question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
Deba, boning, sashimi and paring are all types of what? | Knife Purposes & Types
Gyuto (Chefs knife)
Versatile cooking knife for cutting up, filleting and preparing meat and fish. Slim blades for intricate tasks, pull or push cuts. Most standard and popular blade among Western Style knives, so called “Chefs Knife”. Gyuto is one of the most versatile blade type, suitable design for cutting, slicing meats, vegetables and fishes.
Santoku (All-Purpose knife)
All-round knife for meat, fish and vegetables (Santoku = the three virtues). Wider and rounded shape is suitable design for especially vegetables, but also cutting, slicing well for the fishes, meats. Santoku knife is popular knife and can be recommended as Multi Purpose Home Chef knife. The Santoku is sometimes called "Bunka" Bocho.
Slicing & Carving
Sujihiki/ Slicer/ Carving knife
"Sujihiki" or Slicer (or Carving knife, depending on the purpose and detailed shape) has narrower and longer blade. The Sujihiki is suitable design for the slicing tasks. If you often cut and slice (fillet) fishes, meats, hams etc, Sujihiki is the best choice for your needs.
Chinese Cooking knife
The Chinese Cooking knife is the rectangular-bladed, all-purpose knife traditionally used in China, and many other Asian countries to prepare a variety of meats, fish, and vegetables. After the world war II, made-in-Japan knife began to surface in Japan and recently in Asian countries.
Fish Slaughtering
Western Deba or Yo-Deba is the Western-style version of the traditional Japanese deba. The edge is generally double-edged. The Western Deba has heavier weight and more durable edge, designed for harder use --- for cutting a fish, chicken and shrimps, lobsters.
Japanese Style Knives
Deba
The "Deba" is designed for cutting fish and light mincing. The back of the blade can be used to chop thin bones. Thick and Heavier blade of Deba has good durable edge, suitable for cutting a Fish, a Chicken, also for filleting tasks. Its history goes back to the Edo era in Sakai, Japan.
Funayuki Deba
A filet knife, a multi-purpose Japanese traditional one. The name "Funayuki" or "Going on a boat" in Japanese. The profile is similar to a Deba, but is thicker than Deba to meet multi-purpose on a boat. This lightweight knife is easy to use on smaller fish.
Sashimi & Sushi
Yanagiba (Sashimi)
A Sashimi Knife, for cutting and filleting fish or ham with a pull stroke. Slim blade in the shape of a willow leaf or Katana (sword). Long and Narrower blade is suitable for slicing tasks. Especially for preparing fresh, good&beautiful shape of raw fishes (sashimi). The Yanagiba is called "Shobu" and popular in Western Japan (around Osaka and Kyoto).
Takohiki (Sashimi)
Square shape, longer blade of Sashimi Knife, designed for same purpose as Yanagiba. Not for slicing "Tako" (Octopus) but for making Sashimi. The edge line is almost straight, while Yanagiba knife's blade edge line is more curved towards the blade tip. The Takohiki was popular in Eastern Japan (around Tokyo).
| Kitchen knife |
Managua is the capital of which South American country? | Knife types | JIKKO JAPANESE KNIVES
JIKKO JAPANESE KNIVES
Knife types
Deba Bocho:
The Deba Bocho was designed for mainly filleting fish. The blade of this knife compared to other knives is thicker and heavier to allow for the knife to cut through the bones of fish. This knife can also be used to cut small chicken bones.
*General size 12cm ~ 21cm
Sashimi Bocho:
The Sashimi Bocho is used to finely slice fresh seafood for the purpose of Sashimi. Common blade length for household usage is 21~27cm and unlike the Deba Bocho the blade of the knife is thin up until the tip of the knife.
Kamausuba Bocho:
Kansai Style Usuba Bocho: If you look at the blade from the side it is virtually rectangular in shape. “Usuba” literally translates into “thin blade” and as per its name this knife has a thin blade making it an ideal knife when pealing and dicing vegetables.
Usuba Bocho:
Kanto Style Usuba Bocho. The Usuba Bocho is a traditional Japanese knife used for vegetables, which most chefs learn to use first.
Fugubiki Bocho:
The Fugubiki Bocho is a specialized knife used for Fugu [Blowfish] sashimi. This knife is made a thinner spine and narrower blade width compared to the Sashimi Bocho.
Mioroshi Bocho:
The Mioroshi Bocho is a type of Deba Bocho but the blade is slightly thinner and longer and is an all round knife which can be used for dicing to slicing Sashimi. This knife is a blend of the Deba Bocho and Sashimi Bocho.
Gyoto Bocho:
The Guyto is the most common western knife used throughout the world. It can be used to cut meat (boneless), fish (boneless) and vegetable. It is also known as a “French Knife”, “Chef Knife” “Bannou Bocho” as is used as a replacement for a Mitsutoku Bocho.
Sujihiki Bocho:
The Sujihiki Bocho is used for cleaning the sinew from meats and is like a thin Gyuto. Petty Knife:
The Petty knife is used for pealing fruits and vegetables and quite suitable for finer detail work. It is ideal small multipurpose knife, perfect for preparing small garnishes for cocktails and cakes. The Petty knife is know as a Paring Knife in English speaking countries.
Yo-deba:
The Yo-deba is similar in shape to the Gyutou from the side, but has a thicker blade which can be used to cut beef bones used for soups. The usage of this knife is totally different from that of the Gyutou. (It is heavy and not very good to cut vegetables)
Honesuki Kaku:
Square Shaped（Kanto Style）: The Honesuki is used to separate meat from the bone. There are two styles of this knife, the Kanto and Kansai styles. This knife is a unique Japanese style knife similar to the western boning knife, but unlike the boning knife the blade is not flexible. This knife is also know as Sabaki.
Honesuki Maru:
Round Type（Kansai Style）The blade of the Honesuki (Kansai Style) is designed in a round style, but is used in the same manner as the Kanto style Honesuki.
Santoku Bocho:
The Santoku part of the Santoku Bocho stands for Three Virtues or Three Applications: This knife can be used to prepare wide range of ingredients from meats, fish and vegetables. This is commonly used as a household knife and is often as the fist knife type a person buys.
Nakiri Hocho:
The Nakiri Hocho is a knife used to prepare vegetables. However, like the Santoku Bocho this knife is also well suited for household usage. The shape of the knife is a slightly different rectangular shape compared to the Santoku Bocho. The Japanese Usuba Bocho type is a single edged blade, but the Nakiri Hocho is a double edged blade.
Bread Knife:
In order to slice soft bread most of the knives are designed with a serrated or grooved blade. The blade of the knife is made thin in order the slice the bread cleanly.
| i don't know |
In the game of Bingo, ‘Jump and Jive’ is the nickname for which number? | Bingo Number-calling Nicknames
35.. Jump and jive - Flirty wives
36.. Three dozen - Perfect (as in 36-24-36) - Yardstick... he wishes! (USA)
37.. A flea in heaven - More than eleven
38.. Christmas cake
39.. Those famous steps - All the steps - Jack Benny
40.. Two score - Life begins at - Blind 40 - Naughty 40 - Mary (USA)
41.. Life�s begun - Time for fun
42.. That famous street in Manhattan - Whinny the Poo
43.. Down on your knees
44.. Droopy drawers - All the fours - Open two doors - Magnum (USA)
45.. Halfway house - Halfway there - Cowboy's friend - Colt (USA)
46.. Up to tricks
48.. Four dozen
49.. PC (Police Constable) - Copper - Nick nick - Rise and shine
50.. Bulls eye - Bung hole - Blind 50 - Half a century - Snow White's number (five-oh - five-oh..) - Hawaii five O, Hawaii (USA)
51.. I love my mum - Tweak of the thumb - The Highland Div[ision] - President's salute
52.. Weeks in a year - The Lowland Div[ision] - Danny La Rue - Pack 'o cards - Pickup (USA)
53.. Stuck in the tree - The Welsh Div[ision] - The joker
54.. Clean the floor - House of bamboo (famous song)
55.. Snakes alive - All the fives - Double nickels - Give us fives - Bunch of fives
56.. Was she worth it?
57.. Heinz varieties - All the beans (Heinz 57 varieties of canned beans)
58.. Make them wait - Choo choo Thomas
59.. Brighton line (engine 59 or it took 59 mins to go from London to Brighton)
60.. Three score - Blind 60 - Five dozen
61.. Bakers bun
62.. Tickety boo - Turn on the screw
63.. Tickle me - Home ball (USA)
64.. The Beatles number - Red raw
65.. Old age pension - Stop work (retirement age)
66.. Clickety click - All the sixes - Quack quack (USA)
67.. Made in heaven - Argumentative number
68.. Saving grace - Check your weight
69.. The same both ways - Your place or mine? - Any way up - Either way up - Any way round - Meal for two - The French connection - Yum yum - Happy meal (USA)
70.. Three score and ten - Blind 70 - Big O (USA)
71.. Bang on the drum - Lucky one
72.. A crutch and a duck - Six dozen - Par for the course (golf) - Lucky two
73.. Crutch with a flea - Queen B - Under the tree - Lucky three
74.. Candy store - Grandmamma of Bingo - Lucky four
75.. Strive and strive - Big Daddy - Granddaddy of Bingo - Lucky five
76.. Trombones - Seven 'n' six - was she worth it? - Lucky six
77.. Sunset strip - All the sevens - Two little crutches - The double hockey stick - Lucky seven
78.. Heavens gate - Lucky eight
79.. One more time - Lucky nine
80.. Gandhi's breakfast - Blind 80 - Eight and blank - There you go matey
81.. Fat lady and a little wee - Stop and run - Corner shot
82.. Fat lady with a duck - Straight on through
83.. Fat lady with a flea - Time for tea - Ethel's Ear
84.. Seven dozen
87.. Fat lady with a crutch - Torquay in Devon
88.. Two fat ladies - Wobbly wobbly - All the eights
89.. Nearly there - All but one
90.. Top of the shop - Top of the house - Blind 90 - As far as we go - End of the line
Explanations of some nicknames:
1 Kelly's eye: In reference to the one-eyed Australian bushranger gangster Ned Kelly. (Note: apparently this explanation is incorrect. A viewer from Australia sent this message: "Ned Kelly didn't have one eye! He didn't even lose an eye in the shoot out at Glenrowan. And when he was wearing his helmet, you couldn't even see his eyes through the slot." But another Australian viewer sent this explanation: "The reason for "Kellys eye" may have been referring to Ned Kelly's helmet, which had one large slot for his eyes that looked like one eye.")
2 One little duck: The shape looks a bit like a swan.
3 One little flea: Looks a bit like a flea.
7 One little crutch: Looks like a crutch.
8 One fat lady: Resembles the two halves of a large lady.
9 Doctor's orders: A pill known as Number 9 was a laxative given out by army doctors in Britain. Apparently in the second world war in Britain doctors wrote on sick notes a 9 pm curfew, thus if patients were found out of their homes after that time they were violating their sick note. (Provided by a visitor)
The curfew story's not true. In the Great War, however, there was such a thing as a "number nine" pill, that was freely prescribed for virtually everything. (Provided by another visitor)
10 Downing street: UK Prime Minister's address, 10 Downing Street.
12 Royal salute: As in, a 21-gun salute for a Royal birthday or other celebration.
13 Bakers Dozen: Bakers in olden times used to make one extra piece of bread/cookie etc to the dozen ordered by a customer so they could do a taste test before it was sold to the customer, hence the phrase.
17 Dancing queen: From the Abba song of the same name. Over-ripe: Opposite of tender; 14 and 17 straddle 16 which is sweet!
23 Lord's My Shepherd: From Psalm 23.
26 Bed and breakfast: Traditionally the cost of a nights' lodgings was 2 shillings sixpence, or two and six.
26 Half a crown: Equivalent to 2'6d. Or two and six.
39 The famous steps; all the steps: From the 1935 Hitchcock film
59 The Brighton Line: The London-Brighton service was no. 59.
65 Old age pension: 'Pension' age in the UK is at the age of 65.
76 Seven 'n' six - was she worth it?: The price of the marrige licence, seven shillings and six pence.
A marriage license may have been 7/6 (37.5p in new money) once upon a time, but 7/6 was more recently the cost of a "short time" with a lady of negotiable affection.... (Provided by a visitor)
78 Heavens gate: it rhymes: heaven-seven, gate-eight.
80 Gandhi's breakfast: in reference to Ghandi�s famous peace protest, in which he abstained from food - Imagine him sitting crosslegged with a big empty plate in front of him, looking from above. Another suggested explanation: ate (8) nothing (0).
81 Corner shot: Generally used in Military clubs tambola aka housie in India; origin unknown.
83 Ethel's Ear: Fat lady beside ear-shaped three.
(Above explanations are courtesy of visitors' feedback and bbc.co.uk )
Bingo Rules . Glossary . * Nicknames . Tips . Strategy . Patterns . Books . Links . Extras
Great gambling information site
Use the "Main Menu" on the top right margin to explore this site. This is a comprehensive gambling information site with advice on winning, how to gamble, Betting systems , gambling articles, world land-based casinos directory, bingo halls directory, casino reviews (reviewed and rated), the best Online casinos , free online games, and lots of gamblers information and resources.
Topics covered include game rules, how to play, how to win, betting strategies, gambling tips, glossary, on: Blackjack, Roulette (showing Table layouts of American, European and French roulettes and also the fast-play Roulite version), Poker classic and variants including Texas hold'em and Let-it-ride , Craps (dice game), Jackpot slots, Videopoker, Video games, Baccarat, Keno, Lotto/Lottery, Powerball, Bingo, Sports betting, Horse and Greyhound racing (including racetracks, race programs and results), and new gambling games.
This is the gambling website with lots of information and resources as well as helpful advice and frequent updates thanks to your helpful feedback.
| thirty five |
‘Crome Yellow’ is the title of which author’s first novel? | Bingo in our society | Wink Bingo
Chapter Two: Bingo in Our Society
A Nice Game to a Household Name
In this chapter we will cover:
Bingo's social roots
Whether or not bingo is a form of gambling
Bingo during World War II
Bingo and the holiday camp era
Bingo as a cultural icon
Bingo's modern renaissance and move online
Aside from being a game in its own right, bingo has penetrated our cultural psyche over the last few centuries.
Although more pronounced in recent decades than it once was, the history of bingo is littered with examples of how the game has woven its way into the fabric of society. Indeed, during the game's early evolution it became an educational tool in Germany. In later years, bingo was an iconic part of carnival culture in the US before it found its way to the UK where it ingratiated itself into a number of cultural realms.
Bingo's Absorption into Modern Culture
Unlike traditional games that require the player to assume an element of risk, such as casino games, bingo is considered a low-risk proposition. Although odds and variance still have a bearing on the game in the same way they do for options such as blackjack or roulette, the stakes involved in bingo are a lot lower.
Instead of participants having to ante-up £5 per betting round (where a round lasts for less than 30 seconds), a single game of bingo (which can last for 10 minutes or more in a live setting) will cost roughly the same price. This dynamic means that bingo has come to be known as a low-risk option that is much more akin to casual gaming than serious gambling.
Because bingo offers a more accessible and acceptable way to risk money in the pursuit of prizes, it has been more readily absorbed into modern culture. Through a combination of older players and church groups, to young participants and modern websites, bingo has become a familiar symbol in British culture and beyond.
Bingo as a Cultural Icon
One of the main social circles bingo has become a part of over the last 60 or more years is charity. During World War II, bingo was used both as a way to occupy the troops in between battles and raise morale for those at home. In fact, we know that bingo was used as a form of entertainment for the troops thanks to reference to military culture within the game.
Much like popular bingo phrases such as Jump and Jive (35), Key to the Door (21) and Dancing Queen (17), which are all nods to modern cultural icons, the call "Doctor's Orders" is used to refer to the number nine. Why? Because that was the number written on the laxative tablet given to soldiers during WWII (for more on bingo lingo, see Chapter 12).
This symbiotic relationship between bingo and modern culture (through which each impinges on the other) has reinforced the popularity of bingo in modern culture. Moreover, through its popularity among military personnel, bingo was able to proliferate across Europe and North America as allied troops returned home.
Post-WWII Bingo's Cultural Significance
After the conclusion of WWII in 1945, bingo quickly spread across Europe and North America. However, in the UK it remained a casual pursuit thanks to the absence of any codified gambling laws. Nonetheless, bingo was able to prosper thanks to the holiday camp culture that dominated the country throughout the Fifties, Sixties and Seventies.
With the war over and spirits high, many more Britons were able to take vacations and that led to a boom in British holiday camp operators such as Butlins. Designed to be a one-stop-shop for a family's entertainment and leisure needs, holiday camps used bingo as a way to keep their patrons entertained.
Interest in bingo remained high heading into the Sixties and by the time the UK passed the Betting and Gambling Act of 1960, the country was gripped by the game. With bingo halls now legal across the country and the number of cinemas dropping from 4,500+ to 3,000 due to the popularity of TV, they began to find a home in these empty venues.
As bingo pushed its way further into the public's consciousness, a number of cultural mediums began to use the game as a motif:
- Bob's Full House
The BBC game show, presented by Bob Monkhouse, was first aired in 1984 and was one of the most visible examples of bingo's influence on popular culture. It featured four contestants who had to answer questions in order to fill their bingo card.
- Lucky Numbers
The format for Bob’s Full House was later adopted as the basis for shows, including ITV's 1995 programme Lucky Numbers.
- National Bingo Night
Similarly, in the US bingo also had an influence on TV thanks to shows such as National Bingo Night.
Bingo in Today's Society
Following the use of bingo on TV in the Eighties and Nineties, the game has since lent its name and structure to a slew of entertainment shows, such as BBC Radio 1's Innuendo Bingo. In keeping with this ability to move with and influence the times, bingo has become an online entity in recent years and its image has changed as a result.
Where it was once a game played by elderly people with a few pounds to spare, bingo is now "trendy" and something enjoyed by players of all ages. Bingo is now as relevant as it has ever been due to a combination of: - Celebrity endorsements - Mass media campaigns - Mobile apps
Moreover, with more young people engaging with the game, its charitable virtues are once again coming to the fore. Instead of being used by churches and village councils to raise funds for local events, bingo is now used as a fundraising tool for major organisations such as Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer UK.
Although bingo's popular calls and phrases still offer a glimpse into past cultures, it is likely that future generations will take popular icons of today and use them to enliven the game's numbers, proving, once again, that bingo is as much a part of everyday culture as it is a game in its own right.
Related Articles
| i don't know |
In Greek mythology, Hypnos was the god of what? | Hypnos
Hypnos
See More Hypnos Pictures >
Hypnos was a primordial deity in Greek mythology, the personification of sleep. He lived in a cave next to his twin brother, Thanatos , in the underworld , where no light was cast by the sun or the moon; the earth in front of the cave was full of poppies and other sleep-inducing plants. The river Lethe (the river of forgetfulness) flowed through the cave. He was the son of Nyx (night) and Erebus (darkness), while his wife, Pasithea, was one of the youngest of the Graces and was given to him by Hera . Hypnos and Pasithea had a number of sons called the Oneiroi (the dreams), who according to some sources were three in number; Morpheus , Phobetor and Phantasos.
Hypnos managed to put Zeus to sleep twice, when he was asked by Hera . The first time, Hera devised a plan to avenge the ransacking of Troy by Heracles , Zeus ' son; so, Hypnos put Zeus to sleep and Hera unleashed angry winds on the oceans while Heracles was sailing home from Troy . When Zeus awoke, he was infuriated and tried to find Hypnos , who managed to hide with his mother, Nyx .
The second time, Hypnos was reluctant to trick Zeus again, afraid of his wrath. Hera , however, told him that she would give him Pasithea, one of the youngest Charites (Graces), for his wife. After Hypnos made Hera swear an oath by the river Styx that she would fulfill her part of the bargain, he agreed to help her. Hera , dressed beautifully and having a charm that Aphrodite had given to her, went to Zeus , and lied to him, saying that her parents were quarreling, and that she wanted his approval to go and stop them. Zeus agreed, but he was so enchanted by her beauty that he took her in his embrace; at that moment, Hypnos made Zeus fall asleep. He immediately went to Poseidon to inform him that he could now help the Greeks in the Trojan War . That's how the myth has it that the Greeks won the war; Zeus never realised that he had been tricked once again.
Hypnos Is also called Somnus, Hypnus.
| Sleep |
Who directed the 1968 film ‘Rosemary’s Baby’? | Hypnos
Hypnos
by Ryan Tuccinardi
Hypnos is the personification of sleep in Greek mythology. He is the son of Nyx and Erebus , and the twin of Thanatos ("death"). Both he and his brother live in the underworld. He gave Endymion the power of sleeping with open eyes so he could see his beloved, the moon goddess Selene .
Hypnos is portrayed as a naked young man with wings attached to his temples, or as a bearded man with wings attached to his shoulders.
Article details:
| i don't know |
How many starting players are in a basketball team? | Team stats, details, videos, and news. | NBA.com
Conf. East17 - 94th 6.5 GB
Div. Southeast4 - 41st 0 GB
| 5 |
Fratricide is the killing of one’s what? | March Madness bracket: How the 68 teams are selected for the Division I Men's Basketball Tournament | NCAA.com
March Madness bracket: How the 68 teams are selected for the Division I Men's Basketball Tournament
Select a division
High Five: Best Final Four Cinderella stories
March Madness bracket: How the 68 teams are selected for the Division I Men's Basketball Tournament
NCAA.com
Contact | Archive | RSS
Here is how the 68 teams are selected every March for the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, commonly known as March Madness.
Each member of the Division I men's basketball committee evaluates a vast amount of information during selection process. Their opinions -- developed through observations, discussions with coaches, directors of athletics and commissioners, and review and comparison of data -- ultimately determine selections, seeding and bracketing.
There are three phases to the process to determine the 68 teams for the tournament:
I. Select the 36 best at-large teams;
II. Seed the field of 68 teams; and
III. Place the teams into the championship bracket.
2015-16 Committee Member Profiles
JOE ALLEVA
Joe was named LSU’s director of athletics June 1, 2008 and 14 months later was promoted to vice chancellor. He went to LSU after spending the previous 32 years at Duke University, starting in the athletic department in Durham in 1980 before being named assistant director of athletics, then associate director of athletics and then athletics business manager. He was named director of athletics at Duke in 1998, overseeing each of the university’s 26 sports as well as the school’s Health, Physical Education and Recreation department. Joe began his service to the committee in September 2011.
JOE CASTIGLIONE
Joe became the director of athletics at the University of Oklahoma on April 30, 1998, after serving as athletics director at Missouri for 17 years. A 1979 Maryland graduate, Castiglione received the University’s Distinguished Alumnus Award in April 2007. He began his career as the sports promotions director at Rice University. He then worked a year as director of athletic fund-raising at Georgetown before being hired in 1981 at Missouri as director of communications and marketing. He chairs the NCAA’s Football Academic Progress Rate (APR) Working Group and is currently serving on the Gatorade Collegiate Advisory Board, the National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame Board of Directors, the NCAA Bowl Licensing Committee and the NCAA Working Group on Collegiate Model-Rules Committee. Joe began his service to the committee in the winter of 2011.
JANET CONE
Janet is in her 10th year as Director of Athletics at UNC Asheville and also serves as the Senior Administrator for University Enterprises. She came to Asheville from Samford University where she served as the first head women's basketball coach in 1996 and coached the Bulldogs for five seasons. In 2002, Cone was named Assistant Athletic Director before being promoted to Associate Athletic Director in 2003. The Summerville, South Carolina native graduated magna cum laude from Furman University and earned her Master's from the University of South Carolina. Cone was named the Division I-AAA Administrator of the Year by the National Association of Collegiate Women Athletic Administrators in 2007 and in June 2013, she was one of just 28 Directors of Athletics to be named Under Armour AD of the Year by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics. Janet’s service to the committee began September 1, 2014.
TOM HOLMOE
Tom Holmoe was named Director of Athletics at Brigham Young University on March 1, 2005. Under his tutelage, the men's basketball program put together a string of six consecutive 25-win seasons and has made the postseason every season, including a NCAA Sweet-16 run in 2011. A native of La Crescenta, California, Holmoe came to BYU on a football scholarship in 1978. Holmoe earned first-team All-WAC honors as a senior in 1982 and was selected in the fourth round of the 1983 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. Over a seven-year NFL career, he played on three Super Bowl championship teams with the 49ers in 1984, 1988 and 1989. A former Cougar defensive back from 1978-82, Holmoe returned to BYU in July 2001 as Associate Athletics Director for Development. Holmoe graduated from BYU with a degree in Zoology in 1983 and received a master's degree from BYU in Athletic Administration in 1995. He and his wife, Lori, have four children and two grandchildren. Tom service to the committee began September 1, 2014.
MARK HOLLIS
Mark earned his undergraduate degree from Michigan State University in 1985, serving as student manager for the Spartan men’s basketball team under legendary coach Jud Heathcote. He earned a master’s degree from the University of Colorado in 1992 and then joined the staff at the Western Athletic Conference. He then spent two years as assistant and associate athletics director at the University of Pittsburgh before returning to Michigan State in 1995. As senior associate athletics director, Hollis oversaw all external operations, including marketing and promotions, community relations, fundraising for special events, sports information, ticket operations, spirit groups, broadcast services and corporate sponsorships. He was named the director of athletics in 2008. Mark began his service on the committee in the fall of 2012.
BERNARD MUIR Bernard Muir was named Stanford’s Jaquish & Kenninger Director of Athletics on July 27, 2012. Under Muir’s guidance in 2012-13, Stanford kept alive two of the most unfathomable streaks in college athletics. Stanford won its 19th consecutive Directors’ Cup trophy as the top overall athletic program in the country and extended its streak of having won at least one NCAA national championship annually for the past 37 years, the longest such streak in the nation. He brought nearly 25 years of athletic administrative experience to Stanford, with stops at Delaware, Georgetown, Notre Dame, Butler, Auburn and the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA). As an undergraduate at Brown University, Muir was a four-year letter winner in basketball, and he serves as a member of the board of directors of USA Basketball. Bernard has a bachelor’s degree in organizational behavior and management from Brown University earned in 1990 and a master’s degree in sports administration from Ohio University earned in 1992. He began his service with the committee on September 1, 2014.
BRUCE RASMUSSEN
Bruce has been at Creighton University for better than three decades, including 12 years as the women’s basketball coach, guiding the Bluejays to the NCAA tournament and a Western Athletic Conference championship in his final season. After serving as the associate athletics director for two years, Bruce was elevated to his current position of Director of Athletics. A 2008 inductee to the Omaha Sports Hall of Fame, Rasmussen’s oversees Creighton’s role as the host institution for the Men’s College World Series each June in Omaha. He also was part of Creighton’s recent transition from the Missouri Valley Conference to the new Big East Conference. Bruce began service on the committee on September 1, 2013.
PETER ROBY
Peter Roby was named Northeastern University’s ninth athletics director on June 21, 2007. Prior to being named athletics director, Roby served as associate athletics director for student-athlete welfare during the 2005-06 season, in addition to his duties as the director of Sport in Society. Roby’s opinion pieces have been published on the editorial pages of the Boston Globe, the Indianapolis Star, the Dallas Morning News and the Oregonian. In October of 2007, Roby was named one of the 100 Most Influential Sports Educators in America by the Institute of International Sport. Prior to assuming his post at Sport in Society, Roby was the vice president of U.S. marketing at Reebok. Roby is a 1979 graduate of Dartmouth College, where he earned a bachelor's degree in government. He also holds a master's degree in leadership from Northeastern, which was conferred in 2008. A native of New Britain, Conn., Roby lives with his wife, Sandra in Newton, Massachusetts. Peter began his service to the committee in September 2012.
JIM SCHAUS
Jim Schaus was named Ohio University’s director of Athletics in April, 2008 after spending nine years leading the athletic department at Wichita State University. Schaus’ nearly quarter century of experience in intercollegiate athletics includes stops at the University of Oregon, the University of Cincinnati, the University of Texas at El Paso and Northern Illinois University. Schaus was a member of the initial NCAA Division I Committee on Academic Performance and has served men’s basketball as a member of the NCAA Men’s Basketball Rules Committee. A 1983 Purdue University graduate, Schaus went on to earn a master’s degree from West Virginia University where he was recently honored as a distinguished alumnus by the institution. Jim and his wife Priscilla have three children: Kevin, Diane, and Laura. Jim began his service to the committee in September 2015.
KEVIN WHITE
White has been the director of athletics at Duke University for the past six years. Prior to arriving in Durham, White was the director of athletics at the University of Notre Dame from 2000-08. White’s distinguished career in athletic administration also includes stints as director of athletics at Arizona State University, Tulane University, the University of Maine and Loras College, where he originated the National Catholic Basketball Tournament. White has served on numerous NCAA committees, including the NCAA Council, formerly the NCAA’s highest governing body. White earned a master’s degree from Central Michigan University, and completed postdoctoral work at Harvard University after he completed his Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale in 1983. His son Michael is the head men’s basketball coach at Louisiana Tech, while another son, Danny, is the director of athletics at the University of Buffalo and played at Towson and Notre Dame. Kevin began his service to the committee in September 2015.
SELECTION, SEEDING, BRACKETING
The Selection, Seeding and Bracketing process for the Division I Men’s Basketball Championship adheres to the following principles:
• The committee endeavors to achieve reasonable competitive balance in each region of the bracket;
RELATED: Everything you need to master your March Madness bracket
• The committee selects the 36 best teams not otherwise automatic qualifiers for their conference to fill the at-large berths. There is no limit on the number of at-large teams the committee may select from one conference;
• A committee member (“member”) shall not be present during any discussion regarding the selection or seeding of a team the individual represents as an athletics director or commissioner;
• A member is permitted to answer only general, factual questions about teams in the conference the individual represents;
RELATED: Don't make these mistakes when you fill out your bracket
• At no point in the process shall a member vote for a team the individual represents as an athletics director or commissioner;
• A committee member shall not be present during any discussion regarding the selection or seeding of a team in which an immediate family member is a student-athlete on the men’s basketball team, is a member of the men’s basketball coaching staff or is a senior athletics administrator at the institution;
• At no point in the process shall a member vote for a team in which an immediate family member is a student-athlete on the men’s basketball team, is a member of the men’s basketball coaching staff or is a senior athletics administrator at the institution;
• All votes are by secret ballot.
RESOURCES
Committee members have a wide-range of observation, consultation and data resources available to them throughout the season and during selection week. These resources provide the foundation for a thorough and educated process that is reinforced by the committee member’s discussion and deliberation. Among the resources available to the committee are an extensive season-long evaluation of teams through watching games, conference monitoring calls and NABC regional advisory rankings; complete box scores and results, head-to-head results, results versus common opponents, imbalanced conference schedules and results, overall and non-conference strength of schedule, the quality of wins and losses, road record, player and coach availability and various computer metrics. Each of the 10 committee members uses these various resources to form their own opinions, resulting in the committee’s consensus position on teams’ selection and seeding.
I. SELECTING AT-LARGE TEAMS
Initial Ballot
1. Prior to the selection meeting, each committee member receives an “initial ballot” comprised of two columns listing all eligible Division I teams in alphabetical order.
Each committee member will submit the ballot by a designated time on the first full day of selection meetings:
a. In the first column, each member shall identify not more than 36 teams that, in that member’s opinion, should be at- large selections (AL) in the tournament based upon play to date, regardless of whether the team could eventually represent its conference as the automatic qualifier.
b. In the second column, each member shall identify all teams that should receive consideration (C) for an at- large berth. There is no minimum or maximum limit in the second column; however, only teams meriting serious consideration should receive votes.
2. Any team receiving all but two of the eligible votes in Column 1 (AL) is moved into the tournament field as an at-large selection.
3. The committee will form an "under consideration” board consisting of an alphabetical listing of teams that:
a. Received at least three votes in either of the columns of the initial ballot but did not receive enough votes to be an at- large team; or
b. Won or shared the regular-season conference championship, as determined by the conference’s tie-break policy where applicable. This does not include teams that won or shared a division title but were not the regular-season conference champion.
4. A team may be removed from the “under consideration” board at any time if it receives all but two eligible votes.
5. A team may be added to the “under consideration” board at any time provided it receives at least three eligible votes.
6. Verbal nominations are permitted.
Remaining Ballots
1. The committee then begins evaluating those teams on the “under consideration” board.
2. Each committee member will select the best eight teams from the “under consideration” board, in no particular order, to be added to the at-large field:
a. When 20 or more teams are under consideration in “list” ballots, each member shall select eight teams;
b. When 14 to 19 teams are under consideration, each member shall select six teams;
c. When 13 or fewer teams are under consideration, each member shall select four teams.
3. When 24 or fewer teams remain in the pool of teams (during the selection or seeding process), a member may not participate in “list X teams” votes if a team he or she represents as a commissioner or athletics director is included in the “pool.”
4. The eight teams receiving the most votes comprise the next at-large ballot.
5. Committee members then rank the eight teams, using a “ranking” scoring system (i.e., the best team is valued at one point).
6. The four teams receiving the fewest points shall be added to the at-large field. The other four teams will be held for the next ballot.
7. Each committee member then submits a list of the best eight teams remaining on the “under consideration” board to be added to the at-large field. The four teams with the highest vote totals are added to the teams carried over from No. 6 to comprise the next at-large ballot.
8. Steps No. 5, 6 and 7 will be repeated until all at-large berths are filled.
9. If a team fails to be included among the four teams receiving the fewest points (Step No. 6) for two consecutive ”rank” ballots, it shall be returned to the “under consideration” board, without prejudice.
10. At any time during the process, the number of teams eligible to receive votes may be increased or decreased by the chair if circumstances warrant. Further, the chair has the option to revise the number of teams from four to two to be moved into at- large berths per No. 6.
11. A team may be removed from the at-large field by a vote of all but two of the eligible votes. Such a team would be returned to the “under consideration” board, without prejudice.
12. At any time during the process of selecting the at-large teams, the committee may elect to begin seeding the teams (Section II). This allows the committee to proceed while allowing time for results of games played during selection weekend.
II. SEEDING TEAMS
The committee will create a “seed list” (i.e. rank of the teams in “true seeds” 1 through 68) which reflects the relative qualitative assessment of the field in descending order, and is used to assess competitive balance of the top teams across the four regions of the championship. The seed list reflects the sequential order with which teams will be placed in the bracket. Once the “seed list” is finalized, it remains unchanged while the bracket is assembled.
Importantly, various principles may preclude a team from being placed in its “true” seed position in the bracket.
Procedures for Seeding
1. Each committee member will submit a list of the best eight teams, in no particular order, from teams that are in the tournament as automatic qualifiers or at-large selections:
a. When 20 or more teams are on the list ballot, each member shall list eight teams;
b. When 14 to 19 teams are on the list ballot, each member shall list six teams;
c. When 13 or fewer teams are on the list ballot, each member shall list four teams.
Note: When 24 or fewer teams are on the list ballot to be seeded, a member may not participate in “list X teams” ballots if a team he or she represents as a commissioner or athletics director, or has an immediate family member conflict, is included in the “pool.”
2. The eight teams receiving the most votes comprise the next seed list ballot.
3. Committee members rank the eight teams from No. 1, using a “ranking” scoring system (i.e., the best team is valued at one point).
4. The four teams receiving the fewest points are moved onto the seed list in ascending order of vote total. The other four teams are held for the next rank ballot.
5. Each committee member then submits a list of the best eight remaining teams that are in the tournament as automatic qualifiers or at-large selections. The four teams with the highest vote totals are added to the teams carried over from No. 4 to comprise the next seed list ballot.
6. Steps No. 3, 4 and 5 are repeated until all the teams are seeded.
7. After a team has been voted into the seed list, it may be moved by a simple majority of eligible votes. This “scrubbing” of the seed list allows the committee to affirm true seed accuracy throughout selection weekend and ultimately, in the bracket. Scrubbing is exclusively for teams that are in the field.
8. The committee is not obligated to assemble the seed list in sequential order. For example, the committee may use the procedures to determine the fourth quadrant of teams at any time.
Rating Percentage Index (RPI)
Several independent elements are combined to produce the RPI. These elements are a part of the statistical information that may or may not be utilized by each member in any manner they choose.
The RPI is one of many resources/tools available to the committee in the selection, seeding and bracketing process. Computer models cannot accurately evaluate qualitative factors such as games missed by key players or coaches, travel difficulties, the emotional effects of specific games, etc.
Beginning each December, the NCAA will release the official RPI on a daily basis.
Each committee member independently evaluates a vast amount of information during the process to make individual decisions. It is these qualitative, quantitative and subjective opinions -- developed after hours of personal observations, discussion with coaches, directors of athletics and commissioners, and review and comparison of various data -- that each individual ultimately will determine their vote on all issues related to selections, seeding and bracketing.
The individual components (i.e., win-loss record, opponents' record, opponent opponents' record, where the game is played) of the RPI in and of themselves, are important in the evaluation process.
Click here for RPI Archive/Team Sheets
III. BUILDING THE BRACKET
Sixteen levels are established (i.e., the seeds, 1 through 16) in the bracket that cross the four regions, permitting evaluation of four teams simultaneously on the same level. Teams on each seed line (No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, etc.) should be as equal as possible.
Each region is divided into quadrants with four levels in each, permitting the evaluation of four different sections within each region against the same sections in each of the other regions.
The committee will assign all four teams in each bracket group (seeds 1, 16, 8, 9), (4, 13, 5, 12), (2, 15, 7, 10), (3, 14, 6, 11) to the same first-/second-round site. There will be two ”pods‟ at each first-/second-round site which may feed into different regional sites.
Each of the first four teams selected from a conference shall be placed in different regions if they are seeded on the first four lines.
Teams from the same conference shall not meet prior to the regional final if they played each other three or more times during the regular season and conference tournament.
Teams from the same conference shall not meet prior to the regional semifinals if they played each other twice during the regular season and conference tournament.
Teams from the same conference may play each other as early as the second round if they played no more than once during the regular season and conference tournament.
Any principle can be relaxed if two or more teams from the same conference are among the last four at-large seeded teams participating in the First Four.
To recognize the demonstrated quality of such teams, the committee shall not place teams seeded on the first four lines at a potential “home-crowd disadvantage” in the first round.
The last four at-large teams on the overall seed list, as well as teams seeded 65 through 68, will be paired to compete in the First Four games on Tuesday and Wednesday following the announcement of the field. (If allowed, the last at-large team on the seed list will be paired with the second-to-last at-large team on the seed list. The other First Four games will consist of the third-to-last at-large team on the seed list playing the fourth-to-last at-large team on the seed list, as well as seed 65 versus 66; and seed 67 versus 68).
The winners of the First Four games will advance to a first- and second-round site to be determined by the committee during selection weekend. In the event a First Four site is also a first- and second-round site, the winners of the First Four games may be assigned to that site, regardless of the days of competition.
Teams will remain in or as close to their areas of natural interest as possible. A team moved out of its natural area will be placed in the next closest region to the extent possible. If two teams from the same natural region are in contention for the same bracket position, the team ranked higher in the seed list shall remain in its natural region.
A team will not be permitted to play in any facility in which it has played more than three games during its season, not including exhibitions and conference postseason tournaments.
A host institution’s team shall not be permitted to play at the site where the institution is hosting. However, the team may play on the same days when the institution is hosting.
Teams may play at a site where the conference of which it is a member is serving as the host.
A team may be moved up or down one (or in extraordinary circumstances) two lines from its true seed line (e.g., from the 13 seed line to the 12 seed line; or from a 12 seed line to a 13 seed line) when it is placed in the bracket if necessary to meet the principles.
Procedures for Placing the Teams into the Bracket
1. The committee will place the four No. 1 seeds in each of the four regions, thus determining the Final Four semifinals pairings (overall 1 vs. 4; 2 vs. 3).
2. The committee will then place the No. 2 seeds in each region in true seed list order. The committee may relax the principle of keeping teams as close to their area of natural interest for seeding teams on the No. 2 line to avoid, for example, the overall No. 5 seed being sent to the same region as the overall No. 1 seed. The committee will not compromise the principle of keeping teams from the same conference in separate regions.
3. The committee will then place the No. 3 seeds in each region in true seed list order.
4. The committee will then place the No. 4 seeds in each region in true seed list order.
5. After the top four seed lines have been assigned, the committee will review the relative strengths of the regions by adding the “true seed” numbers in each region to determine if any severe numerical imbalance exists. Generally, no more than five points should separate the lowest and highest total.
6. In “true seed” order, the committee then assigns each team (and, therefore, all teams in its bracket group—e.g., seeds 1, 8, 9, 16) to first-/second-round sites.
7. The committee will then place seeds Nos. 5-16 in the bracket, per the principles. The four teams assigned to the seed line, 5 through 16, will have the same numerical
value.
Additional Considerations
1. If possible, rematches of non-conference regular-season games should be avoided in the First Four and first round.
2. If possible, after examining the previous two years’ brackets, teams or conferences will not be moved out of its natural region or geographic area an inordinate number of times.
3. If possible, rematches from the previous two tournaments should be avoided in the first round.
Related:
Through games of January 16, 2017
Rank
| i don't know |
Dubris was the Roman name for which English port? | PORTVS DVBRIS
Portvs Dvbris
Type: Fort, Villa, Pharos, Town
Roads
Possible Coastal Road: E (5) to Folkestone (Kent)
N (12) to Rvtvpiae (Richborough, Kent)
Trackway: WSW (13) to Portvs Lemanis (Lympne, Kent)
N (9) to Worth
Portus Dubris - The Port on the river Dubras
The town appears as one of the termini of the third route in the British section of the Antonine Itinerary of the late-second century. Iter III is entitled "the route from Londinium to Portus Dubris - sixty-six thousand paces", and places Portum Dubris 13 miles away from Durovernum (Canterbury, Kent).
Dover is next mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum of the late-fourth century. Under the heading "at the disposal of the respectable man, the Count of the Saxon shore in Britain", the entry Dubris is listed between the entries for Othona (Bradwell, Essex) and Portus Lemanis (Lympne, Kent).
The final mention of the Roman port occurs in the Ravenna Cosmology (R&C#71) of the seventh century, which lists the name Dubris between the entries for Portus Lemanis (Lympne, Kent) and Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury, Kent).
"Dover Kent. Dubris 4th cent., Dofras c.700, Dovere 1086 (
DB
). Named from the stream here, now called the Dour, a river-name (Welsh/Gaelic) *dubras meaning simply 'the waters'." (Mills)
Epigraphic Evidence from Portus Dubris
There are only three inscriptions on stone recorded in the R.I.B. for Dover, all of them added since the work was first published. There is an excellent inscription dedicated to the Matres by a government official from the provincial capital (vide infra), and another text which reads
EVSEB III IV IV
or "Euseb[ius?] three four four" (RIB 65c; Britannia xiv (1983), p.336, no.1). The final text is severely damaged, reading
... ... ...VSI... ...ST...
(RIB 65d; Britannia ix (1978), p.474, no.3), which defies translation.
Dedicatory Inscription to the Mother Goddesses by a Stator Consularis
ST COS OL CORDIVS CANDID MATRIB ITALICIS AEDEM FECIT VSLM
"The governor's messenger from the offices of London,¹ Cordius Candidus, for the Mother Goddesses of the Italians, has made this temple, willingly and deservedly fulfilling a vow."
(RIB 65b; Britannia viii (1977), pp426-7, no.4)
This portion of the text has been expanded
ST[ator] CO[n]S[ularis] O[fficina] L[ondini]
. The title stator consularis is literally translated as 'one who establishes or upholds [the edicts] of the consular governor'.
The Dover Entry in the Notitia Dignitatum
Praepositus militum Tungrecanorum, Dubris
( Notitia Dignitatum xxviii.14; 4th/5th C.)
Garrison Port of the Classis Britannica
A major fort of the Classis Britannia was established at Dover c.85AD as a replacement for their old fort at Richborough. The town developed during the late-1st century. Around 90AD twin lighthouses or Pharos were built on the north cliffs (at NGRef. TR3141 and TR3241). These were originally around 25m high with 4m thick walls made of stone with a rubble infill, octagonal in exterior shape with a 4m square central space. The second century fort covered (0.8ha) and is the suspected headquarters of the Classis Britannica or 'the British Fleet'. Around 270AD the second-century fort was replaced with a substantial 'Saxon Shore' fort, and it ceased to be a base of the Classis Britannica at the same time.
By the fourth century there were two lighthouses at Dubris, set on the cliff tops overlooking the port to either side of the River Dour. The north-eastern pharos was the first to be built, possibly as early as the first century. Only a fragment of the south-western lighthouse has survived, which contained re-used roof-tile material stamped Classis Britannica, giving an early fourth century construction date. Only the northern pharos has survived to any extent, protected within the confines of Dover Castle, beside St. Mary's Church.
See: Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names by A.D. Mills (Oxford 1998);
The Roman Inscriptions of Britain by R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright (Oxford 1965);
All English translations, including any inherent mistakes, are my own.
This page was last modified: 27/1/2016
| Dover |
Which 18th century British author described a second marriage as ‘The triumph of hope over experience’? | Roman Inspiration
Home > See & Do > Ideas & Inspiration > Roman Inspiration
Roman Inspiration
Roman Dover was a thriving town, which the Romans called Dubris after Dubras, the British name meaning ‘waters’. The Roman town had a large harbour, which was flanked by 2 lighthouses and 3 successive forts.
There have been around 60 sites uncovered relating to the Roman period with the district. There are a number of these open to the public.
The Roman Painted House
Built in AD 200 it formed part of a large mansion for travellers crossing the Channel. The House is the finest and best preserved, on show in Britain, with unique murals and underfloor heating.
Duration 1 hour
The Roman Lighthouse
The Roman Lighthouse (Pharos) in Dover Castle grounds.
Thought to have been built in the 1st century AD to guide Roman ships into Dubris. Of the original 8-storey tower there are now only 4 storeys remaining.
Duration 2 - 5 hours
Dover Castle
Richborough Roman Fort
Richborough was the Roman’s original entry port into Britain. The site is now 2 miles from the sea with remains dating from the Claudian invasion of AD 43. The impressive ruins of the Roman Township at Richborough mark the point from which the Romans launched their successful invasion of Britain.
Duration 1 hour
| i don't know |
Which real-life couple starred in the 1994 remake of the film ‘The Getaway’? | The Getaway Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
39 out of 49 people found the following review useful:
Steamy, Entertaining Re-Make
from United States
2 June 2006
This was a very entertaining, if morally way below par, action movie which consistently keeps your attention with intense scenes. Kim Bassinger probably looked as good as she ever looked which is saying a lot. She has one of the steamiest scenes I've ever seen on a mainline film (my tape was the "unrated" version) but at least it was with her real-life husband (at the time) Alec Baldwin.
This re-make of the 1972 film also has Michael Madsen, James Woods, Mike Morse and Jennifer Tilley - all playing sleazy characters. They are so bad they make Baldwin & Bassinger look like monks. This movie is not exactly Mary Poppins. There's almost too much of a mean edge to it....almost. Perhaps I enjoy ogling Bassinger too much to can this movie for its baseness.
Whatever, this entertains to the degree that it makes it a very quick two hours. There is no way you could get bored watching this film.
Was the above review useful to you?
