our right shoe before our left shoe, we wrap our Tefillin with our right hand and we give charity with our right hand . Why than is the most important part of the body, our heart, on the left side? Rav Nachman of Breslav gives the truest answer. If we stand face to face with another individual our heart is on their right. Our heart is for them not for ourselves. The center of the body part that is covered by a shirt is the heart. [78] A bullet that pierces this area will surely kill the person. Note that the heart is situated between the breasts such that the breasts and the heart are at the same level. While the heart contains four chambers, there are two sets of two chambers that work together. The left two chambers pump oxygen depleted blood to the lungs and the right two chambers pump the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. The life of the body is in the blood. The heart pumps this life blood to the whole body. Bereshit (Genesis) 9:4 But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat . When we examine Jerusalem (and the Ark of the Covenant ), which corresponds to the heart, we will see that the contents of the Ark were also a set of two pair. Two sets of Luchot (tablets): One set that were broken and one set was whole. Yoma 54a R. Judah contrasted the following passages: And the ends of the staves were seen [79] and it is written but they could not be seen without [80] ï¿½ how is that possible? ï¿½ They could be observed, but not actually seen. Thus was it also taught : ï¿½And the ends of the staves were seen One might have assumed that they did not protrude from their place. To teach us [the fact] Scripture says: ï¿½And the staves were so longï¿½. One might assume that they tore the curtain and showed forth; to teach us [the fact] Scripture says: ï¿½They could not be seen withoutï¿½. How then? They pressed forth and protruded as the two breasts of a woman, as it is said: My beloved is unto me as a bag of myrrh, that lieth betwixt my breasts. [81] How wonderful is the human heart! It speaks and sees (Eccles. 1.), it hears (1 Kings 3.), it walks (2 Kings 5.), it falls (1 Saml. 17.), it stands (Ezekl. 22.), and it rejoices (Ps. 16.), it cries (Lament. 2.), it is comforted (Isa. 40.), and it grieves (Deut. 15.), it hardens (Exod. 19.), and it softens (Deut. 20.), it saddens (Gen. 6.), it is terrified (Deut. 28.), it breaks (Ps. 51.), it is haughty (Deut. 8.), it rebels (Jer. 8.), it devises (1 Kings 12.), and it has imaginations (Deut. 29.), it indites (Ps. 45.), it thinks (Prov. 19.), it desires (Ps. 21.), and it declines (Prov. 7.), it goes astray (Numb. 15.), it supports (Gen. 18.), it is stolen (Gen. 34, it becomes humiliated (Levit. 26.), it is persuaded (Gen. 24.), it errs (Isa. 21.), it trembles (1 Saml. 4.), it is awake (Songs 5.), it loves (Deut. 6.), and it hates (Levit. 19.), it is envious (Prov. 23.), and it is searched (Jer. 17.), it is rent (Joel 2.), it meditates (Ps. 49.), it is like fire (Jer. 20.), and it is stony (Ezkl. 36.), it repents (2 Kings 23.), it is hot (Deut. 19.), it dies (1 Saml. 25.), it melts (Joshua 7.), it receives fear (Jer. 23.), it gives thanks (Ps. iii.), it covets (Prov. 6.), it hardens (Prov. 28.), and it is pleased (judges 16.), it deceives (Prov. 12.), it speaks inwardly (1 Saml. 1.), it loves bribery (Jer. 22.), it is written upon (Prov. 33.), it is mischievous (Prov. 6.), it receives injunctions (Prov. 10.), it is presumptuous (Obad. 1.), and it arranges (Prov. 16.).Mid. Eccles. 1. Lungs The lungs take in air and separate out the gasses to be absorbed from the gasses to be expelled. The expelled product is less refined than the incoming air, but still it is not very offensive and it is light and ethereal.. By contrast, that which is expelled below the diaphragm is much more offensive and ï¿½heavyï¿½. Diaphragm The diaphragm ( Hebrew : Parsa, lit. curtain) acts as separator between the higher organs of the heart and lung, the immediate organs of life, and the lower organs of digestion and reproduction. The diaphragm divides the organs of breathing [the respiratory system] from the organs of digestion. The diaphragm is thus seen as separating between the more spiritual aspects of the body and the lower, more physical aspects. Above the diaphragm we have the heart, the lungs, the brain , etc., while below, we have the more corporeal and gross physical organs. Your heart rests over the diaphragm and the liver, gall bladder spleen, stomach and kidneys lie below it. It is attached to the spine as it moves and massages all your abdominal organs. Your diaphragm is the mediator of all the biological and emotional rhythms of your body. Including the autonomic nervous system. The diaphragm interconnects your abdomen, lungs and spine. The diaphragm divides the organs of breathing [the respiratory system] from the organs of digestion. The diaphragm is thus seen as separating between the more spiritual aspects of the body and the lower, more physical aspects. Above the diaphragm we have the heart, the lungs, the brain , etc., while below, we have the more corporeal and gross physical organs. How does the transmission of Life Force depend on our speech and prayer ? It is written, ï¿½From my flesh, I shall see G-dï¿½. [82] [By understanding the human body, we can also understand HaShem ï¿½s ways.] Man is filled with life force and breath, spread inside him. When he wishes to speak , he must constrict this breath through his larynx, and modulate it with his mouth, lips, tongue and teeth. He can then express it as he desires , and only then can his speech, voice and wisdom be detected. [He can communicate] because his life force, wisdom and voice are constricted in his speech. When a righteous person stands in prayer , he certainly attaches and binds his thought and life force to the Infinite Essence, which is a simple formless Unity. When he begins to speak , he transmits the Creatorï¿½s Life Force into his words and speech. As these leave his lips, they are very strongly bound to his breath and life force, constructed into the sounds that he expresses. Then (to the extent that we can express it), the Infinite Essence is bound to this personï¿½s breath and life force, and is modulated and constricted in his expression of words. [83] Kidneys The Torah and Chazal attributed specific functions to the organs of the body. The Talmud tells us that, ï¿½The kidneys adviseï¿½ (Berachot 61a), this echoes King Davidï¿½s song: Tehillim ( Psalms ) 16:7 I will bless the Lord who has advised me, even at night my kidneys instruct me. This may seem very strange to us, after all, what do kidneys have to do with giving advice? Chazal suggest that the right and left kidneys represent, respectively, the good and evil inclinations: Berachoth 61a Our Rabbis taught : Man has two kidneys, one of which prompts him to good, the other to evil; and it is natural to suppose that the good one is on his right side and the bad one on his left, as it is written, A wise manï¿½s understanding is at his right hand , but a foolï¿½s understanding is at his left. Our Rabbis taught : The kidneys prompt, the heart discerns, the tongue shapes [the words], the mouth articulates, the gullet takes in and lets out all kinds of food , the wind-pipe produces the voice, the lungs absorb all kinds of liquids, the liver is the seat of anger, the gall lets a drop fall into it and allays it, the milt produces laughter , the large intestine grinds [the food ], the maw brings sleep and the nose awakens. If the awakener sleeps or the sleeper rouses, a man pines away. A Tanna taught : If both induce sleep or both awaken, a man dies forthwith. Another of Chazalï¿½s interpretations is that the two kidneys correspond to two aspects of our relationship to HaShem : To fear HaShem and to love HaShem . In both interpretations, these organs represent a system of duality or alternative courses of action. The role of these ï¿½advisersï¿½ is to signal us how to choose between possible actions. Rabbi Nachman taught that the 613 commandments of the Torah are actually 613 major categories of advice which can provide solutions to every conceivable problem. All that is necessary in order find the hidden advice is expertise in how to properly unravel the verses and laws of the Torah. The spiritual energies of the kidneys influence the decision making faculties of the mind, as is taught in the Talmud : Berachot 61a Our Rabbis taught : Man has two kidneys, one of which prompts him to good, the other to evil; and it is natural to suppose that the good one is on his right side and the bad one on his left, as it is written, A wise manï¿½s understanding is at his right hand , but a foolï¿½s understanding is at his left. Our Rabbis taught : The kidneys prompt, the heart discerns, the tongue shapes [the words], the mouth articulates, the gullet takes in and lets out all kinds of food , the wind-pipe produces the voice, the lungs absorb all kinds of liquids, the liver is the seat of anger, the gall lets a drop fall into it and allays it, the milt produces laughter , the large intestine grinds [the food ], the maw brings sleep and the nose awakens. If the awakener sleeps or the sleeper rouses, a man pines away. A Tanna taught : If both induce sleep or both awaken, a man dies forthwith. Rabbi Nachman says that Torah study can sanctify the spiritual energies of the kidneys, directing the mind to the path of holiness. In other words, when the kidneys contain the spiritual energies of holiness, it eventually leads to purity of the mind. The spiritual energies of holiness facilitate the mind in making the right choices because they can light up the darkness of any problem. When one makes the right choices, he is directed to the pathways that lead to HaShem , the source of all joy and goodness. It is essential to safeguard the purity of the mind and all the organs of the body that influence it, because one ï¿½s link to HaShem and eternal goodness, is dependent upon the degree of purity of the mind. This is referred to as Tikun HaBrit, ï¿½rectification of the covenant ï¿½, which is an eternal bond that the Jewish nation made at Mount Sinai with HaShem , and is incumbent upon each Jew to observe. Rav Noson says that although the spiritual energies of the kidneys provide good advice to the brain , the fat that covers them contain negative energies which distort the good advice. Rashi explains that the origin of the word Kï¿½SiL (which refers to an intellectual fool, one who has a great intellect but misuses it, coming to errroneous conclusions which lead him away from HaShem ), has the same root as the word Kï¿½Sawï¿½Lim (kidneys). Rashi says that the spiritual energies contained in the fat covering the kidneys prevent the intellectual fools from returning to HaShem . It is forbidden to eat the layer of fat that covers the kidneys because its essence pollutes the spiritual energies of holiness contained in the kidneys, greatly hampering the mindï¿½s ability to make the right choices, as the verse says, ï¿½You may not consume any fat or any blood [because of the negative spiritual energies they contain].ï¿½ (Lev. 3:17) Midrash Rabbah - Genesis LXI:1 And in His law doth he meditate day and night (Ps. Ioc. cit.). R. Simeon b. Yohai said: His [ Abraham ï¿½s] father did not teach him, nor did he have a teacher ; whence then did he learn the Torah? The fact is, however, that the Holy One , blessed be He, made his two kidneys serve like two teachers for him, and these welled forth and taught him wisdom; thus it is written, I will bless the Lord, who hath given me counsel; yea, in the night seasons my reins [kidneys] instruct me (ib. XVI, 7). Midrash Rabbah - Ecclesiastes VII:28 Another interpretation of WISDOM IS A STRONGHOLD TO THE WISE MAN: i.e. to Adam , as it is written, Thou seal most accurate, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty, thou wast in Eden the garden of God (Ezek. XXVIII, 12f.). THAN TEN RULERS THAT ARE IN A CITY : i.e. the ten organs that minister to the soul,4 viz. the gullet for [the passage of] food , the windpipe for voice, the liver for anger, the gall for jealousy, the lungs to absorb liquids, the stomach to grind [ food ], the milt for laughter , the kidneys to advise, the heart to give understanding, and the tongue to decide. The Torah and the sages attributed interesting features to certain organs of the lower half of the body. A comment in the Talmud , ï¿½The kidneys adviseï¿½ (Berachot 61a), echoes King Davidï¿½s song: ï¿½I will bless the Lord who has advised me, even at night my kidneys instruct meï¿½ ( Psalms 16:7). But this may seem very strange to us: What do kidneys have to do with giving advice? The Sages suggest that the right and left kidneys represent, respectively, the good and evil inclinations (Berachot 61a); another of their interpretations is that the two kidneys correspond to two aspects of our relationship to the divine: to fear God and to love God. In both interpretations, these organs represent a system of duality or alternative courses of action. The role of these ï¿½advisersï¿½ is to signal us how to choose between possible actions. We can see this from a physical perspective: kidneys filter and detoxify, cleansing the blood, separating what is good for our bodies from what is bad. They monitor levels of sugar, salt, potassium, protein, and water. Further, atop the kidneys sit the powerful adrenal glands, which fuel our ï¿½fight or flightï¿½ reflex when a dangerous situation develops, and empower the body to go beyond its normal range of reactions. So, along two different dimensions, the kidney area represents decision-making. The kidneys are related to the heart and to desire : Yeremyahu (Jeremiah) 17:10 I the Lord search the heart and test the kidneys, and give to each man according to his ways and to the fruit of his actions. The name Kislev derives from the Hebrew word kesel 1 (כֶּסֶל), which means either ï¿½security,ï¿½ or ï¿½trust.ï¿½ There are two states of trustï¿½ one active and one passiveï¿½both of which manifest in the month of Kislev , which in the human body correspond to the right and left kidneys, respectively. In Hebrew , the word for kidney 2 is also kesel (כֶּסֶל). The name Kislev comes from a root in the word ï¿½kesel- kesalimï¿½ and the kelayot-kidneys are called kesalim. Strong desire is rooted in the kidneys; Ibn Ezra comments [84] that they are called kelayot because they are the seat of lust and desire and ï¿½How I my soul pine and indeed my soul was consumed in yearning for Thy Courtyards, HaShem ï¿½ [85] or ï¿½If I put kisli in goldï¿½ [86] that Rashi sees as ï¿½all my hope and thoughtsï¿½, that is the desires and the lusts. This is the trait of Benyamin as they taught that he was concerned and thoughtful of HaShem all day; Rashi explains this like a person who is troubled that he hasnï¿½t satisfied his desires [87] . Rav Noson says that although the spiritual energies of the kidneys provide good advice to the brain , the fat that covers them contain negative energies which distort the good advice. Rashi explains that the origin of the word Kï¿½SiL (which refers to an intellectual fool, one who has a great intellect but misuses it, coming to errroneous conclusions which lead him away from HaShem ), has the same root as the word Kï¿½Sawï¿½Lim (kidneys). Rashi says that the spiritual energies contained in the fat covering the kidneys prevent the intellectual fools from returning to HaShem . It is forbidden to eat the layer of fat that covers the kidneys because its essence pollutes the spiritual energies of holiness contained in the kidneys, greatly hampering the mindï¿½s ability to make the right choices, as the verse says, ï¿½You may not consume any fat or any blood [because of the negative spiritual energies they contain].ï¿½ (Lev. 3:17) The word for kidney, kulyah, comes from kol--ï¿½all.ï¿½ Kol = 50. Our sages teach us that ï¿½at the age of 50 one is able to give advice.ï¿½ The two kidneys are two complementary sets of 50 (as the 50 parallel 50 loops of the two sets of the over-hang drapery of the Tabernacle ). 50 plus 50 = 100 = 10 squared, the consummate state of rectification, 10 (powers of the soul) ï¿½interincludedï¿½ in 10. The liver is the main organ of the abdomen according to the kabbalistic system. The liver uses food elements to produce blood elements. The liver separates out those elements to be retained and those elements that are to be discarded. This is analogous to the lungs which take in air elements and separates the oxygen component which is used to produce blood elements. The blood is, of course, the place of the life energy. The liver is dedicated to the nefesh and translates its messages into desires and drives. Soncino Zohar , Bereshith, Section 1, Page 27b AND THE LORD GOD COMMANDED THE MAN, SAYING. It is agreed that the term ï¿½ command ï¿½ in the Scripture always has reference to the prohibition of idolatry . This sin has its root in the liver, which is the seat of anger, and it has been laid down that ï¿½to fall into a passion is like worshipping idolsï¿½. The expression ï¿½the manï¿½ designates bloodshed, on the analogy of the verse: ï¿½by man shall his blood be shedï¿½ (Gen. IX, 6). This sin has its root in the gall, the sword of the angel of death, after the verse: ï¿½her latter end is bitter like gall, piercing like a two -edged swordï¿½ (Prov. V, 4). The expression ï¿½sayingï¿½ refers to incest, which has its root in the spleen, as it is written, ï¿½Such is the way of the adulterous woman, she eats and wipes her mouthï¿½ (Ibid. XXX, 20). Although the spleen has no mouth or suckers, yet it absorbs the black turbid blood of the liver; so the adulterous woman wipes her mouth and leaves no trace. The murderer is incited by the bile and sucks from the blood of the heart. All who see bile recoil from it, but unchastity is covered in darkness, in the black blood of the spleen. Whoever sins by murder, idolatry , and incest bans his soul through the liver, the gall, and the spleen, and is punished in Gehinnom in these three members, through three chief demons , Mashith (destroyer), Af (anger), and Hemah (wrath).... The pancreas is a digestive and endocrine organ. It produces chemicals which aid in digestion and chemicals, like insulin, which affect the body in other ways. Insulin is needed to convert the carbohydrates you eat into energy. The Talmud , in Tamid 31a, calls the pancreas the ï¿½finger of the liverï¿½. Devarim 16:7 ï¿½ 27:22. Bereshit 31:20 Thereï¿½s nothing like a hot cup of tea on a cold day. Now an Israeli company plans to introduce an herbal tea to the United States that it claims can substantially reduce the blood-sugar levels of diabetics. Glucodan tea, which was developed by Nufar Natural Products, is a mixture of medicinal herbs for reducing and balancing sugar levels in the blood. The company says tea reduces sugar and breaks down carbohydrates and fats, which rise to dangerous levels in diabetics after they eat a meal. The small 15-man company claims the tea, which includes the herbs stevia, gymnema sylvestris, salvia fruticosa, eucalyptus and lemon grass, rehabilitates and activates the pancreas causing it to secrete insulin, a hormone that helps the cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream and use it to produce energy, thereby reducing sugar levels in the blood. In addition, says Israel Solodoch, the founder and CEO of Nufar, the tea helps diabetics absorb the insulin into their bodies. ï¿½Drinking Glucodan tea decreases the bodyï¿½s resistance to insulin,ï¿½ he explains. ï¿½The cells get re-influenced by the insulin, absorb the sugar, disassemble it and as a result stabilize the levels of sugar in the blood. Patients who have used the tea, drinking from two to three cups a day, claim that their blood-sugar levels have fallen dramatically. Spleen HaShem made for man the spleen, which produces black bile. The spleen also causes a person to be happy, and makes him laugh . Womb / Belly The part of the body considered Kislev ï¿½s controller, or guide, is the belly (קֵבָה). The relation between the belly, especially when it is full and satiated and the tranquil state of sleep ( Kislev ï¿½s sense) is clear and explicit in the teachings of our sages. The rectified individual always has a figuratively full belly, regardless of his or her conditions. To attain this state of contentment, one must never be jealous of others, as the sages state, ï¿½Who is rich? He who is happy with his portion.ï¿½ Being content demands a spiritual outlook on life and its conditions; an outlook that makes us realize that our portionï¿½the hand we have been dealt by the Almightyï¿½is indeed ours and no one elseï¿½s. The word ï¿½bellyï¿½ derives from the word ï¿½measureï¿½ (קַב). The sages state that by nature, ï¿½The individual desires one measure of that which is his, more than he desires nine measures of that which belongs to his fellow.ï¿½ In English, belly is not a very specific anatomical term. To properly identify the belly, we need to go back to the Pentateuch, where we find that the belly is one of the three organs donated to the priests from every kosher animal slaughtered [88] (not for the purpose of a sacrifice ). [89] Still, from the description of Pinchasï¿½s act of self- sacrifice , [90] we learn that the word ï¿½bellyï¿½ (קֵבָה) also refers to the womb . Thus, belly can be understood not only as a specific organ in the body but a general term, including the entire region of the abdomen, which like its synonym בטן, can refer to the stomach, the (large) intestines, or the womb . The womb , in particular, relates to Benjamin , Kislev ï¿½s tribe . Benjamin is described as the ï¿½point of Zionï¿½ in Kabbalah, referring to the feminine aspect of the sefirah foundation, anatomically identified with the female procreative organ, the womb . The human body is divided into three parts as evidenced by our clothing. Each of these three parts represent a critical area of connecting which are essential to life. If any of these three parts is damaged, then there is no life for the body. Each of these three portions contain an organ which is centered in the portion. It is centered front-to-back, left-to-right, and top-to-bottom. This organ is precisely centered within its body portion! The center of the lower portion of the female torso, covered by the clothing below the belt, is the womb (uterus). A bullet that pierces this area will surely kill any future life. The womb is associated with the cave at Machpelah, located in Hebron . Our Patriarchs Avraham , Yitzchak , and Yaaqov were buried there along with their spouses and the first couple, Adam and Chava. As the womb is a foundational area, so also are the patriarch the foundation for the Jewish people. Thus we would say that Hebron signifies a foundational area of the land of Israel . Note, in the following graphic, that the vagina forms an ï¿½outer roomï¿½ and the uterus forms an ï¿½innerï¿½ room, like a cave within a cave. The ï¿½cave withinï¿½ contains the place where new life will begin. It is the place where a soul first enters this world . Thus we would say that the womb is a portal from the upper world into the lower world . Our Sages debate whether Machpela, in Hebron , was a ï¿½cave within a caveï¿½ or a ï¿½cave above a caveï¿½. When viewing the uterus and vagina, we see that when the woman is prone it is a cave within a cave. When the woman is erect, it is a cave above a cave. The Hebrew word for womb is rechem ï¿½ רֶחֶם. The three letters of רֶחֶם also form the root of the Hebrew word Rachamim - רַחֲמִים, which is normally translated as compassion . This teaches us that the womb is the source of compassion . What does a womb do? The womb takes a zygote [91] and determines whether the zygote is viable:ï¿½ Does it have the potential to succeed?ï¿½ If it has that potential, then the womb shelters and nourishes the zygote. If it does not have the potential to succeed, then the zygote is expelled by the womb . Thus we understand that Rachamim ï¿½ רַחֲמִים ï¿½ compassion , is the potential for success. If one does teshuva ï¿½ repentance, then one has the potential to succeed, and compassion will nourish and shelter that potential. This understanding leads to another interesting idea: Rosh HaShana is the day of manï¿½s conception. Ten days later that zygote is implanted in the womb ï¿½ on Yom HaKippurim ï¿½ the day of compassion . If we repent, then we have potential. If we have potential, then HaShem gives us compassion ï¿½ on Yom Hakippurim . This is why we read the book of Jonah on Yom HaKippurim . This book is all about compassion . If we look at the siddur for the additions to our prayers during the ten days between Rosh HaShana and Yom Kippur we will see that they all focus on life. Further, we pray that we will be written in the book of life, not because we deserve it, but because that is HaShem ï¿½s desire . His womb , His compassion , is all about life and its potential. Intestines [92] The word for ï¿½intestinesï¿½ dakin - דַקִין, derives from the same root as the words meaning ï¿½minuteï¿½ (דַקָה) or ï¿½grainï¿½ (דַק). It implies the power to dissect into fine, refined parts. In the process of preparing the incense for the Temple (the consummate expression of the sense of smell in the Temple service), the priest would repeat (over and over) a phrase which uses the verb ï¿½to grindï¿½ (הַדֵק הֵיטֶב, הֵיטֶב הַדֵק), which is also cognate to the word for ï¿½intestines.ï¿½ All of the sacrifices in the Temple service are meant to produce a ï¿½satisfying aromaï¿½ (רֵיחַ נִיחוֹחַ) and please the Divine sense of smell, which symbolizes HaShem ï¿½s ï¿½satisfactionï¿½ with the service of His children Israel in particular and with creation in general. The sages interpret the phrase ï¿½satisfying aromaï¿½ as ï¿½I am satisfied, for I have spoken and My will has been fulfilled.ï¿½ This Divine satisfaction with man and creation was first expressed on the 28th of Cheshvan, when Noah offered his sacrifice to HaShem . Due to His satisfaction, HaShem swore to Noah never again to destroy the world by flood. As is expressed explicitly in laws of the Torah, it is the fats of the intestines that when offered on the altar produce the ï¿½satisfyingï¿½ aroma for HaShem . For this reason the intestines are understood to control the sense of smell. Our sex organs betray our spiritual disposition. The male genitalia is is visible and distended which mirrors the arogance and visibility of the male persona. The male organ is used for giving sperm to the female . It is the aspect of giving that defines maleness. That is why HaShem is always referred to by male pronouns. In a similar way, a manï¿½s body shape has itï¿½s bulk in the shoulders which indicates his closer connection to the spiritual world . This explains why males are so concerned with the physical aspects of the female . They lack the connection to the physical so they constantly seek the physical connection . That is why husbands seem to be only interested in their wifeï¿½s body and not her spiritual components (her words, ideas, and other non- physical components). The female genitalia are hidden and and internal betraying the modesty and hiddenness of the female . The female organs are meant to receive the male organ and his sperm. Femaleness is defined by receiving. In a similar fashion, the female body has itï¿½s bulk around the hips which denotes a strong connection to the physical . This is why she constantly seeks the spiritual connection with her husband because this is what she lacks. She has no significant interest in her husbandï¿½s body. She is only interested in the spiritual components which she lacks. When the male arouses the female with the spiritual (his comforting words, actions, and miniscule sperm which is too small to fit in the physical world ) and descends from above, into the female , he completes them both. She provides the vessel with which to receive the spiritual from the male . She becomes the house. She is her husbandï¿½s house and her childï¿½s house. As her husband dwells in her, so also does her child dwell in her. From this act we derive, in Jewish law , that the woman has complete dominance in the way the home is kept and the children are raised. The Bet HaMiqdash The mishkan also resembles HaShem ï¿½s other microcosmos, man, it too has outer ï¿½skinï¿½ (the outer curtains of goat and tachash skins), an intellectual center (the menorah, corresponding to the light of understanding), a food processing mechanism, without which the intellect cannot function (the copper altar at the entrance to the mishkan , and the table within, with its supply of weekly bread, consumed by the kohen ), and at its heart, the tablets in the ark in the Holy of Holies (compare the two tablets of the decalogue with the heartï¿½s ventricles). Each space inside the mishkan is separated and defined by membranes (curtains). The entire structure is supported by wooden acacia beams, its ribs and skeletal framework. Over this are stretched the curtains and animal skins. Close to the place of the heart is the altar of incense . associated with the sense of smell, and the soul. The keruvim spread their wings over the ark, tightly bound to its cover, the caporet, corresponding to the lungs and their close and vital connection to the heart. The kiyor (laver) represents the function of water in the body. Each of the holy utensils may represent an inner organ of the human body. Chayim exposition expands, and differs with, that of the Rambam, cited in Chidushei Hagaonim on Menachoth 29, quoted in The Midrash Says; in The Guide 3:45, Rambam gives a simple explanation of the mishkan ; but he dwells upon its ï¿½ secret ï¿½, nistar, implications in his grand letter of life wisdom and instructions to his son, Avraham , a manual of intimate personal morality; there he claims that the table represent the liver, the menorah the spleen; the sacrificial altar represents our natural heat, the altar of incense manï¿½s intuitive illumination. The holy scrolls, in the ark, symbolize human wisdom, the cherubim , protecting them, the safeguarding of our health. it is translated into English and expounded in Letters of Maimonides, by Leon D. Stitskin. He claims that it was also meant for his spiritual son, Ibn Aknin (whom Rambam calls his ï¿½dear sonï¿½ in a letter ), and the children of his brother David, whom he adopted, for he addresses his ï¿½childrenï¿½, but had only one son (but I recall a letter from Rambam, wherein he portrays difficulties and tension with his daughters). His first wife must have died early [93] and a daughter, perhaps Davidï¿½s, died young (mentioned by Rambam, in that letter to Ibn Aknin, where he urges Aknin not to mourn or grieve at the demise of any individual, male or female , the survival of the species being the focus of the notion of goodness). One of the many subliminal messages suggested by the above exposition is that, just as the sanctuary structure resembles a human body, so the human body should become a sanctuary , treated and respected as such. Then it can become an abode of the shechina, the concentrated manifest essence of HaShem , They shall make me a sanctuary , and I shall dwell within them. [94] The Mishkan thus provides the children of Israel with a tangible model of the connection between their bodies, the microcosmos, and the structure and plan of HaShem ï¿½s cosmos, the universe. It henceforward becomes the meeting place (ohel moed ) of heaven and earth. The leaders and the people try repeatedly and unsuccessfully to erect the mishkan . Moses, undaunted, exerts himself in the seemingly impossible task, and the mishkan basically erects itself, a hint perhaps to the eventual resolution of the seemingly insoluble conflicts of modern Israel, torn between heaven and earth, body and soul, the moment and eternity MILAH A man is old enough to have Daat in the mind when he is old enough to have daat in his body. Daat in his body is the sexual maturity which is manifested in pubic hairs . Thus when a man is old enough to bond with a woman and produce something new physically , then he is old enough to bond with the higher world and bring down new wisdom. This explains why a boy makes his Bar Mitzva at thirteen . The halacha is that he must have pubic hairs before he can become responsible for the commandments . The reason for this halacha is that the physical mirrors the spiritual . The hair indicates that the mind has matured to the point where he can become responsible for the commandments . The place of circumcision is the medium through which man pours his physical life force into the universe, while the tongue is the medium through which man pours his thoughts and ideas into the world . The life force in man is focused in three places, his intelligence, his organs of reproduction, and his heart. Two of these he has the obligation to circumcise . On the eighth day his parents circumcise his organ of reproduction. It is up to them to turn their child into a channel for God's goodness to enter the world through proper training and education. If they do their job well, parents can correct this defect. It is up to the individual himself to circumcise his tongue , to employ his adult intelligence to open his eyes and ears to the positive in other people and in the world . The circumcision of the heart is more complex and awaits the end of days . Devarim (Deuteronomy 30:6) The Lord your God will circumcise your heart and the heart of your offspring, to love the Lord your God, with all your heart and with all your soul, that you may live. This ultimate circumcision has the affect of removing the evil inclination entirely and shuts down the present era of human history by bringing free will to an end. The Ten Fingers, the Tongue and the Procreative Organ The most evident allusion to the ten sefirot in the human body are the ten fingers and the ten toes. This correspondence appears in the beginning of Sefer Yetzirah, the most ancient Kabbalistic text, whose first three staves (mishnayot) read: With thirty - two wondrous pathways of wisdom, God...created His world with three books: ï¿½scribe,ï¿½ ï¿½book,ï¿½ and ï¿½story.ï¿½ [There are] ten ineffable sefirot and twenty - two letters of foundation: three mothers, seven doubles, and twelve simples. [There are] ten ineffable sefirot, corresponding to the ten fingers, five opposite five , and the single covenant is placed in the middle, in the word of the tongue and the circumcision of the procreative organ. Here, in the third mishnah of the first chapter of Sefer Yetzirah, we find the first explicit portrayal or model of the ten sefirot in Kabbalah. The first mishnah of Sefer Yetzirah introduces the 32 pathways of wisdom in general; the second mishnah divides the 32 pathways into two general groups of 10 sefirot and 22 letters (which further subdivide into 3 groups of 3, 7, and 12 letters ). In the third mishnah, the text begins to deal with the ten sefirot explicitly (and continues to do so throughout the rest of the first chapter). These first three mishnayot themselves follow the order of the three sefirot of the intellect: Chachmah (ï¿½wisdomï¿½), binah (ï¿½understandingï¿½) and daï¿½at (ï¿½ knowledge ï¿½). The first mishnah opens with the 32 pathways of Chachmah (the right lobe of the brain ). The second mishna analyzes and divides these 32 into subgroups, a process dependent upon the intellectual faculty of binah (the left lobe of the brain ). The third mishna presents a concrete, physical model for the ten sefirot, thus employing the power of daï¿½at (the middle, posterior lobe of the brain ), which serves to concretize the abstract intellectual cognition of Chachmah and binah. In addition, this mishna presents the most fundamental principle of tikkun (ï¿½rectificationï¿½) in Kabbalah--balance and equilibrium. Balance between the right and left axes of the sefirot is dependent upon the middle axis of the sefirot in general, and upon the power of daï¿½at in particular. When daï¿½at is not counted as one of the ten sefirot (i.e., when the ten are counted from keter), it serves as the middle balance-point between the two symmetric groups of five (right side) and five (left side) sefirot. Daï¿½at is able to balance and regulate the two groups of five because it itself subdivides into two internal categories of five each: five chasadim (ï¿½positiveï¿½ powers of attraction) and five gevurot (ï¿½negativeï¿½ powers of repulsion). These two sets of five inherent to daï¿½at prevail throughout creation . They must be regulated and properly balanced in order to serve their purpose in the rectification process of reality. In the Torah, the ï¿½ five opposite five ï¿½ principle first finds its expression in the two tablets of the covenant , given to Moses at Sinai , upon which were inscribed the Ten Commandments --ï¿½ five opposite five .ï¿½ In general, the five ï¿½positiveï¿½ forces of kedushah (holiness) motivate the performance of the 248 positive mitzvot of the Torah, while the five ï¿½negativeï¿½ forces of kedushah fortify the soul to refrain and thereby observe the 365 negative mitzvot of the Torah. Thus we find the general teaching of our sages: ï¿½the left hand should always repel and the right hand bring near.ï¿½ The secret of the ï¿½single covenant ï¿½ (or the ï¿½ covenant of the Single One ï¿½), which appears at two levels--in the tongue (to balance the ten fingers) and in the procreative organ (to balance the ten toes)--is thus the manifestation of the power of daï¿½at ï¿½aboveï¿½ and ï¿½below.ï¿½ Daï¿½at ï¿½aboveï¿½--in Kabbalah daï¿½at elyon--is the rectified, concrete perspective on all of reality ï¿½from aboveï¿½: the Creator Himself is the true essence of all being, whereas the ï¿½virtual realityï¿½ of creation envisioned as existing independently is in fact ï¿½nothing.ï¿½ Daï¿½at ï¿½belowï¿½--in Kabbalah daï¿½at tachton--is the creation ï¿½s perspective of its Creator as an absolute ï¿½given,ï¿½ yet totally ï¿½unknown.ï¿½ Moses, the greatest of all men, is called ï¿½the man of God,ï¿½ which is interpreted by our sages to mean: ï¿½from his ï¿½mid-pointï¿½ and above, [he was] God; from his ï¿½mid-pointï¿½ and below, [he was] man.ï¿½ Moses fully unites and integrates the two levels of daï¿½at (as will be explained), the power to perceive reality through the ï¿½eyes of Godï¿½ (this being the meaning of ï¿½from ï¿½mid-pointï¿½ and above, [he was] Godï¿½), as well as the power to ï¿½humblyï¿½ know God, one ï¿½s Creator, from the eyes of man (the meaning of ï¿½from ï¿½mid-pointï¿½ and below, [he was] manï¿½). The external expression of the higher daï¿½at is through the means of the speech of the tongue , especially in speaking words of Torah in general, and revealing the inner mysteries of the Torah, in particular. In relation to Moses, this is the secret of ï¿½the Shechinah [Divine Presence] speaks through the throat of Moses.ï¿½ The external expression of the lower daï¿½at is through the union of husband and wife (to procreate), as referred to in the original union of man and woman: ï¿½and Adam knew Eve, his wife.ï¿½ (Marital relations are referred to as ï¿½knowingï¿½ only when the procreative organ is circumcised , and indeed, we are taught that Adam was created already circumcised .) The modesty present in the holy union of husband and wife reflects the ï¿½unknowabilityï¿½ of the Creatorï¿½s essence by His creation , especially in that very moment that the creation most emulates its Creator, the moment of procreation, attaching itself to His certain existence. This is the moment that ï¿½manï¿½ reaches his epitome (fulfilling the first and only commandment given him by HaShem at the moment of his creation : ï¿½be fruitful and multiply...ï¿½). From the above, we learn that the ï¿½ tongue ï¿½ and the ï¿½procreative organï¿½ (the two manifestations of the ï¿½single covenant ï¿½--the union of God and man) are interrelated in essence. From this we may infer that their ï¿½rectificationï¿½ is interdependent. The ï¿½correctionï¿½ of one ï¿½s faculty of speech (to speak only good and ï¿½sweetï¿½ words) and the ï¿½guardingï¿½ of the covenant of one ï¿½s procreative organ (to express one ï¿½s true love for one ï¿½s spouse in marital relations in holiness), depend upon and influence one another. For this reason the two terms: ï¿½the word (in Hebrew , milah) of the tongue ï¿½ and ï¿½the circumcision (in Hebrew milah) of the procreative organ,ï¿½ are the same. The most basic model of Divine service, as taught by the Baï¿½al Shem Tov, is the three -stage process of chash, mal, mal--ï¿½silence, circumcision , and speechï¿½ (equivalent to ï¿½submission, separation, and sweeteningï¿½). The last two stages , circumcision and speech, correspond to the two levels mentioned in our mishnah: ï¿½the circumcision of the procreative organï¿½ and ï¿½the word of the tongue .ï¿½ The first stage of Divine service--chash or silence--also appears in the opening phrase of the mishnah: ï¿½ ten ineffable sefirot.ï¿½ The word for ï¿½ineffableï¿½--blimah--appears subsequently in the text as ï¿½shut your mouth from speaking ,ï¿½ thus referring to the service of chash (which must precede those of mal-mal). Thus, the order of Divine service is found to be that first one must meditate, in silence, on the mysteries of the ï¿½ ten ineffable sefirotï¿½ and then actualize the potential of his lower (human-like) daï¿½at and his higher (God-like) daï¿½at. Upper and Lower Daï¿½at In continuing our study of the third mishnah in Sefer Yetzirah, we find that it comprises twenty - two elements: ten fingers, corresponding to the ten sefirot of the world of Atzilut, the world whose consciousness is exclusively that of daï¿½at elyon; ten toes, corresponding to the ten sefirot of the world of Beriah (and the lower worlds ), whose consciousness is that of daï¿½at tachton; and two balance-points--the tongue and the procreative organ. We can associate the above twenty - two elements of the physical body with the twenty - two Hebrew letters by drawing the following representation (the tongue above the ten fingers and the procreative organ above the ten toes): מ ï¿½ We see from this diagram that the two letters that correspond to the ï¿½single covenant ï¿½ (manifest at its two levels)--alef and lamed--combine to form the Divine Name Kel . This is the Divine Name that appears in the verse: God [Havayah] is a God [Kel] of two [levels of] knowledge . This verse (in the thanksgiving song Chanah sang after the birth of Samuel) is the Biblical source for the existence of two levels of daï¿½at, as described in chapter 8. Thus, the two levels of daï¿½at are alluded to in the two letters of Godï¿½s Name : Kel, the two letters that appear in the places of the two manifestations of the ï¿½single covenant ï¿½ as pictured above: Alef corresponds to the intuitive wisdom and insight of the mind, as is said: ï¿½I will teach [alef] you wisdomï¿½; Lamed corresponds to the emotive power of the heart, for the letter lamed throughout the Torah represents the ï¿½heartï¿½ (lev). Thus we learn that the inner insight of the mind (the consciousness of daï¿½at elyon) finds its external expression in the tongue , whereas the inner emotion (love) of the heart (daï¿½at tachton) finds its external expression in the procreative organ. When the hands are raised (as the hands of the priests when blessing the people), the tongue (that blesses) is between the ten fingers. But, when the hands are lowered, it is the procreative organ that is between the ten fingers. Conversely, we find in the Bible the idiom of the tongue ï¿½ walking ,ï¿½ like the feet . Though it was explained above that the higher daï¿½at of the alef serves to balance the ten fingers--the ten sefirot of the world of Atzilut--and the lower daï¿½at of the lamed serves to balance the ten toes--the ten sefirot of the world of Beriah (and the lower worlds )--we see here that there is also a relation between the higher daï¿½at (the tongue ) and the lower worlds (the toes), and the lower daï¿½at (the procreative organ) and the higher worlds (the fingers). The union of the supernal sefirot of Atzilut gives birth to the consciousness of the lower daï¿½at in Beriah and below. The service of the souls in the lower worlds reveals, ultimately, the higher daï¿½at on earth. Moreover, the alef and the lamed--the higher daï¿½at and the lower daï¿½at--of the tongue and the procreative organ themselves, at times invert. The emotions of the heart find their expression in the words of the tongue . The seminal essence of the mind ï¿½contractsï¿½ into the seed of the procreative organ. We can now understand why the order of the two manifestations of the ï¿½single covenant ï¿½ as quoted in our mishnah is first ï¿½the word of the tongue ï¿½ and thereafter ï¿½the circumcision of the procreative organï¿½ (though following the order of the Divine service of chash-mal-mal described above ï¿½the word of the tongue ï¿½ follows ï¿½the circumcision of the procreative organï¿½). Ultimately, the revelation of the Divine essence (on earth) depends upon the rectification and sanctification of ï¿½the circumcision of the procreative organ.ï¿½ Lulav Our sages offer different explanations of the symbolism of the four species. One explanation is a reference to the body parts. The etrog is the shape of a heart, the lulav is like a backbone (spinal cord), the leaves of the myrtle resemble the eyes, and the willow leaves are the mouth. These are the organs that can be misused for negative behavior. The eyes see, the heart desires , the body reacts, and the mouth speaks. We dedicate all our activities to serving the Almighty, above and below and in all four directions. * * * With the organ of the brit mila we make physical children. With the organ of the brit halashon (the tongue ) we make talmidim, spiritual children (talmidim ï¿½ disciples). BLOOD I challenge anyone to draw blood, have it analyzed by the most stringent of laboratory tests and find for me the component in the blood which we can call the nefesh, the soul. The soul cannot be found in a laboratory simply because the soul is not something physical that can be detected or examined under a microscope. Nonetheless, the soul is in your blood. Otherwise, you would have no soul, your blood would have no life, and you would not be alive. When one strikes his fellow, it causes the blood to accumulate in that particular limb and the blood becomes congealed and trapped there. The characteristic of harshness, ï¿½din,ï¿½ in Hebrew , is the spiritual essence that is contained in physical blood. When the limb that has ben struck has an excessive amount of blood, this causes an accumulation of excessive din or harshness to inundate the affected limb. The excessive build-up of blood is not good for the health of the body and the excessive harshness that permeates the limb is not good for the spiritual condition of the mind and the soul. Before their sin , the bodies of Adam and Eve were very pure and were inclined toward the spiritual . Their bodies had no desire for any of the pleasures of this world . After their sin their bodies became more coarse and more attached to the physical . It became very difficult for them to strive for the spiritual . The coarseness of the body now stood in the way. The urges of the body became more dominant, which now made it very burdensome to strive for the spiritual . This all came about through the change in the nature of the blood. By eating the forbidden fruit, the spiritual essence of the fruit that they ate became absorbed into the bloodstream. This caused the blood become polluted with the evil powers that was contained in the forbidden fruit. Now blood was not only the item that sustained physical life, but it also contained poison, the urge to do evil. After the sin , the only way for a person to be successful in coming close to HaShem is to purify his blood. This is why HaShem intentionally fashioned the Torah to correspond to the limbs of the human body. Each limb of the human body is connected to and draws nourishment from each limb of the Torah. It is the nature of blood to be absorbed into the limb that it passes through. The spiritually poisonous blood that flows through our bodies is absorbed by each limb that it passes through. Since each one of our limbs is directly connected to each limb of the Torah, the spiritual poisons of the blood become absorbed by the Torah itself, which purifies the blood. This processes weakens our desires for the harmful and forbidden pleasures of this world . The weakening of the desires for this world is all dependent on our attachment to the Torah. The more effort one makes in following the Torah, the more he is able to reflect and activate the limbs of the Torah, and the more success he has at purifying his blood. Rabbi Yosef Hayim Bereshit 31:44 Now come, let us make a covenant , you and I, let it be a witness between us. ï¿½ Now, anyone with eyes can see that this covenant is different from any other covenant in the world . Every covenant that a man makes with his friend is based on connection , union, closeness, and brotherhood. This is not the case with this covenant , which is founded upon separation, and staying away one from the other. One is not to see the other, and not to have anything to do with the other. They are to be completely concealed one from another. We must understand why they have made this covenant in this way, that one is to be concealed from the other. This matter will be understood with the help of Heaven . It is known that everything ï¿½belowï¿½ has to be in the image of its supernal source. Now, our father Yaï¿½aqob, upon him be peace has his source in holiness. Laban has his source in klipah. It is known that the klipot have no ability to attach themselves to the face side of the holy light, rather they (the klipot) stand ï¿½behindï¿½ the light. Therefore, the face of the light does not see the klipah. This exact pattern is also made below in that this covenant was made, as it is written, ï¿½ HaShem will watch between you, and me, for we are concealed one from one anotherï¿½ (Bereshit 31:49). The reason (for this) is clear, for each one must be in the image of its source. Therefore our Sages of blessed memory have taught regarding the pasuk, ï¿½and he (Moshe) was buried opposite Beit Pï¿½ohrï¿½ [95] , that any time that ï¿½Pï¿½ohrï¿½ (a title for the powers of the ï¿½other sideï¿½) rises up to bring accusations (against Yisrael), it sees that Moshe is buried there, and is startled, and withdraws back. This is because the Sitra Ahra, the ï¿½other sideï¿½ must disappear, and not be seen in the presence of holiness. This is the reason why a manï¿½s rectum is on his rear side, and not on the front side. For it is clear in the writings of the Ariï¿½zal, in the Shaï¿½ar Maï¿½amrei Rashbi (the teachings of Rabi Shimon Bar-Yohai), Parasha Tetzaveh, and this is what he says: ï¿½Now, we will explain the subject of the ï¿½nikudat haï¿½ahorï¿½ (the rectum), and what it is all about. However this is a great secret , and it is proper to keep it concealed. Now, you have known that the klipot are called ï¿½tzoï¿½ah bli makomï¿½ (filth, lit. feces, without a place) [96] . Their nourishment, and sustenance come from the remainder that comes forth from the ï¿½nikudat haï¿½ahorï¿½ (the rectum). Therefore was the rectum placed on the back side, for they (the klipot) are not able to receive from the side of the face. They cannot see the light of the Face of the Shekhina, as it is written, ï¿½the boastful shall not stand before your eyesï¿½ [97] . Now, this, the rectum, is called in the language of the Torah ï¿½Beit Pï¿½ohrï¿½. This is the secret of the idolatry called ï¿½Pï¿½ohrï¿½. Its service was that one would relieve oneself upon its face. As is known , that is how it received its sustenance. Understand this!ï¿½ We thus find that the place where the refuse of leftovers of man (leave his body), is (formed) in the image of the place that nourish the klipah. Therefore is its place on the behind of man, for this is the place of the klipah. With this one can understand the reason why the unclean spirit descends upon a man when he enters into a bathroom, for it is there that the powers of the ï¿½other sideï¿½ cling, for the filth is their food . Therefore must one be very cautious not to delay the call of nature, and thus make himself detestable. Rather, at every time that one feels that it is time for the refuse to be excreted, one must do so immediately, without any wait or delay at all. This warning is very important, according to the secret of things, especially prior to praying , saying a blessing, or studying Torah. This is spoken of in Sefer Hasadim, (Sec. 818). It is written there, ï¿½ One must be as clean on the inside as one is on the outsideï¿½. It is also written, ï¿½let all that is within me bless His holy Name ï¿½ [98] , this shows that one ï¿½s insides should not be filthy. Therefore prior to prayer , as well as prior to eating and drinking, which (as is known ) requires a blessing, one should relieve oneself. In the Gemara [99] , it says, ï¿½The one who wishes to completely take upon himself the burden of the Kingdom of Heaven must first relieve oneself, wash one ï¿½s hands , put on Tefillin , read the Shema , and pray (the Amidah )ï¿½. Rabbeynu [100] writes in Shaï¿½ar HaMitzvot, Parashat Shemini, ï¿½Regarding the abomination of the soul, referred to in the pasuk, ï¿½you shall not make yourselves abominableï¿½ [101] , our Sages, of blessed memory have said [102] , ï¿½from here it is learned that the one who holds back natureï¿½s call, violates the commandment of ï¿½you shall not make yourself abominableï¿½. The reason is clear, for the ( spiritual ) purpose of eating is to sift the (true) food from the wastes. The food , which is the nourishment is absorbed within the body, and the extra is made into waste and pushed below. From this are the klipot made, as it is written, ï¿½you shall cast them away as an unclean thing, say to them, leaveï¿½ [103] . For they (the klipot) are what exits from the rectum, as was referred to regarding the Pï¿½ohr. Therefore the one who delays natureï¿½s call, that is he who waits and delays pushing the refuse, and the klipah outside (of his body) after the sifting and digestion is complete, is one who makes his soul abominable, even more abominable than his body. It is known , ï¿½ Know Him, in all your waysï¿½ [104] . Therefore one must keep these thoughts in mind when he has to relieve himself, prior to entering the bathroom. For it is forbidden to think (about holy things) inside the bathroomï¿½. ï¿½ * * * If a Jew eats kosher, eating a cow which eats the grass which is grown from the ground; the cow, the grass and the ground are elevated by the Bnei Israel using that food to nourish his body to learn Torah and do mitzvot . Physical activity effects a spiritual result. So it is generally that souls cause a change in physicality which effects spirituality which fascinatingly enough then can change physicality again. This helps us to understand the waste that comes from the backside. This waste represents physicality that has not yet been elevated. This waste will return to the ground and nourish another plant, which will nourish another cow, which be eaten and elevated by Bnei Israel. After we go to the bathroom we have a special blessing: בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר יָצַר אֶת .הָאָדָם בְּחָכְמָה וּבָרָא בוֹ נְקָבִים נְקָבִים חֲלוּלִים חֲלוּלִים גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לִפְנֵי כִסֵּא כְבוֹדֶךָ שֶׁאִם יִפָּתֵחַ אֶחָד מֵהֶם אוֹ יִסָּתֵם אֶחָד מֵהֶם אִי אֶפְשַׁר לְהִתְקַיֵּם וְלַעֲמוֹד לְפָנֶיךָ .אֲפִילוּ שָׁעָה אֶחָת בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהֹוָה רוֹפֵא כָל בָּשָׂר וּמַפְלִיא לַעֲשֹוֹת Baruch atah Adonai, Elohainu, melech haï¿½olam, Asher yatzar et haï¿½ adam bï¿½Chachmah, uï¿½vara vo nï¿½kavim nï¿½kavim, chalulim chalulim, galui vï¿½yadua lifnai chisei chvodecha, sheï¿½im yipateiï¿½ach echad maihem o yisataim echad maihem, ee efshar lï¿½hitkayeim vï¿½laï¿½amod lï¿½fanecha afilu shaï¿½ah achat. Baruch atah Adonai, rofeh chol basar uï¿½mafli laï¿½asot. The following is a translation of Asher Yatzar: Blessed are You, HaShem , our God, King of the Universe, Who formed man with intelligence, and created within him many openings and many hollow spaces; it is revealed and known before the Seat of Your Honor, that if one of these would be opened or if one of these would be sealed it would be impossible to survive and to stand before You (even for one hour). Blessed are You, HaShem , Who heals all flesh and does wonders. We can all appreciate the problems of constipation or diarrhea. We can, therefore, appreciate the fact that it is a good thing when the body works. What makes this blessing so amazing is the last line. In this last line we speak of HaShem healing all flesh, yet when we go to the bathroom properly, the body does not need healing, it is working correctly. So, why do we include this phrase? The answer is amazing! The secret is that HaShem originally created man ( Adam ) in such a way that he never needed to go to the bathroom. In fact, when we were traveling in the wilderness, we never needed to go to the bathroom. How do I know this? Well one can see that the camping order of the tribes precluded a bathroom because it was ten miles to get outside the camp if you were close to the mishkan ( Ten of Meeting). Chazal teach that one day we will be healed and we will never need to go to the bathroom again! CONNECTION Words are the way a soul communicates within the world . That is why words are formed and pronounced by organs in the center of the body. The center of the body only contains organs which are used for connecting. The mouth, for example, is used for three functions: Eating , kissing , and talking. If one fails to eat at the proper time , one feels faint as the soul begins to separate from the body.. If he keeps from eating long enough, the soul completely separates from the body and the body dies. Food , therefore, is what keeps the soul connected with the body. This, by the way, is why the korbanot, the sacrifices are called HaShem ï¿½s food . These korbanot are what keeps HaShem ï¿½s soul connected with the earth. Vayikra (Leviticus) 3:11 And the priest shall burn it upon the altar: [it is] the food of the offering made by fire unto HaShem . Vayikra (Leviticus) 3:16 And the priest shall burn them upon the altar: [it is] the food of the offering made by fire for a sweet savour: all the fat [is] HaShem ï¿½s. The second function of the mouth is for talking. Talking is the only way a soul can connect and communicate with the world . The third function of the mouth is for kissing . Kissing is how two souls connect in love. With the mouth as an example, one can quickly grasp how the other organs in the center of the body are used for connecting. As we learned before, the human body is divided into three parts: the head, the most aristocratic part of the body; the middle section from the shoulders to the belt, which incorporates the heart; and the lower section of the body which goes from the belt to the bottom of the torso. In each of these three parts of the body we have an organ that is centered left to right, top to bottom, and front to back. It is The Center organ. Thus the midbrain in the head, the heart in the middle section and the womb in the bottom section. We can learn the meaning of ï¿½centerï¿½ if we go back to Bereshit: Bereshit (Genesis) 2:9 And out of the ground made HaShem God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food ; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. There were two trees in the middle, the center of the garden. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil and the tree of life . By examining the organs that are in the center of each of the three sections, one can see that they are the connections to life and to knowledge . Legs Legs, kabbalistically, are outside the body. They carry a person through this world , but, they are not, strictly speaking , a part of the body. The sefer Yitzirah describes the arms and legs as being the right and left sides which are linked together by a ï¿½britï¿½, a covenant , in the exact center of the two . The arms are on both sides of the brit HaLashon, the covenant of the tongue ; whilst the legs are on both sides of the brit mila , the covenant of circumcision : Section Two The ten Sephiroth out of nothing is analogous to that of the ten fingers {and toes} of the human body, five parallel to five , and in the center of which is the covenant with the only One {between the hands this is the tongue . Between the feet this is the circumcised penis or the broken hymen} by the word of the tongue and the rite of Abraham . The legs represent the physical part of man. They always touch the ground (the chomer) and are very connected to the physical world . They also serve the most basic function of the body, that of transporting the body from place to place. A habit, in Hebrew ï¿½ heregail, is a thing done without thinking by the legs. The Gemara says that a personï¿½s legs are his guarantors since they make sure that he arrives where he is supposed to be: Sukkah 53a R. Johanan stated, A manï¿½s feet are responsible for him; they lead him to the place where he is wanted. Tehillim ( Psalm ) 116:1-9 I love HaShem , because he hath heard my voice and my supplications. 2 Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore will I call upon him as long as I live. 3 The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow. 4 Then called I upon the name of HaShem ; O HaShem , I beseech thee, deliver my soul. 5 Gracious is HaShem , and righteous; yea, our God is merciful. 6 HaShem preserveth the simple: I was brought low, and he helped me. 7 Return unto thy rest, O my soul; for HaShem hath dealt bountifully with thee. 8 For thou hast delivered my soul from death, mine eyes from tears , and my feet from falling. 9 I will walk before HaShem in the land of the living. For You have delivered my soul from death, my eyes from tears , my feet from falling. . .ï¿½ In this spirited chapter of Tehillim, King David sings thanks to HaShem for saving him from his enemies, and for taking away his suffering. King David thanks HaShem for saving three parts of his body from harm: his eyes from tears , and his legs from stumbling. Why is King David only thanking HaShem for these three benefits? Did not King David thank HaShem for saving his entire being from harm? Perhaps these three items are representative of the entire human being. Consider this thought: There are three parts of man: His body (or physical side) His soul (or non- physical side) his existence as a thinking, functioning human being (or the connection of his body and soul). When King David praises HaShem for saving his soul from death, he praises HaShem for the entire metaphysical side of himself. When he thanks HaShem for saving his eyes from tears , he is praising HaShem for saving the part of him that is a connection of body and soul: The eyes do not enter the world as our arms and legs do; they are stuck in their sockets. Yet, they can only see things that are inside the physical world . They are in the physical world , but not of the physical world . When he thanks HaShem for saving my legs from stumbling, he thanks HaShem for saving the physical part of him. The legs represent the physical part of man. They always touch the ground (the chomer) and are very connected to the physical world . They also serve the most basic function of the body (that of transporting the body from place to place). LEFT THIGH The Zohar explains that it was through the left thigh that the yetzer hara entered Adam and mankind. Hip Socket Rashiï¿½s Commentary for: ‎ Bï¿½resheet (Gen.) ‎‎‎‎32:26: ï¿½he touched the socket of his hip --The upper thigh bone that is thrust into the hip bone is called the כַּף , lit., ladle, because the flesh on it is like a sort of pot ladle. Feet The Talmud calls a ï¿½sonï¿½ the ï¿½ foot of his fatherï¿½, because as a foot carries us through this world , so a son carries us through time . This next section is an extract from Rabbi Eliyahu Desslersï¿½ book: [105] ï¿½ HaShem said to Mosheh in parashat Beshalah: ï¿½See, I am standï¿½ing before you there by the rock in Horevï¿½. [106] On which our Rabbis comment: ï¿½The Holy One Blessed be He said to Moshe: Wherever you find signs of a human foot ï¿½there I am before youï¿½. [107] In order to gain some understanding of this very obï¿½scure midrash , we have to know something about the symï¿½bolism of our Rabbis. The foot is the lowest part of the human body. Therefore, in the language of the Rabbis, the human foot means the lowest level of a human beingï¿½s spiritual existence. Speaking to the Serpent in Gan ï¿½Eden, God said, ï¿½You will attack him [the human being] at the heel ï¿½. [108] The meaning is that the Serpentï¿½who is the yetzer hara - atï¿½tacks a person at the point of his greatest weakness. This is the ï¿½ heel ï¿½ of the person: The sins which a person crushes with his heel . There are things in a personï¿½s life which he does not even call sins ; he thinks them too small to concern him. But in fact, ï¿½smallï¿½ sins repeated innuï¿½merable times may cause more spiritual damage to a person than greater sins , because he is aware of and concerned about the latter and will soon do teshuva [109] for them, which is not the case with the ï¿½littleï¿½ sins . It is, therefore, the unnoticed sins which constitute the perï¿½sonï¿½s lowest level. But it is just at the lowest level that HaShem stands. Right there is the place of the Shechina. As HaShem said to Moshe on a previous occasion: ï¿½Take your shoes off your feet ; the place where you are standing is holy groundï¿½. [110] Wherï¿½ever a person standsï¿½there is his holy place: the place where he can begin his regeneration. His spiritual place ï¿½his behira point [111] - however low it may be on the scale of spiritual values is precisely the place from which he can begin his ascent. A person who discovers his lowest point can draw from this discovery the spiritual impetus which he needs for aliya. ï¿½Take your shoes off your feet ï¿½ means, ï¿½Remove the covering which is hiding your defects from yourselfï¿½. Only when this is done will ï¿½the place where you are standing ï¿½ be ï¿½holy groundï¿½. There is no better place than that to begin one ï¿½s ascent. In parashat Vayera, Avraham asked the visitors, whom he assumed to be desert wanderers, to wash their feet . [112] The Zohar explains that Avraham purified his guests in a mikveh as preparation for their entry under the wings of the Shechina? ï¿½Washing of the feet ï¿½ symbolizes purifying one ï¿½s lowest level. Only after that did he invite them to ï¿½rest under the treeï¿½. This, according to the Zohar , alludes to the Tree of Life - the life-giving powers of the Torah. The Yalkut Shimoni states that as a reward for his saying ï¿½Let a little water be takenï¿½, his children merited thatï¿½ Moshe would strike the rock and release a great flow of water. [113] Heel There is so much to say about the heel of the foot that I have written a separate paper on this body part. Please see the study titled:ï¿½ HEEL . This section is an excerpt form the following book: Dream Interpretation From Classical Jewish Sources, By Rabbi Shelomo Almoli, Translated and Annotated by Yaakov Elman. Limbs:ï¿½ The general significance of each limb is recorded in gentile books: the head, the kidneys, and the penis all represent the dreamer himself. The shoulders represent wives and sisters, for we bear many things for wives and sisters, just as the shoulders bear a load. The arms represent sons and daughters, for they are under our control. The forearms represent friends, members of the household , and servants, for they help us, just as the forearm helps us. The hand represents wise subordinates, for from them we receive perfect help, as from a hand .370 The testicles represent children. The buttocks, feet , and lower legs represent sustenance of life. The thighs represent relatives. The intestines represent one ï¿½s essential loves or wealth, which are as hidden and secret like one ï¿½s intestines. The liver and the blood represent one ï¿½s treasure, for the blood denotes gold, since we often expend blood to obtain gold. The Egyptians said that the liver represents desire and lust, blood represents anger, the heart represents the seat of life, skin diseases with blood or pus denote the essence [of the man] or gold. The hairs of the beard represent beauty and quiet, the hair on the arms represents women, pubic hair represents enemies, and the hair of other parts of the body represents wealth and beautiful golden vessels. Flying represents change of place or change of situation, depending on the context. Cannibalism: If you see yourself eating human flesh, you will hate a friend. If you see yourself eating a human head, you will consume everything you re in illness. Dumbness: If you see yourself dumb, it is a good sign . Testicles: If you see one of your testicles fall, you will fall ill and recover (Rashi). thers say: You will lose a son. Penis: If you see a penis, you will have a son. If you see an erect penis, it foretells the strength of sons. If you see your penis cut off, you will die that year (Rashi). Others say: If your penis is cut off, your descendants will be cut off Nipples: If you see your nipples cut off, it is a sign of trouble (Rashi). Blood: If you see blood issuing from your body but do not writhe in pain, your ns are being brought to Heaven ï¿½s attention. Others say: They are being taken way. If you see your penis urinating blood, your wife will miscarry. Beard : If you see your beard ripped out, you will gain an evil reputation (R. Hai Jaon). Others say: If you sec your beard plucked out or falling, it portends trouble. Forearms: If you see your forearms smooth and white, great men will love you (R. Hai Gaon). If you see your forearms ugly or dirty, your friends will tell lies about you (R. Hai Gaon). If you see your forearms fallen off the body, an evil time will befall you (R. Hai Gaon). Group: If you see yourself joining a group, the anger of others will depart from you. Illness: If you see yourself ill, you will rejoice during that year. Purity : If you see yourself become ritually pure, it is a bad sign . Your hands : If you see your hands cut off, you will not need the use of your hands (R. Hai Gaon). Barefoot: If you see yourself barefoot, it portends a loss. Sleeping : If you dream you are asleep , it is a good sign . Jawbone: If you see your jaws fallen off, those who advocate evil against you will die. Your intestines: If you see your intestines come out, you will bury your children (Rashi). Parapet: If you see yourself falling from the parapet of your house, it means trouble. Forehead: If you see your forehead broken, it means trouble. Bloodletter: [The Talmud states:] A Tanna recited before R. Nahman [b. Isaac ]: [If he dreams that he is undergoing] bloodletting, his sins are forgiven. But has it not been taught [elsewhere]: His sins are laid out? What is meant by ï¿½laid outï¿½? Laid out to be forgiven. Explanation: Since sins are described as red, as it is stated: ï¿½If your sins are red as crimson.ï¿½ But R. Hai Gaon says: [If someone dreams that he is undergoing bloodï¿½letting] from the nose, his days will be shortened. If from the shoulders, he will lose something important. If from the forearms, a small loss will come to him. If you see yourself undergoing a major bloodletting, it is a good sign . Judgment: If you see yourself undergoing judgment and are saved, it portends trouble. Death: If you see yourself die in a dream , it is a good sign . Nostrils: If you see your nose bleeding, you will take ill and recover. If you are covered with blood, it signifies a financial loss (R. Hai Gaon). Explanation: Blood represents money. And therefore, ï¿½if you see that blood coming out of your nostrils,ï¿½ it is a sign that money which you earned by the sweat of your brow will be spent to cure illnesses. And they said that he will recover because blood from the nose signifies recovery. ï¿½If he is covered with blood, it indicates a financial lossï¿½ï¿½this means that he would not have recovered without incurring these expenses. Eye: If you have pain in your eye, it is a bad sign . Excrement: Excrement from a sick person or from someone else represents money earned in an evil way. Just as excrement is hidden but becomes known with ntestinal problems, so too money earned in an evil way. And in the Talmud : If he dreams that he is moving his bowels, it is a good sign for him, as it is written: ï¿½He that is bent down shall speedily be let free.ï¿½ But this is only if he did not wipe himself in his dream . Another version: Your needs are being met, as it is written, ï¿½He that is bent iown shall speedily be let free.ï¿½ This applies only if he did not wipe himself. Explanation: One who moves his bowels removes the poison from himself, and that is why it is a good sign . As for the alternative version, ï¿½His needs are met, so long as he does not wipe himselfï¿½ï¿½so that his hands do not become unclean. This is a sign that you will need to dirty your hands in order to fulfill your needs and with the sweat of your brow you will eat bread. Nails: If you see your fingernail torn and bad looking, it is a sign of wisdom (Rashi). Height: If you see your height increase, you will live many years. Head: If you see yourself washing your head, you will be saved from every trouble. Riding: If you see yourself riding on another manï¿½s neck, you will ride on the neck of your adversaries [i.e., you will defeat them.] Running: If you see yourself running in a dream , it is a good sign . Feet : If you see yourself with your feet cut off, you will go to a far-off place. If you see one of your haunches cut off, you will fall ill and recover. Teeth: If you see your teeth grown long, it is a good sign . And Rashi says that great redemption will come. If you see your molars fill out, your daughters or sisters will die (R. Hai Gaon). If you see a tooth sprout in a dream , it signifies illness. If you see a black tooth, trouble will soon come. If you see a loose tooth in a dream , it signifies illness. If you see a loose tooth in a dream and it then fills out, it foretells death. And for this reason it has become customary to fast for your dream , even on a Sabbath . Many say that if the tooth causes pain as it falls out, it is a sign that the person will die and his death will be very painful. But if it does not cause pain as it fills out, it is a sign that the person will die painlessly. Hair : If you see yourself shaving with a razor in a dream , and have only very short hairs on your head, like a ï¿½crewcut,ï¿½ it is a good sign . Urine: Urine denotes many things, depending on the context. For example, if you see urine in a silver or golden vessel or in something expensive, it indicates that you will have children with a noblewoman ( gentile books). If you see urine in a ugly vessel, it indicates an ugly woman ( gentile books). Shaving: The Talmud states: If you shave your head in a dream , it is a good sign for you; if your head and your beard , it is a good sign for you and your whole family. If you dream about shaving, rise early and say, ï¿½And Joseph shaved himself and changed his garments,ï¿½ before another verse occurs to you, ï¿½If I be shaven, then my strength will depart from me.ï¿½ Hanging: If you see yourself hanging, you will ascend to greatness; and if you descend head- first , do not fear, for though your time is delayed, you will repent [and all will be well]. Fasting: If you see yourself fasting, it is a bad sign . In the Talmud [it is stated: R. Hisda said:] Any dream but one about a fast. Explanation: Any dream [may be favorable] except one in which you see yourself fasting. And for this reason people have become accustomed to fasting for such a dream even on the Sabbath . Others say: this is particularly the case at the time of the Neilah prayer on Yom Kippur ; the reason seems to be that if one has such a dream at that time , [when Yom Kippur is nearly over and one ï¿½s sins have presumably been forgiven], it indicates that he still has sins to atone for and therefore still must fist, and so it is a bad sign . BODY SHAPE Berachoth 61a Another explanation: R. Hisda said (some say, it was taught in a Baraitha): It teaches that [God] built Eve after the fashion of a storehouse. Just as a storehouse is narrow at the top and broad at the bottom so as to hold the produce [safely], so a woman is narrower above and broader below so as to hold the embryo. The human body has a front and a back side. Back signifies the past, while front signifies the future . In addition, back refers to the evil inclination and influences which set man back, while front refers to the good inclination and influences which enable him to progress spiritually . Man is tempted by the illusory and ephemeral pleasures of this world but he is also drawn toward the blissful promise of the World to Come that lies ahead of the righteous. [115] Mashiach The body of Mashiach is the ï¿½bodyï¿½ of Israel. The life of this body extends from the time we left Egypt until the arrival of the Mashiach . Throughout the generations , older ï¿½cellsï¿½ die and newer ones comprise this ï¿½body,ï¿½ but they are all the same body. As such, we can say that we were there when we left Egypt. We are a part of that very same body that experienced that earth-shattering event . This is the meaning behind the Haggada ï¿½s statement that ï¿½WEï¿½ were slaves in Egypt. All of the Bne Israel are part of one whole and need each other, like the different parts of the human body constitute a complete person. Just as each limb possesses its own characteristic and unique quality that benefits the body as a whole, so, too, are the Bnei Israel people divided into different spiritual ï¿½limbsï¿½; each Jew has his own mission and task and each benefits all other Jews by accomplishing his unique function. Until the coming of Mashiach , when holiness will exist truly as one entity. The Trees [116] The human body is actually a combination of incarnations of both the Tree of Life and Tree of Knowledge . This I learned from the Aryeh Kaplanï¿½s books: Our ten fingers and our tongue are the Tree of Life . It is worth noting that the Tree of Life is Mashiach . Our ten toes and the sexual organ (usually this deals only with the male sexual organ to my admittedly very limited knowledge ) are the Tree of the Knowledge of good and evil. Our Yetzer HaRa is the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The human body as it exists today is a fusion of the two worlds . It is the flimsy barrier between both worlds . It is that which is actually you. One of the goals of prayer and mitzvot is to unify these two Trees, for it is through these two worlds that HaShem has hidden himself from us. Let us explain the spiritual difference now between men and women. Our meager barrier, our bodies (the only thing clearly definable as ï¿½usï¿½, which allows the people in Tanach to say ï¿½I am dust,ï¿½ without lying), our bodies are what we must elevate. Our souls already reach to the heights if we let them, but when we voluntarily intertwine our souls with our bodies, our bodies are carried up as well. The Tree of Life and the Tree of the Knowledge of good and evil, of my body, are the inner and outer worlds of my soul mate respectively. The Tree of Life and the Tree of Knowledge of her body are my soul (inner world ), and world (outer world ). This is the spiral. I am the flimsy film between her two worlds , and she the flimsy film between mine. Our bodies are different however. The male sexual organï¿½s nature is to give, and the female ï¿½s is to receive, to bound. The outer world which I provide to my soul mate is one of giving, and plenty. The outer world which she provides for me is one of boundary and reception. This is not to say that one has a negative connotation. If you are reading a negative connotation into this, rid your mind of that idea and go back and look over the two halves of the whole directly above. To assume then that only our outer worlds are different would be foolishness on my part because I have already admitted that the inner and outer worlds are intrinsically connected (and in fact, one ). So, our inner worlds are different as well, and we can see this in the different acts and usages of speech between the sexes. More importantly this explains why the commandments for men are binding ones, and the commandments for women are unbinding (By binding I obviously refer to time , but that is not the only kind of boundary from which women are free). We live in different worlds , literally. From Rabbi Yitzchak Ginsburgh The next stage of reflection upon the powers of the soul is to meditate on how classical Kabbalah relates these powers to aspects of the human anatomy. This identification of spiritual powers with limbs of the body illustrates the Kabbalistic idea of hitlabshut (ï¿½enclothmentï¿½), wherein a higher reality is vested in a lower one . In this instance, a power of the soul is the higher reality that is vested and expresses itself through the medium of a lower reality, such as a physical vessel like a limb or organ of the body. It is important to note that in the traditional literature of Kabbalah great emphasis is placed on the correlation between the supernal sefirot and the physical limbs and organs of the human body, skipping directly from the plane of the Divine to the plane of the physical . Only at a later stage in the historical unfolding of the revelation of the Torahï¿½s hidden wisdom, did the Baï¿½al Shem Tov and his disciples come to reveal and describe in detail the psychological correlates to both the supernal sefirot and their physical parallels. These psychological correlates serve as the spiritual intermediates by means of which the Divine sefirot may in fact become vested and reflected in the physical limbs of the body. The correspondence presented in Kabbalah between the sefirot and the limbs of the body can be summarized as follows: mouth [also associated with the crown on the tip of the procreative organ] Asher Yatzar The blessing of Asher Yatzar is recited every morning as part of the Birchat HaShachar, Morning Blessings. It is also recited after one has gone to the bathroom. It expresses our recognition that our bodies are complex and sophisticated systems and if one part of the system goes bad then this effects the whole body. In this blessing we express our gratitude to HaShem for the fact that our bodies continue to function properly. The Asher Yatzar prayer is over two thousand years old. The following is a translation of Asher Yatzar: Blessed are You, HaShem , our God, King of the Universe, Who formed man with intelligence, and created within him many openings and many hollow spaces; it is revealed and known before the Seat of Your Honor, that if one of these would be opened or if one of these would be sealed it would be impossible to survive and to stand before You (even for one hour). Blessed are You, HaShem , Who heals all flesh and does wonders. ï¿½Who formed man with intelligenceï¿½: The human body is extraordinarily sophisticated. In this context we are speaking primarily of the digestive system. The ability to ingest foreign material and process it so as to provide the body with the energy and materials it needs to continue functioning is truly amazing. HaShem gave man the gift of intelligence. During the six days of creation , HaShem wisely created manï¿½s needs before he created man. HaShem used great wisdom in binding manï¿½s soul to his body. ï¿½many openings and many hollow spacesï¿½: ï¿½Openingsï¿½ refers to openings in the human body such as the mouth, the anus, the nose, and the ears. ï¿½Hollow spacesï¿½ refers to hollow organs such as the stomach, the intestines, and the heart. ï¿½it is revealed and known before the Seat of Your Honorï¿½: The reason that the Seat of HaShem ï¿½s Honor is mentioned here is to teach us not to think that HaShem does not concern Himself with lowly things such as the use of the bathroom, but that HaShem watches and knows everything. ï¿½if one of these would be opened or if one of these would be sealed it would be impossible to survive and to stand before Youï¿½: If a person is born with one of the openings or hollow spaces of his body improperly formed, either that it is open when it should be closed or vice versa, then life would not be possible. The Chafetz Chaim and other Great Sages write that the saying of Asher Yatzar with the proper intent and from writing has the power to help one have a healthy body all of his life. There are many people who were saved from a severe illness by saying this Beracha from a written page with the proper intent. * * * The salivary glands or ï¿½fountainsï¿½ [117] are situated in the cavity of the mouth [118] and under the tongue . [119] The capacity of the pharynx (ï¿½bet ha-beliï¿½ahï¿½) was found by experiment to be larger than it seems. A henï¿½s egg can easily be swallowed whole. [120] The esophagus (ï¿½wesheṭï¿½) and larynx (ï¿½ḳanehï¿½) have their respective origins in the pharynx. The structure of the esophagus is composed of two layers (ï¿½orotï¿½)ï¿½an outer, muscular one and an inner, serous one . [121] The inner layer has longitudinal folds throughout its length, except at the upper part, which is called ï¿½tarbeẓ ha-wesheṭï¿½ (ib. 43b). The lower portion of the inner layer is supplied with hair -like projections. [122] The larynx (ï¿½ḳaneh,ï¿½ ï¿½gargeretï¿½) is composed of a large ring of cricoid cartilage (ï¿½ṭabbaï¿½at gedolahï¿½), thyroid cartilage (ï¿½kobaï¿½,ï¿½ ï¿½piḳah shel-gargeretï¿½), and the epiglottis (ï¿½shippuy kobaï¿½ï¿½; Ḥul. 18b). The trachea is composed of incomplete cartilaginous rings (ï¿½ḥulyotï¿½), and membranous ones (ï¿½bene ḥulyahï¿½). According to R. Samuel, there are no hair -like projections (ï¿½milotï¿½) below the pylorus (ï¿½meẓarï¿½). The gastro-intestinal tract throughout its lengthis covered externally with the peritoneum (ï¿½ḳerum niḳlafï¿½) except the posterior surface of the lower portion of the rectum (ï¿½ḥilḥoletï¿½; Ḥul. 49b). The peritoneum forms the greater omentum (ï¿½pederï¿½), which is attached to the greater curvature or ï¿½bowï¿½ (ï¿½Ḳashtaï¿½) of the stomach (ib. 50a) and the beginning of the small intestines (ib. 93a). The liver is attached to the diaphragm (ï¿½ṭarpeshaï¿½) by a fold of the peritoneum. [123] It is united also with the gall-bladder (ï¿½ marah ï¿½) by means of a narrow tube. [124] The pancreas is considered an accessory organ of the liver, and is called the ï¿½finger of the liverï¿½ (ï¿½eẓbaï¿½ ha-kabedï¿½). Its relations to the abdominal organs are described correctly (Tamid 31a). The anterior abdominal wall is divided into an inner, peritoneal layer (ï¿½keres penimitï¿½) and an outer, muscular one (ï¿½keres ḥiẓonahï¿½). The spleen and kidneys are frequently mentioned in Talmud and Midrash , but no description is given (see below). The Lungs and Heart. The lungs are composed of two ï¿½rowsï¿½ (ï¿½ï¿½arugotï¿½), right and left, divided vertically, by a septum (ï¿½ṭarpesh ha-lebï¿½) which rises from the pericardium (ï¿½kis ha-lebï¿½) and is attached to the spinal column. The large bronchi (ï¿½bet ha-simponotï¿½) enter respectively the inner side of each row (ib. 50a). Alongside of the bronchi enter also the large blood-vessels (ï¿½mizraḳimï¿½; ib. 93b). The number of lobes in each lung is given correctly (ib. 47a). The pleura is composed of two layers, an outer, rough one (ï¿½ḳerama ï¿½illayaï¿½) and an inner, rose-colored one (ï¿½ḳerama tattaï¿½a,ï¿½ ï¿½kittuna de-wardaï¿½; ib. 46a). The heart is composed of two ventricles (ï¿½ḥalalï¿½), the right being larger than the left (ib. 45b). It is situated to the left of the median line (Men. 37b). Rab expressed a radical view for his time , namely, that the aorta (ï¿½ḳaneh shel-lebï¿½) contains blood, not air (Ḥul. 45b). The large veins are called ï¿½weridimï¿½; the small ones, ï¿½ḥuṭe dam.ï¿½ The brain is not mentioned in the Bible. According to the Talmudists, it has two coats, an outer (the dura mater) and an inner coat (the pia mater), the one being hard (ï¿½ḳashshishï¿½), the other thin (ï¿½daḳḳiḳï¿½). The spinal cord begins outside of the condyloid processes (Ḥul. 45a). The Zohar gives a somewhat more detailed description: ï¿½The skull contains three cavities in which the brain is lodged. From the brain issue thirty - two paths. These paths spread over the body connecting it with the brain ï¿½ ( Zohar on Lev. xxvi.). The Generative Organs. From the laws relating to circumcision , flux, menstruation, etc., which are discussed at length in the Bible and especially in the Talmud , may be gathered some idea of the knowledge which the ancient Jews possessed concerning the anatomy of the generative organs. Of the male genitals the anatomical parts are mentioned as follows: The scrotum (ï¿½kisï¿½)is divided by a septum into two sacculi (Bek. 40a); the testes (ï¿½beẓim,ï¿½ ï¿½ashakimï¿½) have two coats (Ḥul. 45a); each testicle has an appendix, the epididymis (ï¿½ḥuṭe beẓahï¿½; Yeb. 75a); it is supplied with blood-vessels (ï¿½gide paḥadï¿½; Ḥul. 93a) and nerves (ib. 45b), and it contains a viscid fluid (Yeb. 75a). It was held that the spermatic fluid and the urine had each a separate canal for their exit (Bek. 44b). Besides the uterus only the visible parts of the female generative organs (ï¿½rechemï¿½), there being many synonyms, are mentioned in the Bible. The Talmud mentions the following: Mons veneris (Hebr. ï¿½kaf tappuachï¿½; Yer. Yeb. 1-2); vulva (ï¿½ï¿½erwahï¿½); rima pudendorum (ï¿½bet ha-setarimï¿½; Niddah 66b); vestibulum vaginï¿½ (ï¿½bet chitzonï¿½; ib. 41b); orificium urethrï¿½ (ï¿½lulï¿½; ib. 17b); hymen (ï¿½betulimï¿½); ostium vaginï¿½ (ï¿½bet shinnayimï¿½; ib. 46b); vagina (ï¿½bet toref,ï¿½ ï¿½bet ha-reḥemï¿½; Shab. 64a); septum vesico-vaginalis (ï¿½gag prosdorï¿½; Niddah 18a); septum vagina-rectalis (ï¿½karka prosdorï¿½; ib.); uterus (ï¿½rechemï¿½; ib.); canalis cervicis uteri (ï¿½makhor; ib. 41a); cavum uteri (ï¿½chederï¿½ [ib. 17b]; ï¿½bet herayonï¿½ [ï¿½Ar. 7a]). Embryology. According to the Mosaic law , [125] a woman after giving birth to a male child remained unclean for seven days thereafter; in the case of a female child, fourteen days. Then followed a period of purificationï¿½for a male thirty days, and for a female sixty- six days. According to the Mishna , miscarriages fell under the same law , provided, however, the fetus (ï¿½shefirï¿½) was completely formed [126] and its features were well differentiated. [127] Monstrosities and all fetuses not viable were exempt from the above-named law . [128] This interpretation of the Biblical law served as an impetus to the Talmudists for the diligent study of embryology. The esteem in which were held those who occupied themselves with this study is shown in the legend that King David devoted a great deal of his time to these investigations (Ber. 4a). R. Samuel, it is said, was able to tell the exact age of a fetus (Niddah 25b). The fetus, it was held, is completely formed at the end of the sixth week. Aba Saul, a grave-digger by occupation, but also an embryologist, describes an embryo at the end of the sixth week as follows: ï¿½Size, that of the locust; eyes are like two specks at some distance from each other, so are the nostrils; feet like two silken cords; mouth like a hair . . . . The soles are not well defined.ï¿½ He adds that the embryo should not be examined in water, but in oil, and only by sunlight (Niddah 25b). R. Samuel (l.c.) contended that it was impossible to differentiate the sex before the end of the fourth month, which, by the way, is the opinion of modern embryologists. At certain autopsies it was found that the male embryos were completely formed at the end of the forty - first day, and the female embryos at the end of the eighty- first day. The Rabbis contended that the autopsies had not been free from error (Niddah 30b). The soft parts are formed first , then the bones (Gen. R. xiv.). Monstrosities like cyclopia, monopsia, double back with double spinal column, and artresia ï¿½sophagi (ï¿½wesheṭ aṭumï¿½), etc., are mentioned (Niddah 23b, 24a, b). Physiology. The Bible identifies the blood with the soul (Gen. ix. 4). The Talmudists regard blood as the essential principle of life (Chulin 125a). The relation between strength and the development of muscles is mentioned in the Bible (Job xl. 16). The Talmudists noted the fact that the muscles change their formwhen in motion (Chulin 93a). Respiration is compared to burning. Expired air can not sustain life (Sanh. 77a). The life of all the organs of the body depends upon the heart (Yer. Ter. viii. 4). Each gland secretes a fluid peculiar to itself, although all the glands derive their material from the same source (Num. R. xv.). The difference in the structure of the teeth in herbivorous and carnivorous animals is noted (Chulin 59). Saliva, besides moistening the tongue , adds to the palatability of food (Num. R. xv.). The stomach performs a purely mechanical function, that of churning the food ; it is compared to a mill. Digestion proper (ï¿½ikkulï¿½) is carried on in the intestines. The time occupied in digestion is not the same in all individuals. The end of the digestive period is made manifest by the return of a desire for food (Bek. 52b). Eating when the bowels are full is likened to the making of a fire in a stove from which the ashes have not been removed (ib. 55a). Normal defecation hastens digestion. Birds digest their food rapidly (Shab. 82a); dogs, slowly (Oh. xi. 7). The reasoning faculties are lodged in the brain (Yeb. 9a). The movements of the body depend upon the integrity of the spinal cord (Chulin 58). Rabbi Isaac holds that the liver elaborates blood (Shab. 82a). However, our times are known as ikvesa diMeshicha, which means ï¿½the heels of Mashiach .ï¿½ Try to picture the entire span of time , since the creation of the world , as a body. The first generation , Adam , is compared to the top of the head, and the next generation a little lower, like the nose, then the neck, then the heart, then the abdomen, then the top of the legs, until the time of Mashiach . Almost 6,000 years after creation weï¿½ve descended down the entire body from head to foot . The generation which will greet Mashiach , the generation which is right before Mashiach , is called the heels of Mashiach -- and thereï¿½s nothing lower than the heels of the body. The difference between the ï¿½ heel ï¿½ and the other parts of the body is that other organs of the body have some will of their own -- the brain has a mind of its own, the heart has emotions. According to Chassidus, the kidneys also have some relationship to the process of thought (even though scientists may not know it, but they will find out some day that the kidneys have their own place in the thought processes). But the heel ? That is one part of the body that we look at as kind of passive. The heel cannot make major decisions. The heel simply follows the will of the person. If the brain decides that it wants to go someplace, then the heel has no choice but to go where the brain wants . Chassidus explains that the era of the ï¿½heels of Mashiach ï¿½ therefore means that just like the heel receives its directions and mission in life without too much intellectual enquiry, we too, should not be guided overly much by our intellect and reason, by rationality, but by pure, simple faith in HaShem . Even a person who has reached a deep understanding of G-dliness, of Torah and mitzvot , should nevertheless not be motivated chiefly by his understanding, but by his faith, regardless of how high his or her IQ is, and no matter how much knowledge he or she has. Whether you understand it, or whether you do not yet understand it, you do it with kabbalas ol. The body is a microcosm of the Holy Temple .	Thumb
In Greek mythology, how many fates are there?	10 Most Extreme Body Parts (body parts, longest legs, longest nose, Vivian Wheeler, female beard) - ODDEE 10 Most Extreme Body Parts 2/28/2009 1 Cathie Jung: World's Smallest Waist --15 inches Honestly, no Photoshop. Cathie Jung ’s tiny waist measures just 15in (38cm), making her figure distinctly hourglass. The Queen of Corsets, as she has aptly named herself, has worn tight-fitting corsets for years to get there, and appears in the body parts section of the Guinness Book of World Records 2007. Whilst she currently holds the record for the smallest waist on a living person, the record for the smallest waist ever goes to Ethel Granger who had a wasit of just 13". 2 Svetlana Pankratova: World's Longest Legs --more than 4 feet long Russian woman Svetlana Pankratova has, according to Guinness World Records, the longest legs of any woman in the world. While she is not the world's tallest woman, her legs are 132 centimetres (4 ft 4 in) long. Because her upper body is of much more typical dimensions, she is 196 centimetres (6 ft 5 in) tall. She has also very large feet, size 13 (US) / 46 (EU), making shopping for shoes difficult. From 1992 to 1995, Pankratova played women's basketball in the USA, and on 2008 she appeared in Trafalgar Square in London on September 16, 2008 with He Pingping, the smallest man in the world, to promote the 2009 edition of the Guinness World Records. 3 Vivian Wheeler: World's Longest Female Beard --11 inches With the longest hair in her beard measuring 11 inches - 27.9 cm., Vivian Wheeler of Illinois is blessed with having the longest beard for a female. Her father insisted she start shaving at the age of 7, but since 1993 Vivian Wheeler has not, letting her beard grow. 4 Lui Hua: World's Largest Hand --his left thumb is 10.2 inches long Chinese man Lui Hua suffers from a rare condition known as macrodactyly. When he was hospitalized in Shanghai on July 2007, his left thumb measured 10.2 inches and his index finger measured close to 12. On July 20 surgeons undertook a seven-hour operation to reduce the size of Liu's fingers and thumb. Doctors removed 11 pounds of flesh and bone in the procedure. A second surgery is scheduled to take place. 5 Annika Irmler: World's Longest Female Tongue --2.7 inches German schoolgirl Annika Irmler has licked her way into the Guinness Book of Records with her whopping seven centimetre tongue. The twelve-year-old from Tangstedt, near Hamburg, can lick the ice cream from the bottom of a cornet - while her friends have to use their fingers. 6 Lee Redmond: World's Longest Fingernails --until she lost them on a car crash Lee Redmond , a woman from Utah who has not cut her nails since 1979, had grown and carefully manicured them to reach a total length of 8.65 m (28 ft 4.5 in), and was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's longest fingernails. Sadly, on February, 2009, she lost them in a car crash . 7 Radhakant Baijpai: World's Longest Ear Hair --almost than 10 inches long Indian grocer Radhakant Baijpai certainly has a goal in life: make sure that he has the longest ear hair in the world. Radhakant was crowned the official Guinness world record holder for the longest ear hair back in 2003, when his aural fronds were an already-impressive 13.2cm long. But that didn't stop him pursuing his goal of ever-longer hair on his ears. After several more years of carefully cultivating and caring for the ear-hair, Radhakant's tufts now stretch an astonishing 25cm. He is now waiting for Guinness adjudicators to confirm that he has set a new high, hairy bar for his chosen field. 8 Mehmet Ozyurek: World's Longest Nose --4.5 inches Mehmet Ozyurek , born in Turkey in 1949, has been confirmed as having the world's longest nose. His nose measured 4.5 inches (8.8 cm) when it was last measured on July 06, 2007. He currently lives in Artvin, Turkey. 9 Devendra Harne and Pranamya Menaria: Most Fingers and Toes --25 Along with Pranamya Menaria, Devendra Harne shares the title of the person with the most Most Fingers and Toes, they are both indian and have 25 in total (12 fingers and 13 toes) as a result of the condition polydactylism. 10 Frank Ames: World’s Longest Eyebrow Hair --3.7 inches long Frank Ames of Saranac in New York earned his place in the Guinness Book of World Records with a pair of bushy brows measuring 9.6cm. He decided to go for the title on 2003, only to discover it didn't exist. After calling officials, he set up and claimed the hairy new record. "I don't know why it grows like that, it just always has," he told reporters. From the Web	i don't know
Rosalynn Smith is married to which former US President?	James Carter \| whitehouse.gov Air Force One James Carter Jimmy Carter served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. Jimmy Carter aspired to make Government "competent and compassionate," responsive to the American people and their expectations. His achievements were notable, but in an era of rising energy costs, mounting inflation, and continuing tensions, it was impossible for his administration to meet these high expectations. Carter, who has rarely used his full name--James Earl Carter, Jr.--was born October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia. Peanut farming, talk of politics, and devotion to the Baptist faith were mainstays of his upbringing. Upon graduation in 1946 from the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Carter married Rosalynn Smith. The Carters have three sons, John William (Jack), James Earl III (Chip), Donnel Jeffrey (Jeff), and a daughter, Amy Lynn. After seven years' service as a naval officer, Carter returned to Plains. In 1962 he entered state politics, and eight years later he was elected Governor of Georgia. Among the new young southern governors, he attracted attention by emphasizing ecology, efficiency in government, and the removal of racial barriers. Carter announced his candidacy for President in December 1974 and began a two-year campaign that gradually gained momentum. At the Democratic Convention, he was nominated on the first ballot. He chose Senator Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota as his running mate. Carter campaigned hard against President Gerald R. Ford, debating with him three times. Carter won by 297 electoral votes to 241 for Ford. Carter worked hard to combat the continuing economic woes of inflation and unemployment. By the end of his administration, he could claim an increase of nearly eight million jobs and a decrease in the budget deficit, measured in percentage of the gross national product. Unfortunately, inflation and interest rates were at near record highs, and efforts to reduce them caused a short recession. Carter could point to a number of achievements in domestic affairs. He dealt with the energy shortage by establishing a national energy policy and by decontrolling domestic petroleum prices to stimulate production. He prompted Government efficiency through civil service reform and proceeded with deregulation of the trucking and airline industries. He sought to improve the environment. His expansion of the national park system included protection of 103 million acres of Alaskan lands. To increase human and social services, he created the Department of Education, bolstered the Social Security system, and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to Government jobs. In foreign affairs, Carter set his own style. His championing of human rights was coldly received by the Soviet Union and some other nations. In the Middle East, through the Camp David agreement of 1978, he helped bring amity between Egypt and Israel. He succeeded in obtaining ratification of the Panama Canal treaties. Building upon the work of predecessors, he established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and completed negotiation of the SALT II nuclear limitation treaty with the Soviet Union. There were serious setbacks, however. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan caused the suspension of plans for ratification of the SALT II pact. The seizure as hostages of the U. S. embassy staff in Iran dominated the news during the last 14 months of the administration. The consequences of Iran's holding Americans captive, together with continuing inflation at home, contributed to Carter's defeat in 1980. Even then, he continued the difficult negotiations over the hostages. Iran finally released the 52 Americans the same day Carter left office. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. For more information about President Carter, please visit	Jimmy Carter
What was a tenth of a Roman Legion called?	1000+ images about President Carter and First Family on Pinterest \| Clinton n'jie, Nobel peace prize and January 20 Former President Jimmy Carter on a bike is a familiar sight in his hometown of Plains, Georgia. He frequently rides to breakfast at his favorite restaurant. See More	i don't know
In November 2002, which member of the British royal family was convicted and fined for violating the Dangerous Dogs Act?	h2g2 - HRH Princess Anne - the Princess Royal - Edited Entry 1 Conversation Princess Anne - the 'No Nonsense' Princess - is considered by many to be the hardest-working member of the British Royal Family, carrying out hundreds of official engagements every year. After the Queen, the British public is said to consider Anne to be the Royal Family's most valuable national asset. They feel that she gets the job done, fulfilling her duty without using gimmicks or drawing undue attention to herself. She's no 'clothes-horse' and has kept the same hairstyle for 30 years. Second-in-line HRH Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise of Edinburgh, second child and only daughter of Their Royal Highnesses Princess Elizabeth , Duchess of Edinburgh and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh, was born at Clarence House, London, on 15 August, 1950. At the time of her birth, her mother was heir-presumptive to the throne of the United Kingdom . Anne was less than two years old when her grandfather George VI died and her mother became Queen. Anne and her older brother Prince Charles , the Prince of Wales, were raised mostly by nannies due to their parents' royal duties. Anne was educated by a private tutor and governess Catherine Peebles at Buckingham Palace. Being second-in-line to the British throne (the Queen's two children took precedence over the Queen's sister Princess Margaret) earns that person the dubious nickname 'spare'. This is because they are the 'standby' to take over as Monarch should anything untoward befall the heir. Anne's grandfather Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the 'spare' of his generation; he became King George VI when his older brother Edward VIII abdicated . The Precocious Princess From a young age Anne was already displaying a degree of precociousness. From the way she behaved, you would have thought the age difference was the other way around; Anne was bossy with her more timid and studious older brother and constantly trying to give their bodyguards the slip. When the Royal Family were on board the Royal Yacht Britannia, sailors knew they had to keep on their toes minding Anne, who had a habit of disappearing while investigating the mysterious and alluring potential hiding places of her floating playground. Anne recently recalled the times spent on Britannia as the happiest of her childhood. By the age of eight, knowing that the palace guard on duty had to 'present arms' to a member of the Royal Family, she ventured into the palace grounds and walked past again, and again, and again. Each time the poor soldier duly presented arms until the Queen, who happened to look out of a window from the palace, called her back in and gave her daughter a right royal telling-off. The Older Sister Anne has two younger brothers: Prince Andrew (born 1960) was the first child to be born to a reigning monarch since Queen Victoria's youngest daughter was born in 1857; and Prince Edward was born in 1964 when Anne was a teenager and already attending boarding school. Boarding School Despite being educated at the palace, she wasn't cloistered away from other girls as Her Majesty invited a Girl Guide troupe to Buckingham Palace every week as company for her. When she was 13, Anne was sent to Benenden, a private boarding school in Kent. This was the first time a sovereign's daughter had attended boarding school. It was Anne's first time away from home and she was physically sick on the journey. It's fair to say Anne was not a happy academic student but she did attain six 'O'-levels and two 'A'-levels. She was a popular girl at school with a sporting nature; her love of horses and riding eventually took her to the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada. Public Life After completing her 'A'-levels in 1968 Anne left Benenden and entered the public life of the Royal Family. By the age of 20, Anne was President of the charitable organisation Save The Children and has, to date, visited 70 countries on their behalf. She is also Commandant-in-Chief of St John Ambulance Cadets. Her charities total over 200 and the representatives of those charities speak highly of her, describing her as 'a businesswoman who delivers the goods'. When asked by a press photographer to pick up a starving baby on an African tour, Anne replied: 'I don't do stunts'. Boyfriends Anne's first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles 1 , a former equerry to the Queen. No marriage could be contemplated between them due to him being a Roman Catholic . Another potential romance was scuppered by Prince Philip . Richard Meade OBE was the Olympic Champion at three-day eventing and a dead-ringer for a younger Prince Philip. Handsome Meade, who is 12 years older than Anne, was considered too old for her even though the match later engineered for her brother had exactly that age difference. Equestrian Anne's talent as a horsewoman is renowned: she became European Champion at three-day eventing in 1971. That year she was voted the BBC's Sports Personality of the Year and nominated as Sportswoman of the Year by the Sports Writers' Association. Even having an operation to remove an ovarian cyst didn't slow her down; she was back in the saddle less than three weeks later. Anne and her favourite horse, Doublet, were a formidable partnership. When Doublet broke his leg in a fall in 1974, Anne was heartbroken and she held him as he was put to sleep by a vet. In 1975 Anne won a silver medal in both individual and team disciplines in the European Eventing Championships which were held in Luhmuhlen, West Germany, and she represented Great Britain in the Equestrian team in the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. Unfortunately the press were present when Anne took a tumble from a horse. They reported that she shouted 'Naff 'orf!' while they were photographing her sprawling in the mud. It's possible they misheard due to trying to avoid the manure being hurled in their direction, as other reports state that she used much stronger swearwords. Attempted Kidnap On the evening of 20 March, 1974, Ian Ball tried to kidnap Anne, in the first-ever attempt to abduct a member of the British Royal Family. Honours Anne received the Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in 1974. In June, 1987 the Queen bestowed upon her daughter the title of The Princess Royal, making her the seventh holder of that title in history. The title is awarded by the reigning Monarch to the oldest daughter, and only when the position is vacant. Anne's work with the Save the Children Fund prompted President Kaunda of Zambia to nominate her for the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. The Queen's Service Order 'for valuable voluntary service to the community or meritorious and faithful services to the Crown or similar services within the public sector, whether in elected or appointed office' was awarded in 1990. Anne received the Ladies' Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter in 1994. In 2000 to mark her 50th birthday and in recognition of her charitable work, she was made a Lady of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle. Their motto is Nemo me impune lacessit which is Latin for 'No one provokes me with impunity'. Her latest award, bestowed on 29 September, 2005, is Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu, awarded for 'service, achievement, and merit in the highest degree, sustained over a period of twenty years'. Logohu means Bird of Paradise in Motu, one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea , where the Queen is constitutional monarch and Head of State. The Bird of Paradise is the national symbol which appears on the country's Coat of Arms . Marriages Anne was the first of the Queen's children to get married , to Lieutenant Mark Phillips, a champion rider, in November 1973. They shared a mutual love of horses. He turned down the Queen's offer of a title when he married the princess. Mark Phillips had an affair and a paternity test eventually proved that he fathered Felicity Tonkin who was born in 1985. They announced their decision to separate in 1989 and the couple divorced in early 1992. Anne was the first Royal divorcée to remarry since Henry VIII . Her second husband was former equerry to the Queen, Commodore Timothy Laurence, who was then aged 46. Their wedding took place at Craithie Church in Scotland, on 12 December, 1992, in the presence of just 30 guests. There is media speculation that the couple have drifted apart and are now living separate lives, but Buckingham Palace has refused to comment. They would not make a statement without the permission of the princess and she may not wish to comment on the matter, due to her being a private person. Commodore Laurence, who is currently posted at the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall, did not attend the Duke of Edinburgh's 80th birthday celebration in 2000. Children Peter Mark Andrew Phillips, born on 15 November, 1977, was the Queen's first grandchild. When he was born he was fifth in line to the British throne, but currently he is tenth in line. Rugby-player Peter lives with his Canadian girlfriend Autumn Kelly in a cottage on his mother's Gatcombe Park estate. Zara (a variation of Sarah, which means 'princess') Anne Elizabeth Phillips was born on 15 May, 1981 and she was the Queen's first granddaughter. One of Zara's godfathers is Andrew Parker Bowles. 'Royal rebel' Zara had her tongue and navel pierced when she was just 16 years old. Zara is an accomplished equestrian sportswoman like her mother. She won the individual gold in the European Eventing Championship at Blenheim Palace in 2005 on her own mount Toytown, and her mother presented the medals. Zara lives with her partner Mike Tindall of the England national rugby union team. Anne's two children do not carry titles of their own, not even 'HRH'. This was Anne's personal request of the Queen, because she wanted her children to have as normal an upbringing as possible, and be unburdened by Royal duties. Peter and Zara were the first untitled grandchildren of a British sovereign in over five centuries. The Television Appearances To celebrate Anne becoming President of Save The Children in 1971, the BBC commissioned a trip to Kenya for a programme called The Blue Peter Royal Safari presented by Valerie Singleton . Ms Singleton recalls this adventure as one of the highlights of her BBC career, and the safari itself is among the top Blue Peter moments. In 1987 Anne appeared on the BBC's A Question of Sport on Emlyn 'Crazy Horse' Hughes' team. He was so excited when she won a point that he broke protocol and hugged her. She didn't complain but she didn't hug him back either. What she did complain about was Emlyn's appalling spelling. The following week, a picture of Anne on a horse, with her head bowed and her helmet covering her face, was shown to Emlyn Hughes's team for them to guess who it was. Emlyn guessed at it being a male jockey and when he was told it was Anne, he appeared genuinely worried that she would either have him shot or lock him in The Tower of London and throw away the key. Emlyn's royal error became a running gag 2 throughout the following episodes of the popular show. Also in 1987, It's A Royal Knockout was dreamed up and organised by Anne's youngest brother Prince Edward, now the Earl of Wessex. Compèred by Stuart Hall 3 , it had to be seen to be believed. It's hard to imagine how Anne was persuaded to take part, but she was game for a laugh and looked quite fetching in her medieval dress. Prince Andrew, the Duke of York, and his wife Sarah, Duchess of York, also took part. Over £1 million was raised for four charities, including Anne's Save the Children Fund. Members of the Royal Family have never volunteered themselves for Family Fortunes or The Generation Game so maybe it's a case of once bitten... The Controversial Royal A 19-year-old suddenly being dropped in the middle of the street and being told to go and pick on someone and talk to them - fun? - no, I don't think so. - Anne admitting in a BBC interview that she disliked the 1970 introduction of Royal walkabouts. Anne is not a 'touchy-feely' type of person and does not wear her heart on her sleeve. She keeps a stiff upper lip and finds dealing with the press and photographers exasperating 4 . She is clearly her father's daughter, and well-known for speaking her mind. In 2002 Anne publicly gave her backing to London's potential bid to hold the 2012 Olympic Games, breaking Royal protocol, because the monarchy is obliged to be non-political. She spoke as the British Olympic Association president and she also serves on the International Olympic Committee. It was announced that London would host the 2012 Olympic Games on 6 July, 2005. Brushes with the Law Anne admitting driving her Bentley at 93mph (in a 70mph zone) on a dual carriageway in Gloucestershire. Her excuse was that she thought the police car with its blue lights flashing was following her to escort her to her destination. Cheltenham magistrates fined her £400, gave her a five-point endorsement on her driving licence and ordered her to pay £30 court costs. In 2002, Anne was fined £500 by Berkshire Magistrates' Court after being convicted under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 . The case was titled Regina vs Anne Elizabeth Alice Lawrence and symbolically pitted mother against daughter, as criminal charges are brought on behalf of the monarch. Anne attended court, the first senior Royal to do so in over a century, along with members of her family. She pleaded guilty to the charge that her unleashed English bull terrier Dotty had attacked two boys in Windsor Great Park. The seven-year-old boy had scratch marks on his right forearm, his back and his left leg, and the 12-year-old suffered a bite on the collarbone and two bites to his left leg. It was the first time a senior member of the Royal Family had been convicted of a criminal offence. She also had to pay £500 compensation in total to the children and pay £148 court costs. At Christmas in 2003, a corgi belonging to the Queen had to be put to sleep after being savaged by Florence, another of Anne's dogs . The Hardest-working Royal Anne holds many honorary military titles and is Rear Admiral and Chief Commandant for Women, Royal Navy. Every year on Remembrance Sunday she attends the Cenotaph in London to lay a poppy wreath on their behalf. Anne is Chancellor of the University of London . One of the duties of this role is to present graduates and postgraduates (of all the colleges) with their degrees. She is also Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Signals. As a rule, Anne and her mother The Queen do not make royal visits together. A notable exception was on Mothering Sunday in 1996. They visited Dunblane, Scotland, four days after the massacre of 16 children and their teacher. They attended a service in the cathedral and visited the wounded children and teachers at the Stirling Royal Infirmary. Anne brought a bouquet of snowdrops from her own garden to lay at the scene. The 'Snowdrop Campaign,' formed by residents of Dunblane, aimed to ban the private ownership of handguns in the UK. By the end of 1997, it had achieved its goal. BBC Birmingham's new broadcasting centre The Mailbox was officially opened by Anne in September, 2004. She was taken on a tour around the premises and viewed the radio and TV studios which are among the most up-to-date in the world. She had also opened the BBC's former site at Pebble Mill in 1971. Anne opened a two-day conference on aid to Malawi at the Scottish Parliament in November 2005. First Minister Jack McConnell promised to help in the fight against HIV and AIDS in Africa . People in Grimsby, Cleethorpes and the surrounding area raised £2 million to build a new animal charity care centre, The Blue Cross , on Nelson Street, Grimsby. The centre provides care for the pets of those people on benefits or low incomes who cannot afford private vets' fees. It opened in July 2005 after a two-year fund-drive and replaced a dilapidated old building which had been providing free care for sick animals for 50 years. Anne was invited to visit and she officially opened the new facility by unveiling a plaque in November 2005. During Christmas week in 2005 Anne presented the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service to the Wallingford Coach for the Disabled charity, which makes around 120 trips a year, providing outings for elderly and people with impaired mobility in Wallingford and the surrounding district. On 17 January, 2006 Anne went to a Rural Housing Trust seminar in Newchurch where she gave a speech to parish councillors from the Ashford, Shepway and Dover districts about the benefits of affordable housing. Then she moved on to Ashford where she visited a primary school before finally dropping by the Carers FIRST ( Caring for Carers ) Centre, which provides advice, information and support to family carers in Tonbridge. In March, 2006 she officially opened a sheltered housing development in Bristol. Also that month, she presented medals to injured Iraq war veterans as well as opening a new £240,000 exhibition at the Royal Signals Museum. On 10 April, 2006, Anne visited Devon to officially open a number of buildings and meet local people. The following day she flew into Dorset for the official opening of a new housing development which provides accommodation for the elderly or people who need care after they are discharged from hospital. Then she met the staff and residents, toured the facilities and planted a magnolia tree in the garden. Following that visit she moved onto the Portland National Coastwatch lookout, and rounded off the day with a tour of the National Sailing Academy . Trivia	Anne, Princess Royal
What was the name of the ship that docked at Tilbury, England, in 1948, carrying 492 post-war immigrants from the West Indies?	anne princess royal : definition of anne princess royal and synonyms of anne princess royal (English) Church of England Anne, Princess Royal KG [2] KT [3] GCVO (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is the only daughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . At the time of her birth, she was third (behind her mother and elder brother ) and rose to second (after her mother's accession) in the line of succession to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms ; however, after the birth of two younger brothers and six nieces and nephews she is currently tenth in line. The seventh holder of the title Princess Royal, Anne is known for her charitable work, being the patron of over 200 organisations, and she carries out about 500 royal engagements and public appearances per year. She is also known for equestrian talents; she won two silver and one gold medal at the European Eventing Championships ,[ citation needed ] and is the only member of the British Royal Family to have competed in the Olympic Games . Currently married to Vice-Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence , she has two children from her previous marriage to Mark Phillips and two granddaughters. Contents 13 External links Early life and education Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11:50 AM, as the second child and only daughter of then Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh , and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , and second grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . Baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by then Archbishop of York , Cyril Garbett , the Princess's godparents were: the Queen (her maternal grandmother); the Hereditary Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (her paternal aunt); Princess Alice of Greece and Denmark (her paternal grandmother); the Earl Mountbatten of Burma (her paternal granduncle); and the Hon. and Rev. Andrew Elphinstone (her cousin). [4] By letters patent of Anne's great-grandfather, King George V , the titles of a British prince or princess, and the style Royal Highness , were only to be conferred on children and male-line grandchildren of the sovereign, as well as the eldest son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. However, on 22 October 1948, George VI issued new letters patent granting these honours to any children of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip; otherwise, Anne would merely have been titled by courtesy as Lady Anne Mountbatten. In this way, the children of the heiress presumptive had a Royal and Princely status. As with royal children before her, a governess , Catherine Peebles, was appointed to look after the Princess and was responsible for her early education at Buckingham Palace; [5] Peebles had also served as governess for Anne's older brother, Charles. When Anne's mother acceded after the death of George VI to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, Anne was thereafter titled as Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, but, given her young age at the time, did not attend her mother's coronation. A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company including the Holy Trinity Brompton Brownie pack, was reformed in May 1959, specifically so that, like her mother, Anne could socialise with girls her own age. The Princess Royal was active until 1963, when she went to boarding school. [6] Anne remained under private tutelage until she was enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, leaving five years later with six O-Levels and two A-Levels. [5] Anne's first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles , who was Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall 's first husband. [7] First marriage See also: Wedding dress of Princess Anne On Wednesday, 14 November 1973 (her brother Prince Charles's 25th birthday), Princess Anne married Mark Phillips , then a Lieutenant in the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards , at Westminster Abbey , in a ceremony that was televised around the world, with an estimated audience of 100 million. [8] Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park . By 1989, however, the Princess Royal and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, as the marriage had been under strain for a number of years. The couple divorced on 23 April 1992. [9] It was believed that the Queen had offered Phillips an earldom on his wedding day, as was customary for untitled men marrying into the Royal Family. However, Phillips did not accept the offer. The couple had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips , and so, unusual for the grandchildren of a monarch, they have no title. (However, they are not currently the only children of a British Princess to carry no title: the children of Princess Alexandra , the Queen's cousin, are also untitled.) On 29 December 2010, The Princess Royal became a grandmother when a baby girl, Savannah, was born to her son Peter Phillips and his wife Autumn. On 29 March 2012, another girl, Isla, was born to Peter and Autumn. Kidnapping attempt As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall , their Princess IV limousine was forced to stop by a Ford Escort . [10] The driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a gun. Inspector James Beaton , the Princess's personal police officer, responded by exiting the limousine in order to shield the Princess and try to disarm Ball. Beaton's firearm, a Walther PPK , jammed, and he was shot by the assailant, as was Anne's chauffeur, Alex Callender, when he tried to disarm Ball. [11] Brian McConnell, a nearby tabloid journalist, also intervened, and was shot in the chest. [12] Ball approached the Royal's car and told Anne of his kidnapping plan, which was to hold the Princess for ransom, the sum given by varying sources as £2 million [13] or £3 million, which he intended to give to the National Health Service . [10] Ball then directed Anne to get out of the car, to which she replied: "Not bloody likely!", and briefly considered hitting Ball. [14] Eventually, she dived out of the other side of the limousine and another passing pedestrian, Ron Russell, punched Ball in the back of the head and then led Anne away from the scene. At that point, Police Constable Michael Hills happened upon the situation; he too was shot by Ball, but not before he called for police backup. Detective Constable Peter Edmonds, who had been nearby, answered and gave chase, finally arresting Ball. [11] All of the victims were hospitalised, and recovered from their wounds. For his defence of Princess Anne, Beaton was awarded the George Cross , Hills and Russell were awarded the George Medal , and Callender, McConnell and Edmonds were awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal . [10] [15] Ball pleaded guilty to attempted murder and kidnapping, and was detained under the Mental Health Act. The incident was the closest in modern times that any individual has come to kidnapping a member of the Royal Family, and prompted higher security levels for the Royals. It also served as the focus of the 2006 Granada Television produced docu-drama, To Kidnap a Princess, and inspired story lines in the Tom Clancy novel Patriot Games and the Antonia Fraser novel Your Royal Hostage. Second marriage Anne married Timothy Laurence , then a commander in the Royal Navy, at Crathie Kirk , near Balmoral Castle , on 12 December 1992. The couple chose to marry in Scotland as the Church of England does not routinely allow divorced persons whose former spouses are still living to remarry in its churches, while the Church of Scotland does. [16] In participating in this ceremony, Anne became the first Royal divorcée to remarry since Victoria, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine , did so in 1905. Like Phillips before him, Laurence received no peerage, and the couple leased a flat in Dolphin Square , London. They later gave up this city home and now reside between an apartment at St James's Palace and Gatcombe Park . Anne has no children with Laurence. Court sanctions The Princess Royal faced court charges in March 2001, when she pleaded guilty to driving at 150 km/h (93 mph) on a dual carriageway , while on her way to Hartpury College in Gloucestershire. She was fined £400 by Cheltenham Magistrate's Court, and had five points added to her driving licence. [17] The following year, she was convicted of an offence under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 , after she pleaded guilty to the charge that her dog, Dotty, attacked two boys while she and Laurence were taking the dog for a walk in Windsor Great Park . The Princess was fined £500 by Berkshire Magistrates' Court and ordered to give Dotty more training. [18] Personal interests Pharology , the study of lighthouses, is a focus of interest for Princess Anne; she made it an ambition to see personally each of Scotland's 215 lighthouses, often touring them with the Northern Lighthouse Board , of which she is patron . It is thought the interest stems from Anne's visit, when she was five years old, to Tiumpan Head with her mother. [19] Since 1989, Princess Anne also has been patron of Sense , the national charity in the United Kingdom that supports and campaigns for children and adults who are deafblind . It provides specialist information, advice and services to deafblind people, their families, carers and the professionals who work with them. In addition, it supports people who have sensory impairments with additional disabilities. The Princess Royal takes a great interest in the work of this charity and hosts a number of events to raise money for its continued good work in the community and beyond. The Princess Royal is also Royal Patron of young people's charity Catch22, [20] with particular reference to their social enterprise Auto22, a mechanics garage offering apprenticeships to young people in Gravesend, Kent. She is also a member of the Worshipful Company of Butchers and served as its Master (2010–2011). The Princess Royal is a Patron of The Blond McIndoe Research Foundation. The Foundation is a registered charity and is the legacy of the famous plastic surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe who operated on over 600 severely burned airmen during WWII; the men later formed the world renowned Guinea Pig Club. The Blond McIndoe Research Foundation has pioneered leading-edge surgical techniques in skin repair and healing wounds, in particular the treatment of burns. The Princess Royal recently attended its 50th anniversary celebrations held in East Grinstead on 22 March 2011. Equestrianism 1975 Luhmuhlen Individual eventing Anne has always shown a keen interest in horses and equine pursuits. At the age of 21, the Princess won the individual title at the European Eventing Championship , and was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1971. For more than five years she also competed with the British eventing team, winning a silver medal in both individual and team disciplines in the 1975 European Eventing Championship, riding the home-bred Doublet . The following year Anne participated in the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal as a member of the British team, riding the Queen's horse, Goodwill . Princess Anne assumed the Presidency of the Fédération Équestre Internationale from 1986 until 1994. [21] On 5 February 1987, she became the first Royal to appear as a contestant on a television quiz-show when she competed on the BBC panel game A Question of Sport . Her daughter, Zara Phillips is also a keen equestrian competitor. Together with her horse, Toytown , she won individual and team gold medals at the 2005 European Eventing Championship as well as individual gold and team silver medals at the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games . Princess Anne was a pupil of the Spanish Riding School in Vienna. Official duties The Princess Royal with Vladimir Putin in 2000 The Princess Royal visits the USNS Comfort on 11 July 2002, while the ship was docked in Southampton , England. As Princess Royal, Princess Anne undertakes a number of official duties on behalf of her mother, in her role as sovereign of the Commonwealth realms . Anne receives an annual allowance of £228,000, most of which is spent on staff who support her public engagements and correspondence.[ citation needed ] Anne began to undertake official royal duties overseas upon leaving secondary school, [5] and accompanied her parents on a state visit to Austria in the same year. [22] She will sometimes stand in for the Queen at the funerals of foreign dignitaries (which the Queen customarily does not attend), and resides at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh each summer, hosting engagements there. The Princess also travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom up to three times a year; she was the first member of the Royal Family to make an official visit to the USSR when she went there as a guest of the government in 1990. [22] The Princess's first tour of Australia was with her parents in 1970, since which she has returned on numerous occasions to undertake official engagements as a colonel-in-chief of an Australian regiment, or to attend memorials and services, such as the National Memorial Service for victims of the Black Saturday bushfires in Melbourne, Australia, on 22 February 2009. [23] Following the retirement of the Queen Mother in 1981, Anne was elected by graduates of the University of London as that institution's Chancellor . Throughout May 1996, the Princess served as Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , which granted her, for the duration of the appointment, a higher precedence in Scotland, and the alternative style of Her Grace. In 2007, the Princess Royal had the honour of being appointed by the Queen as Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order , a position her late grandmother had also held. The Princess Royal carries out the most engagements of any member of the Royal Family, and is involved with over 200 charities and organisations in an official capacity. She works extensively for Save the Children , of which she has been president since 1970, and she initiated The Princess Royal Trust for Carers in 1991; her work for the charity takes her all over the world, including many poverty stricken African nations. She is also the Royal Patron of WISE , an organisation that encourages young women to pursue careers in science, engineering and construction. [24] Her extensive work for St. John Ambulance as Commandant-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance Cadets has helped to develop many young people, as she annually attends the Grand Prior Award Reception. She is also a British representative in the International Olympic Committee as an administrator, and is a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games . The Princess Royal attended Royal Variety Performance show on behalf of the Entertainment Artistes' Benevolent Fund On 5 December 2011. [26] [27] Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles 15 August 1950 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness Princess Anne of Edinburgh 6 February 1952 – 14 November 1973: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne 14 November 1973 – 13 June 1987: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Mrs Mark Phillips 13 June 1987 – present: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal In 1996, Anne was entitled to be called Her Grace The Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Anne is the seventh creation of the title Princess Royal , an appellation given only to the eldest daughter of the sovereign, the last holder being George V's daughter, Princess Mary, Countess of Harewood . Honours 2011: Cranfield University , Doctor of Science (DSc) [35] Honorary military appointments The Princess Royal on the balcony of Buckingham Palace (in uniform, far right) on the occasion of the Queen's Official Birthday , 16 June 2007. The Princess Royal passes behind the Princess Anne Banner at a parade for the 75th anniversary of the Royal Australian Corps of Signals , 5 July 2000. As with other senior royals, Princess Anne holds a number of honorary appointments in the armed forces of several Commonwealth realms . In 2002, she became the first non-reigning woman to attend a funeral in uniform when she wore that of the Royal Navy at the funeral of her grandmother, the Queen Mother . Anne is of the following regiments, corps, and branches: Australia	i don't know
What was the name of the cross-eyed lion in the tv series ‘Daktari’?	Daktari (TV Series 1966–1969) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Dr. Marsh Tracy was a veterinarian running an animal study center in Africa. Helping him were his daughter Paula, American Jack Dane and Mike, a local. Also living with the Tracys--and ... See full summary » Creators: a list of 23 titles created 23 Jan 2012 a list of 2657 titles created 12 Sep 2012 a list of 3690 titles created 15 Jan 2013 a list of 29 titles created 5 months ago a list of 39 titles created 4 months ago Search for " Daktari " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Ranger Porter Ricks is responsible for the animal and human life in Coral Key Park, Florida. Stories center on his 15-year-old son Sandy and 10-year-old Bud and, especially, on their pet dolphin Flipper. Stars: Brian Kelly, Luke Halpin, Tommy Norden When a native village is apparently terrorized by a Lion, the local sergeant enlists the help of a veterinarian working at a nearby animal study center. It is soon discovered that the Lion ... See full summary » Director: Andrew Marton The ongoing saga of the Martin family and their beloved collie, Lassie. Stars: Lassie, Jon Provost, June Lockhart Sonny and his kangaroo Skippy live in Waratah National Park in New South Wales. Matt Hammond, Sonny's father is the park ranger. Skippy saves the day in many adventures. Stars: Ed Devereaux, Tony Bonner, Ken James The series revolves around Evie Ethel Garland, who is the daughter of Troy and Donna Garland. However, Troy is an alien from the planet Antereus. As a benefit of her half-alien parentage, ... See full summary » Stars: Donna Pescow, Maureen Flannigan, Burt Reynolds The story of a young bee named Maya and her adventures. Stars: Michiko Nomura, Ichirô Nagai, Etha Coster Les barbapapa (TV Series 1973) Animation \| Short \| Family The Barbapapas are creatures that can change their form, and those are the adventures is this unusual family in his struggle to find his place in the planet while helping other people and animals Stars: Allen Swift, Julia Holewinski, Leen Jongewaard The humourous adventures of a family of pop musicians. Stars: Shirley Jones, David Cassidy, Susan Dey A sarcastic Martian comes to live with a hapless young Terran on Earth. Stars: Ray Walston, Bill Bixby, Pamela Britton Pumuckl is a nice and sometimes naughty goblin who used to live with a cabinet maker named Franz Eder. Mr. Eder has had to live through quite some trouble because Pumuckl always was up to ... See full summary » Stars: Gustl Bayrhammer, Hans Clarin, Toni Berger In the 21st century, the Tracy family operate a unique private mechanized emergency response service. Stars: Sylvia Anderson, Peter Dyneley, David Graham Top Cat is the leader of a group of alley cats, always trying to cheat someone. Stars: Leo DeLyon, Allen Jenkins, Arnold Stang Edit Storyline Dr. Marsh Tracy was a veterinarian running an animal study center in Africa. Helping him were his daughter Paula, American Jack Dane and Mike, a local. Also living with the Tracys--and equally a part of the show's starring cast--were a crossed-eyed lion named Clarence and a chimp named Judy. The series' storylines were largely centered around protecting the wildlife of the local game preserve from poachers and other threats. Written by Marg Baskin <[email protected]> The jungle's great for adventure. In fact it's wild. (season 3) See more » Genres: 11 January 1966 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Originally they wanted Ralph Helfer 's own daughter Tana Helfer to be the little girl in the Pilot because she was able to ride their Zebra Folsom around so well but Tana hated acting. See more » Connections My Favorite Show as a Child 4 October 2005 \| by lambiepie-2 (Los Angeles, CA) – See all my reviews This was the best family show around for its time. Although I was very young when this aired, I loved this and "Flipper". They don't (won't) make programming such as this anymore for network television...probably because there isn't a market for something so simplistic but entertaining to all. There were elements in this show for every member of the family. But of course it was Judy the monkey and Clarence the cross-eyed lion that captured the child in me. And of course, Marshall Thompson was a vet (my first exposure to one!) in one of the most exotic and troubled locations in this world and Yale Summers was...very, very....cute. Plus being a big music fan as I was with older siblings, I cannot ever forget the theme song of "Daktari". Why? Well, for all you music buffs (if I am not mistaken...please correct me!) members (or all) of group that performed the song was of Osibisa. Too Cool!!! Great family programming of an age long gone in television. 30 of 32 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Clarence
Tommy Lee plays which instrument in the band Motley Crue?	Daktari Daktari Series Description The Daktari TV show was a 60 minute, adventure/ drama series on CBS about a veterinarian and conservationist (Dr. Tracy) who ran an animal study station in Africa along with his daughter (Paula), an American (Jack Dane), and a native African guy. Perhaps the two most beloved characters were Paula's pets, "Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion" and the mischievious "Judy the Chimpanzee". Daktari Cast Marshall Thompson ............. Dr. Marsh Tracy Cheryl Miller ................. Paula Tracy Yale Summers .................. Jack Dane (1966-1968) Ross Hagen .................... Bart Jason (1968-1969) Erin Moran .................... Jenny Jones (1968-1969) Daktari Trivia Daktari was inspired by the 1965 theatrical movie titled, "Clarence the Cross-Eyed Lion" and also by the career of Dr. A.M. "Toni" Harthoorn who operated an animal orphanage located in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Harthoorn was a staunch animal rights advocate. He also invented the "capture gun" which shoots darts to sedate animals so they could be captured for medical attention with a minimum of harm. While Erin Moran is best known for her roles on the series " Happy Days " and it's " spin-off " series, " Joanie Loves Chachi ", her first major role was as "Jenny Jones" on Daktari. She played a seven-year-old orphan (although Erin was actually only five-years-old at the time) who was given a home by Dr. Tracy! In 2005, Erin came in at #71 on VH1's "100 Greatest Kid Stars List"! Daktari is generally credited as having been filmed at "Africa USA" in Acton, California and at Greenwich Studios in Miami, Florida. This leads one to believe that there were no scenes shot in Africa itself. Daktari's producer, "Leonard B. Kaufman", however, made notes in the show's theme song musical score about having shot Daktari on location in Mozambique so it's likely that some scenes were shot there also. Daktari is the Swahili word for "Doctor". The animal study station run by Dr. Tracy was a fictional place named the, "Wameru Study Center for Animal Behavior" located in East Africa. Daktari's creator and executive producer, "Ivan Tors" also produced the series, " Flipper (1964) " and " Men Into Space ", among others. Episodes List With Original Air Dates Daktari - The First Season Adventure of the Lion Cubs (2/1/1966) Trail of the Cheetah (2/8/1966) Leopard of Madla Gorge (2/15/1966) The Diamond Smugglers (3/1/1966) The Chimp Who Went Ape (3/8/1966) The Killer Dog (3/15/1966) Return of the Killer - Part 1 (3/22/1966) Return of the Killer - Part 2 (3/29/1966) The Maneater of Wameru (4/5/1966) Crisis at the Compound (4/12/1966) The Hostages (4/19/1966) Judy and the Hyena (4/26/1966) Wall of Flames - Part 1 (5/3/1966) Wall of Flames - Part 2 (5/10/1966) Judy and the Gunrunners (5/17/1966) Daktari - The Second Season Judy's Hour Of Peril (10/4/1966) Cheetah At Large (10/11/1966) Death In The African Sun (11/15/1966) Revenge Of The Leopard (11/22/1966) Shoot To Kill (11/29/1966) The Chimp Who Cried Wolf (12/27/1966) Little Miss Nightingale (1/3/1967) Judy And The Gorilla (1/10/1967) House Of Lions (1/17/1967) Terror In The Bush (2/7/1967) Judy And The Baby Elephant (2/14/1967) A Bullet For Hedley (2/21/1967) Judy The Poacher (2/28/1967) Judy And The Vulture (4/4/1967 ) A Cub Called Danger (4/11/1967) Daktari - The Third Season Crime Wave at Wameru (9/19/1967) Goodbye, Wameru (9/26/1967) The Scent of Fear (10/10/1967) The Return of the Phantom (10/17/1967) Countdown for Judy (10/24/1967) Judy and the Jailbirds (10/31/1967) One of Our Cubs Is Missing (11/7/1967) Judy and the Thoroughbred (11/14/1967) Return of Ethel and Albert (11/21/1967) Judy and the Wizard (11/28/1967) Clarence's Love-In (12/5/1967) The Elephant Raid - Part 1 (12/12/1967) The Elephant Raid - Part 2 (12/19/1967) Miracle in the Jungle (12/26/1967) Riddle of the Bush (1/2/1968) The Big Switch (1/9/1968) The Killer of Wameru (2/27/1968) The Monster of Wameru (3/5/1968) The Will to Live (3/12/1968) Daktari - The Fourth Season A Family for Jenny (9/25/1968) Clarence The Lion-Hearted (10/2/1968) Strike Like A Lion (10/23/1968) Adam and Jenny (10/30/1968) Once Upon A Fang (11/27/1968) The Divining Rods (12/11/1968)	i don't know
What does the Latin phrase ‘Tempus neminem manet’ translate to in English?	Tempus neminem manet definition \| Latin Dictionary Time waits for no one See also: , , , , Latin Dictionary INDEX: List of Terms: Terms beginning with "A", Page 1	Time Waits for No One
Al Qaharih is the local name for which city?	Latin mottos, phrases and familiar quotations T Tabula rasa - A clean slate. Person that knows nothing Tamdiu discendum est, quamdiu vivas - We should learn as long as we may live. (We live and learn.) (Seneca Philosophus) Tamquam alter idem - As if a second self. (Cicero) Tanta stultitia mortalium est - Such is the foolishness of mortals Tantum eruditi sunt liberi - Only the educated are free. (Epictetus) Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum - So potent was religion in persuading to evil deeds. (Lucretius) Tarditas et procrastinatio odiosa est - Delay and procrastination is hateful. (Cicero) Te capiam, cunicule sceleste! - I'll get you, you wascally wabbit! Te Deum - Thee, God [we praise] Te igitur - Thee, therefore Te nosce - Know thyself Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis - The times change, and we change with them. (John Owen) Tempore - In the time of Tempus edax rerum - Time is the devourer of things (time flies) Tempus fugit - Time flees Tempus fugit, non autem memoria - Time flies, but not memory Tempus incognitum - Time unknown Tempus neminem manet - Time waits for no one Tempus omnia sed memorias privat - Time deprives all but memories Ter in die (t.i.d.) - Three times a day Terminus a quo - The end from which Terminus ad quem - The end to which Terra firma - Solid ground Tertium quid - A third something Tetigisti acu - You have hit the nail on the head. (Plautus) Theatrum mundi - The theatre of the world Timendi causa est nescire - Ignorance is the cause of fear. (Seneca) Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes - I fear the Greeks, even when they bring gifts. (Virgil) Timor mortis conturbat me - The fear of death confounds me Tintinnuntius meus sonat! - There goes my beeper! Tolerabiles ineptiae - Bearable absurdities Totidem verbis - In so many words Trahimur omnes laudis studio - We are all led on by our eagerness for praise. (Cicero) Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri - To overcome one's human limitations and become master of the universe Transit umbra, lux permanet - Shadow passes, light remains (On a sun dial) Tu autem - You, also Tu fui, ego eris - What you are, I was. What I am, you will be. (This is found on graves and burial sites) Tu ne cede malis sed contra audentior ito - Yield not to misfortunes, but advance all the more boldly against them Tu quoque - You likewise	i don't know
Tunisia gained independence from which European country in 1956?	Tunisia gains independence from France \| South African History Online South African History Online Home » Tunisia gains independence from France Tunisia gains independence from France Tunisia FlagTunisia Flag. Source: http://www.mapsofworld.com Tuesday, 20 March 1956 On 20 March 1956, Tunisia gained its independence from France after two years of negotiations between the French and the Neo-Destour (“New Constitution”) party, which was backed by the trade unions. Tunisia, located below the Mediterranean ocean became a constitutional monarchy with the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad VIII al-Amin Bey, as king. In 1957, Habib Bourguiba the country’s Prime Minister, abolished the monarchy and declared the Republic of Tunisia. In 1861, Tunisia became the first country in the Arab world to adopt a constitution. However, less than 10 years later political instability in the country forced Tunisia to declare itself bankrupt. Subsequently, Tunisia’s economy became the liability of a group of British, French and Italian financial commissioners. References: • Arcli ‘Tunisia’ , From:Acrli[online], Available at www.acrli.org [Accessed: 21 February 2012]	France
In medicine, what is the name of the hollow flexible tube inserted into the human body to withdraw or introduce fluids?	Algerian Independence Algerian Independence by Jim Jones (Copyright 2013. All rights reserved) Go to the syllabus or the reading on French imperialism in West Africa or the World War II time line .. This article serves two purposes. At this point in the semester, we are learning about the process of decolonization in Africa. There were many different ways in which this occurred, but they can be grouped by colony according to the amount of violence that was involved and the extent to which Europeans living in the colony influenced the process. This article describes the process of decolonization in Algeria, a French colony that not only had a large European population, but one that was considered for a long time to be an integral part of its colonial power rather than just a colony. In addition, this article provides the historical background to the novel and movie Bab el Oued by Merzak Allouache. Allouache is an Algerian filmmaker and his book is an adaptation of the screenplay for his film, which covers an episode in Algerian history in the late 1980s. By that time, armed resistance had begun against the successors to the government "won" independence. This article explains the most important concepts and symbols that were important to Algerian revolutionaries in the 1980s. GEOGRAPHY Algeria is located in northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast between Morocco and Tunisia. The Atlas Mountains divide it into two major regions: the coastal plain in the north, which covers about one tenth of the country, and the Sahara Desert in the south which covers the other nine tenths. All of the major towns are located along the coast including, from west to east, Oran, Algiers (the capital), Constantine and Annaba. South of the mountains, the largest towns are all oases like Ghardaia, El Meniaa (formerly called El Golea) and Tamanrasset. There are also some substantial towns in the oil-producing region like Hassi Messaoud. Nearly all of the country's agriculture takes place in the coastal plain, although there is some agriculture in the Saharan oases. Algeria has extensive deposits of oil and natural gas along its eastern border and there are exploitable deposits of iron near Tindouf and coal along the Moroccan border near Oujda. THE PRECOLONIAL ERA Algeria's coast provides easily-defended harbors that served as the basis for port cities since the time of the Phoenicians in the first millennium BCE. Since then, Romans, Vandals, Ummayyids, Abbassids, and Fatimids all controlled the coast at different periods, and by the 1500s, the ports were brought under the nominal control of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government was represented by officials in Oran and Algiers who received protection from Ottoman military garrisons. By the 19th century, Morocco became independent of Ottoman rule under its own sultan. The rest of the North African port cities were ruled by Ottoman deys who faced fairly constant opposition from Berber chiefs who controlled the inland regions. During the Napoleonic Wars, Algiers and the other cities of what the Europeans referred to as the "Barbary Coast" sheltered pirates who launched attacks against European ships. One of the minor results of the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 was an agreement between the major European powers to punish the Barbary cities in an effort to stop piracy. The piracy stopped, but relations remained very tense. FRANCE IN ALGERIA After 1815, France maintained a consul in Algiers to negotiate trade agreements and insure that piracy did not resume (against French ships, at least). In 1830, the French king used a minor incident to justify an invasion of Algiers on July 5 which quickly captured the city but did nothing to reduce resistance by Berbers from the interior. France fought two wars against forces led by the Berber leader Abd al-Kader of Mascara (southeast of Oran) in 1832-4 and 1835-1837 without either side prevailing. During a third war with Abd al-Kader in 1840-1841, the French resorted to terror tactics, filling in desert wells and destroying farms. The Moroccan sultan allowed al-Kader to hide in Morocco, so the French invaded Morocco in 1844 where they captured al-Kader. The Moroccan sultan, as the leader of an independent country, was angered by the invasion and other European powers supported his demands for compensation. In the end, the French signed the Treaty of Tangier on September 10, 1844 and recognized Moroccan independence. Six months later, the Convention of Lalla Maghnia (March 18, 1845) established a river called the Oued Kiss as the border between Morocco and Algeria along the Mediterranean Coast. The border was left undefined further inland, laying the basis for many further border disputes. Although Kader was defeated, Berber uprisings continued in central Algeria to the 1870s until the French occupied the oasis of El Golea (modern name: El Meniaa) in 1873. Resistance continued deeper in the desert, and resulted in the complete destruction of a railroad surveying mission (the Flatters Expedition) in 1880-1881. The last resistance ended in the desert in 1932, in the region of Mali north of Timbuktu. One byproduct was the creation of a system of fortified French posts in the interior, staffed by soldiers of the Foreign Legion, with their headquarters at Colomb Bechar (located west of Ghardaia). In the colonial period, government policy focused on encouraging French settlement in the Algerian coastal plain and, to a lesser extent, modernizing the Muslim population. French immigration was successful and by 1956, the French settlers represented roughly nine percent of Algeria's population. The rest was divided between Arabs (50%), Berbers (25-30%) and other groups (Khabylie, M'zab, etc: 10%). As late as 1960, the goal of French policy was to integrate Algeria into the French nation as a province just like Brittany, Corsica, Savoy, or Alsace. Question: Can you think of a similar situation in U.S. history? COMMENT After WWI, large numbers of Algerians (although still a small minority of the total population) received French citizenship for their service during the war. During the late 1920s and into the Depression, Algeria remained calm and the main thing that brought it to world attention was a series of successful trips across the Sahara Desert by automobile. Internally, an Algerian nationalist movement developed under the leadership of Amir Khaled al-Kader, a descendant of Abdul al-Kader, but other leaders like Sheikh Ben Badis believed that Algerians had to accept French "guardianship" for the time being. Meanwhile, a significant population of Algerians migrated to France to find work. They became organized under the leadership of Messali Hadj, who founded L'Étoile Nord Africaine in 1926 to demand higher wages and support other worker interests. The French banned Hadj's group in 1937, but it reorganized as the Algerian People's Party (Parti du Peuple Algerien, PPA). During World War II, the French Third Republic was overthrown and its replacement, the Vichy government, proved very unpopular among Algerians, since it increased taxes to pay for the war effort and supported racial policies that favored people of French ancestry. In Algeria, local hopes were raised by the Allied invasion of North Africa in 1942-1943, but dashed again when the Allies kept the existing Vichy military commanders in positions of authority. Meanwhile, the gradual expansion of French-owned farms in the coastal plain created grievances among Algerians who found themselves with less and less land, or in some cases forced to become hired workers for European land owners. Just like in Senegal (the shootings at Thiaroye -- view timeline ) there was a violent incident at the end of World War II which helped to create a widespread sense of grievance among Algerians. On May 8, 1945, the last day of the war in Europe, Algeria's population held public celebrations all over the country, but when a procession of Arabs and Berbers displayed the green-and-white flag of Abd al-Kader's 1840 uprising in the town of In Setif, French police tried to stop the march. Violence broke out and by the time it ended, over 100 Europeans had been killed in the surrounding region. The violence spread to other regions, notably the coastal towns of Guelma and Bone, where two Algerians died, 50 were wounded and 66 settlers hospitalized. The French arrested thousands and summarily executed some at Guelma. The French claimed that a total of between 1,000 and 1,300 people were killed, while Algerian estimates were closer to 45,000. THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1954-1961 The war for independence began as a rural uprising in the Aures Mountains (part of the Atlas range) southeast of Algiers in 1954. Shortly thereafter, a separate urban uprising began in Algiers. The revolts remained separate until August 20, 1956 when leaders met secretly near the Soummam River to form the Comittee National pour la Révolution Algeriènne. Although the French granted independence to Morococo and Tunisia in 1956, they treated the Algerian demands in much the same way that Abraham Lincoln reacted to the attack on Fort Sumter. Believing that Algeria was not just a colony, but a region of France, the French government viewed the uprisings as acts of treason and responded with massive force to crush the rebellion. Question: What other reasons did the French have to quash the Algerian rebellion? COMMENT Since Algeria was an enormous territory and the French could not identify the revolutionaries among the local popilation, they tried to seal off the country in order to block arms shipments to the rebels from Tunisia and Morocco. The French army created a fortified "Morice Line" along each border and established martial law in Algiers. The main consequence of these tactics was to create a division within the rebel movement between the fighters within Algeria, called the ALN (for Armée de la Libèration Nationale), and the external representatives of the FLN (Front pour la Libèration Nationale) who maintained an office in Tunisia and established political alliances with other countries like Egypt. Question: In a struggle of this type, which faction, interior or exterior, would suffer the most casualties? Which would have the most power to influence the outcome? COMMENT The French tactics ended the revolt by 1958, but they earned international condemnation for the use of torture and other violent acts, like the reprisal bombing of the village of Sakhiet in February 1958. Fear of international opinion plus pressure from oil companies convinced the French government to agree to peace negotiations. But there was still powerful support within France for retaining Algeria, and in particular, officers of the French army accused the civilian government (the Fourth Republic, founded after World War II in 1946) of abandoning Algeria. French settlers also accused the civilian government of weakness, while domestic and world critics condemned the government efforts as too repressive. As France public opinion became polarized, the government became paralyzed. Meanwhile, the Algerian rebels focused their attacks on moderate Algerians who offered to negotiate with the French. Eventually, there were no moderates left in either France or Algeria. In May 1958, soldiers of the FLN executed three French prisoners in retaliation for the French execution of three Algerians. The resulting outcry in France led members of the National Assembly to pass a vote of "no confidence" in the government. When the leaders of the various political parties were unable to form a coalition to choose a new prime minister and cabinet, members of the National Assembly invited General Charles De Gaulle -- the hero of the French resistance during World War II -- to come out of retirement and form a new government. He agreed, but only after receiving a promise that the National Assembly would adopt a new constitution that increased the power of the French president. The new constitution became the basis for the Fifth Republic created in May 1958. De Gaulle's role in subsequent events was very controversial and many people felt misled. De Gaulle's prestige as both a WWII hero and the leader of the first post-war government meant that no one questioned him too closely before he took over. Most French citizens were simply relieved that the country did not split apart. Conservatives, including the settlers in Algeria, felt sure that an old soldier like De Gaulle would never yield control over Algerian territory. The new constitution had to be ratified by a vote in each of the colonies, but since Algeria was considered a part of France, its votes were counted as part of those cast in France. The French supported the new constitution by a large margin, so dissenting votes cast by Algerians had no effect. One French colony did say no -- French Guinea -- and it became independent in 1958, setting the stage for the rest of France's African colonies to become independent in 1960. Question: In what ways did Guinea's "no" vote strengthen the supporters of independence in other colonies? COMMENT Once the constitution was approved, De Gaulle acted. He purged the army of disloyal commanders in fall 1958 and offered a peace plan to the Algerians based on 1956 legislation (the loi-cadre) which provided for the creation of local governments within the French Empire. The FLN refused to accept the peace plan, and instead formed a provisional government-in-exile in Cairo (September 1958). They also launched a terror campaign in France and began to target Muslim moderates in Algeria. The interior and exterior rebels remained divided by the Morice Line. As supplies ran short within Algeria, regional commanders began to fight among themselves, accusing each other of negotiating with (i.e. selling out to) the French. The external rebel army based in Morocco and Tunisia became bigger than the internal army, and its generals became influential through their control over the National Council of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA), which directed the revolution from exile. LAST FRENCH OFFENSIVE AND EXHAUSTION After negotiations failed, the French launched the Challe offensive of 1959, using new tactics that relied on helicopters to pursue the rebels into their mountain hideouts. At the same time, the French tried to provide social reforms and services to win the "hearts and minds" of the Muslim Algerians, much like the United States tried to do in Vietnam a decade later. Much goodwill was lost, however, when the French resumed the systematic use of torture during interrogations and forced more than a million Algerians to leave their homes behind in order to clear civilians out of the main combat zones. The new offensive failed to defeat the rebellion, so in September 1959, De Gaulle gave in. He announced that France would accept a political solution to the war based on Algerian self-determination; i.e. Algerians could choose in a referendum whether or not to become independent. Since there were no longer any moderate Muslims in a position to negotiate, independence was certain, and French settlers became outraged at what they considered to be a betrayal. Significant elements within the French military were also outraged, including General Massu, the highest military official in Algeria. When he criticized De Gaulle publicly, he was relieved of his command and called back to France. The French settlers started their own revolt in January 1960, before the peace plan went into effect. De Gaulle rallied French public opinion with a televised speech that accused the French settler-rebels of prolonging a "100 Years War" that hurt France's international reputation by continuing the stories of military atrocities. In response to De Gaulle's speech, 121 French celebrities signed a public statement that urged French soldiers to disobey their officers in Algeria and support independence. Meanwhile, during the next nine months more than a dozen French African colonies declared their independence. Back in Algeria, the situation remained tense. Two of the generals who opposed De Gaulle's settlement, Salan and Jouhard, retired and returned to Algeria as private citizens, where they established contact with anti-Gaullist French settlers. The French rebels organized demonstrations which led to riots during De Gaulle's visit to Algeria on December 9, 1960. Algerian Muslims displayed FLN flags at their own demonstration on 11 December, until French settlers fired into the crowds. A referendum on the future relationship between France and Algeria was held in January 1961 and immediate independence won by a vote of 5,993,754 to 16,478. Once the rebellious French settlers realized that De Gaulle intended to honor the referendum and yield control to the FLN, they formed the Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS, Secret Armed Organization). Operating on the premise that "if we can't have it, no one can," they matched FLN terror with their own. They assassinated or drove into hiding all of the remaining moderate Muslims, took control of the cities of Oran and Algiers, and began detonating bombs in France itself. The OAS activities poisoned an already bad situation, and created bitterness that prevented France and Algeria from establishing normal diplomatic relations for years after independence. The French finally withdrew in June 1962 and Algeria declared its independence on 5 July 1962. France and Algeria had no diplomatic relations until 1965, and it took ten more years before a French head-of-state, Valerie Giscard-d'Estaing, visited Algeria in 1975. Jacques Chirac became the second French president to visit Algeria, on March 2, 2003.	i don't know
Borah Peak is the highest mountain in which US state?	Borah Peak \| mountain, Idaho, United States \| Britannica.com mountain, Idaho, United States Paricutín Borah Peak, peak in Lost River Range in Custer county, Idaho , U.S. , and—at an elevation of 12,662 feet (3,859 metres)—the highest point in the state. Borah Peak, which was named for William E. Borah , a U.S. senator from Idaho, is located in Challis National Forest, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Hailey. The peak lies in a tectonically active district, and in 1983 it was the epicentre of an earthquake that measured 7.2 on the Richter scale . Borah Peak, Idaho. Idaho constituent state of the United States of America. It ranks 14th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area. Its boundaries—with the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north and the U.S. states of Montana and Wyoming to the east, Utah and Nevada to the south, and Oregon and... Richter scale widely used quantitative measure of the magnitude of an earthquake, devised in 1935 by American seismologist Charles F. Richter. See table. Richter scale of earthquake magnitude Richter scale of earthquake magnitude magnitude level category effects earthquakes per year less than 1.0 to 2.9 micro... Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: May 19, 2008 URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Borah-Peak Access Date: January 17, 2017 Share	Idaho
How many people are in the painting ‘The Last Supper’ by Leonardo DaVinci?	The Arresting Borah Peak: 5,300-feet in 4 Miles \| Visit Idaho The Arresting Borah Peak: 5,300-feet in 4 Miles By Tyler Schnur Active Reach for new heights – literally – with a trek up Idaho’s tallest mountain. Jutting forth from the sagebrush in the central part of the state rests Borah Peak, or as us Idahoans call it, Mt. Borah. Planting a flag atop her rigid summit is no easy task. Having never climbed a mountain before, I set out to conquer this massive rock in late July. I knew it would be a strenuous climb, because I’d heard many stories from friends who were proud to say that they had conquered it before. Yet, I was not expecting the level of difficulty and beauty that I encountered. Whether you’re a mountaineer looking to check Mt. Borah off of your list or an armchair tourist ready for your first taste of adventure, read on for a first-hand account of how humbling the power of Mother Nature can be. Mountain Stats Longitude: 113.779ºW Route Information I hiked the Southwest ridge on my first attempt; it is the recommended and most traveled route for first-timers. Popular Routes: Southwest Ridge, North Face Southwest Ridge Mileage: 7 miles round trip Southwest Ridge Elevation Gain: 5,500 feet Southwest Ridge Class: 3 To get to the Southwest ridge trailhead, leave Arco and drive roughly 45 miles north on US 93. You will then turn right onto Birch Springs Road. Follow the gravel road to its end. You will drive over the earthquake fault from 1983 and come to a parking lot (after 3.5 miles). There is a restroom next to the parking lot and trailhead, as well as RV pullouts. What To Bring Before you venture up the mountain, be sure to notify family or friends of your plans and estimated arrival time home in case of an emergency. The essential gear required for this climb varies depending on the season. If you are attempting to climb during the peak time from June 15th to September 15th, you will need the following: Good hiking shoes Light pack or backpack Camera (so you have proof when bragging to friends) Water and Gatorade. Sugar is essential for long strenuous hikes and runs. Gatorade provides a quick boost and restores electrolytes. Trekking pole (for stabilizing your decent down). Trust me, your legs will thank you. My First Attempt As I left Arco, I was stunned by how beautiful the scenery was. My entire family resides in Bozeman, Montana while I live in Boise, so I have made the drive through Arco many times. Yet, I had never followed US 93 to the north before, it’s safe to say I have been missing out. In the short 45-minute drive from Arco to the base of the mountain, you pass through two classic Idaho small towns, Moore and Mackay. Once you’re outside of Mackay you come across Mackay Reservoir and several small rivers, creeks, and streams. It’s simply amazing how much life one steady flow of water can inject into a seemingly lifeless desert. The water in the area has managed to support thousands of trees throughout the valley providing a warm green landscape that stretches from the reservoir for several miles. After passing through some breathtaking scenery, you begin to approach the base of the mountain, where you can leave your car and camping equipment. Mackay Reservoir For my first attempt up Mt. Borah, I decided to take the most traveled route because it was my first time and I didn’t want to overdo it and risk getting injured. I brought my friend David along so I wouldn’t have to hike alone. Safety in numbers, right? We began our hike at roughly nine in the morning. Words can’t express the impressive scenery I encountered when I drove up the gravel road to the base of the mountain. The sun was just breaking the horizon, the mountain was draped in fluffy white clouds, and several deer and antelope were grazing peacefully in the warmth of the morning light. Approaching Mt. Borah From the research I had done, the Southwest ridge route took about eight to nine hours for the average to the below-average hiker. The lengthy time for such a short trail is due to the 5,300-foot elevation climb you’ll traverse in just four miles. We set out at a steady pace. The first mile was pretty cruel, to be honest. I had not warmed up or stretched prior to beginning our hike and I quickly felt the repercussions. Trying to keep pace with David only added to the burning sensation in my legs. I felt comfortable and at ease bringing my buddy because he hiked mountains like these all the time and I thought, who better than to bring an expert? What I didn’t think about was the amount of conditioning he regularly did, and the pace he was used to. I soon realized that bringing my camera along to take pictures for this article was a blessing in disguise; it gave me an excuse to stop every 10 minutes and take a breather. Aside from the stiffness in my legs, the conditions during the first half of the hike were wonderful. The sun was out, the temperature was sitting at a cool 77 degrees, the scenery was out of this world, and there was a well-worn, dry trail to hike on (with minimal switchbacks), all in all, I couldn’t complain. Every time we came to a stop I was amazed with the striking scenery. The experience was very similar to peering out the window of a plane. The valley floor seemed so far away and looked vibrant and smooth, as if it were painted. A few streams carved their way through the valley floor too, along with the scar that was created by an earthquake in 1983. Taking in the scenery from the tree line. We eventually came to the tree line around noon (about 10,000-feet in elevation). That’s when I became aware of a little thing called altitude sickness. It was more than likely a mix of altitude sickness and vertigo, given that I had never hiked that high before. I powered through it until we were sitting roughly 1,000-feet below the summit. I couldn’t stand, and when I did, I struggled to find balance, so I sat down to catch my breath and regroup while David trekked ahead to scout out the route. The view from 11,500-feet was astounding. Looking around I could see the tops of the other mountains of the Lost River Range. I felt like I was looking at a painting, the landscape was a mix of greens, browns, blues, and yellows, all blending together to make for a breathtaking view. It was magnificent, no doubt, but concern began to creep into my mind. Splattered across my colorful portrait was a dark grey in the form of a killer storm cloud brewing in the valley. David was already out of my line of sight, so I had to go with my gut and begin descending, in hopes that he too would see the cloud and decide to head down the mountain. When it came to getting off the mountain as quickly as possible, my mental and physical strength was put to the test. I’ve read countless stories about people being struck by lightning and I didn’t want to be one of those statistics. Once you break the tree line you are completely exposed up on the mountain, accompanied only by rocks, rocks, and more rocks. So I began to walk down towards the trees where I could see the storm cloud getting darker and darker. The shadow it cast on the valley floor grew closer and closer to where I was, so I began to book it downhill. Once I descended below the tree line I stopped next to a boulder to eat a granola bar and chug some water. No more than five minutes passed by when David came ripping around the corner in a panic saying, “We need to get off this mountain!” The storm had gained a tremendous amount of ground and was nearly right on top of us, around 10,000-feet in elevation. So I jumped up and together we barreled down the side of the mountain. It began to rain within five minutes of running, and within another 15 minutes it began to hail profusely. The storm was relentless and the hail doubled in size after a short while forcing us to seek shelter under trees every 50 yards. The trail had turned into a stream, gathering momentum and speed the longer it rained. We eventually came to the less strenuous part of the hike, where the steepness of the trail had leveled out a small degree. That’s when lightning struck – literally. We had come to a wider opening in the trail and were beginning to slow down to catch our breath when I thought the Earth cracked opened no more than 100-yards to our right. The sky illuminated for a split second and the ground trembled beneath our feet. I had never been that close to a lightning strike before, and I wish to never come that close again. This was motivation for us to get down the last part of the mountain as quickly as possible. From that point, we nearly sprinted the rest of the trail until we reached the safety of my car. The moral of the story is to always be prepared. Be open to altering expectations and adapting to unfortunate circumstances. We had checked the weather report before hiking and it said that no storms were expected until later that night. It was around one in the afternoon when the storm began to pelt the mountainside. I also was not prepared for the type of conditioning that was required, both endurance-wise and in adjusting to high elevation. I would suggest hiking many mountains and getting used to the elevation before tackling a hike as large as this. When you do decide to hike Borah Peak, don’t be discouraged if you fail on the first attempt, you are awesome for trying. Even though I had a few close calls during my trek, I would do it all over again. The beauty of the hike, the thrill of a new experience, and the accomplished feeling that overwhelms you once you make it back down is unrivaled. Taking on new challenges and conquering mountains, whether they are real or metaphorical, is what keeps you hungry for more. So get out there and conquer your next challenge! If you are lucky enough to make the summit, enjoy it, take lots of pictures, and relish the memories for years to come. As for me, I’ll be back for another attempt at conquering the tallest peak in Idaho. “Thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountains is going home; that wildness is a necessity” – John Muir Top 3 Takeaways Stay hydrated and know the signs of hypothermia, altitude sickness, exhaustion, and oxygen deprivation. The cooler climate has a way of tricking people into thinking they’re not thirsty. Maintaining your liquids through high levels of activity and lower temperatures are essential. Climb with a partner, preferably with someone who is experienced. Again, avoid climbing alone, I can’t stress this enough. Always place caution before pride or ambition. This may be the most important takeaway from my entire trip. Know when it is time to turn around and try again at a later time. This author is a paid content writer for Idaho Tourism. Share this Trip Guide	i don't know