31 out of 37 people found the following review useful:
Am I the only one who loves this movie?
from Fremont, CA
4 February 2000
The action scenes are top notch. Maybe I'm just a sucker for colorful characters and the bank heist angle is well done. Best of all is Alec Baldwin's character, Doc. Baldwin and the rest of the cast really deliver their lines with panache.
Bank jobs, car chase, cat-and-mouse in a four story hotel, steamy sex, crazy characters.... what else do you want?
Was the above review useful to you?
25 out of 31 people found the following review useful:
a interesting remake
Author: sole reviewer
20 March 2002
I tend to like the original more yet the 1994 remake THE GETAWAY, was a very good film. The strength of this version is the modren pacing and action also the revamped dialouge and several additional characters. I bumped into david morse once...of note is his role in this film. THE GETAWAY works because the chemistry of sex and violence between the characters played by BALDWIN and BASINGER works. It's not cheesy or contrived. This film is a tale of moral love betrayal and the classic analogy of there being no honor among thieves. The remake follows pretty much the same plot as the STEVE MCQUEEN classic yet takes a few different turns. Fans of the original will like this version as well, one nice aspect is that it maintains a similar look to the original. During the early 1970's several films like this and GONE IN 60 SECONDS had the same visual flair. This film matches the tone of the original and succeeds as a modren film for contemporary audiences.
Was the above review useful to you?
18 out of 21 people found the following review useful:
Worthwhile remake
19 February 2005
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
I recently had the opportunity to watch this movie and the 1972 version back to back (the modern version first). I was amazed at how exactly some of the minute details in the original movie were repeated in the remake. The garbage bin, the locker gimmick, the character of the innkeeper and paint truck owner. It was interesting at how many of the touches were not unnecessarily "modernized". (I like that).
I was able to enjoy both versions. Some people made comments disdaining the remake, but I thought it was a worthy movie, if just because it was a more sexy polished version. --I admit I'm biased, because I thought Kim Basinger was one of the hottest women I've seen in movies (I can't believe she was over 40 when she made the film). Her action/shooting scenes near the end were also very well done. The chemistry between her and Alex Baldwin was also superb, I guess due in some part to the fact that they were (or were going to be) a husband-wife couple in real life too.
I also liked the movie to enjoy the differences between the actors (and interpretation) within the almost exact same construct. Steve McQueen's more hardboiled tightly wound character to Alec Baldwin's character who seemed to have a more innate gentleness (sort of like being a victim of circumstance). But of course both being pleasingly hard resourceful men. The old paint truck drivers at the end were also great character actors. Nice ending.
Another interesting aspect of the film was how fit Alex Baldwin and David Morse looked. 11 years has passed since the film was made, but they both (esp. Morse) look a lot younger. The beauty of youth! James Wood and Mike Madsen in distinctive "enemy" roles also did what they both do best.
Was the above review useful to you?
14 out of 19 people found the following review useful:
Great remake of a wonderful Movie
from Vienna, Austria
20 September 2008
I usually hate it, when they go back and look for movies to redo just to earn some cheap cash.
In this case I feel differently though.
It begins with the cast. A lot of (then) hot actors like Alec Baldwin, Kim Basinger, Michael Madsen, James Woods... Need I go on?
Also they kept most of the basic plot and elevated it to a new level. The new version is bolder and should appeal to a new audience.
It's a classic tale of deception, love, and betrayal.
First our Hero, Doc (Baldwin) get's thrown in Jail. After a year his wife (his back then actual wife Kim Basinger) makes a deal with the crook turned respected businessman Jack Benyon. He's to rob a racetrack. For this Benyon already assembled a team. That includes the guy that was kind of responsible for Doc getting sent to jail for a year.
The heist goes off almost without a hitch but from that moment on everything goes south. first Rudy (Madsen) kills the 4th guy involved in the thing and then tries to off Doc and his wife. Doc's of course faster with the gun and hurts Rudy badly. He survives though, because he wore a bulletproof vest, which he usually doesn't. Then doc and his wife head up to Benyons place to split up the money. Benyon (Woods) of course has other plans. Plans that involve Docs Wife (a really hot looking Basinger). But she opts to go with her husband and kills Benyon. So no they not only have Benyons Guys on their tail but also the very pi**ed off Rudy.
If I were to continue telling you the plot there would be no need for you to watch the movie.
Just let me tell you that it's a great remake that tops the original in several aspects. The acting is top notch by almost all the major characters. The action is fast paced and very violent. (I base this on the unrated HD-DVD).
So if you have a few bucks lying around. Get this movie, I am pretty sure you can get it for under $10 in about every big store..
Was the above review useful to you?
8 out of 11 people found the following review useful:
Rare Chemistry Makes This Remake Work... Look At Michael Madson's Hair!
from minneapolis, mn
19 February 2010
Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger were a married couple when they portrayed the married McCoys in this 1994 remake of the 1972. Their on-screen chemistry is incredible. Any time you get this kind of casting occurrence in a film, it is at least worth checking out. Here it really works.
The thing that distinguishes this Jim Thompson story is the catch-22 Carol McCoy is faced with- and the percussive effect her necessary action has on the McCoy couple- while the tension is ratcheted up to 11- in their non-stop hour-and-a-half getaway throughout the Southwest.
It is a juicy role for a married couple, and Baldwin & Basinger make the most of it. They both are in prime form here and very compelling to watch together.
Besides the McCoys (and Richard Farnsworth), it is a B film. Michael Madson's hair is a real challenge to deal with. At least you can cut out of the Richard Marx end credit song. You have to live with Michael Madson's hair for the whole ride. IMDb rating should be around 7.
Was the above review useful to you?
19 out of 33 people found the following review useful:
One of the 90's best films in the genre!
from Hungary
1 May 2005
With this movie it's obvious that not all the remakes are a mess. The Getaway's 1994 version is much better than the Steve McQueen-original witch is not a bad movie at all. But the Getaway 94 is a blood-pumping intelligent hot action film with deep human characters, amazing sex scenes (rare in American movies), real action and a very good plot. Roger Donaldson's directing is the highest grade of action film making. The script is perfect the stars are phenomenal (Alec and Kim in their best form), even the supporting actors are very good: James Woods, Michael Madsen, Jennifer Tilly and Richard Farnsworth. Alec and Kim are the Bonnie & Clyde of the nineties portraying very human criminals, their conflicts are so real in the story... after all it's one of the best films in the genre of the 90s! A must see for every action-thriller fan!
Was the above review useful to you?
9 out of 14 people found the following review useful:
In the end The Getaway is an OK action movie.
from winnipeg, canada
26 January 2003
The Getaway is a remake of the action classic that stared Steve McQueen and Ali MacGraw. Now I haven't seen the original so I can't compare the two but by it self this is an OK action thriller. It goes old school with its desert/western setting, bad criminals and finale stand off. When I watched this movie I had no idea what kind of movie it is. The story is simple Doc McCoy (Alec Baldwin), his wife (Kim Basinger) and his partner (Michael Madsen) are hired to get a man out of prison. When the job goes sour, McCoy is locked up for a year in a Mexican prison. With the help of his wife and a Phoenix crime boss Jack Benyon (James Woods), he released and hired to do one more job. This job goes semi good but after it has been done many people end up dead and the McCoys are on the run from many different people all with their eyes on the large amount of cash they have. The performances are OK. Basinger is tough yet still has that soft side and she very good with guns. Madsen is a good mix with Baldwin and Basinger, he add the funny but villainous third part of the gang. The cast is bigger than normal for an action film but since this was made in the early 90's some of the actors hadn't hit it big yet. Jennifer Tilly, Phillip Seymore Hoffman and David Morse round out the cast. They all have small parts but they do the best with what they have. The action is not really original and there are a few Woo slow-motion shots thrown in for good measure. There's only one explosion but a lot of guns. The protagonists aren't very likeable, though. In fact, no one in this film is, with the possible exception of Richard Farnsworth's character at the end. Jennifer Tilly threw herself into her role, and both Michael Madsen and James Woods, do their usual creepily evil personas with aplomb.
THE GETAWAY works because the chemistry of sex and violence between the characters played by BALDWIN and BASINGER works. It's not cheesy or contrived. This film is a tale of moral love betrayal and the classic analogy of there being no honor among thieves. The remake follows pretty much the same plot as the STEVE MCQUEEN classic yet takes a few different turns. Fans of the original will like this version as well, one nice aspect is that it maintains a similar look to the original. This film matches the tone of the original and succeeds as a modren film for contemporary audiences.
A major problem with The Getaway is the way the McCoys are seemingly able to sense danger when there is not even the slightest indication of it. Carter, for example, has the incredible ability enabling him to know a gunman is just outside his door as soon as he finishes another bedroom scene with his wife! This serves as an example of how unimaginative things get. the infamous sex scenes are really undeserving of the attention. They are gratuitous in the extreme as they don't serve the story whatsoever. You can't believe the characters like each other that much, having spent most of their time in bitter argument. Believe me, you won't like these characters either.
Was the above review useful to you?
3 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
Entertaining Gangsters.
from Deming, New Mexico, USA
3 July 2011
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
It's a pretty decent movie as these things go. Baldwin is Doc McCoy, newly released from prison in order to commit a high-end robbery. Faced with cheating partners, he and his wife, Basinger, make off with a gym bag full of large notes and are pursued throughout the Southwest to the Mexican border, where they finally take off on their own. There is some conflict internal to the family because Basinger had to allow the head of the parole board, also the manager of the robbery, access to her succulent body, and Baldwin resents this, sometimes violently, for the first two thirds of the movie.
Lots of action, more explicit sex and brutality, and competent performances, yet something is missing. The chief subtrahend is originality. It's a remake of Sam Pekinpah's film of the same name, with Steve McQueen and Ali McGraw, from the 1960s. Pekinpah's production was edgier, with unexpected incidents, and used some magnificent locations in west Texas. And the production design and set dressing were superior. Even so quotidian a setting as a garbage dump outside of El Paso reeks with atmosphere in Pekinpah's film. Here, it's just a garbage dump. The same can be said of the interior -- and the exterior, for that matter -- of the seedy hotel in which the final shoot out takes place.
But it isn't so much these details that detract from one's enjoyment of the film, it's the realization that it was done -- and done better -- almost thirty years earlier by a director in whose veins the balance between booze and talent was proportionate. How much in the way of credit should accrue to writers, directors, and producers who simply imitate a successful earlier movie in an attempt to cash in on its popularity and on the loosening of moral strictures in Hollywood? The remake is not quite shot-for-shot but almost, and much of the dialog is identical.
Generally speaking, the performances here aren't bad, even though Baldwin is groomed on his release from the slams like a Hollywood star and lacks McQueen's jailhouse haircut. Kim Basinger does a bit better in the role of prisoner's wife than Ali McGraw did, for that matter. McGraw, unfortunately for her, cute as she was in her darkly furry way, always sounded as if she'd just graduated from Wellesley, which at one time she had.
And the direction is competent without adding much to the goings on. Slow motion is used where Pekinpah had used it. And, if you want an instructive scene, watch the trio of bad guy Michael Madsen, Jennifer Tilly, and the DVM James Stevens when Madsen and Tilly become playful and start throwing take-out food at one another -- fried chicken and french fries. Madsen, without provocation, becomes angry and orders Tilly back into the front seat. In Pekinpah's movie the take out is barbecued ribs with sticky tomato sauce and they're tossed back and forth with abandon. The bad guy remains in the back seat and, pelted about the face with a couple of hefty ribs, grows visibly more irritated until he ends the game in an outburst of pique. Both the players and the car's interior are coated with Texas barbecue sauce. There's hardly any comparison in the effectiveness of the two, almost identical, incidents. Pekinpah's is superior.
None of this should stand as a condemnation of the remake itself. If it stands alone, it's suspenseful and diverting. The world is largely divided into good guys and bad. That usually makes for easily digested entertainment and this movie delivers the goods.
Was the above review useful to you?
3 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
Enjoyable Action Movie
from Athens, Greece
5 June 2005
Let me start by saying that I have not seen the original, 1972 version of "The Getaway". As a result, this critique for the 1994 version will concentrate solely on the impressions it left me after having viewed it, without any references and comparisons with the original one.
"The Getaway" is a typical action film, in which the two main heroes, Doc McCoy (Baldwin), and his sexy wife, Carol (Basinger), are being double-crossed by their gang mates; although it involves several smaller sub-plots, the movie is mainly showing us the couple being on the run, as they are trying to flee from successive unpleasant situations.
The idea of the storyline does not sound very novel, and indeed it is not. And yet, although the movie has a "have-seen-it-several-times-before" taste, it does work and it is quite enjoyable.
Donaldson's direction keeps the story rolling fast, and yet successfully avoiding to overdo the action scenes. As far as the acting is concerned, the duo does a fair job, with Bassinger proving us that she has also some substance apart from her splendid looks; I liked also Madsen in his role as the archetypal bad guy, while Woods has a small but well-acted appearance as the rich mobster.
To sum this up, "The Getaway" may not be a masterpiece, yet it offers two entertaining hours. 6/10.
Was the above review useful to you?
Page 1 of 6:
| alec baldwin and kim basinger |
In January 1986, George Younger took up which British cabinet post | The Getaway Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
39 out of 49 people found the following review useful:
Steamy, Entertaining Re-Make
from United States
2 June 2006
This was a very entertaining, if morally way below par, action movie which consistently keeps your attention with intense scenes. Kim Bassinger probably looked as good as she ever looked which is saying a lot. She has one of the steamiest scenes I've ever seen on a mainline film (my tape was the "unrated" version) but at least it was with her real-life husband (at the time) Alec Baldwin.
This re-make of the 1972 film also has Michael Madsen, James Woods, Mike Morse and Jennifer Tilley - all playing sleazy characters. They are so bad they make Baldwin & Bassinger look like monks. This movie is not exactly Mary Poppins. There's almost too much of a mean edge to it....almost. Perhaps I enjoy ogling Bassinger too much to can this movie for its baseness.
Whatever, this entertains to the degree that it makes it a very quick two hours. There is no way you could get bored watching this film.
Was the above review useful to you?
31 out of 37 people found the following review useful:
Am I the only one who loves this movie?
from Fremont, CA
4 February 2000
The action scenes are top notch. Maybe I'm just a sucker for colorful characters and the bank heist angle is well done. Best of all is Alec Baldwin's character, Doc. Baldwin and the rest of the cast really deliver their lines with panache.
Bank jobs, car chase, cat-and-mouse in a four story hotel, steamy sex, crazy characters.... what else do you want?
Was the above review useful to you?
25 out of 31 people found the following review useful:
a interesting remake
Author: sole reviewer
20 March 2002
I tend to like the original more yet the 1994 remake THE GETAWAY, was a very good film. The strength of this version is the modren pacing and action also the revamped dialouge and several additional characters. I bumped into david morse once...of note is his role in this film. THE GETAWAY works because the chemistry of sex and violence between the characters played by BALDWIN and BASINGER works. It's not cheesy or contrived. This film is a tale of moral love betrayal and the classic analogy of there being no honor among thieves. The remake follows pretty much the same plot as the STEVE MCQUEEN classic yet takes a few different turns. Fans of the original will like this version as well, one nice aspect is that it maintains a similar look to the original. During the early 1970's several films like this and GONE IN 60 SECONDS had the same visual flair. This film matches the tone of the original and succeeds as a modren film for contemporary audiences.
Was the above review useful to you?
18 out of 21 people found the following review useful:
Worthwhile remake
19 February 2005
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
I recently had the opportunity to watch this movie and the 1972 version back to back (the modern version first). I was amazed at how exactly some of the minute details in the original movie were repeated in the remake. The garbage bin, the locker gimmick, the character of the innkeeper and paint truck owner. It was interesting at how many of the touches were not unnecessarily "modernized". (I like that).
I was able to enjoy both versions. Some people made comments disdaining the remake, but I thought it was a worthy movie, if just because it was a more sexy polished version. --I admit I'm biased, because I thought Kim Basinger was one of the hottest women I've seen in movies (I can't believe she was over 40 when she made the film). Her action/shooting scenes near the end were also very well done. The chemistry between her and Alex Baldwin was also superb, I guess due in some part to the fact that they were (or were going to be) a husband-wife couple in real life too.
I also liked the movie to enjoy the differences between the actors (and interpretation) within the almost exact same construct. Steve McQueen's more hardboiled tightly wound character to Alec Baldwin's character who seemed to have a more innate gentleness (sort of like being a victim of circumstance). But of course both being pleasingly hard resourceful men. The old paint truck drivers at the end were also great character actors. Nice ending.
Another interesting aspect of the film was how fit Alex Baldwin and David Morse looked. 11 years has passed since the film was made, but they both (esp. Morse) look a lot younger. The beauty of youth! James Wood and Mike Madsen in distinctive "enemy" roles also did what they both do best.
Was the above review useful to you?
14 out of 19 people found the following review useful:
Great remake of a wonderful Movie
from Vienna, Austria
20 September 2008
I usually hate it, when they go back and look for movies to redo just to earn some cheap cash.
In this case I feel differently though.
It begins with the cast. A lot of (then) hot actors like Alec Baldwin, Kim Basinger, Michael Madsen, James Woods... Need I go on?
Also they kept most of the basic plot and elevated it to a new level. The new version is bolder and should appeal to a new audience.
It's a classic tale of deception, love, and betrayal.
First our Hero, Doc (Baldwin) get's thrown in Jail. After a year his wife (his back then actual wife Kim Basinger) makes a deal with the crook turned respected businessman Jack Benyon. He's to rob a racetrack. For this Benyon already assembled a team. That includes the guy that was kind of responsible for Doc getting sent to jail for a year.
The heist goes off almost without a hitch but from that moment on everything goes south. first Rudy (Madsen) kills the 4th guy involved in the thing and then tries to off Doc and his wife. Doc's of course faster with the gun and hurts Rudy badly. He survives though, because he wore a bulletproof vest, which he usually doesn't. Then doc and his wife head up to Benyons place to split up the money. Benyon (Woods) of course has other plans. Plans that involve Docs Wife (a really hot looking Basinger). But she opts to go with her husband and kills Benyon. So no they not only have Benyons Guys on their tail but also the very pi**ed off Rudy.
If I were to continue telling you the plot there would be no need for you to watch the movie.
Just let me tell you that it's a great remake that tops the original in several aspects. The acting is top notch by almost all the major characters. The action is fast paced and very violent. (I base this on the unrated HD-DVD).
So if you have a few bucks lying around. Get this movie, I am pretty sure you can get it for under $10 in about every big store..
Was the above review useful to you?
8 out of 11 people found the following review useful:
Rare Chemistry Makes This Remake Work... Look At Michael Madson's Hair!
from minneapolis, mn
19 February 2010
Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger were a married couple when they portrayed the married McCoys in this 1994 remake of the 1972. Their on-screen chemistry is incredible. Any time you get this kind of casting occurrence in a film, it is at least worth checking out. Here it really works.
The thing that distinguishes this Jim Thompson story is the catch-22 Carol McCoy is faced with- and the percussive effect her necessary action has on the McCoy couple- while the tension is ratcheted up to 11- in their non-stop hour-and-a-half getaway throughout the Southwest.
It is a juicy role for a married couple, and Baldwin & Basinger make the most of it. They both are in prime form here and very compelling to watch together.
Besides the McCoys (and Richard Farnsworth), it is a B film. Michael Madson's hair is a real challenge to deal with. At least you can cut out of the Richard Marx end credit song. You have to live with Michael Madson's hair for the whole ride. IMDb rating should be around 7.
Was the above review useful to you?
19 out of 33 people found the following review useful:
One of the 90's best films in the genre!
from Hungary
1 May 2005
With this movie it's obvious that not all the remakes are a mess. The Getaway's 1994 version is much better than the Steve McQueen-original witch is not a bad movie at all. But the Getaway 94 is a blood-pumping intelligent hot action film with deep human characters, amazing sex scenes (rare in American movies), real action and a very good plot. Roger Donaldson's directing is the highest grade of action film making. The script is perfect the stars are phenomenal (Alec and Kim in their best form), even the supporting actors are very good: James Woods, Michael Madsen, Jennifer Tilly and Richard Farnsworth. Alec and Kim are the Bonnie & Clyde of the nineties portraying very human criminals, their conflicts are so real in the story... after all it's one of the best films in the genre of the 90s! A must see for every action-thriller fan!
Was the above review useful to you?
9 out of 14 people found the following review useful:
In the end The Getaway is an OK action movie.
from winnipeg, canada
26 January 2003
The Getaway is a remake of the action classic that stared Steve McQueen and Ali MacGraw. Now I haven't seen the original so I can't compare the two but by it self this is an OK action thriller. It goes old school with its desert/western setting, bad criminals and finale stand off. When I watched this movie I had no idea what kind of movie it is. The story is simple Doc McCoy (Alec Baldwin), his wife (Kim Basinger) and his partner (Michael Madsen) are hired to get a man out of prison. When the job goes sour, McCoy is locked up for a year in a Mexican prison. With the help of his wife and a Phoenix crime boss Jack Benyon (James Woods), he released and hired to do one more job. This job goes semi good but after it has been done many people end up dead and the McCoys are on the run from many different people all with their eyes on the large amount of cash they have. The performances are OK. Basinger is tough yet still has that soft side and she very good with guns. Madsen is a good mix with Baldwin and Basinger, he add the funny but villainous third part of the gang. The cast is bigger than normal for an action film but since this was made in the early 90's some of the actors hadn't hit it big yet. Jennifer Tilly, Phillip Seymore Hoffman and David Morse round out the cast. They all have small parts but they do the best with what they have. The action is not really original and there are a few Woo slow-motion shots thrown in for good measure. There's only one explosion but a lot of guns. The protagonists aren't very likeable, though. In fact, no one in this film is, with the possible exception of Richard Farnsworth's character at the end. Jennifer Tilly threw herself into her role, and both Michael Madsen and James Woods, do their usual creepily evil personas with aplomb.
THE GETAWAY works because the chemistry of sex and violence between the characters played by BALDWIN and BASINGER works. It's not cheesy or contrived. This film is a tale of moral love betrayal and the classic analogy of there being no honor among thieves. The remake follows pretty much the same plot as the STEVE MCQUEEN classic yet takes a few different turns. Fans of the original will like this version as well, one nice aspect is that it maintains a similar look to the original. This film matches the tone of the original and succeeds as a modren film for contemporary audiences.
A major problem with The Getaway is the way the McCoys are seemingly able to sense danger when there is not even the slightest indication of it. Carter, for example, has the incredible ability enabling him to know a gunman is just outside his door as soon as he finishes another bedroom scene with his wife! This serves as an example of how unimaginative things get. the infamous sex scenes are really undeserving of the attention. They are gratuitous in the extreme as they don't serve the story whatsoever. You can't believe the characters like each other that much, having spent most of their time in bitter argument. Believe me, you won't like these characters either.
Was the above review useful to you?
3 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
Entertaining Gangsters.
from Deming, New Mexico, USA
3 July 2011
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
It's a pretty decent movie as these things go. Baldwin is Doc McCoy, newly released from prison in order to commit a high-end robbery. Faced with cheating partners, he and his wife, Basinger, make off with a gym bag full of large notes and are pursued throughout the Southwest to the Mexican border, where they finally take off on their own. There is some conflict internal to the family because Basinger had to allow the head of the parole board, also the manager of the robbery, access to her succulent body, and Baldwin resents this, sometimes violently, for the first two thirds of the movie.
Lots of action, more explicit sex and brutality, and competent performances, yet something is missing. The chief subtrahend is originality. It's a remake of Sam Pekinpah's film of the same name, with Steve McQueen and Ali McGraw, from the 1960s. Pekinpah's production was edgier, with unexpected incidents, and used some magnificent locations in west Texas. And the production design and set dressing were superior. Even so quotidian a setting as a garbage dump outside of El Paso reeks with atmosphere in Pekinpah's film. Here, it's just a garbage dump. The same can be said of the interior -- and the exterior, for that matter -- of the seedy hotel in which the final shoot out takes place.
But it isn't so much these details that detract from one's enjoyment of the film, it's the realization that it was done -- and done better -- almost thirty years earlier by a director in whose veins the balance between booze and talent was proportionate. How much in the way of credit should accrue to writers, directors, and producers who simply imitate a successful earlier movie in an attempt to cash in on its popularity and on the loosening of moral strictures in Hollywood? The remake is not quite shot-for-shot but almost, and much of the dialog is identical.
Generally speaking, the performances here aren't bad, even though Baldwin is groomed on his release from the slams like a Hollywood star and lacks McQueen's jailhouse haircut. Kim Basinger does a bit better in the role of prisoner's wife than Ali McGraw did, for that matter. McGraw, unfortunately for her, cute as she was in her darkly furry way, always sounded as if she'd just graduated from Wellesley, which at one time she had.
And the direction is competent without adding much to the goings on. Slow motion is used where Pekinpah had used it. And, if you want an instructive scene, watch the trio of bad guy Michael Madsen, Jennifer Tilly, and the DVM James Stevens when Madsen and Tilly become playful and start throwing take-out food at one another -- fried chicken and french fries. Madsen, without provocation, becomes angry and orders Tilly back into the front seat. In Pekinpah's movie the take out is barbecued ribs with sticky tomato sauce and they're tossed back and forth with abandon. The bad guy remains in the back seat and, pelted about the face with a couple of hefty ribs, grows visibly more irritated until he ends the game in an outburst of pique. Both the players and the car's interior are coated with Texas barbecue sauce. There's hardly any comparison in the effectiveness of the two, almost identical, incidents. Pekinpah's is superior.
None of this should stand as a condemnation of the remake itself. If it stands alone, it's suspenseful and diverting. The world is largely divided into good guys and bad. That usually makes for easily digested entertainment and this movie delivers the goods.
Was the above review useful to you?
3 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
Enjoyable Action Movie
from Athens, Greece
5 June 2005
Let me start by saying that I have not seen the original, 1972 version of "The Getaway". As a result, this critique for the 1994 version will concentrate solely on the impressions it left me after having viewed it, without any references and comparisons with the original one.
"The Getaway" is a typical action film, in which the two main heroes, Doc McCoy (Baldwin), and his sexy wife, Carol (Basinger), are being double-crossed by their gang mates; although it involves several smaller sub-plots, the movie is mainly showing us the couple being on the run, as they are trying to flee from successive unpleasant situations.
The idea of the storyline does not sound very novel, and indeed it is not. And yet, although the movie has a "have-seen-it-several-times-before" taste, it does work and it is quite enjoyable.
Donaldson's direction keeps the story rolling fast, and yet successfully avoiding to overdo the action scenes. As far as the acting is concerned, the duo does a fair job, with Bassinger proving us that she has also some substance apart from her splendid looks; I liked also Madsen in his role as the archetypal bad guy, while Woods has a small but well-acted appearance as the rich mobster.
To sum this up, "The Getaway" may not be a masterpiece, yet it offers two entertaining hours. 6/10.
Was the above review useful to you?
Page 1 of 6:
| i don't know |
Alice Fitzwarren was the wife of which Lord Mayor of London? | Dick Whittington | Dickwhittington.org
Winter opening times apply View full times here
Call Dick Whittington on 01452 831000 for all enquiries
Dick Whittington
Dick Whittington was born in Pauntley near Newent sometime in the middle of the fourteenth century. Quite how he found his way to London in the first place is unknown but the earliest recorded mention of him in the City seems to be in 1379 when he contributed 5 marks to a municipal loan. Whittington was a mercer by trade and in fact he served as Lord Mayor of London on three separate occasions: first in 1397, then again in 1406-7, and for the third and final time in 1419-20. The famous nursery-rhyme account of his life has him arriving in the capital a poor orphan from the West of England, having heard that the streets of London were paved with gold. Unfortunately he found himself the victim of repeated beatings by the cook in the household of a rich merchant who had given him shelter and so (according to his entry in the D.N.B.)
He stole away from Leaden hall Street early in the morning of All Hallows Day, and left the City behind him, but as he rested at Highgate he heard Bow bells ring out a merry peal, which seemed to say: Turn again, Whittington, Lord Mayor of London
Whereupon he returned to his pots and spits and married Alice Fitzwarren (his master’s daughter), and rose thrice to be Lord Mayor of London.
Whittington’s cat had been on a lengthy voyage on a ship belonging to Dick’s master while the young Whittington was having such a rough time of things back in Leaden hall Street. The vessel stopped to take on provisions at a previously unknown part of the Barbary Coast where the king of that country, whose palace was overrun with rats and mice, bought the cat for an enormous price. Dick never saw his beloved cat again but the sales proceeds were shipped back to England and on the return from that particular overseas investment he and his wife Alice lived happily ever after.
| Richard Whittington |
What are author J.R.R. Tolkien’s first names? | Dick Whittington : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
The Full Wiki
More info on Dick Whittington
Wikis
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .
Related top topics
East London Line
Did you know ...
William Gore Ouseley (pictured), a diplomat noted for representing British interests in Nicaragua and Honduras , found one of the earliest sources for the pantomime story of Dick Whittington 's cat?
(Redirected to Richard Whittington article)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Richard Whittington (academic) or Richard Whittington-Egan .
Sir Richard Whittington and his Cat
Sir Richard Whittington (sometimes Richard Whytyngdone) (c. 1354–1423) was a medieval merchant and politician , and the real-life inspiration for the pantomime character Dick Whittington. Sir Richard Whittington was Lord Mayor of London and a Member of Parliament . In his lifetime he financed a number of public projects, such as drainage systems in poor areas of medieval London, and a hospital ward for unmarried mothers. He bequeathed his fortune to form the Charity of Sir Richard Whittington, which nearly 600 years later, continues to assist people in need. [1]
Contents
6 External links
Biography
He was born in Gloucestershire , at Pauntley in the Forest of Dean , although his family originated from Kinver in Staffordshire , England , where his grandfather Sir William de Whittington was a knight at arms . [2] His date of birth is variously given as in the 1350s and he died in London in 1423. However, he was a younger son and so would not inherit his father's estate as the eldest son might expect to do. Consequently he was sent to the City of London to learn the trade of mercer . He became a successful trader, dealing in valuable imports such as silks and velvets , both luxury fabrics, much of which he sold to the Royal and noble court from about 1388. There is indirect evidence that he was also a major exporter to Europe of much sought after English woollen cloth such as Broadcloth . From 1392 to 1394 he sold goods to Richard II worth £3,500 (equivalent to more than £1.5m today). [3] He also began money-lending in 1388, preferring this to outward shows of wealth such as buying property. By 1397 he was also lending large sums of money to the King.
In 1384 Whittington had become a Councilman. In 1392 he was one of the city's delegation to the King at Nottingham at which the King seized the City of London's lands because of alleged misgovernment. By 1393, he had become an alderman , as well as a member of the Mercers' Company . When Adam Bamme, the mayor of London , died in June 1397, Whittington was imposed on the city by the King as Lord Mayor of London in 1397 to fill the vacancy with immediate effect. Within days Whittington had negotiated with the King a deal in which the city bought back its liberties for £10,000 (nearly £4m today). [3] He was elected mayor by a grateful populace on 13 October 1398.
The deposition of Richard II in 1399 did not affect Whittington and it is thought that he merely acquiesced in the coup led by Bolingbroke . Whittington had long supplied the new king, Henry IV , as a prominent member of the landowning elite and so his business simply continued as before. He also lent the new king substantial amounts of money. He was elected mayor again in 1406 and in 1419, becoming a living legend in the process. In 1416, he became a Member of Parliament , and was also in turn influential with Henry IV's son, Henry V , also lending him large amounts of money and serving on several Royal Commissions of oyer and terminer . For example, Henry V employed him to supervise the expenditure to complete Westminster Abbey . Despite being a moneylender himself he was sufficiently trusted and respected to sit as a judge in usury trials in 1421. Whittington also collected revenues and import duties . A long dispute with the Company of Brewers over standard prices and measures of ale was won by Whittington.
His Benefactions
In his lifetime he donated much of his profit to the city and left further endowments by his Will. He financed:
the rebuilding of the Guildhall
most of Greyfriars library .
He also provided accommodation for his apprentices in his own house. He passed a law prohibiting the washing of animal skins by apprentices in the River Thames in cold, wet weather because many young boys had died through hypothermia or in the strong river currents.
Death and bequests
Whittington died in March 1423. In 1402 (aged 52) he had married Alice, daughter of Sir Ivo FitzWarin (or Fitzwarren) of Wantage in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire ), but she predeceased him in 1411. They had no children. In the absence of heirs, Whittington left £7,000 in his will to charity, in those days a large sum, with a modern-day equivalence of about £3m. [3] Some of this was used to
rebuild Newgate Prison and Newgate and accommodation in it for the Sheriffs and Recorder which is the forerunner of that in the Old Bailey
build the first library in Guildhall (the ancestor of the modern Guildhall Library )
the creation of his 'college' ie almshouse and hospital originally at St Michael's
install some of the first public drinking fountains
The almshouses were relocated in 1966 to Felbridge near East Grinstead . Sixty elderly women and a few married couples currently live in them. The Whittington Charity also disburses money each year to the needy through the Mercers' Company.
The Whittington hospital is now at Archway in the London Borough of Islington and a small statue of a cat along Highgate Hill further commemorates his legendary feline.
Despite knowing three kings (though five reigned during his life), there is no evidence that he was knighted. In the town of Bishop's Stortford he owned a lot of land. This explains why in the town there is a school called Richard Whittington Primary School and a road called Whittington Way.
Dick Whittington - Stage character
Not to be confused with Sweet Dick Whittington .
Dick Whittington (also Dick Wittington) is a character in a British story that was adapted to the stage beginning in 1605 and became popular as a pantomime subject in the 19th century, called Dick Whittington and His Cat , very loosely based on Richard Whittington. There are several versions of the traditional story, which tells how Dick, a boy from a poor family, sets out for London to make his fortune, accompanied by, or later acquiring, his cat. At first he meets with little success, and is tempted to return home. However, on his way out of the city, whilst climbing Highgate Hill from modern-day Archway , he hears the Bow Bells of London ringing, and believes they are sending him a message. There is now a large hospital on Highgate Hill, named the Whittington Hospital, after this alleged episode. A traditional rhyme is associated with this episode, as follows:
Turn again, Whittington,
Twice Lord Mayor of London!
Turn again, Whittington,
Thrice Lord Mayor of London!
On returning to London, Dick embarks on a series of adventures. In one version of the tale, he travels abroad on a ship, and wins many friends as a result of the rat-catching activities of his cat; in another he sends his cat and it is sold to make his fortune. Eventually he does become prosperous, marries his master's daughter Alice Fitzwarren (the name of the real Whittington's wife), and is made Lord Mayor of London three times (the historical Whittington was elected Lord Mayor four times).
There is no evidence that Whittington kept a cat, and as the son of gentry he was never very poor. Whittington may have become associated with a thirteenth-century Persian folktale about an orphan who gained a fortune through his cat. [4] The gifts left in Whittington's will made him well known. By 1605 most of the legend had developed and appeared in a play, The History of Richard Whittington, of his lowe byrth, his great fortune. Some have suggested that one of the most popular legends about Whittington — that his fortunes were founded on the sale of his cat, who was sent on a merchant vessel to a rat-beset Eastern emperor — originated in a popular early engraving of the lord mayor in which his hand rested on a cat. Modern analysis of the engraving reveals that the oddly-shaped cat was in fact a later replacement for what had originally been a skull , a popular prop for illustrations of the period. Whether the engraving gave rise to the legend or the reverse is uncertain.
References
| i don't know |
In which city was tennis player Martina Navratilova born? | Martina Navratilova (Tennis Player) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Martina Navratilova
Former Tennis Player
Female
Martina Navratilova is a retired Czech American tennis player and a former World No. 1. Billie Jean King said about Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived. " Navratilova won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, 31 major women's doubles titles, and 10 major mixed doubles titles.… Read More
related links
Murray's Rise To Top 'amazing Accomplishment': Navratilova
Yahoo News - Nov 06, 2016
' Scotsman Andy Murray\'s achievement in becoming men\'s tennis world number one is exceptional women\'s tennis legend <mark>Martina Navratilova</mark> told the BBC on Sunday. Murray, 29, moved to the top of the rankings for the first time in his career after replacing long-time incumbent Novak Djokovic when Milos Raonic pulled out of their semi-final in Paris on Saturday. The Scot\'s climb to the ATP rankings\' summit -- the first Briton to do so since computerised rankings came in in 1973 -...
Us Athletes Jumping Into Heated Presidential Race
Yahoo News - Oct 31, 2016
' As the presidential candidates sprint the final leg of the race for the White House, sports luminaries are lining up behind their preferred candidates. LeBron James, Stephen Curry and <mark>Martina Navratilova</mark> have said they will vote for Democrat Hillary Clinton on November 8, while Republican candidate Donald Trump has the support of Mike Tyson, Jack Nicklaus and Dennis Rodman. '
Evert Sees Post Serena 'new Era' Taking Shape
Yahoo News - Oct 29, 2016
'Women\'s tennis has entered a new era no longer dominated by Serena Williams, 18-time Grand Slam winner Chris Evert said Saturday. \"I don\'t think nobody will dominate in the near future anyway like Serena Williams, and kudos to her, it shows how great she was as a player, but I think now this is how we\'re going to form some new rivalry where the girls will have to play it out,\" she said at the WTA Finals in Singapore. The variety and depth, different age groups, different styles of play,...
Maria Sharapova Joins Wtt Smash Hits Charity Tennis Event To Benefit The Elton John Aids Foundation
Yahoo News - Oct 05, 2016
'NEW YORK, Oct. 5, 2016 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The Elton John AIDS Foundation (EJAF) is pleased to announce that tennis star Maria Sharapova will join Mardy Fish, John McEnroe, <mark>Martina Navratilova</mark>, Mark Philippoussis, and Andy Roddick to headline World TeamTennis (WTT) Smash Hits at Caesars Palace, a charity night of tennis co-hosted by longtime friends Sir Elton John and Billie Jean King on Monday, October 10, 2016. Also joining the line-up is former world No. 1 doubles sta...
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Martina Navratilova.
CHILDHOOD
1956 Birth Born on October 18, 1956.
1962 5 Years Old In 1962, her mother Jana married Miroslav Navrátil, who became her first tennis coach. … Read More
Martina then took the name of her stepfather (adding the feminine suffix "ová"), thus becoming Martina Navrátilová. Her father, Mirek, was a ski instructor and remarried and divorced. When she was eight, he committed suicide. Read Less
TEENAGE
1972 15 Years Old …
Navratilova has a sister, Jana, and an older paternal half-brother. Navratilova's grandmother, Agnes Semanska, was a tennis player for the Czechoslovak Federation before the Second World War and had a ranking as high as no. 2 among Czech women during her amateur career. <br /><br />When Navratilova was 4, she was hitting a tennis ball off a cement wall and started to play tennis regularly at age 7. Read Less
In 1972, at the age of 15, Navratilova won the Czechoslovakia national tennis championship.
Show Less
In 1973, aged 16, she made her debut on the United States Lawn Tennis Association professional tour but did not turn professional until 1975. … Read More
Although perhaps most renowned for her mastery of fast low-bouncing grass, her best early showing at majors was on the red clay at the French Open, where she would go on to reach the final 6 times. Read Less
In 1973, she made the quarterfinals where she lost 6-7 4-6 to Evonne Goolagong. … Read More
She made the quarterfinals the next year and lost to Helga Masthoff (née Niessen), after again losing the first set in a tiebreak. Read Less
1974 17 Years Old She won her first professional singles title in Orlando, Florida in 1974, at the age of 17. … Read More
Upon arriving in the United States, Navratilova first lived with former Vaudeville actress, Frances Dewey Wormser, and her husband, Morton Wormser, a tennis enthusiast. Read Less
Show Less
Navratilova was the runner-up at two major singles tournaments in 1975. … Read More
She lost in the final of the Australian Open to Evonne Goolagong and in the final of the French Open to Chris Evert over three sets. After losing to Evert in the semifinals of that year's US Open, the 18-year-old Navratilova went to the offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service in New York City and informed them that she wished to defect from Communist Czechoslovakia. Within a month, she received a green card and in 1981 became a US citizen. Read Less
Also, in 1975, Navratilova teamed with then world number one, Chris Evert, to win the French Open women's doubles title, Martina's first major title. … Read More
They teamed again in 1976 to win the women's Wimbledon doubles title over Billie Jean King and Bette Stove. Read Less
TWENTIES
1978 - 1979 3 More Events
1978 21 Years Old Navratilova won her first major singles title at Wimbledon in 1978, where she defeated Evert in three sets in the final and captured the World No. 1 ranking for the first time on the WTA computer, although Evert maintained the number one ranking at the end of 1978.
Show Less
She successfully defended her Wimbledon title in 1979, again beating Evert in the final in straight sets, and earned the World No. 1 ranking at the end of the year for the first time.
Just before Wimbledon in 1979, Navratilova and Evert played possibly the highest scoring women's professional match ever in the Eastbourne final, which Evert edged 7â5, 5â7, 13-11 after facing match points herself.
Show Less
In April 1981, Evert defeated Navratilova in the finals of the Women's Tennis Association championships, held on clay at Amelia Island, 6â0, 6â0. … Read More
It was Navratilova's only professional double bagel loss (one she later avenged with a crushing 6â2, 6â0 defeat of Evert in the finals of the same Amelia Island event in 1984). It was at this point that Navratilova began working with Nancy Lieberman to improve her fitness and toughen her mental approach to better compete with Evert and fulfil her true potential. Read Less
In 1981, Navratilova won her third major singles title by defeating Evert in the final of the Australian Open. … Read More
Navratilova also defeated Evert to reach the final of the US Open, where she lost a third set tiebreak to Tracy Austin. Read Less
Show Less
Navratilova won both Wimbledon and the French Open in 1982. … Read More
After adopting basketball player Nancy Lieberman's exercise plan and using Yonex isometric midsize graphite-fiberglass composite racquets, Navratilova became the most dominant player in women's tennis. After losing in the fourth round of the first major event of 1983, the French Open, she captured the year's three remaining major titles (the Australian Open was held in December at that time). Navratilova's loss at the French Open was her only singles defeat during that year, during which she established an 86â1 record. Her winning percentage was the best ever for a post-1968 professional tennis player. Read Less
During 1982, 1983, and 1984, Navratilova lost a total of only six singles matches. … Read More
This included a run of 13 consecutive victories over her closest rival and world-ranked #2, Chris Evert. Read Less
Navratilova's reign from 1982 to 1986 is the most dominant unbroken spell in the professional era.
Show Less
Navratilova won the 1984 French Open, thus holding all four major singles titles simultaneously. … Read More
Her accomplishment was declared a "Grand Slam" by Philippe Chatrier, president of the International Tennis Federation, although some tennis observers countered that it was not a true slam because the titles had not been won in a single calendar year. Navratilova extended her major singles tournament winning streak to a record-equalling six following wins at Wimbledon and the US Open. Navratilova's victory meant she became the first player to win majors on clay, grass and hard court on the same year. Read Less
She entered the 1984 Australian Open with a chance of winning all four titles in the same year. … Read More
In the semifinals, however, Helena Suková ended Navratilova's 74-match winning streak (a record for a professional) 1â6, 6â3, 7â5. Read Less
A left-hander, Navratilova completed a calendar grand slam in women's doubles in 1984, partnering right-handed Pam Shriver, a tall and talented player whose most noted stroke was a slice forehand, a shot virtually unheard of in the game today. … Read More
This was part of a record 109-match winning streak that the pair achieved between 1983 and 1985. (Navratilova was ranked the World No. 1 doubles player for a period of over three years in the 1980s.) From 1985 through 1987, Navratilova reached the women's singles final at all 11 major tournaments held during those three years, winning six of them. From 1982 through 1990, she reached the Wimbledon final nine consecutive times. She reached the US Open final five consecutive times from 1983 through 1987 and appeared in the French Open final five out of six years from 1982 through 1987. Read Less
From 1984 to 1991, Navratilova had a long-term relationship with Judy Nelson, whom she met at a tournament in Fort Worth in 1982. Their split in 1991 included a much-publicized legal wrangle. … Read More
Navratilova was featured in a WITA (Women's International Tennis Association) calendar, shot by Jean Renard with her Wimbledon trophies and Nelson's children in the background.<br /><br /> On September 6, 2014, Navratilova proposed to her longtime girlfriend Julia Lemigova at the US Open. Read Less
THIRTIES
Show Less
Seventeen-year-old German player Steffi Graf emerged on the scene in 1987 when she narrowly beat Navratilova in the final of the French Open, 6â4, 4â6, 8â6.
Navratilova defeated Graf in straight sets in the 1987 Wimbledon and US Open finals (and at the US Open became only the third player in the open era to win the women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles at the same event - the rare 'triple crown').
Navratilova reached all four Grand Slam finals in 1987, winning two of them.
Graf's consistent play throughout 1987, however, allowed her to obtain the World No. 1 ranking before the end of the year. … Read More
Graf eventually broke Navratilova's records of 156 consecutive weeks and 331 total weeks as the World No. 1 singles player but fell 60 short of Navratilova's record of 167 singles titles. Including doubles, Navratilova won almost three times as many titles as Graf with a record doubles/mixed/singles combined total of 344 titles to Graf's 118. Read Less
1988 - 1990 3 More Events
1988 31 Years Old In 1988, Graf won all four major singles titles, beating the 31-year-old Navratilova 5â7, 6â2, 6â1 in the Wimbledon final along the way, after recovering from a set and a break down.
1989 32 Years Old In 1989, Graf and Navratilova met in the finals of both Wimbledon and the US Open, with Graf winning both encounters in three sets. … Read More
Despite the 13 year age difference between the two players, and Graf's comparative lack of investment in doubles and mixed doubles, Navratilova won 9 of the 18 career singles matches with Graf and 5 of the 9 major singles matches with her. At age 34, Navratilova defeated Graf the last time they played in a major in the semifinals of the 1991 US Open 7â6(2), 6â7(6), 6â4, to end their Grand Slam rivalry 5-4 up. It is worthy to note that all 4 of Graf's Grand Slam victories over Navratilova came in the finals of a Slam. This is reflected in the Grand Slams Finals chart below. Read Less
1990 33 Years Old Navratilova's final major singles triumph was in 1990. … Read More
In the final, the 33-year-old Navratilova swept Zina Garrison 6â4, 6â1 to claim an all-time record ninth Wimbledon singles crown. Though that was her last major singles title, Navratilova reached two additional major singles finals during the remainder of career. Read Less
1991 34 Years Old In 1991, she lost in the US Open final to the new World No. 1 Monica Seles.
1994 37 Years Old And then in 1994, at the age of 37, Navratilova reached the Wimbledon final, where she lost in three sets to Conchita MartÃnez. … Read More
Soon after, she retired from full-time competition on the singles tour. Read Less
FORTIES
She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2000.
In 2000, Navratilova returned to the tour to mostly play doubles events, while rarely also playing singles.
2002 45 Years Old In her first singles performance in eight years, at Eastbourne in 2002, she beat World No. 22 Tatiana Panova before losing in the next round to Daniela Hantuchová in three sets.