Which country has the internet domain .es?	.es Domain Name - Spanish .es Domain Registration - Register .es Spain ?Grace period for .es domain name? Grace periods vary for country code Top Level Domains (ccTLD) including Internationalized Domain Names (IDN). Some registries require renewal up to 60 days in advance of the domain name expiration date. It is your responsibility to pay for your Renewal Fees in advance of the due date specified by 101domain regardless of the domain name expiration date. Failure to pay your Renewal Fees prior to the cpr144449003101 due date will result in a fee of $150 to renew your .es domain. There may be a restore period between when the domain expires and when the domain can be registered again. In the event that you do not pay by the renewal date, your site may be inaccessible during this time so it is very important that you renew this extension before the renewal date. ?.es Domains Dispute & Policy NIC.es uses a variation of UDRP. 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The process is fast and easy, and you can enjoy the benefit of using our domain management system to manage not only your .es domain name, but all of your domains in one cpr144449003101 place. Use our convenient domain transfer tool to transfer your .es domain and other domains today. ?Is your Spain .es domain protected with auto renewing domain names? Auto Renew helps protect you from losing your Spain .es domain name registration. If your .es domain name registration is set to Auto Renew, your account will be automatically charged approximately sixty (60) to ninety (90) days prior to cpr144449003101 the end of your term period. If Auto Renew is not set up in your account, you will need to renew your Spain .es domain name registration through Account Manager. ?How to renew a Spain .es domain name? Login in your Account. Select your Spain .es Domain name and push the button "Renew". You can also select "Auto Renew". The current Domain Renew will be displayed. Please select "Change Auto Renew Settings" and set this on Auto Renew. Make sure your credit card information is current. Please note Only Account Holders/Primary Contacts cpr144449003101 and Account Administrative Contacts on the account can purchase or renew services for your .es domain name. Account Technical Contacts on the account cannot purchase or renew services.	Spain
Sir Humphrey Davy, the inventor of the miners safety lamp, was born in which English county?	.es Domain Name - Spanish .es Domain Registration - Register .es Spain ?Grace period for .es domain name? Grace periods vary for country code Top Level Domains (ccTLD) including Internationalized Domain Names (IDN). Some registries require renewal up to 60 days in advance of the domain name expiration date. It is your responsibility to pay for your Renewal Fees in advance of the due date specified by 101domain regardless of the domain name expiration date. Failure to pay your Renewal Fees prior to the cpr144449003101 due date will result in a fee of $150 to renew your .es domain. There may be a restore period between when the domain expires and when the domain can be registered again. In the event that you do not pay by the renewal date, your site may be inaccessible during this time so it is very important that you renew this extension before the renewal date. ?.es Domains Dispute & Policy NIC.es uses a variation of UDRP. Relevant differences between the procedure for .es and the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) include the following: Whereas the UDRP is limited to the protection of trademark rights against infringement through bad-faith registration and use of a domain name, under the procedure for .es a Claimant must establish that the registration or use of the domain name constitutes an infringement of rights protected in Spain, which may concern trademarks but may also concern different types of intellectual property or certain other rights (see Rules, article 2, definition of "Derechos Previos" and of "Registro de Nombres de Dominio de Carácter Especulativo o Abusivo"). No three-member panels are possible. The most recent source for this dispute policy can be found at: www.icann.org/en/help/dndr/udrp/policy Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy 1. Purpose. This Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Policy") has been adopted by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN"), is incorporated by reference into your Registration Agreement, and sets forth the terms and conditions in connection with a dispute between you and any party other than us (the .es registrar) over the registration and use of an Internet domain name registered by you. Proceedings under Paragraph 4 of this Policy will be conducted according to the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Rules of Procedure"), which are available at www.icann.org/udrp/udrp-rules-24oct99.htm, and the selected administrative-dispute-resolution service provider's supplemental rules. 2. Your Representations. By applying to register a domain name, or by asking us to maintain or renew a domain name registration, you hereby represent and warrant to us that (a) the statements that you made in your Registration Agreement are complete and accurate; (b) to your knowledge, the registration of the domain name will not infringe upon or otherwise violate the rights of any third party; (c) you are not registering the domain name for an unlawful purpose; and (d) you will not knowingly use the domain name in violation of any applicable laws or regulations. It is your responsibility to determine whether your domain name registration infringes or violates someone else's rights. 3. Cancellations, Transfers, and Changes. We will cancel, transfer or otherwise make changes to domain name registrations under the following circumstances: a. subject to the provisions of Paragraph 8, our receipt of written or appropriate electronic instructions from you or your authorized agent to take such action; b. our receipt of an order from a court or arbitral tribunal, in each case of competent jurisdiction, requiring such action; and/or c. our receipt of a decision of an Administrative Panel requiring such action in any administrative proceeding to which you were a party and which was conducted under this Policy or a later version of this Policy adopted by ICANN or the .es Registry. (See Paragraph 4(i) and (k) below.) We may also cancel, transfer or otherwise make changes to a domain name registration in accordance with the terms of your Registration Agreement or other legal requirements. 4. Mandatory Administrative Proceeding. This Paragraph sets forth the type of disputes for which you are required to submit to a mandatory administrative proceeding. These proceedings will be conducted before one of the administrative-dispute-resolution service providers listed at www.icann.org/en/dndr/udrp/approved-providers.htm (each, a "Provider"). a. Applicable Disputes. You are required to submit to a mandatory administrative proceeding in the event that a third party (a "complainant") asserts to the applicable Provider, in compliance with the Rules of Procedure, that (i) your domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the complainant has rights; and (ii) you have no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and (iii) your domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith. In the administrative proceeding, the complainant must prove that each of these three elements are present. b. Evidence of Registration and Use in Bad Faith. For the purposes of Paragraph 4(a)(iii), the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to be present, shall be evidence of the registration and use of a domain name in bad faith: (i) circumstances indicating that you have registered or you have acquired the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant who is the owner of the trademark or service mark or to a competitor of that complainant, for valuable consideration in excess of your documented out-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name; or (ii) you have registered the domain name in order to prevent the owner of the trademark or service mark from reflecting the mark in a corresponding domain name, provided that you have engaged in a pattern of such conduct; or (iii) you have registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; or (iv) by using the domain name, you have intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to your web site or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of cpr144449003101 confusion with the complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of your web site or location or of a product or service on your web site or location. c. How to Demonstrate Your Rights to and Legitimate Interests in the Domain Name in Responding to a Complaint. When you receive a complaint, you should refer to Paragraph 5 of the Rules of Procedure in determining how your response should be prepared. Any of the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to be proved based on its evaluation of all evidence presented, shall demonstrate your rights or legitimate interests to the domain name for purposes of Paragraph 4(a)(ii): (i) before any notice to you of the dispute, your use of, or demonstrable preparations to use, the domain name or a name corresponding to the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services; or (ii) you (as an individual, business, or other organization) have been commonly known by the domain name, even if you have acquired no trademark or service mark rights; or (iii) you are making a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue. d. Selection of Provider. The complainant shall select the Provider from among those approved by ICANN by submitting the complaint to that Provider. The selected Provider will administer the proceeding, except in cases of consolidation as described in Paragraph 4(f). e. Initiation of Proceeding and Process and Appointment of Administrative Panel. The Rules of Procedure state the process for initiating and conducting a proceeding and for appointing the panel that will decide the dispute (the "Administrative Panel"). f. Consolidation. In the event of multiple disputes between you and a complainant, either you or the complainant may petition to consolidate the disputes before a single Administrative Panel. This petition shall be made to the first Administrative Panel appointed to hear a pending dispute between the parties. This Administrative Panel may consolidate before it any or all such disputes in its sole discretion, provided that the disputes being consolidated are governed by this Policy or a later version of this Policy adopted by ICANN or the .es Registry. g. Fees. All fees charged by a Provider in connection with any dispute before an Administrative Panel pursuant to this Policy shall be paid by the complainant, except in cases where you elect to expand the Administrative Panel from one to three panelists as provided in Paragraph 5(b)(iv) of the Rules of Procedure, in which case all fees will be split evenly by you and the complainant. h. Our Involvement in Administrative Proceedings. We do not, and will not, participate in the administration or conduct of any proceeding before an Administrative Panel. In addition, we will not be liable as a result of any decisions rendered by the Administrative Panel. i. Remedies. The remedies available to a complainant pursuant to any proceeding before an Administrative Panel shall be limited to requiring the cancellation of your domain name or the transfer of your domain name registration to the complainant. j. Notification and Publication. The Provider shall notify us of any decision made by an Administrative Panel with respect to a domain name you have registered with us. All decisions under this Policy will be published in full over the Internet, except when an Administrative Panel determines in an exceptional case to redact portions of its decision. k. Availability of Court Proceedings. The mandatory administrative proceeding requirements set forth in Paragraph 4 shall not prevent either you or the complainant from submitting the dispute to a court of competent jurisdiction for independent resolution before such mandatory administrative proceeding is commenced or after such proceeding is concluded. If an Administrative Panel decides that your domain name registration should be canceled or transferred, we will wait ten (10) business days (as observed in the location of our principal office) after we are informed by the applicable Provider of the Administrative Panel's decision before implementing that decision. We will then implement the decision unless we have received from you during that ten (10) business day period official documentation (such as a copy of a complaint, file-stamped by the clerk of the court) that you have commenced a lawsuit against the complainant in a jurisdiction to which the complainant has submitted under Paragraph 3(b)(xiii) of the Rules of Procedure. (In general, that jurisdiction is either the location of our principal office or of your address as shown in our Whois database. See Paragraphs 1 and 3(b)(xiii) of the Rules of Procedure for details.) If we receive such documentation within the ten (10) business day period, we will not implement the Administrative Panel's decision, and we will take no further action, until we receive (i) evidence satisfactory to us of a resolution between the parties; (ii) evidence satisfactory to us that your lawsuit has been dismissed or withdrawn; or (iii) a copy of an order from such court dismissing your lawsuit or ordering that you do not have the right to continue to use your domain name. 5. All Other Disputes and Litigation. All other disputes between you and any party other than us regarding your domain name registration that are not brought pursuant to the mandatory administrative proceeding provisions of Paragraph 4 shall be resolved between you and such other party through any court, arbitration or other proceeding that may be available. 6. Our Involvement in Disputes. We will not participate in any way in any dispute between you and any party other than us regarding the registration and use of your domain name. You shall not name us as a party or otherwise include us in any such proceeding. In the event that we are named as a party in any such proceeding, we reserve the right to raise any and all defenses deemed appropriate, and to take any other action necessary to defend ourselves. 7. Maintaining the Status Quo. We will not cancel, transfer, activate, deactivate, or otherwise change the status of any domain name registration under this Policy except as provided in Paragraph 3 above. 8. Transfers During a Dispute. a. Transfers of a Domain Name to a New Holder. You may not transfer your domain name registration to another holder (i) during a pending administrative proceeding brought pursuant to Paragraph 4 or for a period of fifteen (15) business days (as observed in the location of our principal place of business) after such proceeding is concluded; or (ii) during a pending court proceeding or arbitration commenced regarding your domain name unless the party to whom the domain name registration is being transferred agrees, in writing, to be bound by the decision of the court or arbitrator. We reserve the right to cancel any transfer of a domain name registration to another holder that is made in violation of this subparagraph. b. Changing Registrars. You may not transfer your domain name registration to another registrar during a pending administrative proceeding brought pursuant to Paragraph 4 or for a period of fifteen (15) business days (as observed in the location of our principal place of business) after such proceeding is concluded. You may transfer administration of your domain name registration to another registrar during a pending court action or arbitration, provided that the domain name you have registered with us shall continue to be subject to the proceedings commenced against you in accordance with the terms of this Policy. In the event that you transfer a domain name registration to us during the pendency of a court action or arbitration, such dispute shall remain subject to the domain name dispute policy of the registrar from which the domain name registration was transferred. 9. Policy Modifications. We reserve the right to modify this Policy at any time with the permission of ICANN. We will post our revised Policy at least thirty (30) calendar days before it becomes effective. Unless this Policy has already been invoked by the submission of a complaint to a Provider, in which event the version of the Policy in effect at the time it was invoked will apply to you until the dispute is over, all such changes will be binding upon you with respect to any domain name registration dispute, whether the dispute arose before, on or after the effective date of our change. In the event that you object to a change in this Policy, your sole remedy is to cancel your domain name registration with us, provided that you will not be entitled to a refund of any fees you paid to us. The revised Policy will apply to you until you cancel your domain name registration. ?Is your .es domain not registered with 101domain? No Problem! You can transfer your .es domain name to 101domain before renewing. The process is fast and easy, and you can enjoy the benefit of using our domain management system to manage not only your .es domain name, but all of your domains in one cpr144449003101 place. Use our convenient domain transfer tool to transfer your .es domain and other domains today. ?Is your Spain .es domain protected with auto renewing domain names? Auto Renew helps protect you from losing your Spain .es domain name registration. If your .es domain name registration is set to Auto Renew, your account will be automatically charged approximately sixty (60) to ninety (90) days prior to cpr144449003101 the end of your term period. If Auto Renew is not set up in your account, you will need to renew your Spain .es domain name registration through Account Manager. ?How to renew a Spain .es domain name? Login in your Account. Select your Spain .es Domain name and push the button "Renew". You can also select "Auto Renew". The current Domain Renew will be displayed. Please select "Change Auto Renew Settings" and set this on Auto Renew. Make sure your credit card information is current. Please note Only Account Holders/Primary Contacts cpr144449003101 and Account Administrative Contacts on the account can purchase or renew services for your .es domain name. Account Technical Contacts on the account cannot purchase or renew services.	i don't know
US singer Aliane Thiam is better known by what name?	Best Pop Singers of All Time: Page 3 - Top Ten List - TheTopTens® Best Pop Singers of All Time The Contenders: Page 3 41 Sam Cooke Sam Cooke was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. He is mostly known for being a part of the soul movement. 42 Kendall Schmidt 43 Pharrell Williams Pharrell Lanscilo Williams is an American singer, rapper, and record producer. Williams and Chad Hugo make up the record production duo the Neptunes, producing soul, hip hop and R&B music. 44 George Michael Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, known professionally by his stage name George Michael, is an English singer, songwriter, and record producer. Originally from Wham, huge across Europe and the US. Plus, amazing voice talent and fun songs 45 Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lynn Lopez, also known as J. Lo, is an American singer, actress, dancer, fashion designer, author and producer. 46 Akon Aliaume Damala Badara Akon Thiam, better known as Akon, is an American singer, rapper, songwriter, businessman, record producer and actor. 47 Lil Wayne Dwayne Michael Carter, Jr., also known professionally as Lil Wayne, is an American rapper. He was signed to Cash Money Records by Birdman at a young age . He has been critically acclaimed and even more panned throughout his career . He's often criticized for constantly talking about money, girls, and ... read more . 48 Will.I.Am W i ll .i. am is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, and actor known for being the lead vocalist in The Black Eyed Peas . He was born in Los Angeles, California . He has released several solo albums such as "Songs About Girls" and "Will Power" . 49 Avril Lavigne 50 Becky G Rebbeca Marie Gomez, better known by her stage name Becky G, is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, and actress. 51 Iggy Azalea	Akon
In religion, Copts are native Christians of which country?	How Much Is Aliaune Damala Akon Thiam Net Worth - Akon Net Worth How Much Is Aliaune Damala Akon Thiam Net Worth Read more... Akon Akon Net Worth is $80 Million. The son of percussionist Mor Thiam, Aliaune Thiam, more commonly now known as R&B singer Akon, has an estimated net worth of $80 million dollars. Born in Missouri, but spending the majority of his youth between the West. Aliaune Damala Badara Akon T... Akon Net Worth is $80 Million. Akon Net Worth is $80 Million. The son of percussionist Mor Thiam, Aliaune Thiam, more commonly now known as R&B singer Akon, has an estimated net worth of $80 million dollars. Born in Missouri, but spending the majority of his youth between the West Aliaune Damala Badara Akon Thiam , better known as simply Akon, is a Senegalese American R&B and hip hop recording artist, songwriter, record producer and businessman. He rose to prominence in 2004 following the release of "Locked Up", the first single from his debut album Trouble. He has since founded two successful record labels, Konvict Muzik and Kon Live Distribution. His second album, "Konvicted" received three nominations for the Grammy Awards in two categories, Best Contemporary R&B Album for "Konvicted" album and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Smack That" and "I Wanna Love You". He is the first solo artist to hold both the number one and two spots simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100 charts 'twice'. Akon often sings hooks for other artists and is currently credited with over 300 guest appearances and more than 35 Billboard Hot 100 songs. He has worked with numerous performers such as Michael Jackson, Quincy Jones, Eminem, Whitney Houston, Lil Way...	i don't know
Which playing card is known as ‘Helen of Troy’?	Answer Fella: A Brief History of Playing Cards 27 Highly Ambitious Things to Do Before You Die A Brief History of Playing Cards Esquire's Answer Fella believes that there are no stupid questions, just stupid people who don't ask questions, fearing they'll look stupid. So ask Answer Fella anything. If he doesn't know the answer, he'll find out who does or who has a guess that sounds right. By Answer Fella Jan 29, 2007 I once heard that there's a story behind a deck of playing cards, i.e., the suicide king had his heart broken by the queen of hearts. Is this true? What's the tale? If only it were that simple. The true story is that the queen of hearts was once wed to the king of hearts, until he caught her giving the jack of diamonds a royal flush, whereupon he yanked the jack off, grabbed the nearby ace of spades, and clubbed them both to death. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below But seriously. Playing cards are cultural artifacts tracing back at least a millennium, beginning in China before A.D. 1000. By the 13th century, they had reached the Middle East; the oldest known deck, from Egypt's Mamluk period, already consisted of 52 cards. The Islamic suits were adapted variously in southern Europe in the late 14th century, and figures and caricatures were added. The pattern that we now consider standard -- hearts, clubs, spades, diamonds, kings, queens, and jacks -- originated in France in the mid-15th century. The French liked to use representations of specific persons on their court cards, but they varied from deck to deck, place to place, and time to time. These featured kings supposed to represent Charlemagne, Alexander the Great, Caesar, and King David, and queenly portrayals of Pallas, Greek goddess of war and wisdom, Helen of Troy, and Rachel and Judith, two Old Testament heroines. Speculation abounds about the jacks, but most experts agree that they are based on La Hire, one of Joan of Arc's comrades; Hector, a prince of Troy; Judas Maccabaeus, an ancient Jewish warrior; and Brad Pitt. Got a question? Send it to Answer Fella via esquire.com/talk . More from Esquire:	Queen of Hearts
Danish Navigator, Vitus Bearing, discovered which US state in 1741?	The Fall of Troy ][ Epic Playing Cards by duxoop — Kickstarter 237 backers Hi, hello and howdy. Thanks!!! for checking out my campaign for a custom, hand-illustrated deck of playing cards. This unique poker-sized deck depicts scenes and characters from the legendary Trojan War . I am Chris Staples . duxoop is where I make stuff. This is The Fall of Troy ... Why Back The Fall of Troy? Because you love high quality. Because you love creativity. Because you love poker. Because you love the people who love the above. I have been a professional designer for nearly twenty years (yikes) and have had experience with many kinds of print jobs, including playing cards. I plan to have the deck printed at MPC in order to utilize some of the exciting new techniques and technologies that they are playing with. In short, if you like what you see in this campaign, you will love the finished product. Ajax ][ King of Hearts While adhering to time honored conventions of playing card design, the Fall of Troy presents a unique style within the class of custom decks. Helen of Troy ][ Queen of Hearts Why Playing Cards? Playing cards are a great medium for sharing and enjoying art. As their name indicates, they are for playing. They are made and meant to be touched and handled, a counterpoint to their museum-hung cousins or book-bound brethren. Playing cards bring us together as groups and entertain us in solitaire. One deck is a box of canvasses, each canvas tells a story - rich with characters and drama. So much from something that fits in your pocket. Ajax Carries Slain Achilles ][ Ace of Spades Why the Trojan War? The legendary Fall of Troy story has entertained audiences for thousands of years. For centuries the tale was passed down verbally until Homer committed part of it to the written word. The Iliad focuses on brilliant Achilles, and his supreme rage in the last year of the Trojan War. Homer's epic poem is the first of countless histories, dramatizations, songs, books, films, paintings, etc, to be inspired by the Acheans' ten year assault on Ilios. Works such as, Aeschylus' trilogy, the Oresteia and William Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida have recycled the themes and ideas of the Trojan War throughout antiquity. The homage continues even in this modern age with songs like " Achilles Last Stand " by Led Zeppelin and films like Troy , directed by Wolfgang Petersen and starring Brad Pitt as Achilles and Eric Bana as Hector. Packed with all of the action (and more) of today's Hollywood blockbusters and personified by characters with strengths and frailties that ring so true even now, it comes as no surprise that the story of the Trojan War persists and continues to excite readers, watchers and listeners of all kinds. Playing cards are a perfect platform to portray this ancient, yet timely drama and more importantly another way to introduce this vivid piece of human history to the people of today... and stuff. Ares the God of War ][ Jack of Spades The Design Much of the fun and challenge in creating The Fall of Troy deck has been striking the balance between ancient styles and modern layout, as well as, finding methods common to both eras, such as the conventional use of symmetry in playing card design. These cards have been designed to stand out comfortably among any decks of playing cards on the table. The Fall of Troy compliments our favorite standard decks, such as the classic Bicycle deck, while at the same time pairs well with the new high end custom art decks that continue to emerge, thanks to communities like Kickstarter. (Two stunning Kickstarter examples of this burgeoning form are the Leonardo and BRuT decks by Dent-de-Lion du Midi and Uusi respectively. As seen on... Thank You! Thanks again for taking the time to check out The Fall of Troy. Please send this link to anyone who may have an interest in Art, Mythology, History, Warfare, Poker, Custom Playing Cards or just playing card games with family and friends. I look forward to sending you your reward! Risks and challenges This is my first Kickstarter campaign. With appreciation for the complexity of any production, I'm keeping this one simple. As such, I am qualified to perform or oversee every step and will be aware of all aspects of production. Should any unforeseen obstacles or challenges arise, my backers will be the first to know. Pledge $1 or more About $1.00 BUCK BACKER The Fall of Troy ][ Custom Art Playing Cards Receive Backer Updates. Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $12 or more About $12 EARLY BACKER SINGLE DECK Ships to Anywhere in the world Reward no longer available 50 backers Shipping destination Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $15 or more About $15 SINGLE DECK Ships to Anywhere in the world 62 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $20 or more About $20 EARLY BACKER DOUBLE Ships to Anywhere in the world Reward no longer available 50 backers Shipping destination Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $25 or more About $25 DOUBLE DECK Ships to Anywhere in the world 32 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $35 or more About $35 TRIPLE DECK Ships to Anywhere in the world 11 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $55 or more About $55 EARLY BACKER UNCUT SHEET COMBO 2 Decks & 1 Uncut Sheet The Fall of Troy ][ Custom Art Playing Cards Ships to Anywhere in the world Limited 7 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $60 or more About $60 UNCUT SHEET COMBO 2 Decks & 1 Uncut Sheet The Fall of Troy ][ Custom Art Playing Cards Ships to Anywhere in the world 2 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $65 or more About $65 HALF BRICK Ships to Anywhere in the world 3 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $100 or more About $100 HALF BRICK SHEET COMBO Half Brick (6 Decks) & 1 Uncut Sheet The Fall of Troy ][ Custom Art Playing Cards Ships to Anywhere in the world 2 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $120 or more About $120 FULL BRICK Ships to Anywhere in the world 1 backer Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $120 or more About $120 ART PRINT COMBO: Ace of Spades 2 Decks The Fall of Troy ][ Custom Art Playing Cards 1 Giclée art print - Ace of Spades Ships to Anywhere in the world 1 backer Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life. Pledge $275 or more About $275 COLLECTOR'S PACKAGE: Signed, Numbered & Limited 2 Decks The Fall of Troy ][ Custom Art Playing Cards 1 Giclée art print - Your Choice 1 Uncut Sheet 1 Uncut Sheet Gold Foil Stamps All signed by artist. Ships to Anywhere in the world Limited 5 backers Kickstarter is not a store. It's a way to bring creative projects to life.	i don't know
Carlos Menem was made president of which South American country in July 1989?	Charismatic Leadership and the Transition to Democracy:The Rise of Carlos Saúl Menem in Argentine Politics Charismatic Leadership and the Transition to Democracy: The Rise of Carlos Saúl Menem in Argentine Politics by Catholic University of Buenos Aires Introduction In December 1983 Raúl Alfonsín took office as president of Argentina to end almost eight years of military rule. As the country started its transition to democracy, a process begun in late 1982, after Argentina's defeat in the South Atlantic War, a discredited and humiliated regime decided to call for general elections to avoid social and political chaos. The two main political parties, the Peronists and the Radicals, ran candidates for president: Ítalo Luder for the Partido Justicialista (PJ.the Peronists) and Raúl Alfonsín for the Unión Cívica Radical (UCR). The Pe ronists hoped a prestigious ticket would attract the votes of the middle class. Luder was president of the Senate during the previous Peronist government and was a recognized specialist in constitutional law. Deolindo Bittel, his running mate, was a respe cted politician from the Province of Chaco. Both Luder and Bittel received clear support from the trade unions, which played a leading role in the organization of public rallies during the electoral campaign. For various reasons, however, labor support turned out to be harmful. To start with, the c ampaign's continual references to the old Peronist traditions were inappropriate in a country that had changed radically from the one Perón ruled as president beginning in 1946, and later in 1973. Second, the violent and aggressive attitudes of the trade unionists scared away not only part of the middle class but also the lower classes, who did not feel represented by the gangs that attended the Peronist rallies. Raúl Alfonsín, on the other hand, was relatively new to politics. After the death of Ricardo Balbín, the leader of the UCR, Alfonsín became president of the party and engineered a gradual change in the UCR's traditional stance toward positions more akin to those of Europe's Social Democratic parties. The perception of him as a modern and progressive politician surrounded by young, talented advisers with political experience gained during the recent resistance to the military d ictatorship gave Alfonsín a halo of heroism and boldness. Well-crafted political and propaganda campaigns targeted not only to the UCR's traditional constituency.the middle class.but also to the poor neighborhoods, which had traditionally voted for Peronists, allowed the UCR to defeat the Peronists for the first time in a clean presidential election in October 1983. Many politicians, academics, and journalists essayed different interpretations of the election results. Some maintained that the Argentine electorate had finally matured and was leaning toward politicians who no longer spoke with the heart. Others rejoice d because Argentine political practices had grown to such an extent that Peronism's irrational and emotional speeches had been replaced by more rational and "scientific" arguments. Nevertheless, in the presidential elections held six years later, the Radicals were defeated by Carlos Menem, the Peronist candidate, a populist leader from a poor province of the interior who reminded the electorate of Perón's political style. Thi s time the emotional and sentimental speeches defeated the "rationality" of Eduardo Angeloz, the Radical candidate, and again gave rise to various interpretations about why the election had turned out as it had. In general, analysts pointed out that Menem represented a new leader who had taken up Perón's charismatic leadership style. Further, ordinary people, tired of technical explanations about the current social and economic crisis, had followed this new "caudillo," who told them hope and faith could overcome their problems. This phenomenon has been interpreted in various journalistic and academic works. My aim here is to place Carlos Menem's ascent within the framework of its importance for political theory. Unlike analyses that focus only tangentially on Menem's victory and emphasize the first years of his presidency within the framework of the transition to democracy in Latin America, this paper will try to unveil the principal causes of the Peronist triumph in 1989 by examining Menem's personal history and Peronism after the 1983 defeat. I shall first try to relate Menem's rise to the presidency to theories of rationality in political behavior, charismatic leadership, and the charismatic tradition in Peronism. Then I shall analyze Menem's apparently charismatic leadership by examining his political speeches during the 1988 primaries in the Partido Justicialista and the 1989 presidential elections. I shall also examine the true relationship between the crisis at the end of the Alfonsín government and Menem's rise in popularity as Peronist presidential candidate. Finally, I shall use public opinion polls to verify why people decided to vote for the Peronist ticket. This analysis will, then, endeavor to revive the study of emotion and myth in modern politics with a contemporary case study. It will also try to establish that such mythical behavior is an unavoidable element if one is to understand the transition to democracy in Argentina during the 1980s. Political Rationality and Charismatic Leadership In the course of his campaign for the nomination as presidential candidate for the Partido Justicialista in the 1989 general election, Menem was considered Peronism's new charismatic leader. Therefore, we must first refer to the development of the the ory of political charisma and then locate Menem within this conceptual characterization. The study of charismatic leadership initiated by Weber in the first decades of this century created a vast bibliography on the topic. Yet, since this kind of leadership entails a response from followers that goes beyond mere obedience to a doctrine or a p olitical program, the most convenient way to analyze it is by referring to the debate about rational and irrational behavior in politics. The concept of the "rational" to define human social activity has changed. In the last century, rationalism and scientificism understood the human condition as essentially rational. Because human beings were thought to follow fixed patterns of behavior, it was assumed that human sciences should use methods comparable to those of the natural sciences to analyze society. The generation of sociologists who emerged in the first decades of this century.Pareto, Weber, Mannheim, and Parsons, among others.doubted the supposed rationality of human behavior. All of them revealed the significant emotional and instinctive component of human behavior. In the 1950s, the "rational choice" theory was greatly influenced by economic thought that even the apparent most irrational behaviors, for example, magic, were produced by persons conscious of the material benefits they would gain in exchange. In other w ords, human behavior was based on cost-benefit considerations More recently, although the concept of irrationality continues to appeal to those who study human behavior, sociological schools influenced by anthropology and economics have discarded irrationality because they think all human activity had to be consider ed rational. For some anthropologists and social scientists, rationality and irrationality are merely cultural concepts. Social behavior cannot be understood without a study from "within" the social environment in which it has emerged. Therefore, all huma n activity, including the mythic, is considered rational.. This tangled discussion about rationality and irrationality relates strongly to the concept of "charismatic leadership." At the beginning of this century, Weber used the term "charisma" for the first time in political sociology. According to him, "charism a" was the extraordinary quality of a person whereby he was thought to have supernatural or superhuman forces. This virtue could be found not only in magicians, sorcerers, and priests but also in caudillos and political leaders. Weber also spoke of a type of "charismatic domination," which, like "rational" and "traditional" domination, based its legitimacy on particular arguments. "Charismatic" leadership differed from the other two types in that its legitimacy originated in the people's recognitio n of the extraordinary virtues of their ruler. Weber defines charisma as an irrational type of domination that is not attached to any rules. However, if we wanted to analyze the phenomenon according to the thesis of the anthropological and the rational choice schools, the relationship between the char ismatic leader and his followers would turn out to be related not to purely emotive and spontaneous behavior but to rational behavior. In other words, consciously or unconsciously, the follower would support the leader for the benefits the people would re ceive once he was in power. Without entering into philosophical discussions about the rational or irrational essence of human behavior, we should therefore conclude that the charismatic element exists as a sociological category for analyzing those politic al phenomena in which the leader-follower relationship involves strong doses of emotion and mysticism. Among the recent works on charisma, those by Ann Willner and Douglas Madsen and Peter Snow deserve mention. Willner maintains that the virtues of a leader, as perceived by his followers, is the decisive factor in the emergence of charismatic domination. W illner describes some traits that she considers essential for the existence of charismatic leadership, especially followers who consider their leader to be a superhuman being and who staunchly believe in what he says and follow his orders without question . She also analyzes tools.such as the use of rhetoric and invocations to a glorious past.charismatic leaders use to elicit political fervor. Willner presents another category apart from the classic charismatic leader: the quasi-charismatic leader. This type of leader caused similar phenomena among the electorate, although without fulfilling all the necessary conditions to be considered charism atic. In her view, there are several subtypes of "quasi-charismatic" leader. Nehru of India, who inherited Gandhi's charisma, exemplifies one type. John F. Kennedy was a case of "post-mortem charisma"; that is, he generated a charismatic following his ass assination. De Gaulle, who was popularly considered an indispensable political leader in times of crisis, was a third type of quasi-charismatic leader. Whereas Willner underscores personal leadership traits, Madsen and Snow give key importance to the existence of a crisis as the cause of the emergence of a charismatic leader. According to their analysis, in noncrisis times people have a feeling of "self- efficacy," which can be defined as the personal conviction of being able to handle successfully the challenges posed by the social environment. When this feeling no longer exists or is weakened in the personal and social spheres by a crisis, people seek s ecurity in what the authors call "proxy-control." The charismatic leader, whom the people recognize as having extraordinary abilities to save them, exercises this "proxy-control." The classic studies on charisma and the more recent work of Willner and Madsen and Snow help explain Menem's rise to the presidency. The riojano "caudillo" represents one of the most characteristic leaders in a political culture in which personalis m and caciquismo surpass other types of authority; his style is also connected with one of the principal components of the Peronist movement.the charismatic element. Although there are many interpretations of Peronism, ranging from the classic formulation of Gino Germani to the more recent studies of Torcuato Di Tella and the electoral analyses of Mora y Araujo and others, all of them pointed out that Peronism was bas ically a mass movement whose identity must be explained by a study of its social base. Although everyone agrees with this argument, very few studies have outlined its charismatic aspect. Unlike the many who have concluded that Menem "de-Peronized" the party, I hypothesize that Menem's rise is intimately linked to one historical element of the Peronist party: its charismatic component. After Perón's death in 1974, the charismatic e lement was lost primarily because of the absence of charisma in his wife, his virtual heir. Although the "Renovadores" tried to reorganize the party without the deep imprint of personalism, the charismatic facet prevailed in the primaries of 1988 and in the presidential elections in 1989. I am not arguing that Menem's rise in the national political arena can be explained only by charisma. I agree with other analysts who believe that much of the electorate decided to vote for Menem because of a very negative evaluation of the Radical govern ment. But why did they choose Menem? The memories of the chaotic government of Isabel Perón and the counterproductive and aggressive Peronist campaign in the elections of 1983 could have made people fear the arrival of a Peronist government more th an another Radical administration. The truth is that Menem won the 1989 elections mostly because his charismatic style appealed to the Argentine electorate. I think this element distinguished him from Angeloz, who lacked any trace of caudillismo. I n addition, Menem's charisma identified him with the charismatic tradition of the Peronist party. I shall now try to determine whether the rise of Carlos Menem to the presidency in 1989 can be laid at the feet of these phenomena. Taking Willner's assertion that the charismatic leader uses a special rhetoric as a starting point, I shall first analyze w hether Menem was a case in point. At the same time I shall take Madsen and Snow's contention that a crisis plays a significant role in the growth of charisma and try to determine whether the magnitude of the crisis of the late 1980s in Argentina actually laid the foundations for the emergence of a charismatic phenomenon. Finally, I shall use pre-election polls to find out whether Menem was seen as a charismatic leader by the Argentine people. Menem's Rise in National Politics Before analyzing Menem's speeches, we must delve into the institutional and party channels that allowed him to win the nomination as presidential candidate of the Partido Justicialista in 1989. The victory of the Unión Cívica Radical in 1983 had been a hard blow for Peronism. In the wake of this defeat, the Peronists could have pursued two courses: they could have retreated in as orderly a manner as possible, maintaining the trade unionists' hegemony in the party's authority structure, a nd then have run the risk of suffering political disintegration; or they could have gone through a thorough process of self-criticism to change the party's image and political methods, and thereby have recovered the political initiative. A significant num ber of Peronist politicians, led by Antonio Cafiero and Carlos Saúl Menem, chose the latter and created a new wing known as the "Renovación Peronista." The renewal of the party included, among other things, the removal of the trade unionists from the party leadership and the democratization by means of free and direct internal elections to nominate candidates. Although the Renovación Peronista wa s created almost immediately after the 1983 electoral defeat, the opposition of the trade unionists and politicians who supported them delayed the Renovación's ultimate control of the party. Nevertheless, the September 1987 victories of gubernatori al candidates belonging to the Renovación consolidated this wing until its leaders, particularly those who sided with Cafiero, finally gained control of the party. In these elections Peronism won in almost all the provinces and Antonio Cafiero defe ated one of the most promising young figures of the UCR, Juan Manuel Casella, for the governorship of the Province of Buenos Aires. Because this province is one of the most important electoral districts in Argentina, this victory launched Cafiero into the presidential race of 1989. In his endeavors to become Peronism's presidential candidate, however, in July 1988 Cafiero had to confront Carlos Menem, who had also emerged as one of the leaders of the Renovación Peronista, in the primaries. Throughout the primaries, the differ ences between the candidates became more clearly marked. Cafiero wanted to change the Partido Justicialista into a modern party structured along the lines the UCR had adopted before the 1983 general elections. To that end, it was necessary to abandon at l east part of Peronism's traditional political practices, in particular, the invocations to the ideas of Perón and "Evita," his wife, the street rallies, and anything that might remind the electorate of the party's populist traits. Menem thought tha t, because of their concern with solving bureaucratic problems in the party, the leadership of the Partido Justicialista, now dominated mainly by Cafiero's followers, had lost all contact with the grass roots. His felt that Peronism should stick to its tr aditional doctrine and again seek the close relationship between its leaders and the people that had existed during Juan Perón's time. Urging the Peronist grass roots to "overflow" the party machine (a phrase that urged Peronists to vote against party authorities who, for the most part, supported Cafiero), Menem had an excellent primary. With 54 percent of the vote, against Cafiero's 46 percent, he unexpectedly won the party's nomination for president. Menem's victory indicated to political analysts and the public that the revival of Peronist traditional political practices and shattered the arguments of those who had forecast the end of caudillo leadership in Argentina after the 1983 defeat. Public opinion polls predicted that Menem would defeat UCR presidential candidate Eduardo Angeloz in the general elections. Menem won 47 percent of the vote, to Angeloz's 32 percent, and emerged victorious in twenty of the country's twenty-four electoral districts. Although it was generally assumed that a significant number of Menem's voters belonged to a fluctuating electorate that presumably had voted for the UCR in the previous general elections, Peronism was the dominant party in national politics aga in. Given that oratory is one of the tools a charismatic leader uses to gain a following, I shall now analyze some excerpts of Menem's speeches during the 19881989 primary and presidential elections. Peronist political discourse has previously focused o n Perón and his wife. What I shall try to do here is investigate the main topics Menem used to develop contacts with his followers and try to determine whether, as Willner claims, there were charismatic elements or overtones in them. First, I shall briefly review the attributes that Willner ascribes to charismatic speech-making. Then I shall demonstrate that many of the elements Willner mentions can be found in Menem's oratory. Second, I shall analyze the contents of each excerpt. Two caveats about my methodology are in order. I have ignored the enunciation of the main points in Menem's political platform because they do not fit into the study of the charismatic speeches; and, apart from his continual references to the " salariazo" and the "revolución productiva," two key topics in his speeches that were never explained in great detail, Menem very seldom referred to his political platform during the campaign. The Rhetoric of Carlos Menem's Electoral Campaign To analyze Menem's speeches as sources of his charisma, it is necessary to study in detail the political language used in his rallies. According to Willner, charismatic oratory is different from other types in that it does not produce ideas or message s but, rather, emotional stimuli through words or phrases with sentimental content. Some of the elements emphasized in her study are the use of metaphors, analogies, and figurative meaning in general, as well as the use of some rhythm, cadence, repetition , and alliteration. Taking into account that a political speech is an appeal to a particular public whom the speaker is trying to convert into the subject of his claim, we should determine to whom Menem's words were directed. In other words, the analysis of the contents and linguistic resources of a speaker who tries to attract people's attention through their emotions must be followed by a study of the direction of the message. Although this sort of study is not related specifically to charisma, it enhances the analysis of the speeches. When classifying the contents of Menem's speeches according to their images and metaphors, we can distinguish four topics to be tackled during his presidency: (1) references to biblical narrations and religious themes; (2) invocations to Perón, his wife, Eva, and to Peronist doctrine; (3) references to the people as the main protagonist of Menem's political project; and(4) images of pacification and national unity in a divided Argentina. Religious references were constant in his primary and presidential speeches. It is possible that they were rooted in a sincere religious attitude. His ancestors were Muslims and he comes from a traditional and very religious province of Argentina, which r einforces his mystic personality. Nonetheless, the highly religious nature of the Argentine people, especially the lower classes, who were traditionally loyal to Peronism and suffered from the economic crisis more deeply, may have led Menem to intensify t he use of biblical quotations and metaphors: to those who are with their arms fallen, to those who are hungry and crave justice, to those who have lost their horizon and are looking for a better future, to those who are lonely and wait, there is a vacant place from which the future is buil t and that place is waiting for all of us. This excerpt comes from the speech given at the closing rally of the 1988 primary elections. Here Menem evokes a biblical passage, the Sermon on the Mount, in which Jesus promises rewards in the Kingdom of Heaven for the weak of the earth. Menem paraphras es the text to include "those who are with their arms fallen," that is, the many unemployed at that time. When speaking of a "place from which the future is built," he promises a new country under his presidency. This is the time to run risks. The courageous must go forward! The cool must leave. The labels "courageous" and "cool" remind us of a famous excerpt from the New Testament in which Jesus rejects those who accept his word but dare not act accordingly. In Menem's case, the "courageous" are those who will commit themselves to his project an d the "cool" are those who will not make up their minds to carry it out. A voice rises like a prayer, like a plea, like a moving scream: Argentina, arise and walk. The phrase "Argentina, arise and walk" echoes a passage of the Gospel in which Jesus brings his friend Lazarus back to life. According to Menem, Argentina was as dead as Lazarus, but he, Menem, just like Jesus, would bring Argentina, his friend, back to l ife. Religious terms and the invocations to God were a regular feature in Menem's oratory. Moreover, the motto of Menem's presidential campaign, "Follow me; I will not disappoint you," recalled Jesus' words when he was recruiting the apostles. In some cases, M enem even used a phrase of the pope's to refer to underdevelopment: "Peace has a name: development." On other occasions, Menem referred to faith and hope by saying that he was carrying both banners: "God's [banner], which is Faith and the people's, which is Hope." These religious references demonstrate not only that Menem identified himself with the Argentine people, who are mostly Christian, but that he was also trying to convey the image of a preacher of the truth charged with the task of saving the homeland. Men em also appeared to be trying to present himself as the Messiah or Savior of the Argentine people. Also noteworthy in Menem's speeches were references to the founder of the Peronist party, Juan Perón, to his wife, Eva, and to his own obligation as a bulwark of Peronist doctrine. His references to the Peronist past were made mostly during the pri maries, to try to differentiate himself from Cafiero as Perón's genuine heir. These references also appear in speeches made on special occasions, such as his first address as president. In the first case, he addressed his remarks to party members w hose votes had to be assured. In the second case, his speeches were also directed to the people to reinforce the idea that he was Perón's heir; he even made his first presidential speech from the same place (the balcony of the Casa Rosada) from whi ch Perón spoke to the people. Each Peronist militant must become a guardian of Peronism's destiny and turn his vote into another 17 October . . . we must fulfill our leader's mandate, which is to give his banner and testament to the people . . . under the invocation o f Perón and Evita we must say now or never, the hour of Liberation and Social Justice has come. Here Menem compares his victory in the primaries with another October 17 and suggests that Cafiero does not represent the true Peronism, which took to the streets to rescue their leader on that glorious day. It is also interesting to point out Menem's in vocation of Perón and Evita, as though they were saints, and the idea that the Peronist grass roots must fulfill Perón's mandate. According to Menem, his own role as leader of the party would be to safeguard Peronist history and ensure that hereafter the people would preserve that legacy. You are all summoned by Juan Domingo Perón, by Eva Perón and those of us who are their heirs . . . I invite you to work and mainly to succeed, succeed, succeed . . . Argentina is ours. Destiny is ours! . . . May God bless you! I give you a big hug from my heart. Interestingly enough, here Menem identifies himself and the people as Perón's heirs. The verb "succeed" is also emphasized, such that the audience has no doubt about the final goal of the rally. Finally, his religious farewell reminds us o f a priest at the end of a service and of any father with his children. Also characteristic of Menem's oratory are his references to the Argentine people and his personal committal to their fate: Our primaries are a question of people, and intuition will play a role in it. For this reason, on 26 June [the original date for these elections] the people will not make a mistake. In this excerpt the repetition of the word "people" is intended to underline the principal focus of Menem's political proposal. Menem also resorts to an argument commonly used by populists to stress people's capacity to avoid mistakes when giving their verdict in the ballot box. On the other hand, Menem also implies that, since ordinary people never make mistakes, his victory is certain. I do not want to speak to you out of vanity or arrogance, because nobody is free from making mistakes in politics, and I want to speak to you as another companion, not as a political schemer who sees party members as electoral booty that must be obtained at any cost. Companions, brothers and sisters of my country and dear children, if there is a movement with mystique, it is Peronism . . . Peronism is a mystique, an emotion, a movement. He uses the word "companions" to address party members and those who sympathize with Peronism. The undecided are called "brothers and sisters" to try to make them participate in a common project designed by him. At the same time, he defines Peron ism more as a religion that is followed through faith than as a political doctrine. We have achieved victory working from below like fire and making microphones listen the most marvelous music, which is the voice of the people. In this paragraph two metaphors are used. The work of the people in the campaign is compared to a fire that warms from below, such that the unattainable victory for the pro-Cafiero party authorities went for the grass roots who worked unfaltering ly and with passion, like fire. Menem also compares the voice of the people, their songs at the rallies, to "marvelous music." He takes this metaphor from Perón's last speech in 1974 to flatter the voters and to demonstrate that he represents Per&o acute;n's legacy. Menem recognizes that he needs people's support and does not promise immediate miracles or "magic solutions." Yet, he does not mix with his followers and reveals himself as their guide and savior: We are going to walk up to the government's house holding the hands of the forgotten, of those who suffer, of those who are needy, of the poorest. We are going to say yes to Justice, yes to the future . . . I am coming without constra ints, with clean and free hands to work for the country, and my only prior compromise is a deep passion to lift our homeland from the state of decadence in which it stands. At the beginning of this paragraph Menem uses the first person plural to state that he will govern with the people and then changes to first person singular. Finally, he will work for the country with no compromises other than his "passion" for it. In oth er words, at the beginning of his speech Menem mixes with the people, then he detaches himself and announces that he will save the homeland. Other phrases of the Peronist candidate's speeches also warrant analysis. Some of them, like the invocations to national unity and to pacification, and the assertion that there exist two Argentinas.a concept that will be explained below.were the leitmotiv of Menem's presidential campaign. These invocations to peace and unity as indispensable for a common life in the country were made at this stage because Menem needed to keep the votes of the Peronist electorate, which were almost guaranteed, an d win the independent vote. The first point he proposed was "national unity" as a means of overcoming the division of Argentina "into two countries": The time has come for each Argentinean to offer his hand to his brother, to build a chain stronger than discord, resentment, pain, grudge, death, the past. The times has come for a gesture of pacification. Menem reiterated the conciliatory tone of these words in his inaugural speech before Congress: The Argentine people voted for national unity. That is why our government is a government of national unity . . . Thank God the country where discretionary law prevailed no longer exists. The official and the submerged countri es no longer exist. The days of the visible country and the real country are over. I have just seen these two Argentinas. I am coming to fight for the reconciliation of these two homelands . . . I want to be the president of a united Argent ina that will progress despite its discrepancies . . . The country of everybody against everybody is over. The country of everybody together with everybody is dawning. The idea of "pacification" relates to the electoral promise of taking the necessary measures to overcome the old confrontation between civilians and the military, and between the guerrilla groups and the security forces. The concept of "national unity" in turn is linked to the existence of two Argentinas. According to Menem, the "visible" and "official" country was that of the capital city as the center of business and finance. The "real" country was the poor, the castaways, and the interior provinces, wh ich did not wield any political power at all. Menem's intention, then, was to achieve the necessary unity to prevent the partition of Argentina. Hence his role would be that of a king or caudillo at the beginning of the national state who would stay away from internal differences to unify peop le under a common project. As we can see, Menem's speeches fall within what Willner calls "charismatic language." We find metaphors, figurative meanings, and linguistic elements such as the repetition of sounds to stress the importance of certain words. Eduardo Angeloz, the UCR's c andidate, used precise and clear language comparable to that of a technician trying to inform, not move, people. Angeloz's style was that of a modern politician more used to speaking before the mass media than in rallies. With these arguments and rhetoric, Carlos Menem defeated the Radicals in the presidential election of 14 May 1989. We must still answer the following questions, however: Why was Menem's oratory more convincing than Angeloz's? Why did Menem's style during the electoral campaign emphasize feeling over reason, idealism over pragmatism? Certainly, the analysis of his speeches is insufficient to elucidate what happened during the election. Thus, following the explanation offered by Madsen and Snow, I shall now analyze whether ordinary people's ordeal in Argentina at the time may have influenced their decision to vote for a candidate who did not accompany his promises of "an Argentina worth living in" with logical explanations of how he intended to achieve that goal. The Recognition of Menem's Charismatic Leadership The last months of the Alfonsín government were plagued by social, political, and economic problems. Since various authors have already described these dramatic events in detail, I shall mention briefly only the military crisis, the energy shor tages, and the collapse of the economy. In the military sphere, the uprisings of the fundamentalist wings of the army, the last one of which took place in December 1988, were followed by an attack on a military garrison by the Movimiento Todos por la Patria (MTP), a radical Marxist group, in Ja nuary 1989. The episode shocked the government, the armed forces, and the public because it reminded them of the previous decade's violence. And because of a drought and the lack of adequate investment in the energy industry, during the summer there was a grave energy crisis that severely hit the productive apparatus and consumers in general. The economic collapse that began in February 1989 and peaked in May was even worse for the Alfonsín government. The problems began when the so-called Spring Plan launched in August 1988 to stabilize the value of the U.S. dollar and control inflatio n foundered in February 1989. By July 1989, the dollar had been devalued 3,600 percent, the monthly rate of inflation had reached almost 200 percent, the Central Bank's foreign reserves had fallen to a little over US$100 million, real industrial wages had fallen, and unemployment and underemployment had increased by 27 percent. Also during these months, mobs looted many shops and supermarkets; there were serious clashes between the shop owners, the security forces, and the mobs; and the government had to impose a state of siege. Some contemporary accounts claim that key vested interests, such as agrarian corporations and some industrialists who felt threatened by the current economic policy, were largely responsible for Argentina's economic collapse. What is important for our pur poses is that the hopelessness and discredit of the Radical government increased to such an extent that President Alfonsín was finally forced to advance to 8 July the transfer of power originally scheduled for December. Knowing that the crisis made ordinary people insecure, Menem exploited the economic chaos and widespread frustration to attract more votes. In the last weeks of his campaign he maintained that Argentina was going through one of the worst periods of its hi story and that skyrocketing inflation, political instability, the recession, and growing social marginalization were the most important problems. To those members of the government and the press who warned that widespread fear would follow a Peronist vict ory, he replied that in fact the Argentineans feared "Radical hunger".a popular phrase that emphasized the severe economic crisis.and the government's impotence to cope with it during last months in power. Nevertheless, in his inaugural address Menem revealed a conciliatory attitude toward the opposition. He compared Argentina to a country that was dying and added that death would the country's destiny if the Argentineans did not unite to save it. He also c laimed that all Argentineans had contributed to their country's failure. In sum, at that time Argentina was fractionated to such an extent that the situation probably generated deep anxiety. Using Weber's theory about the relationship between crisis and charisma, Madsen and Snow consider extreme political difficulties to be th e main cause of the charismatic phenomenon. Do all deep crises, then, lead to the emergence of a charismatic leader who fulfills the role of a savior? There are some historical examples of the great influence of crisis on the emergence of charismatic leaders. This appears to have been the case in the emergence of Franklin Roosevelt during the crisis of the 1930s, of Hitler after the recession and hyperi nflation in Germany, and of Mussolini during the 1920s, though not of Castro, Gandhi, and Sukarno. But, it must be remembered that similar chaotic moments in recent Argentine history were not followed by the rise of charismatic leaders. A grave political and economic crisis finally led to a military coup in March 1976, yet none of the members of the military junta that came to power at that time had any of the personal traits generally attributed to charismatic leaders. It appears, therefore, that, though important, a crisis is not an indispensable prerequisite for the rise of a charismatic phenomenon. The missing element is the emergence of a politician capable of winning people's confidence with encouraging promises. I n Menem's case, the chaotic situation in Argentina melded with a personal style that convinced people of his ability and determination to solve the current difficulties without offering logical explanations or rational recipes for doing so. In conclusion, Argentina went through one of its deepest crisis on the eve of the 1989 elections. It seems that the problems created appropriate conditions for the emergence of a caudillo who was seen as tea savior of the country. It is appropriate to analyze Menem's charisma from the viewpoint of public opinion. Thus I shall focus on three key topics: (1) Did the electorate recognize the hypothetical charisma of the Peronist candidate? (2) In what way did this personal characteris tic influence voting intentions? and (3) Was Menem's charisma a distinctive element in his contest against Angeloz?. With the development of public opinion polls, survey research is one of the most reliable methods for answering these questions. As there is no public repository of polls in the country, I consulted those published in newspapers and magazines before the e lection. While recognizing the complexity of the term "charisma" and the difficulty of capturing it by poll, I came on some interesting findings. First, the word was widely known and was voluntarily chosen by the interviewers to define Menem's personality. There were people who did not use the word charismatic to characterize the Peronist candidate, but they used other words related to it li ke caudillo and popular. Table 1. Reasons for Supporting Menem or Angeloz Reason for Supporting Menem	Argentina
Solyanka is what type of cooked food dish?	Judge bars ex-president Menem from leaving Argentina Judge bars ex-president Menem from leaving Argentina Pin it Share Former president Carlos Menem, pictured on September 9, 2004, was barred from leaving Argentina ahead of his trial over alleged obstruction of the investigation into the deadly bombing of a Jewish community center in 1994 (AFP Photo/Victor Rojas) More Buenos Aires (AFP) - A judge on Wednesday barred former president Carlos Menem from leaving Argentina ahead of his trial over alleged obstruction of the investigation into the deadly bombing of a Jewish community center in 1994. The attack, which killed 85 people, was the deadliest ever on Argentine soil, and also left about 300 people injured. The Center for Judicial Information, the official mouthpiece of Argentina's federal justice system, said the travel ban applies to "anyone being prosecuted next month for crimes related to the investigation into the attack on the Argentine Jewish Mutual Association (AMIA)." "We bar anyone being prosecuted in connection with irregularities in the investigation of that attack on AMIA from leaving the country," justice officials said. About a dozen defendants, including Menem, as well as the former head of intelligence, Hugo Anzorreguy, face charges that they took part in a cover-up of the probe into the attack. An August 6 trial date has been set in the case. The bombing made headlines again after the suspicious death earlier this year of a prosecutor who had launched a probe into the affair. Alberto Nisman died mysteriously on January 18 as he prepared to publicly accuse President Cristina Kirchner of shielding high-ranking Iranians suspected of ordering the attack. Officials originally ruled Nisman's death a suicide, but his family insists he was the victim of murder. Reblog	i don't know
Myxomatosis is a viral disease affecting which creatures?	Myxomatosis myxoma virus - a threat to wild and domestic rabbits Pet Diseases abroad Myxomatosis Myxomatosis is caused by the myxoma virus, a type of pox virus that only affects rabbits. It was first discovered in 1896 in Uruguay and was imported to Australia in 1951 to control its large rabbit populations - initially having the desired devastating effect. The disease was illegally introduced to France in 1952 and it appeared in Britain the following year. It quickly spread to both wild and domestic rabbit populations and within a few years had spread throughout Europe. Myxomatosis has been a threat to wild and domestic rabbits ever since. Who is at risk? All rabbits, whether wild or domestic are at risk of myxomatosis. How is it spread? Myxomatosis is typically spread by blood sucking insects and in particular the rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi. This flea is frequently found on wild rabbits and transmission in the absence of bites is unusual. All breeds of domestic rabbit can be affected, with little to suggest that one breed is more susceptible than another, and whatever the lifestyle of your rabbit there is a potential risk of this disease. Signs and symptoms The incubation period varies depending on the strain and its virulence and is typically at least five days. Accompanying the classic bulging eyes that most of us associate with myxomatosis, are localised swellings around the head, face, ears, lips, anus and genitalia. Severe swellings can lead to blindness and distortion around the face within a day or so of the onset of symptoms, leading to difficulty with feeding and drinking. Bacterial respiratory infection often complicates the disease resulting in a fatal pneumonia. Progress of the disease may be slower in well cared for pet rabbits and recovery is sometimes possible with intensive care. However, myxomatosis can be a very protracted and profoundly unpleasant disease and euthanasia is generally recommended. Recovery in the wild occasionally occurs but for animals with severe signs death usually occurs about 12 days after initial infection. Management of myxomatosis There is no specific treatment for the virus and any treatment offered is merely supportive. Treatment is occasionally contemplated but would not usually be recommended for rabbits with the full-blown disease since affected individuals suffer dreadfully, have a low chance of survival and they remain a source of infection for other rabbits. The occasional individuals with milder disease may, however, recover with appropriate care. Control of myxomatosis To help prevent your rabbit from contracting myxomatosis, it is important to put various controls in place, for which there are two main methods: control of parasites and vaccination. Flea control Always keep a regular check on pets for any signs of fleas and consider the regular use of an insecticidal treatment from your vet. There is also evidence to suggest that mosquitoes and other biting flies may transmit myxomatosis in the UK, so nets and insect repellent can be used to combat this threat in warmer weather. Your vet will be able to advise you further on these measures, since not all products are suitable or safe for rabbits. Vaccination A dual vaccination covering both myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) has recently been launched in the UK and is designed to replace the older myxomatosis-only product during 2012. This new vaccine provides efficient and effective protection of rabbits against both diseases Vaccination schedule It is recommended that a single dose of the new vaccine is given to all rabbits over the age of five weeks and requires an annual booster to maintain protection Strains of myxomatosis and vaccine development Although myxomatosis is typically fatal in rabbits without immunity, there are many different strains and some are more virulent than others. As evolution has progressed and the virus adapts accordingly, the modern myxoma virus which causes the disease may not always kill rabbits quite as readily or rapidly as older strains, although the disease continues to have a very high mortality associated with it in pet rabbits. Previously vaccination in the UK used the related but non-disease causing Shope fibroma virus which was well proven in terms of safety and but also was similar enough to the myxoma virus to give useful levels of immunity. Attempts at producing inactivated (killed) myxomatosis vaccines have proved ineffective. Other approaches that have been taken abroad with mixed results have included using a weakened strain of the myxoma virus as a vaccine. The new vaccine is based on a novel approach disabling the myxoma virus in a way that renders it unable to cause disease but preserving its ability to providing effective protection not only against myxomatosis but also uniquely giving it the ability to protect against the equally serious rabbit haemorrhagic disease (also known as rabbit haemorrhagic disease or RHD) Can rabbits contract myxomatosis after vaccination? Vaccination can never guarantee 100% protection against any disease. However, when used as recommended in healthy rabbits, the new vaccine has been shown to be very effective at preventing this dreadful disease for a full 12 months representing significant advance over the older product. Vaccination may sometimes appear ineffective if given to rabbits already incubating the disease, or those whose response to vaccination can be impaired by underlying health problems, poor nutrition, genetic factors, severe stress and drug therapy. For these reasons it is always important to consider other steps to reduce the risk of infectious disease. These include the control of fleas and other external parasites and steps to prevent exposure to flies in hutches and runs. It is also important to avoid contact between domestic and wild rabbits and to ensure good basic husbandry and feeding to reduce the risk of potential health problems and associated stresses. Your veterinary surgeon will be able to advise on a care plan for your rabbit which can address all these issues. In addition, control of fleas, good basic husbandry and steps to reduce stress should be undertaken to reduce the risk of myxomatosis and complement the protection afforded by vaccination.	Rabbit
Which British sports commentator famously said ‘He looks about as happy as a penguin in a microwave’?	MYXOMATOSIS ~ DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT \| bunniesinneed.net MYXOMATOSIS ~ DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT HOW IT IS DIAGNOSED In making a diagnosis, pathologists frequently take a sample from the mucous membranes of the conjunctiva and examine tissue with a microscope for the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in infected cells. The presence of these inclusion bodies, along with clinical signs as indicated above, is used to make the diagnosis. The diagnosis of myxomatosis is made through observing the clinical signs, biopsies of the lesions, and virus isolation. In many cases, because the rabbit dies suddenly, the diagnosis is made post-mortem (after death). TREATMENT ~ each of the following three statements represent the opinions of different sources There is no effective treatment for myxomatosis Progress of the disease may be slower in well cared for pet rabbits and recovery is sometimes possible with intensive care. However, myxomatosis can be a very protracted and profoundly unpleasant disease and euthanasia is generally recommended. There is no specific treatment for myxomatosis so only supportive care (fluids, antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, etc.) can be offered. However, because domestic rabbits tend to be very susceptible to the virus and tend to suffer a long and painful death, euthanasia is often recommended to prevent suffering. More info here ~ http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Viral_diseases/myxomatosis.PDF ~ the content has not been copied into this topic because doing so has been specifically prohitibed. Sources ~ *********** Meadow speaking ~ HERE IS THE ONLY RAY OF TREATMENT HOPE ABOUT WHICH I AM AWARE ~ This article is from a letter Dana Krempels, Ph.D. had on “All Experts” and was sent to me by another bunny. The author of the treatment experience is a veterinarian in Australia. “Hi Dana I’m forwarding this to you (with the author’s permission), as it just might be something to keep on file should you hear of anyone in Australia or California who have a rabbit with myxi who is not vaccinated (the product referred to is not on the market in the UK, so it doesn’t really help the UK) It may be something, may be nothing, but it is an interesting observation, and might be useful if anyone did want to try treating a non-vaccinated bunny with myxi…. our vets usually recommend euthanasia as soon as the diagnosis is made, as results are so poor despite intensive treatment and suffering great along the way, but opinions differ. Do pass it to anyone who may find it interesting.” THE LETTER FROM THE VET ~ “I am a vet in Australia. I am writing to tell you of an interesting success I have had in treating my bunnies that caught myxi. I had three bunnies and a 12 month old hare that I reared. One bunny I euthanised after 13 days with Myxi symptoms, the hare died. The second bunny that had symptoms, Littlebunny, I was nursing and dosing 3-4 times daily with a witches brew of vits (vitamins), antioxidants, immune stimulants, etc. and giving sub q fluids and antibiotics. He lost significant weight and was having to mouth breathe (making it too risky to orally medicate anymore) by three weeks into the disease. He was a mass of lesions distorting eyes and nares (nasal passages), and his body and genitals were covered in lesions. At this time my third bunny, Bigbunny, had symptoms for 4 days – swollen reddened eyes with a number of lesions on lid margins and ears. At this point I thought of trying the Vetrepharm product, Equimune IV, a acterial cell wall fraction immune-stimulant registered in Australia for treatment of Equine Respiratory Tract Infections of viral origin, but used off-label here for things like FIV (Feline immunodeficiency virus), demodex (a genus of tiny parasitic mites that live in or near hair follicles of mammals), parvo (Parvovirus, all strains will affect dogs, wolves and foxes; but only some will affect cats) , prostate cancer, bladder tumours, and other debilitating conditions in small animals. I gave my bunnies 0.25ml IV into lateral ear vein once weekly. Littlebunny was pretty debilitated at the start of this treatment but while not showing any improvement, he remained in good spirits, continued to eat and did not lose any more weight. I did continue his Baytril s/c in courses of 10 days broken by 5-7days. He required no other time consuming nursing apart from cleaning and medicating eyes bid (twice a day). Today he is 10-11 weeks with the disease and in the last 10 days the lesions have been shrinking and falling off eyelids. He has gained a little weight and despite still being a bit snuffly, I think is on the mend. I believe without Equimune I would have had to euthanise him before end of 4th week. Bigbunny is the big excitement- there was no progression of symptoms from the commencement of treatment with Equimune. His eye lesions may have reddened a little some days but for the most settled down and certainly there was no spread. He never skipped a beat and was a happy unaffected fat bunny throughout – maybe a few sniffly days but pretty much a walk in the park. By 4-5th week his eye lesions were resolving and he was a normal bunny. Neither of my bunnies have been vaccinated for myxi – the vax (vaccine) not avail in Australia. It is no scientific trial by any means but it would appear that caught early with Equimune, Bigbunny didn’t develop full blown symptoms. And I know Littlebunny would not be alive without those weekly injections. The Vetrepharm rep tells me injections at 10 day intervals would have been sufficient and probably only 4 injections necessary. I guess I will still continue the injections for Littlebunny until all lesions and respiratory signs are gone. Vetrepharm is a Canadian company – you can find it on the web and get info on their products: Regressin-V, Immunoboost, Equimune IV. We only have the Equimune in Australia I think. The rep tells me they have cured Bladder tumours in dogs infusing it by urinary catheter, cured prostate cancer in dogs, cured a doberman with a malignant melanoma in the chest, cured a cat with FIV. I have had good results in a pup with parvo. I think the website :www.bioniche.com will give distributor info in UK. I think it is worth trying and considering there was no intensive nursing necessary – just good housing and food, it is a cheap treatment, especially if my bunnies are now with good immunity to meet future challenge as good or better than being vaxd (vaccinated). In my funny way of thinking- if this success (Bigbunny’s experience) is repeatable it might be better to take bunnies to a myxi party and treat with equimune than annual vaxs – like my mother did with us as kids to get things like chickenpox and measles. I only have 2 bunnies and pet bunnies are prohibited in my State so I can’t call for other bunnies with myxi to do a proper trial. And I would never deliberately infect bunnies with myxi for experiment anyway. I might be able to get a vet in another state to call for bunnies with myxi to test this treatment.”	i don't know