2003 46 Years Old In 2003, she won the mixed doubles titles at both the Australian Open and Wimbledon, partnering Leander Paes. … Read More
This made her the oldest ever major champion (aged 46 years, 8 months). The Australian Open victory made her the third player in history to complete a "boxed set" of major titles by winning the singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles at all four majors. The Wimbledon win allowed her to equal Billie Jean King's record of 20 Wimbledon titles (in singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles combined) and extended her overall number of major titles to 58 (second only to Margaret Court, who won 62). Read Less
2004 47 Years Old Despite being criticized for receiving a wildcard, Navratilova won a singles match over Catalina Castaño 6â0 6â1 at the first round of Wimbledon in 2004, aged 47 years and eight months, to make her the oldest player to win a professional singles match in the open era. … Read More
She then lost her second round match with Gisela Dulko in three sets. Read Less
Show Less
…
Martina Navratilova (born Martina Šubertová October 18, 1956) is a retired Czech and American tennis player and coach. Read Less
In 2005, Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005. … Read More
Navratilova was World No. 1 for a total of 332 weeks in singles, and a record 237 weeks in doubles, making her the only player in history to have held the top spot in both singles and doubles for over 200 weeks. She was year-end singles No. 1 seven times, including a record five consecutive years, as well as year-end doubles No. 1 five times, including three consecutive years during which she held the ranking for the entire year.<br /><br /> She won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, 31 major women's doubles titles (an all-time record), and 10 major mixed doubles titles, marking the open-era record for most Grand Slam titles. She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times, including nine consecutive years from 1982 through 1990, and won the women's singles title at Wimbledon a record nine times (surpassing Helen Wills Moody's eight Wimbledon titles), including a run of six consecutive titles â the best performance by any professional player at a major event. She and Billie Jean King each won 20 Wimbledon titles, an all-time record. Navratilova is one of just three women ever to have accomplished a Career Grand Slam in singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles (called the Grand Slam "boxed set"), a distinction she shares with Margaret Court and Doris Hart. Read Less
In 2005, Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005, directly over Steffi Graf.
Show Less
…
She is the only professional player to have won six major singles crowns without the loss of a set. Navratilova, Margaret Court and Maureen Connolly share the record for the most consecutive major singles titles (six). Navratilova reached 11 consecutive major singles finals, second all-time to Steffi Graf's 13, and is the only woman ever to reach 19 consecutive major semi-finals. Navratilova also won the season-ending WTA Tour Championships for top ranked players a record eight times and made the finals a record 14 times. She is the only person of either sex to have won eight different tournaments at least seven times. She was ranked in the world's top 10 in singles for a record 20 consecutive years (1975-1994), a span which included 19 years in the top 5, 15 years in the top 3, and 7 years as the world No.1 ranked singles player. <br /><br />In women's doubles, Navratilova and Pam Shriver won 109 consecutive matches and won all four major titlesâthe Grand Slamâin 1984. The pair set an all-time record of 79 titles together and tied Louise Brough Clapp's and Margaret Osborne duPont's record of 20 major women's doubles titles as a team. Navratilova also won the WTA Tour Championships doubles title a record 11 times. She is one of only five tennis players all-time to win a multiple slam set in two disciplines, matching Margaret Court, Roy Emerson, Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams. Read Less
Navratilova took her last major title in 2006, winning the mixed doubles crown at the 2006 US Open, just short of her 50th birthday â 32 years after her first Grand Slam title in 1974. … Read More
Originally from Czechoslovakia, she was stripped of her citizenship when, in 1975 at the age of 18, she asked the United States for political asylum and was granted temporary residency. At the time, Navratilova was told by the Czechoslovak Sports Federation that she was becoming too Americanized and that she should go back to school and make tennis secondary. Navratilova became a US citizen in 1981, and on January 9, 2008, she acquired Czech citizenship. She stated she has not renounced her U.S. citizenship nor does she plan to do so and that acquiring her Czech citizenship was not politically motivated.<br /><br /> Navratilova was born Martina Å ubertová in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Her parents divorced when she was three, and her mother, an accomplished gymnast, tennis player, and ski instructor, moved the family to Åevnice. Read Less
A vegetarian, Navratilova appeared in ad campaigns for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In an April 2006 interview, however, she said she had recently begun eating fish again because she found it hard to get enough protein while on the road; which would make her a pescetarian rather than a vegetarian; nevertheless in 2008 she described herself as vegetarian. … Read More
She has spoken out on a number of volatile political issues, including tort/litigation reform, but perhaps her most consistent themeâaside from gay and lesbian rightsâhas been her unstinting opposition to Communism, and unrelenting opposition to the former Eastern Bloc power structure that compelled her to flee her native Czechoslovakia. She has denounced the Soviet Union's control over Czechoslovakia, maintaining that she refuses to speak Russian to this day because of the Soviet Union's former hegemony over Eastern Europe. "Whenever people go into politics and they try to say that Communism was a good thing, I say, 'Go ahead and live in a Communist country then, if you think it's so great.' " <br /><br /> Navratilova was a guest on CNN's Connie Chung Tonight show on July 17, 2002. During the show, Chung quoted a German newspaper which quoted Navratilova as saying: "The most absurd part of my escape from the unjust system is that I have exchanged one system that suppresses free opinion for another. The Republicans in the U.S. manipulate public opinion and sweep controversial issues under the table. It's depressing. Decisions in America are based solely on the question of how much money will come out of it and not on the questions of how much health, morals or environment suffer as a result." Read Less
On July 6, 2006, Navratilova played her last career match at Wimbledon, losing in the third round of mixed doubles to the eventual champions, Israel's Andy Ram and Russia's Vera Zvonareva. … Read More
Earlier that day, Navratilova lost her women's doubles quarterfinal match against Chinese fourth seeds Yan Zi and Zheng Jie, also the eventual champions. Read Less
Navratilova capped off her career by winning the mixed doubles title at the 2006 US Open with Bob Bryan, her 41st major doubles title (31 in women's doubles and 10 in mixed doubles) and 177th overall. … Read More
At the time, she was just over a month away from her 50th birthday.<br /><br /> Navratilova won 167 top-level singles titles (more than any other player in the open era) and 177 doubles titles. Read Less
Her last title in women's doubles came on August 21, 2006, at the Tier I Rogers Cup in Montreal, Canada, where she partnered Nadia Petrova. … Read More
Navratilova won 18 major singles titles: nine at Wimbledon, four at the US Open, three at the Australian Open, and two at the French Open. Her overall record in 67 major singles events was 306â49 .862 (120â14 at Wimbledon, 89â17 at the US Open, 51â11 at the French Open, and 46â7 at the Australian Open). Some observers argue that the very few singles matches she played in her forties should be counted separately in her career statistics. She is the only player to have won at least one tour event for 21 consecutive years and won the singles and doubles at the same event a record 84 times. She was ranked in the world top 3 in singles for 15 years between 1977 and 1993. Her career singles match win total of 1,442 is the most during the open era. Read Less
…
Evert said that "Martina revolutionized the game by her superb athleticism and aggressiveness She brought athleticism to a whole new level with her training techniques â particularly cross-training, the idea that you could go to the gym or play basketball to get in shape for tennis." <br /><br />In December 2014, it was announced that Navratilova had joined Agnieszka RadwaÅska's coaching staff. However, in April 2015, after RadwaÅska struggled in the first half of the season, the pair decided to part ways. <br /><br />In 1985, Navratilova released an autobiography, co-written with The New York Times sports columnist George Vecsey, titled Martina in the U.S. and Being Myself in the rest of the world. She had earlier co-written a tennis instruction book with Mary Carillo in 1982, entitled Tennis My Way. She later wrote three mystery novels with Liz Nickles: The Total Zone (1994), Breaking Point (1996), and Killer Instinct (1997). Read Less
Navratilova's most recent literary effort was a health and fitness book entitled Shape Your Self, which came out in 2006. … Read More
In 1981, shortly after becoming a United States citizen, Navratilova gave an interview to New York Daily News sports reporter Steve Goldstein, coming out as bisexual and revealing that she had a sexual relationship with Rita Mae Brown, but asked him not to publish the article until she was ready to come out publicly. However, the New York Daily News published the article on July 30, 1981. Navratilova and Nancy Lieberman, her girlfriend at the time, gave an interview to Dallas Morning News columnist Skip Bayless, where Navratilova reiterated that she was bisexual and Lieberman identified herself as straight. Navratilova has since identified herself as a lesbian. Read Less
Billie Jean King, a former World No. 1 player, said in 2006 that Navratilova is "the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived." … Read More
In 2008, tennis historian and journalist Bud Collins called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time." Read Less
In 2006, Martina Navratilova was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month. … Read More
Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century (1999), named her as the second best female player of the 20th century, directly behind Graf. Read Less
FIFTIES
2007 - 2012 4 More Events
2007 50 Years Old Navratilova was quoted in 2007 as being ashamed of the US under President George W. Bush because unlike the communist regime in Czechoslovakia, Bush was elected. … Read More
By winning the 1983 US Open title, Navratilova completed the Career Grand Slam. She became only the seventh female player in history to achieve this. Read Less
2008 51 Years Old In 2008, Navratilova's mother died of emphysema, aged 75.
2011 54 Years Old In June 2011, she was named one of the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" by Time.
2012 55 Years Old In March 2012, The Tennis Channel named Navratilova as the second greatest female tennis player of all times, behind Steffi Graf, in their list of 100 greatest tennis players of all times.
2013 56 Years Old On August 2, 2013, Navratilova was among the first class of inductees into the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame.
2014 57 Years Old They married in New York on December 15, 2014. … Read More
On April 7, 2010, Navratilova announced that she was being treated for breast cancer. A routine mammogram in January 2010 revealed that she had a ductal carcinoma in situ in her left breast, which she was informed of on February 24, and in March she had the tumour surgically removed; she received radiation therapy in May.<br /><br /> In December 2010, Navratilova was hospitalized after developing high altitude pulmonary edema while attempting a climb of Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.<br /><br /> When not playing tennis, Navratilova is involved with various charities that benefit animal rights, underprivileged children, and gay rights. She participated in a lawsuit against Amendment 2, a successful 1992 ballot proposition in Colorado designed to prevent sexual orientation from being a protected class. In 1993, she spoke before the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation. She also serves as the Health and Fitness Ambassador for AARP in an alliance created to help AARP's millions of members lead active, healthy lives. Read Less
2016 59 Years Old On 12 May 2016, Navratilova was made an honorary fellow of Lucy Cavendish College of the University of Cambridge. … Read More
In 1996, Navratilova was featured with American football player Art Monk in an endorsement for PowerBook in an ad series "What's on Your PowerBook?" In November 2008, Martina Navratilova appeared on the UK's ITV series Series 8 of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!; she finished runner-up to Joe Swash. In February 2012 Navratilova was announced as a cast member on the 14th season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with Tony Dovolani, but they were the first pair eliminated. Navratilova guest-starred as a dissatisfied Yelp reviewer in episode three of the third season of absurdist comedy Portlandia. Read Less
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Navratilova .
| Prague |
What type of animal is Sooty the Bear’s girlfriend Soo? | Martina Navratilova | American tennis player | Britannica.com
American tennis player
Martina Navratilova, (born October 18, 1956, Prague , Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), Czech-born American tennis player, who dominated women’s tennis in the late 1970s and the ’80s.
Martina Navratilova after winning the Wimbledon championship, 1984.
Allsport/Getty Images
Navratilova played in her first tennis tournament at eight years of age. A left-handed player who ranked number one in Czechoslovakia from 1972 to 1975, she won international notice when she led her team to victory in the 1975 Federation Cup . In that year she went into exile in the United States; she became a U.S. citizen in 1981.
From 1975 Navratilova was consistently one of the top five women tennis players. She made her first claim to the number-one position in 1978, after winning the Virginia Slims championship and the Wimbledon women’s singles final. In 1979 she again won the Wimbledon women’s singles as well as the women’s doubles and was ranked the undisputed top player.
In 1982 Navratilova won 90 of 93 matches, including 41 consecutive matches, and 15 tournaments, notably the Wimbledon women’s singles and the French Open women’s singles. The following year she won 86 of 87 matches, the U.S. Open women’s singles, the Wimbledon women’s singles, and the Australian Open women’s singles. Beginning with the 1983 Wimbledon title, she won six consecutive Grand Slam women’s singles titles. The 1980s also marked the height of her friendly rivalry with Chris Evert . Navratilova pitted her serve-and-volley game against Evert’s baseline style in 80 matches, winning 43 of them. In 1986 at Filderstadt, West Germany , she became the second player in modern tennis to win 1,000 matches.
Martina Navratilova competing in the 1986 Wimbledon Championships.
Leo Mason
By 1990 Navratilova had won the women’s singles championships of the French Open twice (1982, 1984), the Australian Open three times (1981, 1983, 1985), the U.S. Open four times (1983, 1984, 1986, 1987), and Wimbledon a record nine times (1978, 1979, 1982–87, 1990). In 1987, along with her singles championship, she won both the women’s doubles and the mixed doubles to become the first triple-crown champion at the U.S. Open since 1970. On winning her 158th title in 1992 in Chicago, Navratilova had accumulated more championships than any other player, male or female, in the history of tennis. She retired from singles play after the 1994 season, having won 167 titles in all.
Britannica Stories
| i don't know |
Who plays the Alfred the butler in the 2005 film ‘Batman Begins’? | ‘Dark Knight Rises’: Michael Caine on Alfred’s final scene | Hero Complex – movies, comics, pop culture – Los Angeles Times
‘Dark Knight Rises’: Michael Caine on Alfred’s final scene
Dec. 05, 2012 | 8:00 a.m.
Michael Caine as Alfred in “The Dark Knight Rises.” (Warner Bros.)
Michael Caine distinctly remembers the morning Christopher Nolan turned up at his English country home with a screenplay for the two-time Oscar-winning actor to read.
“My instant thought was, I’m going to be in one of these wonderful little dramas, murder thrillers. I’d love that,” Caine recalled during an interview late last week.
The screenplay, of course, wasn’t for a film like Nolan’s time-bending indie “Memento” or his crime drama “Insomnia.” It was for 2005’s “Batman Begins,” which ultimately would include some of the same hallmarks as those moody, evocative thrillers — precision, tension, mystery — the signature qualities that would carry forward into “The Dark Knight” and “The Dark Knight Rises,” the last of which comes to DVD and Blu-ray this week.
“I thought to myself, I’m a bit old for Batman,” Caine said. “So, I said, ‘Who am I going to play?’ He said, ‘The butler.’ I immediately thought I’ll be spending the entire series saying, ‘Dinner is served’ and ‘Would you like a coffee?’ I thought, well, I’ll read it and turn it down.
“I said, ‘OK, I’ll call you tomorrow and let you know whether I want to do it or not,'” he continued. “And this is where I first found out Chris is the most secretive director you’ve ever come across. It’s like working for MI6.”
Nolan asked Caine to read the script right away, and the actor obliged while his wife shared a cup of tea with their unexpected guest. And Caine soon discovered that in Nolan’s universe, Alfred Pennyworth, the confidant of the DC Comics caped vigilante, was much more than hired help.
“I thought it was wonderful,” Caine said of the role. “He was the foster father of young Bruce Wayne whose parents got killed and started to bring him up. I thought this is a great director. He’s never made a big-budget movie like this and [Warner Bros. has] given him a shot. I thought, I’m going to go with him and I’ll see how we get on.”
The answer, it turned out, was quite well. These years later, Caine, who still more often refers to Alfred by his job rather than his first name, considers himself Nolan’s “biggest fan,” comparing the filmmaker to David Lean and praising his ability not just to direct but also to write screenplays and create complex, nuanced characters so often absent from big-budget studio fare.
Christopher Nolan on the set of “The Dark Knight Rises.” (Ron Phillips / Warner Bros.)
Caine, of course, is hardly alone in that opinion. When “The Dark Knight Rises” was released in July, critics hailed the final installment in the Gotham City triptych, which sees Christian Bale’s Bruce Wayne compelled to don the cowl to battle a masked menace named Bane after years in seclusion. The mission puts him in conflict with Alfred, who fears that time has dulled Wayne’s skills and that returning to the battlefield opposite such an uncompromising foe could end in his destruction.
“What happened with Alfred was in the three films — ‘Batman Begins,’ ‘The Dark Knight,’ ‘The Dark Knight Rises’ — that could have made one whole film as a relationship,” Caine said. “It had a beginning, a middle and an end. I watched [Bruce Wayne] go into being Batman, I watched him get into trouble being Batman and at the end I tried to get him out of being Batman and when he wouldn’t I walked away. It was a complete story for me.”
Writing in The Times, critic Kenneth Turan called “The Dark Knight Rises” “potent, persuasive and hypnotic,” adding of Nolan, “To have a director this gifted turning his ability and attention to such an unapologetically commercial project is beyond heartening in an age in which the promise of film as a popular art is tarnished almost beyond recognition.”
“The thing about Chris is he’s not a normal blockbuster director,” agreed Caine. “Normally when you get these blockbusters, they spend so much money on the stunts and the scenery, they haven’t got any money left over for actors so they never write any great dramatic parts in. But everything in his movie is written like a drama. You could take it out and make a movie about that, the relationship with the butler.”
Looking back, Caine said he was so pleased with his part in the final film he was “sort of delirious.” Yet, when it was over, and he and the other actors were shooting the last scene, the dreamy concluding sequence that takes place in a European cafe, “there were no tears.”
“We all knew the time had come to stop,” Caine said. “We knew we were now going to go on the downward stretch. We got better and better and better and then we thought, yeah, this is it. Forget it now. Let’s go and do something else. We were sort of sad but happy that we weren’t going to do another one and screw it up.”
Anne Hathaway as Selina Kyle and Michael Caine as Alfred in “The Dark Knight Rises.” (Ron Phillips / Warner Bros.)
The actor is also quick to dispel any ambiguity about the film’s ending. Asked about the scene in which Alfred spies Bruce Wayne and Anne Hathaway’s Selina Kyle sitting together at a neighboring table in that restaurant — a shot that suggests that Alfred’s wish for Bruce has come true, that his former charge has found a companion to bring him some measure of inner peace and happiness, enabling him to finally leave behind his self-appointed role as Gotham’s unofficial protector — Caine is quite emphatic.
“They were there,” Caine said. “They were real. There was no imagination. They were real and he was with Anne, the cat lady, and I was happy ever after for him as I told him during the picture.”
As for Caine’s future with the character, he’s keeping an open mind. Nolan and Bale have said they won’t return to Gotham, but Caine’s Alfred could potentially turn up again, should he be invited. Perhaps in that long-discussed “Justice League” movie?
“I said to Chris, ‘If they do it again and they ask me to be the Butler, I’m going to do it,'” Caine said and chuckled. “He said, ‘I want 10%.'”
— Gina McIntyre
| Michael Caine |
Who was the first US President to appear on television while still in office? | Batman Begins (Movie) | DC Database | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Tumbler
Plot
Batman Begins is a 2005 superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman . The film is directed by Christopher Nolan, written by David S. Goyer, and stars Christian Bale as Batman. The film notably uses a higher number of practical special effects than most big-budget mainstream films.
Batman Begins was the fifth live-action Batman movie since 1989 and was a reboot to the superhero's film franchise. It tells the origin story of the character as he takes on crime for the first time in Gotham. It is a significantly darker film, studying the character's inner struggle between justice and vengeance.
Batman Begins was released on June 15, 2005. It received high praise from critics and general audiences, being considered by many as the best of the series, with praise for Bale's performance. The film was followed by a 2008 sequel, The Dark Knight.
Synopsis
The film opens with a young Bruce Wayne playing with his childhood friend, Rachel Dawes. In the course of a game, Bruce falls down a well where he is attacked by bats as they fly up and out of the well into the sky. Years later, Bruce awakens from a nightmare of these events and is revealed to be a prisoner in an unnamed Asian country. After being attacked by six men in the breakfast queue, he is put into solitary confinement and gets approached by Henri Ducard , who speaks for Ra's al Ghul -leader of the League of Shadows . Henri claims to understand what drives Bruce, as well as offers the younger man - who, in his relentless pursuit to understand the criminal mind, has lost his way - a purpose in life. Released the next day, Bruce travels to the top of the a mountain to reach the headquarters and begin his training with the League of Shadows. Earlier, the 8-year-old Bruce is rescued by his kindly father, Thomas Wayne . Bruce begins having nightmares about bats. One night, the Waynes go to a production of the opera Mefistofele, where Bruce is frightened by the portrayals of bat-like demons. After begging his father, Bruce and the family exit into an alley where they are confronted by an armed mugger, Joe Chill , who shoots (accidentally) and kills both the Wayne parents, Thomas and Martha. Moments later, Bruce is comforted by James Gordon when Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb enters the scene to tell Bruce that Joe Chill has been arrested for the manslaughter ("murder") of his parents. Bruce is taken home by the family butler Alfred Pennyworth , who raises him in the absence of his parents.
When Bruce becomes a young man, he drops out of his first year at Princeton University and returns to Gotham. Joe Chill is murdered immediately after agreeing to testify against mob boss Carmine Falcone . Bruce had been planning to kill Chill, but was robbed of the opportunity when Chill was killed by a female mob operative passing as a reporter. He reveals his intentions to Rachel, who is interning with the Gotham District Attorney Carl Finch. She gives a lecture on the difference between justice and revenge. After realizing his own naivete to the differences between justice and vengeance, Bruce confronts Falcone in his restaurant, but he gets taunted for being unprepared and beaten. He then steals away on a cargo ship and travels the world for nearly seven years, seeking the means to fight injustice, but he is immediately mistaken for a criminal by Asian police. After Bruce's training in the League of Shadows, Ra's and Henri tell Bruce his purpose: that he must lead the League to destroy Gotham because it is so consumed with crime. Bruce refuses to become a murderer and battles Ra's before making his escape. Ra's is killed in the battle, but Bruce manages to save an unconscious Henri and return to Gotham City.
Things have gotten worse in Gotham however: Falcone's crime syndicate dominates the city in an evil, vicious, ruthless, tyrannical reign of fear and terror. Sgt. Jim Gordon is one of the few honest police officers in the city. Bruce stealthily enlists the help of the reluctant Gordon, as well as befriends an unequitably demoted senior company researcher, Lucius Fox of Wayne Enterprises , recruiting him as his armorer in order to gain body armor that makes up his costume and a prototype armored car . That night, a drug shipment overseen by Falcone is smashed apart by a presence who easily overpowers the thugs employed by Falcone. Falcone, terrified and alone, is trapped in his car, only to be brutally dragged out - and thus becomes the first person to come face to face with Batman. The police then arrive and arrest Falcone, who is helpless as he is tied to a light that in the night sky, shows a bat-like shadow. Later, easily overpowering one of the assassins targeting Rachel Dawes, he provides Rachel with evidence capable of indicting Falcone. While Falcone is in jail, his deal with the district attorney goes raw. Dr. Jonathan Crane meets with Falcone to inform him that Rachel Dawes has concerning evidence against him, that could get him convicted. Falcone suggests buying her out but Crane states she will not agree to that. After an argument, Crane infects Faclone with "fear gas" that has the potential to make someone so afraid and panicked that he or she goes insane- seeing their worst fears take form through hallucinations. While investigating the "unusual" drugs in the shipment, Batman is stunned by "The Scarecrow" (Dr. Jonathan Crane) - who sprays him with a highly potent fear nerve gas. Bruce is saved by an anti-toxin developed by Lucius. Crane later summons Rachel to Arkham Asylum and shows her the now psychotic Falcone along with that the panic and fear inducing toxin has been introduced into Gotham's water supply from Arkham for weeks. Once Rachel is infected, Crane demands to know who else suspects him. Rachel is saved by Batman, however, after administering the antidote. He later gives Rachel a vial for Gordon.
Later at his birthday party, Bruce is confronted by the League of Shadows and Ra's al Ghul, along with Henri Ducard, who reveals himself to be the real Ra's Al Ghul, with the other man a mere decoy. He has arrived in Gotham personally to destroy the city - conspiring with Crane (who had no idea of the true plan) to poison Gotham's water supply with the toxin, vaporizing it with a stolen device from Wayne Enterprises. As such, Ra's intends to spread the panic across Gotham. Bruce and Ra's fight while Ra's henchman begin to burn down Wayne Manor after Bruce tricks everyone to leave after being rude, pretending he was drunk to save them from being killed. Meanwhile, the other henchmen of Ra's Al Ghul release all the inmates at Arkham. Although Wayne Manor is destroyed, Bruce escapes the inferno thanks to the help of Alfred. Rachel and Gordon - both inoculated - quickly become the only two people in the Narrows not driven psychotic . Before going for Ghul, Batman lets Rachel know he's Bruce Wayne, by quoting a phrase she told him before. Then he enlists Gordon to drive the Batmobile to the central hub of the Gotham subway - Wayne Tower. Ra's has already boarded the train: his objective is to send the water vaporizer on the train to a major water hub almost right under Wayne Tower, then vaporize nearly all of Gotham's entire water supply. Bruce confronts Ra's on the train as Batman. They battle and Batman eventually defeats Ghul, as Gordon destroys the subway line - thus preventing the hub of the water supply from being vaporized. Batman escapes the subway car, leaving Ghul to crash into the tower and Ra's is (presumably) killed in the explosion. Following the battle, Batman becomes a public hero. Meanwhile Bruce gains control of his family's company and installs Fox as the CEO, firing William Earle, the previous CEO who was highly corrupt. However, Bruce is unable to hold onto Rachel, who, despite having fallen in love with Bruce, cannot reconcile him with being Batman. Gordon still expresses some reservations about Batman's role as he may lead to a form of escalation in the type of crime that Gotham will face, even though Gordon made a Bat-Signal for Batman. To prove his point about his reservations, Gordon explains about a new criminal that has "a taste for the theatrical" like Batman. He leaves a Joker playing card at all of his crime scenes. Batman promises to look into it.
Cast
Rutger Hauer as William Earle
Gerard Murphy as Judge Faden
Larry Holden as Carl Finch
Characters
Many characters in Batman Begins had been previously established in Batman canon.
Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman : Bruce Wayne is a Gothamite billionaire whose parents were killed by a mugger when he was 8 years old. Traveling the world for nearly seven years years, he returns to Gotham. At night, Bruce becomes Batman, Gotham City's undercover vigilante protector, to defend the city from the crime that got his parents killed.
Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth : Alfred Pennyworth was the trusted butler to Bruce Wayne's parents, who continues his loyal service to their son after their deaths. He is Bruce Wayne's strongest confidante.
Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes: Rachel Dawes is a childhood friend of Bruce Wayne who works as an assistant to Gotham City's District Attorney and fights against the corruption in the city.
Gary Oldman as James Gordon : James Gordon is a member of the Gotham City Police Department and one of the few uncorrupted cops in Gotham City.
Cillian Murphy as Dr. Jonathan Crane / The Scarecrow : Dr. Jonathan Crane is a psychiatrist who works at Arkham Asylum who has developed fear-inducing toxins to take on the persona of the Scarecrow.
Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox : Lucius Fox was a high-ranking Wayne Enterprises employee who was demoted to working in the company's Applied Science Division. Fox supplies Bruce Wayne with much of the gear necessary to carry out Batman's mission and is also promoted to CEO when Wayne re-possesses the company.
Liam Neeson as Henri Ducard / Ra's al Ghul : Ra's al Ghul is the leader of the League of Shadows who impersonates his own right-hand man, Henri Ducard, for misdirection and trains Bruce Wayne to become a warrior. His methods and ideology are more extreme than the one Bruce embraces.
Ken Watanabe as Ra's al Ghul (Decoy): The decoy Ra's al Ghul is a member of the League of Shadows who impersonates the role of leader for the organization, actually held by Ra's al Ghul under the guise of right-hand man Henri Ducard.
Tom Wilkinson as Carmine Falcone : Carmine Falcone is an evil, ruthless, vicious, tyrannical gangster who rules Gotham with an iron fist through fear and terror, having many of the city's authorities in his pocket, making him the de facto supreme ruler of Gotham City itself.
Linus Roache as Thomas Wayne : Thomas Wayne was Bruce Wayne's father, killed by Joe Chill when his son was 8 years old.
Sara Stewart as Martha Wayne : Martha Wayne was Bruce Wayne's mother, killed by Joe Chill when her son was 8 years old.
Rutger Hauer as William Earle : William Earle was the highly corrupt CEO of Wayne Enterprises who makes the company go public in the long-term absence of Bruce Wayne.
Tim Booth as Victor Zsasz : Victor Zsasz is one of the many detainees of Arkham Asylum who goes loose in Gotham City's Narrows following Batman's showdown with Ra's al Ghul.
Notes
In September 2003, director Christopher Nolan was reported to be considering Billy Crudup, Jake Gyllenhaal, Christian Bale, Hugh Dancy, Joshua Jackson, and Cillian Murphy for the role of Bruce Wayne. On September 11, 2003, Warner Bros. Pictures announced by press release that Christian Bale had been cast as the next Batman. Director Nolan said of Bale, "He has exactly the balance of darkness and light that we were looking for." Since he had lost a great deal of weight in preparation for his role in The Machinist, Christian Bale hired a personal trainer to help him gain 100 pounds in the span of only a couple of months to help him physically prepare for the role of Bruce Wayne / Batman. This effectively shattered the record of 70 pounds set by Vincent D'Onofrio in 1987 for his role in Full Metal Jacket. At first he went well over the weight required (taking literally Nolan's instructions to "get as big as you can"), and when he was first introduced to the crew there was concern over whether he'd look right for the part. However, Bale worked hard to lose the excess weight, and was ready in time for filming.
Nolan decided against Cillian Murphy (28 Days Later, Red Eye) for Batman, but instead cast him to portray villain Dr. Crane/The Scarecrow. On the same day of Murphy's announcement, Michael Caine said in an interview that Nolan was considering Viggo Mortensen for the role of the film's villain, not yet announced. Actor Chris Cooper had been offered the role of Jim Gordon, but turned it down since the character did not meet his expectations.
Departure from canon
In the film, Ra's al Ghul's organization is called the League of Shadows . In the DC Multiverse , the organization is generally known as the League of Assassins , as well as called Brotherhood of the Demon in an early issue. In addition, the character Ra's al Ghul was introduced in the film before Robin had yet to appear. This was a reverse of the Batman comics. Furthermore, Ra's al Ghul was Arabian in the comics, where the real Ra's al Ghul, who used an Arabian decoy for misdirection, might actually be European in the film's story.
In Batman Begins, Bruce Wayne's personal history differed from mainstream comic canon. In the comics, Bruce Wayne's decision to wage war on crime followed almost immediately from the deaths of his parents. Bruce had spent his entire childhood and young adulthood honing his mind and body to the task. He might have studied criminology and/or criminal law (presumably during his brief tenure at Princeton), but he did not begin his serious training until reaching young adulthood. Bruce's motivations to use the bat as his totem differed markedly as well. In most of the comics continuities, a chance encounter with a bat (flew into his study window etc.) after his training had been completed caused Bruce to take on the personality of "Batman". In the movie, this stemmed from his childhood phobia of bats, which he was forced to confront during his training.
At the end of Batman Begins, Batman told Ra's al Ghul prior to the crash of the train they were riding that he wouldn't kill the antagonist, but he didn't have to save him, either. In the comics, Batman followed the moral code of preserving the lives of even his most ruthless foes (notably the Joker , who is arguably most likely his most ruthless adversary of all), though darker comics such as Batman: A Death in the Family and various films depart slightly from this.
Trivia
| i don't know |
Castle Howard is in which English county? | CASTLE HOWARD - 1001059| Historic England
CASTLE HOWARD
List Entry Summary
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by English Heritage for its special historic interest.
Name: CASTLE HOWARD
The garden or other land may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
County: North Yorkshire
National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.
Grade: I
Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.
Legacy System Information
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System: Parks and Gardens
UID: 2061
Asset Groupings
This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.
List entry Description
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
Reasons for Designation
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
History
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
Details
Gardens, pleasure grounds and park with a mixture of geometric and less formal features developed c 1698-1738 by Charles Howard, third Earl of Carlisle and Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726 ) possibly with some advice from Stephen Switzer (1682-1745). The monumental scale and conception of the landscape with structures designed by Vanbrugh and Hawksmoor make Castle Howard an outstanding example of what Christopher Hussey has described as the Heroic Age of English landscape architecture, and the adoption of an informal design, possibly by Switzer, for Ray Wood has been seen as decisively important for the development of the `natural' style in England.
NOTE This entry is a summary. Because of the complexity of this site, the standard Register entry format would convey neither an adequate description nor a satisfactory account of the development of the landscape. The user is advised to consult the references given below for more detailed accounts. Many Listed Buildings exist within the site, not all of which have been here referred to. Descriptions of these are to be found in the List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest produced by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport.
HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
The estate was acquired by the Howard family in 1571 when it was the site of Henderskelfe Castle and village. Henderskelfe was described by John Leland in 1540 who estimated that the park was `4 miles yn cumpace, and hath much fair young wood yn it¿ (quoted in Antiqs J 1979). Charles Howard, third Earl of Carlisle rejected a scheme of c 1698 by George London (d 1714) with canals, avenues and circular lawns. Vanbrugh was consulted and visited the site in 1699, continuing to work on it until his death in 1726. Works to Vanbrugh's designs continued after his death, probably supervised by his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor (1661-1736) who was responsible for the design of some of the park structures.
Later C18 works included the creation of the Great Lake on the north side of the Castle. In 1850 the south parterre was remodelled by W A Nesfield (1793-1881) and the Atlas Fountain (Nesfield with figures by J Thomas, listed grade I) was installed. Nesfield also undertook works to the South Lake and designed a cascade (listed grade II) at its east end. Nesfield's parterre proved expensive to maintain and it was replaced by the ninth Countess in the early 1890s with the present (1998) grass terrace and yew hedges. At the same time the banks of the South Lake were remodelled to give less rigid outlines.
Horace Walpole is one of the better known of the many commentators on Castle Howard and following a visit he described it in 1772 as presenting `the grandest scenes of rural magnificence' which allowed him to see `at one view... a palace, a town, a fortified city, temples on high places, woods worthy of being each a metropolis of the Druids, the noblest lawn on earth fenced by half the horizon, and a mausoleum that would tempt one to be buried alive' (quoted in Jellicoe et al 1986).
The estate is in private ownership (1998).
SUMMARY DESCRIPTION
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING Castle Howard lies c 20km north-east of York in a rural and agricultural setting. The c 1240ha site is on high rolling land and the boundaries are fenced and walled.
The principal entrance to the site is from a beech and lime avenue c 6km in length which runs approximately north/south on the west side of the Castle extending both north and south of the park. At the south end The Monument (F P Cockerell 1869-70, listed grade II*) is a tall stone column, and c 1.4km to the north of this the pedimented Carmire Gate (Hawksmoor c 1720, listed grade I), is flanked by crenellated walls. Aligned with the Carmire Gate and visible from it at the top of a hill, the Gatehouse or Pyramid Gate (Vanbrugh 1719 with flanking wings of 1756 by Sir Thomas Robinson, listed grade I) has a central arch capped by a pyramid and is flanked by walls extending to the east and west along the top of the slope. The walls are punctuated by a succession of towers of different designs (walls and towers by Vanbrugh c 1723, listed grade I). The drive continues through the Gatehouse's central arched opening to The Obelisk (Vanbrugh 1714, listed grade I) from which an avenue leads east to the Castle. The main avenue continues northwards terminating at Sheep Walk. This route was laid out by Vanbrugh and completed c 1723. From the south it is one of the grandest approaches to a country house in England with the succession of structures contributing to a mounting sense of anticipation as the visitor draws closer to the Castle. The approach from the north is chiefly notable for outstanding views of the Castle overlooking the Great Lake.
Castle Howard (listed grade I) lies on an elevated site close to the centre of the park and enjoys long-distance views from the north and south fronts. It was designed by Sir John Vanbrugh (with assistance from Nicholas Hawksmoor) and was his first country house commission. Charles Howard initially consulted William Talman but rejected his designs and instead adopted Vanbrugh's proposals, though these were not fully executed and the west wing is the work of Sir Thomas Robinson executed in the years following 1756. Castle Howard is a private residence (1998).
The stables (listed grade I) lie c 300m south-west of the Castle. They were designed by John Carr in 1781-4 for the fifth Earl of Carlisle.
On the north side of the Castle there are extensive views over parkland and the Great Lake, which was constructed 1795-9. Broad Walk is one of the principal axial routes running east/west along the south front of the Castle, continuing alongside the kitchen garden and terminating at the west end with a clairvoie called Victoria Gates (early and mid C18, listed grade I). The vista on the east side is terminated by an urn (C18, listed grade II) in Ray Wood. The South Parterre is aligned with the south front of the Castle and at its southern edge there is a ha-ha. Views to the south are dominated by a large folly called The Pyramid (Hawksmoor 1728, listed grade I).
South-east of the Castle a terraced walk, called the Temple Terrace (formerly Henderskelfe¿s village street) runs south-east and below this, to the south, South Lake dates from the 1720s. The east end of the Lake is connected to New River by Nesfield's cascade, basin and waterfall. Temple Terrace continues along the southern edge of Ray Wood and leads to the Temple of the Four Winds (Vanbrugh 1724-8, listed grade I), an imposing porticoed pavilion with a central dome, which stands at the head of a valley and has views to the south and east of the bridge over New River (attrib. Daniel Garret c 1740, listed grade I). Also visible on a bluff c 1.2km east of the Castle, The Mausoleum (Hawksmoor and others 1729-40, listed grade I), is a massive domed monument more than 30m in height encircled by twenty columns. This structure is one of Hawksmoor's best-known and most striking provincial works and is a prominent landmark.
North-east of the Castle is Ray Wood, for which London had proposed a geometrical pattern of rides. Instead a system of serpentine paths was instituted but these fell into disuse later in the C18. The wood has an important collection of Rhododendrons which was retained when the trees were felled in the 1940s, and when the trees were replanted in the 1960s, and a system of winding pathways was reintroduced. On the east side of Ray Wood there is a walkway between the Temple of the Four Winds and the site of Hawksmoor's Temple of Venus which collapsed in the 1940s.
The park to the south and east is sheltered by woodland, and in Pretty Wood, in the south-east corner of the site, a pyramid (Hawksmoor 1720s, listed grade I) and a sculpture called the Four Faces (Hawksmoor 1720s, listed grade I) are linked by a system of rides.
KITCHEN GARDEN The kitchen garden lies c 100m south-west of the Castle. The walls and gateways (listed grade I) were designed by Vanbrugh and extended to the west in the mid C18.
REFERENCES C Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus. 3, (1725), pp 5-6 Society of Gentlemen, England Displayed 2, (1769), pp 144, 147 A Young, Six Month's Tour Through North of England (1771), pp 60-2 W Angus, Seats of the nobility and gentry (1787), pl 3 Duke of Rutland, Journal of a Tour to the Northern Parts of Great Britain (1813), pp 101-7 E A Brooke, Gardens of England (1857), pls 33-4 Gardeners' Chronicle 2, (1890), pp 321-2 Country Life, 16 (1 October 1904), pp 486-95; 20 (6 October 1906), pp 492-4; 61 (4 June 1927), pp 884-93; 62 (6 August 1927), pp 200-8; (13 August 1927), pp 230-7; 156 (12 September 1974), p 694; 173 (17 March 1983), p 636; no 2 (11 January 1990), pp 62-5 C Holme, Gardens of England in Midland and Eastern Counties (1908), pls 25-8 G Jekyll, Garden Ornament (1918), pp 241, 244 Lady Rockley, Historic Gardens of England (1938), pp 180-1 L Whistler, The Imagination of Vanbrugh and his Fellow Artists (1954), pls 19-20 J Evelyn, Diary 4, (1955), pp 593-4 K Downes, Hawksmoor (1969), pp 47-51, 173-4, 190-206 M Binney & A Hills, Elysian Gardens (1979), pp 15, 37 Antiqs J 58 (part 2), (1979), pp 358-60 J Summerson, Architecture in Britain 1530¿1830 (revised and enlarged 1983), pp 280-3 G Beard, John Vanbrugh (1986), pp 31-7, 83-93 G & S Jellicoe et al, The Oxford Companion to Gardens (1986), pp 98-9 Castle Howard, guidebook, (1997)
Maps [all held in a private collection] Estate map, 1694 Estate map, 1727 N Hawksmoor, Plan of Henderskelfe, nd, c 1700 [See also Whistler 1954]
OS 6" to 1 mile: 3rd edition published 1912
Description written: September 1998 Amended: October 2004 Register Inspector: CEH Edited: October 1999
Selected Sources
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details
National Grid Reference: SE7147370728
© Crown Copyright and database right 2017. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900.
© British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2017. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006.
Use of this data is subject to Terms and Conditions .
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1001059 .pdf
The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 20-Jan-2017 at 05:33:08.
End of official listing
| Yorkshire |
The headwear item ‘yamulke’ is better known by what name? | Castle Howard - YouTube videos exploring the house and grounds
Watch Video >
The Guardian - The Best British buildings
The Guardian's architecture and design correspondent Jonathan Glancey enters Castle Howard - one of the most theatrical family homes in England.
Watch Video >
When are you coming?
If you are planning a visit to Yorkshire, take the time to enjoy this film produced by Welcome to Yorkshire, our regional tourism marketing team.
Watch Video >
Bringing in the Christmas Tree
Watch the Castle Howard Gardens Team bring in the Great Hall Christmas Tree. This film, originally shown in November 2011, is posted by kind permission of ITV Calendar News.
Watch Video >
Christmas at Castle Howard
Christmas at Castle Howard is a must for visitors of all ages. With rooms lit by roaring fires and candlelight, this is a magical time to explore one of England's finest historic houses.
| i don't know |
Dydd Iau is Welsh for which day of the week? | BBC Wales - Learn Welsh the Big Welsh Challenge - Days Of The Week
Helpful Notes
Days Of The Week
The days of the week are essential as they crop up all the time. Just remember to say 'Dydd' in front of each one. Also, it sometimes help to think of something in English to latch on to if you can't remember words.
Sunday - Dydd Sul.
Think of the sun or Solar.
Monday - Dydd Llun.
Think of the moon or lunar.
Tuesday - Dydd Mawrth.
Think of the planet Mars.
Wednesday - Dydd Mercher.
Think of the planet Mercury.
Thursday - Dydd Iau.
This is linked to Jove or Jupiter, but think of touching something hot and the exclamation 'Iai!' for Thursday.
Friday - Dydd Gwener.
Again this is linked to Venus. Think of a beautiful woman called Gwen.
Saturday - Dydd Sadwrn.
| Thursday |
The quetzal is the basic monetary unit of which country? | BBC Wales - Learn Welsh the Big Welsh Challenge - Days Of The Week
Helpful Notes
Days Of The Week
The days of the week are essential as they crop up all the time. Just remember to say 'Dydd' in front of each one. Also, it sometimes help to think of something in English to latch on to if you can't remember words.
Sunday - Dydd Sul.
Think of the sun or Solar.
Monday - Dydd Llun.
Think of the moon or lunar.
Tuesday - Dydd Mawrth.
Think of the planet Mars.
Wednesday - Dydd Mercher.
Think of the planet Mercury.
Thursday - Dydd Iau.
This is linked to Jove or Jupiter, but think of touching something hot and the exclamation 'Iai!' for Thursday.
Friday - Dydd Gwener.
Again this is linked to Venus. Think of a beautiful woman called Gwen.
Saturday - Dydd Sadwrn.
| i don't know |
The East Siberian Sea lies in which body of water? | Map of East Siberian Sea, East Siberian Sea Location Facts, Major Bodies of Water, Russia - World Atlas
Map of East Siberian Sea, East Siberian Sea Location Facts, Major Bodies of Water, Russia
East Siberian Sea
The East Siberian Sea, an arm of the Arctic Ocean, is located off the coastline of Siberia in far northeastern Russia.
It is bordered by the Laptev Sea and the New Siberian Islands in the west, and by the Chukchi Sea and Russia's Wrangel Island in the east.
The northern border (shown) is a mapping opinion of Graphic Maps.
This shallow sea is frozen-solid for most of the year, and only navigable during the ice-free months of August and September.
| Arctic Ocean |
What is the collective name for a group of rhinos? | Seas - 2 | Britannica.com
Seas
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Displaying 1 - 76 of 76 results
Adriatic Sea arm of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas. The Strait of Otranto at its southeasterly limit links it with the Ionian Sea. It is about 500 miles (800 km) long with an average width of 100 miles, a maximum depth of 4,035...
Aegean Sea an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, located between the Greek peninsula on the west and Asia Minor on the east. About 380 miles (612 km) long and 186 miles (299 km) wide, it has a total area of some 83,000 square miles (215,000 square km). The Aegean is...
Amphitrite in Greek mythology, the goddess of the sea, wife of the god Poseidon, and one of the 50 (or 100) daughters (the Nereids) of Nereus and Doris (the daughter of Oceanus). Poseidon chose Amphitrite from among her sisters as the Nereids performed a dance...
Andaman Sea marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean. It is bounded to the north by the Irrawaddy River delta of Myanmar (Burma); to the east by peninsular Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaysia; to the south by the Indonesian island of Sumatra and by the Strait of...
Arabian Sea northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, covering a total area of about 1,491,000 square miles (3,862,000 square km) and forming part of the principal sea route between Europe and India. It is bounded to the west by the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula,...
Arafura Sea shallow sea of the western Pacific Ocean, occupying 250,000 square miles (650,000 square km) between the north coast of Australia (Gulf of Carpentaria) and the south coast of New Guinea. It merges with the Timor Sea on the west and the Banda and Ceram...
Aral Sea a once-large saltwater lake of Central Asia. It straddles the boundary between Kazakhstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the south. The shallow Aral Sea was once the world’s fourth largest body of inland water. The remnants of it nestle in the climatically...
Azov, Sea of inland sea situated off the southern shores of Ukraine and Russia. It forms a northern extension of the Black Sea, to which it is linked on the south by the Kerch Strait. The Sea of Azov is about 210 miles (340 km) long and 85 miles (135 km) wide and...
Baltic Sea arm of the North Atlantic Ocean, extending northward from the latitude of southern Denmark almost to the Arctic Circle and separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe. The largest expanse of brackish water in the world,...
Banda Sea portion of the western South Pacific Ocean, bounded by the southern islands of the Moluccas of Indonesia (Alor, Timor, Wetar, Babar, Tanimbar, and Kai on the south and Ceram, Buru, and Sula on the north). It occupies a total of 180,000 square miles (470,000...
Barents Sea outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean 800 miles (1,300 km) long and 650 miles (1,050 km) wide and covering 542,000 square miles (1,405,000 square km). Its average depth is 750 feet (229 m), plunging to a maximum of 2,000 feet (600 m) in the major Bear...
Beaufort Sea outlying sea of the Arctic Ocean situated north of Canada and Alaska. It extends northeastward from Point Barrow, Alaska, toward Lands End on Prince Patrick Island, and westward from Banks Island to the Chukchi Sea. Its surface area is about 184,000...
Bering Sea northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, separating the continents of Asia and North America. To the north the Bering Sea connects with the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait, at the narrowest point of which the two continents are about 53 miles (85...
Bermuda Triangle section of the North Atlantic Ocean off North America in which more than 50 ships and 20 airplanes are said to have mysteriously disappeared. The area, whose boundaries are not universally agreed upon, has a vaguely triangular shape marked by the southern...
Bismarck Sea section of the southwestern Pacific Ocean, bounded to the southwest by the northeast coast of New Guinea and to the northwest through to the southeast by the Bismarck Archipelago, consisting of the Admiralty Islands (north), New Ireland (east), and New...
Black Sea large inland sea situated at the southeastern extremity of Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine to the north, Russia to the northeast, Georgia to the east, Turkey to the south, and Bulgaria and Romania to the west. The roughly oval-shaped Black Sea occupies...
Bohol Sea section of the western North Pacific Ocean. Measuring about 170 miles (270 km) east–west, it is bounded by the islands of the Philippines—Mindanao (south and east), Leyte, Bohol, and Cebu (north), and Negros (west). It opens north to the Visayan Sea...
Bothnian Sea the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the northern arm of the Baltic Sea, which lies between Finland and Sweden.
Caribbean Sea suboceanic basin of the western Atlantic Ocean, lying between latitudes 9° and 22° N and longitudes 89° and 60° W. It is approximately 1,063,000 square miles (2,753,000 square km) in extent. To the south it is bounded by the coasts of Venezuela, Colombia,...
Caspian Sea world’s largest inland body of water. It lies to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia. The sea’s name derives from the ancient Kaspi peoples, who once lived in Transcaucasia to the west. Among its other...
Celebes Sea sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sea and Mindanao Island, on the east by the Sangi Islands chain, on the south by Celebes (Sulawesi), and on the west by Borneo. It extends 420 miles (675 km) north-south...
China Sea part of the western Pacific Ocean bordering the Asian mainland on the east-southeast. The China Sea consists of two parts, the South China Sea (Chinese: Nan Hai) and the East China Sea (Chinese: Dong Hai), which connect through the shallow Taiwan Strait...
Chukchi Sea part of the Arctic Ocean, bounded by Wrangel Island (west), northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska (south), the Beaufort Sea (east), and the Arctic continental slope (north). It has an area of 225,000 square miles (582,000 square km) and an average...
Consulate of the Sea, Book of the a celebrated collection of Mediterranean maritime customs and ordinances in the Catalan language, published in 1494. The title is derived from the commercial judges of the maritime cities on the Mediterranean coast, who were known as consuls. The book...
Coral Sea sea of the southwestern Pacific Ocean, extending east of Australia and New Guinea, west of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides, and south of the Solomon Islands. It is about 1,400 miles (2,250 km) north-south and 1,500 miles east-west and covers an area...
Crete, Sea of southern part of the Aegean Sea (an arm of the Mediterranean Sea), lying between the Cyclades (Kikládhes) islands to the north and the island of Crete (Kríti) to the south. It is the deepest section of the Aegean Sea, reaching depths of more than 10,000...
East China Sea arm of the Pacific Ocean bordering the East Asian mainland and extending northeastward from the South China Sea, to which it is connected by the shallow Taiwan Strait between Taiwan and mainland China. The East China Sea and the South China Sea together...
East Siberian Sea part of the Arctic Ocean between the New Siberian Islands (west) and Wrangel Island (east). To the west it is connected to the Laptev Sea by the Dmitrya Lapteva, Eterikan, and Sannikov straits; to the east Long Strait connects it with the Chukchi Sea....
Eemian Sea former body of water that flooded much of northern Europe and essentially made an island of Scandinavia. This marine transgression occurred during the Eemian Interglacial Stage (130,000 to 115,000 years ago) of the Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 2.6...
Flores Sea portion of the western South Pacific Ocean, bounded on the north by the island of Celebes (Sulawesi) and on the south by the Lesser Sunda Islands of Flores and Sumbawa. Occupying a total surface area of 93,000 square miles (240,000 square km), it opens...
Glaucus Greek “Gleaming” name of several figures in Greek mythology, the most important of whom were the following: Glaucus, surnamed Pontius, was a sea divinity. Originally a fisherman and diver of Boeotia, he once ate a magical herb and leaped into the sea,...
Greenland Sea outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean, with an area of 465,000 square miles (1,205,000 square km). It lies south of the Arctic Basin proper and borders Greenland (west), Svalbard (east), the main Arctic Ocean (north), and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland...
Holstein Sea former body of water that occupied the North and Baltic sea basins and deposited marine sediments over a wide area. This marine transgression occurred during the Holstein Interglacial Stage of the Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 2.6 million to 11,700...
Inland Sea the body of water lying between the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It is composed of five distinct basins linked together by channels. Its east-west length is about 270 miles (440 km), and its waters are easily navigable. The sea has...
Ionian Sea part of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between Greece (east), Sicily (southwest), and Italy (west and northwest). Though considered by ancient authors to be part of the Adriatic Sea, the Ionian Sea is now seen as a separate body of water. In the Ionian...
Irish Sea arm of the North Atlantic Ocean that separates Ireland from Great Britain. The Irish Sea is bounded by Scotland on the north, England on the east, Wales on the south, and Ireland on the west. The sea is connected with the Atlantic by the North Channel...
Japan, Sea of marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by Japan and Sakhalin Island to the east and by Russia and Korea on the Asian mainland to the west. Its area is 377,600 square miles (978,000 square km). It has a mean depth of 5,748 feet (1,752...
Java Sea portion of the western Pacific Ocean between the islands of Java and Borneo. It is bordered by Borneo (Kalimantan) on the north, the southern end of Makassar Strait on the northeast, Celebes and the Flores and Bali seas on the east, Java on the south,...
Kara Sea marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off western Siberia (Russia), between the Novaya Zemlya islands (west), Franz Josef Land (northwest), and the Severnaya Zemlya islands (east). It is connected with the Arctic Basin (north), the Barents Sea (west),...
Koro Sea submarine depression in the floor of the South Pacific Ocean. The sea reaches a depth of more than 9,600 feet (2,930 metres) and intrudes northward and westward onto the shallow submarine shelf upon which the two largest islands of Fiji (Viti Levu and...
Labrador Sea northwestern arm of the North Atlantic Ocean, between Labrador, Canada (southwest), and Greenland (northeast). It is connected with Baffin Bay (north) through Davis Strait and with Hudson Bay (west) through Hudson Strait. The cold, low-salinity Labrador...
Laptev Sea marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean off the coast of Northern Siberia (Russia), bounded by the Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov) and the islands of Severnaya Zemlya on the west and by the New Siberian Islands and Kotelny Island on the east. It is connected...
Leucothea (Greek: White Goddess [of the Foam]), in Greek mythology, a sea goddess first mentioned in Homer’s Odyssey, in which she rescued the Greek hero Odysseus from drowning. She was customarily identified with Ino, daughter of the Phoenician Cadmus; because...
Ligurian Sea arm of the Mediterranean Sea indenting the northwestern coast of Italy. It extends between Liguria and Tuscany (north and east) and the French island of Corsica (south). It receives many rivers that originate in the Apennines, and it reaches a depth...
Marmara, Sea of inland sea partly separating the Asiatic and European parts of Turkey. It is connected through the Bosporus on the northeast with the Black Sea and through the Dardanelles on the southwest with the Aegean Sea. It is 175 miles (280 km) long from northeast...
Mediterranean Sea an intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization. This ancient “sea between the lands” occupies a deep, elongated,...
Molucca Sea portion of the western Pacific Ocean, bounded by the Indonesian islands of Celebes (west), Halmahera (east), and the Sula group (south). With a total surface area of 77,000 square miles (200,000 square km), the Molucca Sea merges with the Ceram Sea to...
Neptune in Roman religion, originally the god of fresh water; by 399 bce he was identified with the Greek Poseidon and thus became a deity of the sea. His female counterpart, Salacia, was perhaps originally a goddess of leaping springwater, subsequently equated...
Nereus in Greek religion, sea god called by Homer “Old Man of the Sea,” noted for his wisdom, gift of prophecy, and ability to change his shape. He was the son of Pontus, a personification of the sea, and Gaea, the Earth goddess. The Nereids (water nymphs)...
Njǫrd in Norse mythology, the god of the wind and of the sea and its riches. His aid was invoked in seafaring and in hunting, and he was considered the god of “wealth-bestowal,” or prosperity. He was the father of Freyr and Freyja by his own sister. Traditionally,...
North Sea shallow, northeastern arm of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the British Isles and the mainland of northwestern Europe and covering an area of 220,000 square miles (570,000 square km). The sea is bordered by the island of Great Britain to the southwest...
Northwest Passage historical sea passage of the North American continent. It represents centuries of effort to find a route westward from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic Archipelago of what became Canada. History of exploration The quest for...
Norwegian Sea section of the North Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the Greenland and Barents seas (northwest through northeast); Norway (east); the North Sea, the Shetland and Faroe islands, and the Atlantic Ocean (south); and Iceland and Jan Mayen Island (west). The...
Okhotsk, Sea of northwestern arm of the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the west and north by the east coast of Asia from Cape Lazarev to the mouth of the Penzhina River, on the east and southeast by the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands, on the south by the northern...
Pechora Sea sea lying to the north of European Russia, between Kolguyev Island to the west and the Yugorsky Peninsula to the east. To the north is Novaya Zemlya. The Pechora Sea is, in effect, a southeastern extension of the Barents Sea. Its average depth is 20...
Persian Gulf shallow marginal sea of the Indian Ocean that lies between the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Iran. The sea has an area of about 93,000 square miles (241,000 square km). Its length is some 615 miles (990 km), and its width varies from a maximum of...
Philippine Sea section of the western North Pacific Ocean, lying east and north of the Philippines. The floor of this portion of the ocean is formed into a structural basin by a series of geologic folds and faults that protrude above the surface in the form of bordering...
Poseidon in Greek religion, god of the sea (and of water generally), earthquakes, and horses. He is distinguished from Pontus, the personification of the sea and the oldest Greek divinity of the waters. The name Poseidon means either “husband of the earth” or...
Red Sea narrow strip of water extending southeastward from Suez, Egypt, for about 1,200 miles (1,930 km) to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, which connects with the Gulf of Aden and thence with the Arabian Sea. Geologically, the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Elat) must...
Ross Sea southern extension of the Pacific Ocean, which, along with the vast Ross Ice Shelf at its head, makes a deep indentation in the circular continental outline of Antarctica. The sea is a generally shallow marine region approximately 370,000 square miles...
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of body of water covering about 60,000 square miles (155,000 square km) at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It fringes the shores of half the provinces of Canada and is a gateway to the interior of the entire North American continent. Its name is not...
Salton Sea saline lake, in the lower Colorado Desert, southern California, U.S. The area that is now the lake was formerly a salt-covered sink or depression (a remnant of prehistoric Lake Cahuilla) about 280 feet (85 metres) below sea level until 1905–06, when...
Sargasso Sea area of the North Atlantic Ocean, elliptical in shape and relatively still, that is strewn with free-floating seaweed of the genus Sargassum. It lies between the parallels 20° N and 35° N and the meridians 30° W and 70° W inside a clockwise-setting ocean-current...
Savu Sea portion of the Pacific Ocean surrounded by the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It is bounded by the volcanic inner Banda Island arc (Flores, Solor, Lomblen, Pantar, and Alor) on the north and by the nonvolcanic outer arc (Sumba, Roti, Sawu, and Timor)...
Scotia Sea marine region, part of the South Atlantic Ocean, about 350,000 square miles (more than 900,000 square km) in area. It lies within a complex and tectonically active marine basin enclosed on the north, east, and south by the island-dotted Scotia Ridge....
Solomon Sea portion of the western South Pacific Ocean, bounded on the west by New Guinea, on the north by New Britain, and on the east by the Solomon Islands. With an area of 280,000 square miles (720,000 square km), the sea contains the Louisiade Archipelago,...
South China Sea arm of the western Pacific Ocean that borders the Southeast Asian mainland. It is bounded on the northeast by the Taiwan Strait (by which it is connected to the East China Sea); on the east by Taiwan and the Philippines; on the southeast and south by...
Sulu Sea portion of the western North Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by northeastern Borneo on the southwest, the southwestern islands of the Philippines, including Palawan, on the west and northwest, Busuanga and Mindoro on the north, Panay and Negros on the east,...
Tasman Sea section of the southwestern Pacific Ocean, between the southeastern coast of Australia and Tasmania on the west and New Zealand on the east; it merges with the Coral Sea to the north and encloses a body of water about 1,400 miles (2,250 km) wide and...
Tethys Sea former tropical body of salt water that separated the supercontinent of Laurasia in the north from Gondwana in the south during much of the Mesozoic Era (251 to 65.5 million years ago). Laurasia consisted of what are now North America and the portion...
Timor Sea arm of the Indian Ocean, lying southeast of the island of Timor, Indonesia, and northwest of Australia. Located at latitude 10° S and influenced alternately by the southeast trade winds and the monsoon belt, the area is well known for generating typhoons....
Triton in Greek mythology, a merman, demigod of the sea; he was the son of the sea god, Poseidon, and his wife, Amphitrite. According to the Greek poet Hesiod, Triton dwelt with his parents in a golden palace in the depths of the sea. Sometimes he was not particularized...
Tyrrhenian Sea arm of the Mediterranean Sea between the western coast of Italy and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. It is connected with the Ligurian Sea (northwest) through the Tuscan Archipelago and with the Ionian Sea (southeast) through the Strait...
Weddell Sea deep embayment of the Antarctic coastline that forms the southernmost tip of the Atlantic Ocean. Centring at about 73° S, 45° W, the Weddell Sea is bounded on the west by the Antarctic Peninsula of West Antarctica, on the east by Coats Land of East Antarctica,...
White Sea an almost landlocked extension of the Arctic Ocean indenting the shores of northwestern Russia. It is connected to the more northerly Barents Sea by a long, narrow strait known as the Gorlo (“Throat”). The boundary between the two seas runs along a line...
Yellow Sea large inlet of the western Pacific Ocean lying between mainland China on the west and north and the Korean peninsula on the east. It is situated to the north of the East China Sea, which it bounds on a line running from the mouth of the Yangtze River...
| i don't know |
British athlete Tessa Sanderson competed in which field event? | Tessa Sanderson Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
Related Olympians: Wife of Densign White .
Medals: 1 Gold (1 Total)
Biography
A few months after Tessa Sanderson was born, her father went to England in search of work. When her mother joined him a year later, Tessa stayed in Jamaica where she was raised by her grandmother. In the spring of 1965, however, the nine-year-old Tessa was reunited with her parents, although her joy was tempered by the unattractive contrast between her tropical island home and the bleak industrial Midlands where Tessa's parents had settled.
After some promising performances in schools competition, Tessa Sanderson joined the Wolverhampton & Bilston AC where, in addition to her obvious potential as a javelin thrower, she showed great promise as a pentathlete. In 1975 she won the first of her eight British javelin titles and the following year she improved the UK record three times before finishing tenth at the Montréal Olympic Games. In 1977, Tessa improved her personal best in the javelin by exactly 10 metres and moved into second place on the all-time list; she then confirmed her position in 1978 by taking the Commonwealth title and finishing second at the European Championships. Her ambitions received a severe setback when she failed to qualify for the final at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but four years later she took the gold medal in Los Angeles to become the first British woman to win a throwing event at the Olympics.
Although injury had prevented her from competing in the European and Commonwealth meets in 1982, she did win the Commonwealth title in 1986. But at the 1988 Olympics she was again handicapped by injury and did not qualify for the final. This was not to be her final Olympic appearance as she returned in 1992, where she narrowly missed a medal, and again at the age of 40 in Atlanta. As of 2011, she is the only British woman to compete at six Olympic Games.
After winning her third Commonwealth gold in 1990, she won her eighth WAAA javelin title and earned a place on the team for the European Championships. Surprisingly, this was the first time she had competed in the European Championships since winning a silver medal in 1978, but in Split in 1990 she finished back in 12th place. During her career, Tessa Sanderson set ten UK javelin records, of which five were also Commonwealth bests, and in 1981 she twice posted new UK and Commonwealth records for the heptathlon.
After her retirement from competition she founded the Tessa Sanderson Foundation and Academy, a charity which attempts to educate youngsters through sport, and also served as a vice-chair of Sport England. She is also a member of the board of the Olympic Park Legacy Company.
Personal Bests: JTold – 73.58 (241-4½) (1983); Hep – 6125 (1981).
Results
| Javelin |
Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury between 1980 and 1991? | Tessa Sanderson - Biography - IMDb
Tessa Sanderson
Jump to: Overview (2) | Mini Bio (1) | Trivia (5)
Overview (2)
Theresa Ione Sanderson
Mini Bio (1)
She was the Olympic javelin champion in 1984 and is the only British athlete to compete at five Olympic Games; from her tenth place in 1976 to 4th place in 1992.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous
Trivia (5)
She was awarded the C.B.E. (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2004 Queen's New Years Honours List for her services to sports.
She was awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1985 Queen's New Years Honours List for her services to sports.
She was awarded the OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1998 Queen's New Years Honours List for her services to Sport.
Ilford, Essex, England [May 2009]
She was a non-civil service member of the sport committee for the 2006 Queen's Birthday Honours List. [June 2006]
See also
| i don't know |
In medicine, belonephobia is an irrational fear of what? | Enetophobia at The Medical Dictionary
Medicines
The condition was officially recognized in 1994 in the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition) as a specific phobia of blood/injection/injury type. Phobic level responses to injections cause sufferers to avoid inoculations, blood tests and in the more severe cases, all medical care.
It is estimated that at least ten percent of American adults are trypanophobic, and it is likely that the actual number is larger, as the most severe cases are never documented due to the tendency of the sufferer to simply avoid all medical treatment.
Types of Trypanophobia
Although trypanophobia is defined simply as an extreme fear of medically related shots/injections, it appears in several varieties.
Vaso-Vagal Trypanophobia
Although most specific phobias stem from the individual themselves, the most common type of trypanophobia, affecting fifty percent of trypanophobes, is an inherited reflex. Approximately 80 % of trypanophobes report that a relative within the first degree exhibits the same disorder. People who suffer from vaso-vagal trypanophobia fear the sight, thought or feeling of needles or needle-like objects. The primary symptom of vaso-vagal trypanophobia is vaso-vagal syncope, or fainting due to loss of blood pressure. The physiological changes associated with this type of trypanophobia also include feeling faint, sweating, nausea, pallor, tinnitus, panic attacks and initially high blood pressure and heart rate followed by a plunge in both at the moment of injection. In this case, the patient is more likely to react passively as opposed to aggressively. Although most phobias are dangerous to some degree, trypanophobia is one of the few that actually kills. In cases of severe trypanophobia, the drop in blood pressure caused by the vaso-vagal shock reflex causes death. The best treatment strategy for this type of trypanophobia is desensitization or the progressive exposure of the patient to gradually more frightening stimuli, allowing them to become desensitized to the stimulus that triggers the phobic response.
Associative Trypanophobia
Associative Trypanophobia is the second most common type of trypanophobia, affecting thirty percent of needle phobes. This type of trypanophobia is the classic specific phobia in which a traumatic event such as an extremely painful medical procedure or witnessing a family member or friend undergo such, causes the patient to associate all procedures involving needles with the original negative experience. This form of trypanophobia causes symptoms that are primarily psychological in nature, such as extreme unexplained anxiety, insomnia, preoccupation with the coming procedure and panic attacks. Treatments that are effective for this form of trypanophobia include cognitive therapy, hypnosis, and/or the administration of anti-anxiety medications.
| Needle |
What type of creature is a kagu (or cagou)? | What is Trypanophobia? 6 Facts About Fear of Needles
Needle Phobia Facts
The Fear of Needles Has Many Names - But It Is Very Real
Trypa-what? Trypanophobia? If you've ever tried to search for "needle phobia" or "fear of shots," you've probably come across some very odd and confusing terms. But this condition is very real, and a whopping 20 percent of people have a fear of needles. There are a lot of risks associated with the fear of needles. It can prevent people from going to the doctor, getting routine blood tests, or following prescribed treatments. Modern medicine is making increased use of blood tests and injectable medications, and forgoing medical treatment because of a fear of needles puts people at a greater risk for illness and even death. For example, diabetics who skip glucose monitoring and insulin injections can put themselves in serious danger of complications.
Here are the six medical terms that are related to fearing needles:
1. Aichmophobia: an intense or morbid fear of sharp or pointed objects
2. Algophobia: an intense or morbid fear of pain
3. Belonephobia: an abnormal fear of sharp pointed objects, especially needles
4. Enetophobia: a fear of pins
5. Trypanophobia: a fear of injections
6. Vaccinophobia: a fear of vaccines and vaccinations
Other Important Facts About Fearing Needles
Approximately 20 percent of the general population has some degree of fear associated with needles and injections.
Traumatic experiences in childhood form the foundation of these fears—like seeing an older sibling cry when getting their shots.
As much as 10 percent of people suffer from a phobia called trypanophobia, which is a fear of needles and injections.
Of those who have a fear of needles, at least 20 percent avoid medical treatment as a result.
The fear of needles is both a learned and an inherited condition. A fairly small number inherit a fear of needles, but most people acquire needle phobia around age four to six.
The 2013 flu season is upon us, and the CDC recommends flu shots for EVERYONE over the age of six months, especially if you’re in a high-risk group.
If you suffer from a fear of needles, it's important to talk to your doctor. Your doctor can suggest therapy options, modify treatments, decrease the number of shots you're scheduled to get, and even offer some pain-free alternatives to injections.
| i don't know |
A ‘Lace’ anniversary celebrates many years of marriage? | 13th Wedding Anniversary - Lace and Lingerie
13th Wedding Anniversary
Lace is the traditional AND modern material so definitely a gift with lace in it, or with a lace them, is right on target.
Great ideas for lace would be clothing, accessories like scarves, or a floral arrangement with Queen Anne's lace. Filigree lace jewelry would be a perfect match for the 13th anniversary!
Lingerie can be a really fun and spicy gift for your wife, but do keep in mind that some women have mixed feelings about lingerie. Many love it, and some are ambivalent. A few might even dislike it. It would be impossible for us to tell you which category your wife fits into so our advice is, if you are unsure, test the water by getting her some fabulous lingerie as a second gift rather than the primary gift. If she loves it and wears it often, then you will know for future reference!
For the couple, gifts might be decorative tablecloths, curtains, or other lacey home decor.
For jewelry, either go with a lace design in any material or choose a piece with the alternate 13th anniversary modern materials of citrine, moonstone, or hawk's eye. Another option is blue lace agate or crazy lace agate which aren't traditional to the 13th anniversary but are certainly on theme with the lace name. Ultimately it's up to you and what piece you think your wife will most enjoy wearing.
Fur is another alternate modern material, but please, only choose faux fur! Don't support what is quite often an unregulated, illegal poaching industry in foreign countries. Please only buy products that celebrate the beauty of Earth's creatures...alive!
For gifts to give your husband, skip the lace. But you probably already figured that one out! :-) Move right on over to the alternate material textiles and get him a useful top he will love wearing, or another fabric gift with the logo of his favorite sports team, a trendy or funny t-shirt if that's his style, or other sports clothing that relate to one of his hobbies.
| thirteen |
Who was the father of English monarch Edward VI? | Anniversary Flower Meanings | The Meaning of Anniversary Flowers
Here you’ll find a list of the most well known anniversaries and their associated flowers.
One Year Anniversary
The first year of marriage is often a year of bliss as it is at a time when passions run high and untamed for one another. While traditional gifts for the first year of marriage were paper and later clocks, many find that flowers say it best. The official flower of the first year of marriage is the carnation, the perfect flower to conclude that first year of marital joy.
Two Year Anniversary
Who cares about divorce statistics or anything else for that matter when life can’t get any better? Give them the traditional gifts of cotton; surprise them with the contemporary two-year celebratory gift of china – but whatever you do, be sure to include Lily of the Valley to emphasize your continual love.
Three Year Anniversary
Some say this is where it gets choppy, others say “no, it’s fine”. Life has a way of happening and working itself out. Celebrate your defeats as well as your victories at the end of three years with olden gifts of leather or their more recent crystal counterparts that will match the third year flower, the sunflower.
Four Year Anniversary
Four years is indeed a stretch, well done! Traditional gifts for this occasion include either linen or silk. Should however, the marital abode be a little empty, then fill it up with modern society’s recommended gift: appliances. In terms of flowers, go wild and crazy by covering all bare surfaces with hydrangeas!
Five Year Anniversary
With half a decade completed, here’s to the next. While gifts for this marital milestone should be made out of wood or constitute silverware, we find that a bunch of daisies and perhaps a picnic will do the trick to ensure that the next five years are just as full of joy and love.
Six Year Anniversary
Traditional gift: something made out of iron. Contemporary Gift: Something made out of wood. Perfect gift: a bouquet of beautiful callas and a long, peaceful walk along the beach.
Seven Year Anniversary
Almost a decade and still going strong! Personally we’d rather give someone the traditional gifts of something made out of either wool or copper. But then there are those who would prefer the more modern variety – desk sets. For all occasions in celebration of the past seven years, freesias are the flowers of choice.
Eight Year Anniversary
Back in the day friends, families, husbands and wives gave the gift of bronze or linen to mark the eight year milestone. Today they give lace. Still, no one will be able to argue that lilacs remain a timeless gift and perfect floral representation of the time spent together.
Nine Year Anniversary
Nine years of love, support and a place to call “home”. The troubles seem small compared to the blessings, which is perhaps why the traditional gift for those at the nine-year mark is pottery and its modern day equal, china. Yet one thing that remains certain is that a bird of paradise bouquet will ensure enough color and joy for the coming years.
Ten Year Anniversary
Ten is indeed a magical number and staying together this long means that there is something special, something uniquely different. As the traditional gifts for ten years include those things fashioned out of tin and aluminum, we though the modern version a bit more apt. Therefore be sure to lay your hands on the biggest bouquet of daffodils to present along with the diamond jewellery.
Eleven Year Anniversary
The first year of the next decade! It’s almost like being young again as you know the marriage is made out of unbreakable steel – which is precisely what the traditional gift for this milestone is. For those living in a modern world, be sure to match the fashion jewellery with a beautiful, elegant bouquet of tulips.
Twelve Year Anniversary
How lucky to reach twelve years of bliss, not only because traditional gifts include silk and pearls with modern counterparts of colored gems but because there is once again occasion for flowers. Peonies are recommended and will seal the deal for at least another twelve years of comfort and joy.
Thirteen Year Anniversary
They say thirteen is unlucky, we say it is a blessing. Now that the home has been made, it’s time for a bit of grandeur and sophistication. Lace, textiles and furs are the recommended gifts. But they wouldn’t be half their worth if nature’s very own chrysanthemum wasn’t included.
Fourteen Year Anniversary
By this time you know you’ve got something good going and so do other people too. Ideal gifts of a traditional nature included ivory, whilst those more conscious of times a changing will give something gold. The dahlia, in our humble opinion, will at the very least equal those gifts; if not make them look pale in comparison.
Fifteen Year Anniversary
Five years from twenty, fifteen from thirty years together. At this stage numbers don’t matter any more as time really does fly when you are having fun. The ideal gifts for this marital milestone are items made out of crystal as well as watches. But then again, who cares when you consider that giving someone roses is in actual fact giving them something incredibly valuable – a beautiful, living flower.
Twenty Year Anniversary
The second decade! Time to let your hair down and show the kids how it’s really done. Tell them to take the china and platinum gifts and just lay it on the side because what you’ve found to inspire your youthfulness is far more enchanting: the aster.
Twenty-five Year Anniversary
Dare we say it? Perhaps we shouldn’t, but we can’t really resist. Quarter of a century! While looks may fade and gravity become increasingly annoying, you may celebrate your silver anniversary with gifts of, well, silver. And to add to the glamour and the sparkles of the festivities, be sure to let your loved ones know that the iris will be this year’s floral decoration of choice.
Twenty-eight Year Anniversary
Yes, we thought we’d catch you with this one as it is rather unique. It is intended to remind those who’ve stuck together through thick and thin that life is not about what you’ve already done, it’s about what you are still to do! Whether you choose to celebrate these past 28 years together quietly or in raucous style, the orchid is a flower suitable for any occasion.
Thirty Year Anniversary
Thirty years, well done! Time again for sending flowers and gifts. As to the former you may let your guests know that pearls and diamonds are in order, while the latter will require vast amounts of lilies to suit your mature tastes. Living is all about the finer things and lots of them – wouldn’t you agree?
Forty Year Anniversary
Don’t scare too easily if people start clapping when you are walking down the street, because this is a milestone of note. Forty years of marriage is a destiny shared. Traditional gifts for this most venerable of occasions are rubies, whilst the gladiator’s flower – the gladiolus – will ensure the safety and beauty of times to come.
Fifty Year Anniversary
Reaching fifty years of marriage… you are indeed royalty in the realm of love and deserve no less than gifts of gold and showers of yellow roses and violets. It’s time to celebrate and aim for the next fifty years of love and bliss. Good luck!
Sign up for email discounts:
| i don't know |
In 1785, the first crossing of which body of water was made by Francois Blanchard and John Jeffries using a hot air balloon? | Time Line
In Depth Tutorials and Information
Time Line
1000 b.c.e.: The Chinese invent kites which carried men to scout troops.
1162: Ismail Cevheri, in Constantinople, Turkey, tries to fly using pleated fabric wings. He plummets from the top of a tower and dies.
1250′s: The first suggestion of flight by lighter-than-air devices is made by the English philosopher and theologian Roger Bacon. 1300′s: Marco Polo witnesses kites carrying humans in China.
1490′s-1510′s: Leonardo da Vinci, the famed Italian painter, sculptor, and thinker, sketches out several designs for flying machines, including ornithopters, helicopters, and parachutes.
1536: Frenchman Denis Bolor dies trying to fly using wings flapped by a spring mechanism.
1640′s: In what is believed by some to be the first successful attempt at gliding flight, the Turkish scientist Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi attempted a flight inspired by Ismail Cevheri and Leonardo da Vinci. Celebi constructed a wing out of rush-work and leaped from the Galata tower in Istanbul into a strong headwind. He was witnessed by the Ottoman Sultan Murat IV and a crowd of citizens below to fly 1 mile across the Bosporus strait, but was later exiled and died at an early age. The incident is not given much historical credence today, but remains as the first eyewitness account of a successful manned flight.
1678: A French locksmith named Besnier tries to fly with wings modeled after the webbed feet of a duck.
1709: Father Bartolomeu de Gusmao demonstrates a model hot air balloon to King John V of Portugal.
1783: On June 4, the Montgolfier brothers launch the first successful tethered flight, a balloon propelled by burning a pile of moist wool and old shoes. Three months later, on September 19, their second trial, before King Louis XVI, carries passengers: a rooster, a duck, and a sheep. On November 21, the Montgolfiers construct a hot-air balloon that rises 84 feet into the air, containing human fliers, Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis Francois-Laurent d’Arlandes.
1783: On December 1, Jacques-Alexandre-Cesar Charles makes the first solo flight in a hot-air balloon, flying from Paris to Nesle, France.
1784: The French design a model helicopter.
1785: On June 15, De Rozier and a companion become hot-air ballooning’s first fatalities, after falling to their
deaths when their hybrid hot-air-and-hydrogen balloon ignites over the English Channel.
1785: The first successful crossing of the English Channel by air is made by the French balloonist Jean-Pierre
Blanchard and American John Jeffries, using a hydrogen balloon. The flight lasts almost 3 hours.
1793: French armies use tethered balloons to see several miles beyond enemy lines during the French Revolution.
1795: Jean-Pierre Blanchard makes the first balloon flight in America, traveling from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Gloucester County, New Jersey. President George Washington is one of the dignitaries on hand watching the launch of the hydrogen-filled balloon. It was Blanchard’s forty-fifth flight, and he charged up to five dollars per person to allow people to observe his takeoff in what is today Independence Square.
1797: Andre Jacques Garnerin completes the first parachute jump, leaping from a balloon approximately 2,000
feet in the air.
1799: Sir George Cayley develops the concept of the fixed-wing aircraft configuration that is still used to this
day.
1804: Cayley builds and flies the first fixed-wing glider model.
1809: Marie Madeleine Sophie Blanchard, wife of balloonist Jean-Pierre Blanchard, becomes the first female to die during flight when her hydrogen balloon catches fire amid a fireworks display. 1840: The first photograph is taken of the Moon.
1845: The first photograph is taken of the Sun.
1850: The first photograph is taken of a star.
1852: Henri Giffard successfully attaches a steam engine and propeller to a cigar-shaped balloon to create the first airship.
1861-1864: Balloons are used for reconnaissance during the American Civil War, one of the first effective uses of military air power.
1868: Matthew Boulton obtains a British patent on a design for ailerons as control surfaces.
1870-1871: The French use observation balloons during the Franco-Prussian War. 1880: Mary H. Myers becomes the first American woman to pilot her own balloon.
1884: English engineer Horatio Phillips determines that curved wings work better than flat wings in crude wind tunnel experiments, thereby inventing the airfoil. He also determines that wings with a high aspect ratio work better than stubbier wings.
1887: Samuel Pierpont Langley, director of the Smithsonian Institution, turns his attention to the development of a manned flying apparatus by constructing a large whirling arm 30 feet in radius and capable of speeds of up to 70 mile per hour at the tip.
1891: German Otto Lilienthal helps to develop and popularize hang gliders.
1896: On May 6, Samuel Pierpont Langley makes the first successful unmanned heavier-than-air flight in history, in a 25-pound aerodrome launched from atop a houseboat on the Potomac. Two successful flights were made totaling over 1 mile in flight distance.
1899-1902: The British use balloons and kites for observation purposes during the Boer War.
1900: Influential engineer Octave Chanute advises Orville and Wilbur Wright, Alexander Graham Bell, and Samuel Langley in their aviation projects.
1900: Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin constructs and flies the first dirigible, in Friedrichshafen, Germany.
1903: On December 17, Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first successful powered heavier-than-air flight in their Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
1904: Captain Thomas S. Baldwin accomplishes the first circuit flight in a navigable balloon in Oakland, California, on August 3.
1904-1905: During the Russo-Japanese War, the role of balloons leads to later military systems for employing aircraft for reconnaissance and artillery spotting.
1906: On September 13, Alberto Santos-Dumont flies his 14-Bis, a box-kite canard design, becoming the first to fly an aircraft in Europe.
1907: Paul Cornu makes the first helicopter flight, in France.
1908: Madame Therese Peltier becomes the first woman to fly solo in an airplane.
1908: Orville Wright wins a U.S. Army contract to produce military aircraft.
1909: Louis Bleriot makes the first flight across the English Channel.
1910: Aviation pioneer Anthony H. G. Fokker builds his first aircraft, named “The Spider.”
1911: Glenn H. Curtiss demonstrates the first amphibian type of aeroplane equipped with wheels and floats.
1911: Earle Ovington carries the first U.S. airmail from Nassau Boulevard Aerodrome, New York, to Mineola, New York.
1911: On December 10, CalRodgers completes the first transcontinental flight from Long Island, New York, to Pasadena, California.
1912: Anthony Fokker establishes an airplane factory at Johanneshal, Germany, where he develops the Dr.I.triplane flown by Manfred von Richthofen, the “Red Baron,” during World War I. 1913: Igor Sikorsky develops the first passenger airplane.
1913: Roland Garros makes the first crossing of the Mediterranean on September 13.
1914: Airplanes provide vital reconnaissance for the first time in a major conflict during the Battle of the Maine in World War I.
1914: Two British aircraft destroy a German zeppelin in the world’s first aircraft bombing raid.
1914: Anthony Fokker develops German pursuit planes during World War I and invents a timing mechanism for the shooting of rear-mounted machine guns through an airplane’s propeller blades.
1915: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) is established by the U.S. government to foster avionics research.
1915: German zeppelin raids on London are the first example of strategic bombing by military aircraft.
1915: Donald W. Douglas joins the Glenn L. Martin Company in Los Angeles, California, as chief engineer.
1916: Boeing is first incorporated by William E. Boeing as the Pacific Aero Products Company to develop the B & W seaplane. The company is renamed the Boeing Airplane Company the following year. 1918: The United States Post Office officially inaugurates airmail service.
1919: On April 28, Leslie Irvin, using a parachute designed by Floyd Smith, makes the first jump from an air- plane.
1919: On July 14-15, British Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Albert Brown make the first nonstop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
1919: Robert H. Goddard publishes “A Method for Reaching Extreme Altitudes.”
1919: The Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (KLM) is incorporated in The Hague, Netherlands.
1920′s-1930′s: The U.S. government, which controls most of the world’s supply of helium, operates four rigid airships for long-range reconnaissance.
1920: With David R. Davis, Donald Douglas forms the Davis Douglas Company near Santa Monica, California.
1920: Anthony Fokker designs the F.II, one of the first passenger transport planes.
1920: The first scheduled KLM flight is made from London to Amsterdam.
1921: The Douglas Company is incorporated.
1921: Bessie Coleman becomes the first African American woman to receive a pilot’s license from the
Federation Aeronautique Internationale. 1921: On August 24, the U.S. airship R-38, built for high altitudes, maneuvers hard at alow altitude, breaks in half, and explodes.
1921: U.S. Army colonel Billy Mitchell demonstrates the might of air power by sinking a battleship, the most destructive manmade force on Earth at the time, with a single aircraft.
1922: Anthony Fokker moves to the United States, where he eventually builds three more aircraft factories.
1922: The U.S. Navy contracts with the Douglas Company for the DT-2 torpedo bomber, a modified version of which is requested by the U.S. Army Air Service.
1923: On May 3, Lieutenants Oakley Kelly and John Macready complete the first nonstop coast-to-coast air- plane flight.
1923: On December 21, the French airship Dixmude explodes in flight during a thunderstorm, killing fifty crew members.
1923: Aeroflot is established by the Soviet government as the nation’s official airline.
1924: KLM begins scheduled flights between Amsterdam and the Dutch colonies in Indonesia.
1924: The U.S. Post Office Department opens regular day-and-night airmail service between New York and San Francisco.
1924: Four Douglas World Cruiser aircraft leave Santa Monica for an around-the-world flight, which two com- plete.
1925: The Douglas C-1 military transport, the first military aircraft given the “C” designation for cargo trans- port, based on the DWC, makes its first flight, and the first Douglas mailplane, the M-1, starts manufacturer’s flight trials.
1925: Scientists observe a total eclipse of the sun from above the clouds.
1925: On September 3, the USS Shenandoah airship breaks apart in a thunderstorm, killing fourteen of the forty- three crew members.
1926: Allan Loughead (name later changed to Lockheed) establishes the Lockheed Aircraft Company in Holly- wood, California, where he and Jack Northrop design the popular and record-setting Vega monoplane.
1926: Western Air Express delivers airmail using a Douglas M-2 on its Salt Lake City-to-Los Angeles route— the airline’s first two passengers fly the route for a $90 fare.
1926: Deutsche Luft Hansa Aktienge sells chaft is formed by the merger of Deutsche Aero Lloyd (DAL) and Junkers Luftverkehr and begins scheduled flights.
1926: Robert H. Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket in Auburn, Massachusetts.
1926: Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company produces its first engine.
1926: U.S. Naval Commander Richard E. Byrd makes the first flight over the North Pole.
1927: On May 27, airmail pilot Charles A. Lindbergh makes the first transatlantic solo flight from Long Island,New York, to Paris, France, in his Ryan aircraft, dubbed the Spirit of St. Louis. 1927: The Cessna Aircraft Company is incorporated.
1927: Iberia Airlines is formed and begins regular service between Madrid and Barcelona, Spain.
1928: On May 25, the Italian airship Italia loses buoyancy and crashes attempting to reach the North Pole.
1928: Hubert Wilkins and Carl Ben Eiselson make the first trans-Arctic flight.
1928: Charles Kingsford-Smith and Charles Ulm make the first transpacific flight, from California to Australia.
1928: On June 17, Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to cross the Atlantic.
1928: U.S. Naval Commander Richard E. Byrd, BertBalchen, Captain Ashley C. McKinley, and Harold I. June make the first flight over the South Pole. 1928: Franz von Opel flies the first rocket-powered plane in Germany, reaching speeds of up to 100 miles per hour.
1928: After building airmail and military aircraft throughout the 1920′s, Boeing Airplane Company is merged into the United Aircraft & Transport Corporation (UATC), a group of aircraft manufacturers and airlines.
1928: Cessna produces the first full cantilever-wing light airplane to go into production in the United States.
1928: The Douglas Aircraft Company is organized in November.
1929: The Lockheed Aircraft Company is purchased by the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, which declares bankruptcy three years later. 1929: The Graf Zeppelin makes the first around-the-world flight by a dirigible.
1930: On October 5, the British R-101 airship crashes and burns, killing forty-eight of the fifty-four total passengers and crew.
1930: The Aviation Corporation, a holding company acquiring small aviation companies, is incorporated into American Airways.
1930: Amy Johnson becomes the first woman to solo between England and Australia.
1930: Transcontinental Western Air (TWA) is formed by the merger of Western Air Express (WAE) and Trans-continental Air Transport (TAT) and the new airline inaugurates transcontinental service, with an overnight stop in Kansas City, Missouri.
1931: United Air Lines is incorporated as a management company to coordinate the operations of four original subsidiary airlines, Boeing Air Transport, Pacific Air Transport, Varney Air Lines, and National Air Transport.
1931: Two Swiss airlines, Balair and Ad Astra, merge to form Swissair.
1931: Wiley Post and Harold Gatty make the first around-the-world flight in a single aircraft, the Winnie Mae.
1931: Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon make the first nonstop crossing of the Pacific.
1931: Sir Frank Whittle of Britain designs and patents the first jet engine.
1932: Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.
1932: The Lockheed Corporation is reorganized by a group of investors who improve the company’s fortunes throughout the Great Depression with the production of the dual-engine Electra airliner.
1932: Jack Northrop establishes the Northrop Corporation, a Douglas subsidiary, at El Segundo, California.
1933: On April 3, the USS Akron airship is driven into the sea by downdrafts in a storm, killing seventy-three of the seventy-six crew members.
1933: From July 15 to 22, Wiley Post makes the first round-the-world solo flight in Winnie Mae.
1933: Swissair becomes part of the European night mail network, with flights between Basel, Switzerland, and Frankfurt, Germany.
1933: The first Douglas airliner, the DC-1, makes its first flight.
1933: A group of airlines collectively named the Societe Centrale pour l’Exploitation des Lignes Aeriennes (S.C.E.L.A.). is renamed Air France. 1933: Deutsche Luft Hansa Aktiengesellschaft is renamed Lufthansa.
1934: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Air Mail Act of 1934, which includes the provision for the appointment of a Federal Aviation commission.
1934: After the cancellation of federal commercial airmail contracts, the U.S. Army Air Corps begins flying the mail in Douglas O-35′s and B-7′s.
1934: Continental Airlines’s predecessor, Varney Speed Lines, makes its first flight, from Pueblo, Colorado, to El Paso, Texas.
1934: Federal antitrust regulations require the splitting of the United Aircraft & Transport Corporation into three separate companies: the United Aircraft Company, the Boeing Airplane Company, and United Air Lines.
1934: American Airways is renamed American Airlines.
1934: Lufthansa makes the first regularly scheduled transoceanic airmail deliveries across the South Atlantic.
1935: On February 12, the fin of the USS Macon is ripped off in storm, and the airship loses buoyancy and crashes at sea, killing two of the eighty-three crew members. 1935: The Douglas Sleeper Transport (DST), a predecessor of the DC-3, makes its first flight.
1935: Helen Richey becomes the first woman to be employed as an airline pilot, by Central Airlines.
1935: The first air traffic control center goes into operation at Newark, New Jersey, on December 1.
1935: Boeing’s Flying Fortress B-17 bomber, which later plays a crucial role in U.S. success during World War II, is first flown.
1936: American Airlines becomes the first in the nation to fly the Douglas DC-3 for passenger service.
1936: For the third time, the Detroit News names the Airmaster the world’s most efficient airplane, awarding the trophy to Cessna permanently.
1936: Aer Lingus Teoranta is established by the Irish government.
1937: On May 6, the Hindenburg, a hydrogen-filled dirigible, crashes and burns at Lakehurst, New Jersey, killing thirty-six people.
1937: Amelia Earhart disappears on July 2, en route to Howland Island from Lae, New Guinea.
1937: Russian pilots discover the shortest transpolar air route, flying from Russia over the Arctic Ocean to Vancouver, Canada.
1937: Douglas Aircraft Company takes control of its Northrop Corporation subsidiary, which is renamed the following year as the Douglas El Segundo Division.
1937: The name of Varney Speed Lines is changed to Continental Airlines, and the new airline’s headquarters are moved from El Paso, Texas, to Denver, Colorado.
1938: Air France becomes the world’s third-largest airline network, with one hundred aircraft. Its expansion is subsequently interrupted by World War II. 1939: World War II begins in Europe.
1939: US Airways’ predecessor, All American Aviation, begins operations flying airmail to western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley.
1939: Engineer James S. McDonnell incorporates the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation in St. Louis, Missouri.
1939: The German Heinkel He-178 becomes the first test aircraft to fly using a jet engine.
1939: Howard Hughes takes ownership control of Trans World Airlines, controlling the airline for the next twenty-five years.
1939: Iberia makes its first international flight, from Madrid and Lisbon, Portugal.
1939: First flight of the VS-300, the first practical helicopter, piloted by Igor Sikorsky.
1939: Two British airlines, Imperial Airways and British Airways, are nationalized to form the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC).
1939: Swissair suspends its operations with the outbreak of World War II; they are later resumed.
1940′s: Lockheed begins a long-term association with the U.S. military, providing P-38 Lightning bombers during World War II and establishing the Advanced Development Projects division, or Skunk Works, atop-secret facility for military aircraft development.
1940′s: Continental modifies B-17 and B-29 bombers for the United States during World War II.
1940: Germany launches the Battle of Britain over the United Kingdom. The Royal Air Force holds its own.
1940: The Army Air Corps requests from McDonnell a proposal for fighter construction, and a contract to build the XP-67 is awarded the following year. 1940: American becomes the first in the nation in revenue passenger miles flown.
1941: The Tuskegee Airmen, the first African American fighter squadron in the United States armed forces, is formed.
1941: The first successful test flight of the V-2 rocket is made on October 3.
1941: On December 7, the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, drawing the United States into World War II.
1941: Larry Bell, entrepreneur and founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation, encourages inventor Arthur Young in helicopter development.
1942: Douglas SBD Dauntless dive-bombers, flying from three U.S. aircraft carriers, sink four enemy carriers on June 4, the first day of the Battle of Midway, the turning point in the Pacific War.
1942: The U.S. Army Air Forces conduct the first U.S. attack on Nazi-occupied Europe on July 4. The mission is flown by six American crews using Douglas DB-7B’s (A-20C) provided by the RAF.
1942: Sky Chefs, an American Airlines subsidiary, begins airline catering operations.
1942: Boeing’s Superfortress (B-29) bomber, which contributes greatly to the U.S. war effort, is first flown.
1943: U.S. Army Air Forces C-47′s, along with British RAF DC-3 Dakotas, begin spectacular night operations for the invasion of Sicily by towing gliders from North Africa across the Mediterranean.
1944: The German Messerschmitt Me-262 becomes the first production aircraft to use jet engines.
1944: Alaska Star Airlines, the result of a series of mergers since 1934, changes its name to Alaska Airlines, and, in the late 1940′s, it becomes the largest charter carrier in the world.
1944: V-1 and V-2 rockets launched by Germany during World War II are the first intercontinental ballistic missiles.
1944: German Me-262 and British Meteor are the first military jet aircraft.
1944: More than 1,000 military DC-3 and C-47 aircraft, many towing troop-carrying gliders, airlift more than 20,000 paratroopers and their weapons across the English channel during the first hours of D day, June 6.