The Mosul Dam is in which country?	Mosul Dam: Why the battle for water matters in Iraq - BBC News BBC News Mosul Dam: Why the battle for water matters in Iraq By Alex Milner BBC News 18 August 2014 Close share panel Image copyright AFP/Getty Image caption The Mosul dam is the water and electricity lifeline to the 1.7 million residents of Mosul Whoever controls the Mosul Dam, the largest in Iraq, controls most of the country's water and power resource. When Saddam Hussein built the dam three decades ago, it was meant to serve as a symbol of his leadership and Iraq's strength. The dam is the latest key strategic battleground in northern Iraq between militants from Islamic State (IS), who took it on 7 August, and Kurdish and Iraqi forces supported by American airpower. Located on the River Tigris about 50km (30 miles) upstream from the city of Mosul, the dam controls the water and power supply to a large surrounding area in northern Iraq. Its generators can produce 1010 megawatts of electricity, according to the website of the Iraqi State Commission for Dams and Reservoirs. The structure also holds back over 12 billion cubic metres of water that are crucial for irrigation in the farming areas of Iraq's western Nineveh province. Instrument of war However, since its completion in the 1980s, the dam has required regular maintenance involving injections of cement on areas of leakage. The US government has invested more than $30m (£17.9m) on monitoring and repairs, working together with Iraqi teams. Image copyright AFP Image caption The black flags of jihadist group Islamic State flew over the Mosul dam for 10 days before it was recaptured by Kurdish and Iraqi ground forces In 2007, the then commanding general of US forces in Iraq, David Petraeus, and the then US ambassador to Iraq, Ryan Crocker, warned Iraq's PM Nouri Maliki that the structure was highly dangerous because it was built on unstable soil foundation. "A catastrophic failure of Mosul dam would result in flooding along the Tigris river all the way to Baghdad," they said in a letter. "Assuming a worst-case scenario, an instantaneous failure of Mosul dam filled to its maximum operating level could result in a flood wave 20 metres (65.5ft) deep at the city of Mosul," it said. Writing to Congress, President Obama cited the potentially massive loss of civilian life and the possible threat to the US embassy in Baghdad. Those dangers, he wrote, were sufficient reasons for deploying air power to support Kurdish forces trying to recapture the dam. 'Method in their madness' Relief in Washington and Baghdad will only come when IS militants, who have sought control of water resources before, have been stopped from using the dam as an instrument of war. The deployment of air power by the US in support of Kurdish forces has shown how seriously the White House takes the potential threat posed by IS control of the dam. The Fallujah dam, in the Nuamiyah area of the city, in Iraq's western Anbar province, fell under IS control in February. However, the group has so far failed in its attempts to capture the Haditha dam, Iraq's second largest, from the army. Image copyright AP Image caption The Tigris River crosses Iraq and Syria at Fishkhabour, where displaced Yazidis have travelled to escape the Islamic State advance The 8km-long Haditha dam and its hydro-electrical facility, located to the north-west of Baghdad, supply 30% of Iraq's electricity. Securing it was one of the first objectives of US special forces invading Iraq in 2003. With the Mosul dam in its hands, the concern is that Islamic State could "flood farmland and disrupt drinking water supplies, like it did with a smaller dam near Fallujah this spring," wrote Keith Johnson in an article for Foreign Policy last month. In May, a flood displaced an estimated 40,000 people between Fallujah and Abu Ghraib. Earlier this month, IS militants reportedly closed eight of the Fallujah dam's 10 lock gates that control the river flow, flooding land up the Euphrates river and reducing water levels in Iraq's southern provinces, through which the river passes. Many families were forced from their homes and troops were prevented from deploying, Iraqi security officials said. Reports say the militants have now re-opened five of the dam's gates to relieve some pressure, fearing their strategy might backfire if their stronghold of Fallujah flooded. Image caption Key Iraqi dams taken or at risk of being taken by Islamic State In the days after they took over the Mosul dam, militants were reportedly blackmailing frightened workers to either keep the facility going or lose their pay. Analysts fear the Islamic State could now use the dam as leverage against the new Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi, by holding on to the territory around it in return for continued water and power supply. The group already controls other key national assets - several oil and gas fields in western Iraq and Syria. "These extremists are not just mad," says Salman Shaikh, director of the Brookings Institution's Doha Centre in Qatar. "There's a method in their madness. They've managed to amass cash and natural resources, both oil and water, the two most important things. And of course, they're going to use those as a way of continuing to grow and strengthen."	Iraq
What is a line on a map called that connects two points which have the same average summer temperature?	Iraq awards Italian firm Trevi contract to repair Mosul dam \| World news \| The Guardian Iraq Iraq awards Italian firm Trevi contract to repair Mosul dam Country’s largest dam was briefly held by Isis, leading to a lapse in maintenance that weakened already flawed structure US officials say the Mosul dam, which was built on an unstable foundation, is in danger of collapsing. Photograph: Safin Hamed/AFP/Getty Images Agence France-Presse in Baghdad Tuesday 2 February 2016 08.10 EST Last modified on Wednesday 26 October 2016 02.41 EDT Close This article is 11 months old Iraq has awarded Italian firm Trevi a contract to repair and maintain the country’s largest dam, which is in danger of catastrophic collapse. The Mosul dam was built on an unstable foundation of soils that erode when exposed to water, and a lapse in maintenance after Islamic State (Isis) seized it in 2014 weakened the already flawed structure. The dam has long been in danger of collapse, which US officials have warned could send a huge wave crashing into Isis-held Mosul , Iraq’s second-largest city, about 25 miles (40km) away. The Iraqi cabinet, with the agreement of the ministry of water resources, awarded Trevi the contract “to carry out the project of rehabilitating and maintaining the Mosul dam”, a government statement said on Tuesday. 'Recapture' of Mosul Dam from Isis a major step forward, says Obama Read more The deal has yet to be signed, according to the statement, which did not specify how much Trevi would be paid for the work. The Italian prime minister, Matteo Renzi, announced in December the country would deploy 450 troops to defend the dam, a decision linked to Trevi’s interest in the project. Italian forces are already in Iraq training police as part of international efforts to counter Isis. Italy also deployed forces to Iraq as part of the US-led coalition that overthrew Saddam Hussein, and a truck bomb killed 19 Italians south of Baghdad in 2003. Lt Gen Sean MacFarland, the commander of the military operation against Isis, said last week that the US had put measuring devices on the dam to monitor how much it is moving or deteriorating over time. Life in Mosul one year on: 'Isis with all its brutality is more honest than the Shia government' Read more Since the dam’s completion in 1984, the Iraqi government has sought to shore up the foundation by injecting mortar-like grout into the subsoil and cavities and controlling seepage. But essential maintenance stopped in 2014 when Isis briefly seized the dam. In 2007, the US ambassador to Iraq and the top American military commander in the country wrote a letter warning that the dam could fail with devastating results. “A catastrophic failure of the Mosul dam would result in flooding along the Tigris river all the way to Baghdad,” the letter said. “Assuming a worst-case scenario, an instantaneous failure of Mosul dam filled to its maximum operating level could result in a flood wave 20 metres (66 feet) deep at the city of Mosul,” it said.	i don't know
How many stars are on the new national flag of Libya?	Newly Adopted Flags New National Flags National flags change over time and it is difficult for flag books to stay current. New national flags of the past ten years are shown below. All artwork is by Ralph Kelly unless otherwise stated. Paraguay The flag of Paraguay was altered on 15 July 2013 to show new drawings of the emblems. The front of the flag has the coat of arms, which has been simplified, and the reverse shows the revised Treasury arms. The introduction of new arms was one of the last acts of outgoing President Federico Franco. The drawing of the Paraguay arms has been altered on at least four occasions over the past 100 years and the latest change is intended to bring the design closer to its original form.	1
How many gold medals did the USA win in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games?	Flags with stars - Wikimedia Commons Flags with stars Jump to: navigation , search English: This is a gallery of flags arranged with one or more stars as a feature of their design. (For flags depicting actual stars in the sky, see gallery of astronomical flags .) Contents	i don't know
Chiswick Eyot is a small island in which body of water in England?	explorion.net • Travel & Exploration • The Naturalist on the Thames • CHISWICK EYOT England It has been said that Thames eyots always seem to have been put in place by a landscape gardener. Chiswick Eyot is no exception to the rule. It covers nearly four acres of ground, and lies like a long ship, parallel with the ancient terrace of Chiswick Mall, from which it is separated by a deep, narrow stream, haunted by river-birds, and once a famous fishery. A salmon, perhaps the last, was caught between the eyot and Putney in 1812, though the rent of the fishery used to be paid in salmon, when it was worked by the good Cavalier merchant, Sir Nicholas Crispe. The close-time for the fishery was observed regularly at the beginning of the century, the fishing commencing on January 1st, and ending on September 4th. There are those who believe that with the increased purification of the Thames, the next generation may perhaps throw a salmon-fly from Chiswick Eyot. In the early summer of 1895 a fine porpoise appeared above the island. At half-past eight it followed the ebb down the river, having "proved" the stream for forty miles from its mouth, and being apparently well pleased with its condition. At Putney it lingered, as might be expected of a Thames porpoise, opposite a public-house. Two sportsmen went out in a boat to shoot it; instead, they hit some spectators on the bank. Flowers abound on the eyot. The irises have all been taken, but what was the lowest clump, opposite Syon House, has lost its pride of place, for now there are some by the Grove Park Estate below Kew Bridge. The centre of the eyot is yellow with patches of marsh-marigold in the hot spring days. Besides the marsh-marigolds there are masses of yellow camomile, comfrey, ragged robin, and tall yellow ranunculus, growing on the muddy banks and on the sides of the little creeks among the willows, and a vast number of composite flowers of which I do not know the names. Common reeds are also increasing there, with big water-docks, and on the edge of the cam-shedding of the lawn which fronts my house some of the tallest giant hemlocks which I have ever seen, have suddenly appeared. I notice that in Papworth's views of London, published in 1816, arrowhead is seen growing at the foot of the Duke of Buckingham's water-gate, which is now embedded at the back of the embankment gardens at Charing Cross. There is still plenty of it opposite Hammersmith Mall, half a mile below Chiswick Eyot. The reach opposite and including the eyot is the sole piece of the natural London river which remains interesting, and largely unspoilt. I trust that if urban improvers ever want to embank the "Mall" or the eyot, public opinion will see its way to keeping this unique bit of the London river as it is. Already there have been proposals for a tram-line running all the length of the Mall, either at the front or behind it. The island belongs to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. There is a certain sense of the country about the eyot, because it is rated as agricultural land, though its lower end is inside the London boundary. The agriculture pursued on it is the growing of osiers. These, frequently inundated by high tides, and left dry when the ebb begins, are some of the finest on the Thames. At the present moment (January 5, 1902) they are being cut and stacked in bundles. In the spring the grass grows almost as fast between the stumps as do the willow shoots. This is cut by men who make it part of the year's business to sell to the owners of the small dealers' carts and to costers. Formerly, when cows were kept in London, it was cut for their use. During the year of the Great Exhibition milk was very scarce, and this grass, which was excellent for the stable-fed cows, fetched great prices. In the summer the willows, full of leaf, and exactly appropriate to the flat lacustrine outline of the eyot and the reach, are full of birds, though the reed-warbler does not always return. He was absent last year. He is locally supposed to begin his song with the words "Chiswick Eyot! Chiswick Eyot!" which indeed he does pretty exactly. Early on summer mornings I always see cuckoos hunting for a place to drop an egg. In the summer of 1900 a young cuckoo was hatched from a sedge-warbler's nest, and spent the rest of the summer in the gardens opposite this and the next houses. All day long it wheezed and grumbled, and the little birds fed it. In the evenings it used to practise flying, and at last flew off for good.	River Thames
What does Italian company Aprilia manufacture?	chiswickhistory.org.uk 'Entrance to Chiswick’, Church Street in the 19th century St Nicholas Church as it appeared in the the 18th century EARLY DAYS Flint axes, dating to very early times, found in various parts of Chiswick, suggest that people have been living here since the last Ice Age, and tools and pottery found on Chiswick Eyot imply that the first people to have a settled lifestyle made a home on the island. A later settlement, dating to the 9th-8thc BC, was excavated opposite Gunnersbury Station and over 100 skulls dredged from the Thames opposite Strand-on-the-Green are believed to have been river burials made by Iron Age people (650BC-43AD), maybe as offerings to their Gods. The Romans were here too – they built two Roman roads through Chiswick which probably converged at Turnham Green and Roman building material and pottery has been found by the river near St Nicholas Church . There is less evidence for the Saxons, although they were undoubtedly in Chiswick (`Chiswick’ is a Saxon word meaning `cheese farm’). A Saxon skeleton was found by the river at Corney Reach , and Saxon objects such as spearheads, a sword pommel, scraps of armour and the remains of a shield have been found near the river. Perhaps the fact that the finds are of a military nature is hardly surprising since the Anglo Saxon Chronicle tells us that, in 1016, King Edmund of England chased Canute and the invading Danes across the Thames at Brentford. MEDIEVAL (12th to 15th centuries) The place we know today as Chiswick was formed from five separate areas. Old Chiswick, which nestled around St Nicholas Church and along Chiswick Mall; Strand-on-the-Green, a fishing village on the water’s edge; Turnham Green, which grew up along the main road to the west of England; Little Sutton, a small hamlet clustered around Sutton Manor, and Stamford Brook which straddled the border with Hammersmith near the ford over the brook (the word `Stamford’ means `stone ford’). Sutton Manor was one of two manors in Chiswick, the other being the Prebendal Manor with its manor house on Chiswick Mall. Both belonged to the Dean and Chapter of St Paul’s Cathedral. During the 14th and 15th centuries, though, Sutton Manor was held by the Crown and King Richard II built a house at Sutton in 1396, using timbers from the temporary parliament building in Westminster. It was pulled down in 1415 but another house must have been erected shortly after as King Henry VI issued state papers from Chiswick in 1441 and 1444. St Nicholas Church is thought to have been on its site by at least 1181. The present tower was added between 1416 and 1435 but the church itself has been rebuilt many times. The church would have been the centre of community life – a place of worship, a theatre for mystery plays, a school and a social club. The main occupations of Chiswick residents were fishing, transporting people and goods by water, boat building and farming. The barley grown in Chiswick was said to have been `exceptionally fine’, which meant that malting and brewing were important activities. Osiers (willows) were cultivated along the riverside and used for making baskets. The Thames was a major highway before there were adequate roads and there would have been a continual stream of traffic - wherries, fishing boats and grander craft. Royalty, in sumptuous velvets and brocades, gliding down the river in magnificent barges to their palaces at Richmond, Sheen and Hampton Court were no doubt a familiar sight to Chiswick people. The ferry beside St Nicholas Church probably did a brisk business with traders and pilgrims. TUDOR TO RESTORATION (16th and 17th centuries) `The sweet air and situation of Chiswick’ was now attracting wealthy Londoners and large mansions began to be built – Grove House , which stood where Kinnaird Avenue is today, and was not demolished until 1928, is recorded as early as 1412, although it was rebuilt. It was home to the Barker family for 200 years from 1540. Corney House , on the marshy riverside now Corney Reach , was built sometime before 1542 when it became the home of John Russell, later 1st Earl of Bedford. The Russell’s entertained Queen Elizabeth I here in 1602. The house (rebuilt) was demolished by the Duke of Devonshire in 1837. The large Jacobean Chiswick House , the property of the 4th Duke of Devonshire from 1753, was built around 1611. In 1570 the Prebendal manor house on Chiswick Mall was conveyed to the Dean of Westminster who decided to use it as a refuge for pupils of Westminster School `in times of sickness and plague’. A new stone building was erected next to the manor house; this became known as College House When the English Civil War broke out in 1642, an important skirmish took place on Turnham Green which was then much larger than it is today. The royalist army, victorious the previous day at the Battle of Brentford, was marching on London in an attempt to wrest it from parliamentarian control. But they were halted at Turnham Green by a large parliamentarian force and fighting broke out. Outnumbered, the royalists retreated and Charles I never came so close to taking the capital again. The two armies at Turnham Green numbered around 36,000 men, making it one of the largest engagements in British history. It is possible that the headless body of Oliver Cromwell is buried in a vault in St Nicholas Church . Cromwell was just an army captain at the battle of Turnham Green, not becoming England’s Protector until 1653. When Charles II regained the throne, Cromwell’s body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and hung on the gallows at Tyburn. The head was hacked off and the body supposedly buried in a deep pit below the gallows. However, there were persistent rumours that it was spirited away by his family. No one knows where it was taken but, when the vaults were opened in St Nicholas Church during its rebuilding, the vicar’s son claims that the vault containing the bodies of Cromwell’s two daughters also contained a third, unidentified, coffin. The vaults have now been covered in concrete so we may never learn whether Cromwell lies in Chiswick. Cromwell’s daughter Mary had married the Earl of Fauconberg and they moved to Sutton Court in 1676. The newly-restored king purchased the Jacobean Chiswick House in 1664 for his son the Duke of Monmouth, and the king’s one time mistress Barbara Villiers ended her days in Walpole House on Chiswick Mall in 1709. Sir Stephen Fox , statesman and one time financial manager to the king purchased the house next door to Chiswick House and in 1682 built himself a splendid mansion, later called Moreton Hall . This was purchased by the Duke of Devonshire in 1812, the mansion demolished and the Chiswick House conservatory and Italian Garden laid out on its site.	i don't know
Who wrote the novel ‘The Mayor of Castorbridge’?	The Mayor of Casterbridge (TV Movie 2003) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 2003 ) 3h 16min At a country fair, young hay-trusser Michael Henchard quarrels with his wife Susan, and in a drunken fit decides to auction off his wife and baby to a sailor for five guineas. The next day,... See full summary » Director: a list of 37 titles created 07 Dec 2011 a list of 39 titles created 05 Apr 2012 a list of 30 titles created 26 May 2014 a list of 21 titles created 03 Sep 2015 a list of 29 titles created 7 months ago Title: The Mayor of Casterbridge (TV Movie 2003) 7.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 3 nominations. See more awards » Photos Based on a little known 1848 novel by Anne Bronte, Tara Fitzgerald stars as an enigmatic young woman who moves to 19th Century Yorkshire with a young son. Distancing herself from everyone ... See full summary » Stars: Toby Stephens, Tara Fitzgerald, Rupert Graves A free-spirited yet naive country girl is caught between her wealthy, manipulative "cousin" Alec and the handsome, educated farmer Angel Clare in this Victorian tragedy from novelist Thomas Hardy. Director: Ian Sharp Our Mutual Friend (TV Mini-Series 1998) Drama Intertwining tales of love, greed, and secret identities in Charles Dickens's 1860s London. Stars: Paul McGann, Keeley Hawes, Dominic Mafham Vanity Fair (TV Mini-Series 1998) Drama \| Romance An adaptation of William Makepeace Thackeray's classic story of parvenue Becky Sharp's rise from obscure & humble origins to her subsequent ignominious fall from Society; set amongst the ... See full summary » Stars: Natasha Little, Frances Grey, Philip Glenister Berkeley Square (TV Mini-Series 1998) Drama Three young women from very different backgrounds meet, become friends and share experiences when they all gain positions as nannies in the wealthy households of London's exclusive Berkeley Square. Stars: Victoria Smurfit, Clare Wilkie, Tabitha Wady Catherine Sloper has found the man of her dreams in Morris Townsend, but her plans to marry him are strongly opposed by her father, who believes Townsend is only interested in his daughter ... See full summary » Director: Agnieszka Holland At the center of the story is Augustus Melmotte, a European-born city financier, whose origins are as mysterious as his business dealings. Trollope describes him as 'something in the city',... See full summary » Stars: David Suchet, Matthew Macfadyen, Cillian Murphy This Masterpiece Theatre production, set at the cusp of the Industrial Revolution, chronicles the life, loves, foibles and politics of the fictional English town of Middlemarch. Adapted ... See full summary » Stars: Juliet Aubrey, Douglas Hodge, Robert Hardy Daniel Deronda (TV Mini-Series 2002) Drama \| History \| Romance Set in Victorian London, Gwendolen Harleth is drawn to Daniel Deronda, a selfless and intelligent gentleman of unknown parentage, but her own desperate need for financial security may destroy her chance at happiness. Stars: Jodhi May, Edward Fox, Amanda Root The Glass Virgin (TV Mini-Series 1995) Drama \| Romance Set in 1870s England, the story tells of Annabella Lagrange and the terrible secret her wealthy parents have kept from her. When she finally learns the truth, she runs away and eventually ... See full summary » Stars: Jan Graveson, Christine Kavanagh, Brendan Coyle In a drunken and disheartened state, Michael Henchard sells his wife at a fair. When he becomes sober again he realises what he has done, and though unable to find his wife and child, ... See full summary » Stars: Alan Bates, Janet Maw, Jack Galloway In this lighthearted romance from Victorian novelist Thomas Hardy, the beautiful new village school teacher is pursued by three suitors: a working-class man, a landowner, and the vicar. Director: Nicholas Laughland Edit Storyline At a country fair, young hay-trusser Michael Henchard quarrels with his wife Susan, and in a drunken fit decides to auction off his wife and baby to a sailor for five guineas. The next day, realizing his loss, he swears not to touch liquor again for as many years as he has lived so far. Eighteen years later, Henchard has become Mayor of Casterbridge, a man well respected but not well liked. The unexpected return of his wife and daughter Elizabeth Jane sets off a turn of events that force him to face the consequences of his selfish impulses and violent temper. Written by Raya Jacob 17 August 2003 (USA) See more » Also Known As: (Orange County, CA USA) – See all my reviews Ciarán Hinds delivers a stunning performance as "The Mayor of Casterbridge", a poor agrarian man who, in a drunken state, sells his wife and child then swears off alcohol for 21 years only to find himself mayor of a village and embroiled in a confounding series of relationships for which he is ill equipped to handle. A fine TV flick adapted from a Thomas Hardy novel, "The Mayor...." fleshes out an enigmatic hard made man who struggles to reconcile a series of personal failures with his rigid code of right and wrong. A pleasant though somewhat depressing change from the usual Victorian dramas of pomp and plenty, "The Mayor..." is well worth a look for anyone into films of the period. (A) Note - The DVD I watched had no CC's nor subtitles which made for a difficult time understanding some of the very thick brogues and burrs. 23 of 27 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Thomas Hardy
Pitch and Putt is a form of which game?	The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy. Search eText, Read Online, Study, Discuss. Problem with the wheat I met a friend who likes Hardy and who is a professor in agriculture. I asked him whether he liked Hardy because of all the descriptions of farming. He said the problem described with the wheat was the same problem he studied for his PhD. Overall, he said the first few chapters up to the wife-selling episode were good, but that after that, it started to just go on and on. Posted By kev67 at Thu 14 Jun 2012, 1:22 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 4 Replies Hardy is amazing. To all you people out there that are reading this book for school and finding it terribly boring well I did it in school as well and I read it on my own first of all and absolutely adored it. It had so many twists and turns and I couldn't put it down. Honestly, it is only because you are reading it and methodically going through it and picking out stuff that it is so boring. Read it all on your own and you'll get hooked. :D I'm actually really sad that Hardy is being called boring. He's one of the best and most amazing writers of all time! I love his gloomy endings. I think he's the male, pessimistic version of Jane Austen. :) Posted By beximo at Tue 24 Mar 2009, 7:44 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 1 Reply can anybody explain the social , economic , and political conditions reflected in The Book MAYOR OF CASTER BRIDGE and highlight important developments and problems existing in 19th and 20th century Posted By kritin at Sun 3 Jun 2007, 12:36 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 3 Replies hardy influencing rowling? Has any one noticed in Thomas Hardy's Mayor of Casterbridge that the word Dumbledore and Hagrid are used in the same sentence. If any one wishes to check this it's near the beginning of a chapter on page 100 of the penguin edition (in UK). Also just started reading The return of the native and there's another character called Diggory. Now any Harry Potter fan will recognise this as well - coincidence? Posted By dustybertram at Thu 3 May 2007, 2:25 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 4 Replies I'll be happy to answer any questions(or most), to the best of my ability, pertaining to this book. Posted By whyhello at Thu 3 May 2007, 5:19 AM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 1 Reply The mayor and redemption In asking about redemption, I'm not speaking of it in the Biblical sense, but rather, of turnign a new leaf, to be a new person if you will. I read this book in college as part of a great college class that I was in. I remember the discussion of this book vividly as the story obviously deals with a man with a sordid past who has evidently moved on. Can a person truly improve themselves and move on entirely? Or are they to be continually haunted by their past actions? The million dollar question.:D Posted By SFG75 at Fri 6 Apr 2007, 6:20 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 0 Replies What are some of the most important quotes in the book in your opinion? Mostly in regards to character, settting, portrayal of women, the idea of the tragic hero and/or the idea of fate vs. choice. Any ideas? Posted By mms1789 at Sun 21 Jan 2007, 3:30 AM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 0 Replies Trust me, Hardy was the bravest man who lived - the book was sheer misery to read, let alone write. If, like me, you're being forced to read it for your course, you're better off following the advice above. Posted By makomborero at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 0 Replies I think this was a great book and it had all the details needed... I also thought it informed me a bit about the time back then. Posted By jennifer at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 0 Replies hardy hardy's hard novel indeed. I am seeing the nature's influence in the minds of the characters. The lifes of the characters are moving in the direction of natures will. nothing is definite in this ephemeral world. all the hard things in life should be borne by a person in this world. this is highlighted in this novel. Posted By paintha at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Mayor of Casterbridge \|\| 0 Replies	i don't know
Which coastal town in North Yorkshire, England, is twinned with Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands?	Visitor UK Whitby - Tourist info for Whitby, North Yorkshire Search: Welcome to Whitby Whitby is located on the north-east coast of North Yorkshire at the mouth of the River Esk, approximately 252 miles north of London and 20 miles north of Scarborough. The town has a population of around 14,000. Administratively it is within the Borough of Scarborough which covers an area of approximately 816 sq kms and which has a population of around 107,000. It is a thriving port and seaside resort for the north of England, steeped in history and renowned for its associations with Bram Stoker's 'Dracula'. The town is divided by the river, the old town, on the East Cliff, is a place of steep narrow streets and alleys, and contrasts to the mostly Victorian development of West Cliff which runs along the sands. There are some notable historic buildings, including the ruins of the 13th century Whitby Abbey originally founded in the 7th century, and the home of the famous navigator Captain James Cook in Grape Lane. Whitby has many visitor attractions in and around the town and it is a good base for walkers wishing to explore the Cleveland Way. The town's history dates from Saxon times when a monastery was built on the east cliff in 657 AD by Oswy, the Christian Saxon King of Northumbria. In 867, Danish Vikings landed two miles west of Whitby at Raven's Hill, and moved on to attack the settlement and to destroy the monastery. It was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066 that William de Percy ordered that the monastery be refounded (1078), dedicating it to St. Peter and St. Hilda. Its fine natural harbour, one of the few on the east coast, gave it early importance as a place of refuge and a fishing port. By the mid-7th century a royal monastery was established on the east cliff. Ruled for many years by the famous Abbess Hilda, it was destroyed by the Vikings, then rebuilt by the Norman, Reinfrid. The Middle Ages saw quiet growth but the 17th century brought great prosperity, with shipbuilding on a scale out of all proportion to its size, serving the coal trade between the Tyne and the Thames, with many of the sturdy 'colliersâ built and owned here; and the rapid growth of whaling, with similar implications. Indeed, Captain Cookâs four ships, used on his great voyages of exploration, were all built here. Historically the town's economy was based upon fishing, whaling.Â The modern Port of Whitby, strategically placed for shipping to Europe, with very good proximity to the Scandinavian countries, is capable of handling a wide range of cargoes including grain, steel products, timber and potash. Vessels of up to 3000 tonnes DWT are received on a routine basis the Wharf, which has the capability of loading/unloading two ships simultaneously. 5000 sq metres of dock space is currently (2004) allocated for storage of all-weather cargo and a further 1600 sq metres of warehouse space is reserved for weather-critical goods storage. Originally the town was known as Presteby, meaning the habitation of Priests in Old Norse, then Hwytby. Then it became Whiteby, meaning the "white settlement" in Old Norse, probably from the colour of the houses and, finally, Whitby.	Whitby
How many commandments does the Jewish Torah contain?	Whitby Store – Yorkshire Trading Company Assistant Manager:Hannah Stonehouse a All of us at The Yorkshire Trading Company feel privileged to be a part of this beautiful town. We strive to give the best service and value possible to residents and visitors alike. Be sure to pop in and say hello!”- Natalie Ridout-Fone a Contact Us \| Like Us on Facebook You can find us in the centre of Whitby, opposite the Visitors Centre and across from the Co-op, right on the harbour in Whitby. We are a dog-friendly store, so bring your furry friends along! We're an Aladdin’s Cave of goodies, from plastic storage, gardening tools, toys and haberdashery to the exclusive Rydale equestrian clothing range. Opening Hours: YTC Memories ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Janice over at Yorkshire Trading Co Selby was recently nominated to take on the Ice Bucket Challenge for a charitable cause. Having completed it, she nominated us to step up to the challenge. We responded with this selfless act. a What We Love About Whitby: Whitby is steeped in history. The East Side boasts narrow winding streets and quaint fishermen’s cottages. The West Side, although a little more modern, is scattered with beautiful buildings and a magical atmosphere. Watching over us all is our famous Abbey and St Mary’s Church. Although the harbour is better known as a holiday resort, Whitby has a long history of industry. By the 18th century Whitby was the 6th largest port in Britain and the centre of shipbuilding. Until only 20 years ago Whitby was primarily a fishing port. This small fishing town captures the heart of all who visit. Between the adventures of Captain Cooke, a visit to Pannet Park Art Gallery or Whitby Museum, there's something here to charm everyone. Then of course there is Bram Stokers Dracula – the essence of which is captured in Whitby with the three most powerful chapters being set here, putting Whitby in the minds of millions of people around the world. Many visitors can’t keep away; they return year after year for Goth events, scooter and sixties weekends or just to enjoy our August Regatta. This quirky seaside town is jam packed with events and activities all year round!	i don't know
Donwell Abbey is the home of George Knightly in which novel by Jane Austen?	George Knightley \| The Jane Austen Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Emma Woodhouse George Knightley is a main character in Jane Austen's Emma . He is the older brother of John Knightley , and knows the Woodhouse family of Hartfield very closely. He is a wealthy landowner, whose seat is Donwell Abbey , a mile away from the village of Highbury and Hartfield estate. Character traits Edit A kind and compassionate person, Mr Knightley portrays good judgment, high moral character and maturity in contrast to Emma's adolescent personality. One incident which displays this is his disappointment when he sees Emma insult Miss Bates, a spinster of modest means. Mr. Knightley's later reprimand of Emma also demonstrates his affection and esteem for her as a friend. Another incident which shows his quality is his anger with Emma for persuading Harriet Smith to refuse Robert Martin's proposal of marriage, Martin being in Knightley's eyes an eminently suitable mate for Harriet. In the course of the story, Emma falls briefly in love with a young, handsome man named Frank Churchill. Mr. Knightley's jealousy is implied, and he makes several negative remarks about Churchill. It is later revealed that Mr. Knightley was afraid that Frank has had a negative influence on Emma. Frank Churchill's guardian—his aunt—dies, and he is now free to publicize his engagement to Jane Fairfax, which had been kept secret to avoid his aunt's disapproval. Emma is shocked, but realizes she had never really had romantic sentiments towards Frank Churchill. Nevertheless, she worries that Harriet has feelings for Frank, but soon discovers that Harriet has become infatuated with Mr. Knightley. Notes and references	Emma
The ‘Wisden Almanack’ relates to which sport?	SparkNotes: Emma: Character List Character List Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Emma Woodhouse - The protagonist of the novel. In the well-known first sentence of the novel, the narrator describes Emma as “handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition.” In some ways, the twenty-year-old Emma is mature for her age. Because her mother is dead and her older sister married, she is already the head of her father’s household. She cares for her father and oversees the social goings-on in the village of Highbury. Emma’s misplaced confidence in her abilities as a matchmaker and her prudish fear of love constitute the central focus of the novel, which traces Emma’s mistakes and growing self-understanding. Read an in-depth analysis of Emma Woodhouse. Mr. George Knightley - Emma’s brother-in-law and the Woodhouses’ trusted friend and advisor. Knightley is a respected landowner in his late thirties. He lives at Donwell Abbey and leases property to the Martins, a family of wealthy farmers whom he likes and counsels. Knightley is the only character who is openly critical of Emma, pointing out her flaws and foibles with frankness, out of genuine concern and care for her. In this respect, he acts as a stand-in for Austen’s and the reader’s judgments of Emma. Mr. Woodhouse - Emma’s father and the patriarch of Hartfield, the Woodhouse estate. Though Mr. Woodhouse is nervous, frail, and prone to hypochondria, he is also known for his friendliness and his attachment to his daughter. He is very resistant to change, to the point that he is unhappy to see his daughters or Emma’s governess marry. In this sense, he impedes Emma’s growth and acceptance of her adult destiny. He is often foolish and clearly not Emma’s intellectual equal, but she comforts and entertains him with insight and affection. Harriet Smith - A pretty but unremarkable seventeen-year-old woman of uncertain parentage, who lives at the local boarding school. Harriet becomes Emma’s protégé and the object of her matchmaking schemes. Frank Churchill - Mr. Weston’s son and Mrs. Weston’s stepson. Frank Churchill lives at Enscombe with his aunt and uncle, Mr. and Mrs. Churchill. He is considered a potential suitor for Emma, but she learns that though Frank is attractive, charming, and clever, he is also irresponsible, deceitful, rash, and ultimately unsuited to her. Read an in-depth analysis of Frank Churchill. Jane Fairfax - Miss Bates’s niece, whose arrival in Highbury irritates Emma. Jane rivals Emma in accomplishment and beauty; she possesses a kind heart and a reserved temperament. Because Jane lacks Emma’s fortune, she must consider employment as a governess, but her marriage to Frank Churchill saves her from that fate. Read an in-depth analysis of Jane Fairfax. Mrs. Weston - Formerly Miss Taylor, Emma’s beloved governess and companion. Known for her kind temperament and her devotion to Emma, Mrs. Weston lives at Randalls with her husband, Frank Churchill’s father. Mr. Weston - The widower and proprietor of Randalls, who has just married Miss Taylor when the novel begins. Mr. Weston has a son, Frank, from his first marriage to Miss Churchill (Frank was raised by Miss Churchill’s sister and brother-in-law). Mr. Weston is warm, sociable, and perpetually optimistic. Mr. Elton - The village vicar, a handsome and agreeable man considered a welcome addition to any social gathering. When he reveals his indifference to Harriet and his desire to marry Emma, only to take a bride at Bath shortly thereafter, he comes to seem proud, conceited, and superficial. Mr. Robert Martin - A twenty-four-year-old farmer. Mr. Martin is industrious and good-hearted, though he lacks the refinements of a gentleman. He lives at Abbey-Mill Farm, a property owned by Knightley, with his mother and sisters. Miss Bates - Friend of Mr. Woodhouse and aunt of Jane Fairfax, Miss Bates is a middle-aged spinster without beauty or cleverness but with universal goodwill and a gentle temperament. Emma’s impatient treatment of her reveals the less attractive parts of Emma’s character. Isabella Knightley - Emma’s older sister, who lives in London with her husband, Mr. John Knightley, and their five children. Isabella is pretty, amiable, and completely devoted to her family, but slow and diffident compared to Emma. Her domesticity provides a contrast to the independent celibacy Emma imagines for herself. Mr. John Knightley - Emma’s brother-in-law, and Mr. George Knightley’s brother. As a lawyer, John Knightley is clear-minded but somewhat sharp in temper, and Emma and her father are sometimes displeased with his severity. Mrs. Elton - Formerly Augusta Hawkins, Mrs. Elton hails from Bristol and meets Mr. Elton in Bath. She is somewhat attractive and accomplished; she has some fortune and a well-married sister, but her vanity, superficiality, and vulgar overfamiliarity offset her admirable qualities. Mrs. Churchill - Mr. Weston’s ailing former sister-in-law and Frank Churchill’s aunt and guardian. She is known to be capricious, ill-tempered, and extremely possessive of Frank. Frank is able to marry Jane Fairfax, as he desires, only after Mrs. Churchill’s death. Colonel Campbell - A friend of Jane Fairfax’s father who lives in London and who takes charge of orphaned Jane when she is eight years old. Colonel Campbell feels great affection for Jane but is unable to provide her with an inheritance. Mrs. Dixon - The Campbells’ daughter and Jane’s friend. Mrs. Dixon lacks beauty and lives with her husband in Ireland. Mr. Dixon - Husband to the Campbells’ daughter. Emma suspects that Mr. Dixon had a romance with Jane Fairfax before his marriage. Mrs. Goddard - Mistress of the local boarding school. Mrs. Goddard introduces Harriet Smith to the Woodhouses. Mrs. Bates - Mother to Miss Bates and friend of Mr. Woodhouse. An elderly woman, Mrs. Bates is quiet, amiable, and somewhat deaf. Mr. Perry - An apothecary and associate of Emma’s father. Mr. Perry is highly esteemed by Mr. Woodhouse for his medical advice even though he is not a proper physician, and Mr. Woodhouse argues with his daughter Isabella over Perry’s recommendations. Elizabeth Martin - Mr. Martin’s kind sister, with whom Harriet was good friends before meeting Emma and turning down Mr. Martin’s marriage proposal. Harriet’s feelings of guilt and her desire to rekindle her relationship with Elizabeth pose a dilemma for Emma, who finds the Martins pleasant, worthy people, but worries that Harriet may be tempted to accept Mr. Martin’s offer if she again grows close with the family. Mr. and Mrs. Cole - Tradespeople and longtime residents of Highbury whose good fortune of the past several years has led them to adopt a luxurious lifestyle that is only a notch below that of the Woodhouses. Offended by their attempt to transcend their “only moderately genteel” social status, Emma has long been preparing to turn down any dinner invitation from the Coles in order to teach them their folly in thinking they can interact socially with the likes of her family. Like the Martins, the Coles are the means through which Emma demonstrates her class-consciousness. More Help	i don't know
In Greek mythology, who fired the arrow that hit Achilles in the heel?	Facts About Achilles In Greek Mythology Achilles, The Greek Hero written by: Noreen Gunnell • edited by: SForsyth • updated: 1/23/2012 The Greek hero Achilles is known from the tale of the Trojan War and his vulnerable heel. Learn all about the Greek Mythology of Achilles. slide 1 of 6 Hear the name Achilles and most people will think of Brad Pitt, the Trojan War, or someone's weakness, a.k.a. an "Achilles Heel." However, not everyone knows how his story fits into Greek Mythology. While it's counterintuitive to deem anything associated with mythology a fact, this study guide reviews most of the important facts about Achilles in Greek Mythology. Like many figures in Greek Mythology , Achilles story begins before he is even born. Achilles mother was a sea-nymph named Thetis whose beauty tempted the ever-philandering god Zeus. Having been warned by Prometheus that he would be dethroned by a child born to him and Thetis, Zeus forced Thetis to marry a mortal in order to remove the temptation. slide 2 of 6 Saved From Evil Fate Thetis and her husband, Peleus, had six children before Achilles. The first six were thrown into fire by their mother in an effort to burn out their mortality. The seventh child was saved from this fate by his father and eventually Thetis accepted the child and grew to love him. She called him Achilles and, wanting to protect him from his human frailty, took him to the River Styx which was believed to convey immortality. Thetis held him by his heel and submerged the infant Achilles. All but the heel she held were suffused with inordinate strength, hence, Achilles heel. Achilles was educated by Chiron, a centaur who lived on Mt. Pelion and was revered for his wisdom. Achilles grew strong, handsome, and well versed in the strategies of war and peace. When the call came for Greece's greatest warriors to amass and avenge the taking of Melenaus's wife, Helen, by the Trojan Prince Paris, a fretful Thetis rushed her son off to the island of Skyros disguised as a girl. While hiding on Skyros, Achilles fathers a son with the king's daughter Deidameia. Eventually, Achilles whereabouts became unveiled and Odysseus weeded him out with a cunning ploy; he sent gifts of jewelry and trinkets to the women's lodgings that included armor and a sword. News of young woman practicing with the weapons brought emissaries to insist Achilles join the war. slide 3 of 6 The Trojan War The Iliad by Homer tells only a fraction of the story of the war. The war lasted nine years, while Homer's epic recounts events from only the last year. Achilles's tale begins much earlier when he joins the fleet of Greek warriors setting sail for the Trojan shores as commander of a feared force known as the Myrmidons of Thessaly. For much of the war, Achilles is at odds with Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and supreme commander of all the Greek forces. The heart of the dispute, just like that of the war itself, is a woman. During the course of the long war Briseis, a Trojan woman, was taken as booty and given to Achilles as a concubine and he cherished her for her beauty. Similarly, Agamemnon's mistress Chryseis, the daughter of a priest of Apollo, was taken in one of the cities of the Troad. After refusing a ransom demand from Chryseis's father, Apollo inflicted Agamemnon's troops with a plague. The seer Calchas advised Agamemnon to appease the god by returning the girl; he capitulated but his price was Briseis. An enraged Achilles conceded, as it was the supreme commander's right, but audibly vowed the Myrmidons would no longer fight for Agamemnon. slide 4 of 6 Immortal Interference Achilles recruited the aid of his mother who, in turn, went to Zeus. He caused Agamemnon to dream of victory by aggressively moving his army forward. Agamemnon tried this and was met by Hector, the brother of Paris. A fight between Paris and Menelaus was suggested. The two faced each other in the no-man's-land between the forces; Menelaus was winning until Aphrodite, who always favored Paris, surrounded the Trojan in a protective mist and spirited him to Helen waiting in his room. Then, Athene, who wanted to see Troy defeated, inspired a Trojan soldier, Pandarus, to shoot Menelaus in the thigh with an arrow. The truce was broken. The ensuing battle saw a wounded Aeneas , and Aphrodite was injured in her attempt to aid him as was the god Ares when he joined the fight. slide 5 of 6 Achilles Rejoins the Fight The battle ended in a stalemate and Agamemnon sent Achilles an offer: if he rejoined the Greeks, Briseis would be returned and Achilles would have his choice of a wife from the king's daughters with a dowry of seven cities. Achilles refused and announced plans to return home. Agamemnon planned for retreat. Odysseus and Diomedes take matters into their own hands; they silently cross the line during the night and force a guard to describe the Trojan camp in detail. With this knowledge, they manage to kill the king of Thrace (a Trojan ally) and steal his fabled white horses. Legend had it, Troy could not be taken as long as these horses drank from the River Scamander. This was an excellent omen for the Greeks. A vengeful Hector retaliated in the morning. Many Greeks fell and one of their ships was seized and burned. Achilles dear friend and cousin, Patroclus, pleads with him to stay and rejoin the fight. He refuses but is persuaded to allow Patroclus to lead the Myrmidons in an effort to push the Trojans back to Troy on one condition; Patroclus must not pursue the enemy to the walls of Troy. Patroclus murders the Lycian commander Sarpedon, another ally of Troy and Zeus' son, in the push and, in his exuberance, forgets his cousin's orders. At the walls of the city Apollo, shrouded in mist, strips Patroclus of his weapons. Hector pounces on his chance and kills the young Trojan, taken the armor Achilles had lent him. slide 6 of 6 The Death of Achilles and The Fall of Troy Grief stricken, Achilles cuts off his hair and unleashes a fearsome battle cry. With new armor crafted by Hephaistos, he sets out to find and kill Hector. He chases the Trojan prince three times around the walls of Troy until Athene delivers Hector a fresh dose of courage. Hector faces Achilles who works fast and slaughters his foe. He then ties the corpse to his chariot feet first and drags the fallen prince to the Greek camp. For days, he mistreats the body as he mourns the beloved Patroclus with funeral games and a burning pyre. The gods meet on Mount Olympus to end the desecration. Thetis is dispatched to tell Achilles to return Hector to King Priam; the goddess Iris is sent to Priam with instructions to set a ransom. Hermes, the gods' messenger, escorts the old man to Achilles camp. The warrior takes pity on the old man and promises a twelve day truce for Hector's funeral. Troy had lost its hero and decade of war had weakened its defenses. Yet the Trojans still had allies, among them the Amazonian female warriors and King Memnon of Ethiopia, and so the fight wore on. In it, Achilles was hit by an arrow shot by Paris and directed by Apollo into his weak heel. The Greek hero Achilles was no more and the fighting halted-briefly. Soon it resumed and with the assistance of Achilles bow, his son, a stolen statue of Athene (the Palladium), and the famous Trojan Horse, Troy fell to the Greeks. The victors unleashed terrible violence on Troy's citizens and Priam's family. The king lost yet another son and then his own life. His daughter, the prophetess Cassandra, was raped and another sacrificed to the spirit of Achilles. Helen, meanwhile, was returned to Menelaus and the pair lived out their years together. ◄ ● ● ● ● ● ● ► References Littleton, C. Scott. Mythology, The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth and Storytelling. Duncan Baird Publishers, London, UK. 2002 Achilles And Chiron Under Public Domain Via Wikimedia Commons We Also Recommend...	Paris
‘I’ll Be There For You’ by The Rembrandts is the theme tune to which US tv comedy series?	Achilles \| Mythology Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Children None Achilles (Greek Ἀχιλλεύς, transliterated Akhilleus or Achilleus) was a hero of the Greeks ( Achaeans ) in the legends of the Trojan War , i.e. the Epic Cycle, and the principal character of Homer 's 8th century BC epic poem the Iliad . The son of Peleus and the sea-nymph Thetis , Achilles was a fearsome warrior who chose a short, glorious life over a long and undistinguished one. During the Trojan War, in his wrath over the death of his companion Patroclus , he killed the Trojan hero and defender Hector . According to later traditions he was ambushed and killed by an arrow to the heel shot by Paris (under the guidance of Apollo , who supported Troy against the Greeks), the only part of him not invulnerable. Contents Edit One well-known tradition which does not appear in Homer concerns Achilles' near-invulnerability. The earliest version of this comes from the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC, in which his mother Thetis attempted to make him immortal as a baby by anointing him with ambrosia and putting him on a fire to burn away the mortality he inherited from his father Peleus. Peleus did not understand and interrupted the ritual, and Thetis left him in a rage. [8] The better known story, in which Thetis attempted to make him immortal by dipping him in the River Styx , but left the heel she gripped him by vulnerable, is comparatively late, first alluded to in the Roman poet Statius ' incomplete epic, the Achilleid, in the 1st century AD, [9] and spelled out in Fulgentius ' Mythologies in the 5th century AD. [10] Because of this, Achilles is killed when shot in the heel by an arrow. Childhood and youth Edit Achilles' childhood is expanded upon by later writers. At the age of six, he was able to kill lions and wild boar, and run so fast he could hunt deer without dogs, impressing Artemis and Athena . [11] When he was nine, it was prophesied that Troy could not be taken without him. Thetis, aware of the prophesy that if he went to Troy he would not return, tried to protect her son by hiding him among the daughters of Lycomedes, king of the island of Skyros , disguised as a girl called Pyrrha. During his time there he fathered a son, Neoptolemus , by Lycomedes' daughter Deïdamea. Odysseus discovered him by bringing, among presents for Lycomedes daughters, a shield and a spear. He had his trumpeter blow his trumpet as if the island was under attack, and Achilles reached for the weapons. His identity revealed, he agreed to go to Troy. [12] The sacrifice of Iphigeneia Edit Another tradition involving Achilles, best represented by Euripedes ' 5th century BC play Iphigeneia at Aulis, [13] concerns the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigeneia before the Achaean fleet set sail for Troy. The fleet, gathered at Aulis , was prevented from sailing by unfavorable winds, the cause of which was identified as a debt owed by Agamemnon to the goddess Artemis, who demanded Iphigeneia's death as payment. Agamemnon summoned her to Aulis under the pretence that she was to be married to Achilles, but when Achilles discovered the deception he swore to defend her, against the entire Achaean army if necessary. However, Iphegeneia agreed to be sacrificed to allow her father to take Troy. In Iphegeneia at Aulis, Artemis substituted a deer as the sacrifice at the last minute, and took Iphegeneia to live with the gods. In other versions, for example Euripedes' Electra [14] or his older contemporary Aeschylus' Agamemnon, [15] Iphegeneia was indeed sacrificed, in revenge for which Clytemnestra murdered Agamemnon after his return from the war. The healing of Telephus Edit When the Achaeans, not knowing the way to Troy, attacked the Mysians by mistake, Achilles wounded Mysia's king, Telephus , in the thigh with his spear. The wound did not heal, and an oracle told him that it would only be healed by the spear that delivered it, so Telephus came to the Achaeans, and Achilles healed him by scraping rust from his spear into the wound. In return Telephus guided the Achaeans to Troy. [16] Death Edit Homer, as we have seen, alludes to Achilles death at the hands of Paris and Apollo at the Scaean gate. Sophocles makes a similar allusion in his 5th century BC play Philoctetes, in which Achilles' son Neoptolemus says his father was not killed by a mortal man, but by an arrow of Apollo. [17] Ovid says that Neptune , angry that Achilles had killed his son Cycnus , [18] asked Apollo to intervene on his behalf. Apollo appeared to Paris, who was shooting his bow at the Achaean army, pointed out Achilles, and guided his arrow to his target. [19] Hyginus says that Apollo took the form of Paris, and shot Achilles because he had boasted that he alone had reduced Troy. [20] Pseudo- Apollodorus says it was because Achilles had killed Apollo's son Tenes , king of Tenedos , in the early stages of the war. [21] Another possible reason was that he had killed Priam's son Troilus in Apollo's sanctuary. [22] The idea that the arrow hit Achilles in his vulnerable heel is mentioned by pseudo-Apollodorus [23] and Quintus Smyrnaeus . [24] Odysseus and Ajax recovered Achilles' body, and a dispute arose between them over who should have his arms. Odysseus was awarded them, and Ajax killed himself. Odysseus then brought Achilles' son Neoptolemus from Skyros to join the fighting. [25] After the sack of Troy, the Achaeans sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena at Achilles' grave. [26] References	i don't know
Which British politician wrote the 1880 novel ‘Endymion’?	Endymion - Benjamin Disraeli - Google Books Benjamin Disraeli 0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/Endymion.html?id=aS2QXxCuPkcC Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC (21 December 1804 - 19 April 1881) was an English statesman and literary figure. He served in government for three decades, twice as Prime Minister - the first and thus far only person of Jewish descent to do so, although Disraeli was baptised in the Anglican Church at an early age. Disraeli's most lasting achievement was the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. Although a major figure in the protectionist wing of the Conservative Party after 1846, Disraeli's relations with the other leading figures in the party, particularly Lord Derby, the overall leader, were often strained. Not until the 1860s would Derby and Disraeli be on easy terms, and the latter's succession of the former assured. From 1852 onwards Disraeli's career would also be marked by his often intense rivalry with William Ewart Gladstone, who eventually rose to become leader of the Liberal Party. In this duel, Disraeli was aided by his warm friendship with Queen Victoria, who came to detest Gladstone during the latter's first premiership in the 1870s. In 1876 Disraeli was raised to the peerage as the Earl of Beaconsfield, capping nearly four decades in the House of Commons. He died in 1881. Before and during his political career Disraeli was well-known as a literary and social figure, although his novels are not generally regarded as belonging to the first rank of Victorian literature. He mainly wrote romances, of which Sibyl and Vivian Grey are perhaps the best-known today. He was and is unusual among British Prime Ministers for having gained equal social and political renown.	Benjamin Disraeli
Which company’s name is short for Durability, Reliability and Excellence?	Benjamin Disraeli \| Jewish Virtual Library Tweet Benjamin Disraeli was born Jewish and is therefore sometimes considered Britain's first Jewish Prime Minister. In fact, he was a practicing Anglican. In 1813, his father's quarrel with the synagogue of Bevis Marks led to the decision in 1817 to have his children baptized as Christians (ironically, when Disraeli was 13 and eligible for Bar Mitzvah ). Until 1858 Jews were excluded from Parliament; except for the father's decision Disraeli's political career could never have taken the form it did. Benjamin Disraeli, was born in London on 21st December, 1804. His father, Isaac Disraeli, was the author of several books on literature and history, including The Life and Reign of Charles I (1828). After a private education Disraeli was trained as a solicitor. Like his father, Isaac Disraeli, Benjamin took a keen interest in literature. His first novel, Vivian Grey was published in 1826. The book sold very well and was followed by The Young Duke (1831), Contarini Fleming (1832), Alroy (1833), Henrietta Temple (1837) and Venetia(1837). Benjamin Disraeli was also interested in politics. In the early 1830s he stood in several elections as a Whig, Radical and as an Independent. Disraeli's early attempts ended in failure, but he was eventually elected to represent Maidstone in 1837. Disraeli's maiden speech in the House of Commons was poorly received and after enduring a great deal of barracking ended with the words: "though I sit down now, the time will come when you will hear me." Disraeli was now a progressive Tory and advocated triennial parliaments and the secret ballot. He was sympathetic to the demands of the Chartists and in one speech argued that the "rights of labour were as sacred as the rights of property". In 1839 Benjamin Disraeli married the extremely wealthy widow, Mrs. Wyndham Lewis. The marriage was a great success. On one occasion Disraeli remarked that he had married for money, and his wife replied, "Ah! but if you had to do it again, you would do it for love." After the Conservative victory in the 1841 General Election, Disraeli suggested to Sir Robert Peel, the new Prime Minister, that he would make a good government minister. Peel disagreed and Disraeli had to remain on the backbenches. Disraeli was hurt by Peel's rejection and over the next few years he became a harsh critic of the Conservative government. In 1842 Disraeli helped to form the Young England group. Disraeli and members of his group argued that the middle class now had too much political power and advocated an alliance between the aristocracy and the working class. Disraeli suggested that the aristocracy should use their power to help protect the poor. This political philosophy was expressed in Disraeli's novels Coningsby (1844), Sybil (1845) and Tancred (1847). In these books the leading characters show concern about poverty and the injustice of the parliamentary system. Disraeli favoured a policy of protectionism and strongly opposed Peel's decision to repeal the Corn Laws. This issue split the Conservative Party and Disraeli's attacks on Peel helped to bring about his political downfall. In 1852 Lord John Russell, the leader of the Whig government, resigned. Lord Derby, the new Prime Minister, appointed Disraeli as his Chancellor of the Exchequer. This period of power only lasted a few months and Derby was soon replaced by the Earl of Aberdeen. John Tenniel, Disraeli and Queen Victoria Exchanging Gifts (Punch Magazine, 1876) Lord Derby became Prime Minister again in 1858 and once again Disraeli was appointed as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He also became leader of the House of Commons and was responsible for the introduction of measures to reform parliament. In February, 1858, Disraeli proposed the equalization of the town and county franchise. This would have resulted in some men in towns losing the vote and was opposed by the Liberals. An amendment proposed by Lord John Russell "condemning this disfranchisement" was passed by 330 to 291. In 1859 Lord Palmerston, became Prime Minister, and Disraeli once more lost his position in the government. For the next seven years the Liberals were in power and it was not until 1866 that Disraeli returned to the cabinet. Once again, Lord Derby appointed Disraeli as his Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons. Some members of the Liberal Party, including the new leader, William Gladstone, had been in favour of legislation that would have extended the franchise. His attempts to obtain parliamentary reform failed but Disraeli was convinced that if the Liberals returned to power, Gladstone was certain to try again. Benjamin Disraeli argued that the Conservatives were in danger of being seen as an anti-reform party. In 1867 Disraeli proposed a new Reform Act. Lord Cranborne (later the Marquis of Salisbury) resigned in protest against this extension of democracy. In the House of Commons, Disraeli's proposals were supported by Gladstone and his followers and the measure was passed. The 1867 Reform Act gave the vote to every male adult householder living in a borough constituency. Male lodgers paying £10 for unfurnished rooms were also granted the vote. This gave the vote to about 1,500,000 men. The Reform Act also dealt with constituencies and boroughs with less than 10,000 inhabitants lost one of their MPs. The forty-five seats left available were distributed by: (i) giving fifteen to towns which had never had an MP; (ii) giving one extra seat to some larger towns - Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and Leeds; (iii) creating a seat for the University of London; (iv) giving twenty-five seats to counties whose population had increased since 1832. In 1868 Lord Derby resigned and Benjamin Disraeli became the new Prime Minister. However, in the 1868 General Election that followed, William Gladstone and the Liberals were returned to power with a majority of 170. After six years in opposition, Disraeli and the Conservative Party won the 1874 General Election. It was the first time since 1841 that the Tories in the House of Commons had a clear majority. Disraeli now had the opportunity to the develop the ideas that he had expressed when he was leader of the Young England group in the 1840s. Social reforms passed by the Disraeli government included: the Artisans Dwellings Act (1875), the Public Health Act (1875), the Pure Food and Drugs Act (1875), the Climbing Boys Act (1875), the Education Act (1876). Disraeli also introduced measures to protect workers such as the 1874 Factory Act and the Climbing Boys Act (1875). Disraeli also kept his promise to improve the legal position of trade unions. The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act (1875) allowed peaceful picketing and the Employers and Workmen Act (1878) enabled workers to sue employers in the civil courts if they broke legally agreed contracts. Unlike William Gladstone, Disraeli got on very well with Queen Victoria. She approved of Disraeli's imperialist views and his desire to make Britain the most powerful nation in the world. In 1876 Victoria agreed to his suggestion that she should accept the title of Empress of India. In August 1876 Queen Victoria granted Disraeli the title Lord Beaconsfield. Disraeli now left the House of Commons but continued as Prime Minister and now used the House of Lords to explain his government's policies. At the Congress of Berlin in 1878 Disraeli gained great acclaim for his success in limiting Russia's power in the Balkans. The Liberals defeated the Conservatives in the 1880 General Election and after William Gladstone became Prime Minister, Disraeli decided to retire from politics. Disraeli hoped to spend his retirement writing novels but soon after the publication of Endymion (1880) he became very ill. Benjamin Disraeli died on 19th April, 1881.	i don't know
Which writer had a pet cat called Caterina, that was the inspiration for his story ‘The Black Cat’?	CatStuff: A Few Famous Cat Lovers A FEW FAMOUS CAT LOVERS This article researched and compiled by Glenda Moore. Please do not redistribute this article. A-C Cleveland Amory (1917-1998) Author and animal rights promoter Amory devoted his life to promoting animal rights. He was best known for his books about his cat Polar Bear, whom he rescued from New York streets on Christmas Eve, 1977. Amory co-founded the Humane Society of the United States and founded the Fund for Animals. He was also the president of NEAVS (New England Anti Vivisection Society) from 1987 to 1998. Ian Anderson (1947- ) Musician Ian, of the classic rock band Jethro Tull, is a cat lover. A page on the official Jethro Tull webpage is dedicated to his writings about cats. Marie Antoinette (1755-1793) Archduchess of Austria and the Queen of France and Navarre King Louis XVI and wife, Marie Antoinette, allowed their Angora cats to roam about the tables during court gatherings. Legend has it that six of her beloved white Angora cats arrived by ship in Maine, USA in the ship she had intended for her escape during the French revolution. Pope Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger, 1927- ) Reigning head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State His cat Chico, a black-and-white domestic short hair, continues to live at the pope’s home in Tübingen, Germany (pets are not allowed in the Vatican). Cardinal Roger Mahony, archbishop of Los Angeles, who was in Rome for the pope’s inauguration, says “The street talk that the pope loves cats is incorrect. The pope adores cats.” (no image Sultan El Daher Beybars, who was devoted to cats, bequeathed a garden known as Gheyt-el-Quoltah (the cats' orchard) near his mosque in Cairo for the support of homeless cats. The tradition continues to this day. At the time of afternoon prayer each day, meat is brought into the center of the garden, and cats from all over the city come for their share. Alexander Borodin (1833-1887) Russian classical composer and chemist Borodin had many cats, one of which - Ryborov - learned to fish through holes in the ice in winter. ('Ryborov' means 'fisherman'.) Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855); Emily Bronte (1818-1848); Anne Bronte (1820-1849) Authors The three sisters were well-known as cat lovers. Their novels and poetry often showed their relationships with their felines. Charlotte and Anne often referred to their cats in their diaries. George Burns (1896-1996) American comedian, actor, and producer George Burns called his cat "Willie," reportedly because "when you tell the cat what to do, there's always a question of will he or won't he." Lord George Byron (1788-1824) Poet An lifelong friend, Poet Percy Shelley, once commented that Byron's "eight enormous dogs, three monkeys, five cats, an eagle, a crow, ... a falcon, five peacocks, two guinea hens, and an Egyptian crane; and all these, except the horses, walk about the house ..." Raymond Chandler (1888-1959) Author (Phillip Marlowe private eye novels) Chandler talked to his black Persian, Taki, as though she was human and called her his secretary because she sat on his manuscripts as he tried to revise them. He stated, "A cat never behaves as if you were the only bright spot in an otherwise clouded existence...this is another way of saying that a cat is not a sentimentalist, which does not mean that it has no affection." Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965) British politician (notably, UK prime minister during World War II) Churchill's marmalade cat Jock slept with his master, shared his dining table, and attended numerous war-time Cabinet meetings. If Jock was late for meals, Churchill would send servants to find him, waiting to eat til the cat was present. Jock was said to have been with his master when he died. Churchill also had a cat, Nelson, named after the famous British admiral. Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (1889–1963) French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager and filmmaker Cocteau is best known for his 1929 novel Les enfants terribles, the 1929 play Les parents terribles, and the 1946 film, Beauty and the Beast. His famous quotes include: “I love cats because I enjoy my home; and little by little, they become its visible soul” and "A meow massages the heart." He dedicated Drôle de Ménage to his cat Karoun, whom he described as "the king of cats." D-H Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Author (works include Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickelby, David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol) Charles' cat, Willamena, produced a litter of kittens in his study. Dickens was determined not to keep the kittens, but he fell in love with one female kitten who was known as "Master's Cat". She kept him company in his study as he wrote, and when she wanted his attention she was known to snuff out his reading candle. Alexander Dumas (1802-1870) Author (works include The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo) Dumas owned a cat called Mysouff. This cat was known for his extrasensory perception of time. Mysouff could predict what time his master would finish work, even when his master was working late. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Physicist Fond of animals, Einstein kept a tomcat named Tiger who tended to get depressed whenever it rained. One acquaintance recalled him saying to the melancholy cat: "I know what's wrong, dear fellow, but I don't know how to turn it off." Einstein was also quoted as saying, "A man has to work so hard so that something of his personality stays alive. A tomcat has it so easy, he has only to spray and his presence is there for years on rainy days." T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) Nobel Prize-winning British poet and playwright T.S. Eliot was a cat lover and wrote an entire book of poems about cats. His Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats was set to music by Andrew Lloyd Weber and became the long-running musical, Cats. Robert Goulet (1933- ) Recording artist, star of stage, screen and TV Goulet has loved cats since childhood. When he toured the country as King Arthur in Lerner and Loewe's musical Camelot, he took along two of his cats - Vincent and Wart. Several years ago, the cat-count in Goulet's Las Vegas home was up to seven. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) Author (works include For Whom the Bell Tolls, Old Man and the Sea) Hemingway shared his Key West home with more than 30 cats. The story goes that Hemingway made the acquaintance of a sea captain who owned an unusual six-toed tomcat. Upon his departure from Key West, the captain presented the cat to Hemingway. Today many of the numerous cats that inhabit the grounds still possess the unusual six toes. Hemingway once said, "A cat has absolute emotional honesty; human beings, for one reason or another, may hide their feelings, but a cat does not." Victor Hugo (1802-1885) Author Hugo is considered one of the greatest author in the history of French literature, one notable book being Les Miserables. He wrote fondly in his diary about his cats. J-L Dr Samuel Johnson (1709-84) English author Dr. Johnson is perhaps best known for his great English dictionary, published in 1755. Johnson had a pet cat named Hodge whom he fed oysters and other luxurious treats. Edward Lear [1812-1888] Artist, illustrator and writer Edward was devoted to Foss, his tabby cat. When he decided to move to San Remo, Italy, he instructed his architect to design a replica of his old home in England so Foss would not be disturbed and suffer a minimum of distress after the move. Lear’s drawings of his striped tabby cat are well known, especially those which accompany his rhyme, The Owl and the Pussycat . When Foss died, he was buried in Lear's italian garden. Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) Career army officer (Confederate army General during the American Civil War) Lee had several cats tha he referred to often in letters to his family: "I am very solitary and my only company is my dog and cats. Spec [a dog] has become so jealous now that he will hardly let me look at the cats." He chose cats to share his tent at Camp Cooper partly for mousing, and partly for company. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870 – 1924) Founder of the Russian Community party and first head of the Soviet government Not much is known about Lenin's affection for cats, though he had been filmed and photographed holding and petting various cats. John Lennon (1940-1980) Singer The famous Beatle loved cats; as a boy he reportedly cycled to the fishmonger's to buy hake for his cat. He named his first cat Mimi after his cat-loving aunt. He and his first wife Cynthia had up to ten cats. Pope Leo XII (1760-1829) Head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State Pope Leo owned a grayish-red cat with black stripes called Micette, who was born in the Vatican and lived with the Pope. Reportedly, the pope occasionally gave audiences with the cat hidden on his lap under his robes. Similarly, an earlier religious figure, St. Gregory the Great (540-604) possessed no worldly goods except a cat, which he held and stroked while meditating. Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974) American aviator Charles Lindbergh's cat Patsy occasionally accompanied him on flights (though not on the flight that made him famous). A Spanish stamp commemorating his record-breaking flight from New York to Paris shows Patsy watching as his plane took off. Louis XV (1710-1774) King of France The King had a favorite white cat that was allowed to play on the table during Councils of State. M-P Henri Matisse (1869-1954) French artist Matisse loved the company of cats, and when forced to remain in bed due to poor health, he would be joined there by his favorite black cat. Freddie Mercury (1946-1991) Founder of the rock group Queen Delilah , released on Queen's album "Innuendo," is a song Mercury penned for his favorite housecat, a female tortoiseshell named Delilah. When on tour, he would call London to talk to his several cats. Freddie dedicated his first solo album, "Mr. Bad Guy," to his beloved cats (Tom, Jerry, Oscar, Tiffany, Delilah, Goliath, Miko, Romeo, Lily). He is shown with Oscar and Tiffany. (no image	Edgar Allan Poe
In the US tv series ‘Seinfeld’, there is supposedly a reference to which comic-book hero in every episode?	9 Famous Writers Who Loved Cats « Petmate Portal 9 Famous Writers Who Loved Cats Thursday, August 15, 2013 by Sara Cats are often considered reserved, independent, and graceful animals. It is no small wonder, then, that many a cat has found its human companion in the form of writers (who are often thought of as reserved, independent, and linguistically graceful humans). Check out these 9 famous writers who loved cats, and be sure to follow the Writers and Kitties tumblr for more pictures of authors with their feline friends. 1. Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway feeding his cat Christobal corn via JFK Library Hemingway is one of the most recognizable names in American literary history. Despite his hard-edged, sparse writing style and typically masculine themes of war and violence, Hemingway was apparently a softie when it came to his cats. He owned multiple cats at any given time, including a polydactyl (6-toed) cat named Snowball. Hairy Truman, a Hemingway cat descended from Snowball. Photo via NPR. Snowball was allowed to run wild at Hemingway’s Key West house, resulting in a colony of cats descended directly from Hemingway’s original Snowball. About half of these cats, which still are allowed to openly roam the property of the Hemingway house, are polydactyl, leading many people to call 6-toed kitties “Hemingway cats”. 2. Charles Bukowski Hard to be tough with a cat in your lap. Photo via weimarart.blogspot.com. Another hard-drinking literary tough guy with a straightforward writing style, Bukowski is known for his poetry, short stories, and novels which deal with the drudgery of life as a lower-class American. He may have had a bluebird in his heart , but he had cats in his home. Bukowski loved cats so much that he occasionally shirked his gritty subject matter in favor of his furry friends, as seen in his poem called “My Cats”. 3. Allen Ginsberg Ginsberg and his cat via Cultural Cat. A few weeks ago, the Contemporary Jewish Museum of San Francisco paid homage to the Beat Generation’s love affair with cats in conjunction with the museum’s current exhibit of photography by Allen Ginsberg. Ginsberg was one of the leaders of the Beat Generation, and his 1956 poem “Howl” is among the most recognizable pieces of Beat literature. Ginsberg owned and was often photographed with his pet cats, as seen in the photo above. 4. Jack Kerouac Kerouac and his cat via the New York Public Library’s tumblr Another member of the Beat Generation, Jack Kerouac is most famous for his novel On the Road, considered by many to be the “Beat bible”. Kerouac owned several cats throughout his short life (he died at age 47 due to complications from alcohol abuse), one of which was immortalized in his novel Big Sur. The novel contains a passage in which Kerouac mourns the death of his beloved cat Tyke, who he had raised from a kitten and left with his mother in New York while he went on one of his cross-country adventures. 5. William S. Burroughs Burroughs with his cat Ginger. Photo via Vice. A third (and final, as far as this list is concerned) notable figure of the Beat Generation, Burroughs wrote many postmodern novels, novellas, short stories, and essays, the most famous of which is his 1959 book Naked Lunch. More relevant to this list, however is Burroughs’ autobiographical novella The Cat Inside, which consists of vignettes reminiscing about the many cats Burroughs owned throughout his life. 6. Sylvia Plath Drawing of a cat by Sylvia Plath via telegraph.co.uk Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer who is best known for her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar and her tragic life story (Plath suffered from depression and committed suicide at the age of 30). Plath’s life with cats is not well-documented, but they serve as the subject matter in her poem “Ella Mason and Her Eleven Cats” and in her drawing of a “Curious French cat” seen above. 7. Jean-Paul Sartre Sartre and cat via Writers and Kitties tumblr Sartre was a French existentialist philosopher who played a major part in Marxism and 20th-century French philosophy, and whose writings are still influential on literary studies, critical theory, and sociology. Sartre’s existentialism may be heavy, but the serious Frenchman might have found solace in his adorably furry cat, pictured above. Additionally, Sartre’s writing serves as inspiration to Henri Le Chat Noir , whose depressed feline musings entertain millions on the internet. 8. Edgar Allan Poe Drawing of Poe and cat via Writers and Kitties tumblr. Famous for his macabre short stories and poems, Poe was an American author who is considered by many to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre. A cat is the central mysterious figure of his short story called “The Black Cat”, in which the spirit of a cat haunts its killer. Additionally, Poe and his wife Virginia owned a cat named Catterina. 9. Mark Twain Mark Twain with cigar and kitten via Maud Newton’s tumblr Another giant of American literature, Mark Twain is best known for his novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, as well as his oft-quoted humorous about life. Twain owned and adored numerous cats, and reportedly even taught some of them tricks! Some of Twain’s cats responding to Twain’s “Wide awake!” command. Photo via twainquotes.com Twain provides a quote which fits perfectly as an end to this post on famous cat-lovers. Twain once wrote, “When a man loves cats, I am his friend and comrade, without further introduction.” Do you know of any historical figures who loved cats? Have any thoughts on the ones shared here? Let us hear it in the comments below.	i don't know
Which US singer/guitarist was on the ‘Winter Dance Tour’ when he was killed in a plane crash along with Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper?	The Story of Rock's First Tragedy: Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper Killed in Plane Crash REDDIT Hulton Archive, Getty Images Rock ‘n’ roll was still in its infancy when it suffered its first tragedy. On Feb. 3, 1959, three of its biggest stars — Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens and J.P. Richardson, known as the Big Bopper — were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa. The three acts, along with Dion and the Belmonts, were on a package tour called the Winter Dance Party, which was to play 24 Midwestern cities in as many days. But the bus’ heating system was ill-equipped and broke down a few days later, which caused some musicians to catch the flu and Holly’s drummer Carl Bunch to be hospitalized for frostbite. By the time they reached the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake on Feb. 2, about a week and a half into the tour, Holly, after the show, decided to charter a plane from nearby Mason City to Fargo, N.D., just across the state line from their next gig in Moorhead, Minn. As a bonus, Holly would be able to do his laundry, which had been neglected since the tour began. The plane, a Beechwood Bonanza, had room for only three passengers — Holly and his band — and the pilot, Roger Peterson. Holly’s bass player, future country legend Waylon Jennings , gave up his seat to Richardson, who was ill. According to Jennings’ autobiography, Holly teased his bass player by saying, “Well, I hope your ol’ bus freezes up.” To which Jennings responded, “Well, I hope your ol’ plane crashes.” There are conflicting stories as to how Valens wound up in the third seat. Tommy Allsup, Holly’s guitarist, claimed that he lost a coin flip to Valens in the dressing room. In 2010, Dion DiMucci, who had been silent about that night for 51 years, claimed that he, not Allsup, was slated for the third seat because he was one of the headliners. But after winning the coin toss, he balked at paying $36 for the flight — the amount his parents paid in monthly rent for the apartment where he grew up — and gave Valens the seat. Local DJ Bob Hale, who was the MC for the concert, agrees that it was between Allsup and Valens, but that he, not Allsup, flipped the coin. Regardless of the contradictions, around 12:55AM on Feb. 3, the plane carrying Holly, Richardson and Valens took off in a snowstorm with strong winds. But the plane traveled only a few miles before crashing, killing all four men instantly. The federal investigation ruled that even though the weather played a large role in the accident, the 21-year-old Peterson was too inexperienced to have been flying in such conditions. In addition, he had most likely misread the altitude indicator, which was different than the one on which he had trained, and inadvertently brought the plane down instead of up. At the time, Holly’s wife of six months, Maria Elena, was two weeks pregnant. The day after the crash, she suffered a miscarriage from the emotional trauma. In March 1980, a long-missing piece of the plane crash was discovered. Holly’s signature black-rimmed glasses had landed in a snow bank and were discovered in the spring of 1959, after the snow melted. They were brought to the Cerro Gordo County Sheriff’s office, sealed in a manila envelope and forgotten about for 21 years. Upon discovery, the glasses were returned to his widow and are currently on permanent display at the Buddy Holly Center in his hometown of Lubbock, Texas. Rockers Who Died at Age 27 Image of	Buddy Holly