1944: On September 14, a Douglas A-20 Havoc makes the first successful flight into a hurricane for scientific data.
1944: Iberia Airlines is nationalized and expands its route network.
1944: American introduces regularly scheduled freight service, the first in the United States.
1945: Bombing of Dresden, Germany, by Allied forces on February 13-14 levels the city.
1945: The B-29 bomber Enola Gay drops the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6.
1945: All Lufthansa flights are canceled, and the airline goes into receivership.
1946: Duringtrials aboard the USS FranklinD. Roosevelt, the McDonnell FH-1 Phantom makes the first carrier takeoff and landing by an U.S. jet aircraft. 1946: KLM begins transatlantic services to New York.
1946: Iberia begins service to London and Rome and becomes the first airline to fly between Europe and South America, establishing a route from Madrid to Buenos Aires.
1946: The United States and France sign the Five Freedoms Agreement, giving reciprocal rights for each country to operate commercial airlines over the territory of the other.
1946: Air France inaugurates Paris-to-New York service.
1946: SAS, a consortium of three Scandinavian airlines, Swedish Intercontinental Airlines (SILA), Det Danske Luftfartselskap (DDL), and Det Norske Luftfartselskap (DNL), is formed for the purpose of joint transatlantic service.
1946: A new British airline, British European Airways (BEA), is established to handle continental European and domestic British flights. BOAC introduces London-to-New York service.
1946: Arthur Young’s Model 47 helicopter becomes the first commercially licensed helicopter in the world, and Bell delivers its first unit to the U.S. Army.
1947: Alitalia makes its first flight, from Turin to Rome.
1947: Air France cooperates with the French Postal Service to establish night-mail service, giving the airline the largest network in the world.
1947: Singapore Airlines’ predecessor, Malayan Airways, flies between Singapore and the Malayan cities of Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, and Penang.
1947: As Swissair becomes the national flag carrier of Switzerland, the airline inaugurates service to New York, with regular scheduled flights beginning two years later.
1947: The official world air speed record is broken on August 25 by U.S. Marine Corps major Marion Carl, flying the Douglas D-558 Skystreak, a high-speed research aircraft, with an average speed of 650.7 miles per hour.
1947: The rocket-powered aircraft Bell X-1 piloted by Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier, reaching speeds of 700 miles per hour, just over Mach 1. 1948: Alitalia makes its first intercontinental flight, flying a thirty-six hour, Milan-to-Rome-to-Dakar-to Natal- to-Rio de Janeiro-to-Sao Paulo-Buenos Aires route. 1948: On June 26, the Berlin airlift begins, by which the United States, Britain, and France attempt to break the Soviet blockade of Berlin.
1949: All American Aviation changes its name to All American Airways and introduces passenger service.
1949: American becomes the first airline with a fleet consisting entirely of postwar pressurized aircraft.
1949: The Berlin airlift ends on September 30.
1950: TWA officially changes its name to Trans World Airlines.
1950-1953: The military use of helicopters for medical evacuation increases during the Korean War, in which 80 percent of helicopters used are of Bell design.
1951: Bell Aircraft creates a separate helicopter division in Fort Worth, Texas, to accommodate the overwhelming demand for production.
1952: Boeing’s Stratofortress (B-52) bomber, which will remain the primary U.S. bomber for the next four decades, is first flown.
1952: BOAC flies De Havilland Comet jets on service to Johannesburg, South Africa.
1953: Continental merges with Pioneer Airlines, expanding its services further into Texas and New Mexico.
1953: With an expanded route system, All American again changes its name, to Allegheny Airlines.
1953: A. Scott Crossfield reaches Mach 2 on November 20.
1953: The Douglas DC-7 airliner makes its first flight. With a maximum speed of400 miles per hour and a cruise speed of 375 miles per hour, it is the largest and most efficient of the DC series yet designed.
1954: Cessna introduces the 310, its first business twin, and production of Cessna’s T-37 Air Force jettrainer be- gins.
1954: After two crashes in one year, BOAC removes De Havilland Comets from service.
1955: Douglas is selected by the Air Force to be the prime contractor for the Thor missile, America’s first intermediate-range ballistic missile. 1955: Lufthansa resumes scheduled flights.
1955: The Fokker F-27 Friendship turboprop aircraft makes its first flight.
1956: The Cessna Skyhawk, which becomes the most popular airplane in history, is introduced.
1956: The United States first employs the U-2 spy plane for high-level reconnaissance.
1956: Aeroflot inaugurates regular passenger turbojet service in September, two years ahead of British and American airlines.
1957: On October 4, the Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite.
1957: On November 3, Sputnik 2 is launched, carrying the dog Laika.
1957: After the death of Larry Bell, Bell Aircraft’s helicopter division is reorganized as Bell Helicopter Corporation.
1957: Boeing’s firstjetliner, the 707, makes its firstflight, entering service the following year. The company subsequently develops a series of jetliners that are enormously popular worldwide.
1957: Alitalia merges with Linee Aeree Italiane (LAI) to form a national Italian airline.
1957: World War II pilot Charlie Willis is named chairman and chief executive officer of Alaska Airlines.
1957: With the inauguration of SAS’s pioneering Copenhagen-Anchorage-Tokyo polar route, flying time to Japan is reduced from 52 to 32 hours.
1958: The United States launches its first artificial satellite, Explorer 1, on January 31.
1958: NASA becomes operational on October 1 and makes its first launch, of Pioneer 1, on October 11.
1958: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is established in the United States.
1958: Aerlinte Eirann, Aer Lingus’s associate company, makes first transatlantic flight from Dublin to New York.
1958: BOAC makes the first transatlantic jet flights, between London and New York.
1959: On September 12, the Soviet Union lands Luna 2, the first artificial object to reach the Moon.
1959: American Airlines becomes the first airline to offer transcontinental jet service, with the Boeing 747.
1959: NASA selects McDonnell Aircraft as prime contractor for Project Mercury, America’s first manned orbital spacecraft, and awards Douglas Aircraft a contract to design, test, and produce a new multistage rocket using a modified Thor as the first stage. The new launch vehicle is named Delta.
1960′s: With IBM, American develops the Semi-Automated Business Research Environment (SABRE), a real-time data processing system that allows agents to track flight reservations.
1960′s: Boeing participates in the U.S. space program by designing and manufacturing Apollo and Saturn rockets and lunar orbiters.
1960: Ed Yost, of Bruning, Nebraska, reintroduces a newly designed hot-air balloon, initiating a renaissance in hot-air ballooning.
1960: Textron purchases several Bell Aircraft companies, including the Bell Helicopter Corporation.
1961: NASA names McDonnell Aircraft as prime contractor for the Gemini Program, the nation’s second-generation crewed spaceflight program.
1961: On April 12, Russian Major Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space, after his capsule Vostok 1 makes one full Earth orbit in a flight that lasts less than two hours.
1961: United acquires Capital Airlines and becomes the largest airline in the world.
1961: On May 5, Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space in his Mercury capsule Freedom 7.
1961-1975: The military use of helicopters is cemented during the Vietnam War.
1962: On February 20, John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit Earth in the Mercury capsule Friendship 7.
1962: On December 14, Mariner 2 makes the first successful planetary flyby, of Venus.
1962: The Soviet Union initiates its space station program, Soyuz.
1962: The South Korean government establishes a new national carrier to replace the former carrier, Korean National Airlines.
1962: TWA begins regularly using Doppler radar navigation systems.
1963: On June 16, Russian cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman to solo in space.
1963: In response to national political changes, Malayan Airways is renamed Malaysian Airways.
1963: Continental Airlines moves its headquarters to Los Angeles, California, and transports U.S. troops to Asia during the Vietnam War. 1964: The Fokker F-28 Fellowship jet makes its first flight.
1964: The United States employs missiles with multiple warheads.
1965: Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov takes first walk in space on March 18.
1965: On March 23, the first crewed Gemini Program mission, Gemini 3, is launched with astronauts Virgil
“Gus” Grissom and John W. Young. 1965: Ed White makes the first U.S. spacewalk from Gemini IV in June.
1965: Mariner 4 makes the first flyby of Mars on July 14.
1965: SAS introduces its SASCO electronic airline reservations system.
1966: Malaysian Airways’ name is again changed, to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA) to reflect its govern- mental owners.
1967: On January 27, the Apollo 1 capsule catches fire on the launch pad, killing astronauts Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White.
1967: Alitalia introduces Arco, a new electronic booking system.
1967: McDonnell and Douglas companies merge to form the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, with headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri.
1968: From October 11 to 12, Apollo 7 makes the first piloted Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra,Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham.
1968: December 21-27: Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, and William Anders become the first humans to orbit the Moon.
1968: The Soviet Union flies the world’s first supersonic aircraft, the Tu-144, on December 31.
1968: In relief of Khe Sanh during the Vietnam War, U.S. B-52′s carry out the most concentrated bombing raid in military history.
1968: Allegheny merges with Lake Central Airlines, based in Indianapolis.
1968: Swissair renews a prior cooperation agreement with SAS and also includes KLM, to form the KSS Group.
The French carrier UTA will join two years later, and the group will be renamed KSSU Consortium. 1969: The Soviet Union docks two crewed spacecraft in orbit, Soyuz 4 and 5, on January 16.
1969: The Concorde supersonic airplane makes its first flight on March 2.
1969: On July 20, Apollo 11 touches down on the Moon with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on board.
1969: The Hanjin Group takes over operation of the government-owned Korean Air Lines (KAL).
1969: Continental Airlines inaugurates service to Hawaii.
1969: Alitalia retires its last remaining turboprop aircraft, becoming the first European airline with an all-jet fleet.
1970: The DC-10, Douglas’s first jumbojet, makes its first flight.
1970: TWA is the first airline to offer nonsmoking sections on board all of its flights.
1970: The first wide-body jumbojet, Boeing’s 747, with twice the passenger capacity of any previous jet, enters service.
1971: Russia’s Salyut 1 becomes the first crewed space laboratory.
1971: The United States’s Mariner 9 becomes the first mission to orbit another planet (Mars).
1971: Southwest Airlines inaugurates service within Texas, between the cities of Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio.
1972: Allegheny Airlines acquires Mohawk Airlines, based in Utica, New York.
1972: After MSA ceases operations, Malaysia Airlines and Singapore Airlines continue as individual national flag carriers.
1972: NASA announces the space shuttle program, and makes the last Apollo mission to the Moon.
1973: Skylab is launched, although the program ends the following year.
1974: Southwest Airlines carries its one-millionth passenger.
1974: British Airways is formed by the merger of BOAC and BEA.
1974: American introduces one-stop automated check-in service.
1974: Air France flies the first Airbus A300 aircraft.
1975: The United States and the Soviet Union make their first joint space project, the Apollo-Soyuz TestProject.
1976: Cooperating with Air France, British Airways inaugurates supersonic travel on the Concorde.
1976: Air France introduces the Concorde for supersonic travel along the airline’s Paris-Dakar-Rio de Janeiro route.
1976: Viking 1 lands on Mars on July 20.
1977: Southwest carries its five-millionth passenger, and its stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange as
“LUV.”
1977: A KLM 747 collides with a Pan Am 747 on a runway at Tenerife Airport, Canary Islands, resulting in the worst air disaster of the twentieth century, with 583 casualities. 1977: Aeroflot begins offering supersonic passenger service, which is suspended the following year.
1978: The United States ends government regulation of airline routes and rates.
1979: Allegheny Airlines changes its name to USAir to reflect its continually expanding route network, with new service to Arizona, Texas, Colorado, and Florida. 1979: American moves its headquarters from New York City to Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas.
1980′s: Boeing develops both the air-launched cruise missile and the MX intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM).
| English Channel |
How many coloured rings make up the Olympic Games symbol? | The Channel : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
The Full Wiki
More info on The Channel
Wikis
The Channel: Wikis
Advertisements
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .
(Redirected to English Channel article)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Satellite view of the English Channel
The English Channel ( French : La Manche, "the sleeve", Dutch : Het Kanaal, "the channel") is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates England from northern France , and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its widest, to only 34 km (21 mi) in the Strait of Dover . [1] It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe , covering an area of some 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi). [2]
Contents
Map of the English Channel
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows: [3]
On the West. A line joining Isle Vierge ( 48°38′23″N 4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W / 48.63972; -4.57028 ) to Lands End ( 50°04′N 5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W / 50.067; -5.717 ).
On the East. The Southwestern limit of the North Sea [A line joining the Walde Lighthouse (France, 1°55'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 51°10'N)].
The Strait of Dover , at the Channel's eastern end is also its narrowest point, while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of Saint Malo near the midpoint of the waterway. [1] It is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m (148 ft) between Dover and Calais . From there eastwards the adjoining North Sea continues to shallow to about 26 m (85 ft) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries . It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of Hurds Deep , 30 mi (48 km) west-northwest of Guernsey . [4] The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine ( French : Baie de Seine). [5]
Several major islands are situated in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast and the British crown dependencies the Channel Islands off the coast of France. The Isles of Scilly off the far southwest coast of England are not generally counted as being in the Channel. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, and the Isle of Wight creates a small parallel channel known as the Solent .
The Channel is of geologically recent origins, having been dry land for most of the Pleistocene period. It is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the Weald-Artois Anticline , a ridge which held back a large proglacial lake in the Doggerland region, now submerged under the North Sea. The flood would have lasted several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The cause of the breach is not known but may have been caused by an earthquake or simply the build-up of water pressure in the lake. As well as destroying the isthmus that connected Britain to continental Europe, the flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley down the length of the English Channel, leaving behind streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events. [6] [7] The Celtic Sea forms its western border.
For the UK Shipping Forecast the English Channel is divided into the areas of (from the West):
Etymology
Map with French nomenclature
The name "English Channel" has been widely used since the early 18th century, possibly originating from the designation "Engelse Kanaal" in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards. It has also been known as the "British Channel". [8] [9] Prior to then it was known as the British Sea, and it was called the "Oceanus Britannicus" by the 2nd century geographer Ptolemy . The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450 which gives the alternative name of "canalites Anglie"—possibly the first recorded use of the "Channel" designation. [10]
The French name "La Manche" has been in use since at least the 17th century. [2] The name is usually said to refer to the Channel's sleeve (French: "manche") shape. However, it is sometimes claimed to instead derive from a Celtic word meaning "channel" that is also the source of the name for The Minch , in Scotland . [11] In Spain and most Spanish speaking countries the Channel is referred to as "El Canal de la Mancha". In Portuguese it is known as "O Canal da Mancha". (This is not a translation from French: in Portuguese, as well as in Spanish, "mancha" means "stain", while the word for sleeve is "manga"-which prompts an early phonetic bad translation from French-). Other languages also use this name, such as Greek (Κανάλι της Μάγχης) and Italian (la Manica).
In Breton it is known as "Mor Breizh" (the Sea of Brittany ), tied to the Latin and indicative in origins for the name Armorica .
History
Before the end of the Devensian glaciation (the most recent ice age ) around 10,000 years ago, the British Isles were part of continental Europe . During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered with ice. The sea level was about 120 m lower than it is today, and the channel was an expanse of low-lying tundra , through which passed a river which drained the Rhine and Thames towards the Atlantic to the west. As the ice sheet melted, a large freshwater lake formed in the southern part of what is now the North Sea. As the meltwater could still not escape to the north (as the northern North Sea was still frozen) the outflow channel from the lake entered the Atlantic Ocean in the region of Dover and Calais.
This precious stone set in the silver sea,
Which serves it in the office of a wall
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands.
— William Shakespeare , Richard II (Act II, Scene 2)
The channel has been the key natural defence for Britain, halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent.[citation needed] The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power, e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588, Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars , and Nazi Germany during World War II . Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain , the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the invasion and conquest of Britain by Dutch troops under William III in 1688, while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all time: the Normandy landings in 1944. Channel naval battles include the Battle of Goodwin Sands (1652), the Battle of Portland (1653), the Battle of La Hougue (1692) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama (1864).
In more peaceful times the channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135–1217. For nearly a thousand years, the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany . Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo-Saxon encroachment. In Brittany, there is a region known as " Cornouaille " (Cornwall) in French and "Kernev" in Breton [12] Anciently there was also a " Domnonia " (Devon) in Brittany as well.
Advertisements
Route to the British Isles
This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea. The red area is the distribution of the dialect Old West Norse , the orange area is the spread of the dialect Old East Norse and the green area is the extent of the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
Diodorus Siculus and Pliny [13] both suggest trade between the rebel celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished. In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year. He was more successful in 54 BC, but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by Aulus Plautius in 43 AD. A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain. This traffic continued until the Roman departure from Britain in 410 AD, after which we encounter early Anglo-Saxons who left less clear historical records.
In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans, the Germanic Angles , Saxons , and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea. Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans, many people from these tribes migrated across the North Sea during the Migration Period , conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations. [14]
Norsemen and Normans
The Hermitage of Saint Helier lies in the bay off St. Helier and is accessible on foot at low tide
The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age . For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050. [15]
The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte . In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. "Northman") origins.
The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romantic language and intermarried with the area’s previous inhabitants and became the Normans – a Norman French -speaking mixture of Scandinavians , Hiberno-Norse , Orcadians , Anglo-Danish , and indigenous Franks and Gauls .
Rollo's descendant William, Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest culminating at the Battle of Hastings while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. In 1204, during the reign of King John , mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II while insular Normandy (the Channel Islands ) remained under English control. In 1259, Henry III of England recognized the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris . His successors, however, often fought to regain control of mainland French Normandy.
With the rise of William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of its importance. The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia's trade south, toward the Mediterranean and the Orient.
Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for Chausey ) remain a Crown dependency of the British Crown in the present era. Thus the Loyal Toast in the Channel Islands is La Reine, notre Duc ("The Queen, our Duke"). The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein, by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs.
French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years' War in 1346–1360 and again in 1415–1450.
England & Britain: The naval superpowers
From the reign of Elizabeth I , English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports. Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English under command of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command, and the following stormy weather. Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in Europe. [16]
The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy exercised unquestioned control over the seas around Europe, especially the Channel and the North Sea. During the Seven Years' War , France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain . To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks, but were thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759.
Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars . The Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson , ending Napoleon 's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century.
First World War
The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I . "Five keys lock up the world! Singapore , the Cape, Alexandria , Gibraltar, Dover." [17] However on July 25, 1909 Louis Blériot successfully made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an airplane. Blériot's crossing immediately signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier-moat for England against foreign enemies.
Because the Kaiserliche Marine 's surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet, the Germans developed submarine warfare which was to become a far greater threat to Britain. The Dover Patrol was set up just before war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from accessing the Channel, thereby obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland .
On land, the German army attempted to capture Channel ports (see " Race to the Sea ") but although the trenches are often said to have stretched "from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel" in fact they reached the coast at the North Sea. Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast.
On 31 January 1917, the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November, [18] the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either World War.
The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917, was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat. In April 1918 the Dover patrol carried out the famous Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases. The Naval blockade effected via the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918. [19]
Second World War
British radar facilities during the Battle of Britain 1940
During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . The early stages of the Battle of Britain [20] featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports, and until the Normandy landings with the exception of the Channel Dash the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships. However, despite these early successes against shipping, the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for a cross Channel invasion.
The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war, featuring submarines, minesweepers , and Fast Attack Craft . [21]
150 mm World War II German gun emplacement in Normandy.
The town of Dieppe was the site of the ill-fated Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces. More successful was the later Operation Overlord (also known as D-Day ), a massive invasion of German -occupied France by Allied troops. Caen , Cherbourg , Carentan , Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province, which continued until the closing of the so-called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel, then liberation of Le Havre .
As part of the Atlantic Wall , between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands such as this observation tower at Les Landes, Jersey
The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Commonwealth occupied by Germany (excepting the part of Egypt occupied by the Afrika Korps at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein , which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth). The German occupation 1940–1945 was harsh, with some island residents being taken for slave labour on the Continent; native Jews sent to concentration camps ; partisan resistance and retribution; accusations of collaboration ; and slave labour (primarily Russians and eastern Europeans) being brought to the islands to build fortifications . The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the five years of German occupation particularly in the final months when the population was close to starvation. The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 only a few days after the final surrender in mainland Europe.
Population
The English Channel is densely populated on both shores, on which are situated a number of major ports and resorts possessing a combined population of over 3.5 million people. The most significant towns and cities along the Channel (each with more than 20,000 inhabitants, ranked in descending order; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census, 2001 UK census, and 2001 Jersey census) are as follows:
British side
Saint Peter Port : 16,488 inhabitants
Shipping
The Channel, with traffic in both the UK-Europe and North Sea-Atlantic routes, is one of the world's busiest seaways carrying over 400 ships per day. [22] Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February, [23] the Dover Traffic Separation System (TSS) [24] the world's first radar controlled TSS was set up by the International Maritime Organization .
In December 2002 the MV Tricolor , carrying £30m of luxury cars sank 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba. The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day. However, there was no loss of life.[citation needed]
The shore-based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003. Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System , it has reduced accidents to one or two per year.[citation needed]
Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically, further avoiding risk of running aground, but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001, Britain's Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision. [25] The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course, one directly behind the other, rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would.
A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs, a failure of a CCTV system, incorrect operation of the anchor, the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay, Cornwall in January 2002. The Marine Accident Investigation Branch report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were actually informed of impending disaster by shore observers even before the crew were themselves aware. [26] The village of Kingsand was evacuated for 3 days because of the risk of explosion, and the ship was stranded for 11 days. [27] [28] [29]
The swimming organizations CS&PF and CSA have successfully lobbied to confine swimmers to their costly pilot boats ($4000 USD per trip). The result of this political lobbying is expressed in this document. [30] . Despite this lobbying effort swimmers will note from this document that "However, in exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast, on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities". It is therefore possible to hire a non CSA or CS&PF pilot boat when swimming the channel.
Ecology
As a busy shipping lane, the English Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills. [31] Indeed over 40% of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel. [32] One of the most infamous was the MSC Napoli , which with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo was controversially beached in Lyme bay, a protected World Heritage Site coastline. The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland when much nearer harbours were available.
Transportation
View of the beach of Le Havre and a part of the rebuilt city
Ferry
Plymouth-Roscoff
Channel Tunnel
Many travellers cross beneath the English Channel using the Channel Tunnel . This engineering feat, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally realised in 1994, connects the UK and France by rail . It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train . Cars can also travel on special trains between Folkestone and Calais .
Economy
Tourism
The coastal resorts of the channel, such as Brighton and Deauville , inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century, which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world. Short trips across the channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping .
Culture and languages
Kelham's Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language (1779), dealing with England's Law French , a cross channel relic
A street sign in Merck-Saint-Liévin, Pas-de-Calais , showing Germanic influence in local toponyms. The name Picquendal corresponds to the modern Dutch Pikkendal.
The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel, and French on the south shore. However, there are also a number of minority languages that are/were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel, which are listed here, with the Channel's name following them.
Celtic Languages
Picard
The English Channel has a variety of names in these languages. In Breton, it is known as Mor Breizh meaning the Sea of Brittany; in Norman, the Channel Island dialects use forms of "channel", e.g. Ch'nal, whereas the Mainland dialects tend more towards the French as in Maunche. In Dutch it is Het Kanaal (the channel).
Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms, but notably Welsh has "Môr Udd"
Notable channel crossings
As one of the narrowest but most famous international waterways lacking dangerous currents, crossing the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea, air and human powered technologies.
Date
Completed in just over 100 minutes. She completed the challenge for BBC Sport Relief falling eight times during the crossing.
By boat
Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise in 1815, one of the earliest sea going voyages by steam ship .
On June 10, 1821 English built paddle steamer "Rob Roy" was the first passenger ferry to cross channel. The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed "Henri IV" and put into regular passenger service a year later. It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours. [39]
In June 1843 because of difficulties with Dover harbour, the South Eastern Railway company developed Boulogne-sur-Mer - Folkestone route as an alternative to Calais-Dover. The first ferry crossed under the command of Captain Hayward . [40]
The Mountbatten class hovercraft (MCH) entered commercial service in August 1968 initially operated between Dover and Boulogne, but later craft also made the Ramsgate ( Pegwell Bay ) to Calais route. The journey time, Dover to Boulogne, was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips per day at peak times. The fastest ever crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car-carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes, recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR-N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995, [41] for the 10:00 am service[citation needed].
The youngest recorded sailors to cross the channel by boat are Hugo Sunnucks and Guy Harrison aged 15 (formula 18 catamaran ). They completed in 4 hours 15 mins in August 2006.[citation needed]
By swimming
The sport of Channel Swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover swimming from England to France on 24 August 1875 – 25 August 1875 in 21 hours and 45 minutes.
In 1927 (at a time when fewer than ten swimmers had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made), the Channel Swimming Association (the CSA) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers' claims to have swum the English Channel and to verify crossing times. The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations: The CSA (Ltd) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation (CSPF). Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover.
24 August 1875 – 25 August 1875 Capt. Matthew Webb made the first crossing of the English Channel from England to France.
12 August 1923 Enrico Tiraboschi made the first crossing of the English Channel from France to England.
6 August 1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the Channel. She did it in 14 hours 31 minutes, breaking the men's record of the time by two hours. However, this swim attracted some controversy. On 16 August, The Westminster Gazette reported locals as saying that "Miss Ederle swam under the lea of one of the accompanying tugs" while another boat "navigated in such a manner as to keep the heavy seas and tides off her" and that "Miss Ederle was drawn along by the suction of the tug so that she was able to swim at about twice the speed she would have been able to swim under ordinary conditions." The Dover Express and East Kent News commented that "So far little information has been given of the detail of Miss Ederle's swim. The most extraordinary thing about it being that she made no westward drift with the ebb tide , which on the day in question ran westward for nearly seven hours."
7 October 1927, Mercedes Gleitze became, at her eighth attempt, the first British woman to swim the channel. She swam from France to England in 15 hours 15 minutes. Because of a claim which was soon proven to be false, by Dr. Dorothy Cochrane Logan (using her professional name, Mona McLennan), to have swum the Channel on 11 October in the faster time of thirteen hours and ten minutes, Gleitze's own claim was cast into doubt. To silence the doubters, Gleitze decided to repeat her feat in what was called "the vindication swim". On 21 October she entered the water at Cap Gris Nez. But this time the water was much colder, and she was unable to complete the crossing. She was pulled semi-conscious from the water after 10 hours 24 minutes, some seven miles (11 km) short of the English shore. She might have been disappointed at not completing the swim, but after witnessing her strength, courage, and determination, nobody doubted the legitimacy of her previous swim, and she was hailed as a heroine. As she sat in the boat, one journalist made an incredible discovery and reported it in The Times as follows: "Hanging round her neck by a riband on this swim, Miss Gleitze carried a small gold watch, which was found this evening to have kept good time throughout." This was one of the first Rolex Oyster waterproof watches which the director of Rolex, Hans Wilsdorf, had asked her to wear during her repeat attempt, and her feat was subsequently used in advertising by Rolex.
Mihir Sen became the first Indian to swim the English Channel, from Dover to Calais on September 27, 1958. [42]
In 1961 Antonio Abertondo from Argentina became the first person to swim the channel both ways non-stop.
9 September 1969 Atina Bojadzi, the first Macedonian woman to swim the Channel (the first woman from Yugoslavia, and actually the Balcans). This event was inspiration for the cult Macedonian movie from 1977 "Ispravi se, Delfina" ( http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076212/ ).
In July 1972, Lynne Cox became the youngest person to swim the English Channel at age fifteen, breaking both the men's and women's records. She swam the channel again in 1973, setting a new record time of nine hours thirty-six minutes.
The oldest verified male swimmer to cross is American George Brunstad, who was aged 70 years and 4 days when he crossed on 27 August and 28 August 2004, taking 15 hours 59 minutes.
The oldest male swimmer to cross under the rules of the Channel Swimming Association is Australian Clifford Batt, who was aged 67 years and 240 days when he crossed on 19 August 1987, taking 18 hours 37 minutes.
The fastest verified swim of the channel was by the Bulgarian Petar Stoychev on 24 August 2007. He crossed the channel in 6 hours 57 minutes 50 seconds.
The fastest verified female channel swimmer is Yvetta Hlaváčová in 2006. She crossed the channel in 7 hours 25 minutes and 15 seconds.
The fastest verified two way channel swimmer, in a time of 16 hours 10 minutes, is Philip Rush in 1987.
The fastest verified female two way channel swimmer, in a time of 17 hours 14 minutes, is Susie Maroney in 1991.
The fastest verified three way channel swimmer is Philip Rush in 1987. He crossed the channel (England/France/England/France) in 28 hours 21 mins.
The fastest (and only) verified female three way channel swimmer is Alison Streeter in 1990. She crossed the channel (England/France/England/France) in 34 hours 40 mins.
The woman with the most crossings, holding the undisputed title of " Queen of the Channel ", is Alison Streeter MBE with 43 crossings, including one 3-way and three 2-way swims.
The " King of the Channel " title has been awarded to Kevin Murphy (34 crossings, including three doubles)
Des Renford swam the Channel 19 times, more than any other Australian . He was born on 25 August 1927, the 52nd anniversary of Matthew Webb's inaugural swim.
Other swimming crossings include: Vicki Keith (first butterfly swim crossing); Florence Chadwick (first woman to swim the Channel in both directions); Montserrat Tresserras (first woman to swim the Channel in both directions, as verified by the Channel Swimming Association); Marilyn Bell (youngest person up to 1955); Amelia Gade Corson (first mother and second woman); Mercedes Gleitze (first Englishwoman, 7 October 1927); Brojen Das , the first Asian (23 August 1958); Abhijit Rao, the youngest Asian (6 August 1988); Comedians who have swum the channel Doon Mackichan , and David Walliams . [43]
The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team with 35 crossings by 25 members (by 2005). [44]
By the end of 2005, 811 individuals had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA, the CSA (Ltd), the CSPF and Butlins.
The total number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005: 982 successful crossings by 665 people. This includes twenty-four 2-way crossings and three 3-way crossings.
Total number of ratified swims to 2004: 948 successful crossings by 675 people (456 by men & 214 by women). There have been sixteen 2-way crossings (9 by men and 7 by women). There have been three 3-way crossings (2 by men and 1 by a woman). (It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA-only.)
By car
On the 16th September 1965 two Amphicars successfully crossed the English Cannel from Dover to Calais. One car was crewed by two Army Officers, Captains Mike Bailey REME and Captain Peter Tappenden RAOC. The other car was crewed by Tim Dill-Russell and Sgt Joe Minto RASC. The crossing took 7 hours and 20 minutes. Conditions in mid channel were up to force 5. The cars went onto the Frankfurt Motor Show of that year where they were put on display. [45]
In 2007 the presenters of the BBC programme Top Gear ; Jeremy Clarkson ; Richard Hammond and James May "drove" across the Channel from England to France. They did it by designing 'Amphibious Cars' which could be driven on land and also operate in water. After four attempts - twice failing to leave Dover Harbour - the three presenters successfully reached the coast of France in a Nissan D21 pickup, dubbed as the Nissank, with an outboard motor and oil drums attached to the back to aid stability in the open water [37] . The other two vehicles that attempted the crossing (a Triumph Herald with a sail and a Volkswagen Campervan with a propeller attached to the flywheel) both sank.
Clarkson believed it might be possible to break the world record for crossing the channel in this manner, but the team were unsuccessful. [46]
The Daily Mail claimed that the BBC received criticism from the coastguard who claimed that they had not been told that the stunt was going to take place, and allegedly branded it "completely irresponsible", despite the aired episode showing the co-operation of the coastguard. [47]
See also
| i don't know |
‘Prince Caspian’, ‘The Magician’s Nephew’ and ‘The Silver Chair’ are all books from which series? | The Chronicles of Narnia: The Magician's Nephew/The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe/The Horse and His Boy/Prince Caspian/Voyage of the Dawn Treader/The Silver Chair/The Last Battle: C. S. Lewis: 9780064405379: Amazon.com: Books
By Tom Croft on November 6, 2013
Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase
I wanted to have all seven Chronicles-of-Narnia books in a single ebook, and that's exactly what this product delivers.
When I pre-ordered this item several months in advance, I was fortunate enough to find it on sale for $12--a real bargain. Upon its release, it was priced at $44.99, which I think is high for a digital box set like this. Fortunately, the price recently dropped to $24.99, which is a decent buy. By comparison, one can currently acquire the seven separate books at $5.98 each and spend just under $42 (not counting any sales tax that might apply). Of course, someone who really wants Boxen (not of interest to me) would still have to get that somewhere else.
Based on the publisher's description of this box set, I was afraid there wouldn't be any illustrations at all. I was pleased to discover that the publisher included one illustration at the beginning of each chapter in each book. The other in-line illustrations found throughout the text of the individual ebooks were omitted in this edition, which is aimed at older readers, according to the publisher. I was glad that at least some of the illustrations were included in this edition. However, since I would have preferred that this edition include all of the same illustrations as the seven separate ebooks, I have taken away one star.
If you are a Narnia fan and, like me, prefer to have collections of related books in a single ebook to reduce the clutter on your Kindle, I recommend this edition--so long as you don't mind that not all of the illustrations are included. If you're an older reader like me and just want a nice, convenient way to re-read the Chronicles of Narnia, this should meet that need quite nicely. Read more ›
| The Chronicles of Narnia |
The paint calcamine (or kalsomine) is better known by what name? | The Chronicles of Narnia: The Magician's Nephew, The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Horse and His Boy, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The Silver Chair, The Last Battle.: Amazon.it: C. S. Lewis: Libri in altre lingue
5.0 su 5 stelle Dramatized for better interest 6 gennaio 2015
Di Heather Degeorge - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Audio CD Acquisto verificato
My kids are 6 and 11. There are mornings where the 6yo says excitedly to the 11yo "Wanna go downstairs and listen to Narnia?" and they both run excitedly to the stereo.
This particular version is not just an audible read, but dramatized--so it's fascinating for the kids. And the holder is a work of art in and of itself.
My only regret is not waiting to use it on a 15-hour road trip!
1 di 1 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione
5.0 su 5 stelle the whole family is loving it! 16 aprile 2013
Di Holly Melott - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Audio CD Acquisto verificato
I was so pleased with the product when it arrived - even the presentation of the package was done well. We have been listening to the stories in the car and they are being enjoyed by kids and grown ups alike. Highly recommend these classic tales of adventure for good clean family entertainment. Captivating sound effects and drama. The product arrived in a very timely manner just as described - would definitely purchase from this vendor again!
5.0 su 5 stelle and let me tell you is it beautiful. I can't wait to get into coloring this ... 30 settembre 2016
Di Joy - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina flessibile Acquisto verificato
It came to me earlier than I thought, and let me tell you is it beautiful. I can't wait to get into coloring this in, all the art is gorgeous. They even look awesome not colored in :)
| i don't know |
In which sport would a referee say ‘Crouch, Bind, Set’? | 'Crouch, bind, set' - scrum laws change again | Stuff.co.nz
'Crouch, bind, set' - scrum laws change again
AARON GOILE
The IRB will trial a new scrum engagement process from 2015.
Relevant offers
Rugby
Waratahs' Israel Folau wants to wear maroon in a rugby union Origin United States sevens captain Jillion Potter to battle rare form of cancer for second time Fiji men's sevens up for world breakthrough award despite coaching snub at home England rugby prop Joe Marler to miss Six Nations start with broken leg
The frustration of reset scrums is set to diminish, and there will be harsher policing of crooked feeds, with the International Rugby Board announcing a new engagement process to be trialled globally.
A new 'crouch, bind, set' sequence will be used by referees to set the scrum, designed to enhance player welfare by reducing impact on engagement by up to 25 per cent at elite level.
While the changes were set to be in place in both hemispheres' following seasons, the New Zealand Rugby Union will implement the new laws in this year's ITM Cup in order for players to come to grips with the tweaks ahead of the All Blacks' end of year tour to Europe.
It is also likely that they will feature in this year's Rugby Championship.
In a revision of the current ''crouch, touch, set'' engagement sequence currently being trialled, props will be expected to bind onto, instead of simply touching, their opponent, after the referee has called ''bind''.
The front rows will maintain the bind until the referee calls ''set'', when the packs engage.
Implementation of this trial follows extensive evaluation of the sequence during the recent IRB Pacific Rugby Cup, which indicated the possible delivery of a more stable platform leading to fewer resets and more successful scrums.
The process was overseen and recommended to the IRB Council by the specialist IRB Scrum Steering Group, which featured 12 scrum experts, including New Zealand guru Mike Cron, after a process of testing and analysis at all levels of the game by the University of Bath in conjunction with England's RFU.
IRB Chairman Bernard Lapasset acknowledged that the scrum was a ''fundamental and dynamic'' part of the game and said the trial was about putting players first by delivering a reduction of the forces on engagement at elite level, which could have significant positive effects on long-term player welfare.
''The global implementation of this trial is a positive step, which will be subject to continual monitoring and evaluation,'' Lapasset said.
As a follow-on from this, there will be a bigger emphasis on the ball being fed straight into the scrum - a bugbear of many traditionalists - because the modifications should lead to stronger scrummagers who are technically more efficient at contesting.
South Africa introduced the new scrum sequence into their school and amateur rugby at the start of the year, foreseeing that it would be introduced to the professional game in due course.
A game-wide educational process featuring coach and match official workshops will be rolled out ahead of the trial.
Currently there are five prospective law changes being trialled, as well as the one extending the TMO's powers to rule on field of play incidents, and these will be considered by the IRB Council at its annual meeting next year.
The new scrum engagement trial will be before the Council at its interim meeting next year.
Any amendments that are approved will be in place a year ahead of Rugby World Cup 2015.
- Below is a YouTube video of the proposed new scrums in action
| Rugby union |
Author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson is better known by what name? | Leicester's Richard Cockerill criticises new scrum laws - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
Leicester's Richard Cockerill criticises new scrum laws
By Rob Stevens
BBC London & South East Sport
29 Aug 2013
From the section Rugby Union
Share this page
Read more about sharing.
Leicester director of rugby Richard Cockerill has criticised lawmakers for introducing changes to the scrum without consulting Premiership coaches.
A new three-stage scrum engagement sequence will be used this season, while scrum-halves must now feed the ball straight.
"When they change these laws, nobody asks Premiership coaches about the laws of the scrums," Cockerill said.
"Who changes these things and what's their agenda?"
Scrum changes explained
The Premiership is part of a global trial of a new scrum engagement sequence, which is aimed at enhancing player welfare by reducing impact on engagement.
Referees will now say: "Crouch, Bind, Set" to set up a scrum.
Props will now be expected to crouch on the referee's call.
Opposing props will then bind using their outside arm after the referee has called bind.
The front rows will maintain the bind until the referee calls set. At that point, the two packs will engage.
The IRB will also instruct referees to ensure that the ball does not enter the tunnel unless the scrum is square and stationary and that a straight throw-in is strictly policed.
He added: "You'd like to think that the people who make and change these laws consult Premiership coaches instead of just doing it."
The changes have been made as part of a global trial which is aimed at enhancing player welfare by reducing impact on engagement at a scrum
The International Rugby Board's Council have approved the sequence following an evaluation of its implementation at the recent IRB Pacific Rugby Cup.
The changes aim to encourage a more stable platform, which will lead to fewer resets and more successful scrums.
"We've played a couple of games with these laws and it takes a bit of getting used to," Cockerill continued. "It's been messy.
"We're receiving different messages now, but the scrum is still a mess, so we'll have to see how it settles down."
However, London Wasps director of rugby Dai Young expects the new laws to be successful in the long-term as they have been introduced "for the right reasons".
"Everybody realised that they had to do something with the scrum," Young told BBC London 94.9.
"As long as it is refereed to the instructions, I think it will clear up a lot of things. The scrum will still be a contest.
"It will take a bit of getting used to for coaches, players, supporters and referees.
"I'd like to think we'll be looking back at the end of the first month and saying there is a lot more clean possession coming away from scrums and we are not having that constant reset after reset."
Harlequins director of rugby Conor O'Shea believes all Premiership sides will adapt to the changes in time.
"I'm a full-back so I wouldn't like to comment on the technicalities," O'Shea told BBC Sport.
"We've had a couple of differing experiences with it and it'll take some bedding in.
"We went out to Racing Metro who hadn't played under it, with a French referee, and we had no problems.
I'd like to think we'll be looking back at the end of the first month and saying there is a lot more clean possession coming away from scrums and we are not having that constant reset after reset
Dai Young
London Wasps director of rugby
"The next game we had was a free-kickathon. It'll take time to apply and then we'll see where it is.
"If we just clearly apply the law as it is supposed to be applied, it doesn't matter what it is.
"The difference is the hooker has to strike a little bit more as it is going to go straight down the channel.
"We will reserve judgement for 10 weeks or so and let the season kick off. I'm sure there will be good days and bad days with it."
Cockerill suggested that southern hemisphere sides had put pressure on the IRB to change the laws.
"They say it's for safety, but it looks like the southern hemisphere are just trying to depower the scrum so the ball comes in and out," the Tigers coach said.
"I don't know whether it's depowering the scrum.
"In one of the Rugby Championship games we had two of the best scrum-halves in the world laughing at each other because they were worrying about feeding and getting a red card."
Newcastle director of rugby Dean Richards, involved in the Premiership for the first time since the 'Bloodgate' scandal at Harlequins in 2009, insists the jury remains out on the motivation behind the changes.
"It's been done for the right reasons, for safety reasons so we're told, and hopefully they will come through," he said.
"There's no secret that the southern hemisphere has had agendas in the past, in terms of dealing with the laws.
"You'd like to think that when they've said the changes are for safety reasons, that's the reason they've been made.
"If it's any other reason you'd be disappointed."
Share this page
| i don't know |
Vermicide is a substance used for killing which creatures? | Vermicide - definition of vermicide by The Free Dictionary
Vermicide - definition of vermicide by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/vermicide
A substance or agent used to kill worms, especially parasitic worms.
ver′mi·cid′al (-sīd′l) adj.
vermicide
(Elements & Compounds) any substance used to kill worms
ˌvermiˈcidal adj
a substance used to kill worms.
vermicide
1.
vermicide - an agent that kills worms (especially those in the intestines)
medicament , medication , medicinal drug , medicine - (medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease
agent - a substance that exerts some force or effect
Translations
n → Wurmmittel nt, → Vermizid nt (spec)
ver·mi·cide
n. vermicida, vermífugo, agente destructor de vermes (gusanos).
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Link to this page:
Nigella sativa treditional usages (Black seed)
Some indications are concerned with the expected effects while using the medicine as in cases used as purging, soothing and vermicide.
Medicinal plants used by Ponta Pora community, Mato Grosso do Sul State/Levantamento etnobotanico em Ponta Pora, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul
Plant name Part used Medical utilization Rubia cordifolia Root Anti-inflammatory activity (Manjistha) (Ext), skin diseases and ulcers Sphaeranthus Leaves Skin diseases, antihelminthic, indicus Branches aphrodisiac and stomachache (Gorkha Mundi) Aloe vera Leaves Burns (minor), mouth ulcers, (Aloe) diabetes, wound healing (topical), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis Azadirachra Leaves Skin disease, boils, indica (Neem) Bark antibacterial activity Curcuma longa Root Root Antiseptic, stomachache, (Haldi or blood purifier, vermicide, Turmeric) carminative and tonic Hemidesmus Root Skin disease and blood indicus purifier (Sarsaparilla or Anant mul) Table 2 Inhibitory effect of the aqueous plant extracts on production of IL-8 and TNF-[alpha] by human PBMCs.
| Worm (disambiguation) |
Miss Gatsby and Miss Tibbs were two elderly residents in which UK tv sitcom? | What are pesticides and how do they work? | NSW EPA
What are pesticides and how do they work?
What are pesticides and how do they work?
What are pesticides and how do they work?
Plants, insects, bacteria, fungi and other organisms are a natural part of the environment. Some can benefit people, while others can be pests that you may need or want to control. You can choose from many different methods to control a pest. One method is to use a pesticide.
What are pesticides?
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to destroy, suppress or alter the life cycle of any pest. A pesticide can be a naturally derived or synthetically produced substance. A pesticide can also be an organism, for example, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which is used to control a number of insect pests, or even a genetically modified crop. The legal definition of a pesticide in NSW covers a wide range of substances.
Pesticides include bactericides, baits, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, lures, rodenticides and repellents. They are used in commercial, domestic, urban and rural environments.
There are currently thousands of pesticide products registered for use in NSW by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA).
What are some of the different types of pesticides?
Some families or groups of chemical products which are considered pesticides under current NSW legislation are:
Bactericides - These destroy, suppress or prevent the spread of bacteria. Examples are swimming pool chemicals containing chlorine, and products used to control black spot (bacterial blight) on garden plants or in orchards. Household disinfectants and some industrial disinfectants are excluded and not considered pesticides.
Baits - These may be 'ready to use' products or products which need to be mixed with a food to control a pest. This category includes baits prepared for the control of large animals, such as foxes, wild dogs and rabbits, and baits for insects (such as cockroaches and ants) and molluscs (snail and slug pellets).
Fungicides - These control, destroy, make harmless or regulate the effect of a fungus. Examples include chemicals used to treat Grey mould on grape vines and fruit trees, or Downy Mildew on cucumbers.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - Agricultural crops can be genetically modified to make them more resistant to pests and diseases, or tolerant to certain herbicides. For example, a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis can be incorporated into cotton to provide protection against the larval stages of the cotton bollworm and native bollworm.
GMOs are regulated by the Commonwealth Government through the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) under the provisions of the Gene Technology Act 2000 . Where a genetically modified product is determined to be a pesticide, it is subject to an assessment and registration process in accordance with APVMA requirements.
Herbicides - These destroy, suppress or prevent the spread of a weed or other unwanted vegetation, for example, the herbicide glyphosate is used to control a range of weeds in home gardens, bushland and agricultural situations.
Insecticides - These destroy, suppress, stupefy, inhibit the feeding of, or prevent infestations or attacks by, an insect. Insecticides are used to control a wide variety of insect pests, including thrips, aphids, moths, fruit flies and locusts. In NSW, pesticides include products used on animals to control external parasites if they require dilution or mixing with water. Products applied directly to animals without dilution, injections or other medicines administered internally to treat animals are veterinary medicines and are regulated by the NSW Department of Primary Industries under the Stock Medicines Act 1989 .
Lures - These are chemicals that attract a pest to a pesticide for the purpose of its destruction. Solely food-based lures, for example cheese in a mousetrap, are excluded and are not considered pesticides.
Rodenticides - These are chemicals used specifically for controlling rodents such as mice and rats.
Repellents - These repel rather than destroy a pest. Included in this category are personal insect repellents used to repel biting insects.
A number of living organisms that can control pests have also been registered as pesticides. Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease, for example, has been used to control rabbit numbers; and bacteria that act as biological insecticides have been used to control various insect larvae, such as moths and mosquitoes.
Common misconceptions
The term pesticide covers a wide range of substances that are used for the control of pest species.
A common misunderstanding is that the Pesticides Act 1999 , which controls the use of pesticides in NSW, does not apply to the use of herbicides. This misunderstanding arises because the term pesticide is sometimes wrongly used to describe insecticides only. The legal definition of a pesticide (below) under the Pesticides Act does, in fact, cover herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides and many other types of substances.