At which English racecourse was the Derby run during World War II?	Tribute: The Day the Music Died The Day the Music Died: Buddy Holly, "The Big Bopper" and Ritchie Valens "The Big Bopper," Ritchie Valens, and Buddy Holly. Following are a detailed history and numerous images chronicling the early hours of 3 February 1959. This page is dedicated to the royal trinity of Rock & Roll: Charles Hardin Holley (Buddy Holly), Richard Steven Valenzuela (Ritchie Valens), and Jiles Perry Richardson, Jr. ("The Big Bopper"). These three performers perished on that date ("The Day the Music Died") in a plane crash in a snow-covered Iowa field. They continue to command our appreciation and our respect. Some of the following information tends to lean on the morbid side; it is provided for the sake of a complete record of events. Anything deemed especially macabre has a link to it - not an initially displayed image or description - for people who do not appreciate those kind of surprises. For additional information, read about the Curse of Buddy Holly . The Story Buddy Holly needed money. He was recently married with a child on the way, had broken up with his group, the Crickets, and had left his record company. Holly decided to participate in a tour deemed, "The Winter Dance Party," with a revised version of the Crickets: Tommy Allsup, Carl Bunch, and Waylon Jennings. The other headliners were Ritchie Valens, J. P. Richardson ("The Big Bopper"), and Dion and the Belmonts. The group traveled by bus in temperatures that were frequently below-freezing. The bus often broke down and had no heat. Ritchie Valens and "The Big Bopper" had caught colds. One member of the group, drummer Carl Bunch, suffered frostbite and had to be hospitalized. (Frostbite might have saved his life - he missed the fatal plane crash, rejoining the tour on 5 February 1959. He passed away of complications from diabetes in 2011; he was 71.) Interesting aside - Due to Carl Bunch's hospitalization for frostbite, it is said that Ritchie Valens sat in on drums for Buddy Holly, and Holly played for Valens, as a means of temporarily replacing the ailing drummer. Buddy Holly on a tour bus with two unidentified people, circa 1958. Photographer: Lewis Allen, Rolling Stone Images of Rock. 2 Feruary 1959, was supposed to be a day off for the performers, but a show at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa was added at the last minute. Following the show, Holly chartered a plane for his band to take to Fargo, North Dakota. However, Waylon Jennings exchanged his seat with The Big Bopper because Richardson was sick. Tommy Allsup flipped a coin with Ritchie Valens for the coveted third seat. The local host of the "Winter Dance Party," Bob Hale, flipped the coin. Ritchie called "heads" and won; he commented that it was the first time he had ever won anything. (Years later, Tommy Allsup would open a club named "The Head's Up Saloon" to commemorate this life-saving coin toss.) Dion DiMucci of Dion and the Belmonts was offered a chance at a seat, but replied that the thirty-six dollar fee was too high a price to pay for a short plane ride. (The Belmonts' songs include "Teen Angel," "I Wonder Why," and "A Teenager in Love"; Dion would later have a successful solo career with hits like "Runaround Sue" and "The Wanderer.") The Surf Ballroom, Clear Lake, Iowa. The interior of the Surf Ballroom, facing the stage, from the Surf's official web site . The airplane was a small four-passenger Beechcraft Bonanza, serial number N3794N, piloted by 21-year-old Roger Peterson. It was painted red, with white and black trim. The National Weather Service had issued a storm warning, but it had not been received by the pilot or by Jerry Dwyer, owner of the Dwyer Flying Service. Before departure, Holly teased Jennings, because he wasn't joining him on the plane. Buddy said, "So you're not going with us tonight on the plane, huh? Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up." Jennings retorted, "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes." Jennings would later comment that it took him years to get over making that comment. (Jennings died in 2002 from diabetic complications at the age of 64. He was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in 1999.) At about 1:00 am on 3 February 1959, the plane carrying rock's royal trinity took off into a blinding snow storm and crashed into Albert Juhl's corn field in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. There were no survivors. At the time of their deaths, Buddy Holly was 22, Ritchie Valens was 17, and J. P. Richardson was 28. This is the detailed Civil Aeronautics Board Aircraft Accident Report . When Jerry Dwyer did not receive news of the safe landing of the plane in Fargo, he decided to mount a search. The next morning was foggy, delaying his flight until about 9:00 am. He took off along the same flight path as Peterson and found the wreckage. It had gone unnoticed for eight hours along a fence in that snow-covered field, about a quarter mile from the nearest country road. Holly and Valens were each found approximately 17 feet away from the wreckage. The pilot, Roger Peterson, was still trapped inside. Richardson's body was found 40 feet from the plane wreckage. By 11:15, Dr. Ralph E. Smiley, coroner, had arrived. For the coroner's report , access this link. Be advised, the document is graphic. Peterson was taken to the Wilcox Funeral Home, and Richardson and Valens were taken to the Ward Funeral Home. It is unclear if Holly accompanied them. On Friday, 6 February 1959, Roger Peterson was buried in the Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery, in his hometown of Alta. J. P. Richardson's wake was held in the Broussard's Funeral Home, in Beaumont, Texas, where he was buried. Private soldier Elvis Presley and Colonel Tom Parker sent yellow roses to his funeral. (This is a photo of J.P. Richardson's casket at his wake , with flowers from Elvis.) On Saturday the 7th, Ritchie Valens' body was taken from the Noble Chapel Funeral Home in the San Fernando Valley, to San Fernando Mission Cemetery (California). His body was driven in a copper colored hearse. Buddy Holly was also buried on the 7th. The funeral was held in Lubbock, Texas, at the Tabernacle Baptist Church. The service was performed by Ben D. Johnson, who had also officiated at Holly's wedding just six months earlier. Pallbearers were the original Crickets: Jerry Allison, Joe B. Mauldin and Niki Sullivan; music producer Bob Montgomery, and musicians Sonny Curtis and Phil Everly (of the Everley Brothers). Over a thousand mourners attended the service, but his widow did not. Maria Elena Holly has never visited the grave of her husband. She told the Avalanche-Journal, "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane." The "Winter Dance Party" tour continued. An unknown-at-the-time singer named Bobby Vee was asked to open the concert in Moorhead, Minnesota. Two other new rock singers, Fabian and Paul Anka, were brought in to replace the recently deceased singers. Thirteen years later, Don McLean wrote a song dedicated to the crash victims that reached #1 in 1972: "American Pie." The telephone at the Surf Ballroom where Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens made their last calls. (Holly called his wife, Maria Elena, and Valens spoke to his brother, Robert Morales.) (From findadeath.com .) On the fiftieth anniverasry of "The Day the Music Died" (3 February 2009), the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame designated the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa, as a "Rock & Roll Landmark." The following photo is from the Surf's official web site . The Crash Site For numerous black and white photos of very good quality, visit The Day the Music Died: Crash Site Photo Archive . Be warned! Some of the pictures are quite graphic and may be disturbing to some individuals. The following photos are some of the only to exist of the crash site in color. They are from Kevin Terry's collection from the former Buddy Holly Online web site. Buddy Holly Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. Also a member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Holly had an incredible talent for combining memorable melodies with creative rhymes. His entire body of work was created in just two years. He helped lay the foundation of Rock & Roll. "Peggy Sue," "It Doesn't Matter Anymore," "Oh Boy!" "That'll Be the Day," "True Love Ways," "Rave On," "Not Fade Away," "It's So Easy," "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" Buddy Holly, taken by Timothy Kehr at the 28 January 1959 Winter Dance Party show St. Paul's Prom Ballroom, MN. For those interested in the macabre, here are excerpts and the statement from Buddy Holly's death certificate . Be advised: this document is graphic. To view the original, click here . Buddy Holly's grave, City of Lubbock Cemetery, Lubbock, Texas. The Buddy Holly Center in his hometown of Lubbock, Texas. For additional information, read about the Curse of Buddy Holly . Ritchie Valens Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2001. Also a member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Valens passionately crafted songs of energy and emotion, drawing on his Mexican heritage and his love of Rock & Roll. He was just 17 at the time of the crash. "La Bamba," "Oh, Donna," "We Belong Together," "Ooh, My Head," "Dooby Dooby Wah," "Come On, Let's Go" Ritchie Valens, taken by Timothy Kehr at the 28 January 1959 Winter Dance Party show St. Paul's Prom Ballroom, MN. You may view Valens's death certificate ; please give the image a moment to download. Be advised: the description of the accident's effects is graphic. Trouble reading the statement? Click here . Ritchie Valens's grave in San Fernando Mission Cemetery, Mission Hills, California. Ritchie Valens's grave prior to being interred next to his mother. "The Big Bopper" Member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Has yet to be inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. An innovative performer and disc jockey, "The Big Bopper" embodied everything Rock & Roll was in the 1950s: care-free and fun-loving. Tragically overlooked by modern critics (and the R&R Hall of Fame), "The Big Bopper" was larger than life and twice as much fun. He was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in 2004 and he was also inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. "Chantilly Lace," "Little Red Riding Hood," "That's What I'm Talking About," "White Lightnin'," "Purple People Eater Meets the Witch Doctor," and he wrote and sang back-up on Johnny Preston's "Running Bear" J. P. Richardson, taken by Timothy Kehr at the 28 January 1959 Winter Dance Party show St. Paul's Prom Ballroom, MN. Somewhere along the way, someone obtained a photo of Richardson's coffin (closed) as it was displayed at his wake. The guitar flower arrangement was sent by Elvis. 8 March 2007 - "Big Bopper" exhumed. Almost 50 years after the legendary plane crash, "The Big Bopper" once again made headlines. J.P. Richardson's body was disinterred and examined in order to disprove rumors that he survived the fatal plane crash and actually died while trying to get help. Dr. Bill Bass, forensic anthropologist at the University of Tennessee, performed the exam at the request of Richardson's son, whose mother was pregnant with him at the time of his father's death. "There was no indication of foul play," Bass stated, referring to speculation that a gun was fired on the plane, causing the crash. (A firearm that belonged to Buddy Holly was found at the crash site.) "There are fractures from head to toe. Massive fractures. . . died immediately. He didn't crawl away. He didn't walk away from the plane." Speculation existed that The Bopper might have survived the initial impact because his body was found 40 feet from the plane wreckage. (Holly and Valens were each approximately 17 feet away and the pilot was trapped inside.) This is a great article from the Beaumont Enterprise online, detailing Richardson's exhumation . There is also an excellent slideshow detailing the exhumation , with photos of the Bopper's descendents, x-ray results and a look at The Bopper's new coffin. The slideshow is accompanied by a radio eulogy which aired within days of Richardson's death. "The Big Bopper" is exhumed. His son, Jay Perry Richardson (left), looks on. Interested in owning the casket that previously held the earthly remains of "The Big Bopper"? Read this article from CNN.com about the sale of The Bopper's coffin. J.P. Richardson's original grave, Forest Lawn Memorial Park and Funeral Home, Beaumont, Texas. After Richardson's exhumation in March 2007 (see above), his body was interred in a different plot (next to his widow), with room for a future graveside statue. (No photos yet available.) Boston Daily Record from 4 February 1959 announcing the crash. Monumuent erected outside the Surf Ballroom. Memorial created by Ken Paquette, placed at the crash site. Two-dimensional, life-size stainless steel memorial at the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The "Winter Dance Party" performed at the Riverside on 1 February 1959, before heading on to the Surf Ballroom.	i don't know
What is the name of the land where ‘Puff the Magic Dragon’ lived?	Puff, The Magic Dragon Lyrics - Peter, Paul & Mary Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honali Little Jackie Paper loved that rascal Puff And brought him strings and sealing wax and other fancy stuff Oh, Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honali Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honali Together they would travel on a boat with billowed sail Jackie kept a lookout perched on Puff's gigantic tail Noble kings and princes would bow whene'er they came Pirate ships would lower their flags when Puff roared out his name Oh, Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honali Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honali A dragon lives forever, but not so little boys Painted wings and giant's rings make way for other toys One gray night it happened, Jackie Paper came no more And Puff, that mighty dragon, he ceased his fearless roar His head was bent in sorrow, green scales fell like rain Puff no longer went to play along the cherry lane Without his lifelong friend, Puff could not be brave So Puff, that mighty dragon, sadly slipped into his cave Oh, Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honali Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honali	Puff, the Magic Dragon
Shami Chakrabati became the director of which British pressure group in 2003?	Peter Paul & Mary - Puff the Magic Dragon lyrics \| Musixmatch Share Lyrics for Puff the Magic Dragon by Peter Paul & Mary Puff, the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee, Little Jackie paper loved that rascal puff, And brought him strings and sealing wax and other fancy stuff. oh Puff, the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee, Puff, the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee. Together they would travel on a boat with billowed sail Jackie kept a lookout perched on puffs gigantic tail, Noble kings and princes would bow whenever they came, Pirate ships would lower their flag when puff roared out his name. oh! Puff, the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee, Puff, the magic dragon lived by the sea And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee. A dragon lives forever but not so little boys Painted wings and giant rings make way for other toys. One grey night it happened, Jackie paper came no more And puff that mighty dragon, he ceased his fearless roar. His head was bent in sorrow, green scales fell like rain, Puff no longer went to play along the cherry lane. Without his life-long friend, puff could not be brave, So puff that mighty dragon sadly slipped into his cave. oh! 14 Favorites	i don't know
The Cenotaph is situated in which London street?	Cenotaph London \| Nearby hotels, shops and restaurants \| LondonTown.com Images Standing solemnly in the middle of Whitehall, visitors could be forgiven for passing the Cenotaph by unnoticed. But every November it becomes the focus of Britain's Remembrance Service (the closest Sunday to 11th November). The service commemorates the British Empire and Commonwealth servicemen who died in the two World Wars. The monarch, representatives of the Church, State, the armed and auxiliary forces, all gather to pay respect to those who lost their lives defending the freedom of others. Hymns are sung, prayers are said, and the two-minute silence is observed. Wreaths of poppies are then laid on the steps of the Cenotaph. The monument was originally built of wood and plaster for the first anniversary of the Armistice in 1919. The memorial you see today was designed by Edward Lutyens, it was created from Portland Stone and was unveiled one year later in 1920. The inscription simply reads "The Glorious Dead". ï¿½	Whitehall
Murder on the Calais Coach’ was the US title of which novel?	THE CENOTAPH - Picture of Cenotaph, London - TripAdvisor Want the lowest hotel prices? You're in the right place. We check 200+ sites for you. THE CENOTAPH - Picture of Cenotaph, London Historical London Walking Tour including Westminster and Entry to Churchill War... Other Recent Reviews “NEVER FORGET THE FALLEN” Reviewed December 18, 2014 The Cenotaph is a war memorial situated on Whitehall, London. It began as a temporary structure erected for a peace parade following the end of the First World War but was replaced in 1920 by a permanent structure and designated as the UK’s primary national war memorial. It is a superb reminder of those who have given their lives for... More Helpful?	i don't know
Square, Irish and Line all are types of which activity?	Irish Dancing - Social and Competitive Irish Dancing By Treva Bedinghaus Updated December 20, 2015. Originating in Ireland, Irish dancing is a traditional dance form that includes both social and performance opportunities. It encompasses wide variety of styles for solo, pair, and group dances . Many people think of step dancing, such as that associated with the popular Riverdance, when they think of Irish dancing. However, this type of dancing includes many dances and variations of these dances that can be enjoyed and mastered beginning at a very young age. Social Irish Dancing Social Irish dancing can be divided into two styles, céilí and set dancing. Irish set dances are danced by four couples, or quadrilles, in a square formation. Céilí dances are danced by groups of dancers consisting of two to 16 members in various formations, or ceili. Social Irish dancing is extremely traditional, with variations of the dances found throughout the Irish dance communities. Performance Irish Dancing Traditionally referred to as "stepdance," performance Irish dancing became popular in 1994 with the creation of the world-famous show " Riverdance ." Performance Irish dancing is recognized by rapid leg movements accompanied by stationary upper bodies and arms. continue reading below our video 5 Home Accents & Accessories You Can DIY In competition, most performance stepdances are danced solo, characterized by a controlled upper body, straight arms, and precise movements of the feet. Performance Irish dancing can be performed in either soft shoes or hard shoes. Sean-nos Irish Dancing Traditional solo Irish dancing is commonly referred to as Sean-nos. Closely related to casual Irish stepdancing, Sean-nos is recognized by extremely low to the ground footwork, free arm movements, and battering steps that accompany the accented beats of the music. Sean-nos is usually danced by only one person, but can be danced in pairs or small groups. However, being a freeform dance style, there is no physical contact between the dancers and no set chareography or routines to follow. Ceili Irish Dancing Ceili Irish dancing is a popular form of folk dancing in Ireland. The term "ceili" refers to a social gathering featuring Irish music and dancing. Ceili Irish dancing can be performed in lines facing each other, circular formations, long line formations and quadrilles. A ceili dance may be performed with only two people, or as many as 16. Ceili Irish dancing closely resembles Irish stepdancing, with dancers performing on their toes. Unlike square dancing , ceili dances are generally not called by a caller. Irish Stepdancing Made popular by the world-famous show "Riverdance," Irish stepdancing is characterized by a stiff upper body and quick, precise movements of the feet. Stepdance competitions are very popular throughout the world. Most competitive stepdances are solo dances, but many stepdancers perform and compete in large or small groups. Solo Irish stepdances can be divided depending on the type of shoe worn: hard shoe and soft shoe dances. Irish stepdances include reels, slip jigs, hornpipes, and jigs. Traditional Irish costumes are worn by both social and competitive stepdancers.	Dance
A ‘Flying Mare’ is a term used in which sport?	Square Dancing: A Swinging History - History in the Headlines Square Dancing: A Swinging History November 29, 2011 By History.com Staff Share this: Square Dancing: A Swinging History Author Square Dancing: A Swinging History URL Google Swing your partner and do-si-do—November 29 is Square Dance Day in the United States. Didn’t know this folksy form of entertainment had a holiday all its own? Then it’s probably time you learned a few things about square dancing, a tradition that blossomed in the United States but has roots that stretch back to 15th-century Europe. Square dance aficionados trace the activity back to several European ancestors. In England around 1600, teams of six trained performers—all male, for propriety’s sake, and wearing bells for extra oomph—began presenting choreographed sequences known as the morris dance. This fad is thought to have inspired English country dance, in which couples lined up on village greens to practice weaving, circling and swinging moves reminiscent of modern-day square dancing. Over on the continent, meanwhile, 18th-century French couples were arranging themselves in squares for social dances such as the quadrille and the cotillion. Folk dances in Scotland, Scandinavia and Spain are also thought to have influenced square dancing. When Europeans began settling England’s 13 North American colonies, they brought both folk and popular dance traditions with them. French dancing styles in particular came into favor in the years following the American Revolution, when many former colonists snubbed all things British. A number of the terms used in modern square dancing come from France, including “promenade,” “allemande” and the indispensable “do-si-do”—a corruption of “dos-à-dos,” meaning “back-to-back.” As the United States grew and diversified, new generations stopped practicing the social dances their grandparents had enjoyed across the Atlantic. This was not the case in every region, however. Similar to English country dance and the quadrille, the “running set” caught on in 19th-century Appalachia. But instead of memorizing each and every step, participants began relying on callers to provide cues—and, as square dance calling became an art form in its own right, humor and entertainment. During the early years of square dance in the United States, live music was often played by African-American musicians. Blacks also worked as callers and contributed their own steps and songs to the tradition. By the late 19th century, waltzes and polkas, which allowed couples to get close without raising too many eyebrows, had supplanted group-based dances in urban ballrooms. Even in the country, square dancing was beginning to seem dated, particularly when the jazz and swing eras dawned. In the 1920s automaker Henry Ford resolved to revive the tradition, which he considered an excellent form of exercise and a way to acquire genteel manners. He hired dancing master Benjamin Lovett to develop a national program, required his factory workers to attend classes, opened ballrooms and produced instructive radio broadcasts for schools throughout the country. Lloyd Shaw, a folk dance teacher, took up the cause in the 1930s, writing books about the rescued art of square dancing and holding seminars for a new generation of square dance callers. In the 1950s callers began developing standards for square dancing across the United States, allowing dancers to learn interchangeable routines and patterns. Microphones and records made the activity even more accessible to the general public, since a highly trained caller with a booming voice no longer had to be physically present. Along with standardized—or “Western”—square dancing, unregulated regional styles, known collectively as “traditional” square dancing, continue to thrive in certain parts of the country. Generally speaking, however, enthusiasm for all forms of this European-American hybrid has floundered in recent decades, according to the United Square Dancers of America. Tags	i don't know
What is the square root of 196?	what is the square root of 196... - Brainly.com This Is a Certified Answer × Certified answers contain reliable, trustworthy information vouched for by a hand-picked team of experts. Brainly has millions of high quality answers, all of them carefully moderated by our most trusted community members, but certified answers are the finest of the finest. The answer would be 14 because 14 times 14 = 196. Square roots are numbers that can multiply itself to equal a number.	14
Sania Ramel Airport is in which North African country?	square root of 196 \| Learn Basic Math Concepts Learn Basic Math Concepts This blog helps in providing the detail solution for basic math problems Pages Tuesday, August 31, 2010 square root of 196 The square root is square root of a numeral multiply by itself & gives the number. That is said to be as square root . The best Example for square root of a number 6 is 6 × 6 = 36; therefore the square root of 49 is 7. The square root representation is √. Therefore the prime factor of 196 is 2 x 2 x 7 x 7. Therefore 196 = 2 x 2 x 7 x 7 Formation of the square root = 2 x 7 The square root of 196 is 14 In our next blog we shall learn about petroleum ether structure I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.	i don't know
‘The Dong With a Luminous Nose’ was written by which poet?	The Dong with the Luminous Nose by Edward Lear: Animated Poem - YouTube The Dong with the Luminous Nose by Edward Lear: Animated Poem Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 23, 2015 Something a bit different! I have spent a long time on this one, not everything turned out as smoothly as I wanted but I'm definitely improving. This is based around a poem written by Edward Lear and is one that my parents used to read to me as a child. I decided to use this as an opportunity to practice animating a character whilst considering their personality to help me create my own. My next few animations are going to be shorter with focuses on different styles and ideas to help me improve my animating skills, I may also do videos containing lots of short and maybe connected animations. I've got lots of ideas so more cartoon style stuff will be on its way soon. Category	Edward Lear
Which mobile phone company has the motto ‘Connecting people’?	The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear \| Poetry Foundation The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear The Owl and the Pussy-Cat Related Poem Content Details The Owl and the Pussy-cat went to sea In a beautiful pea-green boat, They took some honey, and plenty of money, Wrapped up in a five-pound note. The Owl looked up to the stars above, And sang to a small guitar, "O lovely Pussy! O Pussy, my love, What a beautiful Pussy you are, You are, What a beautiful Pussy you are!" II Pussy said to the Owl, "You elegant fowl! How charmingly sweet you sing! O let us be married! too long we have tarried: But what shall we do for a ring?" They sailed away, for a year and a day, To the land where the Bong-Tree grows And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood With a ring at the end of his nose, His nose, With a ring at the end of his nose. III "Dear Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling Your ring?" Said the Piggy, "I will." So they took it away, and were married next day By the Turkey who lives on the hill. They dined on mince, and slices of quince, Which they ate with a runcible spoon; And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand, They danced by the light of the moon, The moon,	i don't know
On which river is the German town of Meissen, famous for its porcelain?	Meissen - definition of Meissen by The Free Dictionary Meissen - definition of Meissen by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Meissen Also found in: Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Meis·sen 1 (mī′sən) A city of east-central Germany on the Elbe River northwest of Dresden. Its porcelain industry dates to the early 1700s. Meis·sen 2 A delicate porcelain ware originally made in Meissen, Germany. Meissen (German ˈmaisən) n (Placename) a town in E Germany, in Saxony, in Dresden district on the River Elbe: famous for its porcelain (Dresden china), first made here in 1710. Pop: 28 640 (2003 est) Meis•sen n. a city in E central Germany on the Elbe River. 38,137. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Dresden china References in periodicals archive ? The author takes us to many places on his journey to find the sources of white clay: to the hagglers, neon lights, and noodle shops of Jingdezhen, the domes and spires of Dresden, Johann Friedrich Bottger's prison in Meissen, the hills of Cornwall, a Walmart in the Appalachians--and the porcelain factory of Dachau. Potter's progress: Anne Gerritsen follows Edmund de Waal as he goes in search of the history of porcelain bronze of the dying Gaul, pair of 19th Century bronze Marley horses, vintage garden furniture, 19th Century Tiffany clock, 19th Century German Rococo porcelain clock, 19th Century gilt bronze clock and candelabra, vintage chandeliers from a John Staub mansion, 19th Century Baccarat five light candelabra, Meissen dessert set, 17th & 18th Century Spanish furnishings, Oriental rugs, Estate jewelry and much more. Itinerary - Dresden, Germany Furthermore, the sculptured lighting by designer Michael Anastassiades compliments the Louis XVI furniture and Meissen and Sevres porcelain, which were once part of the elegant apartment of cosmopolitan Anastasios Leventis in the prestigious Avenue Foch residential boulevard in the XVIe arrondissement of Paris. Leventis Gallery to open in Cyprus with over 800 works of art It is rare to encounter an author who can compare the works of Shakespeare with those of Goethe or Schiller, but it is an even rarer occurrence when the author compares the Bard to Meissen porcelain and aspects of German architecture after 1750.	Elbe
Which English football team play their home games at Old Trafford?	Meißen \| Article about Meißen by The Free Dictionary Meißen \| Article about Meißen by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mei%c3%9fen Also found in: Dictionary , Wikipedia . Meissen (mīs`ən), city (1994 pop. 33,075), Saxony, E central Germany, on the Elbe River. A porcelain manufacturing center since 1710, Meissen is famous for its delicate figurines (often called "Dresden" china); the industry is supported by local deposits of kaolin and potter's earth. Other manufactures include metal products, ceramics, and leather goods. Meissen was founded (929) by Henry of Saxony (later German king as Henry I), and it became (965) the seat of the margraviate of Meissen, where the Wettin Wettin , German dynasty, which ruled in Saxony, Thuringia, Poland, Great Britain, Belgium, and Bulgaria. It takes its name from a castle on the Saale near Halle. The family gained prominence in the 10th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. dynasty of Saxony originated. The diocese of Meissen was founded in 968, was suppressed in 1581, and was restored in 1921 with its see at Bautzen. The Albrechtsburg (15th cent.), a large castle, dominates the city; it housed (1710–1864) the royal porcelain manufacture, begun by J. F. Böttger under the patronage of Elector Frederick Augustus I (Augustus II of Poland). Among the other noteworthy buildings of Meissen are the cathedral and the Church of St. Afra (both 13th–15th cent.). Meissen a city in the German Democratic Republic, in the district of Dresden, at the foot of the Burg mountain massif. Population, 45,600 (1970). Meissen has been well known for a long time as a center for the porcelain and ceramic industry. Other industries include machine building, metalworking, and jute processing. Manufactures include leather footwear and glazes and paints for ceramics. There is beer production. Among Meissen’s educational institutions are a higher school of agricultural production cooperatives and an engineering school. Deposits of high quality kaolin and clay are located near the city. A cathedral and castle complex has been preserved on a cliff overlooking the Elbe River. The complex includes the Gothic cathedral of Saints Johannes and Donatus (mid-13th to 15th centuries), which was originally a basilica but became a hall church in the 14th century; its two towers were added in the early 20th century. The principal building in the complex is the Albrechtsburg castle (1471–85; architect, Arnold of Westphalia), which is an example of late Gothic architecture and has lavish stonework. Another late Gothic structure in the complex is the bishop’s palace (late 15th to early 16th centuries; rebuilt, 1912). Other buildings in Meissen include the Frauenkirche (late 15th century) and the Franziskanerkirche (mid-15th century; now the City Museum). There is an art collection in Albrechtsburg castle, and a museum is located in the Meissen State Porcelain Manufactory. REFERENCE	i don't know
Rashin-Coatie is the Scottish version of which fairy tale?	Rashin Coatie (Scottish Version of Cinderella) \| George Scott Douglas Fairytalez.com » George Scott Douglas » Rashin Coatie (Scottish Version of Cinderella) Rashin Coatie (Scottish Version of Cinderella) A A A Once, a long time ago, there–was a gentleman had two lassies. The oldest was ugly and ill-natured, but the youngest was a bonnie lassie and good; but the ugly one was the favourite with her father and mother. So they ill-used the youngest in every way, and they sent her into the woods to herd cattle, and all the food she got was a little porridge and whey. Well, amongst the cattle was a red calf, and one day it said to the lassie, “Gee that porridge and whey to the doggie, and come with me.” So the lassie followed the calf through the wood, and they came to a bonnie hoosie, where there was a nice dinner ready for them; and after they had feasted on everything nice they went back to the herding. Every day the calf took the lassie away, and feasted her on dainties; and every day she grew bonnier. This disappointed the father and mother and the ugly sister. They expected that the rough usage she was getting would take away her beauty; and they watched and watched until they saw the calf take the lassie away to the feast. So they resolved to kill the calf; and not only that, but the lassie was to be compelled to kill him with an axe. Her ugly sister was to hold his head, and the lassie who loved him had to give the blow and kill him. She could do nothing but greet; but the calf told her not to greet, but to do as he bade her; and his plan was that instead of coming down on his head she was to come down on the lassie’s head who was holding him, and then she was to jump on his back and they would run off. Well, the day came for the calf to be killed, and everything was ready–the ugly lassie holding his head, and the bonnie lassie armed with the axe. So she raised the axe, and came down on the ugly sister’s head; and in the confusion that took place she got on the calf’s back and they ran away. And they ran and better nor ran till they came to a meadow where grew a great lot of rashes; and, as the lassie had not on many clothes, they pu’ed rashes, and made a coatie for her. And they set off again and travelled, and travelled, till they came to the king’s house. They went in, and asked if they wanted a servant. The mistress said she wanted a kitchen lassie, and she would take Rashin-coatie. So Rashin-coatie said she would stop, if they keepit the calf too. They were willing to do that. So the lassie and the calf stoppit in the king’s house, and everybody was well pleased with her; and when Yule came, they said she was to stop at home and make the dinner, while all the rest went to the kirk. After they were away the calf asked if she would like to go. She said she would, but she had no clothes, and she could not leave the dinner. The calf said he would give her clothes, and make the dinner too. He went out, and came back with a grand dress, all silk and satin, and such a nice pair of slippers. The lassie put on the dress, and before she left she said– “Ilka peat gar anither burn, An’ ilka spit gar anither turn, An’ ilka pot gar anither play, Till I come frae the kirk on gude Yule day.” So she went to the kirk, and nobody kent it was Rashin-coatie. They wondered who the bonnie lady could be; and, as soon as the young prince saw her, he fell in love with her, and resolved he would find out who she was, before she got home; but Rashin-coatie left before the rest, so that she might get home in time to take off her dress, and look after the dinner. When the prince saw her leaving, he made for the door to stop her; but she jumped past him, and in the hurry lost one of her shoes. The prince kept the shoe, and Rashin-coatie got home all right, and the folk said the dinner was very nice. Now the prince was resolved to find out who the bonnie lady was, and he sent a servant through all the land with the shoe. Every lady was to try it on, and the prince promised to marry the one it would fit. That servant went to a great many houses, but could not find a lady that the shoe would go on, it was so little and neat. At last he came to a henwife’s house, and her daughter had little feet. At first the shoe would not go on, but she paret her feet, and slippit her toes, until the shoes went on. Now the prince was very angry. He knew it was not the lady that he wanted; but, because he had promised to marry whoever the shoe fitted, he had to keep his promise. The marriage day came, and, as they were all riding to the kirk, a little bird flew through the air, and it sang– Clippit feet an’ paret taes is on the saidle set; But bonnie feet an’ braw feet sits in the kitchen neuk. “What’s that ye say?” said the prince. “Oh,” says the henwife, “would ye mind what a feel bird says?” But the prince said, “Sing that again, bonnie birdie.” So the bird sings– Clippit feet an’ paret taes is on the saidle set; But bonnie feet an’ braw feet sits in the kitchen neuk.” The prince turned his horse and rode home, and went straight to his father’s kitchen, and there sat Rashin-coatie. He kent her at once, she was so bonnie; and when she tried on the shoe it fitted her, and so the prince married Rashin-coatie, and they lived happy, and built a house for the red calf, who had been so kind to her. Share on: in your inbox every week. Email*	Cinderella
What is the largest recorded number of children born to one woman?	��ࡱ�>�� KM��J��q` ��xIbjbjqPqP .J::X4��6666666J� � � � � J�� $�hfQ6� � 66� � e��>6� 6� ��66�� `M5�X�� F^��{0��y�y��y6� � �� \|�(d�\|� � � � � � � �JJJ��JJJ�JJJ666666�� FAIRY TALES LITERATURE Traditions are an integral part of our lives. Fairy tales are a good example of how traditional stories are passed down from generation to generation. The unit begins by having the students learn about various folklore collectors and where the fairy tales originated. In addition, investigating fairy tales and finding their countries' origins is a valuable way to learn about these cultures' customs and values. By doing this research, the children are able to see why the fairy tales were written the way they were, and they can then compare those traditions to their own. Secondly, there are certain elements that distinguish a fairy tale from other types of children's literature. Note: This unit focuses on "Cinderella" because there are over 347 versions. Any well-known fairy tale may be substituted, however. The Origin and Evolution of Fairy Tales According to Hamilton and Mitch, a Folk Tale is a story which has been handed down from person to person for generations and generations. Therefore, one of the most important identifying features of a folk tale is that it belongs to an entire culture, rather than to an individual. For this reason, folk tales give us many insights into the cultures from which they spring. While some of the stories may have originated as literary tales, they became part of the oral tradition as they were told over and over. The characters tend to be somewaht one-dimensional, stereotypes of ordinary people (for example, an evil old man or a wise woman). However, extraordinary things do happen to them. The themes in folk tales are universal and timeless. Folk tales generally lack descriptive passages and rely almost exclusively on plot. A Fairy Tale is sub-type of folktale where it tends to be the longest, most descriptive, and most complicated compared with other types of folktales, like legend, myth, and fable. (Hamilton and Mitch) In this sense, the story of Cinderella is a Fairy Tale; it has all the extremely detailed description even in the earliest form. The Origin of Fairy Tales However, once Upon a Time, fairy tales weren't written for children. In spite of their name, the popular fairy tales usually have very little to do with fairies. We took the name from the French "contes des fee", and the French literary fairy tales of the 17th century do feature far more fairies than the tales which are best-known today. The Grimm brothers collected the folk tales of the German people to make up their volume, but fairy tales are more than just folk tales. The German term for them is "M��rchen", a word for which there is no satisfactory English equivalent - it is the diminutive of M��r, a story or a tale, and has come to mean a story of wonder and enchantment, as the fairy tale is. Although large numbers of literary fairy tales were written in 17th century France, most of the tales which are still told and retold now are far older in origin. Many of the stories were edited and changed as they were written down, removing the darker and more gruesome elements of the stories. The intended audience of the stories has also changed. Perrault's collection of tales was written to be presented at the court of Versailles, and each tale ended with a moralistic verse. At the same time, literary fairy tales of great imagination and invention, often quite cruel and gruesome, were being created by the women surrepticiously rebelling against the contraints placed on them by their restrictive society. They were not written for children. The Tellers of Fairy Tales Today, when asked to name authors of fairy tales, most people now (if they knew at all) would answer the Grimm Brothers or Charles Perrault, and perhaps Hans Christian Andersen. Yet throughout history, fairy tales have been women's stories, passed down orally by the mothers and grandmothers. When the tales began to be a literary form, the number and output of female authors vastly exceeds that of the males. The Grimm Brothers collected their tales from peasants and edited them to suit their audience; most of Perrault's stories are retellings of old tales. Although the female authors included familiar elements, their now-forgotten tales were largely more inventive, original and fantastical than their male counterparts - and frequently nastier, too. The Authors of the Literary Fairy Tale In 1634, a cycle of fifty tales was published by Giambattista Basile, in which can be found some of the earliest written versions of familiar stories like "Sleeping Beauty". Basile's tone is bawdy and comic; his narrators within the tale are old women, hags, crones and old gossips, the stereotypical tellers of the "old wives' tale". The women who brought the literary fairy tale to popularity fifty years or so later were anything but "old wives". The story which marked the beginning of the form was written by the Countess d'Aulnoy, an aristocratic woman who tried to implicate her husband in a crime of high treason, but was discovered, and managed to flee Paris. She had been married to the husband at the age of 15; he was 30 years her senior, and a gambler and libertine. The cruelty of enforced marriages is remarked on by the heroines of many of her stories, and the tales of other women of the time. 30 years after fleeing Paris (she returned in 1685), Mme d'Aulnoy is thought to have assisted a friend to kill her husband, who had abused her. The friend was beheaded. The Countess de Murat was banished from Louis XIV's court in Paris for publishing a political satire about him; she then shocked the people of Loches, where she had her chateau, by holding gatherings where she and her friends would dance, talk, and tell fairy tales, as in the salons of Paris. Her tales concern marriage, the power struggles of the aristocracy, and true love. They do not always have a happy ending, either. Marie-Jeanne L' Heritier led a less controversial life. She did not marry, choosing to dedicate herself to writing. Her father was a historian and writer, her sister was a poet. She was also the niece of Charles Perrault, and quite likely influenced his interested in fairy tales. Her "Adventures of Finette" features a a heroine who wins by her wits, in spite of two lazy sisters and an evil prince. Voicing the Unspoken In a time of political censorship, where women had few rights, fairy tales were one way that they could make their opinions known. The fairies themselves in the tales often stand for the aristocrats, having power over many but often caring little, bickering amongst themselves, concerned with their own power struggles. The heroines comment on the double-standards of the times, arranged marriages, and the false glory of war; the tales also illustrate the authors' ideas on the standards of correct manners, justice and love. The tales were also written in opposition to the literary establishment at the time, which championed Classical literature as the standard for French writers to follow. Fairy tales were modelled on French folklore and the courtly love of medieval literature. When Perrault joined them in writing fairy tales, he was taking a stand for the modern style and for women's tales (although his tales did not exactly feature liberates females). The "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns" was part of the society which the fairy tales rebelled against - for most women there was no choice over which side to take, as they weren't thought worth eductating in Latin and Greek anyway. Instead of being forced out, they formed their own style. Women's Tales Women's talk has been frightening and dangerous since even before the Church taught that Eve's words tempted Adam and led to the fall. St Paul wrote that women should be silent, and warned against their idle gossip. The talk of wmone was seductive and wicked. Fairy tales and their relatives, myth and folklore, have always been tied in with women's wisdom and power. The tellers of the tales were often the older women, passing on experience to the young, telling tales which outlined social functions and places, which saw the virtuous rewarded, and adversity overcome. While people worked at boring tasks, at sewing and spinning, tales would be told. While the voices of the women were unheard politically, they were passing on knowledge to the young. The best-known tales today are the ones collected by the Grimms and written by Perrault, changed to favour the charming Prince rather than the clever heroine. Even so, throughout the tales still read today can still be found traces of messages about the lives the tellers read, from step-mother to mother-in-law to childbirth, their greatest killer for many years. Modern writers are returning to fairy tale themes to produce great works, taking them out of the children's nusery and back where they belong. The Cinderella Fairy Tale Cinderella, as a well-studied case of fairy tales, has many different versions. Different versions of the stories ended in different ways. Perrault's version is perhaps the one that has been adopted the most widely; it ends on a happy note, with Cinderella forgiving her stepmother and stepsisters. The Brothers Grimm incorporated more graphic details into their texts; for example, when the stepsisters try on the glass slipper and find it doesn't fit them, they cut off their toes to make it fit properly. Rossini's opera uses bracelets instead of glass slippers, and the Disney version incorporates subplots involving talking animals that live in the house with Cinderella. As one of the best-known fairy tales, Cinderella has over 340 variations and can be traced back as far 850-60 CE (Common Era), where a version was written down in China. The Chinese Cinderella was taken down from a family servant, but the text makes clear that the audience already know the tale. The ill-treatment from the stepmother and stepsisters, the festival where Cinderella (Yeh-hsien) loses her shoe, the local warlord who wishes to marry the owner of the shoe, are all there. There is also a magical golden fish which appears in the pond and comforts Yeh-hsien, until the stepmother discovers this and has it killed. (Louie) The bones of the fish in the Chinese story work the magic which helps Cinderella. In "Rashin Coatie", the Scottish version of the tale, Cinderella's dead mother returns in the form of a calf, who helps Cinderella. Even when the calf is killed, it contines to help and protect her. In the version collected by the Grimm brothers a hazel tree grows over the dead mother's grave, and the tree shakes down the dresses Cinderella wears to the ball. It also shelters the dovers which help and protect her, and in the end peck out the sisters' eyes. The Grimms' version also includes the sisters hacking off their heels and toes in order to squeeze their feet into the shoes. Perrault's version gives Cinderella a godmother with no apparent connection to the spirit of her mother; it is this version which gives us the pumpkin, mice and fairy godmother, and which has become the most well-known version of the tale. The dead mother (and Cinderella's ashes imply mourning) who watches over her daughter disappears. There are also similarities between the Cinderella story and "Donkeyskin"; there are many tales in which the heroine is a servant who dresses up in magical clothing and wins over the Prince, but is unrecognized in her rags by day. In "Donkeyskin" however, the heroine is not maltreated by her stepmother, but runs away from home to escape the incestuous intentions of her own father, which is no doubt why the story is little-known today. It was included in Perrault's collection of tales, and variations on it abound. Conclusion and Modern Fairy Tales Cinderella, in its western form, has consistently been rewritten and analyzed since Perrault first published "Cendrillon" in France in 1697. It was first translated into English by Robert Samber in 1729. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm included it in "Kinder- und Hausm��rchen", the first edition of which was published in 1812, the last in 1857. The composer Gioachino Rossini turned it into the opera "La Cenerentola" in 1817, Rodgers and Hammerstein into a musical theater production, and it has been the subject of many films, most notably the 1950 Disney animated film "Cinderella", a 1955 film "The Glass Slipper" starring Leslie Caron, and a 1960 gender change in "Cinderfella", starring Jerry Lewis. Much has been written on the subject of Cinderella, perhaps because it has become such a big part of American culture. Some have written about it as a reworking of Shakespeare's "King Lear", where a daughter is cast out by her father because she is misunderstood. The small slipper is said to symbolize the beauty of Cinderella, because small feet were said to be a virtue of femininity. Psychoanalysis from the Freudian viewpoint has considered Cinderella's relationship to her father and her stepmother, and her eventual overtaking of power from the stepmother. The feminist viewpoint has J q r � ��c�� w!�!}&�&~+�+�6�688=HrIvIxI��ܴܴܴܴܧܧܕܴܕܕܕܕܕܧܓ܅�h7upOJQJ^JmH sH U#h7uph7upOJQJ\�^JmH sH h7uph7upOJQJ^J'h7uph7up0J5�OJQJ^JmH sH &h7uph7up5�OJQJ\�^JmH sH h7uph7upOJQJ^JmH sH #h7uph7up5�OJQJ^JmH sH &I J r ��Q; � w!�!�#}&�&�'�)~+�+�+��$a$gd7up $7$8$H$a$gd7up $7$8$H$a$gd7upxI��+>.�.�0X3�4�6�6�:wIxI�� $7$8$H$a$gd7up$a$gd7up been that the story has exemplified ideals for women in America, particularly in the 1950s, when the film versions were released; the idea of being rewarded for being pretty and polite, and marrying not just anyone but a "prince," is looked upon as part of the message taught to women from the 1950s onward. 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Which US President signed the orders that made Mother’s Day a national holiday in America?	Official Mother's Day Proclamations by the President of United States of America Presidential Proclamation -- Mother's Day, 2014 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America For over a century, Americans have come together to celebrate our first friends and mentors, our inspirations and constant sources of strength. Our mothers are breadwinners, community leaders, and pillars of family. They pioneer scientific discoveries, serve with valor in our Armed Forces, and represent our Nation in the loftiest halls of Government. Whether biological, adoptive, or foster, they play a singular role in our lives. Because they so often put everything above themselves, on Mother's Day, we put our moms first. Through centuries of organizing, marching, and making their voices heard, mothers have won greater opportunities than ever before for themselves and their children. Their victories brought our Nation closer to realizing a sacred founding principle -- that we are all created equal and each of us deserves the chance to pursue our own version of happiness. Today, there are more battles to win. Working mothers increasingly provide the majority of their family's income, yet even now, discrimination prevents women from earning a living equal to their efforts. My Administration is proud to fight alongside women as they push to close the gender pay gap, shatter glass ceilings, and implement workplace policies that do not force any parent to choose between their jobs and their kids. Because when women succeed, America succeeds. By words and example, mothers teach us how to grow and who to become. They shape lasting habits that can lead to healthy living and lifelong learning. They demonstrate what is possible when we work hard and apply our talents. Without complaint, they give their best every day so they and their children might achieve the scope of their dreams. Today, let us once again extend our gratitude for our mothers' unconditional love and support -- during years past and in the years to come. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 11, 2014, as Mother's Day. I urge all Americans to express love and gratitude to mothers everywhere, and I call upon all citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand fourteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-eighth. BARACK OBAMA Presidential Proclamation -- Mother's Day, 2013 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America Today, sons and daughters all across America come together to honor the women who raised them. Whether single or in partnership, foster or adoptive, mothers hold a special place in our hearts. For many of us, they are our first caretakers and our first teachers, imparting the early lessons that guide us growing up. And no matter the challenges we face or the paths we choose, moms are there for their children with hope and love -- scraping and sacrificing and doing whatever it takes to give them a bright future. That work has often stretched outside the home. In the century since Americans first came together to mark Mother's Day, generations of women have empowered their children with the courage and grit to fight for change. But they have also fought to secure it themselves. Mothers pioneered a path to the vote, from Seneca Falls to the 19th Amendment. They helped write foundational protections into our laws, like freedom from workplace discrimination and access to affordable health care. They shattered ceilings in business and government, on the battlefield and on the court. With every step, they led the way to a more perfect Union, widening the circle of opportunity for our daughters and sons alike. That history of striving and success affirms America's promise as a place where all things can be possible for all people. But even now, we have more work to do before that promise is made real for each of us. Workplace inflexibility puts a strain on too many mothers juggling their jobs' needs with those of their kids. Wage inequality still leaves too many families struggling to make ends meet. These problems affect all of us -- and just as mothers pour themselves into giving their children the best chance in life, we need to make sure they get the fairness and opportunities they deserve. On Mother's Day, we give thanks to proud, caring women from every walk of life. Whether balancing the responsibilities of career and family or taking up the work of sustaining a home, a mother's bond with her child is unwavering; her love, unconditional. Today, we celebrate those blessings, and we renew them for the year to come. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 12, 2013, as Mother's Day. I urge all Americans to express love and gratitude to mothers everywhere, and I call upon all citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand thirteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-seventh. BARACK OBAMA Presidential Proclamation -- Mother's Day, 2012 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America Mothers are cornerstones of our families and our communities. On Mother's Day, we honor the remarkable women who strive and sacrifice every day to ensure their children have every opportunity to pursue their dreams. Our Nation first came together to celebrate Mother's Day on May 11, 1913, with the introduction of a House Resolution requesting President Woodrow Wilson, Members of Congress, and officials across the Federal Government wear white carnations in honor of America's mothers. Today, we continue to mark Mother's Day by paying tribute to the women who shape our characters and set our families up for success. Through their example, our children learn the principles of hard work, compassion, service, and personal responsibility. Through their encouragement and unconditional support, they instill the confidence and values so vital to our children's success. Mothers raise children under an array of circumstances, and many work long hours inside and outside the home balancing myriad demands. Mothers are leaders and trailblazers in every part of our society -- from classrooms to boardrooms, at home and overseas, on the beat and on the bench. We celebrate the efforts of all our Nation's mothers, and we recognize that when more households are relying on women as primary or co-breadwinners, the success of women in our economy is essential to the success of our families, our communities, and our country. That is why I created the White House Council on Women and Girls as one of my first acts in office -- to ensure we integrate the needs of women and girls into every decision we make. I was proud to sign the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, which continues to help women secure equal pay for equal work, and my Administration continues to promote workplace flexibility so no mother has to choose between her job and her child. And because of the Affordable Care Act, women finally have more power to make choices about their health care, and they have expanded access to a wide variety of preventive services such as mammograms at no additional cost. Today, let us pay respect to mothers across America by embracing the women who continue to guide and inspire us, and by holding fast to the memories of those who live on in our hearts. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 13, 2012, as Mother's Day. I urge all Americans to express love and gratitude to mothers everywhere, and I call upon all citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eleventh day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand twelve, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-sixth. BARACK OBAMA Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2011 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America As our society has changed, so have the challenges facing women raising families. Many American women are raising children at home while caring for an elderly parent, holding down two jobs, serving as the sole parent in a family, or defending our country overseas as a service member. Our Nation's mothers not only look after our needs and teach us to be compassionate and responsible, but also manage households, build careers, and improve our neighborhoods and communities. While the roles and responsibilities of mothers have evolved, their guidance and care remains as strong and constant as ever. On Mother's Day, we celebrate the extraordinary importance of mothers in our lives. The bond of love and dedication a mother shares with her children and family is without bounds or conditions. Whether an adoptive mom or grandmother, mother or partner, the women who raise us show us that no hurdle is too high, and no dream is beyond our reach. As sons and daughters, we show our gratitude for the women in our lives who care for us, shape our values, and set us on the path to a limitless future. Throughout our history, mothers have made remarkable sacrifices for the well-being of their loved ones. Nearly a century ago, Anna Jarvis, who had suffered the loss of her beloved mother, campaigned with many other Americans to make Mother's Day a recognized holiday and pay respect to all women raising children. Today, we continue to celebrate the influence, love, and nurturing our mothers provide in our lives and in our national life. To support the parents who are raising tomorrow's leaders, my Administration is committed to doing all we can to create jobs and economic opportunities for families across America. We are striving to help mothers in the workplace by enforcing equal pay laws and addressing workplace flexibility as families balance the demands of work, child and elder care, and education. My budget strengthens the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit to help families afford the cost of quality childcare. The tax-cut package we passed last December extended expansions of the Child Tax Credit and Earned Income Tax Credit, providing a tax cut for 15.7 million families with about 29.1 million children. The Affordable Care Act gives women more access to health care and better resources to protect the health of their families by requiring new insurance plans to cover wellness benefits for children, ending the exclusion of pre-existing conditions by insurance companies, and extending parents' health coverage for young adults up to age 26. First Lady Michelle Obama's "Let's Move!" initiative is also providing mothers with helpful tools to support their children's healthy growth. Mothers are the rocks of our families and a foundation in our communities. In gratitude for their generous love, patient counsel, and lifelong support, let us pay respect to the women who carry out the hard work of motherhood with skill and grace, and let us remember those mothers who, though no longer with us, inspire us still. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 8, 2011, as Mother's Day. I urge all Americans to express their love, respect, and gratitude to mothers everywhere, and I call upon all citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand eleven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-fifth. BARACK OBAMA Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2010 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America Generations of mothers have labored tirelessly and selflessly to support and guide their children and families. Their loving, devoted efforts have broadened horizons for their children and opened doors of opportunity for our Nation's daughters and granddaughters. On Mother's Day, we pay tribute to these women who have given so much of themselves to lift up our children and shape America's character. Julia Ward Howe, who wrote the words for the song The Battle Hymn of the Republic, led early efforts to establish a day honoring the influence of mothers on our lives and communities. In the ensuing decades, many Americans rallied to support this cause, including Anna Jarvis. After the loss of her own mother, Anna helped spur the nationwide institution of Mother's Day we celebrate each year. From our first moments in this world and throughout our lives, our mothers protect us from harm, nurture our spirits, and encourage us to reach for our highest aspirations. Through their unwavering commitment, they have driven and inspired countless acts of leadership, compassion, and service across our country. Many mothers have struggled to raise children while pursuing their careers, or as single parents working to provide for their families. They have carried the torch of trailblazers past, leading by powerful example and overcoming obstacles so their sons and daughters could reach their fullest potential. Whether adoptive, biological, or foster, mothers share an unbreakable bond with their children, and Americans of all ages and backgrounds owe them an immeasurable debt. Nurturing families come in many forms, and children may be raised by two parents, a single mother, two mothers, a step-mom, a grandmother, or a guardian. Mother's Day gives us an opportunity to celebrate these extraordinary caretakers, mentors, and providers who have made us who we are. As we honor today's mothers, we also reflect upon the memory of those who have passed, and we renew our commitment to living the values they cultivated in us. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 9, 2010, as Mother's Day. Let us express our deepest love and thanks to our mothers and remember those who, though no longer with us, inspire us still. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand ten, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-fourth. BARACK OBAMA Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2009 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America The time-honored tradition of recognizing mothers grew out of the imagination of a few bold women. Julia Ward Howe, composer of The Battle Hymn of the Republic, urged mothers to advocate for peace through a day dedicated to them. After her own mother passed away, Anna Jarvis sought to recognize the great influence mothers have on society. These efforts led to the recognition of mothers through a Congressional Resolution and President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of the first Mother's Day in 1914. Today, we proudly carry forward this tradition in honor of mothers, the special women whose love and lessons profoundly impact our lives. Mothers are the bedrock of the American family vital to their children's growth and happiness and to the success of our country. Children's lives are shaped by their mothers, whose care provides the foundation for their development. Mothers instill the values and confidence that help define their children's character and self-esteem, and offer a guiding clarity of spirit. Mothers are role models, teachers, and sources of unconditional support. There is no substitute for the bond of love between mother and child, and nothing is more worthy of reverence. Across America, mothers raise children under an array of circumstances. They may care for a child with the help of a spouse, family members, and friends, or they may do this job alone as a single parent. They may be biological mothers, adoptive mothers, or foster mothers, but all open their hearts to their children and nurture them through their life journey. Caring for children also means putting food on the table, ensuring their needs are met, and staying involved in their daily lives. Women often work long hours at demanding jobs and then return home to a household with myriad demands. Balancing work and family is no easy task, but mothers across our Nation meet this challenge each day, often without recognition for their hard work and dedication. The strength and conviction of all mothers including those who work inside and outside the home are inspiring. They deserve our deepest respect, admiration, and appreciation. A mother's love is a cherished blessing, for it is selfless, unconditional, and true. This Mother's Day, let us honor our mothers who continue to inspire us, and remember those whose loving spirits sustain us still. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 10, 2009, as Mother's Day. I urge all Americans to express their love, respect, and gratitude to mothers everywhere, and I call upon all citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nine, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-third. BARACK OBAMA Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2008 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America On Mother's Day, we honor the grace, wisdom, and strength of our mothers, and we celebrate the special bonds shared between mothers and their children. Mothers work tirelessly to help their children build healthy and successful lives. Through their positive examples and countless acts of kindness, mothers teach the values of generosity and compassion and the importance of family and community. As President Ronald Reagan said, "From our mothers, we first learn about values and caring and the difference between right and wrong." By providing a nurturing environment where their children can grow in confidence and character, mothers lay the foundation for the next generation of Americans to realize their full potential. Our Nation is grateful for the sacrifices mothers make every day and for the unconditional love they give their children. We are especially thankful for the mothers who support their sons and daughters serving in our Armed Forces and for the mothers who bring honor to the uniform of the United States by defending our freedom at home and abroad. Every child blessed with a mother's love has been given one of life's great gifts. On this Mother's Day, we recognize the extraordinary contributions America's mothers make to their children, their families, and our country. To honor mothers, the Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, as amended (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and has requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. May God bless mothers across America on this special day and throughout the year. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 11, 2008, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to show their gratitude and love to mothers for making a difference in the lives of their children, families, and communities. I call upon citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand eight, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-second. GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2007 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America Motherhood is one of the most cherished and valued roles in our society. On Mother's Day, we pay tribute to these dedicated women who give unconditional love and guidance to their children. A mother's work requires extraordinary patience and compassion, and her example influences the formation of young lives. President Gerald Ford wrote that "there is no undertaking more challenging, no responsibility more awesome, than that of being a mother." Mothers make great sacrifices and serve as caregivers and role models to help their children embrace dreams and aspirations. From these remarkable women, children learn character and values, the importance of giving back to their communities, and the courage to realize their potential. Mothers of military personnel provide support and encouragement while their sons and daughters defend our freedom in places far from home, and many mothers bring honor to the uniform of the United States while working to lay the foundations of peace for generations to come. The bond between mothers and their children is one defined by love. As a mother's prayers for her children are unending, so are the wisdom, grace, and strength they provide to their children. On Mother's Day, we are reminded of the great debt we owe to our Nation's mothers for their love and devotion to their sacred duty. To honor mothers, the Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, as amended (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and has requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. Throughout the year, and especially on this day, America's sons and daughters honor our mothers and celebrate their selfless gift of love. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 13, 2007, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to show their gratitude and love to mothers for making a difference in the lives of their children, families, and communities. I call upon citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-first. GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2006 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America On Mother's Day, we honor our mothers and pay tribute to their devoted work and selfless gift of love. America's mothers are women of determination and vision. They serve as caregivers and guides, helping to build the foundation for our children's success and nurturing them as they grow and explore the great promise of our Nation. Through their mothers' examples, children come to understand the virtue of kindness, the blessing of compassion, and the importance of principle. A mother's support encourages children to make right choices, set high goals, and become good citizens. A mother's love inspires children to achieve their full potential and strengthens the character of our country. The commitment and love of mothers reflect the best of America. On this special day, we remember the many mothers whose sons and daughters serve in harm's way. The determination and courage of these women demonstrate the spirit of our Nation, and America will always be grateful for their unfailing devotion. We also recognize the dedication of the many mothers who serve in America's Armed Forces. These brave women protect the safety and security of our Nation and help ensure a peaceful future for our children. To honor mothers, the Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, as amended (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and has requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. May God bless all mothers across our country on this special day, and throughout the year. Now, Therefore, I, George W. Bush, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 14, 2006, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to show their gratitude and love to mothers for making a difference in the lives of their children and communities. I call upon citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this fourth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand six, and of the Independence of the United GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2005 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America On Mother's Day, we pay tribute to the extraordinary women whose guidance and unconditional love shape our lives and our future. Motherhood often allows little time for rest. As President Theodore Roosevelt said of the American mother in 1905, "Upon her time and strength, demands are made not only every hour of the day but often every hour of the night." President Roosevelt's words ring as true today as they did 100 years ago. The hard, perpetual work of motherhood shows us that a single soul can make a difference in a young person's future. As sources of hope, stability, and love, mothers teach young people to honor the values that sustain a free society. By raising children to be responsible citizens, mothers serve a cause larger than themselves and strengthen communities across our great Nation. Mothers are tireless advocates for children. In our schools, mothers help to ensure that every child reaches his or her full potential. In our communities, they set an example by reaching out to those who are lost and offering love to those who hurt. A mother's caring presence helps children to resist peer pressure, focus on making the right choices, and realize their promise and potential. In an hour of testing, one person can show the compassion and character of a whole country. In supporting their sons and daughters as they grow and learn, mothers bring care and hope into others' lives and make our Nation a more just, compassionate, and loving place. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, as amended (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and has requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. It is my honor to do so. May God bless mothers across our great land on this special day. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 8, 2005, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to express their love, appreciation, and admiration to mothers for making a difference in the lives of their children, families, and communities. I also call upon citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand five, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-ninth. GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2004 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America President Theodore Roosevelt once said, "The mother is the one supreme asset of national life; she is more important by far than the successful statesman, or business man, or artist, or scientist." Today, mothers continue to be an important part of our national character. On Mother's Day, we honor the women whose steadfast love and wisdom have made America a better place. During the Civil War, Julia Ward Howe, author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," proposed renaming July 4 as Mother's Day and a day dedicated to peace. Anna Reeves Jarvis also began working for a similar holiday and sponsored a Mother's Friendship Day in her hometown to reunite families divided by the war. It was not until 2 years after her mother's death that her daughter, Anna M. Jarvis, started the campaign for the observance of Mother's Day in the United States. By 1911, Mother's Day was observed in nearly every State of the Union, and in 1914, responding to a joint resolution of the Congress, President Woodrow Wilson officially designated Mother's Day a national observance. Motherhood is a rewarding and often difficult job. A mother is a child's first teacher and affects a child's life like few others can. Effective mothers can inspire their sons and daughters to love themselves and others, work hard, make healthy choices, serve causes greater than self, and achieve their dreams. Mothers who protect, teach, and nurture their children with all their hearts strengthen their families and help build a better future for our country. This Mother's Day, we express our heartfelt thanks to our mothers for their unconditional love and guidance. We take time to recognize the many mothers who are supporting their brave sons and daughters in the Armed Forces, and the many others who are themselves serving proudly in defense of America's freedom and security. The service and sacrifice of these women reflect the best of our Nation. They and their loved ones are in our thoughts and prayers. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, as amended (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and has requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. In honor of all of our Nation's mothers, I am pleased to do so. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 9, 2004, as Mother's Day. I commend mothers for the important contributions they make to our society and encourage all Americans to express their love, gratitude, and respect for mothers, and to honor their mothers on this day and throughout the year. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-eighth. GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2003 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America On Mother's Day, we honor the dedicated and caring women who are devoted to their families and committed to improving the world their children will inherit. Our first President, George Washington, said that his mother was "the most beautiful woman I ever saw. All I am I owe to my mother." America owes much of its goodness and strength to mothers, including adoptive mothers, stepmothers, and foster mothers. Mother's Day began as a day of love and friendship, designed to help heal families divided across battle lines during the Civil War. In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson signed a resolution officially establishing Mother's Day to honor the role of women in the family. On Mother's Day, 2003, we carry on the tradition by recognizing our mothers for their strength and compassion. We also recognize them for showing unconditional love and teaching positive values. As we honor our mothers on this special day, we celebrate their contributions to the character of our next generation of leaders. And we remember the lessons our mothers have taught us: That it is better to give than to receive, that we must love our neighbors as ourselves, and that service to others brings joy. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, as amended (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and has requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. It is my honor and privilege to do so again. Now, Therefore, I, George W. Bush, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 11, 2003, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to express their love, respect, and appreciation to mothers everywhere for their contributions to their children, families, communities, and our Nation. I also call upon citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-seventh. GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2002 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America Mothers are central to the success of the American family. Their love, dedication, and wisdom touch countless lives every day in every community throughout our land. And their love and guidance of children help to develop healthy and spiritually sound families. President John Quincy Adams once said, "All that I am my mother made me." President Abraham Lincoln believed, "All that I am or hope to be I owe to my angel mother. I remember my mother's prayers and they have always followed me. They have clung to me all my life." These statements are just as true for the millions of Americans who credit their mothers for helping to successfully shape their lives. Millions of American mothers are at work in communities across the United States, improving the lives of their families and their neighbors through countless acts of thoughtful kindness. They energize, inspire, and effect change in homes, schools, governments, and businesses throughout our country. By their example, mothers teach their children that serving others is the greatest gift they can give. Nearly 100 years ago, Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia helped establish the first official Mother's Day observance. Her campaign to organize such a holiday began as a remembrance of her late mother, who, in the aftermath of the Civil War, had tried to establish "Mother's Friendship Days" as a way to bring unity and reconciliation to our Nation. In 1910, West Virginia became the first State officially to observe Mother's Day. The idea caught on quickly; for just over a year later, nearly every State in the Union had officially recognized the day. In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson issued the first Mother's Day proclamation, stating that the observance serves as a "public expression of our love and reverence for the mothers of our country." On this special day and throughout the year, our mothers deserve our greatest respect and deepest appreciation for their love and sacrifice. I especially commend foster mothers for answering my call to service, volunteering their time and their hearts to aid children in need of a mother's love. To honor mothers, the Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914, as amended (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May as "Mother's Day" and has requested the President to call for its appropriate observance, which, as the son of a fabulous mother, I am pleased and honored to do again this year. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 12, 2002, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to express their love, respect, and gratitude to mothers everywhere for their remarkable contributions to their children, families, communities, and our Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-sixth. GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2001 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America No matter what direction life takes us, a mother's love and guidance are a tremendous blessing that help us to grow up as stable, responsible, and caring individuals. As nurturers, teachers, and protectors, mothers' unconditional affection helps their children to blossom into mature adults. In partnership with fathers, mothers play a critical role in building healthy families. Anna M. Jarvis is credited with influencing the Congress in 1914 to establish an official Mother's Day as a tribute to her beloved mother and to all mothers. She conceived of the day as a time when children could formally demonstrate respect for their mothers and reinforce family bonds. Mothers who teach us right from wrong and to love our neighbors merit our deepest gratitude and appreciation. Beyond their more traditional role in rearing children, many mothers also face responsibilities outside the home as members of the workforce. At the same time, they may be caring not only for their biological or adopted children but also for stepchildren or foster children. Many American families are now headed solely by women, and these women shoulder enormous responsibilities. For the good of their families and our Nation, we must strive to provide support and assistance to those mothers, such as, opportunities for training and employment; early childhood education for their young ones; and safe, affordable, and high-quality childcare. But fathers must also remain committed and involved in the lives of their children. By fulfilling their financial and nurturing responsibilities, fathers help ensure the well-being of their children and ease the burden on those women who carry the primary responsibility of caring for their families. Whatever their circumstances, mothers demonstrate daily how their devotion, strength, and wisdom make all the difference in the lives of their children. To honor mothers, the Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 13, 2001, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to honor the importance of mothers and to celebrate how their love and devotion are crucial to the well--being of children, families, and our society. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand one, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-fifth. GEORGE W. BUSH Presidential Mother's Day Proclamation 2000 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America We are living in a new century and a new age, where the revolution in communications technology is changing almost every aspect of human experience. But even in this new era of global connections, there is perhaps no more powerful link than the love between mother and child. That bond is a child's first experience of the world, and that love is often the deepest source of the self-esteem, courage, and character that children need to thrive. Mothers are their children's first teachers; they are their inspiring role models whose generosity, compassion, and unconditional acceptance give children the strength and encouragement to reach their fullest potential and to make their own contributions to their families, communities, and country. Even in this age of spectacular technological advances, mothers still face the daunting challenges of balancing the responsibilities of home and work and meeting the changing emotional, educational, and physical needs of their children. Mothers strive to provide a safe and nurturing environment. They help their children navigate the often stormy waters of an increasingly complicated world. They teach their children to approach conflict with words, not violence; to cherish the richness of our diversity and reject prejudice in any form; and to believe in themselves. Each year we set aside this special day to acknowledge all that our mothers--whether biological or foster, adoptive or stepmothers--have given us. It is a time to reflect on all we have gained from their unwavering care, guidance, and sacrifice, and a time to express openly our deep gratitude and abiding love. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May of each year as "Mother's Day" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. Now, Therefore, I, William J. Clinton, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 14, 2000, as Mother's Day. Whether we are able to share this special day with our mothers in person or are blessed only with our memories of their love, in our hearts they remain with us always. I urge all Americans to express their love and respect for their mothers on this day, to speak the words of appreciation we too often neglect to say, and to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-fourth. WILLIAM J. CLINTON	Woodrow Wilson