Definition
Under the NSW Pesticides Act 1999, a pesticide is an 'agricultural chemical product' as defined in the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994 (Cwlth), namely:
'a substance or mixture of substances that is represented, imported, manufactured, supplied or used as a means of directly or indirectly:
destroying, stupefying, repelling, inhibiting the feeding of, or preventing infestation by or attacks of, any pest in relation to a plant, a place or a thing; or
destroying a plant; or
modifying the physiology of a plant or pest so as to alter its natural development, productivity, quality or reproductive capacity; or
modifying an effect of another agricultural chemical product; or
attracting a pest for the purpose of destroying it.'
Under the NSW Pesticide Act 1999, some external parasite treatments are also considered to be pesticides if the product requires dilution or mixing in water before use and is not prescribed under the Stock Medicines Act 1989 as a low-risk veterinary chemical product.
Another common misconception is that pesticides made from natural substances or 'home brews' are intrinsically safer in all respects than synthetically produced or commercial pesticides. Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) occurs naturally in a number of Australian plants; however, it is a highly toxic substance that is used to kill pest animals such as rabbits, feral pigs, wild dogs and foxes. All substances whether they are synthetic or naturally derived involve some degree of risk when they are used to control pests.
Using pesticides
It is important that pesticides are used only where they are absolutely justified. It is essential that you carefully identify the pest you wish to control and then fully consider all the control options. If you choose to use a pesticide, then it is your legal responsibility to ensure that it is used correctly by following all the instructions on the pesticide product label or on a permit issued by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA).
Pesticides control pest organisms by physically, chemically or biologically interfering with their metabolism or normal behaviour.
Most pesticides are lethal to target pests when applied at the rate specified on the pesticide label.
Some pesticides are non-lethal to the target pest. These include repellents or attractants (such as personal insect repellents), sterilising agents (which interfere with the reproductive ability of a pest), some defoliants (that cause leaf drop without killing the plant) and some pesticide products that boost the action of another pesticide without being particularly toxic themselves (such as piperonyl butoxide which may form part of pyrethrum-based insecticides).
How pesticides reach the target pests
The route that brings a pesticide in contact with the target pest depends on the nature of the pesticide, how it is applied and the type of environment in which the pesticide is placed. Common application methods include spraying, fumigating and baiting.
Many pesticides are 'contact' pesticides. This means to be effective they must be absorbed through the external body surface or the exposed plant tissue; for example, tetramethrin used in household fly sprays, and bipyridillium herbicides such as paraquat.
Contact pesticides have to reach their target directly to be effective.
Other pesticides are systemic in action. Systemic pesticides can be moved (translocated) from the site of application to another site within the plant or animal where they become effective; for example, insecticides that are absorbed by foliage and translocated throughout the plant where they kill chewing or sucking insects; or nematicides that are applied to the leaves of plants and are transferred to the roots of the plant to kill worms or caterpillars that are attacking the plant's roots.
Similarly, blood anticoagulant rodenticides in baits take effect once they have been transferred from the digestive system to the bloodstream of rats or mice.
Systemic pesticides move from where they are applied to other parts of the plant to reach their target.
Pesticide persistence
Some pesticides are residual in action and continue to be effective for days, weeks or months after their application. Examples are the triazine herbicides that persist in the soil and kill emerging weeds over the lifetime of a crop and some insecticides that remain active in the soil for several years when used as a chemical barrier to termites entering buildings.
Many modern pesticides do not persist for long in the environment. They act quickly and are then degraded to non-toxic substances by environmental or microbial processes. This helps prevent their build-up in crops or non-target organisms. How quickly a pesticide breaks down depends on its chemical properties, how much is applied and how it is distributed, as well as environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, soil pH and the availability of micro-organisms.
Pesticide labels: information about the pesticide and its use
The label on the pesticide container is an essential and important source of information about how the pesticide can be legally used. You must read the label, or have it read to you, before using a pesticide so that you can determine what precautions need to be taken when using the pesticide and what constraints there are on use. If the product does not include information on the label about the pest and situation in which you want to use the product then you must find a product that is registered for that purpose. The APVMA has a database ( PUBCRIS ) which can be used to find a pesticide that can be legally used to control the pest species you want to control. Also manufacturers of pesticides or pesticide resellers can give you advice on what pesticide can be used to control the pest you are needing to control.
In addition to the label on the pesticide container all pesticide products are required to have a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) which contains additional information. The MSDS is available from the pesticide manufacturer or supplier at no additional cost. If you use pesticides in your workplace then you need to obtain MSDSs for the products that you use. For more information contact SafeWork NSW (formerly WorkCover).
When using a pesticide you must always follow label directions or APVMA permit instructions. A material safety data sheet (MSDS) must be readily accessible to anyone using pesticides in the workplace.
Page last updated: 13 October 2016
| i don't know |
‘The Angel of the North’ is the work of which British sculptor? | The Angel of the North - definition of The Angel of the North by The Free Dictionary
The Angel of the North - definition of The Angel of the North by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/The+Angel+of+the+North
(redirected from The Angel of the North)
Also found in: Wikipedia .
Angel of the North
n
1. (Named Buildings) a steel sculpture of an angel with outstretched wings, created in 1998 by British sculptor Antony Gormley, which stands on a hilltop outside Gateshead, NE England. It stands 20 m (85 ft) high and has a wingspan of 54 m (175 ft)
2. (Architecture) a steel sculpture of an angel with outstretched wings, created in 1998 by British sculptor Antony Gormley, which stands on a hilltop outside Gateshead, NE England. It stands 20 m (85 ft) high and has a wingspan of 54 m (175 ft)
| Antony Gormley |
Who was US actor Mickey Rooney’s first wife? | The Angel of the North background
The Angel of the North background
The Angel of the North
The Angel's silhouette at the head of the Team Valley now rivals that of the famous Tyne Bridge.
A panoramic hilltop site was chosen where the sculpture would be clearly seen by more than 90,000 drivers a day on the A1 - more than one person every second - and by passengers on the East Coast main line from London to Edinburgh.
The site, a former colliery pithead baths synonymous with Gateshead mining history, was re-claimed as a green landscape during the early 1990s.
Antony Gormley
The Artist
The sculpture was designed by internationally renowned sculptor Antony Gormley.
Antony Gormley OBE, who was born in 1950, is at the forefront of a generation of celebrated younger British artists who emerged during the 1980s. He has exhibited work around the world and has major public works in the USA, Japan, Australia, Norway and Eire. Public work in Britain can be seen in locations as diverse as the crypt at Winchester Cathedral and Birmingham city centre. In 1994 he won the prestigious Turner Prize and in 1997 was awarded the OBE for services to sculpture. He has exhibited in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Tate Gallery, British Museum and the Henry Moore Sculpture Gallery in Leeds.
"People are always asking, why an angel? The only response I can give is that no-one has ever seen one and we need to keep imagining them. The angel has three functions - firstly a historic one to remind us that below this site coal miners worked in the dark for two hundred years, secondly to grasp hold of the future, expressing our transition from the industrial to the information age, and lastly to be a focus for our hopes and fears - a sculpture is an evolving thing."
Gormley said of the Angel: "The hilltop site is important and has the feeling of being a megalithic mound. When you think of the mining that was done underneath the site, there is a poetic resonance. Men worked beneath the surface in the dark. Now in the light, there is a celebration of this industry. The face will not have individual features. The effect of the piece is in the alertness, the awareness of space and the gesture of the wings - they are not flat, they're about 3.5 degrees forward and give a sense of embrace. The most important thing is that this is a collaborative venture. We are evolving a collective work from the firms of the North East and the best engineers in the world."
| i don't know |
In which US state were the 1692 Witch Trials held? | Before Salem, the First American Witch Hunt - History in the Headlines
Before Salem, the First American Witch Hunt
October 31, 2012 By Christopher Klein
Share
Get the real story behind witches, their hats and why they are said to ride on brooms.
Share this:
Before Salem, the First American Witch Hunt
Author
Before Salem, the First American Witch Hunt
URL
Google
Thirty years before the infamous Salem witch trials, America’s first witch hunt hysteria swept through another colonial New England town. Find out about the accusations and trials that rattled Hartford, Connecticut, in 1662.
In late March 1662, John and Bethia Kelly grieved over the body of their 8-year-old daughter inside their Hartford, Connecticut, home. Little Elizabeth had been fine just days before when she returned home with a neighbor, Goodwife Ayres. The distraught parents, grasping at any explanation for their loss, saw the hand of the devil at work.
The parents were convinced that Elizabeth had been fatally possessed by Goody Ayres. The Kellys testified that their daughter first took ill the night after she returned home with her neighbor, and that she exclaimed, “Father! Father! Help me, help me! Goodwife Ayres is upon me. She chokes me. She kneels on my belly. She will break my bowels. She pinches me. She will make me black and blue.”
After Elizabeth’s death, accusations of bewitchment flew, and fingers were pointed at numerous townspeople. Hysteria gripped Hartford, a town that a generation before had witnessed the first execution of a suspected witch in the American colonies. Alse (Alice) Young of Windsor, Connecticut, was sent to the gallows erected in Hartford’s Meeting House Square, now the site of Connecticut’s Old State House, on May 26, 1647.
Witchcraft was one of 12 capital crimes decreed by Connecticut’s colonial government in 1642. The legal precedent cited by the devoutly Puritan colonists was of a divinely higher order: biblical passages such as Exodus 22:18 (“Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live”) and Leviticus 20:27 (“A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death”).
After Young’s public hanging, at least five other Connecticut residents met a similar fate. However, it was in Hartford in 1662, 30 years before the infamous Salem witch trials, that a witch hunt hysteria took hold, resulting in seven trials and four executions.
Shortly after Elizabeth Kelly’s death, the pious Ann Cole suddenly became “afflicted,” shaking violently and spouting blasphemy. According to one contemporary account, Cole was “taken with strange fits, wherein she (or rather the devil, as ‘tis judged, making use of her lips) held a discourse for a considerable time.” Cole blamed her bewitchment on neighbor Rebecca Greensmith, described by one townsperson as “a lewd, ignorant, considerably aged woman,” and others already suspected of witchcraft in the Kelly case. The accused began to accuse others, and even their spouses, of being the true witches. In what became a vicious circle, neighbors began testifying against neighbors. Goody Ayres’ husband, perhaps in an attempt to save his wife, joined in the chorus of Greensmith’s accusers.
The most damning testimony supposedly came from Greensmith herself, who reportedly admitted to having “familiarity with the devil” and said that “at Christmas they would have a merry meeting” to form a covenant. Greensmith implicated her husband and said she had met in the woods with seven other witches, including Goody Ayres, Mary Sanford and Elizabeth Seager. Neighbors testified that they saw Seager dancing with other women in the woods and cooking mysterious concoctions in black kettles.
Two of the suspects, likely the Greensmiths, were subjected to the swimming test in which their hands and feet were bound and they were cast into the water to test the theory that witches are unable to sink. After they were tried, the Greensmiths were indicted “for not having the fear of God before thine eyes; thou hast entertained familiarity with Satan the grand enemy of God and mankind and by his help hast acted things in a preternatural way.” The court’s verdict: “According to the law of God and the established law of this commonwealth, thou deserves to die.”
Rebecca Greensmith had confessed in open court. Nathaniel Greensmith had protested his innocence. But they both met the same fate: the noose. Sanford was also sent to the gallows. After their executions, Cole reportedly was “restored to health.” Ayres fled Hartford, while Seager was finally convicted of witchcraft in 1665, although the governor reversed the verdict the following year. Mary Barnes of Farmington, Connecticut, was also swept up in the region’s witch hunt and executed alongside the Greensmiths.
The four executions of suspected witches in Hartford were to be Connecticut’s last. Another hysteria broke out in Fairfield, Connecticut, in 1692, but none of those convicted met death. Connecticut held its final witch trial in 1697, a half century after Alse Young’s execution. During that period, there were 46 prosecutions and at least 11 executions.
Descendants of some of those 11 colonists are seeking posthumous pardons and apologies similar to those that occurred in Massachusetts for victims of the Salem witch trials. Previous resolutions in the Connecticut legislature, however, have not come out of committee, and the state’s Board of Pardons and Paroles also has a policy of not granting posthumous pardons. The descendants are now pressing for a gubernatorial proclamation to clear the names of their ancestors.
Tags
| Massachusetts |
In the Harry Potter series of books, what is the name of Hermoine Granger’s cat? | The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692
An Account of Events in Salem
by Douglas O. Linder (last update: 9/2009)
From June through September of 1692, nineteen men and women, all having been convicted of witchcraft, were carted to Gallows Hill, a barren slope near Salem Village, for hanging. Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges. Hundreds of others faced accusations of witchcraft; dozens languished in jail for months without trials until the hysteria that swept through Puritan Massachusetts subsided.
| i don't know |
In Greek mythology, who murdered Glauce, the bride of Jason, on their wedding day? | Glauce | Definition, meaning & more | Collins Dictionary
Definitions
noun Greek mythology
1. the second bride of Jason , murdered on her wedding day by Medea , whom Jason had deserted
2. a sea nymph , one of the Nereids
Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers
| Medea |
Which English Premier League football club has the motto ‘Nil Satis Nisi Optimum’ (Nothing but the best is good enough)? | Jason - Rise of the Argonauts Wiki Guide - IGN
Edit Page Last Edit:
February 28, 2014 - 2 years 10 months ago
The young king of peaceful Iolcus, an isle of tranquil villages and rolling farmlands, Jason expected to live a quiet life of service to his people. His sole desire was to marry his childhood friend and beloved fiancé, the Princess Alceme. But on the day of their wedding, an assassin's arrow cut through the clear morning sky and pierced her through the heart.
Unwilling to accept this terrible fate, Jason sets out on an epic journey to find and recover the legendary Golden Fleece, a powerful artifact lost for centuries. Along the way, he gathers to his side a crew of the greatest heroes and legends of the Greek world. In his path are fantastic monsters, impossible challenges, and the sinister forces of Hecate, the mysterious titan whose plots seem to confront him at every turn.
Like his fathers before him, Jason trained as a weaponmaster, able to wield sword, spear, or mace with equally deadly skill and finesse. At his side, the Iolcan Aspis, shield of his kingdom, is a powerful weapon in its own right, deflecting enemy attacks and smashing foes with concussive force.
Whether shattering shields with his mace, impaling a distant foe with hurled spear, or decapitating his enemies with a single slash, Jason's lethal expertise makes him a powerful warrior in any situation.
Edit His Character Story
In Rise of the Argonauts the tale plays out slightly different than the modern day tale. Jason is the King of Iolcus and is betrothed to the beautiful Alcmene. Alcmene is killed by an assassin on their wedding day. Jason seals her body in the marital temple and vows not only to avenge her, but to restore her to life.
Overcome with grief you/(Jason) vow to do anything to restore her. You hear of the Legendary Golden Fleece, on the lost Isle Of Colchis, which is said to bring the dead back to life. In order to reunite with your beloved you must now prepare for the greatest voyage of all.
The Golden Fleece is a magical artifact known to carry the power of resurrection, and it is his intent to restore his beloved Alcmene that drives him on his quest to obtain the Fleece. Setting out upon the newly crafted Argo, Jason recruits the Argonauts; Achilles, Hercules/Heracles, Atalanta, and Pan.
Edit Basis: The Greek Mythology
Jason was the son of the lawful king of Iolcus, but his uncle Pelias had usurped the throne. Pelias lived in constant fear of losing what he had taken so unjustly. He kept Jason's father a prisoner and would certainly have murdered Jason at birth, but Jason's mother deceived Pelias by mourning as if Jason had died.
Meanwhile, the infant was bundled off to the wilderness cave of Chiron the Centaur. Chiron tutored Jason in the lore of plants, the hunt and the civilized arts. When he had come of age, Jason set out like a proper hero to claim his rightful throne.
King Pelias of Iolcos sent Jason on a seemingly impossible quest to bring the Golden Fleece back from distant Colchis. For the quest, Jason assembled a crew of heroes from all over Greece; Argos built for the heroes the largest ship ever constructed, the Argo. Resulting in his becoming known as the leader of the Argonauts and the husband of Medea.
Edit Pantheon Records Version
On the voyage to Colchis, in addition to other adventures, Jason and his crew of Argonauts became the first humans to pass through the Symplegades (the Clashing Rocks). They also freed Phineus from the curse of the Harpies.
When they arrived at Colchis, King Aeetes demanded that Jason accomplish a series of tasks to get the Golden Fleece: he must yoke a team of fierce, fire-breathing oxen and plow a field with them; then he must sow the teeth of a dragon in the field, and deal with the warlike armored men who sprouted from these "seeds." Finally, he must brave the sleepless dragon who guarded the Fleece.
Jason accomplished all these tasks with the help of Medea, Aeetes' daughter, who had fallen in love with him. After obtaining the Golden Fleece, Jason and Medea fled from Colchis, pursued by King Aeetes' men.
On their voyage back to Iolcos, they encountered the perils of Scylla and Charybdis and the isle of the Sirens as well as Talos the bronze guardian of Crete. In Iolcos, Medea contrived the murder of King Pelias, after which she and Jason fled to Corinth.
In Corinth, after many years of marriage, Jason finally deserted Medea to marry King Creon's daughter. Medea wreaked a terrible vengeance, killing the bride and Creon, and even murdering her own children. She then escaped, leaving Jason to mourn his losses. Jason was killed years later when he was struck on the head by a timber from the Argo.
| i don't know |
Which UK comedy series featured the characters Eccles, Bloodnok and Bluebottle? | BBC - Comedy - The Goon Show
The Goon Show
The Goon Show
This is the programme that set Spike Milligan on the path to comic iconhood, Peter Sellers on the road to stardom, Michael Bentine on the crazy paving to 'Potty Time' and Harry Secombe on the highway to... er... 'Highway'.
It also provided uproarious silliness to millions and gave generations of writers and gave performers from Monty Python to Eddie Izzard licence to smash down (comic) conventions.
Like many other great comics of the period, Milligan, Sellers, Secombe and Bentine developed their performing skills during service in World War II. After the war they met while scrabbling around for work in London, becoming regulars at "The Grafton Arms" whose landlord, Jimmy Grafton, put them in touch with the BBC.
By 1951 they had convinced the Beeb to let them put on the show that would launch comedy on a new path and hundreds of silly voices on a nation.
Driven by the (literally) manic energy of Milligan's scripts and a shared sense of humour, The Goon Show was unlike anything ever heard before.
Initially it was a series of sketches, featuring a cast of regular characters and running under the title "Those Crazy People" (the BBC didn't understand the term "goon", which Milligan had taken from 1930s "Popeye" comics).
By the time of Bentine's departure at the end of series two, however, the familiar format of ludicrous plots, surreal humour ("What time is it Eccles?", "Just a minute. I've got it written down on a piece of paper"), dreadful puns (many of them old army favourites, like the character of Hugh Jampton, permanently excused shorts), catchphrases ("Have a gorilla", "No, I only smoke baboons") and weird sound effects, all interspersed with musical intervals, was firmly in place.
Plots were usually surreal romps through old standbys such as spy drama, murder mystery and wartime heroics, with titles like "The Toothpaste Expedition", "The International Christmas Pudding" and "The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler of Bexhill-on-Sea" giving a flavour of the liberties Milligan was willing to take with such material.
It was the characters, though, that made the show, from innocent Neddie Seagoon (Secombe) to the idiotic Eccles ([Sings] "I talk to the trees... that's why they put me away") and ancient Minnie Bannister ("we'll all be murdered in our beds") (both Milligan) to suave villain Grytpype-Thynne, military-man-on-the-make Major Bloodnok ("Moneyyyyyyy!") and, of course, squeaky-voiced boyscout Bluebottle ("Enter Bluebottle wearing string and cardboard pyjamas. Waits for audience applause. Not a sausage") (all Sellers).
The programme ran for 10 years, with most of its 200-plus episodes written by Milligan (often assisted by Eric Sykes and John Antrobus among others), who was driven to a nervous breakdown at one stage by the weekly pressure of producing a script.
Since the programme ended in 1960 it has been in constant demand as a repeat and has been broadcast all over the globe. 60 years after it started it retains the power to reduce audiences to helpless laughter; no comedy could ask for more.
Cast
| The Goon Show |
What is the cube root of 729? | The Goon Show (Radio) - TV Tropes
The Goon Show
You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account
Share
The Goons. Clockwise from top: Peter Sellers , Harry Secombe , Spike Milligan .
Bluebottle: It's writted on this bit of paper, what is eight o'clock, is writted.
Eccles: I know that, my good fellow. That's right. When I asked the fella to write it down, it was eight o'clock.
Bluebottle: Well then, supposing when somebody asks you the time, it isn't eight o'clock?
Eccles: Then I don't show it to them.
Bluebottle: Well how do you know when it's eight o'clock?
Eccles: I've got it written down on a piece of paper!
— "The Mysterious Punch-up-the-Conker"
BBC Radio comedy show starring Peter Sellers , Spike Milligan (who was also the main writer), and Harry Secombe , which ran from 1951 to 1960. The first series was titled "Crazy People - with Radio's Own Crazy Gang: The Goons". Michael Bentine is credited with being a co-inventor of the concept and in fact was a full Goon for the first two series, but left after artistic and personal differences with Milligan. According to one interview, Milligan overheard Bentine suggesting that he (Milligan) should be fired.
Beginning as a sketch comedy series, the show accumulated a cast of recurring characters and evolved into a surreal, continuity-free sitcom, with each episode dropping the characters into a different place, time, and situation, and leaving them to react to it in their characteristic fashion.
The plots, such as they were, often revolved around well-meaning fool Neddie Seagoon (Secombe) becoming the target of some plot by impoverished conmen Hercules Grytpype-Thynne and Count Jim "Knees" Moriarty (Sellers and Milligan respectively) Grytpype's influence drags Moriarty down from the competent schemer of series 5 to the cringing dustbin-dweller of series 9. Other major characters included Dirty Coward Major Bloodnok (Sellers), the aged Henry Crun and Minnie Bannister (Sellers and Milligan), happy-go-lucky Chew Toy boy adventurer Bluebottle (Sellers), and The Famous Eccles, the world's biggest idiot (Milligan).
Wallace Greenslade acted as the announcer (Andrew Timothy in the earlier series), but was often roped into the story , while Ray Ellington (jazz singer) and Max Geldray (harmonica) provided musical interludes. They also were called on occasionally to play small parts - often parts for which their voices were highly inappropriate. The Ellington Quartet's trumpeter George Chisholm occasionally played mad Scotsmen.
The scripts were mostly written by Spike Milligan, with various persons note such as Bentine, in the beginning, and later Eric Sykes and Dick Emery helping him. A few episodes were written by these helpers while Milligan was unavailable . Considerable ad-libbing occurred, much ad-libbing was carefully scripted, and lampshades were regularly hung .
The show had several guests over the years, most often Valentine Dyall "the Man in Black" who played various similar but distinct roles.
The Goon Show's style of humour was an influence on many later British comedians, notably Monty Python and The Goodies , and even The Beatles ' humorous side has roots in this show. ( John Lennon specifically credited the Goons as an influence.) It's fair to say that if you like any subsequent British comedy at all, somewhere along the line you have The Goon Show to thank. The Firesign Theater was also deeply influenced by the Goons. Of all things, Shrek mentions "Bloodnock the Flatulent" as one of ogre gods.
Not to be confused with The Goon , a comic series about a muscle-bound mob enforcer who fights monsters; nor should it be confused with any shows that happen to be made by goons , or The Gong Show , or The Goonies .
This series includes examples of:
Abnormal Ammo : Frequently. Various episodes make use of hens, porridge, soup, Christmas puddings, and Sassenachs.
And "Dishonoured" and "Dishonoured Again" (Dishonored), "Under Two Floorboards" ( Under Two Flags ), "King Solomon's Mines" ( King Solomon's Mines ) ....
Audience Murmurs : Parodied. Crowd sounds would be made by the cast saying "Rhubarb, rhubarb, rhubarb, custard."
Scottish crowds were identifiable by the characteristic cry of "McRhubarb, McRhubarb, McCustard, McRhubarb." With occasional mutterings about porridge.
Badass Boast : Well, Seagoon tries.
Seagoon: Have a care, sir. I'm not a man to be laughed at.
Grytpype: I know, I've seen your act.
Bait and Switch : Being on radio, it was especially easy to use this trope:
Lo-Hing Ding (Bentine): [Unintelligible Chinese-sounding rantings]
Secombe: Inspector?
Secombe: This man is Chinese.
Inspector: How do you know?
Secombe: You can tell by his eyes.
Inspector: His eyes?
Secombe: Yes. Didn�t you hear the way he pronounced them?
Banana Republic : Literally, in The Affair of the Lone Banana and again in Foiled by President Fred.
Biting-the-Hand Humor : Everywhere. For example, when Bluebottle has turned out to have been impersonating Wallace Greenslade after complicated events that made no sense:
Bluebottle: I was using his large-type front and posh-type talking act to work my way to a position of importance in the BBC!
Seagoon: Silly lad! There are no positions of importance in the BBC.
"1985", their parody of George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , is wall-to-wall this. Britain is ruled by the despotic tyranny of the BBC, and 846 Winston Seagoon is tortured by being forced to listen to BBC Radio soap operas. In the end, the Independent Television Army takes over (a Take That to the Independent Television Authority, which had been created to supervise the development of commercial TV in Britain)...and promptly starts broadcasting exactly the same shows, to Winston's horror.
Bringing Running Shoes to a Car Chase :
In "The Missing Number Ten Downing Street":
Eccles: Inspector? I think I'm on to something. I�ve been tailing a car up der Great North Road for the last 30 miles, and it looks very suspicious.
Seagoon: Overtake him at once!
Eccles: But he�s doin� a hundred miles an hour.
Seagoon: Well, try and pass him.
Eccles: Well, I�ll try, but he�s got the advantage over me.
Seagoon: Why?
Eccles: He�s in a car, I�m walkin�.
In "Ill Met By Goonlight":
First Nazi : Ach Himmel! He's running alongside the car. Faster driver!
Driver: Jawohl!
Seagoon: I'm an idiot!
Echo: You certainly are!
In "The Great Bank of England Robbery", Eccles gets in an argument with his echo, thinking it's a real person mocking him — "Who's that?" "Who's that?" "I'm Eccles." "I'm Eccles." "You can't be, I'm Eccles." and so on — even though it's just repeating what he says... until the end of the bit, when this happens:
Eccles: Now then I've got to find Mr. Seagoon.
Echo: Needing me anymore?
Echo: OK, goodbye!
Catch Phrase : Tons (the main characters' are on the character sheet):
Jim Spriggs: "Hello Jim", and variants on the latter phrase as well as others wherein they would be repeated in a high-pitched singing voice, e.g. "Hello Jim! HEEEELLOOO JIIIM!"
Little Jim: "He's fallen in the water!" — which is almost the only thing he ever says.
Willium: "You can't park there, mate!"
"Ying tong iddle i po" and "Needle nardle noo", all-purpose catchphrases (most often Neddie's). "It's all in the mind, you know" was also used by everyone, most commontly Grytpype-Thynne.
Wallace Greenslade (usually about Seagoon): "He's very good, you know. Very good."
Milligan was known to comment that a catch phrase was simply a meaningless remark repeated until people were brainwashed into laughing at it.
Charge-into-Combat Cut : In the episode "Dishonoured" (remade as "Dishonoured Again") Neddie Seagoon goes off to fight, and we only learn what happens next from Bloodnok's narration.
Bloodnok: How that battle raged - I watched it all on television, you know. Seagoon fought like a madman - how else? But alas... On that spot is now a little white stone. Once a year Min lays flowers on it. The stone bears a simple inscription in Hindi - I haven't the heart to tell her that roughly translated it says "Bombay 49 miles".
Greenslade: Oh, hard luck. Still, he tried.
Cloudcuckoolander : Most characters veer into this, Eccles and Bluebottle especially.
Color Blind Confusion : In the episode "Foiled by President Fred", Eccles has a red sack of forged money and a blue sack of genuine money. Or maybe it's the other way around. Thanks to his colour blindness, he isn't able to tell which sack is which colour anyway...
Comically Small Bribe : Multiple variations, including successful attempts to bribe people with photographs of money.
Seagoon: Wait...this five pound note in the photo...it's a forgery!
And Bluebottle would do nearly anything for a quarter-pound bag of sweets, though that's not wildly implausible for somebody his apparent age. Then again, when you hear what he wants to do with the sweets...
Moriarty: Get Seagoon out of that laboratory, and a fortune in sherbet suckers ... is yours.
Bluebottle: Ohh, ecstasy! For two sherbet suckers, Freda Niggs is mine tonight!
Hyperbole-level poverty was a running gag through the whole series. (After all, it was Britain in The '50s ). For example, the day after a battleship steamed up the river Thames and announced via megaphone in the middle of London, "Hands Up, England!"...
Alderman Spriggs: All in all, gentlemen, the thieves made off with England's entire cash assets of three pounds, eleven and sixpence!
And when John Snagge learns that Wallace Greenslade has been hired away from the BBC for a wage of five pounds a year:
Snagge: Five pounds? There isn't that much!
Corpsing : They frequently set each other off, or the studio audience did, or after they flubbed a line. In "The Case of the Missing CD Plates", a running gag involving absurd sped-up cod-Eastern music and nonsense words sets off a storm of giggles that completely halts the show in its tracks for 20 seconds or so.
Double Entendre
Drop the Cow : One episode ("The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler") ended with the heroes on a raft, faced with a difficult decision - they could either eat some batter pudding and live, or preserve the pudding as evidence and die in the cause of justice. The Lemony Narrator then asked listeners to write in with the "classic ending" they wished to hear.
Suggestions to be written on a piece of batter pudding.
Talk about your lemony endings...
Narrator: For you cretins who insist on a happy ending, here it is.
(sappy violin music)
Grytpype: Darling — darling, will you marry me?
Bloodnok: Of course I will, darling!
Narrator: Good night!
Early Installment Weirdness : The early series of The Goon Show had four people (the regular three plus Michael Bentine), and were written as multiple short sketches. Later, the show's typical structure crystallised: the Goons, as themselves, would give a rambling introduction, then the announcer would provide a transition into a single, extended (if often barely coherent) narrative, featuring a Universal-Adaptor Cast of madmen with Negative Continuity .
Either/Or Title : Many examples. The Goons mocked this trope mercilessly:
"The Greatest Mountain In The World!, Or: I Knew Fred Crute, Or: The Greatest Mountain In The World!"
"Round the World in 80 Days, or: Money Refunded". In this particular case, the announcement preceded a short violin solo after which Milligan, as Little Jim, could be heard doling out cash with a charitable "There's Money For You, There's Money For You!"
"The Fireball of Milton Street", or "What's become of that crispy bacon we had before the war, ey?"
"The Search for Rommel's Treasure, or..." (dramatic fanfare, lasting nearly 30 seconds) "...I've forgotten what I was going to say now."
The episode "The Curse of Frankenstein" was given two possible titles in the episode itself: "'My Heart's in the Highlands but My Feet Are in Bombay', or 'I Was the Victim of a Terrible Explosion'."
"Le Salarie de la peur, or " The Wages of Fear ", or in English "The Fear of Wages".
One of the earliest episodes took this trope too far...
Seacombe: "The Collapse of the British Rail Sandwich System", or...
Milligan: "I was General Woolfe's Chiropodist, by John Bunion", or...
Seacombe: "The Collapse of General Woolfe's Saxophone System on the Manitoba Sandwich Railway", or...
SFX: Incomprehensible noises
Flamboyant Gay : Minor gag character Flowerdew.
Flock of Wolves : In "The White Neddie Trade", Seagoon mentions in an aside that he's a secret agent from Interpol, trying to infiltrate an illicit smuggling ring. The show ends with every other character revealing that they, too, are secret agents from Interpol.
Friendly Fire : In "The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler of Bexhill-on-Sea", Seagoon and Crun are fired upon by Nazi artillery across the Channel when they light a match, so Crun has the idea to light a German match (" Brilliant! They won't fire on their own matches! ")...only for them to be fired upon by the British artillery.
The same episode contains the immortal line:
Eccles: Hey fellas - there's no need to worry about the mine - it's one of ours!
Funny Foreigner : In particular minor characters Mr. Banerjee and Mr. Lalkaka (Indians), Eidelberger (German — although in "The Great Bank Robbery" he denied it on the grounds that no self-respecting German would have such an atrocious phony accent ), Yakamoto (Japanese), Lieutenant Hernhern (American, usually shows up in World War II stories) and others.
If one hasn't read up on it going in, they might not realize many jokes about Bloodnok are fart gags, accomplished through odd sound effects (i.e. explosions) and suggestive phrases, e.g. "No more curried eggs for me!".
One episode featured a character named Dr. Londongle.
A minor character rejoices in the name of Justin Eidelberger ("just an idle bugger").
Then there was the referenced-but-never-seen character called Hugh Jampton (ie Huge Hampton, 'Hampton Wick' being rhyming slang for "prick").
There are occasional cracks about elderly people and their sex lives (or lack thereof) involving Min and Henry Crun. Some of them are pretty coarse if you're paying attention.
Henry Crun: It's the war-whoops of the Nakatacka Indians!
Minnie: Are they the ones that commit atrocities?
Henry Crun: Yes, Min.
Minnie: I'll go upstairs and get ready!
"Bend over for the golden rivet!" The punchline to a very old Royal Navy joke which isn't about rum or the lash.
"It's your turn in the barrel!" Another old sodomy gag.
The broadcasts of the show had to be edited for the BBC World Service broadcasts to India. In the dialogues between the two funny-Asian characters, Sellers and Milligan (both having lived in India) were fond of slipping in Hindi obscenities that would pass right by most British ears. But when re-broadcast to India and Pakistan...
When the shows were packaged for overseas broadcast by the BBC Transcription Service, their literature was careful to identify which shows "our old friends Lalkaka and Banerjee" appeared in.
Seagoon is often referred to, and sometimes calls himself, a Charlie, meaning a patsy or fool. This is from rhyming slang: Charlie Hunt... (indirectly making this Country Matters as well).
It Makes Sense in Context , believe it or not. Well, the first line does...
Bloodnok: I admire your choice, sir, you can't beat a concrete lamp-post you know.
Seagoon: Rubbish, I beat mine every morning! I show it who is the master.
Milligan once responded to complaints about the dirty joke leftovers by saying, "if they know why it's dirty, they've got no business complaining about it."
Bluebottle has a couple...
Bluebottle: Pulls up trousers, tucks in shirt. Hee hee. My hands were cold .
And...
Bluebottle: I don't like eatin' oranges in the dark.
Seagoon: Then what do you like doing in the dark?
Bluebottle: (Embarrassed giggle)
Seagoon: Yes, but there's no time for that now!
"Who Is Pink Oboe?" has this in the title, "pink oboe" being Forces slang for the penis.
Glad I Thought of It :
Seagoon in "The Greatest Mountain in the World" when he denounces the idea of building their own mountain as ridiculous, chucks the unlucky suggester out of the meeting, and then promptly claims the plan for himself.
In "The Great Nadger Plague", the revelation of the villains' plot includes Grytpype-Thynne describing it to Moriarty as "a brilliant idea of mine that you thought of".
Grand Finale : Not within the original run, but the 1972 special The Last Goon Show of All did live up to its name and brought back the key recurring characters for one last go-round, in a story that has No Ending .
Gravity Is a Harsh Mistress : In "The White Box of Great Bardfield", Bluebottle demonstrates his rocket ship:
Bluebottle: I stand on the deck and light the rocket fuse, so!
[Explosion, whoosh of rocket]
Seagoon: Why aren't you on it?
Bluebottle: Because... Hmmm, the ship has gone. Thinks. Then what is Bluebottle standing on?
[Splash]
Impossible Insurance : In "Insurance, The White Man's Burden" Seagoon is talked into insuring the English Channel against catching fire. Later on Henry Crun pours oil on the Channel to calm it, and then burns it off. Unfortunately Seagoon still doesn't get to collect because Grytpype and Moriarty have done a runner.
Then there's "The Canal", where Lord Valentine Seagoon keeps buying life insurance for his son Neddie using increasingly unlikely and specific death scenarios ("How much would it cost to insure Neddie against putting concrete blocks on his feet, blowing himself up with dynamite and then landing in the canal?") before, of course, engineering those exact scenarios.
Improbable Aiming Skills : In "The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler of Bexhill-On-Sea", the German artillery is capable of firing upon anyone who so much as lights a match!
Crun: It's much too dark to see, strike a light.
Seagoon: Not allowed during blackout. Only 28 miles across the channel, German guns are watching this coast!
Crun: Don't be silly, they can't see a little match being struck!
Seagoon: Oh, all right.
To wit, in "The Missing Year", it is discovered (in 1958) that there isn't a single 1956 calendar in all of Britain. A meeting of parliament is established to determine what to do about this. They decide to use the "clues" to look for it. The conversation (with many voices chiming in) abbreviates to: " Let's see, it's 1956 AD... A and D are the first and fourth letters of the alphabet. One Four... One for the road? There are many roads. Such as Cecil Rhodes. He lives in Africa... that's it! I'll search for the missing year in Africa! "
Intelligible Unintelligible : The Gothic Horror spoof "The Canal" features a character who never speaks, only emits long eerie screams... which the other characters react to as if they were intelligible speech.
Mysterious character: (long eerie scream)
Lord Dyall: It's in the cabinet by the bed, dear.
It Runs on Nonsensoleum : Exploding cucumbers that blast someone into orbit; someone driving a wall - this show did 'random weirdness' before TV did, never mind the Internet.
From "The Booted Gorilla"...
Neddie: I have a message for you from Bloodnock, in the heart of Africa . *several seconds of jungle drums* Signed... *tom tom* Any reply?
Grytpype: Jove, yes! This: *several seconds of modern full-kit drum solo* Signed yours sincerely, *congas*, PS, *triangle jingling*.
Neddie: What beautiful handwriting you have.
"The Goon Show is now available in half-pint bottles. (switches to American accent) Yes, don't listen to the Goon Show, drink it, in the new economy-size serving! Drink: Goon Show!"
All Scotsmen, when speaking, are accompanied by bagpipes. And only when speaking. If they say just "Yes", there'll be a quick one-second burst on the bagpipes in the background.
"And that, listeners, was the sound of Neddie and Eccles driving a wall at high speed".
"Listeners may doubt the authenticity of that sound effect, a boa constrictor galloping. If the truth be known, a horse covered in a snakeskin was used to replicate the sound. As for the chicken noises, we can only apologize."
Lampshaded after a quick series of very random sound effects, including a train accelerating, some battle trumpets, alchemical bubbling, and a chipmunk's scream of anguish; "I'm afraid you'll have to work that one out for yourselves, listeners."
In one case this is even in the script - a Running Gag is that different brands of cigarettes are referred to as 'gorillas', 'baboons', 'monkeys' etc., and the script notes that the sound effect of Eccles and Seagoon smoking gorillas should be "SOUND OF TWO GORILLAS FIGHTING - IF CAN'T GET THAT, TRY TWO LIONS"
"Ladies and gentlemen, as there is no audible sound for a piece of string we substitute this" *long stream of gibberish*
"This is part of the BBC's new economy drive. They have found it is cheaper to travel by bagpipes..."
At one point, they knock over a bottle containing the BBC.
In "The Siege of Fort Night", Seagoon and Crun found that the gas oven Crun invented could connect to the railway station. They use this as a shortcut to the fort and bring the oven with them through the oven door. Eccles, following their instructions, hands the front, back, left and right sides in before he realises that he can't close the door and then go through it to bring the inside with him. Solution? Send the door separately.
Kill 'em All : Some episodes, due to Negative Continuity , have endings where most, if not all of the characters die. If they don't all die, there's a chance Bluebottle is a survivor, as a reversal of the usual Once an Episode gag.
Lampshade Hanging : Milligan owned a lampshade shop...
One common example of this was deliberate tactics used to drag out short scripts; sound effects of people running up miles of staircase might end with someone commenting, "The scriptwriter paid me to waste time there."
Henry Crun (Sellers): You know Min, a script writer named Spike Milligan gave me two guineas to take a long time walking up these steps. He said it helps him in his work.
Minnie Bannister (Milligan): Yes, I know!
Also, after something happened that was only possible because it was a radio show (such as Eccles standing on Neddie's shoulders, then pulling Neddie up so he could reach a high place), someone would often remark that they'd, "like to see them do this on television," or similar.
Laughing at Your Own Jokes : Seagoon often laughs hysterically after making some particularly weak pun, and then stops with an '...ahem.' when he realises no-one else joined in.
Left the Background Music On
Two whole episodes were based on this. In one, the characters would frequently remark upon the significance of the scene-link music or sound effects. In another, the musician's union was on strike, and so they brought in Adolphus Spriggs (played by Milligan) to a-capella the entire theme song, all the scene links, dramatic chords, and even a few sound effects.
In "The Lost Gold Mine of Charlotte"...
Bloodnok: (narrating, a mourning violin playing in background) Alone, I was, there in the Arizona desert. Left alone to die... I don't want to die! I'm too old for that. But here I am, with naught but the sun, sands, a shovel to bury myself with, and that red indian over there who insists on playing that blasted violin!
Lemony Narrator : Greenslade was this trope:
Greenslade: And now, part two, three weeks later. Or part three, two weeks later. Frankly, I couldn't care less.
Literal-Minded : Most usually Eccles and Bluebottle, but everyone and the narration was also prone to using jokes of this type.
Seagoon: I could tell by his broken English that he was a broken Englishman.
Loads and Loads of Roles : Everyone played multiple roles, especially if someone was absent. Sellers sometimes filled in for absentees, but it took four people to fill in for him the day he was absent.
For contrast, in certain episodes where Milligan was missing, Sellers filled in for him... and until the credits were announced, no-one listening at home noticed.
This also happened to characters within the show, e.g.:
Brutus Moriartus: Why don't you stop him, Julius Caesar?
Bloodnok: How can I when I'm playing the part of Bloodnok?
Or:
Englishman: I am the Manager, the Proprietor, the Head Waiter, and the Chief Cashier of the Restaurant Fred.
Seagoon: Who's Fred?
Henry Crun: Who was that knocking?
Moriarty: It was my friend, Grytpype-Thynne.
Henry Crun: I can't see him.
Moriarty: That's because you were playing him.
Henry Crun: What?
Moriarty: He's never here when you're here.
Henry Crun: I don't understand...
Moriarty: Neither do the audience, that's why this isn't getting a laugh!
Loud Gulp : Usually from Neddie. Unsurprising since it's radio and all.
Loud of War : In the Nineteen Eighty-Four parody "Nineteen Eighty Five", the tortures in Room 101 all entailed listening to BBC Radio Soap Operas .
Which is Fridge Brilliance , as Orwell originally named the room after a real conference room at BBC Broadcasting House in which tedious planning meetings for new programmes (possibly including soap operas) were held.
Mad Libs Catch Phrase : "(With) X(-o), the new wonder Y-Z'er". Based on a common advertising slogan format on radio in The '50s . Examples include "Lifo, the new wonder life-giver", "Leggo, the new wonder leg-regrower" and "Brains, the new wonder head-filler".
Majored in Western Hypocrisy : Spoofed in the episode "The Gold Plate Robbery": Visiting Morocco, Neddie Seagoon meets an Arab nomad who went to college in Cambridge and speaks English like a native — with a broad Cockney accent.
Meanwhile, in the Future... : In "The Treasure in the Tower", the action alternates between a ship sailing home to bury treasure in 1600 and an expedition to find the treasure in 1957. Much use of "Meanwhile in 1600" and "Meanwhile in 1957" ensues. Played with: when the ship reaches the place where they intend to bury the treasure, the crew of the ship start interacting with members of the expedition, and in the end the sailors bury the treasure in 1600 in the hole dug on the spot in 1957 in an unsuccessful attempt to find the treasure that hadn't yet been buried.
The Movie : The little-remembered Down Among the Z-Men was a rare Goon Show spinoff made in the early days with Michael Bentine in the cast. The script didn't really reflect the Goons' style of humour, but it does include a good Bentine solo routine.
More successful was The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn, a half-hour short written by Milligan and starring Milligan and Sellers in their Goon Show roles with guest appearances from Dick Emery and Graham Stark.
"My card." "My card!" "My card." "Snap!"
"It's blank!" "Times are bad."
"It's blank!" "No, turn it over." "What a silly place to put it - on the other side!"
"My card." "Mister Grytpype-Thynne - King of England?! 'Knighthoods Done While You Wait'?"
"MacCard? A Scotsman, eh?"
Neddie: Who are you hindu gentlemen?
Banerjee: Here, sir.
Neddie: "Jim Jones and Tom Squatte, Printers"?
Banerjee: They are the men who sold us the cards.
And later in the same episode...
Bloodnok: We'll settle this by wager. Here, draw a card from this deck, don't show me what it is... now, what is your card?
Neddie: "Jim Jones and Tom Squatte, Printers".
Trader Horn: My name is Horn. Trader Horn. Born in Houndsditch. How do you like a name like that eh? Horn-Trader-Horn-born-in-Houndsditch. My father must have been mad.
Also in "The Missing Scroll", later re-titled "The Lost Music of Purdom":
Seagoon: My name is Seagoon, Neddie Seagoon. You've possibly seen my name in the Mirror. It reads: Noogeas Eidden, Noogeas.
James Bond is referenced directly in another episode...
Seagoon: (answering a phone) Who's this?
Caller: *whistles the James Bond theme*
Seagoon: James Bond!
Caller: Err, no sir. I'm agent double-oh, three one six, two eight seven four.
Seagoon: Ah, premium bond.
Narrator : BBC announcer Andrew Timothy as himself; succeeded by Wallace Greenslade, ditto.
Greenslade also became a character of his own - thanking his fan clubs, claiming to be among the listeners in their ignorance, frequently mentioning prominent BBC announcer John Snagge, and even once being the star of an entire show parodying his career as announcer, named "The Greenslade Story, or Winds Light To Variable".
In the aforementioned story, they even got John Snagge into the studio to be the viewpoint character.
In "What's My Line", Greenslade admitted he was thinking "Hooray for ITV" while saying "This is the BBC," and John Snagge marched in with the BBC firing squad and shot him.
Secombe: That was only a recording of John Snagge and his merry huntsmen.
Negative Continuity : Every show started with the full roster of characters, usually involved in a completely different story from last time. Characters would frequently be killed off at the end of an episode (Seagoon in particular), only to be unharmed and alive the following week and with no memory of previous adventures.
New Media Are Evil : Some cracks at television (well, it was new media back then...)
Seagoon: No, it's just that you've changed so much. [Aside] And, dear listener, changed he had — he looked tired and weary — his eyes, his eyes were sunk back in his head, they were were bloodshot, watery and red-rimmed — what had caused this?
Lord Valentine Dyall: Neddie, we've bought a television set.
Newscaster Cameo : John Snagge, in several episodes, provided fictional news reports commenting on the events of the episode.
No Celebrities Were Harmed : Strongly averted, with the scripts casually throwing in anyone they felt like, even people who one might be expect were beyond the comedy pale - for example, in "The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler of Bexhill-on-Sea", Inspector Neddie is calling a list of phone numbers of possible suspects:
Neddie: Hello?
Winston Churchill: Ten Downing Street here.