Babies born during which month of the year are said to be the heaviest?	Holidays in America Holidays in America The major federal, religious, traditional, and informal holidays celebrated in the United States Choose a Holiday: * These holidays begin at sundown on the evening before the date given. January New Year's Day (Sun., Jan. 1, 2017) A federal holiday (observed Mon. Jan 2., 2017) in the United States, New Year's Day has its origin in Roman times, when sacrifices were offered to Janus, the two-faced Roman deity who looked back on the past and forward to the future. Saying Happy New Year Around the World Epiphany (Fri., Jan. 6, 2017) Epiphany (from Greek epiphaneia, "manifestation"), falls on the 12th day after Christmas. It commemorates the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, as represented by the Magi, the baptism of Jesus, and the miracle of the wine at the marriage feast at Cana. One of the three major Christian festivals, along with Christmas and Easter. Epiphany originally marked the beginning of the carnival season preceding Lent, and the evening preceding it is known as Twelfth Night . Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Birthday (Mon., Jan. 16, 2017) A federal holiday observed on the third Monday in January that honors the late civil rights leader. It became a federal holiday in 1986. Chinese New Year (Mon., Jan. 28, 2017) The most important celebration in the Chinese calendar. Chinese months are reckoned by the lunar calendar, with each month beginning on the darkest day. New Year festivities traditionally start on the first day of the month and continue until the fifteenth, when the moon is brightest. In China, the New Year is a time for family reunions. In the United States, however, many early Chinese immigrants arrived without their families, and found a sense of community by celebrating the holiday through neighborhood associations. All Jewish and Islamic holidays begin at sundown on the evening before the date given. February Groundhog Day (Thurs., Feb. 2, 2017) Legend has it that if the groundhog sees his shadow, he'll return to his hole, and winter will last another six weeks. Lincoln's Birthday (Sun., Feb. 12, 2017; observed Mon., Feb. 13, 2017) A holiday in a few states, this day was first formally observed in Washington, DC, in 1866, when both houses of Congress gathered for a memorial address in tribute to the assassinated president. In some places, it is combined with Washington's Birthday and celebrated as President's Day. St. Valentine's Day (Tues., Feb. 14, 2017) Originally a pagan festival, the holiday eventually was recast as a Christian feast day in honor of St. Valentine—but there are at least three different early saints by that name. How the day became associated with romance remains obscure, and is further clouded by various fanciful legends. Washington's Birthday or Presidents' Day (Mon., Feb. 20, 2017) A federal holiday observed the third Monday in February. The actual date of Washington's birthday is Feb. 22. It is a common misconception that the federal holiday was changed to "Presidents' Day" and now celebrates both Washington and Lincoln. Only Washington is commemorated by the federal holiday; 13 states, however, officially celebrate "Presidents' Day." Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday) (Tues., Feb. 28, 2017) Shrove Tuesday falls the day before Ash Wednesday and marks the end of the carnival season, which once began on Epiphany but is now usually celebrated the last three days before Lent. In France, the day is known as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday), and celebrations are held in several American cities, particularly New Orleans. The day is sometimes called Pancake Tuesday by the English because fats, which were prohibited during Lent , had to be used up. March Ash Wednesday (Weds., March 1, 2017) The seventh Wednesday before Easter and the first day of Lent , which lasts 40 days. Having its origin sometime before A.D. 1000, it is a day of public penance and is marked in the Roman Catholic Church by the burning of the palms blessed on the previous year's Palm Sunday. With the ashes from the palms the priest then marks a cross with his thumb upon the forehead of each worshipper. The Anglican Church and a few Protestant groups in the United States also observe the day, but generally without the use of ashes. Purim (Feast of Lots) (Sun., March 12, 2017) A day of joy and feasting celebrating the deliverance of the Jews from a massacre planned by the Persian minister Haman. According to the Book of Esther, the Jewish queen Esther interceded with her husband, King Ahasuerus, to spare the life of her uncle, Mordecai, and Haman was hanged on the same gallows he had built for Mordecai. The holiday is marked by the reading of the Book of Esther (the Megillah), by the exchange of gifts, and by donations to the poor. April Fool's Day (Sat., April 1, 2017) The origins of April Fool's Day are uncertain. Some see it as a celebration related to the turn of the seasons, while others believe it stems from the adoption of a new calendar. Palm Sunday (April 9, 2017) Observed the Sunday before Easter to commemorate the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. Passover (Pesach) (Tues., April 11, 2017)* The Feast of the Passover, also called the Feast of Unleavened Bread, commemorates the escape of the Jews from Egypt. As the Jews fled, they ate unleavened bread, and from that time the Jews have allowed no leavening in their houses during Passover, bread being replaced by matzoh. Good Friday (April 14, 2017) The Friday before Easter, it commemorates the Crucifixion, which is retold during services from the Gospel according to St. John. A feature in Roman Catholic churches is the Liturgy of the Passion; there is no Consecration, the Host having been consecrated the previous day. The eating of hot-cross buns on this day is said to have started in England. Easter (Sun., April 16, 2017) Observed in all Western Christian churches, Easter commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus. It is celebrated on the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or next after the vernal equinox (fixed at March 21) and is therefore celebrated between March 22 and April 25 inclusive. This date was fixed by the Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325. May Day (Mon., May 1, 2017) Although celebrated with far greater fanfare in other countries, May Day in the United States is a celebration of Spring as well as a day honoring organized labor. Cinco de Mayo (Fri., May 5, 2017) Cinco de Mayo is often referred to as Mexico's Independence Day, but actually marks the 1862 battle in Puebla when a small, outnumbered Mexican army defeated the French, a turning point in Mexico's struggle for independence. Ironically, it is a holiday that is in fact more beloved by Americans than by Mexicans. VE-Day (Mon., May 8, 2017) VE-DAY marks formal celebration of the Allies' victory in Europe during World War II. Mother's Day (Sun., May 14, 2017) Observed the second Sunday in May, as proposed by Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia in 1907. West Virginia was the first state to recognize the holiday in 1910, and President Woodrow Wilson officially proclaimed Mother's Day a national holiday in 1914. Ascension Day (Thurs., May 25, 2017) The Ascension of Jesus took place in the presence of his apostles 40 days after the Resurrection. It is traditionally thought to have occurred on Mount Olivet in Bethany. First Day of Ramadan (Sat., May 27, 2017)* This day marks the beginning of a month-long fast that all Muslims must keep during the daylight hours. It commemorates the first revelation of the Qur'an. Following the last day of Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr is celebrated on Thursday, Aug. 8, 2013. Flag Day (Weds., June 14, 2017) This day commemorates the adoption by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777, of the Stars and Stripes as the U.S. flag. Although it is a legal holiday only in Pennsylvania, President Truman, on Aug. 3, 1949, signed a bill requesting the president to call for its observance each year by proclamation. Father's Day (Sun., June 18, 2017) Observed the third Sunday in June. The exact origin of the holiday is not clear, but it was first celebrated June 19, 1910, in Spokane, Wash. In 1966 President Lyndon Johnson signed a proclamation making Father's Day official. Eid al-Fitr (Sun., June 25, 2017)* Literally the "Festival of Breaking the Fast," Eid al-Fitr is one of the two most important Islamic celebrations. At Eid al-Fitr people dress in their finest clothes, adorn their homes with lights and decorations, give treats to children, and enjoy visits with friends and family. Columbus Day (Mon., Oct. 9, 2017 A federal holiday observed the second Monday in October, it commemorates Christopher Columbus's landing in the New World in 1492. Quite likely the first celebration of Columbus Day was that organized in 1792 by the Society of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, widely known as Tammany Hall. Columbus Day Timeline Shemini Atzeret (Assembly of the Eighth Day) (Fri., Oct. 13, 2017)* This joyous holiday, encompassing Simchat Torah (Rejoicing in the Torah), falls immediately after the seven days of Sukkot. It marks the end of the year's weekly readings of the Torah (Five Books of Moses) in the synagogue, and the beginning of the new cycle of reading. Diwali (Thurs., Oct. 19, 2017) Diwali, the Hindu "festival of lights," is the best known of Hindu festivals. Diwali generally lasts for five days, beginning on the 14th day of the dark half of the Hindu calendar month of Asvina. It is celebrated throughout India and its diaspora. Hindu Festival Dates Halloween (Tues., Oct. 31, 2017) Eve of All Saints' Day, formerly called All Hallows and Hallowmass. Halloween is traditionally associated in some countries with customs such as bonfires, masquerading, and the telling of ghost stories. These are old Celtic practices that mark the beginning of winter. All Saints' Day (Weds., Nov. 1, 2017) A Roman Catholic and Anglican holiday celebrating all saints, known and unknown. Election Day (Tues., Nov. 7, 2017) Since 1845, by act of Congress, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November is the date for choosing presidential electors. State elections are also generally held on this day. The date is a legal holiday in certain states. Veterans Day (Observed on Fri., Nov. 10, 2017) Armistice Day, a federal holiday, was established in 1926 to commemorate the signing in 1918 of the armistice ending World War I. On June 1, 1954, the name was changed to Veterans Day to honor all men and women who have served America in its armed forces. Thanksgiving (Thurs., Nov. 23, 2017) A federal holiday observed the fourth Thursday in November by act of Congress (1941), it was the first such national proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1863, on the urging of Mrs. Sarah J. Hale, editor of Godey's Lady's Book. Most Americans believe that the holiday dates back to the day of thanks ordered by Governor Bradford of Plymouth Colony in New England in 1621, but scholars point out that days of thanks stem from ancient times.	i don't know
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the heaviest baby born and survived at 22 pounds 8 ounces, was in which European country?	Heaviest birth \| Guinness World Records Guinness World Records Anna Haining Bates, born Anna Haining Swan, Carmelina Fedele Where When 19 January 1879 Giantess Anna Bates (née Swan) (Canada, b. 6 August 1846; d. 5 August 1888), who measured 241.3 cm (7 ft 11 in), gave birth to a boy weighing 9.98 kg (22 lb) and measuring 71.12 cm (28 in) at her home in Seville, Ohio, USA, on 19 January 1879. The baby, who was not officially named but just referred to as "Babe", sadly died 11 hours later. *** It has been reported that when Anna's waters broke, she lost an estimated six gallons of fluid. Martin van Buren Bates (USA, 1837–1919), the father of the child wrote: “He was 28” tall, weighed 22 lbs and was perfect in every respect. He looked at birth like an ordinary child of six months”. (See http://www.planetslade.com/the-giants-wedding1.html for reference.) At 17 years old, Anna Haining Swan (CAN, 1846–88), the daughter of Scottish immigrants to Nova Scotia, measured 241.3 cm (7 ft 11 in) tall. Anna first met Martin, who stood at 236.22 cm (7 ft 9 in) tall, as a result of their respective sideshow careers. They both earned fame for their height and travelled in circus troupes both separately and as a pair. After a two year relationship on 17 Jun 1871, Anna married Martin in London in front of a huge crowd of onlookers. It has been reported that a Daily Telegraph article published at the time of the wedding commented: "A man may get used to being eight feet high," it told readers. "But to be eight feet high and to be stared at by a devout congregation of idlers on the occasion of marrying a lady who is eight feet high also is a trying conjunction of matters. However, Captain Bates got through his difficulties tolerably well". (See http://www.planetslade.com/the-giants-wedding1.html for reference.) The couple had a combined height of a record 477.52 cm (15 ft 8 in) and soon became billing themselves as "The Tallest Couple Alive". To this day, the pair retains the official Guinness World Records title as the Tallest married couple ever . Prior to the record-setting birth in 1879, eight years after the wedding, the couple had already lost a baby girl who was born on 19 May 1872, but devastatingly died at birth. Anna was the third child of Alexander Swan and Ann Swan (née Graham). Alexander had emigrated from Dumfriesshire, Scotland, to the Millbrook section of the community of New Annan, near the village of Tatamagouche, in the county of Colchester, Nova Scotia, Canada. Ann Graham (married Swan) was born and lived in New Annan. They had a family of 13 children. The first two lived for a very short time, so their third child, Anna, is often considered the eldest. The heaviest baby born to a healthy mother was a boy weighing 10.2 kg (22 lb 8 oz) who was born to Sig. Carmelina Fedele (Italy) at Aversa, Italy in September 1955. There are other extraordinary cases of heavy births: It was reported that Francisca Ramos dos Santos (Brazil) gave birth by caesarean section to her son Ademilton who weighed in at 7.57 kg (16 lb 11.02 oz) on 18 January 2005 in Salvador, Brazil. Christina Samane (South Africa) also gave birth to a 10.2 kg (22 lb 8 oz) child, but this was later disqualified, as the child suffered from Weaver syndrome, which causes excessive growth in children due to abnoramlities in parental genes. On 3 June 1961, it was reported that a boy weighing 11 kg (24 lb 4 oz) was born to Mrs Sadaat Cor (Turkey). It was revealed in January 1978 however that, although relayed by a major news agency, no reliance can be placed on this report. All records listed on our website are current and up-to-date. For a full list of record titles, please use our Record Application Search. (You will be need to register / login for access)	Italy
Which group had a hit with ‘Baby Love’ in 1964?	Worlds Fattest Baby? - YouTube Worlds Fattest Baby? Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 24, 2009 An Indonesian woman named only as Ani gave birth to the 19.2lb baby boy in Medan, North Sumatra yesterday. Perhaps unsurprisingly, he was delivered by Caesarean section. Britain's heaviest newborn was delivered in Cumbria in 1992 weighing 15lb 8oz. The heaviest baby ever born was produced by Anna Bates of Canada in 1879, according to the Guinness Book of World Records. It weighed 23.12lb and died 11 hours after birth. The record for a baby which survived, according to the Guinness record keepers, is held by a boy born weighing 22lb 8oz at Aversa, Italy in 1955. Read more at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/artic...	i don't know
What are the first names of David and Victoria Beckham’s daughter?	David Beckham reveals novel idea behind Harper Seven's name \| Life and style \| The Guardian Harper Seven Beckham David Beckham reveals novel idea behind Harper Seven's name Victoria and David Beckham use Facebook and Twitter to share pictures of daughter Harper Seven and explain name David Beckham holding his daughter Harper Seven Beckham which was posted on Victoria Beckham's Twitter page. Photograph: Victoria Beckham/Twitter/PA Harper Seven Beckham David Beckham reveals novel idea behind Harper Seven's name Victoria and David Beckham use Facebook and Twitter to share pictures of daughter Harper Seven and explain name Press Association Sunday 17 July 2011 13.57 EDT First published on Sunday 17 July 2011 13.57 EDT Close This article is 5 years old Cradled in the arms of her parents, Harper Seven Beckham looks blissfully unaware she is already one of the most famous babies in the world as the first photos of her are released to the public. Both Victoria and David Beckham have posted pictures of the newborn on social networking sites. Victoria used her Twitter account to share a photo of her husband and the baby with her 1.5 million followers. In the black-and-white picture, David is touching noses with Harper, who is wrapped in a blanket and wearing a pale hat with her eyes shut. The fashion designer has added the caption: "Daddy's little girl!" On Facebook , David posted a black-and-white photo of Victoria asleep with the baby dozing on her chest with the caption: "I took this picture of my two girls sleeping." During a game against Real Madrid on Saturday, the LA Galaxy footballer sported a pair of football boots with the names of all four of his children stitched on in pink. On Friday he posted a video on his Facebook page explaining the reasons for naming the little girl, who was born on 10 July, Harper Seven. He ended days of speculation by confirming the baby was named after To Kill A Mockingbird author Harper Lee , saying: "Victoria's favourite book is To Kill A Mockingbird, it's a very strong, passionate book and the author was Harper Lee, and that is where Harper came from." He added that while most people had assumed the name Seven was a reference to his shirt number at Manchester United, he said that was only part of the reason. "The main reason behind Seven was it symbolises spiritual perfection – the seven wonders of the world, the seven colours of the rainbow – and in many cultures it is a lucky number. "We love the name and we love Harper Seven. We are very happy to have her in our lives and in our family, and it is an amazing time for our family right now."	harper seven
What is the profession of Tom Selleck in the 1987 film ‘Three Men and a Baby’?	Harper Seven – a daughter for Victoria and David Beckham \| Life and style \| The Guardian Harper Seven – a daughter for Victoria and David Beckham David Beckham announces arrival of Harper Seven Beckham on Twitter Harper Seven is Victoria Beckham's fourth child, but first daughter. Photograph: Jamie Mccarthy/Getty Images for Bergdorf Goodma Press Association Monday 11 July 2011 04.36 EDT First published on Monday 11 July 2011 04.36 EDT Close This article is 5 years old Victoria Beckham has given birth to a baby girl – the first daughter for the former Spice Girl and her footballer husband David. The baby, named Harper Seven, was delivered on Sunday at Cedars Sinai hospital in Los Angeles. In a statement on his Facebook page, former England captain Beckham said: "I am so proud and excited to announce the birth of our daughter Harper Seven Beckham . "She weighed a healthy 7lbs 10oz and arrived at 7.55 this morning, here in LA. Victoria is doing really well and her brothers are delighted to have a baby sister xx." The Beckhams, who married in 1999, already have three boys - Brooklyn, 11, Romeo, eight, and Cruz, five. Their spokesman, Simon Oliveira, announced the happy news on Twitter. "David & Victoria Beckham are delighted to announce the birth of their daughter," he wrote. In another posting, he added: "Brooklyn, Romeo and Cruz are excited to welcome their new baby sister to the family." Friends of the couple were quick to send their congratulations. A delighted Mel B, who is expecting her third child later this year, expressed her excitement on Twitter, writing: "congrats!!! Yipeee another spice baby is born, damn it wish it was me this AM cos I feel like I'm about to POP!" Former Spice Girl Emma Bunton also tweeted: "Big kiss to @victoriabeckham can't wait to meet your gorgeous little girl!" Before the baby's name was confirmed, stylist Sally Lyndley alluded to a possible name for the newborn, writing: "congratulations on gorgeous baby Beverly!!! X." While Brooklyn was named after the place where he was conceived, this appeared to suggest the pair – who live in Beverly Hills – had once again opted to name a child after a location close to their hearts. While the name Harper is not unusual in the US, seven was David's number with Manchester United and the England team. Other unusual celebrity baby names include : Moon Unit: Frank Zappa Apple: Chris Martin and Gwyneth Paltrow Fifi Trixibell: Bob Geldof and Paula Yates (also parents to Peaches and Pixie) Hopper: Sean Penn and Robin Wright Lark Song: Mia Farrow and André Previn Shiloh Nouvel: Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie Pilot Inspektor: Jason Lee	i don't know
What is a baby hamster called?	What are baby hamsters called? \| Reference.com What are baby hamsters called? A: Quick Answer Baby hamsters are known as pups, and they are born without any hair or teeth. They develop teeth and begin to grow hair when they are between 11 and 14 days old, and their eyes open when they are about 14 days old. Full Answer Mother hamsters may give birth to as many as 24 pups in a single litter. The pups nurse from the mother until they are between 3 and 4 weeks old, depending on the breed. At about 2 weeks of age, they begin eating soft, solid foods in addition to their mother's milk, and at 3 weeks of age, they resemble small adult hamsters in appearance.	Pup
Beatrice, Alice, Louise and Helena were daughters of which British monarch?	Babies Help! Babies! My "male" hamster I just bought had babies! By Doran Jones It�s a common occurrence. Pet shops typically don�t have the money to hire experts on every type of pet they carry, so most cannot reliably tell you the sex of any given hamster. This is why when you buy two same sex dwarf hamsters, 50 percent of the time you get a little boy and a little girl hamster. Syrians are often mixed together just long enough to become pregnant before they are sold. It�s also one of the reasons to try to buy your hamsters from a breeder instead of the pet shop. But what do you do now that your hamster has given birth to the little pink squeakers? Well, the good news is that it�s not hard, at least not at first. The important thing to remember is that mom hamster, and in the case of dwarves - dad if you let him, will do all the hard work. One thing that will be tough is finding homes for the pups. You can never start this process too soon; in about four weeks you are going to need homes for all these little ones. Hamsters can easily have 8 to 14 pups for dwarves and 12 to 20+ pups for Syrians, that can be a lot of work for you. Start now deciding what to do with the litter. Other than that, you need to do those things you would normally do for your hamsters with a few exceptions. If you have established a feeding and watering routine, stick to it. Things that are out of the ordinary will stress or even panic a nursing mother hamster. No loud noises, no crowds of ogling neighbors, no moving the cage, no trying to pick up the pups, no sudden radical changes in diet, and no sudden changes in temperature (which should stay around 74 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit with as little fluctuation as possible). Just remember to avoid sudden changes and everything should be fine. You�ll know when she�s overly stressed by the way she grabs her pups in her mouth and runs around the cage in panic. If this should happen, you want to get away from the cage. Turn off the lights and keep the room quiet for a few hours while you cross your fingers and hope she settles down. Most of the time she will. At its worst, stress can cause a female hamster to abandon or kill her pups, so take this seriously especially in the first 5 days of nursing. Remember that your hamster mother is most likely a very young mother with her first litter and is thus at higher risk for stress and problems. Be especially careful to avoid stressing her and be tolerant if not all of the litter survives. She�s doing her best given the circumstances. There are a few things you should not do that you might normally do. First, don�t clean the cage. The old bedding will have to last for about 18 to 21 days when the hamster pups will be weaned. Don�t worry about the smell; your hamsters won�t mind it and health wise mom and the pups will be fine. You may add a bit more nesting material if it�s cold but see that you add it away from the nursing area; let mother hamster find it and use it. Second, you really don�t want to take mom away from her pups for too long. This means extended play sessions with your hamster are out for a while. If you have a very good trusting relationship with your hamster and a routine of daily play, it may be ok to hold her for a short time at feeding. Don�t take her from the nest or from nursing pups; let her come to you. Don�t overdo holding her, especially in the first 5 days of nursing. You can and should continue feeding your hamster the regular hamster mix diet you normally give her. It may also help to supplement this diet with more fresh foods; try egg, broccoli, apple, baked/boiled chicken, cottage cheese, yogurt, or cantaloupe. It�s ok to feed these foods a bit more often than normal; mom is going to need the moisture and the nutrition. Of course, wash any fresh food well and remove uneaten foods from the cage before they go bad. Nursing hamsters have heightened immune systems; in fact, they are 80% less likely to contract illnesses like wet tail while nursing. Pups however are helpless in the first 5 days. They cannot move far and they cannot even regulate their own body temperature. This is why at first you may not see too much of mom; she�ll be busy. If you happen to see pups in a corner or gathered somewhere besides the nest, don�t panic. Many times mom has so many babies to care for that she needs to spilt the litter in order to insure all pups get enough to eat. If it�s cold, do add the extra nesting material so that she can keep these hamsters warm while she is away. On rare occasions a pup might become lost. This can happen when mom leaves the nest or the pup may have started exploring and lost its way. Usually the pup will squeak loud enough that mom will hear and retrieve the lost pup. Sometimes for whatever reason this doesn�t happen. If mom seems to ignore the missing pup for more than 30 minutes, it�s time to help. Do not pick the pup up with your hand. Instead, get a spoon and rub the bowl of it in the cage litter. Then scoop the pup up and move it closer to the nest. Sometimes it�s best to drop the pup on top of the nest if it�s completely covered. There is a small chance that the pup was deliberately expelled. This sometimes happens but not often. You might find the same pup out of the nest again. Don�t stress your hamster but keep trying. Eventually, the pup will either be accepted or die. There may be a problem with that pup that only a mother hamster could detect. After 5 days, pups will have started to chew and groom themselves. I know it�s hard to believe, but if they get their teeth on millet or a smaller grain they will eat it. You may add sprigs of millet for mom to gather and take to the nest or sprinkle a little wheat germ cereal, cream of wheat, or Farina into the nest. The pups will eat this right up. Also you may be surprised to see a pup eating a dropping (a hamster poopoo). Don�t be disgusted; this is perfectly normal. Pups need the caecal bacteria found in the droppings to help them digest hard cellulose food. This is just the best and fastest way to get this good bacteria. You will want to see into the nest. If you are lucky, mom will leave the nest open enough for you to get a peek. If not, don�t push it; it�s better to wait than to make mom uncomfortable. They�ll be plenty of time later to count the pups. The pups will grow quickly. At about two or three days you�ll see pigment appear on the backs of the pups. At five days you�ll see tiny hairs called guard hairs. At eight to twelve fur grows in thicker and early bloomers may open their eyes. Early exploration away from the nest will be made slowly and tentatively while the pups eyes are closed. Most pups should open their eyes at about 12 to 14 days. As their eyes open you�ll find that they will run to explore everything in their cage. Though they will be eating a lot of solid foods now, they are also still nursing and will continue until about 18 days of age. This is when I feel hamsters are at their cutest. Once their eyes open it�s ok to start picking them up for short periods of time; in fact, it�s almost impossible to resist. Just remember that first impressions can set the way they will respond to humans for a very long time. Respect their space; I find it�s best to let them crawl into a ladle and then from there into my hand. Don�t keep them away from their familiar home long or they may panic and jump from your hand. Always hold them close to your chest and to the ground just in case. At 21 days the pups are weaned and may be separated from their mother. It�s probably best to allow pups to remain with mom into their 4th week of life. A big exception to this is if a Syrian mother grows tired of sharing her space and starts chasing her young away. At this point separate the pups from mom. It�s ok to keep the pups together until about 4 weeks but not longer. At 4 weeks you�ll want to separate all the pups by sex. This may not be that easy, but it is important as you�ve already discovered. Dwarf siblings can usually live together in same sex colonies. Syrians, though, are solitary and will need to be alone. You�ll need to have separate cages for the Syrians sometime around two months to three months. I don�t recommend waiting three months. Adult Syrians will eventually fight to the death of you leave them together too long. It�s at this point that all the work you�ve done to find them homes will pay off. If you haven�t found homes for all of them you�ll be taking care of more hamsters than you bargained for. The first place you should check with is the pet shop you bought the hamster from. Explain that they sold you a pregnant hamster and ask them to �do the right thing,� take in the hamsters you are not able to care for. They may take them but if they don�t check with elementary school home rooms; some classrooms adopt class hamsters. Put ads on vet cork boards (ask permission first). Talk to relatives and neighbor kids. You may even find that you have favorite pups that you wish to keep. Whatever the case, remember that until they are all adopted out these little living creatures are going depend on you for food water and enrichment activity. It�s a big responsibility, but it�s also very rewarding.	i don't know
A sapling is a young what?	Sapling \| Define Sapling at Dictionary.com sapling 1375-1425; late Middle English; see sap 1, -ling 1 Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for sapling Expand Contemporary Examples Obama planted a sapling in the garden of the presidential residence and even quoted a story from the Jewish Talmud. Obama and Netanyahu Make Peace During President’s First Israel Visit Eli Lake March 19, 2013 Historical Examples They got ashore, and fastened the painter to a sapling on the bank, because it was not long enough to go round a pile. Two Knapsacks John Campbell A sapling was cut off so that the stump of a limb was left at the bottom of it. Folkways William Graham Sumner The Quadroon Mayne Reid Trees should be dropped so that they will not crush young seedlings and sapling growth as they fall. British Dictionary definitions for sapling Expand Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for sapling Expand n. early 14c., from sap (n.1) + diminutive suffix -ling . This probably is the source of American English slang sap (n.3) "club, short staff" (1899) and the verb sap (v.2) "to hit (someone) with a sap" (1926). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	Tree
Which part of a baby’s body stays the same size from birth?	Sapling Synonyms, Sapling Antonyms \| Thesaurus.com Cite This Source Word Origin & History sapling 1415, from sap (n.1) + dim. suffix -ling. This is probably the source of Amer.Eng. slang sap "club, short staff" (1899) and the verb sap "to hit (someone) with a sap" (1926). Example Sentences for sapling They got ashore, and fastened the painter to a sapling on the bank, because it was not long enough to go round a pile. A sapling was cut off so that the stump of a limb was left at the bottom of it. I'll break that there sapling off an' make you a stick to help walk on. Then, taking the sapling out of my hand, he plucked it up and flung it away. Trees should be dropped so that they will not crush young seedlings and sapling growth as they fall. But he soon reappeared with a sapling he had cut with his pocket-knife. When they pushed the sapling over, a piece of bark as big as the crown of Freckles' hat fell away. It's no easy to straucht in the oak the crook that grew in the sapling. Heyward tore the weapon of Magua from the sapling, and rushed eagerly toward the fray. Heaven vouchsafed me a son, hero among heroes, and he shot up as a sapling.	i don't know
How many children did actor Charlie Chaplin have?	Charles Chaplin - Biography - IMDb Charles Chaplin Biography Showing all 167 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Spouse (4) \| Trade Mark (7) \| Trivia (97) \| Personal Quotes (45) \| Salary (7) Overview (5) 5' 5" (1.65 m) Mini Bio (2) Charlie Chaplin, considered to be one of the most pivotal stars of the early days of Hollywood, lived an interesting life both in his films and behind the camera. He is most recognized as an icon of the silent film era, often associated with his popular "Little Tramp" character; the man with the toothbrush mustache, bowler hat, bamboo cane, and a funny walk. Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in Walworth, London, England on April 16th, 1889, to Hannah Harriet Pedlingham (Hill) and Charles Chaplin, both music hall performers, who were married on June 22nd, 1885. After Charles Sr. separated from Hannah to perform in New York City, Hannah then tried to resurrect her stage career. Unfortunately, her singing voice had a tendency to break at unexpected moments. When this happened, the stage manager spotted young Charlie standing in the wings and led him on stage, where five-year-old Charlie began to sing a popular tune. Charlie and his half-brother, Syd Chaplin spent their lives in and out of charity homes and workhouses between their mother's bouts of insanity. Hannah was committed to Cane Hill Asylum in May of 1903 and lived there until 1921, when Chaplin moved her to California. Chaplin began his official acting career at the age of eight, touring with The Eight Lancashire Lads. At 18 he began touring with Fred Karno 's vaudeville troupe, joining them on the troupe's 1910 US tour. He traveled west to California in December 1913 and signed on with Keystone Studios' popular comedy director Mack Sennett , who had seen Chaplin perform on stage in New York. Charlie soon wrote his brother Syd, asking him to become his manager. While at Keystone, Chaplin appeared in and directed 35 films, starring as the Little Tramp in nearly all. In November 1914, he left Keystone and signed on at Essanay, where he made 15 films. In 1916, he signed on at Mutual and made 12 films. In June 1917, Chaplin signed up with First National Studios, after which he built Chaplin Studios. In 1919 he and Douglas Fairbanks , Mary Pickford and D.W. Griffith formed United Artists (UA). Chaplin's life and career was full of scandal and controversy. His first big scandal was during World War I, during which time his loyalty to England, his home country, was questioned. He had never applied for US citizenship, but claimed that he was a "paying visitor" to the United States. Many British citizens called Chaplin a coward and a slacker. This and his other career eccentricities sparked suspicion with FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), who believed that he was injecting Communist propaganda into his films. Chaplin's later film The Great Dictator (1940), which was his first "talkie", also created a stir. In the film Chaplin plays a humorous caricature of Adolf Hitler . Some thought the film was poorly done and in bad taste. However it grossed over $5 million and earned five Academy Award Nominations. Another scandal occurred when Chaplin briefly dated 22-year-old Joan Barry. However Chaplin's relationship with Barry came to an end in 1942, after a series of harassing actions from her. In May of 1943 Barry returned to inform Chaplin that she was pregnant and filed a paternity suit, claiming that the unborn child was his. During the 1944 trial blood tests proved that Chaplin was not the father, but at the time blood tests were inadmissible evidence and he was ordered to pay $75 a week until the child turned 21. Chaplin was also scrutinized for his support in aiding the Russian struggle against the invading Nazis during World War II, and the U.S. government questioned his moral and political views, suspecting him of having Communist ties. For this reason HUAC subpoenaed him in 1947. However HUAC finally decided that it was no longer necessary for him to appear for testimony. Conversely, when Chaplin and his family traveled to London for the premier of Limelight (1952), he was denied re-entry to the United States. In reality, the government had almost no evidence to prove that he was a threat to national security. He and his wife decided, instead, to settle in Switzerland. Chaplin was married four times and had a total of 11 children. In 1918 he wed Mildred Harris and they had a son together, Norman Spencer Chaplin, who only lived three days. Chaplin and Mildred were divorced in 1920. He married Lita Grey in 1924, who had two sons, Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin . They were divorced in 1927. In 1936, Chaplin married Paulette Goddard and his final marriage was to Oona O'Neill ( Oona Chaplin ), daughter of playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1943. Oona gave birth to eight children: Geraldine Chaplin , Michael Chaplin , Josephine Chaplin , Victoria Chaplin , Eugene, Jane, Annette-Emilie and Christopher Chaplin . In contrast to many of his boisterous characters, Chaplin was a quiet man who kept to himself a lot. He also had an "un-millionaire" way of living. Even after he had accumulated millions, he continued to live in shabby accommodations. In 1921 Chaplin was decorated by the French government for his outstanding work as a filmmaker, and was elevated to the rank of Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1952. In 1972 he was honored with an Academy Award for his "incalculable effect in making motion pictures the art form of the century." He was created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1975 New Year's Honours List. No formal reason for the honour was listed. The citation simply reads "Charles Spencer CHAPLIN, Film Actor and Producer". Chaplin's other works included musical scores he composed for many of his films. He also authored two autobiographical books, "My Autobiography" in 1964 and its companion volume, "My Life in Pictures" in 1974. Chaplin died of natural causes on December 25, 1977 at his home in Switzerland. In 1978 Chaplin's corpse was stolen from its grave and was not recovered for three months; he was re-buried in a vault surrounded by cement. Charlie Chaplin was considered one of the greatest filmmakers in the history of American cinema, whose movies were and still are popular throughout the world, and have even gained notoriety as time progresses. His films show, through the Little Tramp's positive outlook on life in a world full of chaos, that the human spirit has and always will remain the same. ( 23 October 1918 - 4 April 1921) (divorced) (1 child) Trade Mark (7) A tramp with toothbrush mustache, undersized bowler hat and bamboo cane who struggled to survive while keeping his dignity in a world with great social injustice. Highly descriptive facial expressions Stories often reflect his liberal political beliefs Comedy with a deep undercurrent of pathos On-screen and off-screen, favored the company of much younger women, who were often innocent if troubled Walking with a waddle Despite film portrayals of him having brown eyes, Charlie actually had striking blue eyes Trivia (97) Destroyed the original negative of "The Sea Gull (1933)" before a number of witnesses. The film never saw release, possibly because he was dismayed by the poor performance of his lead actress Edna Purviance . Grandfather of Dolores Chaplin , Carmen Chaplin , Kiera Chaplin , Oona Chaplin , Aurélia Thiérrée and James Thierrée . Great-uncle of Drunkfux . Long after becoming a millionaire, he continued to live in a shabby hotel room, and kept his studio checks in a trunk for months. He thought his period with Mutual was the most consistently pleasant period in his career, although he felt that the plots of the films were too formualic for his taste. In October 1997 he was ranked #79 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. He was 29 years old when he wed Mildred Harris ; she was 17. He was 35 years old when he wed Lita Grey ; Lita was 16. He was 47 years old when he wed Paulette Goddard ; Paulette was 26. He was 54 years old when he wed Oona O'Neill ( Oona Chaplin ); Oona was 17. On March 3, 1978, his dead body was stolen from the Corsier-Sur-Vevey cemetery. It took until May 18 when the police found it. His Beverly Hills residence was known as "Breakaway House". Designed by Chaplin himself and built by studio carpenters, it began falling to bits over the years, much to the amusement of visitors. Built on Summit Drive in the Pickfair neighborhood, the house boasted a pipe organ Chaplin continually used to entertain his guests in the great hall; he also screened his films there. His tennis court was a hive of activity; even the elusive Greta Garbo was a frequent player. He seems to have been an inspiring host; many of his guests joined in with his antics, and reflected that they had never been so funny before or since--it was the influence of Chaplin. Father of Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin with Lita Grey . First wife, Mildred Harris was the mother of his first child, a son named Norman Spencer (born July 7, 1919). The baby, who was nicknamed "The Little Mouse", was born with severe disabilities and lived only three days. Father, with Oona Chaplin , of Geraldine Chaplin (born August 1, 1944), Michael Chaplin (born March 7, 1946) Josephine Chaplin (born March 28, 1949), Victoria Chaplin (born May 19, 1951), Eugene Chaplin (born August 23, 1953), Jane Chaplin (born May 23, 1957), Annette Emily Chaplin (born December 3, 1959) and Christopher Chaplin (born July 8, 1962). He was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Council (HUAC) in September 1947, but his appearance was postponed three times, and he never appeared. He sent HUAC a telegram stating "I am not a Communist, neither have I ever joined any political party or organization in my life." HUAC determined that it was no longer needed for him to appear. In her book, "Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin", Joyce Milton asserts that Vladimir Nabokov 's controversial classic, "Lolita", was inspired by Chaplin's relationship with Lita Grey . On the 100th anniversary of Chaplin's birth, celebrations were held in Corsier and Vevey, Switzerland, where he last lived. For the occasion, 100 children from the region performed a choreography dressed up as little tramps. Following his death, he was interred at Corsier-Sur-Vevey Cemetery in Corsier-Sur-Vevey, Switzerland. A much-repeated story claims that he once entered a Charlie Chaplin lookalike contest and finished third! In some versions of the story, he came in second. Stan Laurel was his understudy on the English stage. When both Stan Laurel and Chaplin moved to America they shared a room in a boarding house. Cooking was not allowed in the boarding house where Stan Laurel and Chaplin stayed, so he would play the violin to cover up the sound of Laurel frying up food on a hot plate. Invented his tramp costume with the help of Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle 's pants. Arbuckle's father-in-law's derby, Chester Conklin 's cutaway, Ford Sterling 's size-14 shoes, the diminutive Charles Avery 's jacket, and some crepe paper belonging to Mack Swain (which became the tramp's mustache). The only item that actually belonged to Chaplin was the whangee cane. His bowler and cane was sold for $150,000 in 1987. On July 6, 1925, he became the first actor to appear on the cover of Time magazine. He was also the first actor to have a comic strip about him; Ed Carey's 1916 strip, "Pa's Imported Son-in-Law", detailed the adventures of Chaplin. After his body was recovered from grave robbers, it was reburied in a vault surrounded by cement. Pictured (as Charlie Chaplin) on one of ten 29¢ US commemorative postage stamps celebrating stars of the silent screen, issued 27 April 1994. Designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld , this set of stamps also honored Rudolph Valentino , Clara Bow , Lon Chaney , John Gilbert , Zasu Pitts , Harold Lloyd , Theda Bara , Buster Keaton and the Keystone Kops. Pictured on one of 15 32¢ US commemorative postage stamps in the "Celebrate the Century" series, issued 3 February 1998, celebrating the 1910s. In Spain he had a different dubbing actor in each of his sound films. They were: Ricard Solans for The Great Dictator (1940), Félix Acaso for Limelight (1952) and Joaquín Díaz for A King in New York (1957). The dubbing actor of Monsieur Verdoux (1947) is, at this time, unknown. Son-in-law of Eugene O'Neill . Most people (now and during his lifetime) believe that Chaplin had brown eyes because they had only seen him in black and white with black eye makeup on. It fact they were very blue. Chaplin remarked in his autobiography that people meeting him for the first time were always struck by his blue eyes. And his future wife Oona Chaplin wrote "Just met Charlie Chaplin. What blue eyes he has!" to a girlhood friend in 1942. Was an accomplished musician who, in his later years, often reissued his silent films with scores he had composed himself. His handprints, footprints and signature were immortalized in cement at Grauman's (now Mann's) Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, but after his fall from grace with the Americans because of his political views, the section of cement was removed from public view. It cannot be located and is now feared lost. His paternal grandparents were Spencer Chaplin, a butcher from St. Nicholas, Ipswich, Suffolk, and Ellen Elizabeth Smith, from Trimley St. Martin, Suffolk. His maternal grandparents were Charles Frederick Hill and Mary Ann Terry, of Newington, Surrey. His heritage was English and Irish. Although Adolf Hitler was not at all a huge fan--in fact, he had been misinformed that Charlie was Jewish, and therefore despised him--he was also well aware of how beloved Charlie was throughout the world at that time, and that was the reason he grew the Chaplin mustache: he thought it would endear him to the people. Biography in: "Who's Who in Comedy" by Ronald L. Smith. Pg. 99-102. New York: Facts on File, 1992. ISBN 0816023387 As a child, he was confined to a bed for weeks due to a serious illness. At night, his mother would sit at the window and act out what was going on outside. This was a major reason Chaplin became a comedian. When Chaplin arrived in the US with the Fred Karno troupe on October 2, 1912, in his second trip to America, according to Ellis Island immigration records, he had $45 in his pocket. He listed his half brother Syd Chaplin , as his next of kin. Though his mother was still alive, she was in a mental hospital. Sailing with him was fellow Karno troupe member Arthur Stanley Jefferson--later to be known as Stan Laurel . Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. "World Film Directors, Volume One, 1890-1945". Pages 115-124. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1987. Did not receive screen credit on the many comedies he made for Keystone in 1914-15, as it was studio policy not to credit its actors (any Keystone film that credits Chaplin is a reissue print). His first screen credit appeared on His New Job (1915), his first film for Essanay. Called Battleship Potemkin (1925) his favorite movie. He was voted the 9th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Is mentioned in the song called "Facts of Life" from 2004. Was 73 years old when his youngest son, Christopher Chaplin, was born. Received an Honorary Oscar at The 44th Annual Academy Awards (1972). He appeared on stage blowing kisses to the Hollywood audience with tears running down his face while he received a long standing ovation. Ironically, he won another Oscar the following year. He and Buster Keaton had an interesting relationship. Long considered rivals but always having avoided commenting about each other in the press, Chaplin hired Keaton for a part in Limelight (1952). Keaton, who was flat broke at the time, went into a career decline after having been signed by MGM in 1928, as the studio would not let him improvise in any of his films nor allow him any writing or directorial input, and he was eventually reduced to writing gags--often uncredited--for other comedians' films. Chaplin, at this point, felt sorry for Keaton due to his hard luck, but Keaton recognized that, despite Charlie's better fortune and far greater wealth, he was (strangely) the more depressed of the two. In one scene in "Limelight", Chaplin's character was dying. While the camera was fading away, Keaton was muttering to Chaplin without moving his lips, "That's it, good, wait, don't move, wait, good, we're through." In his autobiography Keaton called Chaplin "the greatest silent comedian of all time". At the Golden Camera Awards 2005 in Berlin, Geraldine Chaplin told in a moving speech honoring Jerry Lewis about the last time she saw her father alive. He watched a movie of Lewis on television screaming "He's funny, that bastard!". Named the #10 Greatest Actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute. In all his years of living and working in the US, he never became a citizen. Founder of United Artists along with Mary Pickford , Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith . Profiled in in J.A. Aberdeen's "Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers". Palos Verdes Estates, CA: Cobblestone Entertainment. His performance as The Tramp in City Lights (1931) is ranked #44 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). Is portrayed in Sesame Street (1969) skits by Linda Bove (Linda) and Sonia Manzano (Maria). His performance as The Little Tramp in City Lights (1931) and a slew of other pictures is ranked #24 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. Composed about 500 melodies, including "Smile" and "This Is My Song". Up until his last few movies, he never shot with a working script. He would start with a story in his mind and constantly retool it, often shooting hours of scenes that wouldn't make the final cut until he was satisfied. He spent his nights during filming, critiquing the rushes with his assistant directors. Consequently compared to the major studio's films, he spent months/years and excessive amounts of money on his productions. He often said though he would not release any of his films until he was 100% satisfied with the result. After finishing his last film A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) in 1966, he composed the music to many of his silent movies, among them The Circus (1928) in 1968, The Kid (1921) in 1971 and A Woman of Paris: A Drama of Fate (1923) in 1976. His trademark character The Tramp appeared in about 70 movies, shorts and features, during a period of 26 years, from the one-reeler Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914) to his triumphant feature The Great Dictator (1940). He loved to play tennis, but described golf as "a game I can't stand". Marlon Brando played the starring role in Chaplin's last movie A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) in 1966. While Brando had always greatly admired Chaplin's work and looked upon him as "probably the most talented man the [movie] medium has ever produced", the two superstars did not get along during the shooting. In his autobiography, Brando described Chaplin as "probably the most sadistic man I'd ever met." Chaplin, on his side, said that working with Brando simply was "impossible". His film The Great Dictator (1940) was banned in Germany. Once worked as a butler in England, a job he enjoyed. He was fired after he was caught playing a trumpet he had found in his employer's attic. His mother was so poor, she was once forced to pawn her son's spare clothes. She was also in and out of mental hospitals throughout her life. When Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle was unable to find work after his infamous trial, Chaplin supported him out of his own pocket. First actor to be nominated for a single Academy Award (Best Actor) for a film in which he was credited as portraying two different characters. In The Great Dictator (1940), he played a Jewish barber--a variation of his Little Tramp character--and Adenoid Hynkel, his version of Adolf Hitler . Was an agnostic who believed in some sort of "Supreme Force", according to his son Charles Chaplin Jr. 's autobiography, "My Father, Charlie Chaplin". His father, with whom he lived for only a brief period of time in his childhood while his mother was committed to a mental asylum, died as the result of alcohol abuse at 37, when Charlie was 12. The fact that neither City Lights (1931) nor Modern Times (1936), two of Chaplin's most beloved and acclaimed movies, were nominated for a single Academy Award has puzzled many. One explanation could be that Chaplin expressed disdain for the Academy Awards early on; according to his son Charles Chaplin Jr. , for a time Chaplin even used the Honorary Award he won in 1929 as a doorstop. However, apparently, his view on the Awards changed with time, as he accepted and seemed touched by his second Honorary Award in 1972. According to his daughter Geraldine Chaplin , in the last years of his life Chaplin began to worry that he might not be remembered after his death. This was a major reason why he allowed his trademark character The Little Tramp to appear on several commercial products in the 1970s. In 1934 he was scheduled to serve as best man at broadcaster Alistair Cooke 's marriage to Ruth Emerson ( Ruth Emerson Cooke ), but never showed. Reputedly, he and wife-to-be Paulette Goddard were having such a good time at Southern California's Lake Arrowhead, they decided to stay. He was born four days before Adolf Hitler . One of the last movies he saw (and very much enjoyed) was Rocky (1976). He remained in remarkably good physical and mental shape for most of his life, still playing tennis regularly well into his 70s and working constantly. However, after the completion of what turned out to be his last film, A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), his health began to visibly deteriorate. Cinematic genius that he was, he never won an Academy Award in an acting category, his only Oscar victory being in the capacity of composer. He directed and starred in four of the American Film Institute's 100 Funniest Movies: The Gold Rush (1925) at #25, Modern Times (1936) at #33, The Great Dictator (1940) at #37 and City Lights (1931) at #38. Once played Sherlock Holmes in a one-act play. While visiting Winston Churchill in England in 1937, Chaplin found him studying newspapers and looking worried. When Chaplin asked what was disturbing him, Churchill replied, "Germany". Chaplin made some airy remark to try to dismiss the subject, but Churchill replied, "No, no, it's quite serious". He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1975 Queen's New Year's Honours List. His salary quickly rose during the Teens from $150 per week in 1913 for Keystone to $1250 per week at Essanay to $10,000 per week with a $150,000 bonus at Mutual to $150,000 per film in 1918 at First National. Spent some of his spare time in the tiny village of Waterville on the southern tip of Ireland. There is a life-sized statue of Chaplin on the edge of a waterfront park in the village. As of 2011 he is the only person to receive a 12-minute standing ovation at the Academy Awards when he appeared to accept an honorary award "for the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". It is the longest in the history of the Academy Awards. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6751 Hollywood Blvd. on April 10, 1972. Was aboard William Randolph Hearst 's yacht when producer/director Thomas H. Ince died under mysterious circumstances. The incident was the subject of The Cat's Meow (2001). The story given the most credence--although never proven--is that Hearst discovered Chaplin and Marion Davies , who was Hearst's mistress, having sex in a cabin. Hearst pulled out a gun and chased Chaplin onto the deck. He fired at Chaplin but hit and killed Ince instead. Although they both came to the US with Fred Karno 's troupe and shared a room together while with the show, Chaplin does not mention Stan Laurel even once in his autobiography. Pictured as his Little Tramp character on a Vatican City commemorative postage stamp celebrating the 125th anniversary of his birth (1889), issued 8 May 2014. Price on the day of issue was EUR0.70. He died only 29 days before his The Great Dictator (1940) co-star Jack Oakie . In 2011 his family found a letter from a man in England named Jack Hill, in a locked drawer of a bureau left behind after Chaplin's death. It claimed Chaplin had been born in a caravan that belonged to the Gypsy Queen, who was Hill's aunt, in a Roma community near Birmingham in central England. His favorite composer is reported to have been Richard Wagner (1813-83). Although Chaplin was naturally unable to compose synchronized musical scores to his films until the advent of sound films (beginning with City Lights (1931), he is said to have provided several prominent film theaters with sheets of self-composed music to be played by orchestras to his films at least as far back as 1921, beginning with The Kid (1921). He was nominated for writing, acting, directing, and producing The Circus (1928), in the first Academy Awards. However, they removed him from the competition and gave him a special award for "acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus." And they wrote a letter to Chaplin stating that he merited a placement "in a class" by himself. He died the day before director Howard Hawks . In the Serbian capital of Belgrade there is a street called Charles Chaplin (ser. "Carlija Caplina"). When he was 13 years old in London, he went into the Crown Public House in Borough, and asked the landlord for a glass of water. The landlord, it turned out, was the serial killer George Chapman, who poisoned his three wives. Obviously Chaplin didn't know it nor did he know that Chapman's victim Maud was upstairs in the throes of death while Chaplin was downstairs. He didn't drink the water. Chapman--also known as Seweryn Antonowicz Klosowski , his original Polish name--was also a suspect in the murders committed by the serial killer known as Jack the Ripper. He was known as the "Borough poisoner". Four years after Chaplin's death, Ukrainian astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina named an asteroid after him. Ms. Karachkina, discoverer of 131 asteroids, named one of them 3623 Chaplin. It resides in the asteroid "belt" between Mars and Jupiter and appears as a magnitude 12.1 object, making it visible in a moderately strong telescope. Personal Quotes (45) All I need to make a comedy is a park, a policeman and a pretty girl. [Returning to Los Angeles after a 20-year self-imposed exile to accept his honorary Oscar in 1971] Thank you so much. This is an emotional moment for me and words seem so futile, so feeble... I can only say that... thank you for the honor of inviting me here and... oh... you're wonderful, sweet people. Thank you. I like friends as I like music, when I am in the mood. To help a friend in need is easy, but to give him your time is not always opportune. The minute you bought your ticket you were in another world. I remain just one thing, and one thing only, and that is a clown. It places me on a far higher plane than any politician. The saddest thing I can imagine is to get used to luxury. [on being informed that Adolf Hitler sat through two screenings of The Great Dictator (1940)] I'd give anything to know what he thought of it. I have no further use for America. I wouldn't go back there if Jesus Christ was President. [answering the bad reviews he got on his last movie, A Countess from Hong Kong (1967)] If they don't like it, they are bloody idiots. A diplomat falls in love with a prostitute - what better story can they get than that? The summation of my character [The Tramp] is that I care about my work. I care about everything I do. If I could do something else better, I would do it, but I can't. Words are cheap. The biggest thing you can say is "elephant". I had no idea of the character. But the moment I was dressed, the clothes and the make-up made me feel the person he was. I began to know him, and by the time I walked onto the stage he was fully born. I don't believe that the public knows what it wants; this is the conclusion that I have drawn from my career. [on his screen character, The Little Tramp] A tramp, a gentleman, a poet, a dreamer, a lonely fellow, always hopeful of romance and adventure. All my pictures are built around the idea of getting in trouble and so giving me the chance to be desperately serious in my attempt to appear as a normal little gentleman. Failure is unimportant. It takes courage to make a fool of yourself. I do not have much patience with a thing of beauty that must be explained to be understood. If it does need additional interpretation by someone other than the creator, then I question whether it has fulfilled its purpose. Movies are a fad. Audiences really want to see live actors on a stage. Actors search for rejection. If they don't get it they reject themselves. I went into the business for the money, and the art grew out of it. If people are disillusioned by that remark, I can't help it. It's the truth. My childhood was sad, but now I remember it with nostalgia, like a dream. It isn't the ups and downs that make life difficult; it's the jerks. I hope we shall abolish war and settle all differences at the conference table... I hope we shall abolish all hydrogen and atom bombs before they abolish us first. Even funnier than a man who has been made ridiculous is the man who, having had something funny happen to him, refuses to admit that anything out of the way has happened, and attempts to maintain his dignity. Perhaps the best example is the intoxicated man who, though his tongue and walk will give him away, attempts in a dignified manner to convince you that he is quite sober. He is much funnier than the man who, wildly hilarious, is frankly drunk and doesn't care a whoop who knows it. Intoxicated characters on the stage are almost always "slightly tipsy" with an attempt at dignity because theatrical managers have learned that this attempt at dignity is funny. Comedy really is a serious study, although it must not be taken seriously. That sounds like a paradox, but it is not. It is a serious study to learn characters; it is a hard study. But to make comedy a success there must be an ease, a spontaneity in the acting that cannot be associated with seriousness. Through humor, we see in what seems rational, the irrational; in what seems important, the unimportant. It also heightens our sense of survival and preserves our sanity. One of the things most quickly learned in theatrical work is that people as a whole get satisfaction from seeing the rich get the worst of things. The reason for this, of course, lies in the fact that nine tenths of the people in the world are poor, and secretly resent the wealth of the other tenth. Figuring out what the audience expects, and then doing something different, is great fun to me. The first time I looked at myself on the screen, I was ready to resign [the movie contract]. That can't be I, I thought. Then when I realized it was, I said, "Good night." Strange enough, I was told that the picture was a scream. I had always been ambitious to work in drama, and it certainly was the surprise of my life when I got away with the comedy stuff. Naturalness is the greatest requisite of comedy. It must be real and true to life. I believe in realism absolutely. Real things appeal to the people far quicker than the grotesque. My comedy is actual life, with the slightest twist or exaggeration, you might say, to bring out what it might be under certain circumstances. [in 1915] Motion pictures is still in its infancy. In the next few years, I expect to see so many improvements that you could then scarcely recognize the comedy of the present day. I don't want perfection of detail in the acting. I'd hate a picture that was perfect, it would seem machine made. I want the human touch, so that you love the picture for its imperfections. I think a very great deal of myself. Everything is perfect or imperfect, according to myself. I am the perfect standard. I usually go to see myself the first night of a new performance, but I don't laugh. No, I just go to see whether or not the film is taking, and what I've done that I shouldn't do. And if it's a success, I'm happy. There's something that makes you feel pretty good in knowing that all over the world people are laughing at what you're doing. But if it isn't a success, then it's terrible, to feel that you're a failure all over the world at the same time. [on Douglas Fairbanks ] He had extraordinary magnetism and charm and a genuine boyish enthusiasm which he conveyed to the public. [on D.W. Griffith ] The whole industry owes its existence to him. [Upon watching the young Jerry Lewis on television] That bastard is funny! He knows how to take the audience. My only enemy is time. I don't believe I deserve dinner unless I've done a day's work. [Upon receiving an Honorary Oscar at the 44th annual Academy Awards] Thank you so much. This is an emotional moment for me. Words seem so futile and so feeble. I can only say thank you for the honor of inviting me here and you are all wonderful, sweet people. Thank you. Life is a beautiful magnificent thing, even to a jellyfish. [on receiving a lifetime Oscar, 1972] Words are so futile, feeble. All my pictures were built around the idea of getting me into trouble, and so giving me the chance to be desperately serious in my attempt to appear as a normal little gentleman. A good talking picture is inferior to a good stage play, while a good silent picture is superior to a good stage play. [advice to an over-emoting film actor] Don't sell it. Remember: they are peeking at you. Salary (7)	eleven
The name Wendy was made up by the author for which children’s book?	Charles Chaplin - IMDb IMDb Writer \| Actor \| Soundtrack Charlie Chaplin, considered to be one of the most pivotal stars of the early days of Hollywood, lived an interesting life both in his films and behind the camera. He is most recognized as an icon of the silent film era, often associated with his popular "Little Tramp" character; the man with the toothbrush mustache, bowler hat, bamboo cane, and a ... See full bio » Born: a list of 23 people created 05 Dec 2010 a list of 47 people created 24 May 2011 a list of 34 people created 26 Mar 2012 a list of 42 people created 08 Dec 2013 a list of 28 people created 11 Feb 2014 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Charles Chaplin's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 19 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards » Known For 1952 Limelight (original story and screenplay) 1947 Monsieur Verdoux (an original story written by) 1931 City Lights (written by) 1928 The Circus (written by - as Charlie Chaplin) 1923 The Pilgrim (written by) 1922/I Pay Day (Short) (as Charlie Chaplin) 1921 The Idle Class (Short) (written by - as Charlie Chaplin) 1921 The Kid (written by - as Charlie Chaplin) 1919 The Professor (Short) (uncredited) 1919 A Day's Pleasure (Short) (written by - as Charlie Chaplin) 1919 Sunnyside (Short) (written by - as Charlie Chaplin) 1918 The Bond (Short) (writer) 1918 Triple Trouble (Short) (screenplay - uncredited) / (story - uncredited) 1917 The Immigrant (Short) (written by) 1917 The Cure (Short) (screenplay - uncredited) / (story - uncredited) 1917 Easy Street (Short) (screenplay - uncredited) / (story - uncredited) 1915 A Woman (Short) (uncredited) 1915 Work (Short) (uncredited) - Episode #2.34 (2012) ... (music: "Smile") 2012 Brazil Avenue (TV Series) (performer: "Smile") / (writer: "Smile") 2011 The Silence of Pelesjan (Documentary) (writer: "Theme from 'Limelight'" - uncredited) 2011 Mr. Popper's Penguins (music: "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0018773", "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0015864", "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0009611", "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0027977") / (writer: "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0018773", "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0015864", "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0009611", "CUES FROM THE CHAPLIN FILM tt0027977") 2011 The 83rd Annual Academy Awards (TV Special) (writer: "Smile") The X Factor (TV Series) (music - 1 episode, 2010) (writer - 1 episode, 2004) - Live Final (2004) ... (writer: "Smile") 2010 Brazilian Beats (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Braguinha (2010) ... (writer: "Sorri", "Luzes da Ribalta") - Episode #1.2 (2010) ... (writer: "Smile") 2010 Prozhektorperiskhilton (TV Series) (music - 1 episode) - Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa/Mikhail Shvydkoy/Aleksandr Gradskiy/Lolita Milyavskaya (2010) ... (music: "Smile" - uncredited) Diva (TV Series) (lyrics - 1 episode, 2010) (music - 1 episode, 2010) - Singin' in the Rain (2010) ... (lyrics: "Smile") / (music: "Smile") 2009 Glee (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Mattress (2009) ... (writer: "Smile" - uncredited)	i don't know
What was the top baby girl name in England in 2008?	Baby names: Top 100 most popular boys and girls' names \| The Independent Baby names: Top 100 most popular boys and girls' names Several new entries but top slots remain unchanged Monday 17 August 2015 12:48 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Infants less than a year old become more interested in objects that do seemingly impossible things Getty Images The Office for National Statistics (ONS) has released the annual list of the most popular baby names in England and Wales. Girls: 1 Amelia 5,327 (number) No change (change in rank since 2013) 2 Olivia 4,724 No change 3 Isla 4,012 Up 2 4 Emily 3,991 Down 1 5 Poppy 3,273 Up 2 6 Ava 3,171 Down 2 7 Isabella 3,022 Up 1 8 Jessica 2,995 Down 2 9 Lily 2,965 Up 3 10 Sophie 2,905 Down 1 11 Grace 2,785 Up 2 12 Sophia 2,752 Up 3 13 Mia 2,727 Down 3 14 Evie 2,664 No change 15 Ruby 2,595 Down 4 16 Ella 2,465 No change 17 Scarlett 2,359 No change 18 Isabelle 2,241 Up 1 19 Chloe 2,215 Down 1 20 Sienna 2,174 Up 2 21 Freya 2,164 Down 1 22 Phoebe 2,099 Up 2 23 Charlotte 2,018 Down 2 24 Daisy 1,957 Down 1 25 Alice 1,783 Up 2 26 Florence 1,781 Up 3 27 Eva 1,725 Down 1 28 Sofia 1,692 Up 2 29 Millie 1,685 Down 4 30 Lucy 1,664 Down 2 31 Evelyn 1,506 Up 14 32 Elsie 1,497 Up 15 33 Rosie 1,475 Up 5 34 Imogen 1,463 No change 35 Lola 1,441 Down 3 36 Matilda 1,440 No change 37 Elizabeth 1,398 Up 2 38 Layla 1,391 Down 7 39 Holly 1,362 Down 6 40 Lilly 1,352 Down 3 41 Molly 1,349 Down 6 42 Erin 1,343 Down 2 43 Ellie 1,308 No change 44 Maisie 1,221 Down 3 45 Maya 1,200 Up 6 46 Abigail 1,181 No change 47 Eliza 1,165 Up 12 48 Georgia 1,163 Up 12 49 Jasmine 1,155 Up 1 50 Esme 1,151 Up 8 51 Willow 1,142 Up 3 52 Bella 1,141 Up 4 53 Annabelle 1,108 Up 10 54 Ivy 1,103 Up 12 55 Amber 1,089 Up 10 56 Emilia 1,082 Up 8 57 Emma 1,071 Down 2 58 Summer 1,067 Down 10 59 Hannah 1,061 Down 15 60 Eleanor 1,049 Down 3 61 Harriet 1,016 No change 62 Rose 990 Up 6 63 Amelie 988 Down 11 64 Lexi 972 Down 22 65 Megan 879 Down 16 66 Gracie 871 Down 4 67 Zara 838 Up 3 68 Lacey 829 Down 15 69 Martha 807 Up 4 70 Anna 804 Down 1 71 Violet 754 Up 7 72 Darcey 727 Up 12 73 Maria 707 Up 10 74 Maryam 705 Up 6 75 Brooke 703 Down 8 76 Aisha 702 Up 18 77 Katie 701 Up 2 78 Leah 683 Down 7 79 Thea 678 Up 42 new entry 80 Darcie 677 Up 23 new entry 81 Hollie 673 Down 6 82 Amy 668 Down 6 83 Mollie 663 Down 12 84 Heidi 662 Up 15 85 Lottie 662 Up 20 new entry 86 Bethany 648 Down 9 87 Francesca 646 Down 6 88 Faith 642 Down 14 89 Harper 623 Up 71 new entry 90 Nancy 615 Up 21 new entry 91 Beatrice 610 Up 4 92 Isabel 608 Down 7 93 Darcy 606 No change 94 Lydia 602 Up 6 95 Sarah 601 Up 1 96 Sara 596 Up 4 97 Julia 593 Down 15 98 Victoria 584 Down 10 99 Zoe 580 Down 2 100 Robyn 577 Up 19 new entry 1 Oliver 6,649 No change 2 Jack 5,804 No change 3 Harry 5,379 No change 4 Jacob 5,050 No change 5 Charlie 4,642 No change 6 Thomas 4,405 No change 7 George 4,320 Up 3 8 Oscar 4,269 Down 1 9 James 4,167 No change 10 William 4,134 Down 2 11 Noah 4,085 Up 2 12 Alfie 3,868 Down 1 13 Joshua 3,812 Down 1 14 Muhammad 3,588 Up 1 15 Henry 3,572 Up 3 16 Leo 3,414 Up 1 17 Archie 3,099 Down 1 18 Ethan 3,061 Down 4 19 Joseph 3,041 No change 20 Freddie 3,023 Up 15 21 Samuel 3,021 Down 1 22 Alexander 2,978 Up 2 23 Logan 2,813 Up 5 24 Daniel 2,775 Down 2 25 Isaac 2,636 Up 4 26 Max 2,602 Down 1 27 Mohammed 2,536 Down 4 28 Benjamin 2,490 Up 2 29 Mason 2,470 Down 2 30 Lucas 2,445 Down 4 31 Edward 2,417 Up 2 32 Harrison 2,214 Up 4 33 Jake 2,207 Down 1 34 Dylan 2,188 Down 3 35 Riley 2,177 Down 14 36 Finley 2,115 Down 2 37 Theo 2,008 Up 4 38 Sebastian 1,965 No change 39 Adam 1,790 Up 1 40 Zachary 1,670 Down 1 41 Arthur 1,649 Up 2 42 Toby 1,352 Up 2 43 Jayden 1,334 Down 1 44 Luke 1,322 Up 1 45 Harley 1,303 Up 4 46 Lewis 1,236 No change 47 Tyler 1,235 Down 10 48 Harvey 1,228 No change 49 Matthew 1,216 Down 2 50 David 1,209 No change 51 Reuben 1,166 Up 3 52 Michael 1,139 Up 1 53 Elijah 1,125 Up 16 54 Kian 1,123 Up 41 55 Tommy 1,120 Down 3 56 Mohammad 1,116 Up 1 57 Blake 1,106 Down 1 58 Luca 1,101 Up 2 59 Theodore 1,090 Up 19 60 Stanley 1,059 Up 10 61 Jenson 1,058 Down 3 62 Nathan 1,055 Down 7 63 Charles 1,037 Down 2 64 Frankie 1,030 Down 2 65 Jude 1,018 Up 7 66 Teddy 1,017 Up 20 67 Louie 1,015 Up 4 68 Louis 999 Up 9 69 Ryan 989 Down 18 70 Hugo 956 Up 4 71 Bobby 922 Down 12 72 Elliott 914 Up 12 73 Dexter 908 Down 10 74 Ollie 906 Up 6 75 Alex 903 Down 10 76 Liam 902 Down 9 77 Kai 858 Down 13 78 Gabriel 842 Up 1 79 Connor 841 Down 13 80 Aaron 819 Up 1 81 Frederick 815 Up 1 82 Callum 803 Down 9 83 Elliot 780 Down 7 84 Albert 778 Up 15 85 Leon 765 Down 10 86 Ronnie 756 Up 4 87 Rory 755 Up 9 88 Jamie 749 Down 20 89 Austin 707 Up 5 90 Seth 694 Up 7 91 Ibrahim 669 Down 2 92 Owen 663 Down 7 93 Caleb 648 Down 5 94 Ellis 641 Up 9 new entry 95 Sonny 640 Up 5 96 Robert 631 Up 2 97 Joey 627 Up 5 new entry 98 Felix 614 Down 7 99 Finlay 611 Down 12 100 Jackson 602 Up 6 *new entry	Olivia
What was the top baby boy name in England in 2008?	Baby names 2011: Harry and Amelia top the lists for England and Wales \| Life and style \| theguardian.com Blog home Baby names 2011: Harry and Amelia top the lists for England and Wales Harry and Amelia were the most popular names for baby boys and girls born in England and Wales in 2011, marking the first time since 2008 that Oliver and Olivia have not occupied the top spots • More data journalism and data visualisations from the Guardian The ten most popular names for baby girls and boys, 2008-2011. Click for larger image Amelia and Harry were the most common names for baby girls and boys in 2011 across England and Wales. Amelia had been the fifth most popular baby girl's name in 2010 and Harry the third most popular among newborn boys. 7,523 children were named Harry in 2011, while there were 5,054 Amelias. Oliver (7,007) and Olivia (4,938) each dropped a place to become the second most popular, according to figures released by the Office for National Statistics . Olivia had previously been the most common name for baby girls since 2008, while Oliver had been ranked first for two successive years. Amelia most recently entered the top ten in 2008, while Harry has been ninth or higher since 2005. The second, third, fourth and fifth placed girl's names were Olivia, Lily, Jessica and Emily. Only one - Jessica - was not in the top five for 2010. The top four boy's names have now been unchanged for three consecutive years, though the order was altered in 2011. Oliver, Jack and Alfie were the second, third and fourth most common names last year, with Charlie in fifth for the second year in a row. Joshua was the fifth most popular in 2009. Ava (ninth) and Isabella (tenth) were new additions to the top ten girl's names in 2011, while Jacob (seventh) was the only one of the top ten boy's names not present in 2010. The top 100 names for each gender in 2011 are shown below. Click the link to download the spreadsheet. Data summary	i don't know
How many bones are babies born with?	How many bones do babies have? \| Reference.com How many bones do babies have? A: Quick Answer A human baby is born with approximately 300 bones. As the child develops, some of these bones fuse together to form the 206 bones of the adult human skeleton. In fact, the newborn cranium has three infused plates at birth to allow the baby’s head to pass through the birth canal. The bones of the skull fuse together as the child ages. Full Answer Babies typically have more cartilage than adults, and much of the newborn skeleton is still cartilage at birth. Over time, this cartilage turns into bone by the process of ossification. Specialized cells called "osteoblasts" are responsible for making new bones and rebuilding damaged bones. For their skeletons to develop properly, babies require a tremendous amount of calcium, such as that found in breast milk and formula. A nursing mother often needs calcium supplements to prevent bone loss while breastfeeding. Another interesting fact is that the patella or kneecap in newborns is made entirely of cartilage and does not completely ossify until the child is 3 to 5 years old. This is why crawling toddlers do not seem to experience knee pain or trauma as they move around on the floor. The skeletal system is responsible for providing protection for the internal organs, supporting the body and facilitating movement. The skeletal system works very closely with the muscular system to perform these duties.	300
What does a noctambulist do?	The Birds and Bees of Baby Bones - Do babies have kneecaps? \| HowStuffWorks The Birds and Bees of Baby Bones © iStockphoto.com /Lighthousebay While adults normally have 206 bones , babies start out with a skeletal mix of about 300 different bones and cartilage elements. Various adult bones, such as the cranium, start off in life as several different fragments. At birth, the cranium has three unfused plates, allowing for passage of the baby's head through the birth canal. Over time, these plates fuse into one piece. All bones start off as cartilage, but many are still cartilage at the time of birth . Cartilage turns into bone over time through a process called ossification. As cartilage develops, a nutrient artery grows into it. This in turn prompts cells called osteoblasts to develop along the lining of the cartilage. These osteoblasts in the cartilage begin producing compact bone, which covers the cartilage. Next, blood vessels begin to spread throughout the cartilage, branching off the nutrient artery and enabling marrow and other nutrients to be dispersed throughout the developing bone. When this occurs, it prompts the development of a primary ossification center, which will continue producing cells that dissolve the cartilage and replace it with new bone. Up Next The patella is a sesamoid bone. That means that it's a bone that exists in the middle of a tendon , as we discussed earlier. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in your body. As such, it takes a little longer than some bones to, well, become bone. Although it doesn't show up on X-rays , your baby does in fact have kneecaps. They're just not bony kneecaps. At birth, these kneecaps are still cartilage, and remain so for a few years. So all those spills and falls your toddler is taking aren't going to be knee-breakers, just sponge-compressors. By the time your child is anywhere from 3 to 5 years old, those cartilage plates will have fully ossified into big-kid kneecaps, made of real bone. And every year after that, as that bone loses its bounce, those thrills and spills will get progressively less fun until those grown-up babies are creaking and groaning with the rest of us. For lots more information on bones, cartilage and babies, see the next page.	i don't know
Which US state is the setting for the 1971 film ‘The Last Picture Show’?	The Last Picture Show (1971) Pages: ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Background The Last Picture Show (1971) is an evocative and bittersweet slice-of-life 'picture show' from young newcomer, 31 year-old director Peter Bogdanovich, formerly a stage actor and film writer/critic. The screenplay was based on the novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry. [Bogdanovich had previously directed only two other smaller feature films, the low-budget Targets (1967) with Boris Karloff cast as a horror-movie star, and the awful Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1968) with Mamie Van Doren.] This great picture, Bogdanovich's first major film, was a gritty, authentic-looking, black and white film (considered obsolete at the time since it was the first mainstream Hollywood feature film shot in B/W since the early 60s), with expressive, high-contrast cinematography by Robert Surtees. It was widely acclaimed at the time of its release. The film was noted as the director's tribute and homage to the classic films of legendary directors Howard Hawks ( Red River (1948) ), John Ford ( The Grapes of Wrath (1940) ), and Welles himself ( Citizen Kane (1941) ). [Old-time western film star Ben Johnson, who had starred in many classic films of the genre, including Ford's She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), Shane (1953) , and The Wild Bunch (1969) , played the role of an old-time cowboy in the film. Orson Welles suggested to Bogdanovich that he should film in black and white. The film's theme is similar to Welles' The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) - about the passing of an earlier way of life due to the advent of the automobile at the turn of the century.] The episodic, bleak and mournful film was shot on location over an eleven-week period in northwestern Texas in a dusty, wind-swept, one-horse, declining small-town that was on the verge of being forgotten in the early 1950s. Bogdanovich's work recaptures and recreates the period of the early 50s (between WWII and the Korean War). One of the film's posters declared it as "the picture show that introduced America to the forgotten 50's." The rich character study with a non-star cast dispassionately (but affectionately) depicts the contrasting, mediocre lives of two generations of aimless townspeople with frustrated, unhappy, unfulfilled, routine, despairing and shallow lives (middle-aged adults and naive adolescent teenagers) who cling to the dying and barren town, and try to find solace and escape from boredom in lost dreams, drinking, temporary and manipulative sexual encounters (adulterous and promiscuous relationships), the local movie theatre's shows (and television), or by moving to the big city. Everyone knows everything about everyone else in the insular, claustrophobic town. The coming-of-age characters in the younger generation, and the characters in the older generation who only have their memories, include: Younger Generation a likeable, high-school athlete and senior (Jeff Bridges) another quiet, serious senior, his friend (Timothy Bottoms) his slow-witted, mute pal (Sam Bottoms) a teenaged temptress (Cybill Shepherd) an old-timer and ex-cowboy (Ben Johnson) a once-beautiful, lonely, alcoholic, philandering rich wife (Ellen Burstyn) a neglected, middle-aged (homosexual) coach's wife (Cloris Leachman) The time frame of the film, about a year-long period from November 1951 to the next late fall and told from the point-of-view of an 18 year old boy, chronicles how changes in the world, his own personal rites of passage, and the closing of the forlorn town's only 'picture show' (due to the coming of the isolating pablum of television) that marked the economically-battered community's death knell and the passing of an earlier era. The younger generation has little to look forward to, based on their elder's experiences. Another film poster declared: "Anarene, Texas, 1951, Nothing much has changed...", with the implication that change is inevitable and life-altering. Only nostalgia for the remembered past may bring some sense of nurturing comfort and ease from the pain of life's experiences, lost loves and disappointments. The town in McMurtry's novel was the small town of Thalia. But the film was actually shot in Archer City, Larry McMurtry's hometown, and bears a strong resemblance to Thalia. Archer City is located at the intersection of Texas State Highways 25 and 79, about 150 miles northwest of Dallas/Fort Worth. The name of the town in the film, Anarene, located 8 miles South of Archer City, was chosen to provide correspondence to the cow-town of Abilene in Hawks' Red River (1948) . The naturalistically-frank R-rated film reflecting social and sexual mores (with full frontal nudity and explicit sexual situations) was nominated for eight Academy Awards (including four for its ensemble cast), and was awarded two Oscars for two supporting actors of the older generation: Ben Johnson (Best Supporting Actor) and Cloris Leachman (Best Supporting Actress). The other six nominations included: Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Jeff Bridges), Best Supporting Actress (Ellen Burstyn), Best Director, Best Cinematography (Robert Surtees known for his work on The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) ), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Larry McMurtry and Peter Bogdanovich). The film's sequel Texasville (1990), also by Bogdanovich, featured Jeff Bridges and Cybill Shepherd (and others in the principal cast) reprising their original roles. To provide further authenticity and a melancholy counter-point to the film's characters and motivations, the film employs a carefully-chosen soundtrack (heard on car and truck radios, 45 rpm phonographs, jukeboxes, etc.) full of early 50s country western songs (recordings by Hank Williams, Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys, Eddy Arnold, Eddie Fisher, Phil Harris, Pee Wee King, Hank Snow, Tony Bennett, Lefty Frizzell, Frankie Laine, Johnnie Ray, Johnny Standley, Kay Starr, Hank Thompson, Webb Pierce, and Jo Stafford). The Story The generational, rites-of-passage film opens in late November, 1951 during the time of the Korean War and the emergence of television. [The time period is identified later by a scrawled date on a blackboard in a school classroom.] After a stark white-on-black title, the opening shot, symmetrical to the film's closing shot, there is a pan from right to left down the empty main street of the deserted, desolate, wind-blown, dust-bowl town of Anarene. The pan starts at the town's sole 'picture show' palace named the Royal (the marquee broadcasts the current feature "Spencer Tracy, Father of the Bride "). The camera passes by the Alsup's City Cleaners and the Texas Moon Cafe, and views a distant Texaco gas station. A sensitive, coming-of-age youth in the town is introduced in his black 1941 Chevrolet pickup truck on a Saturday - he is football-playing high-school senior Sonny Crawford (Timothy Bottoms in his debut film), in the class of 1951. He fiddles with the choke (metaphoric for the claustrophic hold the environment has on the hamlet) and accelerator to keep the vintage truck from stalling, while his radio blares a Hank Williams tune (the film's theme song: "Why Don't You Love Me (Like You Used to Do)?"). Down the street, he spots his grinning pal Billy (Sam Bottoms, his real-life brother), a slow-witted and mute kid, who ineffectually and obsessively sweeps the dust away with a broom. After picking up his friend, Sonny - with a trademark action (that signifies their special relationship), turns Billy's cap around backwards, and then drives to the local pool hall. The broken-down venue has a candy-case at the counter, a soda machine, a few snooker tables, and a gas stove. The pool hall owner, ex-cowboy Sam 'the Lion' (Ben Johnson) is bent over one of the pool tables while brushing the felt surface. The cold wind from the open door causes him to be seized with a coughing fit. They listen to the program "Cowboy Rhythms" on the local radio station KPRN (in Wichita Falls). The next song is announced - Hank Williams singing his hit tune: 'Cold, Cold Heart.' [The song illustrates the emotional, frozen nature of the town.] Sam, who serves as Billy's ward and looks after Sonny as his surrogate father, chastises Sonny for not eating a "decent breakfast" and for getting "stomped" in the previous night's football game (Sonny's last game as a lackluster senior player) - because of missed tackles and lousy athleticism: Sonny: Coulda been worse... Sam: Yeah. You can say that about nearly everything, I guess. Abilene (Clu Gulager), a well-off oil-rig worker (for the Farrow Oil Company), drives up in a souped-up shiny car and enters the poolhall. He assembles his own fancy pool cue and then collects his wagered $50 football game bet made earlier with Sam. Contrary to logic, Sam is still loyal and supportive of his hometown team: Now you see - this is what I get for bettin' on my own hometown ball team - oughta have better sense. Outside, another pickup pulls up and drops off a second high-school senior, Duane Jackson (Jeff Bridges), who also plays football and works part-time on the weekends for the Farrow Oil Company. The two teenagers, both best buddy-friends, deliver a sack of change to Genevieve (Eileen Brennan), the waitress at Sam's greasy-spoon, run-down cafe down the street. [Sam, the town's elder statesman, owns the town's three establishments where the community gathers socially: the cafe, the pool hall, and the movie house.] The local hangout is populated by oil drillers, grizzled cowboys, and other town residents. Duane jokes that "nobody prosperous would eat here." As always, Duane will use a shared pickup first - for Saturday night necking and petting after the show with his girlfriend. Meanwhile that afternoon, Sonny drives a truck to deliver propane and butane gas to neighboring country farms outside of town. The surrounding prairie landscape is flat, dusty, empty, and drab. In the picture show lobby that evening [the Royal's outdoor stand advertises a coming feature, John Ford's western Wagonmaster (1950) - with Ben Johnson in his first starring role], Sonny arrives late and pays his discounted admission to kindly Miss Mosey (Jessie Lee Fulton) behind the popcorn machine ("...you ain't got any time to see the comedy in three weeks...And you missed the newsreel too, and the main show has done started so I'll just charge you thirty cents"). The main show is already playing - it is the first-run, fantasy mill feature by director Vincente Minnelli titled Father of the Bride (1950) - a romantic 50s comedy starring young Elizabeth Taylor as Kay, a middle-class teenager on the verge of getting married, and the paternal figure of Spencer Tracy. [The first film shown in the theatre portrays an idealized father-daughter relationship, while the second film shown in the Royal toward the film's end, Red River (1948) is about a strained father-son relationship.] Sonny's unattractive, steady girlfriend of one year, Charlene Duggs (Sharon Taggart, aka Sharon Ullrick), is perturbed that Sonny has already missed the cartoon and the newsreel. The couple move to the back row of the dark theatre, where she extracts her chewing gum and they start kissing. During the unemotional embrace, Sonny peers over Charlene's shoulder and concentrates his eye on the bright face of the young star on the big screen, presumably wishing that he was kissing Elizabeth Taylor in never-never land, instead of being in Anarene. She then hints that she is expecting a one-year anniversary present: Charlene: We've been goin' steady a year tonight. Sonny: (tiredly) Yeah? Seems like a lot longer. Charlene: (pouting) You shoulda got me some anniversary present. Sonny: You can have another stick of gum - that's all I got on me. During the show, Duane arrives with the town's rich local belle, a rich-girl and icy blonde beauty named Jacy Farrow (Cybill Shepherd in her film debut). As the teenager's leave, Sam and Miss Mosey are posting the next film's poster and marquee for - Sands of Iwo Jima (1949). Duane leaves with Jacy in her shiny convertible, while Sonny drives in the pickup to a deserted lakeside, lover's lane area with Charlene. As they listen to the radio, she methodically removes her own sweater (he unhooks her pointed bra and hangs it on the rear-view mirror), and routinely permits him to cup her full right breast (with his cold left hand) while they kiss. When he looks away distractedly, she asks angrily: "What's the matter with you? You act plain bored." He suggests doing "something different" on their anniversary, causing Charlene to accuse him of wanting to get her pregnant before getting married. Their spat leads to their breakup, when she complains that he isn't good-looking (because he doesn't have a ducktail) and that he didn't even play in the backfield. She pouts and demands that he return her sexy pictures. Sonny drawls back: "I don't want to spoil no more anniversaries for you." One night in the cafe, Genevieve commiserates with Sonny about his non-existent love life and his jealous envy of Duane with Jacy. Although Sonny is both infatuated and lustful over Jacy, he keeps a distance from her out of respect for his buddy: Genevieve: She (Charlene) doesn't have a good disposition - what are you blue about then? Sonny: Ain't nobody to go with in this town. Jacy's the only pretty girl in school and Duane's got her. Genevieve: I'd call that his tough luck...Jacy'll bring him more misery than she'll ever be worth. Genevieve is saddened that Sonny and Duane are both rootless. They live in a boarding house and lack parental guidance and love - something she had also experienced with her own mother. She is saddled with heavy debts from her husband's medical bills. In separate generations, both are caught in a cycle of poverty: Genevieve: I don't know. You and Duane - both in a boardinghouse - him with a mother, and you with a father. Don't seem right. And your dad's takin' too many pills, you know...But then I'm no one to talk. I never did get on with Mama - I still don't. Sonny: Say, I hear Dan's goin' back to work soon. I guess you'll be quittin' before long. Genevieve: (ruefully) Honey, we got four thousand dollars worth of doctor bills to pay. I will probably be makin' cheeseburgers for your grandkids. In a high-school classroom, English teacher Mr. Cecil (John Hillerman of TV's Magnum, P.I. fame) struggles to interest his students in John Keats. The camera records the class of Anarene's seniors - Duane and Sonny playfully wrestle, the narcissistic tease Jacy primps in her vanity mirror, and the wimpy preacher's kid Joe Bob Blanton (Barc Doyle) has his hair mussed. The teacher reads a passage to the disinterested class, while Sonny daydreams and watches two dogs humping on the front lawn: When old age shall this generation waste Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe Than ours, a friend to man To whom thou sayest, 'Beauty is truth, Truth Beauty' That is all ye know on Earth And all ye need to know Now that the football season is over, after-school basketball practice has begun for the high-school athletes. Tobacco juice-spitting Coach Popper (Bill Thurman), with a big gut and homosexual tendencies toward some of his star male players (probably as compensation for his marital failures), exhorts his team to run laps around the gym floor: "You gotta be men like the rest of us - ain't none of you pretty enough to be women...If you'all didn't jack off so damn much, maybe you could stay in shape." Sonny eagerly accepts to do a favor for the coach - to drive Popper's wife Ruth (Cloris Leachman) to a doctor's clinic in Olney the next day, in exchange for the bribe of getting him out of Civics class. Sonny is thrilled by the offer: "That's the best offer I've had all day." At the local Rig-Wam drive-in after practice, Duane has his head cradled in Jacy's lap in the front seat of her convertible as she dangles french fries above his mouth. Sonny sits by himself in the back seat. The town's overweight prostitute Jimmie Sue (Helena Humann) works part-time as the drive-in's car-hop. When Jacy's wealthy parents drive up in a Cadillac convertible, Jacy quickly poses demurely. Her rich father Gene Farrow (Robert Glenn) and stern mother Lois (Ellen Burstyn) expect Jacy to return home for supper in fifteen minutes. One of Gene's workers, Abilene, acknowledges Lois (both look at each other through expressionless sunglasses) - she shoots him a middle finger as they pull away.	Texas
Which Italian-born fashion designer introduced the colour ‘Shocking Pink’ in 1936?	The Last Picture Show Remind Me The Last Picture Show Synopsis: In the early 1950s, Sonny Crawford is coming of age in the desolate town of Anarene, Texas. Sonny's closest friends are his high school buddy Duane Jackson and his surrogate father Sam the Lion, whose tough-minded integrity stands in contrast to everyone around him. Eager to experiment with sex, Sony begins an affair with his coach's wife. However, his understanding of the world is thrown into question when Sam the Lion suddenly dies, and his relationship with the coach's wife proves. emotionally complicated. One could argue that Peter Bogdanovich never topped The Last Picture Show (1971), his second feature and surely one of the great films of the Seventies. This is due not only to Bogdanovich's direction, but also the strength of the original source material (the 1966 novel of the same title by Larry McMurtry), its excellent ensemble cast, and its gritty black-and-white cinematography by the Hollywood veteran Robert Surtees. A basic part of the film's success arises from its authentic portrayal of small-town life, which it derives from the novel. Texas-born writer Larry McMurtry has had an unusually close, career-long relationship with the film medium. His first novel, Horsemen, Pass By (1961) was adapted into no less a film than Martin Ritt's Hud (1963). The reason for this is not difficult to fathom: McMurtry's depictions of small-town life in the West, with their unsparing but compassionate examination of stunted lives and their ironic echoes of the Western genre, offered strong material for filmmakers interested in exploring adult subjects. Other significant adaptations of McMurtry novels include Terms of Endearment (1983), the TV miniseries Lonesome Dove (1989), Texasville (1990)--a sequel to The Last Picture Show, and The Evening Star (1996). The novel The Last Picture Show, like McMurtry's previous works, attracted some controversy upon its publication in 1966 due to its unusually frank treatment of sex. The difference between this novel and so many of the steamy potboilers that were in vogue at that time is that McMurtry is interested to show how people relate to each other through sex, and also how repressive social mores regarding sex warp individual characters' lives. For example, even though the character of Jacy is depicted as shallow and manipulative, we come to understand how she is a product of established social attitudes towards gender and class difference. In the same vein, one of McMurtry's main themes is the burden of masculinity in the modern West. One can in fact trace a direct line from The Last Picture Show as a novel to Annie Proulx's short story "Brokeback Mountain" and its acclaimed film version, for which McMurtry and his creative partner Diana Ossana wrote the Academy Award-winning screenplay adaptation. Another aspect that contributes to the film's enduring appeal is its remarkable ensemble of actors, including many younger performers whose careers took off significantly as a result of the film. Timothy Bottoms, who plays the key role of Sonny Crawford, sadly never became a big name in the same way as Jeff Bridges, who plays opposite as his best friend Duane Jackson. Due to his uncanny resemblance to President George W. Bush, he has recently appeared both in the short-lived Trey Parker/Matt Stone satiric sitcom That's My Bush! (2001) and the all-too-serious Showtime docudrama DC 9/11: Time of Crisis (2003). These roles were hardly the first time an actor has played a living head of state onscreen; in the late Forties and early Fifties, the Georgian actor Mikheil Gelovani played Joseph Stalin in a series of propagandistic films portraying Stalin's supposedly wise and heroic wartime leadership. Randy Quaid, who leaves an indelible impression in his small role as the goofy, leering Lester Marlow, also appeared in Peter Bodanovich's directing debut Targets (1968) and collaborated with the director again in What's Up Doc? (1972) and Paper Moon (1973). Eileen Brennan first made her mark in the off-Broadway musical Little Mary Sunshine (1959) and appeared on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In (1968-1973), but her most famous role is undoubtedly Captain Doreen Lewis in Private Benjamin (1980). Cybill Shepherd was working as a model when she was selected for the role of Jacy in The Last Picture Show. Her lack of acting experience caused considerable concern among the film's producers, though one could argue that she works well in the film both in terms of the character she portrays and because her fresh beauty is necessary to motivate the reactions of the other characters. Her next two films with Bogdanovich, Daisy Miller (1974) and At Long Last Love (1975), were legendary flops, but she attracted a new fan base with the cult hit TV series Moonlighting (1985-1989). Perhaps her best work to date was in Cybill (1995-1998), a bitter television comedy about a never-quite-successful actress in Hollywood. This role earned her an Emmy for Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. The choice of Ben Johnson (1918-1996) for the role of Sam the Lion is key to the film's impact on more than one level. Not only was he a fine actor, but he was closely associated with the Western throughout his career, working with directors such as John Ford and Sam Peckinpah. This helps translate the novel's subtle underlying commentary on the Western genre into purely cinematic terms, as do the clips of films such as Red River (1948) and Winchester '73 (1948) onscreen in the film's aging, soon-to-be-closed movie theater. Both Ben Johnson and Cloris Leachman won Oscars for their supporting roles. Jeff Bridges and Ellyn Burstyn also received nominations, as did Robert Surtees' cinematography and Bogdanovich and McMurtry's screenplay adaptation. The film itself was nominated for Best Picture. Incidentally, the version being shown on TCM is the 127-minute "director's cut," which restores about seven minutes of footage taken out before the film's initial theatrical release. Producers: Stephen J. Freidman, Bert Schneider and Harold Schneider. Director: Peter Bogdanovich. Director of Photography: Robert Surtees. Screenplay: Peter Bogdanovich and Larry McMurtry. Editing: Donn Camern. Production Design: Polly Platt. Cast: Timothy Bottoms (Sonny Crawford), Jeff Bridges (Duane Jackson), Cybill Shepherd (Jacy Farrow), Ben Johnson (Sam the Lion), Cloris Leachman (Ruth Popper), Ellen Burstyn (Lois Farrow ); Eileen Brennan (Genevieve ), Sam Bottoms (Billy), Sharon Ullrick. (Charlene Duggs), Randy Quaid (Lester Marlow), Joe Heathcock (The Sheriff), Bill Thurman (Coach Popper), Barc Doyle (Joe Bob Blanton), Jessie Lee Fulton (Miss Mosey). BW-127m. Letterboxed. Closed captioning.	i don't know
Grace Cathedral is in which US city?	Grace Cathedral, San Francisco - TripAdvisor Want the lowest hotel prices? You're in the right place. We check 200+ sites for you. Grace Cathedral, San Francisco Is this attraction a "must-see" location? Yes Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture? Yes Does this attraction have good scenic or skyline views? Yes Is this attraction good for couples? Yes Is this attraction pet friendly? Yes Would this be a good sunny day activity? Yes Would this be a good hot day activity? Yes Is this an outdoor attraction or activity? Yes Is this attraction popular with tourists? Yes No Unsure Does this attraction require above average amounts of physical activity (long walks, climbs, stairs or hikes)? Yes Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom Address: 1100 California St, San Francisco, CA 94108-2244 Phone Number: Sun 8:00 am - 7:00 pm Mon - Fri 7:00 am - 6:00 pm Sat 8:00 am - 6:00 pm Description: Grace Cathedral is home to a community where the best of Episcopal... Grace Cathedral is home to a community where the best of Episcopal tradition courageously embraces innovation and open-minded conversation, where inclusion is expected and people of all faiths are welcomed, where beliefs are put into action and where people are encouraged to seek God and progress on their own spiritual journeys. The cathedral itself, a renowned San Francisco landmark, serves as a magnet, where diverse people gather to worship, celebrate, seek solace, converse and learn.Famed as a destination for visitors from all over the world, the cathedral is known for its striking architecture, stained glass, singular collection of art, and Interfaith AIDS Memorial Chapel. read more	San Francisco
Prior to Andy Murray, who was the last British tennis player to win the Wimbledon Men’s Singles Final?	City Box Office City Box Office Saturdays: 12noon - 4pm Ticketing Services City Box Office is a full service box office providing a variety of ticketing solutions. Visit our information page to learn how we can help with your next event, or email us at [email protected] Search A limited number of tickets available at venue Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer tickets available at the venue Friday, January 20, 2017 Saturday Mornings in San Francisco (Includes 4 Performances) Subscribe to San Francisco Performances and you’ll enjoy the greatest flexibility, the most convenience and the best value when you subscribe to any of our packages. Not sure about your future plans? Our ticket exchange service - free of fees for subscribers - takes the risk out of ordering in advance. Whether you purchase a fixed package series (such as Dance or Piano) or a Make-Your-Own Series of any 6 performances, you’ll enjoy ALL of these benefits: •PRIORITY SEATING: When you subscribe before single tickets go on sale, you’ll be seated in advance of the general public—assuring you of the best available locations. •SAVINGS: You save up to 13% off single ticket prices when you purchase any fixed series. You save 10% per ticket on Make-Your-Own subscriptions. •TICKET EXCHANGE PRIVILEGES FREE OF FEES: As a subscriber, you may exchange your tickets for another event with no fee, up to one day prior to the original concert (48 hours prior for weekend performances). That’s a savings of $10 per exchange! •FREE BONUS PERFORMANCES: As a subscriber, you will receive invitations to two annual events: our special Gift Concert (our gift to you for being a supporter) and the Naumburg Competition Winner Concert. These events are not to be missed—in past years, these bonus events have featured extraordinary artists at the dawn of their professional careers, including pianists Lang Lang and Steven Osborne, violinist Vadim Gluzman, and the Eroica Trio. Details will be available later in the season. •DISCOUNTS ON SINGLE TICKETS ALL SEASON LONG: When you order tickets through our exclusive subscriber services line (415-677-0325), you'll receive a 10% discount on single tickets you buy throughout the season. •FREE EMAIL REMINDER SERVICE: We’ll remind you of your performance dates by email a few days prior to each event (email registration required). •FREE NEWSLETTER: Our newsletter, Quarternotes, is rich with behind-the-scenes articles, provocative insights into upcoming events, breaking news and more. •FREE TICKET INSURANCE: If you should ever misplace your tickets, we will re-print duplicates for you at no additional charge and hold them at the Box Office. Alexander String Quartet with Robert Greenberg, host and lecturer Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. The Bad Plus Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Welcome to our 2016-17 season of music. Listen to wonderful music performed by outstanding musicians in an intimate environment - exactly how chamber music is meant to be heard. Piano Unlimited Friday, October 21, 2016 7:30 PM Carole L. Ellis Auditorium - Petaluma Campus Polished and Passionate Sunday, November 13, 2016 4:00 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus Palpable Enthusiasm Sunday, January 22, 2017 4:00 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus Knowledge and Inspiration Violinist Gilles Apap and Pianist Grace Fong Friday, March 3, 2017 7:30 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus Vibrant and Insightful Friday, March 17, 2017 7:30 PM The Glaser Center, Unitarian Universalist Congregation - Santa Rosa A Major Artistic Presence Friday, April 21, 2017 7:30 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus SERIES TICKET: Includes 8 Events Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. THE IRRATIONAL MIND: The Work of Daniel Kahneman Michael Lewis In conversation with Jacob Ward Tuesday, January 24, 2017 7:30 PM THE NATURE OF REALITY Presented in Association with the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement at Dartmouth Thursday, February 9, 2017 7:30 PM MICRODOSING: A Psychedelic Approach to Mood Disorders Ayelet Waldman In conversation with Jennifer Gunter Thursday, February 15, 2017 7:30 PM STRING THEORY: Understanding the Multiverse Brian Greene In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Thursday, February 23, 2017 7:30 PM CULTIVATING CREATIVITY: Music and the Brain Charles Limb Tuesday, March 7, 2017 7:30 PM HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Why and How We Act Robert Sapolsky In conversation with Dacher Keltner Thursday, April 20, 2017 7:30 PM THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS Rebecca Skloot A benefit for the The Henrietta Lacks Foundation Wednesday, April 26, 2017 7:30 PM THE TEENAGE BRAIN Michael Lewis Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. THE IRRATIONAL MIND: The Work of Daniel Kahneman Michael Lewis In conversation with Jacob Ward Tuesday, January 24, 2017 7:30 PM THE NATURE OF REALITY Presented in Association with the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement at Dartmouth Thursday, February 9, 2017 7:30 PM MICRODOSING: A Psychedelic Approach to Mood Disorders Ayelet Waldman In conversation with Jennifer Gunter Thursday, February 15, 2017 7:30 PM STRING THEORY: Understanding the Multiverse Brian Greene In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Thursday, February 23, 2017 7:30 PM CULTIVATING CREATIVITY: Music and the Brain Charles Limb Tuesday, March 7, 2017 7:30 PM HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Why and How We Act Robert Sapolsky In conversation with Dacher Keltner Thursday, April 20, 2017 7:30 PM THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS Rebecca Skloot A benefit for the The Henrietta Lacks Foundation Wednesday, April 26, 2017 7:30 PM THE TEENAGE BRAIN Colson Whitehead Each Fall, City Arts & Lectures presents “On Arts,” a series benefiting 826 Valencia College Scholarships. The events feature conversations with writers, artists, comedians, actors, and other cultural figures. Proceeds help six deserving students attend college. 826 VALENCIA is a non-profit dedicated to supporting students age 6 to 18 with their creative and expository writing skills, and to helping teachers inspire their students to write. The center includes a writing lab, a street-front retail pirate store, and satellite Writers’ Rooms at Everett and James Lick middle schools. 826 offers after-school tutoring, bookmaking, field trips, creative writing workshops, in-school tutoring, college essay help, and assistance for English language learners. There are now seven other 826 chapters across the country. This series benefits the 826 Valencia College and Career Readiness Program, which funds annual scholarships to six outstanding college-bound Bay Area students. Ann Patchett In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday September 21, 2016 7:30 PM Jonathan Safran Foer Tuesday September 27, 2016 7:30 PM Patti Smith Tuesday, October 4, 2016 7:30 PM Abbi Jacobson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday October 29, 2016 7:30 PM Frances McDormand & Elizabeth Strout In conversation with Steven Winn Monday, November 28, 2016 7:30 PM Joel Coen Film clips and conversation hosted by Davia Nelson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, November 29, 2016 7:30 PM A Darlene Love Christmas: Love For The Holidays Darlene Love, musicians and backup singers in Concert Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Sunday December 4, 2016 7:00 PM Zadie Smith In conversation with Michael Chabon Tuesday, January 10, 2017 7:30 PM Colson Whitehead In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Wednesday, January 25, 2017 7:30 PM Ira Glass Seven Things I’ve Learned Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday January 28, 2017 7:30 & 10:00 PM Atsuro Riley & Kay Ryan Tuesday January 31, 2017 7:30 PM Roxane Gay Haydn & Mozart with Elizabeth Blumenstock Lauded by the New York Times as "America's leading period instrument ensemble," Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra has been dedicated to authentic performances of Baroque, Classical and early Romantic music on original instruments since its inceptions in 1981. Under the leadership of Music Director Nicholas McGegan, the Orchestra performs an annual subscription season in the San Francisco Bay Area and is regularly heard on tour in the United States and around the world. The Orchestra has its own professional chorus, the Philharmonia Chorale, under the leadership of Bruce Lamott. Philharmonia's most recent U.S. tours have included appearances at Carnegie Hall, Disney Concert Hall, Palais Montcalm in Québec, Lincoln Center, the Tanglewood Festival, the Ravinia Festival, and Norfolk Chamber Music Festival. Internationally, the Orchestra has performed at the BBC Proms in London, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the International Handel Festival in Gottingen, Germany. Among the most recorded orchestras in the world, PBO boasts a discography of more than 40 recordings and launched its own label in 2011 on which it has released nine recordings, including a coveted archival performance of mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson singing Berlioz's Les Nuits D'ete, and received a GRAMMY nomination for its recording of Haydn symphonies. The Orchestra just released its modern North American premiere of Alessandro Scarlatti's La gloria di primavera that coincided with its May 2016 tour. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Alexander String Quartet with Robert Greenberg, host and lecturer Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Ira Glass: Seven Things I’ve Learned Each Fall, City Arts & Lectures presents “On Arts,” a series benefiting 826 Valencia College Scholarships. The events feature conversations with writers, artists, comedians, actors, and other cultural figures. Proceeds help six deserving students attend college. 826 VALENCIA is a non-profit dedicated to supporting students age 6 to 18 with their creative and expository writing skills, and to helping teachers inspire their students to write. The center includes a writing lab, a street-front retail pirate store, and satellite Writers’ Rooms at Everett and James Lick middle schools. 826 offers after-school tutoring, bookmaking, field trips, creative writing workshops, in-school tutoring, college essay help, and assistance for English language learners. There are now seven other 826 chapters across the country. This series benefits the 826 Valencia College and Career Readiness Program, which funds annual scholarships to six outstanding college-bound Bay Area students. Ann Patchett In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday September 21, 2016 7:30 PM Jonathan Safran Foer Tuesday September 27, 2016 7:30 PM Patti Smith Tuesday, October 4, 2016 7:30 PM Abbi Jacobson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday October 29, 2016 7:30 PM Frances McDormand & Elizabeth Strout In conversation with Steven Winn Monday, November 28, 2016 7:30 PM Joel Coen Film clips and conversation hosted by Davia Nelson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, November 29, 2016 7:30 PM A Darlene Love Christmas: Love For The Holidays Darlene Love, musicians and backup singers in Concert Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Sunday December 4, 2016 7:00 PM Zadie Smith In conversation with Michael Chabon Tuesday, January 10, 2017 7:30 PM Colson Whitehead In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Wednesday, January 25, 2017 7:30 PM Ira Glass Seven Things I’ve Learned Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday January 28, 2017 7:30 & 10:00 PM Atsuro Riley & Kay Ryan Tuesday January 31, 2017 7:30 PM Roxane Gay Haydn & Mozart with Elizabeth Blumenstock Lauded by the New York Times as "America's leading period instrument ensemble," Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra has been dedicated to authentic performances of Baroque, Classical and early Romantic music on original instruments since its inceptions in 1981. Under the leadership of Music Director Nicholas McGegan, the Orchestra performs an annual subscription season in the San Francisco Bay Area and is regularly heard on tour in the United States and around the world. The Orchestra has its own professional chorus, the Philharmonia Chorale, under the leadership of Bruce Lamott. Philharmonia's most recent U.S. tours have included appearances at Carnegie Hall, Disney Concert Hall, Palais Montcalm in Québec, Lincoln Center, the Tanglewood Festival, the Ravinia Festival, and Norfolk Chamber Music Festival. Internationally, the Orchestra has performed at the BBC Proms in London, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the International Handel Festival in Gottingen, Germany. Among the most recorded orchestras in the world, PBO boasts a discography of more than 40 recordings and launched its own label in 2011 on which it has released nine recordings, including a coveted archival performance of mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson singing Berlioz's Les Nuits D'ete, and received a GRAMMY nomination for its recording of Haydn symphonies. The Orchestra just released its modern North American premiere of Alessandro Scarlatti's La gloria di primavera that coincided with its May 2016 tour. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Ira Glass: Seven Things I’ve Learned Each Fall, City Arts & Lectures presents “On Arts,” a series benefiting 826 Valencia College Scholarships. The events feature conversations with writers, artists, comedians, actors, and other cultural figures. Proceeds help six deserving students attend college. 826 VALENCIA is a non-profit dedicated to supporting students age 6 to 18 with their creative and expository writing skills, and to helping teachers inspire their students to write. The center includes a writing lab, a street-front retail pirate store, and satellite Writers’ Rooms at Everett and James Lick middle schools. 826 offers after-school tutoring, bookmaking, field trips, creative writing workshops, in-school tutoring, college essay help, and assistance for English language learners. There are now seven other 826 chapters across the country. This series benefits the 826 Valencia College and Career Readiness Program, which funds annual scholarships to six outstanding college-bound Bay Area students. Ann Patchett In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday September 21, 2016 7:30 PM Jonathan Safran Foer Tuesday September 27, 2016 7:30 PM Patti Smith Tuesday, October 4, 2016 7:30 PM Abbi Jacobson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday October 29, 2016 7:30 PM Frances McDormand & Elizabeth Strout In conversation with Steven Winn Monday, November 28, 2016 7:30 PM Joel Coen Film clips and conversation hosted by Davia Nelson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, November 29, 2016 7:30 PM A Darlene Love Christmas: Love For The Holidays Darlene Love, musicians and backup singers in Concert Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Sunday December 4, 2016 7:00 PM Zadie Smith In conversation with Michael Chabon Tuesday, January 10, 2017 7:30 PM Colson Whitehead In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Wednesday, January 25, 2017 7:30 PM Ira Glass Seven Things I’ve Learned Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday January 28, 2017 7:30 & 10:00 PM Atsuro Riley & Kay Ryan Tuesday January 31, 2017 7:30 PM Roxane Gay Sunday, January 29, 2017 1:00 PM & 4:00 PM Palace of Fine Arts Theatre - San Francisco This tour marks the 40th anniversary of the release of Raffi's first and still best-selling album, Singable Songs for the Very Young. Raffi is a singer, songwriter, producer, author, lecturer, and tireless advocate for children. He is best known for his work as a children's entertainer whose string of gold and platinum-selling recordings in North America includes his classic song, "Baby Beluga". Once called "the most popular children's singer in the English-speaking world" (Washington Post) and "Canada's all time children's champion" (Toronto Star), Raffi is also a recipient of the Order of Canada and the United Nations' Earth Achievement Award. He has published three books and holds four honorary degrees. He has never advertised to children or made any commercial endorsements aimed at kids. His commitment to treating his young fans with respect changed society’' outlook on music made for children. "It's great fun singing for children and families," says Raffi. "As well as singing many of my fans' favorites, I look forward to sharing a song or two from my Love Bug album and my new one, Owl Singalong—and to the sounds of all of us singing old favourites from my very first album!" In 2010, Raffi founded The Centre for Child Honouring on Salt Spring Island, BC. With the motto "Respecting Earth & Child," the Centre is at the heart of a global movement that views honouring children as the best way to create sustainable, peacemaking societies. From Singable Songs to Child Honouring—40 years of Raffi! Sunday, January 29, 2017 1:00 PM & 4:00 PM Palace of Fine Arts Theatre - San Francisco This tour marks the 40th anniversary of the release of Raffi's first and still best-selling album, Singable Songs for the Very Young. Raffi is a singer, songwriter, producer, author, lecturer, and tireless advocate for children. He is best known for his work as a children's entertainer whose string of gold and platinum-selling recordings in North America includes his classic song, "Baby Beluga". Once called "the most popular children's singer in the English-speaking world" (Washington Post) and "Canada's all time children's champion" (Toronto Star), Raffi is also a recipient of the Order of Canada and the United Nations' Earth Achievement Award. He has published three books and holds four honorary degrees. He has never advertised to children or made any commercial endorsements aimed at kids. His commitment to treating his young fans with respect changed society’' outlook on music made for children. "It's great fun singing for children and families," says Raffi. "As well as singing many of my fans' favorites, I look forward to sharing a song or two from my Love Bug album and my new one, Owl Singalong—and to the sounds of all of us singing old favourites from my very first album!" In 2010, Raffi founded The Centre for Child Honouring on Salt Spring Island, BC. With the motto "Respecting Earth & Child," the Centre is at the heart of a global movement that views honouring children as the best way to create sustainable, peacemaking societies. From Singable Songs to Child Honouring—40 years of Raffi! Haydn & Mozart with Elizabeth Blumenstock Lauded by the New York Times as "America's leading period instrument ensemble," Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra has been dedicated to authentic performances of Baroque, Classical and early Romantic music on original instruments since its inceptions in 1981. Under the leadership of Music Director Nicholas McGegan, the Orchestra performs an annual subscription season in the San Francisco Bay Area and is regularly heard on tour in the United States and around the world. The Orchestra has its own professional chorus, the Philharmonia Chorale, under the leadership of Bruce Lamott. Philharmonia's most recent U.S. tours have included appearances at Carnegie Hall, Disney Concert Hall, Palais Montcalm in Québec, Lincoln Center, the Tanglewood Festival, the Ravinia Festival, and Norfolk Chamber Music Festival. Internationally, the Orchestra has performed at the BBC Proms in London, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the International Handel Festival in Gottingen, Germany. Among the most recorded orchestras in the world, PBO boasts a discography of more than 40 recordings and launched its own label in 2011 on which it has released nine recordings, including a coveted archival performance of mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson singing Berlioz's Les Nuits D'ete, and received a GRAMMY nomination for its recording of Haydn symphonies. The Orchestra just released its modern North American premiere of Alessandro Scarlatti's La gloria di primavera that coincided with its May 2016 tour. Monday, January 30, 2017 7:30 PM Pre-concert talk at 6:45 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco Earplay launches its 32nd season with a concert celebrating the music of 2017 Featured Composer, the late Toru Takemitsu, as well as works by emerging composer Tonia Ko, and mid-career composers Elena Ruehr, Peter Josheff, and Laurie San Martin. San Martin’s “Fray” will be the World Premiere of an Earplay-commissioned piece, written for violin, viola, and cello. Taking its title from a work by Toru Takemitsu, the program highlights the music of composers in varying phases of their careers, three of them local to the San Francisco Bay Area. The concert will be preceded by a panel discussion with Josheff & San Martin at 6:45p, moderated by Earplay Board Member and composer, Bruce Bennett. Skillfully conducted by Mary Chun, the ensemble includes Terrie Baune (violin), Ellen Ruth Rose (viola), Thalia Moore (cello), Tod Brody (flute), Peter Josheff (clarinet), and Brenda Tom (piano). The Telegraph Quartet Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Atsuro Riley & Kay Ryan Each Fall, City Arts & Lectures presents “On Arts,” a series benefiting 826 Valencia College Scholarships. The events feature conversations with writers, artists, comedians, actors, and other cultural figures. Proceeds help six deserving students attend college. 826 VALENCIA is a non-profit dedicated to supporting students age 6 to 18 with their creative and expository writing skills, and to helping teachers inspire their students to write. The center includes a writing lab, a street-front retail pirate store, and satellite Writers’ Rooms at Everett and James Lick middle schools. 826 offers after-school tutoring, bookmaking, field trips, creative writing workshops, in-school tutoring, college essay help, and assistance for English language learners. There are now seven other 826 chapters across the country. This series benefits the 826 Valencia College and Career Readiness Program, which funds annual scholarships to six outstanding college-bound Bay Area students. Ann Patchett In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday September 21, 2016 7:30 PM Jonathan Safran Foer Tuesday September 27, 2016 7:30 PM Patti Smith Tuesday, October 4, 2016 7:30 PM Abbi Jacobson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday October 29, 2016 7:30 PM Frances McDormand & Elizabeth Strout In conversation with Steven Winn Monday, November 28, 2016 7:30 PM Joel Coen Film clips and conversation hosted by Davia Nelson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, November 29, 2016 7:30 PM A Darlene Love Christmas: Love For The Holidays Darlene Love, musicians and backup singers in Concert Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Sunday December 4, 2016 7:00 PM Zadie Smith In conversation with Michael Chabon Tuesday, January 10, 2017 7:30 PM Colson Whitehead In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Wednesday, January 25, 2017 7:30 PM Ira Glass Seven Things I’ve Learned Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday January 28, 2017 7:30 & 10:00 PM Atsuro Riley & Kay Ryan Tuesday January 31, 2017 7:30 PM Roxane Gay SERIES TICKET: Includes 8 Events Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. Viet Thanh Nguyen Thursday, February 2, 2017 7:30 PM Paul Auster In conversation with Teju Cole Monday, February 13, 2017 7:30 PM An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair In conversation with Dave Pell Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Featuring dancers, music & magic Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, February 28, 2017 7:30 PM Amy Walter In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, March 2, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins In conversation with Michael Krasny Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 9, 2017 7:30 PM Kamau Right Now! Hosted by W. Kamau Bell Co-presented with KALW Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 23, 2017 6:45 PM Alec Baldwin In conversation with Steven Winn Thursday, April 13, 2017 7:30 PM Yaa Gyasi Thursday, May 4, 2017 7:30 PM Gabourey Sidibe Wednesday, May 10, 2017 7:30 PM Siddhartha Mukherjee In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday, May 17, 2017 7:00 PM Viet Thanh Nguyen Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. Viet Thanh Nguyen Thursday, February 2, 2017 7:30 PM Paul Auster In conversation with Teju Cole Monday, February 13, 2017 7:30 PM An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair In conversation with Dave Pell Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Featuring dancers, music & magic Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, February 28, 2017 7:30 PM Amy Walter In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, March 2, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins In conversation with Michael Krasny Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 9, 2017 7:30 PM Kamau Right Now! Hosted by W. Kamau Bell Co-presented with KALW Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 23, 2017 6:45 PM Alec Baldwin In conversation with Steven Winn Thursday, April 13, 2017 7:30 PM Yaa Gyasi Thursday, May 4, 2017 7:30 PM Gabourey Sidibe Wednesday, May 10, 2017 7:30 PM Siddhartha Mukherjee In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday, May 17, 2017 7:00 PM Piano Series (Includes 4 Performances) Subscribe to San Francisco Performances and you’ll enjoy the greatest flexibility, the most convenience and the best value when you subscribe to any of our packages. Not sure about your future plans? Our ticket exchange service - free of fees for subscribers - takes the risk out of ordering in advance. Whether you purchase a fixed package series (such as Dance or Piano) or a Make-Your-Own Series of any 6 performances, you’ll enjoy ALL of these benefits: •PRIORITY SEATING: When you subscribe before single tickets go on sale, you’ll be seated in advance of the general public—assuring you of the best available locations. •SAVINGS: You save up to 13% off single ticket prices when you purchase any fixed series. You save 10% per ticket on Make-Your-Own subscriptions. •TICKET EXCHANGE PRIVILEGES FREE OF FEES: As a subscriber, you may exchange your tickets for another event with no fee, up to one day prior to the original concert (48 hours prior for weekend performances). That’s a savings of $10 per exchange! •FREE BONUS PERFORMANCES: As a subscriber, you will receive invitations to two annual events: our special Gift Concert (our gift to you for being a supporter) and the Naumburg Competition Winner Concert. These events are not to be missed—in past years, these bonus events have featured extraordinary artists at the dawn of their professional careers, including pianists Lang Lang and Steven Osborne, violinist Vadim Gluzman, and the Eroica Trio. Details will be available later in the season. •DISCOUNTS ON SINGLE TICKETS ALL SEASON LONG: When you order tickets through our exclusive subscriber services line (415-677-0325), you'll receive a 10% discount on single tickets you buy throughout the season. •FREE EMAIL REMINDER SERVICE: We’ll remind you of your performance dates by email a few days prior to each event (email registration required). •FREE NEWSLETTER: Our newsletter, Quarternotes, is rich with behind-the-scenes articles, provocative insights into upcoming events, breaking news and more. •FREE TICKET INSURANCE: If you should ever misplace your tickets, we will re-print duplicates for you at no additional charge and hold them at the Box Office. Alexander Melnikov, piano Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Alexander String Quartet with Robert Greenberg, host and lecturer Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Saturday, February 4, 2017 2:00 PM & 7:00 PM Sunday, February 5, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 11, 2017 2:00 PM Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 18, 2017 2 :00 PM Sunday, February 19, 2017 1:00 PM* Eureka Theatre - San Francisco The San Francisco Arts Education Project presents the charming 1961 Broadway musical Carnival performed by the SFArtsED Players, a musical theater company of 44 performers ages 9 to 14. The show, by Michael Stewart and Bob Merrill, features singing, dancing, juggling, stilt-walking, acrobatics and magic and features the song "Love Makes the World Go 'Round." For more information visit www.sfartsed.org Tickets: $15 for students and seniors; $25 general admission Tickets for the show on 2/19 are $20 student/senior; $40 general admission. 1:00 PM for carnival snacks, 1:30 PM show; champagne toast and treats at intermission. Proceeds benefit the San Francisco Arts Education Project. Saturday, February 4, 2017 2:00 PM & 7:00 PM Sunday, February 5, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 11, 2017 2:00 PM Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 18, 2017 2 :00 PM Sunday, February 19, 2017 1:00 PM Eureka Theatre - San Francisco The San Francisco Arts Education Project presents the charming 1961 Broadway musical Carnival performed by the SFArtsED Players, a musical theater company of 44 performers ages 9 to 14. The show, by Michael Stewart and Bob Merrill, features singing, dancing, juggling, stilt-walking, acrobatics and magic and features the song "Love Makes the World Go 'Round." For more information visit www.sfartsed.org Tickets: $15 for students and seniors; $25 general admission Tickets for the show on 2/19 are $20 student/senior; $40 general admission. 1:00 PM for carnival snacks, 1:30 PM show; champagne toast and treats at intermission. Proceeds benefit the San Francisco Arts Education Project. Pepe Romero, guitar (Presented in association with OMNI Foundation for the Performing Arts) Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Saturday, February 4, 2017 2:00 PM & 7:00 PM Sunday, February 5, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 11, 2017 2:00 PM Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 18, 2017 2 :00 PM Sunday, February 19, 2017 1:00 PM Eureka Theatre - San Francisco The San Francisco Arts Education Project presents the charming 1961 Broadway musical Carnival performed by the SFArtsED Players, a musical theater company of 44 performers ages 9 to 14. The show, by Michael Stewart and Bob Merrill, features singing, dancing, juggling, stilt-walking, acrobatics and magic and features the song "Love Makes the World Go 'Round." For more information visit www.sfartsed.org Tickets: $15 for students and seniors; $25 general admission Tickets for the show on 2/19 are $20 student/senior; $40 general admission. 1:00 PM for carnival snacks, 1:30 PM show; champagne toast and treats at intermission. Proceeds benefit the San Francisco Arts Education Project. On Love, Longing and Madness: Letters and Love Songs Thursday, February 9, 2017 6:30 PM Join Humanities West for a lecture/recital about the tumultuous love affairs of Robert and Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms, featuring Kayleen Asbo (piano) and Karen Clark (contralto). Celebrating Irish Music Wednesday, March 15, 2017 6:30 PM Celebrate St. Patrick’s Day early with a performance of Irish music featuring multi-instrumentalists Shira Kammen and Jim Oakden. Cleopatra’s Lament and Other Lost Operas Thursday, April 20, 2017 7:00 PM Celine Ricci and Derek Tam perform the aria lament of Cleopatra from the long—lost Baroque Opera La Cleopatra, composed by Daniele da Castrovillari in 1662. Celine also discusses Ars Minerva’s 2017 Opera schedule. In association with the Humanities West program Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh in May 2017. Alan Wallace and Sean Carroll Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. THE IRRATIONAL MIND: The Work of Daniel Kahneman Michael Lewis In conversation with Jacob Ward Tuesday, January 24, 2017 7:30 PM THE NATURE OF REALITY Presented in Association with the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement at Dartmouth Thursday, February 9, 2017 7:30 PM MICRODOSING: A Psychedelic Approach to Mood Disorders Ayelet Waldman In conversation with Jennifer Gunter Thursday, February 15, 2017 7:30 PM STRING THEORY: Understanding the Multiverse Brian Greene In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Thursday, February 23, 2017 7:30 PM CULTIVATING CREATIVITY: Music and the Brain Charles Limb Tuesday, March 7, 2017 7:30 PM HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Why and How We Act Robert Sapolsky In conversation with Dacher Keltner Thursday, April 20, 2017 7:30 PM THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS Rebecca Skloot A benefit for the The Henrietta Lacks Foundation Wednesday, April 26, 2017 7:30 PM THE TEENAGE BRAIN In conversation with Adam Savage Monday, May 15, 2017 7:30 PM AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Saturday, February 4, 2017 2:00 PM & 7:00 PM Sunday, February 5, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 11, 2017 2:00 PM Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 18, 2017 2 :00 PM Sunday, February 19, 2017 1:00 PM Eureka Theatre - San Francisco The San Francisco Arts Education Project presents the charming 1961 Broadway musical Carnival performed by the SFArtsED Players, a musical theater company of 44 performers ages 9 to 14. The show, by Michael Stewart and Bob Merrill, features singing, dancing, juggling, stilt-walking, acrobatics and magic and features the song "Love Makes the World Go 'Round." For more information visit www.sfartsed.org Tickets: $15 for students and seniors; $25 general admission Tickets for the show on 2/19 are $20 student/senior; $40 general admission. 1:00 PM for carnival snacks, 1:30 PM show; champagne toast and treats at intermission. Proceeds benefit the San Francisco Arts Education Project. Jonathan Biss, piano Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Saturday, February 4, 2017 2:00 PM & 7:00 PM Sunday, February 5, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 11, 2017 2:00 PM Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 18, 2017 2 :00 PM Sunday, February 19, 2017 1:00 PM Eureka Theatre - San Francisco The San Francisco Arts Education Project presents the charming 1961 Broadway musical Carnival performed by the SFArtsED Players, a musical theater company of 44 performers ages 9 to 14. The show, by Michael Stewart and Bob Merrill, features singing, dancing, juggling, stilt-walking, acrobatics and magic and features the song "Love Makes the World Go 'Round." For more information visit www.sfartsed.org Tickets: $15 for students and seniors; $25 general admission Tickets for the show on 2/19 are $20 student/senior; $40 general admission. 1:00 PM for carnival snacks, 1:30 PM show; champagne toast and treats at intermission. Proceeds benefit the San Francisco Arts Education Project. Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM All Bach – Brandenburg 5th Concerto and Arias from St. Matthew an St. John Passions (Désirée Goyette, soprano) Sunday, March 19, 2017 2:00 PM Mountain Songs with Guitarist David Tanenbaum and Trios for Flute, Viola and Piano Sunday, May 14, 2017 2:00 PM Robin Sutherland with the Stanford Woodwind Quintet Sunday, June 4, 2017 2:00 PM Music for Flute, Harp and Strings – Including Works by Debussy and Ravel All four concerts are in the Florence Gould Theater at the Legion of Honor in San Francisco. Thirty-two years ago, our inaugural season captivated both audiences and critics alike. With each new season Avedis concerts have brought inspired programming, with a diverse repertoire from well-loved masterpieces to unique musical offerings, and joyous performing by some of the Bay Area's finest musicians. “…musicianship at its zenith” – SF Classical Voice Subscribe to three or four Avedis concerts for value discounts (for even greater savings, subscribe by December 31, 2016). Concerts are in the beautiful Florence Gould Theater at the Legion of Honor in San Francisco. Paul Auster Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. Viet Thanh Nguyen Thursday, February 2, 2017 7:30 PM Paul Auster In conversation with Teju Cole Monday, February 13, 2017 7:30 PM An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair In conversation with Dave Pell Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Featuring dancers, music & magic Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, February 28, 2017 7:30 PM Amy Walter In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, March 2, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins In conversation with Michael Krasny Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 9, 2017 7:30 PM Kamau Right Now! Hosted by W. Kamau Bell Co-presented with KALW Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 23, 2017 6:45 PM Alec Baldwin In conversation with Steven Winn Thursday, April 13, 2017 7:30 PM Yaa Gyasi Thursday, May 4, 2017 7:30 PM Gabourey Sidibe Wednesday, May 10, 2017 7:30 PM Siddhartha Mukherjee In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday, May 17, 2017 7:00 PM Dance Series (Includes 3 Performances) Subscribe to San Francisco Performances and you’ll enjoy the greatest flexibility, the most convenience and the best value when you subscribe to any of our packages. Not sure about your future plans? Our ticket exchange service - free of fees for subscribers - takes the risk out of ordering in advance. Whether you purchase a fixed package series (such as Dance or Piano) or a Make-Your-Own Series of any 6 performances, you’ll enjoy ALL of these benefits: •PRIORITY SEATING: When you subscribe before single tickets go on sale, you’ll be seated in advance of the general public—assuring you of the best available locations. •SAVINGS: You save up to 13% off single ticket prices when you purchase any fixed series. You save 10% per ticket on Make-Your-Own subscriptions. •TICKET EXCHANGE PRIVILEGES FREE OF FEES: As a subscriber, you may exchange your tickets for another event with no fee, up to one day prior to the original concert (48 hours prior for weekend performances). That’s a savings of $10 per exchange! •FREE BONUS PERFORMANCES: As a subscriber, you will receive invitations to two annual events: our special Gift Concert (our gift to you for being a supporter) and the Naumburg Competition Winner Concert. These events are not to be missed—in past years, these bonus events have featured extraordinary artists at the dawn of their professional careers, including pianists Lang Lang and Steven Osborne, violinist Vadim Gluzman, and the Eroica Trio. Details will be available later in the season. •DISCOUNTS ON SINGLE TICKETS ALL SEASON LONG: When you order tickets through our exclusive subscriber services line (415-677-0325), you'll receive a 10% discount on single tickets you buy throughout the season. •FREE EMAIL REMINDER SERVICE: We’ll remind you of your performance dates by email a few days prior to each event (email registration required). •FREE NEWSLETTER: Our newsletter, Quarternotes, is rich with behind-the-scenes articles, provocative insights into upcoming events, breaking news and more. •FREE TICKET INSURANCE: If you should ever misplace your tickets, we will re-print duplicates for you at no additional charge and hold them at the Box Office. Batsheva Dance Company Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Ayelet Waldman Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. THE IRRATIONAL MIND: The Work of Daniel Kahneman Michael Lewis In conversation with Jacob Ward Tuesday, January 24, 2017 7:30 PM THE NATURE OF REALITY Presented in Association with the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement at Dartmouth Thursday, February 9, 2017 7:30 PM MICRODOSING: A Psychedelic Approach to Mood Disorders Ayelet Waldman In conversation with Jennifer Gunter Thursday, February 15, 2017 7:30 PM STRING THEORY: Understanding the Multiverse Brian Greene In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Thursday, February 23, 2017 7:30 PM CULTIVATING CREATIVITY: Music and the Brain Charles Limb Tuesday, March 7, 2017 7:30 PM HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Why and How We Act Robert Sapolsky In conversation with Dacher Keltner Thursday, April 20, 2017 7:30 PM THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS Rebecca Skloot A benefit for the The Henrietta Lacks Foundation Wednesday, April 26, 2017 7:30 PM THE TEENAGE BRAIN In conversation with Adam Savage Monday, May 15, 2017 7:30 PM Friday, February 17, 2017 7:30 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco In a departure from the usual way of presenting Stravinsky’s iconic L’Histoire du Soldat, now approaching its centennial, we will replace the dramatic action and much of the original Ramuz text with improvised interpolations featuring trumpet virtuoso supreme, Peter Evans, who will lead an extraordinary group of Bay Area improvisers, including special guests Ritwik Banerji, Nava Dunkelman, and India Cooke. The result will be an Evans/Stravinsky mash-up in which two musics will speak to each other across a century—responding and resonating, cajoling and interrupting—in a conversation about the eternal issues of good and evil; war and peace. Igor Stravinsky L’Histoire du Soldat (1918) Violin, bass, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, percussion Peter Evans Improvised Interpolations of L’Histoire du Soldat (2016) Trumpet, oboe, percussion, saxophone, violin Free and open to the public 4:00 – 4:30 PM Open Dress Rehearsal of Stravinksy Interpolations with improvisor, trumpeter Peter Evans 4:30 – 5:30 PM Composer Talk with Peter Evans facilitated by Steven Schick Open to ticket-holders 6:45 PM Pre-concert discussion with Steven Schick and musicians 7:30 PM CONCERT AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Saturday, February 4, 2017 2:00 PM & 7:00 PM Sunday, February 5, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 11, 2017 2:00 PM Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 18, 2017 2 :00 PM Sunday, February 19, 2017 1:00 PM Eureka Theatre - San Francisco The San Francisco Arts Education Project presents the charming 1961 Broadway musical Carnival performed by the SFArtsED Players, a musical theater company of 44 performers ages 9 to 14. The show, by Michael Stewart and Bob Merrill, features singing, dancing, juggling, stilt-walking, acrobatics and magic and features the song "Love Makes the World Go 'Round." For more information visit www.sfartsed.org Tickets: $15 for students and seniors; $25 general admission Tickets for the show on 2/19 are $20 student/senior; $40 general admission. 1:00 PM for carnival snacks, 1:30 PM show; champagne toast and treats at intermission. Proceeds benefit the San Francisco Arts Education Project. An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. Viet Thanh Nguyen Thursday, February 2, 2017 7:30 PM Paul Auster In conversation with Teju Cole Monday, February 13, 2017 7:30 PM An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair In conversation with Dave Pell Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Featuring dancers, music & magic Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, February 28, 2017 7:30 PM Amy Walter In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, March 2, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins In conversation with Michael Krasny Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 9, 2017 7:30 PM Kamau Right Now! Hosted by W. Kamau Bell Co-presented with KALW Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 23, 2017 6:45 PM Alec Baldwin In conversation with Steven Winn Thursday, April 13, 2017 7:30 PM Yaa Gyasi Thursday, May 4, 2017 7:30 PM Gabourey Sidibe Wednesday, May 10, 2017 7:30 PM Siddhartha Mukherjee In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday, May 17, 2017 7:00 PM Marcin Dylla, David Tanenbaum, Marc Teicholz, Larry Ferrara Saturday, November 19, 2016 7:30 PM St. Mark’s Lutheran Church - San Francisco Los Angeles Guitar Quartet John Dearman, Matthew Greif, William Kanengeiser, Scott Tennant Friday, December 9, 2016 7:30 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco Saturday, February 4, 2017 7:30 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco Lulo Reinhardt, Luca Stricagnoli, Chrystian Dozza, Debashish Bhattacharya Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco Saturday, February 25, 2017 7:30 PM St. Mark’s Lutheran Church - San Francisco Beijing Guitar Duo with Marina Piccinini, flute Sunday, March 12, 2017 7:00 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco Zoran Dukic, Pavel Steidl, Thomas Fellow, Reentko D’Addario Performance Series Saturday, March 18, 2017 7:30 PM The Green Room - San Francisco Xuefei Yang Saturday, April 8, 2017 7:30 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco Saturday, April 22, 2017 7:30 PM St. Mark’s Lutheran Church - San Francisco AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Saturday, February 4, 2017 2:00 PM & 7:00 PM Sunday, February 5, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 11, 2017 2:00 PM Sunday, February 12, 2017 2:00 PM Saturday, February 18, 2017 2 :00 PM Sunday, February 19, 2017 1:00 PM Eureka Theatre - San Francisco The San Francisco Arts Education Project presents the charming 1961 Broadway musical Carnival performed by the SFArtsED Players, a musical theater company of 44 performers ages 9 to 14. The show, by Michael Stewart and Bob Merrill, features singing, dancing, juggling, stilt-walking, acrobatics and magic and features the song "Love Makes the World Go 'Round." For more information visit www.sfartsed.org Tickets: $15 for students and seniors; $25 general admission *Tickets for the show on 2/19 are $20 student/senior; $40 general admission. 1:00 PM for carnival snacks, 1:30 PM show; champagne toast and treats at intermission. Proceeds benefit the San Francisco Arts Education Project. Roxane Gay Each Fall, City Arts & Lectures presents “On Arts,” a series benefiting 826 Valencia College Scholarships. The events feature conversations with writers, artists, comedians, actors, and other cultural figures. Proceeds help six deserving students attend college. 826 VALENCIA is a non-profit dedicated to supporting students age 6 to 18 with their creative and expository writing skills, and to helping teachers inspire their students to write. The center includes a writing lab, a street-front retail pirate store, and satellite Writers’ Rooms at Everett and James Lick middle schools. 826 offers after-school tutoring, bookmaking, field trips, creative writing workshops, in-school tutoring, college essay help, and assistance for English language learners. There are now seven other 826 chapters across the country. This series benefits the 826 Valencia College and Career Readiness Program, which funds annual scholarships to six outstanding college-bound Bay Area students. Ann Patchett In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday September 21, 2016 7:30 PM Jonathan Safran Foer Tuesday September 27, 2016 7:30 PM Patti Smith Tuesday, October 4, 2016 7:30 PM Abbi Jacobson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday October 29, 2016 7:30 PM Frances McDormand & Elizabeth Strout In conversation with Steven Winn Monday, November 28, 2016 7:30 PM Joel Coen Film clips and conversation hosted by Davia Nelson Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, November 29, 2016 7:30 PM A Darlene Love Christmas: Love For The Holidays Darlene Love, musicians and backup singers in Concert Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Sunday December 4, 2016 7:00 PM Zadie Smith In conversation with Michael Chabon Tuesday, January 10, 2017 7:30 PM Colson Whitehead In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Wednesday, January 25, 2017 7:30 PM Ira Glass Seven Things I’ve Learned Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Saturday January 28, 2017 7:30 & 10:00 PM Atsuro Riley & Kay Ryan Tuesday January 31, 2017 7:30 PM Roxane Gay Spring Salons at the Rex (Includes 3 performances) Subscribe to San Francisco Performances and you’ll enjoy the greatest flexibility, the most convenience and the best value when you subscribe to any of our packages. Not sure about your future plans? Our ticket exchange service - free of fees for subscribers - takes the risk out of ordering in advance. Whether you purchase a fixed package series (such as Dance or Piano) or a Make-Your-Own Series of any 6 performances, you’ll enjoy ALL of these benefits: •PRIORITY SEATING: When you subscribe before single tickets go on sale, you’ll be seated in advance of the general public—assuring you of the best available locations. •SAVINGS: You save up to 13% off single ticket prices when you purchase any fixed series. You save 10% per ticket on Make-Your-Own subscriptions. •TICKET EXCHANGE PRIVILEGES FREE OF FEES: As a subscriber, you may exchange your tickets for another event with no fee, up to one day prior to the original concert (48 hours prior for weekend performances). That’s a savings of $10 per exchange! •FREE BONUS PERFORMANCES: As a subscriber, you will receive invitations to two annual events: our special Gift Concert (our gift to you for being a supporter) and the Naumburg Competition Winner Concert. These events are not to be missed—in past years, these bonus events have featured extraordinary artists at the dawn of their professional careers, including pianists Lang Lang and Steven Osborne, violinist Vadim Gluzman, and the Eroica Trio. Details will be available later in the season. •DISCOUNTS ON SINGLE TICKETS ALL SEASON LONG: When you order tickets through our exclusive subscriber services line (415-677-0325), you'll receive a 10% discount on single tickets you buy throughout the season. •FREE EMAIL REMINDER SERVICE: We’ll remind you of your performance dates by email a few days prior to each event (email registration required). •FREE NEWSLETTER: Our newsletter, Quarternotes, is rich with behind-the-scenes articles, provocative insights into upcoming events, breaking news and more. •FREE TICKET INSURANCE: If you should ever misplace your tickets, we will re-print duplicates for you at no additional charge and hold them at the Box Office. Thalea String Quartet Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Brian Greene Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. THE IRRATIONAL MIND: The Work of Daniel Kahneman Michael Lewis In conversation with Jacob Ward Tuesday, January 24, 2017 7:30 PM THE NATURE OF REALITY Presented in Association with the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement at Dartmouth Thursday, February 9, 2017 7:30 PM MICRODOSING: A Psychedelic Approach to Mood Disorders Ayelet Waldman In conversation with Jennifer Gunter Thursday, February 15, 2017 7:30 PM STRING THEORY: Understanding the Multiverse Brian Greene In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Thursday, February 23, 2017 7:30 PM CULTIVATING CREATIVITY: Music and the Brain Charles Limb Tuesday, March 7, 2017 7:30 PM HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Why and How We Act Robert Sapolsky In conversation with Dacher Keltner Thursday, April 20, 2017 7:30 PM THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS Rebecca Skloot A benefit for the The Henrietta Lacks Foundation Wednesday, April 26, 2017 7:30 PM THE TEENAGE BRAIN In conversation with Adam Savage Monday, May 15, 2017 7:30 PM Vienna on the Verge: 1890-1918 Dinner with Humanities West Friday, November 4, 2016 5:00 PM - 7:15 PM Open to Humanities West donors of $250 or more Vienna on the Verge: 1890-1918 Friends Luncheon Saturday, November 5, 2016 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM Open to all Humanities West donors Wanderlust: Viking Raiders, Traders, Neighbors Dinner with Humanities West Friday, February 24, 2017 5:00 PM - 7:15 PM Open to Humanities West donors of $250 or more Wanderlust: Viking Raiders, Traders, Neighbors Friends Luncheon Saturday, February 25, 2017 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM Open to all Humanities West donors Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh Dinner with Humanities West Friday, May 5, 2017 5:00 PM - 7:15 PM Open to Humanities West donors of $250 or more Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh Friends Luncheon Saturday, May 6, 2017 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM Open to all Humanities West donors Wanderlust: Viking Raiders, Traders, Neighbors Friday, February 24, 2017 7:30 PM - 9:30 PM Saturday, February 25, 2017 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM From the sacking of Lindisfarne Abbey in 793 until the end of the 11th century, voyaging Scandinavian traders and warriors played a decisive role in the formation of European culture. Not merely fearsome sackers of coastal farming communities, these fearless travelers spread their cultural influence (and genes) from Newfoundland to Russia and from Portugal to Byzantium, Baghdad and Sicily. The Vikings excelled in the commerce of gold, silver and slaves. They advanced nautical knowledge and crafted elaborate decorative arts. Their legendary exploits are vividly reimagined in the remarkable Old Norse sagas. Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh Friday, May 5, 2017 7:30 PM - 9:30 PM Saturday, May 6, 2017 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM More than two millennia after her death, Cleopatra VII remains an enigma and an object of fascination. The last Ptolemaic ruler of Hellenistic Egypt and the most influential woman of her times, Cleopatra amassed enormous wealth and power. She lived dangerously and died sensationally. Ever since, she has been an iconic figure, continually re-imagined through the cultural prisms of successive ages. Young Masters Series (Includes 3 Performances) Subscribe to San Francisco Performances and you’ll enjoy the greatest flexibility, the most convenience and the best value when you subscribe to any of our packages. Not sure about your future plans? Our ticket exchange service - free of fees for subscribers - takes the risk out of ordering in advance. Whether you purchase a fixed package series (such as Dance or Piano) or a Make-Your-Own Series of any 6 performances, you’ll enjoy ALL of these benefits: •PRIORITY SEATING: When you subscribe before single tickets go on sale, you’ll be seated in advance of the general public—assuring you of the best available locations. •SAVINGS: You save up to 13% off single ticket prices when you purchase any fixed series. You save 10% per ticket on Make-Your-Own subscriptions. •TICKET EXCHANGE PRIVILEGES FREE OF FEES: As a subscriber, you may exchange your tickets for another event with no fee, up to one day prior to the original concert (48 hours prior for weekend performances). That’s a savings of $10 per exchange! •FREE BONUS PERFORMANCES: As a subscriber, you will receive invitations to two annual events: our special Gift Concert (our gift to you for being a supporter) and the Naumburg Competition Winner Concert. These events are not to be missed—in past years, these bonus events have featured extraordinary artists at the dawn of their professional careers, including pianists Lang Lang and Steven Osborne, violinist Vadim Gluzman, and the Eroica Trio. Details will be available later in the season. •DISCOUNTS ON SINGLE TICKETS ALL SEASON LONG: When you order tickets through our exclusive subscriber services line (415-677-0325), you'll receive a 10% discount on single tickets you buy throughout the season. •FREE EMAIL REMINDER SERVICE: We’ll remind you of your performance dates by email a few days prior to each event (email registration required). •FREE NEWSLETTER: Our newsletter, Quarternotes, is rich with behind-the-scenes articles, provocative insights into upcoming events, breaking news and more. •FREE TICKET INSURANCE: If you should ever misplace your tickets, we will re-print duplicates for you at no additional charge and hold them at the Box Office. Benjamin Beilman, violin with Yekwon Sunwoo, piano Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer Wanderlust: Viking Raiders, Traders, Neighbors Friday, February 24, 2017 7:30 PM - 9:30 PM Saturday, February 25, 2017 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM From the sacking of Lindisfarne Abbey in 793 until the end of the 11th century, voyaging Scandinavian traders and warriors played a decisive role in the formation of European culture. Not merely fearsome sackers of coastal farming communities, these fearless travelers spread their cultural influence (and genes) from Newfoundland to Russia and from Portugal to Byzantium, Baghdad and Sicily. The Vikings excelled in the commerce of gold, silver and slaves. They advanced nautical knowledge and crafted elaborate decorative arts. Their legendary exploits are vividly reimagined in the remarkable Old Norse sagas. Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh Friday, May 5, 2017 7:30 PM - 9:30 PM Saturday, May 6, 2017 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM More than two millennia after her death, Cleopatra VII remains an enigma and an object of fascination. The last Ptolemaic ruler of Hellenistic Egypt and the most influential woman of her times, Cleopatra amassed enormous wealth and power. She lived dangerously and died sensationally. Ever since, she has been an iconic figure, continually re-imagined through the cultural prisms of successive ages. Vienna on the Verge: 1890-1918 Dinner with Humanities West Friday, November 4, 2016 5:00 PM - 7:15 PM Open to Humanities West donors of $250 or more Vienna on the Verge: 1890-1918 Friends Luncheon Saturday, November 5, 2016 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM Open to all Humanities West donors Wanderlust: Viking Raiders, Traders, Neighbors Dinner with Humanities West Friday, February 24, 2017 5:00 PM - 7:15 PM Open to Humanities West donors of $250 or more Wanderlust: Viking Raiders, Traders, Neighbors Friends Luncheon Saturday, February 25, 2017 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM Open to all Humanities West donors Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh Dinner with Humanities West Friday, May 5, 2017 5:00 PM - 7:15 PM Open to Humanities West donors of $250 or more Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh Friends Luncheon Saturday, May 6, 2017 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM Open to all Humanities West donors David Russell, guitar (Presented in association with OMNI Foundation for the Performing Arts) Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. With special guest, Paul Vasile , organ Lent is a time for inner contemplation, in anticipation of the light at Easter. Many composers, including Felix Mendelssohn, who began life in a prominent Jewish family and fervently converted to Lutheranism later, used the Hebrew Psalm texts – or Tehillim – to meditate on the more solemn side of faith. In the Romantic era, the organ took on grander proportions, bringing a symphonic profundity to devotional music. This concert features Mendelssohn's epic "Three Motets," Poulenc’s serene "Litanies a la Vierge Noire" and psalm settings by Brahms, Grieg, Arvo Pärt and others. Virtuoso organist Paul Vasile joins the SF Girls Chorus on the grand organs at these magnificent churches. AUDIUM Audium is the only theatre of its kind in the world, pioneering the exploration of space in music. The theatre's 176 speakers bathe listeners in sounds that move past, over, and under them. "Sound sculptures" are performed in darkness in the 49-seat theatre. When the concept of AUDIUM began taking shape in the late 1950s, space was a largely unexplored dimension in music composition. The composer who suspected space capable of revealing a new musical vocabulary found his pursuit blocked by the inadequacy of audio technology and performance spaces. Because of an unusual combination of art and technology—AUDIUM's creators, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, were both professional musicians—AUDIUM's conception and realization were able to evolve jointly. AUDIUM is the only theatre anywhere constructed specifically for sound movement, utilizing the entire environment as a compositional tool. "I have always been possessed by the evocative qualities all sounds seem to have, whether natural or electronic. Sounds touch deeper levels of our inner life, layers that lie just beneath the visual world. All sounds are communicative—sound as birth, life and death; sound as time and space; sound as object, environment or event. Audiences should feel sound as it bumps up against them, caresses, travels through, covers and enfolds them. "I ask listeners to see with their ears and feel with their bodies sounds as images, dreams and memories. As people walk into a work, they become part of its realization. From entrance to exit, AUDIUM is a sound-space continuum." - Stan Shaff, Composer With special guest, Paul Vasile , organ Lent is a time for inner contemplation, in anticipation of the light at Easter. Many composers, including Felix Mendelssohn, who began life in a prominent Jewish family and fervently converted to Lutheranism later, used the Hebrew Psalm texts – or Tehillim – to meditate on the more solemn side of faith. In the Romantic era, the organ took on grander proportions, bringing a symphonic profundity to devotional music. This concert features Mendelssohn's epic "Three Motets," Poulenc’s serene "Litanies a la Vierge Noire" and psalm settings by Brahms, Grieg, Arvo Pärt and others. Virtuoso organist Paul Vasile joins the SF Girls Chorus on the grand organs at these magnificent churches. Edward Snowden (appearing via live stream video from Russia) and Daniel Ellsberg Hosted by Scott Shafer Sunday, February 26, 2017 4:00 PM Nourse Theater - San Francisco A Benefit for Freedom of the Press Foundation Edward Snowden is a former intelligence officer who served the CIA, NSA, and DIA for nearly a decade as a subject matter expert on technology and cybersecurity. In 2013, he revealed that the NSA was seizing the private records of billions of individuals who had not been suspected of any wrongdoing, resulting in the most significant reforms to US surveillance policy since 1978. He has received awards for courage, integrity, and public service, and was named the top global thinker of 2013 by Foreign Policy magazine. Today, he works on methods of enforcing human rights through the application and development of new technologies. He joined the board of Freedom of the Press Foundation in February 2014. Barbara Boxer In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, June 8, 2017 7:30 PM Nourse Theater - San Francisco In a political career spanning more than three decades, Senator Barbara Boxer has made her mark, combining compassionate advocacy with scrappiness. In 1976, she was elected to the Marin County Board of Supervisors, serving for six years. Boxer served 10 years in the U.S. House of Representatives before being elected U.S. Senator. In her memoir, The Art of Tough, she shares her provocative and touching recollections of service, and cements her commitment to the fight for women, families, and environmental protection. As Senator, Boxer fought for her convictions even when her personal positions conflicted with her party or the majority rule. Her controversial positions included opposition to the confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in 1991 and voting against the authorization of military force in Iraq in 2002. When her term expired at the end of 2016, Boxer announced that she will be dedicating her time to her Political Action Committee, PAC for Change. Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. Viet Thanh Nguyen Thursday, February 2, 2017 7:30 PM Paul Auster In conversation with Teju Cole Monday, February 13, 2017 7:30 PM An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair In conversation with Dave Pell Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Featuring dancers, music & magic Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, February 28, 2017 7:30 PM Amy Walter In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, March 2, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins In conversation with Michael Krasny Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 9, 2017 7:30 PM Kamau Right Now! Hosted by W. Kamau Bell Co-presented with KALW Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 23, 2017 6:45 PM Alec Baldwin In conversation with Steven Winn Thursday, April 13, 2017 7:30 PM Yaa Gyasi Thursday, May 4, 2017 7:30 PM Gabourey Sidibe Wednesday, May 10, 2017 7:30 PM Siddhartha Mukherjee In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday, May 17, 2017 7:00 PM Amy Walter Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. Viet Thanh Nguyen Thursday, February 2, 2017 7:30 PM Paul Auster In conversation with Teju Cole Monday, February 13, 2017 7:30 PM An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair In conversation with Dave Pell Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Featuring dancers, music & magic Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, February 28, 2017 7:30 PM Amy Walter In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, March 2, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins In conversation with Michael Krasny Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 9, 2017 7:30 PM Kamau Right Now! Hosted by W. Kamau Bell Co-presented with KALW Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 23, 2017 6:45 PM Alec Baldwin In conversation with Steven Winn Thursday, April 13, 2017 7:30 PM Yaa Gyasi Thursday, May 4, 2017 7:30 PM Gabourey Sidibe Wednesday, May 10, 2017 7:30 PM Siddhartha Mukherjee In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday, May 17, 2017 7:00 PM Welcome to our 2016-17 season of music. Listen to wonderful music performed by outstanding musicians in an intimate environment - exactly how chamber music is meant to be heard. Piano Unlimited Friday, October 21, 2016 7:30 PM Carole L. Ellis Auditorium - Petaluma Campus Polished and Passionate Sunday, November 13, 2016 4:00 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus Palpable Enthusiasm Sunday, January 22, 2017 4:00 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus Knowledge and Inspiration Violinist Gilles Apap and Pianist Grace Fong Friday, March 3, 2017 7:30 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus Vibrant and Insightful Friday, March 17, 2017 7:30 PM The Glaser Center, Unitarian Universalist Congregation - Santa Rosa A Major Artistic Presence Friday, April 21, 2017 7:30 PM Newman Auditorium - SRJC Santa Rosa Campus Andras Schiff /Anne-Sophie Mutter Series (Includes 2 Performances) Subscribe to San Francisco Performances and you’ll enjoy the greatest flexibility, the most convenience and the best value when you subscribe to any of our packages. Not sure about your future plans? Our ticket exchange service - free of fees for subscribers - takes the risk out of ordering in advance. 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Operatic Heroes Lauded by the New York Times as "America's leading period instrument ensemble," Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra has been dedicated to authentic performances of Baroque, Classical and early Romantic music on original instruments since its inceptions in 1981. Under the leadership of Music Director Nicholas McGegan, the Orchestra performs an annual subscription season in the San Francisco Bay Area and is regularly heard on tour in the United States and around the world. The Orchestra has its own professional chorus, the Philharmonia Chorale, under the leadership of Bruce Lamott. Philharmonia's most recent U.S. tours have included appearances at Carnegie Hall, Disney Concert Hall, Palais Montcalm in Québec, Lincoln Center, the Tanglewood Festival, the Ravinia Festival, and Norfolk Chamber Music Festival. Internationally, the Orchestra has performed at the BBC Proms in London, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the International Handel Festival in Gottingen, Germany. Among the most recorded orchestras in the world, PBO boasts a discography of more than 40 recordings and launched its own label in 2011 on which it has released nine recordings, including a coveted archival performance of mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson singing Berlioz's Les Nuits D'ete, and received a GRAMMY nomination for its recording of Haydn symphonies. The Orchestra just released its modern North American premiere of Alessandro Scarlatti's La gloria di primavera that coincided with its May 2016 tour. Alexander String Quartet with Robert Greenberg, host and lecturer Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Billy Childs, piano Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Operatic Heroes Lauded by the New York Times as "America's leading period instrument ensemble," Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra has been dedicated to authentic performances of Baroque, Classical and early Romantic music on original instruments since its inceptions in 1981. Under the leadership of Music Director Nicholas McGegan, the Orchestra performs an annual subscription season in the San Francisco Bay Area and is regularly heard on tour in the United States and around the world. The Orchestra has its own professional chorus, the Philharmonia Chorale, under the leadership of Bruce Lamott. Philharmonia's most recent U.S. tours have included appearances at Carnegie Hall, Disney Concert Hall, Palais Montcalm in Québec, Lincoln Center, the Tanglewood Festival, the Ravinia Festival, and Norfolk Chamber Music Festival. Internationally, the Orchestra has performed at the BBC Proms in London, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the International Handel Festival in Gottingen, Germany. Among the most recorded orchestras in the world, PBO boasts a discography of more than 40 recordings and launched its own label in 2011 on which it has released nine recordings, including a coveted archival performance of mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson singing Berlioz's Les Nuits D'ete, and received a GRAMMY nomination for its recording of Haydn symphonies. The Orchestra just released its modern North American premiere of Alessandro Scarlatti's La gloria di primavera that coincided with its May 2016 tour. Sunday, March 5, 2017 4:00 PM Mission Dolores Basilica - San Francisco Concept Tours Presents Swedish Mens Chorus Orphei Drängar in Concert Robert Sund, Conductor Katija Dragojevic, Mezzo Soprano The world-class, 80-member Swedish men's chorus, Orphei Drängar, has an illustrious history since 1853 and was conducted by Eric Ericson for forty years. Robert Sund was artistic director of the chorus and led them on several USA tours. Cecilia Rydinger Alin has conducted the chorus since 2008. But Robert Sund will return to America in March to conduct a diverse program of repertory which runs the gamut, with the great romantic choral gems, folksongs as well as contemporary composition. Their program will also feature noted Swedish mezzo-soprano Katija Dragojevics. Orphei Drängar stands for rich traditions and high quality. "OD possesses a combination of power, energy, and culture, and the joy of discovery combined with professional technical and musical prowess." Esa-Pekka Salonen. Operatic Heroes Lauded by the New York Times as "America's leading period instrument ensemble," Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra has been dedicated to authentic performances of Baroque, Classical and early Romantic music on original instruments since its inceptions in 1981. Under the leadership of Music Director Nicholas McGegan, the Orchestra performs an annual subscription season in the San Francisco Bay Area and is regularly heard on tour in the United States and around the world. The Orchestra has its own professional chorus, the Philharmonia Chorale, under the leadership of Bruce Lamott. Philharmonia's most recent U.S. tours have included appearances at Carnegie Hall, Disney Concert Hall, Palais Montcalm in Québec, Lincoln Center, the Tanglewood Festival, the Ravinia Festival, and Norfolk Chamber Music Festival. Internationally, the Orchestra has performed at the BBC Proms in London, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the International Handel Festival in Gottingen, Germany. Among the most recorded orchestras in the world, PBO boasts a discography of more than 40 recordings and launched its own label in 2011 on which it has released nine recordings, including a coveted archival performance of mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson singing Berlioz's Les Nuits D'ete, and received a GRAMMY nomination for its recording of Haydn symphonies. The Orchestra just released its modern North American premiere of Alessandro Scarlatti's La gloria di primavera that coincided with its May 2016 tour. Sunday, March 5, 2017 6:00 PM Herbst Theatre - San Francisco Words On Dance, in the 23rd season of presenting luminary dance artists onstage in conversation and screenings, presents San Francisco Ballet Principal ballerina, Lorena Feijoo, and renowned international choreographer, Yuri Possokhov. The two notable artists share a rich, collaborative association throughout their careers at San Francisco Ballet, and are equally established as individual creative forces. As a hallmark of Words On Dance, the artists will be represented in a screening of rarely viewed film. The Patron Producer ticket includes an opportunity to celebrate with the artists, backstage of the Herbst at 5:00 PM, before the program, with Premium seating in the theater. Gabriel Kahane, piano & voice Founded in 1979, San Francisco Performances is the Bay Area’s leading independent presenter of chamber music, vocal and instrumental recitals, jazz and contemporary dance. Under the artistic direction of its founder, Ruth Felt, the organization presents internationally acclaimed and emerging performing artists, introduces innovative programs, and builds new and diversified audiences for the arts through education and outreach activities that also strengthen the local performing arts community. SFP is also committed to presenting artistically important programs that influence the development of the arts. This includes commissioning new works, offering programs featuring 20th and 21st century compositions and premieres, and presenting important American and international contemporary dance companies. San Francisco Performances has grown from a first season in 1980–81 of seven performances to its current season of over 200 memorable performances and programs by some of the world's most exceptional artists. Charles Limb & Indre Viskontas Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. THE IRRATIONAL MIND: The Work of Daniel Kahneman Michael Lewis In conversation with Jacob Ward Tuesday, January 24, 2017 7:30 PM THE NATURE OF REALITY Presented in Association with the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement at Dartmouth Thursday, February 9, 2017 7:30 PM MICRODOSING: A Psychedelic Approach to Mood Disorders Ayelet Waldman In conversation with Jennifer Gunter Thursday, February 15, 2017 7:30 PM STRING THEORY: Understanding the Multiverse Brian Greene In conversation with Alexis Madrigal Thursday, February 23, 2017 7:30 PM CULTIVATING CREATIVITY: Music and the Brain Charles Limb Tuesday, March 7, 2017 7:30 PM HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Why and How We Act Robert Sapolsky In conversation with Dacher Keltner Thursday, April 20, 2017 7:30 PM THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS Rebecca Skloot A benefit for the The Henrietta Lacks Foundation Wednesday, April 26, 2017 7:30 PM THE TEENAGE BRAIN In conversation with Adam Savage Monday, May 15, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins Since 1980, City Arts & Lectures has presented events with leading figures in the world of art & ideas. Each season, there are more than fifty lectures and onstage conversations — and a few surprise performances — with outstanding figures in literature, criticism, science, and the performing arts, offering the most diverse perspectives about ideas and values. City Arts & Lectures programs can be heard in edited and delayed broadcasts on more than 170 public radio stations across the country. The broadcasts are co-produced with KQED 88.5 FM in San Francisco. Viet Thanh Nguyen Thursday, February 2, 2017 7:30 PM Paul Auster In conversation with Teju Cole Monday, February 13, 2017 7:30 PM An evening with the creators of High Maintenance: Katja Blichfeld & Ben Sinclair In conversation with Dave Pell Saturday, February 18, 2017 7:30 PM Mardi Gras Celebration with Garrison Keillor Featuring dancers, music & magic Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Tuesday, February 28, 2017 7:30 PM Amy Walter In conversation with Scott Shafer Thursday, March 2, 2017 7:30 PM Judy Collins In conversation with Michael Krasny Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 9, 2017 7:30 PM Kamau Right Now! Hosted by W. Kamau Bell Co-presented with KALW Special Event - Not part of Series Ticket Thursday, March 23, 2017 6:45 PM Alec Baldwin In conversation with Steven Winn Thursday, April 13, 2017 7:30 PM Yaa Gyasi Thursday, May 4, 2017 7:30 PM Gabourey Sidibe Wednesday, May 10, 2017 7:30 PM Siddhartha Mukherjee In conversation with Roy Eisenhardt Wednesday, May 17, 2017 7:00 PM	i don't know