Neddie: (gulps) I'm so sorry. (slams phone down) No - it couldn't be him - who'd he want to throw a batter pudding at? (phone rings, he answers)
Clement Attlee: Hello, this is Mr. Attlee. Someone's just thrown a batter pudding at me!
Another one featuring Churchill:
Narrator: The Phantom Head Shaver struck again and again. The tourist trade was threatened; that week only two gentlemen visited Brighton.
Winston Churchill: Come on Clem, what have we got to lose?
The BBC eventually banned Sellers' Churchill impersonations after the man himself allegedly objected to a topical joke.
No Ending : Just one example: "The Great String Robbery" ends with Seagoon being informed that the entire show has been "all in your mind, you know". In wild panic, he screams for help, demanding to know " Who Wrote This Script? ".
No Fourth Wall : Especially when the characters refer to the sound effects as being inappropriate or unconvincing. Also, Bluebottle has a tendency to read all his script directions aloud and to vocalize what he's thinking.
This was in fact a reference to Peter Sellers' own habit of Talking to Himself (see below).
Non-Fatal Explosions : At least Once an Episode (see below). Usually more.
Oh Wait, This Is My Grocery List : In "The Canal", Henry Crun attempts to read helpful advice to Neddie after he falls in the canal, and gets halfway through a cake recipe before realising he's got hold of a cookbook instead of the Lifesaving Manual. It's typical of the series that the still-drowning Neddie's response to this realisation is to wonder what he should do with the cake batter he's just made.
Overly Long Gag : Several minutes of silence or footsteps was common, and then there's Minnie and Henry's dialogues, many of which boil down to talking in circles for minutes at a stretch.
Or a good thirty seconds of various bits of metal jangling together as someone empties their pockets. Followed by:
Seagoon: Quit stalling - empty your pockets!
They were fond of this gag, but they did seem to know when to cut it off:
Seagoon: Open my money chest and put on a gramophone record of seven thousand pounds in shillings.
Thirty seconds of coins clinking, one by one
Bloodnok: Wait a minute, that was only three thousand five hundred pounds!
Seagoon: I'll play you the other side.
Bloodnok: No, wait; I'll play the rest when I get home.
Paying in Coins : In the episode "The Canal", Bluebottle (as the accredited agent of Lloyds of London) arrives to pay out insurance of £40,000 � in pennies, counted one by one. He gets as far as 4,000,832 pennies (roughly £16,670) before Eccles drops the hat he's counting them out into, and has to start again.
Puff of Logic :
Seagoon and co. are wandering in a desert. They spot a house, but are informed by Bloodnok that it's only a mirage. Refusing to believe him, Neddie staggers up to it, only to watch it vanish into nothingness ... and then Eccles falls out of the upper floor.
When Greenslade drew attention to the fact that Eccles and Seagoon were attempting (and succeeding!) in climbing on each other's shoulders up the inside of a pillar box. Not one second after he says this, both fall to the ground.
Puns : Oh, dear heavens, the PUNS.
Seagoon: You can't bury me! I want to join the (Irish) Guard!
Headstone: No man under six feet can join the Guard.
Seagoon: But I'm not dead! It's impossible!
Headstone: Not impossible, but one should have to box exceeding clever.
Pun-Based Title : Occasionally, as in The Siege of Fort (K)Night.
Bloodnok: It's YOU that's knocking!
Seagoon: Oh- then I'LL come in.
This was also frequently used to imply something to the audience, when it actually didn't happen. For instance, a soldier would be asked to escort a spy out of the room. Footsteps are heard trailing off into the distance. The interrogator comments positively on the competence of the soldier. "Then why did he leave me behind?", asks the spy, evidently still in the room.
Rewriting Reality : In "Six Charlies in Search of an Author".
Room 101 : In "Nineteen Eighty-Five!", Ned Seagoon is locked in a room and forced to listen to a recording... of himself, singing.
Rule of Funny : This was the only rule the show observed. Everything — logic, consistency, continuity, storytelling, characterisation and the fourth wall itself — could be sacrificed in the name of a gag. WW2 -era radio comedy shows such as It's That Man Again had been as loose with storytelling and continuity, but The Goon Show conveyed a kind of freewheeling insanity which held absolutely nothing sacred.
Bluebottle being 'deaded' in almost every episode in which he appears ;
Bloodnok being introduced in a Description Cut to his theme song. Also his Unusual Euphemisms , taking the form of "X my Ys and Z my As!";
A splash sound effect as someone falls in a body of water, swiftly followed by Little Jim saying "He's fallen in the wah-tah!";
Referring to 'a photograph of...', 'a cardboard cutout of...', 'a mental picture of...' etc. as though it's the same as the real thing.
Seagoon: (while trying to seize control of a train from a hostile Grytpype-Thynne) Eccles, cover me with this photograph of a gun!
Shaped Like Itself : "It was in the year 1656 that the dreaded nadger plague swept across Europe like the Dreaded Nadger Plague of 1656."
A Simple Plan : Usually a Zany Scheme dreamt up by Grytpype-Thynne and Moriarty. Occasionally involved a Batman Gambit with Seagoon as a willing but incompetent pawn, in which Seagoon's incompetence was harnessed to produce the required result.
Shout-Out : A few scripts have had someone see "something nasty in the woodshed."
The very name of the show is a shout-out to Popeye : Milligan was fascinated with the huge lumbering not-burdened-with-brains Goons of the cartoon and visualised his characters as looking and acting like them.
Sound to Screen Adaptation : The Telegoons, a 1963-64 BBC TV series that remade some of the stories with puppets providing the visuals.
There were also a couple of TV adaptations which basically re-created the original radio productions, ie with the cast reading their scripts in front of microphones.
Springtime for Hitler : In "The Man Who Won the War", Seagoon comes up with a set of increasingly ridiculous schemes to win WW2 in the hope that he will be declared mad and discharged from the army. The title of the episode should indicate how well this goes
Steal the Surroundings : In "The Great Bank Robbery", the robbers steal the entire bank, airlifting it away with a zeppelin.
Strongly Worded Letter : Threatening to write a letter to The Times was the usual response of many characters to any indignity heaped upon them.
*loud knocking on door*
Ray Ellington: Open up, or I'll write to the Times.
Studio Audience : If not given applause when entering, Bluebottle would occasionally supply his own pre-recorded wild cheers. This was also utilized by Seagoon, and once used to thwart Greenslade.
Stuff Blowing Up : Frequently used to off Bluebottle.
Subverted Trope : The Goons were known for subverting the punchlines of some well-known jokes, mostly puns.
From The Mighty Wurlitzer:
Grytpype-Thynne: I thought I saw a Greek urn buried in the sand.
Moriarty: What's a Greek earn?
Grytpype-Thynne: It's a vase made by Greeks for carrying liquids.
Moriarty: I wasn't expecting that answer.
Grytpype-Thynne: Neither were quite a few smart alec listeners.
From The Childe Harolde Rewarde:
Seagoon: Could you help me to get this sword loose?
Ellington: Well I'll hold it, and when I nod my head, you hit it.
Seagoon: Let's get this right... You'll hold it, and when you nod your head, I hit it?
Ellington: Yeah!
Take That
In "The Canal":
Neddie: And, dear listener, changed he had. He looked tired and weary. His eyes... his eyes were sunk back in his head. They were bloodshot, watery, and red-rimmed. What had caused this?
Neddie's father: Neddie, we've bought a television set.
In "The Mummified Priest", Crun announces he is having an ancient Egyptian manuscript sent to his museum to be translated. Neddie isn't sure about his translation skills, but don't worry; Crun "knows two men who are experts at reading ancient scripts: Bob Hope and Steve Allen."
In "Ten Snowballs That Shook the World", the scene is suddenly interrupted by a ringing telephone.
Seagoon: Hello?
Throat: Buy Grubbo dog food.
Seagoon: Right! [Hangs up] So that's commercial television.
The Tape Knew You Would Say That : Pretty much any time there's a recorded message.
Willium: Hello hello hello, who's this kipping on the floor? What's this label round his neck say? (reads) "I am the new tenant 'ere". Oh, are you, mate? What's this second label say? (reads) "Yes I am."
In "The Burning Embassy":
Radio: This is the BBC Spon Service, and here is the news. On reaching the Middle East, parcels of British water intended for the blazing embassy in China have completely evaporated.
Neddie: Evaporated? Are you sure?
Radio: Positive.
Ellington, doing a Zulu Chief impersonation...
Ellington: (long string of african-esque gibberish)
Seagoon: Hm. Flowerdew, tell him I can't understand what he's saying.
Flowerdew: (short, very soft-spoken gibberish)
Ellington: (long string of very emphatic gibberish)
Flowerdew: He says, sir, he doesn't understand what he's saying either.
Little Jim, except when announcing someone had fallen in the wa-tah. In the final episode, only Eccles could understand Little Jim - including Little Jim. Bluebottle concludes that he must be one of Mrs. Thatcher's incomprehensivesnote A reference to the Comprehensive School system introduced by Tory Party, of which Thatcher was the Education Minister..
Tricked Into Signing : In "The Policy", Grytpype-Thynne and Moriarty ask Neddie to give them his autograph on a piece of paper that's actually a will leaving them all his money. When he asks why the piece of paper has "Will" written at the top, Grytpype-Thynne explains that that's its name.
| i don't know |
A hexagon is a plane figure with how many sides and angles? | What is a six-sided figure called? | Reference.com
What is a six-sided figure called?
A:
Quick Answer
A 6-sided polygon is called a hexagon. A polygon is any closed figure with 3 or more sides and angles. Every polygon from 3 to 20 has a name. Polygons with 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 sides have names, as well.
Full Answer
Polygons with 3 to 12 sides, excluding 9 and 11, have commonly used names. A 3-sided polygon is a triangle, and a 4-sided polygon is a quadrilateral. A 5-sided polygon is a pentagon, and a polygon with 7 sides is a heptagon. A polygon with 8 sides is known as an octagon, and a 10-sided polygon is a decagon, while a 12-sided polygon is a dodecagon. The names of polygons with more than 12 sides exist but are less commonly used.
| six |
Chopin Airport is in which European city? | polygon - definition of polygon in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of polygon in English:
polygon
noun
Geometry
A plane figure with at least three straight sides and angles, and typically five or more.
Example sentences
‘He proposed successively doubling the number of sides of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle so that the difference in areas would eventually become exhausted.’
‘The polygon circumscribing the circle of radius s is shown in Figure 10b.’
‘For purposes of clarification: a hexagon is a polygon with six sides and six angles.’
‘This he obtained by circumscribing and inscribing a circle with regular polygons having 96 sides.’
‘She reasoned that there are three different ways in which a convex polygon encloses all five points.’
Origin
Late 16th century: via late Latin from Greek polugōnon, neuter (used as a noun) of polugōnos many-angled.
Pronunciation
an expanse of short grass
a soft boggy area of land
What does pindan mean?
a gentle slope leading from a mountain to flat land
a hill or rocky peak
What does oasis mean?
a low ridge of sand
a fertile spot in a desert
What does gorge mean?
a narrow valley between mountains
a hill or rocky peak on a mountain
What does llano mean?
an area of shifting sand dunes
a deep inlet between high cliffs
What does sierra mean?
a flat strip of land
a hill or rocky peak
What does sward mean?
an expanse of short grass
a soft boggy area of land
You scored /10 practise again?
Retry
Most popular in the world
Australia
| i don't know |
Who played Hannah in the 1986 film ‘Hannah and Her Sisters’? | Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 )
PG-13 |
Between two Thanksgivings two years apart, Hannah's husband falls in love with her sister Lee, while her hypochondriac ex-husband rekindles his relationship with her sister Holly.
Director:
Visit IMDb Picks
Related News
a list of 25 titles
created 26 Feb 2011
a list of 43 titles
created 31 Jan 2013
a list of 22 titles
created 30 Jul 2013
a list of 37 titles
created 02 Jan 2015
a list of 47 titles
created 05 Apr 2015
Title: Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
8/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 3 Oscars. Another 22 wins & 26 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
An ophthalmologist's mistress threatens to reveal their affair to his wife, while a married documentary filmmaker is infatuated by another woman.
Director: Woody Allen
The life of a divorced television writer dating a teenage girl is further complicated when he falls in love with his best friend's mistress.
Director: Woody Allen
In New Jersey in 1935, a movie character walks off the screen and into the real world.
Director: Woody Allen
In his attempts to reconcile a lounge singer with his mistress, a hapless talent agent is mistaken as her lover by a jealous gangster.
Director: Woody Allen
"Documentary" about a man who can look and act like whoever he's around, and meets various famous people.
Director: Woody Allen
In czarist Russia, a neurotic soldier and his distant cousin formulate a plot to assassinate Napoleon.
Director: Woody Allen
When their best friends announce that they're separating, a professor and his wife discover the faults in their own marriage.
Director: Woody Allen
A nostalgic look at radio's golden age focusing on one ordinary family and the various performers in the medium.
Director: Woody Allen
Neurotic New York comedian Alvy Singer falls in love with the ditzy Annie Hall.
Director: Woody Allen
A middle-aged couple suspects foul play when their neighbor's wife suddenly drops dead.
Director: Woody Allen
In New York in 1928, a struggling playwright is forced to cast a mobster's talentless girlfriend in his latest drama in order to get it produced.
Director: Woody Allen
A wacky inventor and his wife invite two other couples for a weekend party at a romantic summer house in the 1900s countryside.
Director: Woody Allen
Edit
Storyline
During a Thanksgiving Day party we make acquaintance with a numerous and problematic family. The leading characters are three sisters: Lee, the woman of Frederick, an old misanthrope painter; Holly, who dreams of becoming a writer, or an actress, or who knows who...; Hannah, famous actress, beautiful, intelligent, good mother, good wife, good sister, in short perfect, the pivot of the family. The balance begins to break up when Hannah's husband, Elliot, falls in love with Lee, who leaves Frederick. Holly goes through a deep crisis and meets Mickey, the former husband of Hannah, a hypochondriac TV producer. The affairs evolve and at the last Thanksgiving ... Written by Maurizio Semolic <[email protected]>
14 March 1986 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Hannah y sus hermanas See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
This is the only film that Mia Farrow (Hannah) and her mother Maureen O'Sullivan (Norma) made together. See more »
Goofs
The stereo receiver in Frederick's apartment plays music, but there are no speaker wires hooked up to it. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Elliot : God, she's beautiful. She's got the prettiest eyes. She looks so sexy in that sweater. I just want to be alone with her and hold her and kiss her and tell her how much I love her and take care of her. Stop it you idiot, she's your wife's sister. But I can't help it. I'm consumed by her. It's been months now. I dream about her, I - I - I think about her at the office. Oh Lee, what am I gonna do? I hear myself moaning over you and it's disgusting. Before, when she squeezed past me at...
Another Impressive Winner From Woody Allen.
30 July 2002 | by tfrizzell
(United States) – See all my reviews
Arguably Woody Allen's best production with the exception of "Annie Hall". The film follows three sisters (Mia Farrow, Barbara Hershey and Oscar-winner Dianne Wiest) through their careers and their relationships. Farrow is the backbone that keeps everything together. However, husband Michael Caine (Oscar-winning) has his eye of Hershey and something might come of his crush. Max Von Sydow is seeing Hershey, but he may not be enough to curve her lust. Wiest seems to be the odd one out as she struggles with everything, thinking of herself as second-rate to sister Farrow. You know she might fit in well with Farrow's ex-husband (the priceless Allen). A wild film of vivid characters that entertains to the paramount. Allen received an Oscar for his screenplay and was nominated yet again for his dead-on direction. Not a perfect film, but Allen's amazing story-telling and his superb creation of memorable characters and sequences make "Hannah and Her Sisters" one of the better films of the 1980s. 4.5 out of 5 stars.
56 of 71 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Mia Farrow |
‘The Divine Miss M’ was the debut album of which US singer? | Full movie: Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) for free. | ffilms.org
ADs
Watch online full movie: Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) for free.
Between two Thanksgivings, Hannah’s husband falls in love with her sister Lee, while her hypochondriac ex-husband rekindles his relationship with her sister Holly.
Director: Woody Allen
Stars: Mia Farrow, Dianne Wiest, Michael Caine
Your rating: none
| i don't know |
Which Rodgers and Hammerstein musical was written for actress Gertrude Lawrence, who died a year later halfway through the show’s run? | Trivia: Everything you need to know about Rodgers & Hammerstein’s The King and I | The Opera Blog
Trivia: Everything you need to know about Rodgers & Hammerstein’s The King and I
By Jennifer Williams ,
October 21, 2013
Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II are pictured auditioning hopefuls at the St James Theatre. Photograph by a staff photographer at New York World-Telegram & Sun – with permissions for Public Use.
Impress your friends with a few choice tidbits about the musical sensation coming to stages across Australia next year.
The Story
The King and I is based on a true story: Anna Leonowens’ account of teaching English in the court of the Siamese King Mongkut (Rama IV). The interpretation is fairly loose – the musical is based on a fictional novel by Margaret Landon, who reimagined Anna Leonowen’s memoirs: The English Governess at the Siamese Court
Interestingly, a biographer later uncovered that much of Leonowen’s memoirs was in fact embellished or fabricated: for example, Leonowens had in fact never been to England when she was employed by the Siamese King – born in India of Anglo-Indian descent, Leonowens explained away her darker complexion as a sign of Welsh heritage.
From Page to Stage
Rodgers & Hammerstein did not come up with the idea for the musical themselves. In fact, it was proposed by lawyer Fanny Holtzmann, who saw a musical adaptation of Landon’s novel as the perfect vehicle to revive her client Gertrude Lawrence’s declining career. She initially offered the opportunity to Cole Porter, who declined.
Before Holtzmann sent Landon’s novel to the musical duo, both Rodgers’ and Hammerstein’s wives had read Landon’s book and urged their husbands to write an adaptation. Neither saw the potential in the novel – it wasn’t until they saw a 1946 film adaptation of a stage play that they began to consider it.
Both Rodgers and Hammerstein struggled with how to convey the cultural context of the story. Rodgers wanted to reference Asian music without alienating a Western audience. He stopped short of incorporating traditional Thai music and instead settled on some unusual chords to convey a foreign mood. Hammerstein wrote the King’s dialogue without using articles – a manner of speech common to many Asian languages.
The romance between Lun Tha and Tuptim was scripted primarily so that Rodgers could write some of the romantic tunes he was famous for – as it would be inappropriate to stage a cross-cultural romance between the King and Anna. An attraction between the Thai King and British governess is merely suggested in the musical.
On Broadway
The musical opened on Broadway in 1951 starring British actress Gertrude Lawrence and Russian actor and director Yul Brynner as Anna and the King of Siam. Brynner was then relatively unknown, but shot to stardom for his performance in the hit. The show played for three years, but lost its leading lady when Lawrence died of liver cancer halfway through the run.
The show had an initial budget of US$250,000 – which was at that time the most expensive Rodgers & Hammerstein musical ever made
Lawrence had to wear costume gowns that weighed up to 34 kg, and her character danced a total of 6.4km in every performance, eight shows a week. Lawrence was buried in one of her costumes from the show.
Through the initial run and several revivals, Yul Brynner performed the role of the King more than 4,600 times.
In Hollywood
a 1956 film took the musical from Broadway success to international smash hit. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won five.
The film was (and still is) banned in Thailand as it was deemed disrespectful to the monarchy – an offence which breaks several of the country’s laws.
In Thailand
King Mongkut, along with his son Prince Chulalongkorn are remembered in Thailand for smart foreign policy which ensured the land of Siam (later Thailand) retained its independence, while every other South-East Asian country fell to colonial invasion. The Thai government and royal family therefore have continually objected to the depiction of King Mongkut as a arrogant, ignorant, polka-dancing authoritarian ruler. They have especially objected to any suggestion of a cross-cultural romance with Anna.
A dramatic film adaptation released in 1999 starring Jodie Foster and Chow Yun-fat was also banned in Thailand, despite consultation with the Royal family and government during its production.
| The King and I |
Curtly Ambrose played for which national cricket team? | Stage 1950s I: When Broadway Ruled
(The images below are thumbnails click on them to see larger versions.)
Mary Martin and Ethel Merman sing to a television audience of sixty million viewers in 1953.
On June 15, 1953, the Ford Motor Company commemorated its fiftieth anniversary with an all-star television revue. The highlight was a joint performance by Ethel Merman and Mary Martin , staged by Jerome Robbins and transmitted live from Broadway's massive Center Theatre. The ladies sang trademark solos before sharing some duet medleys. The joint CBS/NBC broadcast attracted over sixty million viewers, and a live Decca recording of the Merman-Martin act sold over 100,000 copies in two days.
In the 1950s, Broadway musicals were a major part of American popular culture. Every season saw new stage musicals send songs to the top of the charts. Public demand, a booming economy and abundant creative talent kept Broadway hopping. To this day, the shows of the 1950s form the core of the musical theatre repertory. The best of these musicals integrated every element, offering recognizable characters singing in stories told with wit and genuine heart in short, they applied the Rodgers & Hammerstein formula.
Working the R&H Formula
Even mediocre musicals that applied Rodgers & Hammerstein's formula could make a profit. Happy Hunting (1956 - 408 performances) had a score by a Brooklyn dentist, but who cared so long as Ethel Merman was on hand to sing it? The plot was ripped (in the clumsiest way) from the headlines. A low-born Philadelphia socialite who is not invited to Grace Kelly's royal wedding in Monaco avenges herself by getting her daughter engaged to an impoverished grand duke. With inescapable musical comedy logic, mama and the nobleman soon fall for each other, while the daughter falls for a young lawyer. The catchy songs "Mutual Admiration Society" and "Gee, But It's Good to Be Here" helped, but Happy Hunting was all about Merman.
Co-star Fernando Lamas generated some unwelcome publicity by having a public feud with Merman. He habitually upstaged her and on one occasion openly wiped his mouth after sharing an onstage kiss. Along with damning press coverage, Lamas earned an official sanction from Actor's Equity. Happy Hunting had no tour or film version, but its one year run made a profit.
The original cast Playbill for Kismet (1953). The bearded genie-like figure represents Alfred Drake.
One unusual variation on the post-Oklahoma format did well. George Forrest and Robert Wright , who had reset the melodies of Edvard Grieg for Song of Norway, now adapted themes by Alexander Borodin to create Kismet (1953 - 583 performances). This Arabian Nights-style tale (based on a popular melodrama by Edward Knoblock) talked like a musical comedy, dressed like a sexy burlesque skit and sang like an old-style operetta. New York's snootier critics were set to destroy this unusual hybrid, but a newspaper strike kept them out of print for a few crucial weeks. Audiences loved the lavish harem scenes and romantic melodies, and by the time the strike ended and the scathing reviews came, it was too late word of mouth had made the show a major hit.
Alfred Drake gave a bravura performance as Hajj, a beggar-poet who becomes Wazir of Baghdad and makes his daughter Queen of Arabia by manipulating the twists of fate, his "kismet." As the Wazir's voluptuous concubine Lalume, Joan Diener 's soprano pyrotechnics and knockout figure won raves, as did Doretta Morrow as Hajj's daughter Marsinah and Richard Kiley as her beloved Caliph. "Stranger in Paradise," (based on the Polovetsian Dance No. 2 from Borodin's Prince Igor) became a pop hit, and Kismet picked up six Tonys, including Best Musical.
Rodgers & Hammerstein: Supermen
Gertrude Lawrence as seen on the original Playbill for The King and I.
Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II remained the musical theater's most potent creative team. At one point, they had four musicals running simultaneously on Broadway -- an unprecedented accomplishment.
With the 1950s film versions of Oklahoma, Carousel and South Pacific grossing millions of dollars worldwide, the two songwriters were international celebrities, so it is not surprising that the media treated each new R&H stage production as a major event.
The King and I (1951 - 1,246 performances) was based on Anna Leonowens real life experiences tutoring the royal family of Siam in the 1860s. The clash of Eastern and Western cultures sets Anna and the King on a collision course, further complicated by their unspoken feelings for each other. Gertrude Lawrence , who had suggested the project, played the Welsh schoolteacher. At Mary Martin's urging, the little-known Yul Brynner was cast as the King. The score included "Whistle a Happy Tune," "Hello Young Lovers," "I Have Dreamed," and "Something Wonderful." In the show's most memorable moment, "Shall We Dance," depicted an impromptu dance lesson between Anna and the King that exploded with romantic tension. The musical theater lost one of its most luminous stars when Lawrence succumbed to cancer during the run. Brynner made a career of playing the King, appearing in the acclaimed 1956 film version and numerous revivals until his death in 1985.
Me and Juliet (1953 - 358 performances) was a backstage love story featuring the sultry tango "No Other Love Have I." Only a modest success by R&H standards, it had a fine score and innovative sets (by the legendary stage designer Jo Mielziner) that allowed a swift flow of action between on and offstage scenes.
Pipe Dream (1955 - 246 performances) offered a sanitized adaptation of Steinbeck's Sweet Thursday starring Metropolitan Opera diva Helen Traubel. Critics and audiences were disappointed, making this Rodgers & Hammerstein's only financial failure. But it was such an important cultural event that the characters on the top rated TV sitcom I Love Lucy schemed to get Pipe Dream tickets.
Flower Drum Song (1958 - 600 performances) did better, taking a genial look at East meeting West in San Francisco's Chinatown. With direction by Gene Kelly , its score included "I Enjoy Being a Girl" and "Love Look Away."
The Sound of Music (1959 - 1,443 performances) was inspired by the story of Austria's Trapp Family Singers and their escape from the Nazis in the 1930s. The score included "Do Re Mi," "Edelweiss," "My Favorite Things," and the title tune. With Mary Martin heading the cast, The Sound of Music won the Tony for Best Musical (in a rare tie vote with Fiorello). Critics who dismiss this show's sweet story have missed the real point. Amid all the sentiment, The Sound of Music offers an entertaining but devastating condemnation of those who empower evil by refusing to oppose it. The real bad guys are not the Nazis, but the so-called "decent" people who acquiesce to them. A superb and literate musical, The Sound of Music remains a beloved cultural landmark.
Mary Martin leads the children in "Do Re Mi" on the cover of the original cast Playbill for The Sound of Music (1959).
Oscar Hammerstein II died due to stomach cancer a few months after The Sound of Music opened, ending a career that spanned the golden age of musical theatre and film. After working with the innovative Jerome Kern and operetta master Sigmund Romberg , he did his finest work with Rodgers, and later coached young Stephen Sondheim . More than any other individual, Hammerstein had turned the once-innocuous Broadway musical into a potent dramatic form, and had turned lyrics into essential dramatic tools. He did it by being a superb storyteller and a dedicated craftsman. Even when dealing with serious issues, he always kept his focus on intriguing characters caught in remarkable situations.
"If the 1950s was the decade that promised a continuation of the musical's crucial place in the culture, it was at least partly because the Rodgers and Hammerstein revolution of the 1940s urged the musical to seek beyond typical fare for stories based on realistic character development: to become drama. Thus, the 1940s introduced the notion and the 1950s exploited it."
- Ethan Mordden, Coming Up Roses: The Broadway Musical in the 1950s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 26-27.
More than three decades after his death, during the 1995-96 season, four Hammerstein musicals appeared on Broadway, and his work remains popular in the 21st Century. So long as people "know how it feels to have wings on their heels" or believe their "heart will be blest by the sound of music," Hammerstein's lyrics will be part of civilization's common language.
Who else was composing great shows during this amazing decade?
| i don't know |
Which was the 48th US state to be admitted to the Union, in February 1912? | Arizona is the 48th State Admitted to the Union | World History Project
Arizona is the 48th State Admitted to the Union
Arizona became a U.S. state on February 14, 1912.
The major result being the end to the territorial colonization of Continental America. Arizona was the 48th state admitted into the U.S. and the last of the contiguous states to be admitted. The admission, originally scheduled to coincide with that of New Mexico, was delayed by Democrats in the territorial legislature to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Arizona becoming a Confederate territory in 1862.
Source: Wikipedia Added by: Brian Hand
New Mexico became a state on January 6, 1912, and Arizona became a state on February 14, 1912. Thus, two stars were added to our flag in 1912 on July 4th signifying that two new states were added to the 46-star flag then. That flag lasted exactly 47 years from July 4, 1912, through July 4, 1959.
Source: State of Michigan, Journal of the Senate, 94th Legislature, Regular Session of 2007 Added by: Brian Hand
George W. P. Hunt, Arizona businessman, territorial legislator, President of Arizona's Constitutional Convention of 1910 and the state's first governor, was born in Huntsville, Missouri, November 1, 1859. He arrived in Globe, Gila County, Arizona in 1881 where he eventually became President and part owner of the Old Dominion Commercial Company. On February 24, 1904 he married Helen Duett Ellison in Holbrook, Arizona. They had one daughter, Virginia. Hunt was elected to the Territorial House in 1893 and 1895 and to the Territorial Council in 1897, 1899, 1905, 1907 and 1909. He served as Council President during his 1905 and 1909 terms.
A major player in efforts to obtain statehood, Hunt presided over Arizona's 1910 Constitutional Convention. While President of the Convention, he supported the inclusion of the initiative. Elected governor in December 1911, he took his oath of office February 14, 1912-- the first day of statehood. Arizonans re-elected him six more times. He served from February 1912 to January 1917 when Thomas Edward Campbell defeated him in a bitterly contested election. In the summer of 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hunt as a federal labor conciliator during increasing labor unrest in the mining industry. Hunt's comments regarding the Bisbee Deportation were seen by many Arizonans as sympathetic to the International Workers of the World (I.W.W.) Hunt eventually ousted Campbell from office following a year-long battle in the courts to determine which of the two had actually won the governorship. Hunt then served from December 1917 to January 1919. President Wilson appointed him the Minister of Siam during the years 1920-1922. Upon his return, Hunt again served as governor from January 1923 to January 1929 and a final term from January 1931 to January 1933. Previous to his defeat in the 1932 primary, Hunt had won the Democratic nomination in every primary he had entered. He lost the Democratic primary again in 1934. He died in Phoenix on December 24, 1934.
During his long career, Hunt promoted many progressive agendas including the establishment of a merit system for state employees, prison and labor reform, woman's suffrage, the abolition of capital punishment, child labor laws, workers compensation and old age pensions, direct democracy by means of the initiative and referendum and citizen recall of judges. He fought hard for Arizona's portion of Colorado River water, refusing to sign the Colorado River Compact.
| Arizona |
Irish businessman Sean Quinn became the owner of which British golf course in 2005? | Arizona admitted to the Union - On this day in History
Things to do in Los Angeles
February 14, 1912 – Arizona admitted to the Union
Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912. It was the 48th and the last of the conterminous states to be admitted to the Union. Arizona was ruled by Spain and Mexico before it became a part of the United States.
Before the advent of the Europeans, Arizona was the abode of different Native American tribes. In the 1500s the area came under the control of the Spanish government. During their rule in the region, the Spanish founded fortified towns at Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775. With the independence of Mexico from Spain in 1821, the territory that is now Arizona became a part of Nueva California, also called Alta California. Originally a part of New Mexico, in 1848 the territory was ceded to the United States. In 1863, it became a separate territory. On February 14, 1912 it was admitted to the Union as the 48th state.
You may also like :
| i don't know |
Donald Pleasance, Telly Savalas and Charles Gray have all played the role of which James Bond villain? | The Many Looks Of The Bond Villain, Feature | Movies - Empire
The Many Looks Of The Bond Villain
Owen Williams
Last updated: 19 Oct 2015 02:45
Movies
Skyfall
So you’ve lined up your volcanic lair, your army of henchmen and your gorgeous moll; you’ve crafted your plan for world-domination and remembered to feed the sharks swimming under the glass floor of your office. Now what? Well, no real villain – and certainly no Bond villain – would be caught without a distinctive personal style. After Skyfall villain Silva (Javier Bardem) appeared in action for the first time in this week’s trailer, we assess his predecessors for their distinctive fashion choices…
Film: Dr. No (1962)
Style: As a mad scientist on an island protected by a dragon (actually a flamethrowing tractor) you might expect Dr No to be a ranter and raver. He’s actually eerily calm and buttoned down, despite the absence of any buttons at all on his Nehru-collared tunic: the first of many in the Bond villain pantheon. There’s a whiff of Orientalism about him, and he has black metal pincers instead of hands. No physical match for Bond, you suspect he could crush him intellectually… if not for the whole explaining-the-plan and letting-Bond-escape thing. The template for the next five decades is set right here.
Plan: Disruption of US space shuttle launch with atomic radio beam.
Best Line: "Unfortunately I misjudged you. You are just a stupid policeman whose luck has run out."
Film: From Russia With Love (1963)
Style: A blonde-haired super-assassin who can rock a towel, a black ninja outfit and a sharp grey pinstripe with equal ease, Grant cuts quite a dash. But for all his seeming urbanity, he’s not a gentleman: he doesn’t seem to realise that one cannot possibly combine red wine with fish.
Plan: Theft of a LEKTOR decoding machine; assassination of Bond; humiliation of British government.
Best Line: "Orders? That’s only half of it, old man."
Film: Goldfinger (1964)
Style: Attempting to wear his wealth with some élan, Goldfinger instead comes off as crass and buffoonish, which adds to his slight air of off-kilter madness. He looks like a cartoon golfer in brogues, tweed plus-fours, big socks and a cardigan in the famous match early in the film. Later on, his sizeable frame will sport a fetching gold tuxedo – which is certainly eye-catching, but proves he’s no match for Bond in the stylish evening wear stakes.
Plan: Breaking into Fort Knox and irradiating America’s gold supply with a nuclear bomb.
Best Line: "No, Mr Bond, I expect you to die!"
Film: Thunderball (1965)
Style: Largo is another big guy, but unlike Goldfinger he’s physically imposing rather than just portly. And as you’d expect of an Italian, he’s particularly natty dresser too: he favours the odd open neck shirt, dark Milanese suits and white sharkskin dinner jackets (maybe he’s going for a Bogart-in-Casablanca sort of a vibe). He uses a cigarette holder, taps around with a cane, and sports a piratically rakish eyepatch. Now that is a look worth becoming a super-villain for.
Plan: Theft of NATO atomic bombs for a $100m ransom.
Best Line: "You know much about guns, Mr Bond?"
Film: You Only Live Twice (1967), On Her Majesty’s Secret Service (1969), Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
Style: In his anonymous, cat-stroking phase in From Russia With Love and Thunderball, Blofeld was played by Anthony Dawson. John Hollis was dropped down the industrial chimney in For Your Eyes Only, and in the unofficial Thunderball remake Never Say Never Again, Blofeld was played by Max Von Sydow as a sort of twinkle-eyed satyr. The big three Blofelds though, are Pleasance, Savalas and Gray. Pleasance played a monkish, bald, facially scarred recluse in a tightly-fitted Mao suit. Cue-ball Savalas played a kind of Brooklyn gangster Blofeld, ditching the scar but returning to the Nehru collar. And Gray played Charles Gray.
Plan: Kidnapping spacecraft to provoke war between the global superpowers; biological warfare through the medium of brainwashed supermodels; building a diamond powered laser satellite.
Best Line: "Give him his cigarettes. It won’t be the nicotine that kills you, Mr Bond."
Film: Live And Let Die (1973)
Style: The Blaxploitation Bond takes the action to the streets of Harlem and New Orleans… until all the voodoo stuff in the Caribbean. Rather than your average global-scale megalomaniac, Mr Big seems an unremarkable drugs kingpin (though a menacing one, thanks to Kotto) until he’s revealed to be the corrupt dictator of the island of San Monique. He doesn’t dress particularly strikingly, but does favour a very bad disguise. His staff probably just pretended to believe he was two people, out of politeness.
Plan: Production of a mega heroin crop, using voodoo as a distraction.
Best Line: "Names is for tombstones, baby!"
Film: The Man With The Golden Gun (1974)
Style: Famous assassin Scaramanga is supposed to be a sort of mirror-universe evil version of Bond himself, and given that we’re now in the Roger Moore era, that means we have a Bond villain in a leisure suit. “He usually wears white linen, black tie, and all-gold jewellery,” says Miss Anders. It’s top-notch intel, but thankfully inside the white linen is a chummily sinister (and in this case, triple-nippled) Christopher Lee, so all is right with the world.
Plan: Testing his mettle against Bond; developing and auctioning dangerous solar technology.
Best Line: "You see, Mr Bond, like all great artists I want to create one indisputable masterpiece: the death of 007."
Film: The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
Style: Pretty much a Blofeld cipher (he was actually conceived as Blofeld but his identity had to be changed due to rights issues), Stromberg could not be called a man of action, preferring to sit around and press buttons and let the henchmen do the heavy lifting. He favours an ugly, rather snug grey tunic-and-trousers affair for world domination, and a gauzier black number for dinner. Follically splitting the difference between Pleasance, Savalas and Gray, he’s bald on top and silver at the sides.
Plan: Triggering global nuclear holocaust and establishing a new world order under the sea.
Best Line: "Observe, Mr Bond, the instruments of Armageddon."
Film: Moonraker (1979)
Style: Charming and debonair, the well-manicured Drax appreciates the finer things in life: 18th Century French architecture; classical music; afternoon tea and impeccably tailored outfits in black and a rather fetching fawn. He’s also wearily unflappable, and has hands-down the most urbanely witty dialogue of any Bond villain ever. It’s a shame about the banana yellow jumpsuits he wants his minions to wear though. Perhaps he should see that some harm comes to his in-house costume designer.
Plan: Triggering global nuclear holocaust and establishing a new world order in space.
Best Line: "Mr Bond, you appear with the tedious inevitability of an unloved season."
Film: For Your Eyes Only (1981)
Style: Back down to Earth after the space-bound shenanigans of Moonraker, Bond meets Kristatos. Initially he appears to be just a smuggler, albeit one exceptional enough to have been headhunted by the KGB – but of course it isn’t quite that simple. Neatly trimmed and coiffed in the hair and beard department, he scrubs up in a dinner jacket ensemble, but tends to prefer smart- casual, going for light shirts and chinos on his boat, and ski jackets in chilly Northern Italy.
Plan: The theft and handover of the control system to Britain’s Polaris missiles to the Soviet Union.
Best Line: "Bind that wound. We don’t want any blood in the water… Not yet."
Film: Octopussy (1983)
Style: Bond’s only enemy of royal descent, Khan is an exiled Afghan prince, holed up in a palace in Rajasthan and fond of a high-stakes game of backgammon. Infinitely wealthy, arrogant and aristocratic, he nevertheless seems content to rub shoulders with various levels of ne’er-do-well. He likes to wear dark silk, but will rock a safari suit if the occasion demands.
Plan: Complicated smuggling plot involving the replacement of Russian treasures with nuclear warheads, to fool Europe into disarmament and leave the way clear for Soviet invasion.
Best Line: "Mr Bond is indeed a very rare breed… soon to be extinct."
Film: A View To A Kill (1985)
Style: The role of Zorin was originally earmarked for David Bowie, and there’s more than a touch of the Thin White Duke in Walken’s predictably eccentric villain. An Aryan psychopath with a genius-level intellect, he’s the result of Nazi genetic experiments, the results of which are apparently also helpful in racing horses. He’s comfortable in crisp suits and tasteful ties, riding gear, and formal race-day top hats and cravats, but somehow they all look like disguises on him, as if, V-like, he might unzip his skin at any time and reveal the alien lizard beneath.
Plan: Worldwide microchip monopoly for Zorin Industries, through destruction of Silicon Valley by artificially-engineered earthquake.
Best Line: (Break out your best Walken impression for this one) "Ha ha, you amuse me, Mr Bond."
Film: The Living Daylights (1987)
Style: Unusually, rather than an evil genius and/or sophisticated urbanite, arms dealer Whitaker is a redneck militarist idiot with a Napoleon complex. He calls himself a general, although he has no right to the title, and the medals on his army surplus threads are fake (or at least, not earned by him). He doesn’t even call Bond “Mister”. How appallingly vulgar.
Plan: In cahoots with KGB traitor Koskov, he plans to trade stolen diamonds for opium in a deal with the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, and use the profits to supply arms to Russia. Or something.
Best Line: "Too bad, Bond: you could have been a live rich man instead of a poor dead one."
Film: Licence To Kill (1989)
Style: It’s Bond vs. Scarface as 007, on a personal revenge mission with his licence to kill revoked, takes on drug baron Sanchez in Latin America. Sanchez’ appearance is kind of Miami Vice casual, with shirts, slacks, and no socks with his shoes, but he’ll go full-on formal if absolutely necessary and with clients he respects. The easygoing look belies brutal ruthlessness, however, and he’s not above exploding people who displease him.
Plan: Staying out of the reach of the DEA and CIA; organising the biggest international drug deal of all time, using a process that dissolves cocaine in petrol and then reconstitutes it later.
Best Line: "Senor Bond, you got big cojones. You come here, to my place, without references, carrying a piece, throwing around a lot of money. But you should know something: nobody saw you come in, so nobody has to see you go out."
Film: GoldenEye (1995)
Style: Shock! Horror! It’s a rogue 00-agent, so another mirror-universe Bond, although in a different way to Scaramanga. Even when Trevelyan’s gone off-map, he still seems to favour black 00 covert combat-ops gear, but post the opening sequence, he also gains facial scarring that any Bond villain would be proud to sport. This one calls Bond “James” because they’re old pals – although you’d be correct in considering them recently estranged.
Plan: Multiple simultaneous international electronic bank robberies, followed by massive EMP blast from GoldenEye satellite to hide his crime.
Best Line: "What’s the matter, James? No glib remark? No pithy comeback?"
Film: Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
Style: Here’s a silver-haired media mogul with little wire-framed spectacles and a deep fondness for black Nehru suits. Carver’s nationality is significant: uniquely in the Bond villain pantheon, he’s actually British (even Alec Trevelyan was of Cossack descent). This means he is very much not at all supposed to be either Rupert Murdoch (Australian) or Robert Maxwell (Czech). Oh dear no.
Plan: To engineer WWIII and monopolise the subsequent media coverage. Bonus plan to attack China, as revenge for its not allowing his empire to extend there.
Best Line: "Welcome to my world crisis, Mr Bond!"
Film: The World Is Not Enough (1999)
Style: With apologies for the spoiler inherent in this page, Ms King, though she initially appears to a former kidnap victim in danger again, is indeed the series’ first female Bond villain (the first principal one anyway: obviously there‘s a long history of henchwomen like Xenia Onatopp, May Day, Irma Bunt and Rosa Klebb). More of a clothes horse than yer average Blofeld, costume designer Lindy Hemming says dressing Marceau in “sexy, exotic fabrics”, to reflect her extensive travels, was her favourite Bond job ever. There are silks, velvets and fur-lined ski-suits, but that luxurious hair conceals, of course, a surprise disfigurement…
Plan: The nuclear destruction of Istanbul and the Russian oil pipelines in the Bosphorus, vastly benefitting King’s own oil business.
Best Line: "Who’s afraid now, Mr Bond?"
Film: Die Another Day (2002)
Style: Another spoiler: Moon and Graves are the same guy, thanks to a plot involving some rather radical gene therapy. Moon sports North Korean military chic for his scenes, reflecting the fact that he’s in the North Korean military (his name is a reference to Kingsley Amis’ Colonel Sun, by the way: the first Bond novel not written by Ian Fleming). Thereafter, in Graves form, his get-up is explicitly designed to reflect and parody Bond: a sarcastic adoption of an arrogant, public-school British gentleman persona. With ice palaces and invisible cars as a bonus.
Plan: Another diamond-powered laser satellite with Earth-shattering capabilities, this time for the benefit of North Korea.
Best Line: "You see, Mr Bond? You can’t kill my dreams, but my dreams can kill you."
Film: Casino Royale (2006)
Style: Interestingly down on his luck in the villain stakes, Le Chiffre is actually a henchman for somebody we haven’t met yet. Deeply sinister and dressing sharply but entirely in black, he has a dead eye that constantly weeps tears of blood. No longer at the top of his game, his actions sometimes reek of desperation. But he’s still dangerous, and all he needs to prove it is a wicker chair and some rope.
Plan: Last-ditch attempt to recoup his mysterious client’s funds – diminished through bad decisions – at a high-stakes poker game in Montenegro. Not really the greatest ideas man…
Best Line: "You must have thought I was bluffing, Mr Bond."
Film: Quantum Of Solace (2008)
Style: Like Le Chiffre, Greene is another Quantum employee, but in better circumstances and with more in the way of cunning schemes. Always immaculately turned out – tailored suits, silk shirts, tweed jackets – he nevertheless has a kind of toad-like demeanour, although he lacks an obvious disfigurement. Amalric says he based the performance on “the smile of Tony Blair and the craziness of Nicolas Sarkozy.” Ah, the banality of evil…
Plan: Engineering a coup to gain control of Bolivia’s water supply, for the benefit of his own corrupt “Greene Planet” front.
Best Line: "How much do you know about Bond? He’s rather a tragic case…"
Film: Skyfall (2012)
Style: Since there is apparently no noodling around with Quantum this time, Silva looks to be old-school in his flamboyant Bond villainy. So far in the trailer we’ve seen him in a smart white jacket and some prison pyjamas, but the fact that he’s wearing those pyjamas in a Hannibal Lecter sort of glass cage gives him a definite air of danger. That floppy blonde hair is also giving us a shiver of mad Klaus Kinski. Yeah, we’re quite scared.
Plan: Unclear at this stage, but it looks to be revenge-oriented, and something to do with a beef against M…
Best Line: ( From currently available material ) "She sent you after me knowing you’re not ready; knowing you would likely die… Mommy was very bad."
| Ernst Stavro Blofeld |
Pen y Fan is the highest peak in which British national park? | SPECTRE Explained: All You Need to Know About James Bond's Big Bad
SPECTRE Explained: All You Need to Know About James Bond's Big Bad
Yahoo Movies•
James Bond-Ernst Blofeld-Diamonds Are Forever
More
Sean Connery, as James Bond, demonstrates his disarming charms to Charles Gray’s SPECTRE chief Blofeld in 1971’s Diamonds Are Forever
You know, for a supposedly clandestine criminal organization, SPECTRE isn’t exactly hiding in the shadows anymore. On Wednesday, it was revealed that SPECTRE will be front and center for James Bond’s 24th adventure, with its name serving as the movie’s title and new version of its famous octopus symbol adorning the teaser poster. And even though new cast member Christoph Waltz wasn’t introduced as SPECTRE’s cat-stroking, chrome-domed leader, Ernst Blofeld, speculation is high that his character, Oberhauser, will turn out to be Bond’s No. 1 nemesis before the credits roll.
This marks the organization’s first appearance in the franchise’s rebooted continuity, which started over from scratch when Daniel Craig inherited 007’s license to kill in 2006’s Casino Royale. But SPECTRE’s tentacles reach far into Bond’s past. Here’s a quick primer on the many headaches it has caused for Her Majesty’s top secret service agent over the decades.
Related: James Bond 24 Title and Stars Announced, Teaser Poster Revealed
Bond mastermind (and real life ex-spy) Ian Fleming first introduced SPECTRE — which stands for Special Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion — in his eighth 007 novel, Thunderball, published in 1961, a year before Dr. No kicked off the film series. It was intended to serve as an apolitical replacement for SMERSH, a Soviet Union-based espionage group that bedeviled Bond for much of ‘50s, when Cold War tensions were running high.