A flitch is another name for a side of what?	Flitch - definition of flitch by The Free Dictionary Flitch - definition of flitch by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/flitch 1. A salted and cured side of bacon. 2. A longitudinal cut from the trunk of a tree. 3. One of several planks secured together to form a single beam. [Middle English flicche, from Old English flicce.] flitch 1. (Cookery) a side of pork salted and cured 2. (Cookery) a steak cut from the side of certain fishes, esp halibut 3. (Building) a piece of timber cut lengthways from a tree trunk, esp one that is larger than 4 by 12 inches vb (Building) (tr) to cut (a tree trunk) into flitches [Old English flicce; related to Old Norse flikki, Middle Low German vlicke, Norwegian flika; see flesh] flitch 1. a side of bacon salted and cured. 2. a. a piece, as a board, bolted together with others to form a beam. b. a thin piece of wood, as a veneer. c. a bundle of veneers, arranged as cut from the log. [before 900; Middle English flicche, Old English flicca; c. Middle Low German vlicke, Old Norse flikki] flitch I will have been flitching you will have been flitching he/she/it will have been flitching we will have been flitching you will have been flitching they will have been flitching Past Perfect Continuous flitch - fish steak usually cut from a halibut fish steak - cross-section slice of a large fish 2. side of pork - dressed half of a hog carcass bacon - back and sides of a hog salted and dried or smoked; usually sliced thin and fried Translations [flɪtʃ] N flitch of bacon → hoja f de tocino flitch n → Speckseite f; (of halibut) → Heilbuttschnitte f Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: side of pork References in classic literature ? I trust well that a fool I mean, d'ye see me, sirs, a fool that is free of his guild and master of his craft, and can give as much relish and flavour to a cup of wine as ever a flitch of bacon can I say, brethren, such a fool shall never want a wise clerk to pray for or fight for him at a strait, while I can say a mass or flourish a partisan. View in context But to be a town councilor and discuss how many dustmen are needed, and how chimneys shall be constructed in the town in which I don't live--to serve on a jury and try a peasant who's stolen a flitch of bacon, and listen for six hours at a stretch to all sorts of jabber from the counsel for the defense and the prosecution, and the president cross-examining my old half-witted Alioshka, 'Do you admit, prisoner in the dock, the fact of the removal of the View in context Then good-bye and good-bye, and charming occasion worthy of the Golden Age, and more about the flitch of bacon, and the like of that; and Twemlow goes staggering across Piccadilly with his hand to his forehead, and is nearly run down by a flushed lettercart, and at last drops safe in his easy-chair, innocent good gentleman, with his hand to his forehead still, and his head in a whirl. View in context Among these issues are: 1) the veneer quality improvement associated with no "wobble" of the flitch when using the vacuum system as opposed to the hydraulic system, 2) improved safety for the associates as a result of not having to use the knife to steady the flitch during mounting, and 3) the adoption of state-of-the-art technology and its effect on competition and competitiveness.	Bacon
Didymitis is the inflammation of which part of the human body?	Dunmow Flitch Trials - Come and Claim the Bacon! On the 9th July 2016 at the Dunmow Flitch Trials, Flitches of Bacon were won by: Mr Ralph & Mrs Helen White of London, N1 Mr Christopher Atkinson & Mrs Meredith Atkinson-Wood of Stebbing, Essex Mr Mohammed Mizan Sabur & Ms Emma Marcus of Churchend, Great Dunmow Dr Geoff & Mrs Caroline Parkes of Diseworth, Derbyshire A gammon was awarded to Mr Jonathan & Mrs Caroline Spooner of Great Dunmow, Essex. Some images from the day: What's a Flitch of Bacon? It's also known as a side of bacon, which is basically half a pig, cut lengthways. Become a Patron As a Patron of the Flitch Trials, you will be helping to secure the future of this unique and ancient tradition. Every four years, the cost and complexity of putting on the Flitch Trials increases. With your support we can increase the network of people interested in preserving the custom and developing the event to ensure the Flitch Trials continues to be a mainstay on the town's event calendar.	i don't know
What was the name of the convict ship which set sail from Britain in 1789 with the first cargo of female prisoners for a penal colony in Australia?	Criminal transportees: further research - The National Archives Criminal ancestors: a guide to historical criminal records in England and Wales 3. Lists of convicts transported to North America and the West Indies An alphabetical list of men and women transported between 1614 and 1775, as well as where each person was tried, is printed in: The Complete Book of Emigrants in Bondage 1614-1775 by Peter Wilson Coldham He has also published a book called Bonded passengers to America , which gives a detailed overview of all the published sources of relevant records in The National Archives. Finding out more about a person transported to North America or the West Indies is likely to be difficult. You might be able to trace a person among legal records – see section 5. 4. Lists of convicts transported to Australia There is no single name index for transportees to Australia. There are, however, various lists of names of convicts, some in published books, others within records at The National Archives. Few of these contain any other biographical information. To find out more about a convict you will need to consult the records and sources suggested in sections 5 and 6 of this guide and in our introductory guide on criminal transportees . The names of the convicts transported with the First Fleet, which set sail in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788, are listed in: The First Fleeters , edited by PG Fidlon and RJ Ryan The names of convicts transported on the second fleet of ships, which left in 1789 and during which 278 died, are listed in: The second fleet convicts , compiled and edited by RJ Ryan You can access the microfiche index to the New South Wales convict indents and ships compiled by the Genealogical Society of Victoria at The National Archives, Kew. It records the names and aliases of the convicts who arrived in New South Wales and Van Dieman’s Land between 1788 and 1842 and also indexes ships recorded on the same documents. 5. Tracing a convict in legal records You can find information about a transported convict amongst legal records, most commonly records of trials. Though a small percentage of trial records are searchable by the tried person’s name, to find most records of trials you will need to know when and where the trial was held. 5.1 Finding the place and date of trial Convicts were sentenced to transportation after trials at Courts of Assizes, Courts of Quarter Sessions or the Old Bailey. The Old Bailey was the assize court for London and Middlesex and parts of Essex, Kent and Surrey, and from 1834 became known as the Central Criminal Court. To find which court a convict was tried in and when the trial was held: search the criminal registers 1791-1892 by name, at Ancestry.co.uk (£); these are digitised versions of HO 26 and HO 27 records search the transportation registers 1787-1871 by name, on the State Library of Queensland website, for the name of the ship on which the convict sailed as well as the date and place of conviction and the term of the sentence; these are digitised versions of HO 11 records Search prison registers, which indicate where the prisoner was held before trial, and any movements from prison to prison – many include an index of prisoners. Many prison registers tell you the date or place of the trial. Search and download (£) images of the registers from the assorted crime records available on findmypast.co.uk. These are digitised from a range of National Archives’ record series including: registers of county prisons 1847-1866 by place in HO 23 prison registers and returns 1838-1875 in HO 24 miscellaneous registers relating to convict prison hulks, 1802-1849 in HO 9 quarterly returns of convicts in prisons and hulks, 1824-1876 in HO 8 lists of crews and convicts on convict hulks 1802-1831, in T 38 a list of hulks in 1830 in T 38/338 lists of prisoners tried at Newgate 1782-1853, in HO 77 calendars of prisoners held for trial at quarter sessions and assizes 1774-1882 in PCOM 2 A full list of the series available online is on the findmypast search page. Please note though, for some series mentioned the whole series is not necessarily available online. There may be further documents available at The National Archives. Trial records are very formal, and do not normally contain either transcripts of evidence or much information about age and family relationships. In addition, the information given about occupation and residence can be inaccurate. If the trial took place at quarter sessions, the record will be held at the relevant local archive. Find contact details for archives elsewhere using Find an archive . For more information about trial records and where to search for them, see: 5.2 Petitions for pardons or reduced sentences The pardoning of a crime in legal language is known as clemency. The reduction of a sentence is known as commutation. Death sentences, other than those for murder, were commonly commuted to transportation. There are records of the applications, officially known as petitions, that convicted persons made for pardons or reduced sentences. Sometimes these petitions were made by friends, associates or relatives of the convict on their behalf. People asking for a pardon or a reduced sentence wanted to prove that they were worthy of mercy, so petitions often included a lot of information designed to establish how respectable they were, including details about personal circumstances and family background. You can: search our catalogue or findmypast.co.uk by name of prisoner or petitioner for petitions made between 1819 and 1839 in HO 17 (note that only some of these records are available to view online) search for petitions for clemency 1839-1854 in HO 17 or HO 18 . To identify the relevant petition first use the registers to these petitions ( HO 19 ) which covers 1797 to 1853. They are available online via findmypast (£) – restrict your search to series HO 19. The registers themselves include information about the response to the petition, so you can sometimes find out something useful about a convict even if the petition itself does not survive The registers also provide a reference which helps you search for the actual petition. If HO 19 gives a coded alphabetical reference for instance ‘RK 44’, this indicates that the petition is within HO 17, within bundle RK. Use advanced search in our catalogue and search for ‘RK’ within the series HO 17. If HO 19 provides a reference of two numbers (351/10) then this refers to a petition within HO 18. The first number refers to the piece of HO 18 which this petition is within, while the second number is the item number of the petition. Therefore the petition referred to by the code 351/10 becomes the tenth petition in The National Archives’ document HO 18/351 search judges’ reports 1784-1829 by name and keyword in HO 47 in our catalogue. They can include: details and supporting evidence for commutation or for the grant of a free pardon in some cases an unofficial transcript of evidence with comments on the characters of both witnesses and juries memorials and petitions from friends and relatives of the accused search or browse judges’ circuit letters 1816-1840 by date in HO 6 for more material on commutation search our catalogue within HO 48 and HO 49 by date for other petitions. These are not indexed search for Home Office warrants for pardons and reprieves in HO 13 (1782-1849) and HO 15 (1850-71) Records of criminals can be found in HO 45 and HO 144 . These series can be searched by name in our catalogue. 6. Other records of transportees and transportation Search or browse the following collections of correspondence, amongst which you can find administrative information on the transportation process as well as lists of convicts: contracts made with agents to transport prisoners in TS 18/460 -515, TS 18/1308 -1361 by name of ship for lists of convicts Privy Council correspondence 1840-1843 in PC 1/2715 -2719 by name of ship for lists of convicts New South Wales original correspondence in CO 201 for lists of convicts and emigrant settlers 1801-1821 New South Wales entry books relating to convicts in CO 207 for lists of convicts 1788-1825; these records are only available on microfilm at The National Archives, the originals are now held in the State Archives of New South Wales New South Wales registers of correspondence from 1849 in CO 360 and CO 369 to find names of convicts New South Wales correspondence entry books in CO 202 from 1786 Some of the lists from the above records have been printed in the following book: The Convict Settlers of Australia by L. L. Robson Search the Privy Council registers by date in PC 2 for lists of convicts transported for 14 years or less. You may find the following record series useful for details of the ships and voyages themselves. For Royal Navy ships look in: ADM 51 for captains’ logs (convict vessels are listed under ‘transports’) ADM 53 for ships’ logs ADM 101 for surgeons’ logs on convict ships For merchant navy ships used as convict transports look in: BT 107 for registers of ships 1786-1854 BT 108 for registers of ships 1855-1859 Some wives applied to accompany their convicted husbands. Their petitions, covering 1819-1844, are in PC 1/67 -92 and from 1849 in HO 12, identified via the registers in HO 14 (under ‘miscellaneous’). Accounts of legal expenses for transportation to New South Wales, including convicts’ names, 1789-1830, are in AO 3/291 . 7. Records of convicts after arrival in Australia Consult the following published censuses and musters of the penal colonies, all edited by Carol J Baxter and available in The National Archives library at Kew. They often indicate the place of conviction and the date and ship of arrival in Australia: General muster list of New South Wales 1823, 1824, 1825 (1999) 8. How transportation emerged and developed as a form of punishment Prior to the emergence of transportation as a punishment in the 17th century, most criminal offences were punished by death or by a fine and/or whipping. Many convicted criminals were pardoned to avoid carrying out a death sentence. Transportation emerged as a way of ensuring that criminals were punished without putting them to death. From 1615 onwards transportation became increasingly common, and initially most convicted criminals were transported to North America or the West Indies. From 1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The period of transportation was usually: 14 years for those receiving conditional pardons from death sentences seven years for non-capital offences The American Revolution of 1776 meant that transportation to North America was no longer possible. Sentences of transportation were still passed, but convicts were held in prison while the government tried to find somewhere to send them. The prisons soon became overcrowded and extra accommodation had to be provided in old ships (the ‘hulks’) moored in coastal waters. The solution to the crisis was to develop a new penal colony, and on 13 May 1787 the first fleet set sail for Australia. Transportation was not formally abolished until 1868, but in practice it was effectively stopped in 1857, and had become increasingly unusual well before that date. During the 80 years in which people were transported to Australia, 158,702 convicts arrived in Australia from England and Ireland, and 1,321 from other parts of the Empire, making a total of 160,023 men and women transported. 9. Further reading Some or all of the recommended publications below may be available to buy from The National Archives’ Bookshop . Alternatively, search The National Archives’ Library to see what is available to consult at Kew. Charles Bateson, The convict ships 1787-1868 (1983) Alan Brooke, and David Brandon, Bound for Botany Bay: British convict voyages to Australia (2005) PG Fidlon and RJ Ryan (eds), The first fleeters: a comprehensive listing of convicts, marines, seamen, officers, wives, children and ships (1981) Michael Flynn, The second fleet: Britain’s grim convict armada of 1790 (2001) Mollie Gillen, The founders of Australia: a biographical dictionary of the first fleet (1989) David T Hawkings, Bound for Australia (2012) David T Hawkings, Criminal ancestors: a guide to historical criminal records in England and Wales (2009) Robert Hughes, The fatal shore: a history of transportation of convicts to Australia, 1787-1868 (1987) LL Robson, The convict settlers of Australia (1981) RJ Ryan (ed), The second fleet convicts: a comprehensive listing of convicts who sailed in HMS Guardian, Lady Juliana, Neptune, Scarborough and Surprise (1982) Guide reference: Legal Records Information 17	Lady Juliana
Who played Christine Painter (a thinly disguised Cynthia Payne) in the 1987 film ‘Personal Services’?	Historic book naming convict prostitutes sent to Australia set to fetch thousands of pounds at auction \| Daily Mail Online comments An 18th century jail book revealing details of English prostitutes sent to Australia as punishment has come to light. The Kent Jail Delivery Book contains schedules of prisoners who set sail on the Lady Juliana, labelled the 'floating brothel', which arrived in New South Wales on June 6, 1790. The ship has passed into Australian folklore for bringing the first large group of female settlers into the country. An extract from an 18th centruy book has come to light that reveals the names of convicts - some of them women 'prostitutes' - sent to Australia for their crimes. British authorities were worried about the sexual tension developing in the newly colonised country, with the all-male population becoming increasingly frustrated. So they organised for 226 women - mostly prostitutes - to be transported Down Under to stop sexual activity between the men male settlers and to populate the country. Although the crimes the women committed to earn their places on board were not related directly to prostitution, historians say the majority of the women were ladies of the night. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Convicts were sent aboard the Princess Juliana, left, some of whom were on this recently found list, right One of those listed in the newly-discovered document was Deborah Davis, who was brought before courts in Maidstone, Kent, on March 17, 1788. Her crime was to steal 15 pounds and 13 shillings from a gentleman, probably a customer, called Timothy Toppings. She was originally sentenced to death by hanging but was reprieved and put on the ship for Australia. A day earlier prostitutes Mary Williams and Catherine White were convicted of felonies and ordered on board the Lady Juliana. Elizabeth Riley, Mary Barnes, Ann Bryant and Catherine Clarke were all sentenced to seven years in Australia for stealing ten yards of fabric. Ann Doyle and Ann Poor were given the same sentence for burglary while Isabella Smith was put on the ship due to an unspecified felony. One famous woman convict was Mary Bryant, portrayed here by Romola Garai, left, in a TV drama. Nineteen-year-old Bryant became a cause celebre in London after escaping from a penal colony in Australia before being recaptured and brought back to Britain The Lady Juliana set sail from Plymouth on July 29, 1789 and didn't arrive until nearly a year later. An account of the voyage was written by steward John Nicol. He stated most of the passengers were London prostitutes. The vessel gained the reputation for being a floating brothel and Nicol recalled that 'when we were fairly out to sea, every man on board took a wife from among the convicts, they nothing loath.' At the ports of call enroute, seamen from other ships were freely entertained and the officers made no attempt to stop the sexual activity onboard the ship. Nicol said the convicts were 'noisy and unruly', with a fondness for alcohol, and they frequently fought amongst themselves. The ship did not arrive in Port Jackson, which grew to become modern-day Sydney, until June 6, 1790, making it one of the longest voyages for early-settlers to the colony. The jail book that has now emerged for sale is set to fetch 7,000 pounds when it goes to auction next month in London. Dr Gabriel Heaton, specialist in literature at Sotheby's, said: 'The Lady Juliana was the first ship to leave England for Australia after the First Fleet. 'The prisoners were all women and this was deliberate, in part to redistribute the gender imbalance in Australia and lessen the sexual tensions in the colony and try to minimise homosexuality in New South Wales. 'For this reason it was pretty convenient that many of the passengers were prostitutes. 'From the authorities' point of view that was pretty useful and you had a semi-authorised brothel going out to Australia. 'It is a very interesting insight into the sexual politics of that period and also the ways of thinking behind colonial policy. 'It really is an extraordinary story. It was a pretty long and tricky voyage and is one of the longest trips to Australia. 'There is a huge amount of interest in these early convict ships over in Australia and this one is a very famous ship over there. Sotheby's will host the action for the newly-discovered jail book 'I'm sure Australian institutions and private collectors will be interested in this but this is also an important part of our history so there will be interest from the UK as well . 'It gives us a strong insight into the harshness of the criminal justice system at that point of the 18th century. 'Criminals, who quite often were acting due to desperate poverty, faced incredibly harsh treatment.' The jail book will be auctioned by Sotheby's on December 12.	i don't know
In 1950, which US President ordered air and sea forces to defend South Korea?	Korean War begins - Jun 25, 1950 - HISTORY.com Korean War begins Publisher A+E Networks Armed forces from communist North Korea smash into South Korea, setting off the Korean War. The United States, acting under the auspices of the United Nations, quickly sprang to the defense of South Korea and fought a bloody and frustrating war for the next three years. Korea, a former Japanese possession, had been divided into zones of occupation following World War II. U.S. forces accepted the surrender of Japanese forces in southern Korea, while Soviet forces did the same in northern Korea. Like in Germany, however, the “temporary” division soon became permanent. The Soviets assisted in the establishment of a communist regime in North Korea, while the United States became the main source of financial and military support for South Korea. On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces surprised the South Korean army (and the small U.S. force stationed in the country), and quickly headed toward the capital city of Seoul. The United States responded by pushing a resolution through the U.N.’s Security Council calling for military assistance to South Korea. (Russia was not present to veto the action as it was boycotting the Security Council at the time.) With this resolution in hand, President Harry S. Truman rapidly dispatched U.S. land, air, and sea forces to Korea to engage in what he termed a “police action.” The American intervention turned the tide, and U.S. and South Korean forces marched into North Korea. This action, however, prompted the massive intervention of communist Chinese forces in late 1950. The war in Korea subsequently bogged down into a bloody stalemate. In 1953, the United States and North Korea signed a cease-fire that ended the conflict. The cease-fire agreement also resulted in the continued division of North and South Korea at just about the same geographical point as before the conflict. The Korean War was the first “hot” war of the Cold War. Over 55,000 American troops were killed in the conflict. Korea was the first “limited war,” one in which the U.S. aim was not the complete and total defeat of the enemy, but rather the “limited” goal of protecting South Korea. For the U.S. government, such an approach was the only rational option in order to avoid a third world war and to keep from stretching finite American resources too thinly around the globe. It proved to be a frustrating experience for the American people, who were used to the kind of total victory that had been achieved in World War II. The public found the concept of limited war difficult to understand or support and the Korean War never really gained popular support. Related Videos	Harry S. Truman
Jimmy and Alison Porter are characters in which John Osborne play?	The Korean War The Korean War A communist poster depicting US involvement in the Korean War In 1950 the newly formed People’s Republic of China became embroiled in a significant conflict in Korea. Communist China was not prepared for another war – particularly one involving the United States, Great Britain and other Western powers. Its economy was already disorganised and exhausted by years of war against the Japanese and the Nationalists. But with the Korean peninsula on China’s doorstep, and a communist ally threatened by foreign invasion, Mao Zedong could not ignore the unfolding crisis there. China’s involvement in the Korean War heightened domestic security concerns, stretched the already depleted national economy and risked provoking the West into an all out war with China. The war ended in stalemate and Mao hailed the performance of Chinese soldiers in Korea – but their involvement had serious ramifications for China’s foreign relations. Korea is a peninsula region with strong historical ties to China. Most of Korea’s only land border is shared with Manchuria (northern China). The Manchu invaded and subjugated Korea in the 17th century, as they had done with China. By the late 19th century the Korean peninsula was the focus of imperial rivalry between Russia and Japan, which to the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-5. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and ruled there until advancing Soviet and American forces pushed them out late in World War II (1945). In September 1945 the Korean peninsula was occupied by Soviet forces in the north and United States forces in the south. This division was intended as a temporary measure, lasting four years, after which an independent Korean government was to be elected. But the Soviets and Americans, driven by ideological interests and Cold War tensions, encouraged the formation of separate governments. In the mid 1940s the peninsula began to harden into two different political entities. Despite United Nations involvement North Korea and South Korea became independent nation-states in 1948. North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung, pictured around the time of the Korean War The leader of North Korea was Kim Il-Sung , a native Korean who had served in the Soviet Union’s Red Army during the war. Backed by Moscow, Kim initiated a program of land reform and redistribution that proved popular with local peasants. He used political coercion, violence and murderous purges to eliminate his political opposition. Kim also claimed sovereignty over the entire Korean peninsula and regularly threatened war and invasion against South Korea. Tensions between the two Koreas increased in 1949-50, as their leaders engaged in aggressive political rhetoric. They also fortified the 38th parallel border and increased their military presence there, leading to cross-border shootings and skirmishes. In June 1950, one of these border clashes sparked a full scale invasion of South Korea by the North Korean People’s Army (KPA). A map showing offensives and advances in the Korean War in 1950-51 Kim Il-Sung’s decision to invade South Korea was endorsed by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Within days of the invasion US president Harry Truman ordered American troops into South Korea to resist the communist invasion. Meanwhile, a United Nations resolution condemned the invasion and ordered North Korea to withdraw. When they failed to do so, a 16-nation multilateral military force – about half of which was American – was mobilised to help defend South Korea. Their involvement proved successful early and the North Koreans were quickly pushed back over their own border. The US commander in Korea, General Douglas Macarthur, made public statements calling for a war with China, arguing that Chinese bases were supplying the North Koreans. This heightened tensions in Beijing and paved the way for Chinese involvement. Mao Zedong, fearing that American forces would overthrow Kim Il-Sung and occupy the whole Korean peninsula, decided to act. “We are still convinced that dispatching our troops to Korea would be beneficial to us. In the first phase of the war, we may concentrate on fighting the puppet [South Korean] army, which our troops are quite capable of coping with. We may open up some bases in the mountainous areas north of Wonsan and Pyongyang. This will surely raise the spirits of the Korean people… The adoption of the above-mentioned active policy will be very important to the interests of China… If we sent none of our troops and allowed the enemy to reach the banks of the Yalu River, the international and domestic reactionary bluster would surely become louder…” Mao Zedong, October 1950 After deliberations with his fellow leaders, some of whom did not support Chinese involvement in Korea, Mao made his move. In the summer of 1950 he authorised the mobilisation of the People’s Volunteer Army (PVA), a military force Mao claimed to be separate from China’s official army and therefore not under state control. At its peak this ‘unofficial’ army contained in excess of two million Chinese soldiers, supposedly volunteers. Mao also sought help from Moscow, however Stalin had no taste for a war with the US and gave only limited assistance. On October 19th 1950 the US-led coalition captured the North Korean capital, Pyongyang, and continued its push further north. On the same day, regiments of the PVA crossed the Yalu River and entered North Korean territory. The first battle between Chinese and United Nations forces followed six days later. With a quarter of a million men, the PVA’s numerical superiority forced UN forces back over the 38th parallel. At this point General Macarthur mused publicly about using nuclear weapons on China. He was later sacked by President Truman. Chinese PVA soldiers fighting in Korea, 1952 From mid 1951 the fighting in Korea eased, as both sides sought to hold territory rather than capture it. China’s leaders hoped that dragging out the conflict might cause Western forces to abandon South Korea – however the PVA in Korea was itself stretched to breaking point. The Chinese volunteer soldiers were not only suffering heavy casualties from American bombers, they were critically short of weapons, munitions and supplies. Thousands of PVA soldiers in Korea died from malnutrition, inadequate medical care and freezing winters with sufficient blankets or uniforms. PVA leader Peng Dehuai fumed about these shortages but they were a symptom of China’s parlous economic condition in the early 1950s. After a drawn out series of peace talks, an armistice to end the fighting in Korea was signed on July 27th 1953. The border between the two Koreas came to be strengthened by a four kilometre wide buffer known as the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ). A formal treaty was never signed, which means the Korean War is still ongoing today. Mao Zedong and his son Mao Anying, who was killed in the Korean War The Korean War had mixed results for Mao Zedong and the People’s Republic. The conflict killed almost two million soldiers and civilians; between 150,000 and 400,000 of the dead were Chinese. The war produced no tangible change in sovereignty, government or territory on the peninsula – yet Mao considered China’s involvement to be a success. China had confronted the United States, the world’s preeminent military power, and held its own. Despite their lack of supplies and heavy losses, Chinese troops had performed creditably against modernised Western military forces. They had defended North Korea and kept the US at arm’s length from important industrial sites in northern China. The Korean War also enhanced Mao’s reputation, both as a military strategist and a communist leader prepared to stand up to the West. China’s involvement in the war also entailed some significant costs. At American urging, the United Nations passed a resolution condemning the People’s Republic as an aggressor state. From 1953 ‘China’ was represented at the UN by Jiang Jieshi’s Taiwan-based government (the People’s Republic of China was not admitted to the UN until 1971). Communist China was also subjected to years of non-recognition, international isolation and trade embargoes. Mao also suffered personal loss in the Korean War: his eldest son Mao Anying was killed by an American air raid in November 1950. 1. The Korean War was a conflict fought between June 1950 and July 1953. It saw involvement from North and South Korea, the People’s Republic of China and a United Nations force led by the United States. 2. The conflict was started by Soviet-backed North Korea and its leader, Kim Il-Sung, who ordered an invasion of US-backed South Korea in June 1950. 3. A coalition of United Nations forces became involved and push North Korean forces back to the Chinese border. After some equivocation, Mao deployed around 250,000 Chinese volunteers fighting as the People’s Volunteer Army. 4. The Korean War eventually ended as a stalemate, with borders and territory largely unchanged. Around two million soldiers and civilians were killed, between 150,00 and 400,000 of them Chinese. 5. Mao considered the war successful because it showed the new People’s Republic as a bold and capable fighting force, willing to stand against the Americans – however it also entailed years of non-recognition, international isolation and trade embargoes. © Alpha History 2015. Content on this page may not be republished or distributed without permission. For more information please refer to our Terms of Use . This page was written by Glenn Kucha and Jennifer Llewellyn. To reference this page, use the following citation: G. Kucha & J. Llewellyn, “The Korean War”, Alpha History, accessed [today’s date], http://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/korean-war/. This website uses pinyin romanisations of Chinese words and names. Please refer to this page for more information.	i don't know
In which year did Patrick Moore present the first episode of ‘The Sky At Night’ on television?	BBC Four - The Sky at Night - Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore The Sky at Night Read more about sharing. Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore Sir Patrick Moore, who died on December 9th 2012, was a man of extraordinary gifts who led a remarkable life. A tribute by the Sky at Night team He was born in 1923, in the same year as the BBC was founded, and for more than half a century Patrick’s career represented the BBC at its very best. for more than half a century Patrick’s career represented the BBC at its very best The Sky at Night team The BBC’s ethos was to educate, to inform and to entertain – and all three came naturally to Patrick – often at the same time and in the same sentence. He was much loved by viewers as a musician and entertainer, had a mischievous sense of humour and could more than hold his own as a comedian with the likes of Morecambe & Wise and the Two Ronnies, but Patrick was also an enthusiastic communicator of science to the widest possible audience. He was a distinguished astronomer but completely self-taught and always prided himself on being “just an amateur” while enjoying the recognition and respect of fellow scientists from all over the world. As a young man Patrick had played a key part in mapping the Moon and thereby he made possible the space missions and lunar explorations of both the USA and USSR. As a broadcaster he reported NASA’s Apollo missions and their manned landings on the Moon and he communicated these to his television audience with the boyish enthusiasm which stayed with him all his life. From the first broadcast in 1957 Sir Patrick went on to present The Sky at Night for over 55 years – making this the longest-running TV series anywhere in the world with the same presenter. As such, he introduced generations of people to the marvels of the night sky and by doing so changed countless lives by encouraging people to look up at the night skies and wonder. His own life - told here in his own words and with characteristic humility – is where it all began. In his own words, 2011 I was born in Pinner, but when I was six months old my parents moved to Bognor (it wasn't Bognor Regis then) and I am essentially a Sussex boy. My father was in the Army - he won the MC in the First World War - but I didn't take after him. My mother was a trained singer and a talented artist too. From her I inherited the music, but not the art! My interest in astronomy went back to the age of 7 Sir Patrick Moore My education was disjointed. The plan was Prep. School, Eton, Cambridge - I never made any of them. During my boyhood I was handicapped by heart trouble; I managed my Cambridge entrance exams externally, but then came the war, and I joined the RAF as a navigator with Bomber Command (I admit that I wasn't 100% honest about my age or fitness, but when I was found out it no longer mattered, and Flight-Lieutenant Caldwell-Moore was not even told that he had been a naughty boy). At the end of the war I returned home, then to East Grinstead. Cambridge was still open to me, but it meant taking a Government grant, which went against the grain. I prefer to stand on my own feet. My interest in astronomy went back to the age of 7, and I had several slices of luck; a small observatory was near me, I was able to use it, and I published my first paper (about the Moon) when I was 13. After the war, I wrote a book about the Moon; it caught on, and writing took over my life - farewell, Cambridge! I set up my own observatory, first at East Grinstead and then Selsey, and since then I have been a freelance writer. My aim was to spread interest about astronomy; in 1957 I began my TV series The Sky at Night, now in its 54th year of an unbroken run. Many leading astronomers and astronauts have joined me. I hope I have achieved my object, but that must be left for others to judge. I have been over most of the world, from Antarctica to Death Valley, so I have seen a great deal. I won't bore you with personal details. Suffice to say that Lorna, whom I was to marry, was killed by a German bomb when we were both twenty (1943!) and so I remain, very sadly, a bachelor. My mother, to whom I was devoted, stayed with me; she died in 1981. I am now 88, and not very mobile, again thanks to the War. But until the age of 78 I was still playing cricket. I am well looked after in my Selsey home - and do not forget my two all-important cats, Jeannie and Ptolemy!	1957
‘Bowl of Fruit, Violin and Bottle’ is the work of which artist?	Sir Patrick Moore, astronomer and broadcaster, dies aged 89 - BBC News BBC News Sir Patrick Moore, astronomer and broadcaster, dies aged 89 9 December 2012 Media captionSir Patrick Moore's contribution to the world of astronomy British astronomer and broadcaster Sir Patrick Moore has died, aged 89. He "passed away peacefully at 12:25 this afternoon" at his home in Selsey, West Sussex, friends and colleagues said in a statement. Sir Patrick presented the BBC programme The Sky At Night for over 50 years, making him the longest-running host of the same television show ever. He wrote dozens of books on astronomy and his research was used by the US and the Russians in their space programmes. Described by one of his close friends as "fearlessly eccentric", Sir Patrick was notable for his habit of wearing a monocle on screen and his idiosyncratic style. Through his regular monthly programmes he was telling us what to look for and what was out there and that was a real inspiration Maggie Aderin-Pocock, Space scientist Sky at Night colleague's tribute Sky At Night profile of Sir Patrick Tributes paid to Sir Patrick Moore Sir Patrick presented the first edition of The Sky at Night on 24 April 1957. He last appeared in an episode broadcast on Monday. A statement by his friends and staff said: "After a short spell in hospital last week, it was determined that no further treatment would benefit him, and it was his wish to spend his last days in his own home, Farthings, where he today passed on, in the company of close friends and carers and his cat Ptolemy. "Over the past few years, Patrick, an inspiration to generations of astronomers, fought his way back from many serious spells of illness and continued to work and write at a great rate, but this time his body was too weak to overcome the infection which set in, a few weeks ago. "He was able to perform on his world record-holding TV programme The Sky at Night right up until the most recent episode . "His executors and close friends plan to fulfil his wishes for a quiet ceremony of interment, but a farewell event is planned for what would have been Patrick's 90th birthday in March 2013." 'Father figure' Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore was born at Pinner, Middlesex on 4 Mar 1923. Heart problems meant he spent much of his childhood being educated at home and he became an avid reader. His mother gave him a copy of GF Chambers' book, The Story of the Solar System, and this sparked his lifelong passion for astronomy. Analysis By David ShukmanScience editor, BBC News Sir Patrick Moore was the voice of the space age. I recall as a child not following every detail of that famously rapid patter but I never minded - because like everyone who watched his broadcasts I was swept along by his extraordinary energy and excitement. Here was someone who could catch the mood of a world enthralled by a heady mix of discovery and achievement. With rockets launching satellites and then astronauts above Earth and beyond, there was no greater enthusiast to chronicle and illuminate an exhilarating new era of exploration. Generations grew up with Patrick Moore as their guide and he proved hugely influential. Astronomy was no longer a niche activity. The man with the monocle had touched people who had never even thought of stargazing. When war came he turned down a place at Cambridge and lied about his age to join the RAF, serving as a navigator with Bomber Command and rising to the rank of Flight Lieutenant. But the war brought him a personal tragedy after his fiancee, Lorna, was killed when an ambulance she was driving was hit by a bomb. He never married. Sir Patrick, who had a pacemaker fitted in 2006 and received a knighthood in 2001, won a Bafta for services to television and was a honorary fellow of the Royal Society. He was a member of the UK Independence party and, briefly, the finance minister for the Monster Raving Loony Party, and attracted some controversy for his outspoken views on Europe and immigration . Media captionFellow scientists speak of how Sir Patrick inspired a generation His other TV credits include the role of Gamesmaster in the 1990s computer games show of the same name. BBC science correspondent Pallab Ghosh said Sir Patrick's appearance sometimes aroused as much comment as his astronomy: "He was six-foot-three, and was once described as having 'an air of donnish dishevelment', with his raised eyebrow, scarcely-brushed hair and poorly-fitting suits. "His enthusiasm was unstoppable, and on occasions he would talk at 300 words a minute." Queen guitarist Brian May, who published a book on astronomy written with Sir Patrick, described him as a "dear friend, and a kind of father figure to me". He said: "Patrick will be mourned by the many to whom he was a caring uncle, and by all who loved the delightful wit and clarity of his writings, or enjoyed his fearlessly eccentric persona in public life. "Patrick is irreplaceable. There will never be another Patrick Moore. But we were lucky enough to get one." Television presenter and physicist Professor Brian Cox posted a message on Twitter saying: "Very sad news about Sir Patrick. Helped inspire my love of astronomy. I will miss him!" The acting director general of the BBC, Tim Davie, said his achievements at the corporation "were unmatched", adding that Sir Patrick will be missed by his "countless fans". UKIP leader Nigel Farage said: "Since I first met Sir Patrick when he dominated a UKIP stage in 1999, he has been a friend and an inspiration - not only to us in UKIP, but across the country and around the world. Today we have seen the passing of a true great, and a true Englishman." Media captionThe Sky At Night through the years And Dr Marek Kakula, public astronomer at Royal Observatory in Greenwich, described him as a "very charming and hospitable man". "When you came to his home he would always make sure you had enough to eat and drink. He was full of really entertaining and amusing stories. "There are many many professional astronomers like me who can actually date their interest in astronomy to watching Patrick on TV, so his impact on the world of professional astronomy as well as amateur is hard to overstate."	i don't know
The Kingdom of Lesotho is completely surrounded by which country?	Lesotho Map / Geography of Lesotho / Map of Lesotho - Worldatlas.com Print this map Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a mountainous, landlocked country completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa , that was first settled by Bantu speaking people who called themselves the Basotho. During the 19th century, the Basothos fought a series of wars, under the ruling of Moshoeshoe, against Boer settlers from the Netherlands , resulting in an extensive loss of land. By 1868, the land (known as Basutoland) was placed under British protection, and the Boers were ordered to leave. In 1869 a treaty between the Boers and British was signed defining boundaries between the two. Unrest soon followed for the Basotho peoples, and they began fighting amongst themselves over the new land divisions. The Boers inability to control their territory resulted in the British regaining authority in 1884, and when the Union of South Africa was founded in 1910 Britain moved to transfer Basutoland into the new Union - much to the opposition of the people. The annexation was suspended, and in 1959 the new constitution allowed Basutoland its first elected legislature. On October 4, 1966, Basutoland attained full independence, and was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho. The Basotho National Party ruled until 1970, then a "de facto" government ruled until 1986 when a military coup forced the leader, Dr. Leabua Jonathan, out of office. Executive powers were then granted to the ceremonial monarch, King Moshoeshoe II. However, in 1987, the King was exiled after he prepared a document indicating how he wanted additional executive powers. His son, Letsie III, became King. In 1993, democratic government returned and Moshoeshoe II returned from exile as a regular citizen. In 1994, King Letsie III entered into negotiations to reinstate his father as the head of state. Letsie III abdicated the throne in favor of his father in 1995, but in January 1996, assumed the throne again after Moshoeshoe II died in an automobile accident. In 1998 the electoral structure of the country was reviewed, and the result was a brand new electoral system, one that ensured that the opposition would be represented in the National Assembly. Successful elections were held under this new system in May 2002. Lesotho now has a parliamentary form of government, with the Prime Minister as head and with executive authority. The king no longer possesses any executive authority, and is prohibited from participating in political initiatives and serves primarily in a ceremonial capacity. Lesotho's main economy is based on the exportation of diamonds along with water sold to South Africa . Regardless, nearly 40% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. See Also	South Africa
Who played gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk in the 2008 film ‘Milk’?	Lesotho Knowledge Base > Political Science > Countries Lesotho Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave, completely surrounded by its only neighboring country, the Republic of South Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size with a population of approximately 2,067,000. Student at Iona College majoring in Mathematics and Knowledge Expert at Citelighter. Curated Facts Lesotho has a long and rich tradition of producing newspapers in both Sesotho and English. The two prominent churches in Lesotho, the Paris Evangelical Mission Society (PEMS) and the Roman Catholic Church, are responsible for Lesotho's two longest-running papers. The first newspaper to be published on a monthly basis was Leselinyana le Lesotho, which first appeared in 1863. Written in Sesotho, Leselinyana le Lesotho was the earliest African-language paper in southern Africa. × Amazon Results Not only has Lesotho been dependent on labor exports to South Africa for income and imports of consumer goods; the country is also landlocked withing South Africa and, therefore, to a large extent dependent on the transport within communications infrastructure of its neighbor. The integration with South Africa its manifested in Lesotho's membership of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Common Monetary Agreement (CMA). Through the revenue-sharing arrangements of the customs union, Lesotho depends more than any other SACU member on trade-generated revenue to finance government expenditure. To this must be added that Lesotho is a very small economy, both in the absolute sense and relative to South Africa whose GDP in 2000 was 140 times larger than that of Lesotho. × Amazon Results Relations with South Africa deteriorated after that nation granted independence in 1976 to the Bantu homeland of Transkei, on Lesotho's southeastern border. When Lesotho (like all other nations except South Africa) declined to recognize Transkei, the Transkeian authorities closed the border with Lesotho, which also angered South Africa by harboring members of the banned African National Congress (ANC), an exiled South African insurgent group. On 9 December 1982, South African troops raided private residences of alleged ANC members in Maseru; 42 persons were killed, including at least 12 Lesotho citizens. In the early 1980s, South Africa used economic pressures against Lesotho. Article: Encyclopedia of the Natio... Lesotho gained independence from Britain on October 4, 1966. In January 1970 the ruling Basotho National Party (BNP) appeared set to lose the first post-independence general elections when Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan annulled the election. He refused to cede power to the Basotho Congress Party (BCP) and imprisoned its leadership. The BNP ruled by decree until January 1986 when a military coup forced the BNP government out of office. The Military Council that came into power granted executive powers to King Moshoeshoe II, who was until then a ceremonial monarch. In 1990, however, the King was forced into exile after a falling out with the army. His son was installed as King Letsie III. Article: U.S. Department of State After the king refused to approve the replacement in Feb. 1990 of individuals dismissed by Justin Metsino Lekhanya, the chairman of the military council, the latter stripped the king of his executive power. Then in early March, Lekhanya sent the king into exile. In November, the king was dethroned, and his son was sworn in as King Letsie III. Lekhanya was himself forced to resign in April 1991, and Col. Ramaema became the new chairman in May. In Jan. 1995, he abdicated in favor of his father , Moshoeshoe II. Letsie again became crown prince. In 1996, however, King Moshoeshoe died in an automobile accident, and Letsie again assumed the throne. Article: Lesotho Lesotho (formerly Basutoland) was constituted as a native state under British protection by a treaty signed with the native chief Moshoeshoe in 1843. It was annexed to Cape Colony in 1871, but in 1884 it was restored to direct control by the Crown. The colony of Basutoland became the independent nation of Lesotho on Oct. 4, 1966, with King Moshoeshoe II as sovereign. In the 1970 elections, Ntsu Mokhehle, head of the Basutoland Congress Party, claimed a victory, but Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan declared a state of emergency, suspended the constitution, and arrested Mokhehle. King Moshoeshoe II was briefly exiled. Article: Lesotho	i don't know
The Democracy Monument is in which Asian city?	Democracy Monument (Bangkok, Thailand): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor Neighborhood Profile Banglamphu While you’ll see skyscrapers in most parts of Bangkok, it’s the gilded roofs of ancient pagodas that adorn the skyline of Banglamphu, the city’s historical and most touristic district. Hordes of tourists flock to this area to tick quite a few must-see attractions off their to-do list, with the Grand Palace being the most spectacular of them all. Banglamphu is also home to Bangkok’s infamous tourist ghetto, centered around Khao San Road. Visit at night to feast on road-side pad thai, cheap beers and if you’re up for it, some dancing fueled by buckets of Thai whiskey.	Bangkok
Which jockey won the 2003 Epsom Derby on Kris Kin?	Democracy Monument, Bangkok, Thailand, 3017 insider tips, photos, reviews & tickets Private Half-Day Overview of Historical Bangkok "Itinerary 8.00am - Pick up from various hotel in Bangkok area.8.30am - Visit Wat Tri Mit which is known for its Golden Buddha made more than 700 years ago in a style typical of the Sukhothai period. The Buddha is solid gold 3 meters tall and weighs 5.5 tons. The Golden Buddha has previously been covered in plaster so it would not be attractive to enemies. 9.30am - Visit Wat Pho. Wat Pho is a very large temple complex in central Bangkok. This is where the enormous Re made in 1832 it was built to draw people attention to Buddha's nirvana. With a length of 46 meters and a height of 15 meters it is the biggest of its kind in the world. The statue also has beautiful mother of pearl engraving on the soles of its feet.10.30am - We drive along ""Rajadamnoen Avenue"" a historic Bangkok road linking the Grand Palace to the Dusit Palace in the new royal district. The road was Inspired by the Champs-Élysées and other European boulevards and the King used the road as a route for grand royal parades (Ratchadamnoen literally means ""royal process which served to project images of a modern monarchy. We terminate at the Royal Plaza in front of the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. We then pass the distinctive Democracy Monument which was erected in 1939 in remembrance of the introduction of the cons Historical Bangkok Tour by Electric Bike "Explore the Historical Bangkok by the electric bicycle to fully enjoy the easy day and no worry about sweating or tiring. You can even set different level of electric assist to match your pace or get exercise if you want.After meeting your guide we will take a short transfer to our bike store get a bike fitting to ensure a comfortable ride. The first stop is Wat Arun its part of the former palace of the Thonburi as a former capital of Thais. Then we will stop at Wat Kanlayanamit to see the biggest sitting Buddha in Bangkok and the Biggest bell in Thailand. And just right next to the temple there are an old Portuguese Chuch set on the river bank. They are famous from their cupcakes which is made by the 5th generation of Portuguese people in Thailand.After riding through hidden alleyways in the west side of Bangkok You will take the ferry to the East side where the Chinatown is and take a break at a rooftop restaurant get a refreshing drink.Then you continue on to Chinatown. The next stop is Trimitr Temple to see the biggest Buddha statue in the world (5.5 we will head to Wat Pho to see the origin of Thai massage and the beautiful 42 meter long Reclining Buddha. After Wat Pho Bangkok Self-Guided Audio Tour "The unique and exciting city of Bangkok has a plethora of narrow streets to visit as well as some of the most historical and intricate Buddhist Temples in Thailand such as Wat Pho and Wat Suthat Thep Wararam. On this audio tour you will see one o the Emerald Buddha and will get the chance to explore Thailand's History at the Bangkok Museum. You will also see the Democracy Monument the National Gallery Ho Sin Chaofah the grand Royal Palace and the Sanam Luang. This tour takes you on the must see and must do's in this vibrant city. As an audio tour this tour is completely your own. Move at your own pace spending as long as you want at the places you like most."""	i don't know
Who wrote the play ‘The Night of the Iguana’?	Audience Reviews for The Night of the Iguana ½ The Night of the Iguana is adapted from a play by Tennessee Williams and directed by John Huston. That said, it's almost unnecessary to explain the combination of intense, believable and uninhibited drama and towering performances from all actors. We are told the story of Reverend Shannon, a clergyman gone astray, torn to the bone between his passions and his devotion, who has gone to conduct religious-themed tours across Pacific Mexico after a "spooky" episode during a sermon in his former church. During the tour, an overexcited young girl does her best to take him over the edge and he enters a feverish, almost insane state of mind; from this point on he is left to battle the ill influences of the rest of the tourists, takes refuge at a friend's bungalow complex in Puerto Vallarta, and comes across a world-wandering sketch artist and her poet grandfather. The character of Shannon is played brilliantly by Richard Burton: an epic performance, one that flows effortlessly and empathetically from the wildest to the most peaceful states of mind. His portrayal of a man fighting his demons, slowly losing track of the limits between the "realistic" and the "fantastic" is perfect. Ava Gardner plays his hotel-owner friend, a smaller but fascinating role, also a collision of passion and frailty. In all truth, everyone, from Sue Lyon and her annoying squeals and Deborah Kerr's quietly dignified bohemian deliver solid work. However, in spite of all this, the most remarkable aspect of The Night of the Iguana, aside from the lush cinematography and scenery, is the way in which so much emotional turmoil happens in such short episodes. Passion and despair overflow in every scene, in every word -the dialogue is brilliant, absolutely quotable-, all while the film itself, the shots even, are very closed and restrained. It feels as if the entire film is about to implode. I still have to look more into Huston's work but The Night of the Iguana is a remarkable film and completely recommended. Elvira B	Tennessee Williams
Mary of Teck was the wife of which British monarch?	Tennessee Williams \| About Tennessee Williams \| American Masters \| PBS About Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams: Orpheus of The American Stage About Tennessee Williams Comments Tennessee Williams at age 54 in 1965. Photo by Orland Fernandez. He was brilliant and prolific, breathing life and passion into such memorable characters as Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski in his critically acclaimed A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE. And like them, he was troubled and self-destructive, an abuser of alcohol and drugs. He was awarded four Drama Critic Circle Awards, two Pulitzer Prizes and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He was derided by critics and blacklisted by Roman Catholic Cardinal Spellman, who condemned one of his scripts as “revolting, deplorable, morally repellent, offensive to Christian standards of decency.” He was Tennessee Williams, one of the greatest playwrights in American history. Born Thomas Lanier Williams in Columbus, Mississippi in 1911, Tennessee was the son of a shoe company executive and a Southern belle. Williams described his childhood in Mississippi as happy and carefree. This sense of belonging and comfort were lost, however, when his family moved to the urban environment of St. Louis, Missouri. It was there he began to look inward, and to write— “because I found life unsatisfactory.” Williams’ early adult years were occupied with attending college at three different universities, a brief stint working at his father’s shoe company, and a move to New Orleans, which began a lifelong love of the city and set the locale for A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE. Williams spent a number of years traveling throughout the country and trying to write. His first critical acclaim came in 1944 when THE GLASS MENAGERIE opened in Chicago and went to Broadway. It won a the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award and, as a film, the New York Film Critics’ Circle Award. At the height of his career in the late 1940s and 1950s, Williams worked with the premier artists of the time, most notably Elia Kazan, the director for stage and screen productions of A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE, and the stage productions of CAMINO REAL, CAT ON A HOT TIN ROOF, and SWEET BIRD OF YOUTH. Kazan also directed Williams’ film BABY DOLL. Like many of his works, BABY DOLL was simultaneously praised and denounced for addressing raw subject matter in a straightforward realistic way. The 1960s were perhaps the most difficult years for Williams, as he experienced some of his harshest treatment from the press. In 1961 he wrote THE NIGHT OF THE IGUANA, and in 1963, THE MILK TRAIN DOESN’T STOP HERE ANY MORE. His plays, which had long received criticism for openly addressing taboo topics, were finding more and more detractors. Around this time, Williams’ longtime companion, Frank Merlo, died of cancer. Williams began to depend more and more on alcohol and drugs and though he continued to write, completing a book of short stories and another play, he was in a downward spiral. In 1969 he was hospitalized by his brother. After his release from the hospital in the 1970s, Williams wrote plays, a memoir, poems, short stories and a novel. In 1975 he published MEMOIRS, which detailed his life and discussed his addiction to drugs and alcohol, as well as his homosexuality. In 1980 Williams wrote CLOTHES FOR A SUMMER HOTEL, based on the lives of Zelda and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Only three years later, Tennessee Williams died in a New York City hotel filled with half-finished bottles of wine and pills. It was in this desperation, which Williams had so closely known and so honestly written about, that we can find a great man and an important body of work. His genius was in his honesty and in the perseverance to tell his stories. What did you think?	i don't know
The Philippines lie in which ocean?	The Philippines The Philippines Official name: Republic of the Philippines Area: 300,000 square kilometers (115,800 square miles) Highest point on mainland: Mount Apo (2,954 meters/9,692 feet) Lowest point on land: Sea level Hemispheres: Northern and Eastern P.M. = noon GMT Longest distances: 1,851 kilometers (1,150 miles) from south-southeast to north-northwest, 1,062 kilometers (660 miles) from east-northeast to west-southwest Land boundaries: None Coastline: 36,289 kilometers (22,499 miles) Territorial sea limits: Determined by treaty and irregular in shape, extending up to 185 kilometers (100 nautical miles) from shore in some locations 1 LOCATION AND SIZE The Philippines is an archipelago in southeastern Asia, located between the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of about 300,000 square kilometers (115,800 square miles), the country is slightly larger than the state of Arizona. The Philippines is divided into seventy-three provinces. 2 TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES The Philippines has no outside territories or dependencies. 3 CLIMATE The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate with two seasons. From November through April, the northeast monsoon brings rain, and from May through October, the southwest monsoon brings cool, dry weather. The average temperature is 27°C (80°F) with a range between 23°C and 32°C (73°F and 90°F). Humidity averages 77 percent. The annual average rainfall varies from 96 to 406 centimeters (38 to 106 inches). The northern islands are often heavily affected by seasonal typhoons, which cause destructive winds and flooding rains. 4 TOPOGRAPHIC REGIONS The very complex and volcanic origin of most of the Philippine islands is visible in their varied and rugged terrain. A number of the volcanoes are still active. Mountain ranges divide most of the island surfaces into narrow coastal strips and low-lying interior plains or valleys. The islands are subject to flooding and destructive earthquakes. 5 OCEANS AND SEAS Seacoast and Undersea Features All of the waters surrounding the Philippines are branches of the Pacific Ocean. The eastern coast of the Philippines faces the Philippine Sea, where the Philippine Trough (Emden Deep) plunges to 10,430 meters (34,219 feet). The northwest coast faces the South China Sea. The southwest surrounds the Sulu Sea on three sides. The Celebes (Sulawesi) Sea is in the south, between the island of Mindanao and the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The Bohol Sea is to the north of Mindanao. The Visayan Sea is encircled by Panay, Masbate, Cebu, Negros, and other islands. The Sibuyan Sea meets southern Luzon and eastern Mindoro. The Camotes Sea lies between Cebu, Leyte, and Bohol. The Samar Sea is between Samar and Masbate. Sea Inlets and Straits There are countless straits between the Philippine islands. Principal among them are the San Bernadino Strait and Verde Island Passage, both of which permit ocean travel across the northern part of the archipelago. The Surigao Strait allows travel between the Pacific and the Bohol Sea in the south. The Mindoro Strait lies between Mindoro and the Calamian Group of islands. A number of channels north of the country make up the Luzon Strait, separating that island from Taiwan. Islands and Archipelagos The Philippine Archipelago contains about 7,100 islands and extends over 1,609 kilometers (1,000 miles) from north to south. Only 154 of the islands exceed 13 square kilometers (5 square miles) in area. The two largest islands, Luzon in the north and Mindanao in the south, comprise about 65 percent of the total land area of the archipelago. The largest of the Philippine islands, Luzon, has an area of 104,687 square kilometers (40,420 square miles). The main part of the island is roughly 402 kilometers (250 miles) in length and has a width from between 120 and 160 kilometers (75 and 100 miles). Just south of Luzon lies Mindoro. This island is largely mountainous and has high peaks rising above 2,438 meters (8,000 feet). Coastal lowlands lie to the east and northeast of the mountain zone. Southwest of Mindoro is the Calamian Group of islands, with the long, narrow island of Palawan beyond them. Over eleven hundred smaller islands and islets surround Palawan. Over half of the islands that make up the country belong to the Visayan group, forming a rough circular pattern around the Visayan Sea. They include the seven large, populated islands of Masbate, Samar, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Panay, and Negros, plus numerous islets. The long narrow island of Cebu is the site of the country's largest copper mine and also produces low-grade coal and limestone used for cement. Mindanao, the second largest of the Philippine Islands, has an area of 94,630 square kilometers (36,537 square miles). In the east of the island, the Agusan River runs between two mountain ranges. To the southwest of those ridges, several rivers meet in the Cotabato Basin and mountain peaks lead to the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau. West of the Plateau, the island narrows to an isthmus ten miles wide, from which the long Zamboanga Peninsula protrudes to the southwest. The peninsula is covered largely with mountains and possesses limited coastal lowlands. Southwest of the Zamboanga Peninsula of Mindanao is the Sulu Archipelago, a string of smaller islands of volcanic and coral origin protruding from a submarine ridge. The Sulu Archipelago stretches for about 322 kilometers (200 miles) and has over eight hundred islands. Its three principal islands are Basilan, Jolo, and Tawi-Tawi. Coastal Features Lingayen Gulf indents Luzon's western coast. Further south is Manila Bay, which is surrounded by the Bataan Peninsula. The capital city of Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay. Tayabas Bay and Ragay Gulf surround the Bondoc Peninsula of Luzon's southern coastline. The southeastern extension of Luzon ends in the Sorsogon Peninsula. North of the peninsula on the east coast is Lamon Bay; further north are Dingalan Bay and Escarpada Point. Mindanao's very irregular shape is characterized by a number of sizable gulfs and bays and several large peninsulas that give it an extremely long coastline. Mindanao's northernmost point is the Surigao Peninsula, with Butuan Bay to its west. Iligan Bay makes a deep indentation, creating a narrow isthmus that connects the large Zamboanga Peninsula to the rest of Mindanao. Sibuguey and Baganian Peninsulas protrude from the south coast of the Zamboanga Peninsula on Moro Gulf, with Pagadian Bay on the south of the isthmus and Illana Bay continuing the southwest coast. Sarangani Bay indents the coast just above its southernmost part, Tinaca Point. North of that point is Davao Gulf, defined by Cape San Agustin. Among the Visayan Islands there are two large gulfs: Leyte in the southeast and Panay in the west. 6 INLAND LAKES The largest lake in the Philippines is the freshwater Laguna de Bay, located on Luzon, southeast of Manila Bay. It has a water surface of 922 square kilometers (356 square miles). Lake Taal, which has an active volcano in its center, lies a few miles to the southwest of Laguna de Bay. Other crater lakes are Lake Danao and Lake Balinsasayan in southeast Negros. On Mindanao, atop the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau, is Lake Sultan Alonto (formerly Lake Lanao). The second-largest lake in the country, it covers 347 square kilometers (134 square miles). The shallow Lake Buluan is in Mindanao, south of the Plateau. The lowland of Mindoro contains Lake Naujan, one of the country's larger lakes, home to many fish and bird species. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS In general, the larger rivers of the Philippines are navigable for only short distances. Most main streams and their tributaries are subject to extensive and damaging floods during the heavy rainfall of typhoons and the monsoon seasons. The Cagayan River is located in the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon. It flows northward and empties into the sea at Aparri. A network of rivers and streams interlaces the low-lying Central Luzon Plain. Two of the plain's more important rivers are the Agno, which flows northward into Lingayen Gulf, and the Pampanga, which empties into Manila Bay. The short Pasig River flows through the city of Manila. Two large rivers are found on Mindanao. The Agusan River is the longest in the country, with a length of 386 kilometers (240 miles). It flows northward through the Agusan Valley into the Bohol Sea. The Mindanao River and its tributaries drain the Cotabato Lowland, emptying into Moro Gulf. On Palawan, the St. Paul Underground River is a popular destination for adventurous tourists. At its mouth lies a small bay connecting it to the ocean. Accessible only by canoe, the river flows through a large cavern inhabited by bats and filled with stalagtites. 8 DESERTS There are no desert regions in the Philippines. 9 FLAT AND ROLLING TERRAIN The Central Luzon Plain, barely above sea level, has extensive swamps along the north of Manila Bay and the Candaba Swamp. The low Ragay Hills overlook Ragay Gulf on the Bicol Peninsula of southeastern Luzon. To the south on Samar, the terrain is broken up by rocky hills, which are 152 to 305 meters (500 to 1,000 feet) high. In central Bohol there is a 52-square-kilometer (20-square-mile) area known as the Chocolate Hills. There are 1,268 individual mounds in the Chocolate Hills, each one between 50 and 200 meters (164 and 656 feet) high; these hills are covered in grass, which turns brown in the dry season. Although their origin has not been determined; scientists speculate they were formed from eroded coral limestone. Hill areas also exist on Panay and nearby Guimaras, as well as on Masbate, Tablas, and Romblon. DID YOU KNOW? There are four "Wetlands of International Importance" in the Philippines, as designated under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. These are: Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, which includes rare swamp forest and peat forest; Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary, a shorebird habitat; Naujan Lake National Park; and Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park. The mountain rice terraces of northern Luzon's Cordillera are an UNESCO World Heritage site. Built by the indigenous Ifugao people over the last two millennia, the terraces follow mountain contours over 1,000 meters (3,281 feet) high, creating an agricultural landscape that is both productive and harmonious with nature. Savannahs, mixing grasslands and scrub woods, are found in Luzon's Cagayan Valley, and amid the hills of Mindoro, Negros, and Masbate, as well as on Panay, and on Mindanao's Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau. 10 MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES All of the Philippine Islands are volcanic in origin. As a result, the country is very mountainous. The northern part of Luzon Island is extremely rugged. Luzon's highest peak, Mount Pulog, rises to 2,934 meters (9,626 feet). The island has three mountain ranges that run roughly parallel in a north-south direction. A range in the east, the Sierra Madre, runs so close to the island's eastern shore that there is hardly any coastal lowland. The valley of the Cagayan River separates this eastern range from a large mountain complex to the west, the Cordillera Central. On the west, the Zambales Mountains extend southward and terminate at Manila Bay. Southeastern Luzon consists of a large peninsula. It is a mountainous and volcanic area containing the active volcano, Mount Mayon (2,420 meters/7,941 feet). The large island of Mindanao has five major mountain systems, some of which were formed by volcanic action. The eastern edge of Mindanao is highly mountainous; this region includes the Diuata Mountains, with several elevations above 1,828 meters (6,000 feet), and the southeastern ranges, which reach a high point of 2,804 meters (9,200 feet). In central Mindanao there is a broad mass of rugged mountain ranges, one of which bisects the island from north to south. This range contains Mount Apo (2,954 meters/9,692 feet), the highest peak in the country, which overlooks Davao Gulf. Most of the islands are located on the Eurasian Tectonic Plate, but a major fault line extends along the eastern part of the archipelago, aligned over the boundary with the Philippine Plate. As part of the western-Pacific "Ring of Fire," the Philippines have thirty-seven volcanoes, of which eighteen are active. 11 CANYONS AND CAVES Many of the Philippines's rivers have carved canyons through the mountains. Particularly deep canyons cut through the BukidnonLanao Plateau of Mindanao. Pagsanjan Gorge National Park, southeast of Manila on Luzon, is a river gorge with each of its steep faces towering to a height of 91 meters (300 feet). 12 PLATEAUS AND MONOLITHS The central mountain complex of Mindanao extends into the northwest corner of the island, terminating in the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau. At approximately 609 meters (2,000 feet) in elevation, the plateau is interspersed with extinct volcanic peaks. On southeast Negros, the volcanic rock Tablas plateau rises 152 to 305 meters (500 to 1,000 feet.) 13 MAN-MADE FEATURES There are no major man-made structures affecting the geography of the Philippines. 14 FURTHER READING Books Broad, Robin, and John Cavanagh. Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Davis, Leonard. The Philippines: People, Poverty, and Politics . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Olesky, Walter G. The Philippines . New York: Children's Press, 2000 Wernstedt, Frederick. The Philippine Island World . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. Web Sites	Pacific Ocean
How many times does the word ‘eternity’ appear in the King James version of the Bible?	How the Mariana Trench Became Earth's Deepest Point How the Mariana Trench Became Earth's Deepest Point Heavy lava, tectonic movements shaped the 7-mile-deep abyss. View Images The Mariana Trench (pictured in a video still of an illustration) is the deepest place on Earth. Video still courtesy of NOAA James Cameron made headlines last month by successfully diving 6.8 miles (11 kilometers) to the deepest part of the Mariana Trench in a one-person submersible called the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER. (See "Cameron Exclusive: After Record Dive, Why Go Back to Mariana Trench?" ) Related Content Rare Ruby Seadragon Caught on Video for First Time Best known as a Hollywood director and now a National Geographic Society explorer-in-residence , Cameron is one of just three people to dive to Earth's deepest point, and the only one to be able to stay long enough to look around. ( Video: Cameron Dive Is an Exploration First. ) Though Cameron and his team are hoping to discover more about the biology of the Mariana depths, geologists already know a lot about how the Mariana Trench formed—and why it's Earth's deepest spot. (Related: "James Cameron on Earth's Deepest Spot: Desolate, Lunar-Like." ) Ancient Lava Shaped Mariana Trench The Mariana Trench isn't really the deep, narrow furrow that the word "trench" implies. Rather, the abyss marks the location of a subduction zone. Subduction zones occur where one part of the seabed—in this case the Pacific plate—dives beneath another, the Philippine plate. Though tectonic forces eventually warp the Pacific plate so that it makes a near-vertical dive into the Earth's interior, at seabed level the plate dips at a relatively gentle angle. A tectonic plate is a huge hunk of rock, 60 miles (97 kilometers) or more thick, said Robert Stern , a geophysicist at the University of Texas, Dallas. "In order for this to sink back into the earth, it has to bend downward, and these are very gentle bends." One reason the Mariana Trench is so deep, he added, is because the western Pacific is home to some of the oldest seafloor in the world—about 180 million years old. Seafloor is formed as lava at mid- ocean ridges. When it's fresh, lava is comparatively warm and buoyant, riding high on the underlying mantle. But as lava ages and spreads away from its source, it slowly cools and becomes increasingly dense, causing it to settle ever lower—as is the case with the Mariana Trench. Mariana Trench Could Trigger Big Quakes? Two other factors conspire to make the 1,580-mile-long (2,550-kilometer-long) Mariana Trench staggeringly deep. For one, the trench lies far from any major landmass, which means it's remote from the mouths of muddy rivers. "Many other deep trenches are more filled with sediment," Chris Goldfinger , director of the Active Tectonics and Seafloor Mapping Laboratory at Oregon State University, said in an email. "This one isn't." In addition, nearby fault lines cut the Pacific plate into a narrow tongue at the site of the trench, allowing the plate to bend more steeply downward than at other subduction zones. Because of this orientation, most scientists thought that the Mariana Trench subduction zone wouldn't be a source of major earthquakes, said geophysicist Emile Okal of Northwestern University. That's because the dense rock of the Pacific Plate at the site of the trench should not press strongly upward against the overriding Philippine plate, creating the friction that would cause earthquakes. But the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and the 2011 Japan earthquake "killed" that theory by occurring in other, similar places where giant temblors weren't expected, Okal said by email. So there's no reason to believe the Mariana Trench region couldn't produce an earthquake of perhaps magnitude 8.5, he said. "There are two events [in the region] known to have generated local tsunamis in 1826 and 1872." Cameron Dive a "Man on the Moon" Feat Despite Cameron's record dive, it's impossible to know what really happens in the subduction zone, since most of the action occurs up to 420 miles (700 kilometers) below Earth's surface. (See plate-tectonics pictures .) (The dive was part of the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE program, a partnership with the National Geographic Society and Rolex. The Society owns National Geographic News.) "That's the iceberg," the University of Texas's Stern said, in reference to Cameron's movie Titanic. "Cameron wasn't even at the tip of it—11 kilometers out of 700. The trench is the interface between the limits of human experience and the reality humans can't experience." Even so, with subsequent dives, there's the prospect of retrieving rock samples and looking for life deeper than it's ever been found before. "Life in extreme environments is fascinating, and I think [that's] a big part of what motivated Cameron," said Oregon State's Goldfinger. "Hopefully this new vehicle will lead to being able to do science effectively at those depths. I think it's really a mission of discovery at this point." UT's Stern agreed, calling Cameron's trip "kind of a man-on-the-moon thing." Comment on This Story	i don't know
Mercury Seven, also referred to as the Original Seven, were a group of what?	Today in History: April 9, 1959 – First U.S. Astronauts, called The Mercury Seven, are introduced. Today in History: April 9, 1959 – First U.S. Astronauts, called The Mercury Seven, are introduced. Posted on April 9, 2012 by Art On April 9, 1959, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) introduces America’s first astronauts to the press. The seven men, all military test pilots, were carefully selected from a group of 32 candidates to take part in Project Mercury, America’s first manned space program. Known as the Mercury Seven, they are also referred to as the Original Seven and Astronaut Group 1. This was the only astronaut group with members that flew on all classes of NASA manned orbital spacecraft of the 20th century; Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle. These seven original American astronauts were Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, Gordon Cooper, and Deke Slayton. The Mercury Seven - Gordo Cooper, Scott Carpenter, John Glenn, Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra and Deke Slayton The Mercury Seven (March 1960) front row, left to right, Walter H. Schirra, Jr., Donald K. Slayton, John H. Glenn, Jr., and Scott Carpenter; back row, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Virgil I. Gus Grissom, and L. Gordon Cooper.	Astronaut
In which year were the Academy Awards first broadcast on television?	Famous Order of the Turtles Members List Famous Order of the Turtles Members By User X 6.4k views 4 items tags f t p @ List Criteria: Ancient and Honorable Order of Turtles members list List of Famous Order of the Turtle Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Ancient and Honorable Order of Turtles is a drinking club for World War II pilots, who were looking for a way to relax between missions. The Turtles follow the creed “Turtles are bright eyed, bushy tailed, fearless and unafraid folk with a fighter pilot attitude. They think clean, have fun a lot, and recognize the fact that you never get any place in life worthwhile unless you stick your neck out.” Who is the most famous member of the Order of the Turtle? President John F. Kennedy confirmed his membership to the world when a reporter asked him, “Are you a turtle?” Kennedy replied with the revealing response, “I'll buy you your drink later.” The proper answer to the question, “Are you a turtle?” is actually, “You bet your sweet ass I am.” Astronauts Wally Schirra and Deke Slayton famously traded the question over worldwide broadcasts. Schirra turned off the open line radio to deliver the proper response and responded with “roger” on the main line. Slayton was a bit more bold with his answer as he openly gave the proper response on board the USS Kearsarge. Slayton's response was recalled in Tom Wolfe's famous book “The Right Stuff.” Do you think it would be fun to be in the Order of the Turtle? Share your thoughts in the comments section.	i don't know

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