Spectre-poster
More
The shattered glass “octopus” in the Spectre poster (left) and the real SPECTRE logo
On the page, SMERSH supposedly disbanded after the events of Goldfinger, although they reappeared in later, post-Fleming books. (SMERSH has never been an official part of the Bond film canon, although it has been referenced in both 1963’s From Russia with Love and 1987’s The Living Daylights. In both cases, though, it’s revealed to be a fake-out.)
SPECTRE made its big-screen debut at the same time as James Bond himself in the franchise-launcher Dr. No, with the titular baddie working amongst its ranks. The sequel, From Russia With Love, introduced Blofeld into the mix, albeit under the nom-de-mystery name “Number 1.” (That bit of misdirection, by the way, lends credence to the “Waltz is Blofeld” theory.) In both cases, SPECTRE’s goal is to instigate a cataclysmic conflict between the East and West — and profit from the remains. It’s up to Bond to put out whatever fire they attempt to cause, before they escape back into the shadows to try again.
After being left out of the movie version of Goldfinger, SPECTRE served as Bond’s primary antagonist in the next four installments — Thunderball, You Only Live Twice, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service and Diamonds are Forever. Blofeld himself joins in the fun in Twice in the form of Donald Pleasance. He’s later played by Telly Savalas in Secret Service,and Charles Gray in Diamonds, with the explanation that he regularly undergoes plastic surgery to remain a true international man of mystery.
Charles Gray-Blofeld-Diamonds Are Forever
| i don't know |
What is the US state capital of North Dakota? | nd.gov: Official Portal for North Dakota State Government
Official Portal for North Dakota State Government
Garrison Dam Tailrace January 2014 Craig Bihrle
Sheyenne River Valley ND Parks and Recreation
Winter Bales
Country Church Winter Sunrise Ronald F. Fischer
Snowmobiling in ND
State Symbols (capital, bird, tree, flag...)
State Symbols (capital, bird, tree, flag...)
Bird Western Meadowlark
Capital Bismarck is the Capital of North Dakota
Coat of Arms Displayed for the first time by the National Guard at Camp Grafton on June 16, 1957
Creed Written by Frank L. McVey
Fish Northern Pike
Flag North Dakota's dark blue field displays a bald eagle holding an olive branch and a bundle of arrows in its claws.
Flower Wild Prairie Rose
| Bismarck |
Which singer released a 1989 album entitled ‘Foreign Affair’? | North Dakota Map, Map of North Dakota (ND)
Physical Map of North Dakota
About Map of North Dakota
The above map of North Dakota shows that the state has Montana, Minnesota, and South Dakota as its neighbors with Canada sharing its international boundary on the north. The map of the 19th largest US state depicts state highways, interstate highways, and major cities such as Fargo, Grand Forks, and Bismarck – the state capital in the south. You can refer the North Dakota travel map to identify popular tourists attractions such as Theodore Roosevelt National Park and Devils Lake.
History of North Dakota
North Dakota was home to several Native American tribes before the advent of the Europeans. It was in the 18th century that Europeans established trade contact with the tribes. It was a part of the Minnesota Territory and later Dakota Territory. A separate state of North Dakota was formed in 1889. It is the 39th state of the United States.
Geography of ND
The state has three distinct geographical regions: Red River Valley, the Drift Prairie, and the Great Plains. It also has Badlands in the southwestern part of its territory. Important rivers of North Dakota are the Red River and Missouri River. The state is very rich in mineral resources, especially fossil fuels.
North Dakota enjoys a typical continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The state experiences snowstorms and tornados in spring.
North Dakota Attractions :
Some places of tourist interest in North Dakota are listed below :
Fargo : Tourists would just love this city. Visit the Red River Zoo, Thunder Road Amusement Park, Fargo Theatre, Bonanzaville USA, and the Fargo Air Museum. The Fargo Marathon is another attraction of the city.
Grand Forks : It is home to the University of North Dakota. Popular tourist spots include the Flood Memorial Monument, North Dakota Museum of Art, Splasher's of the South Seas, and Japanese Gardens. Hockey enthusiasts would love the Ralph Englestad Arena.
Bismarck : It is the capital of North Dakota and it lies on the east bank of the Missouri River. It has many interesting places that attract tourists all over the world. Some of these attractions are the Dakota Zoo, North Dakota Heritage Center, State Capitol Building, the Missouri River, and the McDowell Dam Nature Park.
Mandan : Founded in 1879, this city lies on the banks of the mighty Missouri River. Some interesting tourist sites of the city are the Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park, On-A-Slant Village, North Dakota State Railroad Museum, and the Raging Rivers Waterpark. Outdoor enthusiasts would love the Huff Hills Ski Area and the Mandan Municipal Golf Course.
Medora : This is a city in the Billings County and is named after a French nobleman’s wife. Places of tourist interest include the famous Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Chateau de Mores State Historic Site, Maah Daah Hey Trail, Medora Riding Stables, Little Missouri National Grassland, North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame, and Caprock-Coulee Trail.
Jamestown : If you visit Jamestown, take out some time and pay a visit to the unique National Buffalo Museum. Other popular tourist spots include Stutsman County Memorial Museum, Frontier Village, and the Jamestown Speedway.
Other notable places of tourist interest are :
Lake LaMoure : A beautiful lake, particularly known for the fireworks show on 4th of July.
Fort Union Trading Post : An important fort in upper Missouri. It is situated in Williston.
North Dakota Interstates:
North-South interstates include Interstate 29 and East-West interstates include Interstate 94 .
North Dakota Routes:
State Routes include; Route 2, Route 12, Route 52 Route 81, Route 83, Route 85 and Route 281.
WBGB25082014
Last Updated Date: October 27, 2016
Map of Cities in North Dakota
| i don't know |
Who invented the electric battery in 1800? | This Month in Physics History: March 20, 1800: Volta describes the electric battery
March 20, 1800: Volta describes the Electric Battery
Alessandro Volta
In the late 18th century, scientists were fascinated with electricity. Ben Franklin had conducted his famous kite experiment, drawing electricity from lightning in 1752. Leyden jars, invented in 1746, could store charge and produce a spark of electricity. Doctors were treating patients with electric shocks for all sorts of ills. But further research on electromagnetism and any practical use of electricity would require a source of continuous current, which was not available until 1800, when Alessandro Volta invented the first electric pile, the forerunner of the modern battery.
Alessandro Volta was born in Como, Italy in 1745, to a wealthy noble family. He attended the Como Jesuit school and a local seminary. His teachers tried to persuade him to enter the priesthood, while his family wanted him to study law. But Volta, even at age 14, knew his real interest was physics. Like many scientists of the time, he was especially fascinated by electricity.
Volta dropped his formal studies, and did not attend university. Nonetheless, by age 18 he was corresponding directly with accomplished scientists, and conducting experiments in the laboratory of a family friend. In 1769 he wrote a treatise “On the forces of attraction of electric fire,” in which he put forward a theory of electric phenomena.
In 1774 Volta accepted a post as an instructor at the Como grammar school, and continued his experiments on electricity. In 1775 he devised a “perpetual electrophorus” that could transfer charge to other objects, and in the next few years he noticed the bubbling of methane in swamps and was able to isolate the gas. Volta was made a professor of physics at the University of Pavia in 1778.
Volta’s early work had already made him a well-known scientist, but his greatest contribution to science was the voltaic pile, which he invented as part of a scientific dispute with Luigi Galvani.
In 1780, Galvani, an Italian physician and anatomist, was experimenting with dissected frogs’ legs and their attached spinal cords, mounted on iron or brass hooks. In most of his experiments, the frog leg could be made to twitch when touched with a probe made of another metal. The frog legs would also jump when hanging on a metal fence in a lightning storm. These observations convinced Galvani that he had found a new form of electricity, which was being generated by the frogs’ muscles. He called the phenomenon “animal electricity.”
Volta, though initially galvanized by this work, argued that the frogs’ muscles were simply reacting to the electricity, not producing it. He set out to prove Galvani wrong, and sparked a controversy that divided the Italian scientific community.
Volta realized that the crucial feature of Galvani’s experiments was the two dissimilar metals–the iron or brass hook and the probe of some other metal. The metals were generating the current, not the frog parts. Instruments available at the time could not detect weak currents, so Volta, always a dedicated experimentalist, often tested various combinations of metals by placing them on his tongue. The saliva in his mouth, like the frogs’ tissue, conducted electricity, resulting in an unpleasant bitter sensation.
To show conclusively that the generation of an electric current did not require any animal parts, Volta put together a rather messy stack of alternating zinc and silver discs, separated by brine-soaked cloth. He built the pile, which consisted of as many as thirty disks, in imitation of the electric organ of the torpedo fish.
A Voltaic Pile
When a wire was connected to both ends of the pile, a steady current flowed. Volta found that different types of metal could change the amount of current produced, and that he could increase the current by adding disks to the stack.
In a letter dated March 20, 1800, addressed to Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society of London, Volta first reported the electric pile.
Volta soon traveled to Paris and demonstrated his invention, which he initially described as an “artificial electric organ,” emphasizing that animal tissue was not needed to produce the current.
The battery was a huge success. Not only did it swing the scientific community to his side in the debate with Galvani, it was immediately recognized as a useful device. In 1800 William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used the current generated by a battery to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. Sir Humphry Davy also studied the same chemical effect. In the 1830s Michael Faraday used a battery in his groundbreaking studies of electromagnetism. Other inventors made improvements on Volta’s original design, and soon it was powering telegraphs and doorbells.
Napoleon was impressed by the voltaic pile as well, and recommended many honors for Volta, including making him a count in 1810.
The invention of the battery brought him great renown, but Volta seems to have preferred a quiet life, and soon gave up most of his research and teaching. He spent his last years living in a country house, where he died on March 5, 1827, at age 82. Since his death, Volta’s portrait has appeared on currency and stamps, and his name is immortalized in the unit of electric potential, the volt.
©1995 - 2017, AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY
APS encourages the redistribution of the materials included in this newspaper provided that attribution to the source is noted and the materials are not truncated or changed.
Editor: Alan Chodos
| Alessandro Volta |
In which mountain range is the Scottish mountain Ben Nevis? | Super Scientists - Luigi Galvani
Luigi Galvani
(1737-1798)
Galvani was born, educated and taught anatomy in Bologna. The Italian physiologist made one of the early discoveries that advanced the study of electricity. His work with frogs led to his discovery in 1781 of galvanic or voltaic electricity. Galvani found he could make the muscles of a dead frog twitch when he touched them with different metals or the current from a nearby static electric generator. But he incorrectly thought fluid in the frog's body was the source of the electricity. This discovery soon led to another by Allesandro Volta, who invented the electric cell or early battery.
By 1800, Volta proved that the source of the electricity was a reaction caused by the animal's body fluids being touched by two different types of metal.
More about Luigi Galvani:
| i don't know |
Formula One racing driver Jody Scheckter was born in the city of East London in which country? | Jody Scheckter
JODY SCHECKTER
Country: South Africa
Born: January 29, 1950 in East London South Africa
When Jody Scheckter won the Formula One World Championship in 1979, he became the first South African to win a world title.
Scheckter joined the Formula One circuit in 1974, winning the British and Swedish Grand Prix. That year, he placed third in world championship rankings and was named Driver of the Year by the British Guild of Motoring Writers.
In 1976, he again ranked third in the world championships. The following year, Scheckter was runner-up in his quest for the world title, with triumphs in Argentina, Monaco, and Canada. In 1979, following Grand Prix wins in Belgium, Monaco, and Italy, he captured the World Formula One Racing Car Championship.
Prior to entering the Grand Prix circuit, Scheckter was a prominent stockcar racer in his native South Africa, graduating to Formula Ford and Formula Two racing in the early 1970s. In 1972, he won the American Formula 5000 Championship and was awarded South Africa’s Springbok honors, his nation’s highest sports commendation.
Scheckter retired in 1980 at age 30.
| South Africa |
In 1936, Joseph Bowers was the first inmate to attempt an escape from which prison? | This Day in Motorsport History: Jody Scheckter Born In East London, South Africa - January 29, 1950
Jody Scheckter Born In East London, South Africa - January 29, 1950
January 29, 1950
(" Scheckter Monza 1979 ". Via Wikipedia )
Born in East London, South Africa.
The 1979 Formula One World Champion, he rapidly ascended to the ranks of Formula One after moving to Britain in 1970. His Formula 1 debut occurred at Watkins Glen in 1972 with McLaren where he ran as high as third place before spinning and finishing ninth. Immediately becoming a name to watch, he continued his development the following year, winning the 1973 SCCA L&M Championship and racing five times in F1.
In France, he almost won in his third start in F1 before crashing into Emerson Fittipaldi, the reigning World Champion, who said after the crash about Scheckter: "This madman is a menace to himself and everybody else and does not belong in Formula 1." In his next start, the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, Scheckter was involved in a big accident which took nearly a dozen cars out of the race. The Grand Prix Drivers Association demanded his immediate banishment, which was only put off when McLaren agreed to rest their driver for four races. During the practice for the American event at the Watkins Glen circuit, Frenchman François Cevert, who was to be Scheckter's Tyrrell teammate for 1974 was killed in an appalling accident at the fast uphill Esses corners. Scheckter was behind Cevert when he crashed, and Scheckter stopped his McLaren, got out of his car and attempted to get Cevert out of his destroyed Tyrrell, but the 29-year-old Frenchman had been cut in half by the circuit's poorly installed Armco barriers and was already dead. This left an indelible mark on the South African, and it caused him to abandon his reckless ways, and he become more mature as a result of witnessing Cevert's destructive accident.
Tyrrell in 1974 gave him his first full-time drive in F1. Jody rewarded them with a third-place finish in the drivers' championship and a pair of wins in Sweden and Britain. During the year, he scored points in eight consecutive races, one of the longer scoring streaks of the time. A slight off-year followed, although he did become the only South African to win the South African Grand Prix, but his third year with the team in 1976 gave him another third place finish in the drivers' championship.
(photo credit: gillfoto via photopin cc )
In that season, Tyrrell introduced the most radical car in F1 history, the six-wheeled Tyrrell P34. Scheckter gave the six-wheeler its only win on Sweden's Anderstorp circuit and in his twelve races with the car, he scored points ten times. This included a thrilling race-long battle for the lead in the American Grand Prix between himself and his great friend James Hunt.
Scheckter left for Walter Wolf's new team in 1977 and Scheckter gave the team a win in its maiden race. He won twice more with the team and was often on the podium, but finished second on points behind a more dominant Niki Lauda.
(photo credit: gillfoto via photopin cc )
A seventh-place finish with the team in 1978 followed and he left the team after the season to join Ferrari to partner Gilles Villeneuve in the team's ground effect 312T4 car. Critics felt he would not get along well with management at Ferrari, but he far surpassed expectations and helped give F1's most recognisable team another constructors' championship, while Scheckter's consistent finishes, with three wins among them, gave him the drivers' championship in 1979. However, he struggled very badly in his 1980 title defence, even failing to qualify for one race. After managing only two points, Scheckter retired from the team and the sport. Scheckter was the last driver to win a drivers' championship for Ferrari until Michael Schumacher in 2000.
(photo credit: garrellmillhouse via photopin cc )
In 1981, Scheckter won the World Superstars competition in Key Biscayne, Florida. He defeated athletes such as Russ Francis, Renaldo Nehemiah, Peter Mueller, Rick Barry, Gaétan Boucher and Andy Ripley. In 1983 he was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
After Scheckter's retirement, he founded FATS Inc, a company which built firearms training simulators for military, law enforcement and security organisations. The sale of the company provided funds to allow Scheckter to help the racing careers of his sons Tomas and Toby. Tomas races in the Indy Racing League where he has won two races. Scheckter's brother, Ian, also raced in F1 for a few years.
Scheckter now spends his time as an biodynamic farmer. As an organic farming expert, Scheckter was featured in 2005 on the Visionhealth DVD and TV documentaries "Asthma: An Integrated Approach", "Arthritis: An Integrated Approach" and "Diabetes: An Integrated Approach". On 20 November 2011, he also appeared on the Countryfile television show to make a case for organic food. Scheckter's Laverstoke Park Farm was also featured on BBC's "Escape To the Country" where Jody showed viewers how Buffalo Mozzarella was made. In December 2009, Scheckter announced his intention to produce a biodynamic sparkling wine.
Posted by
| i don't know |
In which year did Queen Elizabeth II first visit Australia as a reigning monarch? | Queen Elizabeth II: The platinum monarch? - CNN.com
Queen Elizabeth II: The platinum monarch?
By Victoria Arbiter
Updated 3:54 PM ET, Wed September 9, 2015
Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth is the longest-reigning monarch in British history. Look back at moments from her life so far.
Hide Caption
1 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth was born April 21, 1926, in London. She is held here by her mother, Elizabeth. Her father would later become King George VI.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Princess Elizabeth in 1928.
3 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Princess Elizabeth is seen with her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, during a visit to Balmoral, Scotland, in September 1933. He would go on to become King Edward VIII in 1936. But when he abdicated later that year, Elizabeth's father became King and she became heir presumptive.
Hide Caption
4 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Princess Elizabeth is seen in the Duchess' box during a pantomime act at London's Lyceum Theater in February 1935.
Hide Caption
5 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
From left, Princess Elizabeth, King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and Princess Margaret wave to the crowd from the Royal Balcony of Buckingham Palace on June 22, 1939.
Hide Caption
6 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
A 14-year-old Princess Elizabeth, right, sits next to her sister for a radio broadcast on October 13, 1940. On the broadcast, her first, she said that England's children were full of cheerfulness and courage.
Hide Caption
7 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Princess Elizabeth shakes hands with an officer of the Grenadier Guards on May 29, 1942. King George VI made Elizabeth an honorary colonel in the Royal Army regiment.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Princess Elizabeth, right, and Princess Margaret wear summer dresses circa 1942.
Hide Caption
9 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
With the Drakensberg Mountains behind her, Princess Elizabeth sits in South Africa's Natal National Park on April 21, 1947, her 21st birthday.
Hide Caption
10 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
This portrait of the British royal family was taken in July 1947, after Princess Elizabeth, far left, got engaged to Prince Philip of Greece, a lieutenant in the British Navy. He is second from left. To his left are Queen Elizabeth, King George VI and Princess Margaret.
Hide Caption
11 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Royal Wedding Party waves from the balcony of Buckingham Palace on November 20, 1947. After becoming a British citizen and renouncing his Greek title, Philip became His Royal Highness Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. His wife became the Duchess of Edinburgh.
Hide Caption
12 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Princess Elizabeth smiles in March 1950 as she arrives to a state banquet at the French Embassy in London's Kensington Palace Gardens.
Hide Caption
13 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth ascended to the throne in February 1952, when her father died of lung cancer. Here, the new Queen leaves the Royal Archers Hall in Edinburgh after a ball in June 1952. It was the first function she attended as Queen following her father's death.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II walks to the altar during her coronation ceremony on June 2, 1953.
Hide Caption
15 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II on the balcony of Melbourne's Government House, during her tour of Australia in March 1954.
Hide Caption
16 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
From left, Princess Margaret, Queen Elizabeth II and the Queen Mother visit Epsom Downs Racecourse in June 1958.
Hide Caption
17 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen holds her son Prince Andrew while his sister, Princess Anne, watches during a family holiday at Scotland's Balmoral Castle in September 1960.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II is seen during the State Opening of Parliament in April 1966.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II with her oldest son, Prince Charles, in 1969.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Prince Charles adjusts his coronet during his investiture ceremony as Prince of Wales in 1969.
Hide Caption
21 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip wave from a plane ramp shortly before taking off from Tokyo in May 1975.
Hide Caption
22 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II takes a portrait at Windsor Castle for her 50th birthday on April 21, 1976.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen meets the crowds during her royal tour of New Zealand in 1977.
Hide Caption
24 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen stands next to Prince Charles as he kisses his new bride, Princess Diana, on their wedding day July 29, 1981.
Hide Caption
25 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II takes pictures of her husband during a horse show in Windsor, England, on May 16, 1982.
Hide Caption
26 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen reacts to an elephant as she tours a charity event in London's Hyde Park in June 1987.
Hide Caption
27 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II fires a rifle during a visit to the Army Rifle Association at Bisley, England, in July 1993.
Hide Caption
28 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
While at Buckingham Palace, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip view the floral tributes to Princess Diana after her tragic death in 1997.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen addresses the nation on the night before Princess Diana's funeral in 1997.
Hide Caption
30 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Prince Charles looks back at his mother after wedding Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, in April 2005.
Hide Caption
31 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip leave London's St. Paul's Cathedral on October 9, 2009, following a commemoration service to mark the end of combat operations in Iraq.
Hide Caption
32 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen, second from right, greets a crowd from the balcony of Buckingham Palace on April 29, 2011. Her grandson Prince William, third from left, had just married Catherine Middleton.
Hide Caption
33 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II drives her Range Rover as she attends the Windsor Horse Show in May 2011.
Hide Caption
34 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen's signature is seen in the visitors book at Aras An Uachtarain, the Irish President's official residence in Dublin, Ireland, in May 2011.
Hide Caption
35 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Flags are waved as Queen Elizabeth II leaves St. Paul's Cathedral following its 300th anniversary service in June 2011.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Madame Tussauds London reveals a wax figure of the Queen in May 2012.
Hide Caption
37 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Prince Charles kisses his mother's hand on stage as singer Paul McCartney, far right, looks on at the Diamond Jubilee concert held June 4, 2012, at Buckingham Palace. The Diamond Jubilee celebrations marked Elizabeth's 60th anniversary as Queen.
Hide Caption
38 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen speaks at a reception for members of the International Olympic Committee on July 23, 2012.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen tours the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London in December 2012.
Hide Caption
40 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
A boy in Belfast, Northern Ireland, takes a selfie in front of the Queen in June 2014.
Hide Caption
41 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen enters the Great Hall at Edinburgh Castle after attending a commemorative service for the Scottish National War Memorial in July 2014.
Hide Caption
42 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen waits to give her speech during the State Opening of Parliament on May 27, 2015.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen sits at a desk in Buckingham Palace in July 2015.
Hide Caption
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
The British monarch greets the public after attending church services in February.
Hide Caption
45 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Prince George gets a boost from some foam blocks for a special family photo. The portrait, featuring the four generations of the House of Windsor, was commissioned by the Royal Mail and will be featured on a series of stamps to commemorate the Queen's 90th birthday.
Hide Caption
46 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II acknowledges the crowd as she celebrates her 90th birthday in Windsor, England, on April 21.
Hide Caption
47 of 48
Photos: The life of Queen Elizabeth II
On June 10, Buckingham Palace released a new official photograph to mark the Queen's 90th birthday. It shows her with Prince Philip and was taken at Windsor Castle just after Easter.
Hide Caption
| 1954 |
Galatasaray are a football team based in which European country? | Queen Elizabeth flies to Australia on 16th visit
Queen Elizabeth flies to Australia on 16th visit
ROD McGUIRK - Associated Press
Pin it
Share
CANBERRA, Australia (AP) — Queen Elizabeth II was flying to Australia on Wednesday for a 10-day visit during which she will travel to four cities and open a meeting of leaders of mostly former British colonies.
The 85-year-old monarch and her 90-year-old husband Prince Philip were assured of a warm welcome despite the ruling Labor Party's desire for the British monarch to be replaced by a president as Australia's head of state.
Prime Minister Julia Gillard has said Australia should become a republic after the queen's reign.
But Gillard did not believe that debate would mar the monarch's first visit since 2006, when she opened the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
"While the queen is here in Australia, what Australians will be doing is enjoying and celebrating her presence here," Gillard told reporters hours before the queen's chartered jet was due to land in Canberra.
"I believe she's very well respected by Australians and I think she's going to be tremendously warmly received from the moment that she sets foot on Australian soil," she added.
Australians rejected a proposal to make Australia a republic at a referendum in 1999.
The queen will visit Brisbane and Melbourne before opening next week's meeting of the 54-nation Commonwealth in the western coastal city of Perth. Leaders of the nations linked to Britain's former empire, who meet every two years, will consider a range of recommended reforms including lifting laws against homosexuality which exist in most Commonwealth countries.
Media commentators have speculated that this Australian visit — her 16th — could be the queen's last given her advanced years and the 11,000-mile (18,000-kilometer) distance from Buckingham Palace in London to a country that was one of the British Empire's most far removed outposts.
But her former press secretary Dickie Arbiter pointed to the example of the queen's late mother who visited Canada when she was aged in her 90s.
"With the queen, you should never say 'last;' never say 'never,'" Arbiter said in an interview published in The Canberra Times newspaper Wednesday.
The queen's biographer Hugo Vickers said she made a point of attending every meeting of the 54-nation Commonwealth. Only 53 countries will be represented at the Perth summit because Fiji has been suspended since its army overthrew the government in 2006.
"She has not minded when Commonwealth countries have dropped her as head of state, but she does mind if they leave the Commonwealth," Vickers was quoted as saying by The Canberra Times.
In 1954, the queen became the first reigning British monarch to ever visit Australia.
The queen will be welcomed at an Australian air force base in Canberra by Governor General Quentin Bryce, the monarch's representative in Australia, and spend most of her 10 nights in Australia at Bryce's official residence. Gillard will also be on hand to greet the queen.
Reblog
| i don't know |
In which religion is there one god called Ahura Mazda? | Ahuramazda - Livius
Ahuramazda
Ahuramazda: the "wise lord", the supreme god of the ancient Iranians, whose cult was propagated by the legendary prophet Zarathustra , the founder of Zoroastrianism.
Zarathustra's teachings: the Gâthâs
Zoroastrian fire altar from Samarkand
The Avesta is the holy book of the adherents of Zarathustra, the Zoroastrians or - as they call themselves today - Parsis. The Avesta was codified c.600 CE, but this library of sacred texts contains older material, such as the Gâthâs . These hymns were perhaps written in the fourteenth or thirteenth century BCE, almost two millennia before the codification of the Avesta, and most scholars think that they were composed by the prophet Zarathustra himself.
In a vision ( more... ), Zarathustra was ordered by a spirit named Good Thought to start preaching against the bloody sacrifices of the traditional Iranian cults and to give aid to the poor. Gradually, the prophet began to understand that Good Thought had been sent by the supreme god Ahuramazda, a name that can be translated as Wise Lord. Zarathustra sometimes addresses his god as Ahura, lord, and as Mazda, wisdom.
From the Gâthâs, we learn that Zarathustra started to preach that Ahuramazda had created "the world, mankind and all good things in it" through his holy spirit, Spenta Mainyu. The rest of the universe was created by six other spirits, the Amesha Spentas ("holy immortals"). However, the order of this sevenfold creation was threatened by The Lie; good spirits and evil demons (daeva) were fighting and mankind had to support the good spirits in order to speed up the inevitable victory of Ahuramazda. The believer could side with Ahuramazda by avoiding lies, supporting the poor, several kinds of sacrifices, the cult of fire, et cetera.
A snake amulet from Sokh in Uzbekistan, believed to be one of the first representations of a dualist world view
Zarathustra also warned the people that there would be a Last Judgment. At the end of times, angels were to lead all men and women across a narrow bridge, where they would be judged by Spenta Manyu (which is described as a beautiful maiden); the friends of The Lie would fall into a large chasm of fire called Worst Existence, but the followers of Zarathustra were to reach Paradise, which goes under the name of House of Best Purpose.
It is impossible to establish how much of this is original. Zarathustra says in the Gâthâs that the innovative aspect was the demand for social reform, which brought the prophet into conflict with representants of the established cult, the priests of the god Mithra and the goddess Anahita. What strikes us is the radical dualism; Zarathustra demands that the pious choose for the good and against evil, and promises that they will be rewarded at the Last Judgment ( text... ).
Angra Mainyu, demons, and gods
The defeated Parthian king Artabanus (left) and the personification of evil, Ahriman (center), on the investiture relief of Ardashir I in Naqš-e Rustam
The Gâthâs are only a small part of the Avesta , and it is possible to distinguish (on linguistic grounds) between old and young texts. The most important innovation by Zarathustra's disciples is the personalization of evil. According to Zarathustra, the enemy of the divine order had been The Lie, an abstract concept. There are several texts, written in the same language as the Gâthâs, which give evil its name: Angra Mainyu, "the hostile spirit". He is described as the leader of the demons.
It may be doubted whether Angra Mainyu has ever figured in Zarathustra's own thoughts. The fact that he does not mention this demon in the Gâthâs is significant; there are seventeen Gâthâs and they are of a considerable length, so it may be argued that Zarathustra had sufficient opportunity to mention Ahuramazda's opponent. Instead, he speaks consistently of The Lie.
On the other hand, the name Angra Mainyu is very old. It is, therefore, either a very early innovation, or it was a very common name which Zarathustra sought to replace by the more abstract concept of The Lie, which implied a greater personal responsibility. However this may be, it seems certain that the name of the hostile spirit was not very important to Zarathustra.
Another important question is whether Zarathustra was a monotheist. In the Gâthâs, he gives special attention to Ahuramazda and almost ignores all the other gods. They figure in other Avestan hymns, the Yashts , which are dedicated to lower deities. The Zoroastrian tradition is univocal that the Yashts were composed by Zarathustra, which would make him a polytheist. European scholars, however, have argued that the Yashts were not written by the prophet himself, because they are written in the language that is also known from the cuneiform texts of the Achaemenid empire written between 521 and 331 BCE. However this may be, it is certain that under the Achaemenid empire, Zoroastrianism was polytheistic.
The Achaemenids
Zarathustra is not mentioned in any of the cuneiform texts of the Achaemenid empire (although there is one seal mentioning his family name Spitama), and we may ask whether the Achaemenid kings were Zoroastrians. A first, tentative answer is "yes", because many of their texts mention Ahuramazda. Two examples from the famous Behistun inscription of king Darius I the Great :
(9) King Darius says: Ahuramazda has granted unto me this empire. Ahuramazda brought me help, until I gained this empire; by the grace of Ahuramazda do I hold this empire.
(63) King Darius says: [...] By the grace of Ahuramazda have I always acted. Ahuramazda brought me help, and the other gods, all that there are. [...] (64) On this account Ahuramazda brought me help, and all the other gods, all that there are, because I was not wicked, nor was I a liar, nor was I a tyrant, neither I nor any of my family. I have ruled according to righteousness. Neither to the weak nor to the powerful did I do wrong.
Faravahar, the visual aspect of Ahuramazda. Relief from Persepolis.
In other words: Darius protects the weak, is not a friend of The Lie and venerates Ahuramazda. This is interesting, but it does not prove very much, because we do not know how much of Zarathustra's teaching was original. Zoroastrians were probably not the only ones who believed in Ahuramazda (he is also mentioned in an Assyrian enumeration of native and foreign deities from the reign of king Aššurbanipal). On the other hand, Darius' dislike of "the lie" (and the use of this expression) is not a common theme in ancient political or religious texts.
Some scholars have argued that the following inscription from Susa by Artaxerxes II Mnemon (404-358) proves that the Achaemenid kings were not Zoroastrians:
Artaxerxes the Great King, [...] says: [...] By the favor of Ahuramazda, Anahita, and Mithra, this palace I built. May Ahuramazda, Anahita, and Mithra protect me from all evil, and that which I have built may they not shatter nor harm.note[A2Sa.]
It is indeed remarkable that Artaxerxes II invokes the goddess Anahita and the god Mithra, but as we have already seen above, Zarathustra was not a monotheist; he wrote Yashts for these two gods.
On the other hand, there is one specific point that suggests that the Achaemenid kings were indeed Zoroastrians. It is the way they use the name Ahuramazda. Originally, this was the god of wisdom, as is suggested by his name the Wise Lord. In the Gâthâs, he reveals that he is also the creator of "the world, mankind and all good things in it". The Achaemenid kings mention their supreme god frequently as a creator, which strongly suggests that they were at least influenced by Zoroastrian ideas:
A great god is Ahuramazda, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Xerxes king, one king of many, one lord of many.note[Xerxes, XPh ("Daiva inscription").]
This texts continues as follows:
There was a place where previously daivâ were worshipped. Afterwards, by the favor of Ahuramazda I destroyed that sanctuary of daivâ, and I made proclamation: "The daivâ shall not be worshipped!" Where previously the daivâ were worshipped, there I worshipped Ahuramazda at the proper time and in the proper manner.note[Xerxes, Daivâ inscription.]
The word daivâ, which clearly means "demons", is a scribal error; presumably, the Avestan word daevâ is meant, which also means "demons". Again, this does not prove that Xerxes was a Zoroastrian, but it certainly does not contradict it.
A final argument is a quote by the fourth-century Greek philosopher known as pseudo- Plato , who describes the teacher of young Persian noblemen:
He teaches the science of the Magians , owing to Zarathustra, son of Ahuramazda. It is in fact the worship of the gods.note[Ps.Plato, Alcibiades 122A.]
Since it is certain that the Magians were involved in the state religion of the Achaemenid empire, we may argue that Zoroastrianism was Persia's official religion. On the other hand, we should not rely too heavily on an author who states that Zarathustra was the son of Ahuramazda.
Summing up the evidence, we see that the arguments against the Achaemenids being Zoroastrians are not completely convincing; on the other hand, the use of "Ahuramazda" as the name of a creator god, Darius' vehement dislike of The Lie, his suggestion that he protected the weak and Xerxes' use of the word daiva all suggest that these kings were influenced by Avestan doctrine. However, as proof this is not conclusive. Some have argued that the winged royal figure that can found on many Achaemenid buildings is not Ahuramazda himself, but a symbolic representation called Faravahar, which reminds the believer that his soul must progress towards God. This is however too sceptical.note[P. Lecoq, "Un problème de religion achéménide: Ahura Mazda ou Xvarnah?" in: Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin emerito oblata, 1984 Leiden, pages 301-326.]
Zurvanism
In one of the Gâthâs, Zarathustra seems to speak of Spenta Mainyu and Ahuramazda's adversary, who was later known as Angra Mainyu, as "twins":
Truly, there are two primal Spirits, twins renowned to be in conflict. In thought and word, in act they are two: the better and the bad.note[Yasna 30.3.]
In the fifth century BCE or a some decades earlier, this line was reinterpreted: the twins were Angra Mainyu and Ahuramazda. This had important theological consequences. Evil was now not only a personified power - as we have seen above, that was nothing new - but it was an eternal cosmological power. It was not created. Ahuramazda had been the creator of everything; now he was just the creator of the good things.
This new doctrine is called Zurvanism, because Angra Mainyu and Ahuramazda were seen as the sons of Zurvan, the god of time. It was popular for some time; the Persian kings of the Sasanian dynasty (224-642 CE) adhered to Zurvanism. In the first years of this dynasty, the prophet Mani (216-276) combined Zurvanism and Christianity; his ideas became known as Manicheism , survived well into the fourteenth century, and may have influenced the European Cathars. At that moment, however, Zurvanism was dead. As a response to the rise of Islam, the Zoroastrians had returned to their ancient beliefs. Today, Zurvanism, which states that there are two gods, is regarded as a kind of heresy.
Ironically, Zurvanism was the Zoroastrian doctrine that became first and best known in Europe. It was picked up by the Greek historian Theopompus of Chios (born 378 BCE); his lost work is quoted by his compatriot Plutarch of Chaeronea :
Theopompus says that, according to the Magians , for three thousand years alternately the one god will dominate the other god and be dominated, and that for another three thousand years they will fight and make war, until one smashes up the domain of the other. note[Plutarch, Isis and Osiris 46; tr. J. Gwyn Griffiths.]
These lines gave westerners the impression that Zoroastrianism was a kind of monotheism with a god and a satan; but this reconstruction of Zoroastrianism is, as we have already seen above, only possible by accepting that the Yashts and all other texts of the younger Avesta are based on an error.
Literature
Mary Boyce, Textual sources for the study of Zoroastrianism (1984 Manchester)
Mary Boyce, "The Religion of Cyrus the Great" in: A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg (ed.): Achaemenid History III (1988 Leiden)
Andrew R. Burn, Persia and the Greeks. The Defence of the West, c.546-478 B.C. (1962 London) pages 63-80
Peter Clark, Zoroastrianism. An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (1998 Brighton)
Sven S. Hartman, "Datierung der jungavestischen Apokalyptik" in: David Hellholm (ed.): Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean world and the Near East (1983 Tübingen)
A. de Jong, Traditions of the Magi (1997 Leiden)
P. Lecoq, "Un problème de religion achéménide: Ahura Mazda ou Xvarnah?" in: Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin emerito oblata, 1984 Leiden, pages 301-326
M. Schwartz, "The Religion of Achaemenian Iran" in: Ilya Gershevitch (ed.): The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. II: The Median and Achaemenian Periods (1985 Cambridge) pages 664-667
This page was created in 1996; last modified on 4 January 2017.
| Zoroastrianism |
The port of Watchet is in which English county? | BBC - Religions - Zoroastrian: At a Glance
At a Glance
Last updated 2009-10-02
This page provides an overview of Zoroastrian beliefs, which can be summed up by 'Good thoughts, good words, good deeds'.
On this page
Print this page
Zoroastrianism at a glance
Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.
For 1000 years Zoroastrianism was one of the most powerful religions in the world. It was the official religion of Persia (Iran) from 600 BCE to 650 CE.
It is now one of the world's smallest religions. In 2006 the New York Times reported that there were probably less than 190,000 followers worldwide at that time.
Zoroastrians believe there is one God called Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord) and He created the world.
Zoroastrians are not fire-worshippers, as some Westerners wrongly believe. Zoroastrians believe that the elements are pure and that fire represents God's light or wisdom.
Ahura Mazda revealed the truth through the Prophet, Zoroaster.
Zoroastrians traditionally pray several times a day.
Zoroastrians worship communally in a Fire Temple or Agiary.
The Zoroastrian book of Holy Scriptures is called The Avesta.
The Avesta can be roughly split into two main sections:
The Avesta is the oldest and core part of the scriptures, which contains the Gathas. The Gathas are seventeen hymns thought to be composed by Zoroaster himself.
The Younger Avesta - commentaries to the older Avestan written in later years. It also contains myths, stories and details of ritual observances.
Zoroastrians are roughly split into two groups:
The Iranians
| i don't know |
Which US President was given the nickname ‘The Trust Buster’? | Roosevelt: The Trust Buster! | AP United States History
AP United States History
Roosevelt: The Trust Buster!
Posted on March 9, 2008 by Laoteacher
President Roosevelt did not just focus on conservationism during his presidency. He attacked the trusts guilty of monopolies and set up the necessary reforms that resulted in businesses into accepting government regulation. According to our textbook The American Pageant, Roosevelt, as a trustbuster, made headlines in 1902 when he attack the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding company organized by financial titan J.P. Morgan and empire builder James J. Hill. Roosevelt challenged these great big giants and their attempts to monopolized the railroad industry. In response they appealed to the Supreme Court, which in 1904 upheld Roosevelt’s antitrust suit and ordered the Northern Securities Company to be dissolved. The Northern Securities decision jolted Wall Street and angered big business but greatly ehanced Roosevelt’s reputation as a trust smasher. His big stick crashed down on other ginat monopolies, as he initiated over forty legal proceedings against them. The Supreme Court in 1905 declared the beef trust illegal, and the heavy fist of justice fell upon monopolies controlling sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, and other key products(666-667).
According to Wikipedia, Trust-busting refers to government activities designed to break up trusts or monopolies . Theodore Roosevelt is the U.S. president most associated with dissolving trusts, but his chosen successor, William Howard Taft , actually began the most of the anti-trust proceedings.
Trusts were large business entities that largely succeeded in controlling a market , essentially becoming a monopoly . The term became common in the late 19th century , when a system of trusts controlled much of the economy of the United States . In 1898 , President William McKinley launched the “trust-busting” era when he appointed the U.S. Industrial Commission on Trusts , which interrogated Andrew Carnegie , John D. Rockefeller , Charles M. Schwab , and other industrial titans. The report of the Industrial Commission was seized upon by Theodore Roosevelt, who became known as a “Trust Buster,” dissolving 44 trusts during his two terms as president. However, the “Trust Buster” name is probably more suited for Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft, who brought an end to 90 trusts in one term. Although Taft may have done more to control the trusts while in office, Roosevelt retains the nickname because he was the pioneer of trust-busting.
Do you think Roosevelt’s trust busting practices contradicts the ideals of capitalism?
Like this:
| Theodore Roosevelt |
The Eora and Cammeraygal peoples are indigenous to which country? | SparkNotes: SAT Subject Test: U.S. History: Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt became president in September 1901 after the assassination of William McKinley. Although he had been vice president under McKinley, Roosevelt did not share McKinley’s conservative, pro-business policies. Instead, as president, Roosevelt advanced aggressive political reforms, including the heavy regulation of business. Known as the “trust-buster,” Roosevelt was the first president to successfully invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies and continued to restrict businesses throughout his presidency. His reforms greatly influenced economic, environmental, and international affairs as well. Roosevelt’s platform became known as the “Square Deal” because he vowed not to favor any group of Americans but to be fair to all.
Relations with Labor and Corporations
Roosevelt was committed to addressing the problems of labor and corporate activity. Unlike his predecessors, Roosevelt defended the right of labor to organize, and eschewed the use of federal troops to put down strikes. In 1902, he intervened in a United Mine Workers Strike and helped labor get management to agree to binding arbitration. The arbitrators awarded the miners a wage increase and a shortened workday.
Roosevelt also worked to restrict the power of big business by breaking up a monopoly. In his administration’s first trust-busting case, his attorney general filed suit against the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding company, for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, which had not been successfully used against monopolies since its passage in 1890. After this case, though, the Act became an extremely important tool for government regulation of corporations. In 1904, the Supreme Court ordered that the Northern Securities Company be dissolved, a decision that launched a series of antitrust suits. In all, the Roosevelt administration filed forty-three trust-busting suits.
After winning reelection in 1904, Roosevelt traded sporadic bursts of trust-busting for more permanent regulation. He successfully negotiated the passage of the Hepburn Act in 1906, which empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a previously weak agency, to set maximum railroad rates and inspect railroad companies’ financial records.
Roosevelt, unlike his Republican predecessors in office, was not pro-business. He aggressively enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act and empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission, both key elements in his “Square Deal.”
Protecting Consumers and Conserving the Environment
Responding to the muckrakers’ exposés on the unsanitary conditions in food plants and the dangerous ingredients in foods and medicines, Roosevelt endorsed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, both passed in 1906. The first act prohibited the sale of adulterated or inaccurately labeled foods and medicines, and the second established federal regulations for meatpackers and a system of inspection.
The early twentieth century also saw a rise in concern for the environment. Those who supported conservation and protection of wilderness sites were called preservationists. Preservationists were often in conflict with business interests who saw the wilderness in terms of resources and space for commercial and residential development. Roosevelt was at heart a preservationist, but understood the need for compromise. He achieved this compromise through his conservation program, which provided for the regulated use of the nation’s wilderness. Roosevelt designated 200 million acres as national forests, mineral reserves, and potential waterpower sites, and added five national parks and eighteen national monuments to the list of protected lands. In 1908 Roosevelt created the National Conservation Commission to inventory the nation’s resources and manage their use more efficiently.
Conservationism was a hallmark of Roosevelt’s presidency. He protected land through the creation of national parks and monuments, and advocated the responsible use of the nation’s resources by establishing the National Conservation Commission.
Aggressive Foreign Policy: “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Roosevelt summed up his approach to foreign policy in a single sentence: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Having become president shortly after the American victory in the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was confident in America’s status as a major international power. His goal to maintain that status through aggressive tactics was dubbed “big stick” diplomacy.
Roosevelt’s most notable achievement in foreign policy was the building of the Panama Canal, an artificial waterway stretching through the isthmus of Panama, which was then part of Colombia. Since the canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and vastly shortened shipping routes, Roosevelt saw its creation as vitally important to American economic and maritime interests. When the Colombian government first rejected America’s offer to lease the land and build the canal for over $10 million, Roosevelt helped engineer a revolution on the isthmus. The revolution erupted in 1903, and the new Panamanian government that took power proved to be much more cooperative with the United States. The new government granted the U.S. permanent possession of the ten-mile-wide strip of land across Panama on the same financial terms rejected earlier by Colombia. Construction on the canal began in 1906, and it opened in 1914.
Roosevelt’s intervention in Panama was indicative of his entire attitude toward Latin America, where he asserted the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. In 1904, with several European nations poised to invade the Dominican Republic, Roosevelt declared that the United States, not Europe, should dominate Latin America, and that although the U.S. had no expansionist intentions, any “chronic wrongdoing” by a Latin American nation would justify U.S. intervention as a global policeman. (Remember that the Monroe Doctrine had warned Europeans not to intervene in Latin America; the Roosevelt Corollary maintained this warning, and asserted that the U.S. alone could intervene.) During Roosevelt’s presidency, the U.S. invoked the Roosevelt Corollary repeatedly as justification for its involvement in the affairs of the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Cuba.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine asserted the right of the U.S. government to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries while maintaining that European powers should stay out of Latin America.
Roosevelt also involved himself in the affairs of Asia after the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904. Concerned about maintaining the balance of power between nations, Roosevelt invited delegates from Russia and Japan to the U.S. for a peace conference in 1905 that resulted in the signing of a treaty. Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize for his actions. In an effort to discourage further trouble in Asia, Roosevelt sent sixteen new, gleaming white battleships, dubbed “the Great White Fleet,” to Asian ports and elsewhere around the world.
| i don't know |
What is the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet? | Greek alphabet - definition of Greek alphabet by The Free Dictionary
Greek alphabet - definition of Greek alphabet by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Greek+alphabet
Also found in: Thesaurus , Medical , Wikipedia .
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Greek alphabet - the alphabet used by ancient Greeks
alphabet - a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language
alpha - the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
beta - the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
gamma - the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet
delta - the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet
epsilon - the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet
zeta - the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet
eta - the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet
theta - the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet
iota - the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet
kappa - the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet
lambda - the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet
mu - the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet
nu - the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet
xi - the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet
omicron - the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet
pi - the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet
rho - the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet
sigma - the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet
tau - the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet
upsilon - the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet
phi - the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet
khi , chi - the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet
psi - the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet
omega - the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet
Translations
| Sigma |
An opah is what type of creature? | What does Greek alphabet mean? definition, meaning and pronunciation (Free English Language Dictionary)
Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents
Hypernyms ("Greek alphabet" is a kind of...):
alphabet (a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language)
Meronyms (members of "Greek alphabet"):
xi (the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet)
omicron (the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet)
pi (the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet)
rho (the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet)
sigma (the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet)
tau (the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet)
upsilon (the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet)
phi (the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet)
chi ; khi (the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet)
psi (the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet)
nu (the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet)
mu (the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet)
lambda (the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet)
alpha (the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet)
beta (the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet)
gamma (the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet)
delta (the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet)
epsilon (the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet)
zeta (the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet)
eta (the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet)
theta (the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet)
iota (the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet)
kappa (the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet)
omega (the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet)
Learn English with... Proverbs of the week
"If you're in a hole, stop digging." (English proverb)
"A mad man drops a rock into water well, so that thousand wise men can not take it out." (Azerbaijani proverb)
"Forgetness is the plague of knowledge." (Arabic proverb)
"Away from the eye, out of the heart." (Dutch proverb)
GREEK ALPHABET: related words searches
| i don't know |
Which band released a 1997 album entitled ‘White on Blonde’? | Learn and talk about White on Blonde, 1997 albums, Albums produced by David A. Stewart, Albums produced by Mike Hedges, Mercury Records albums
7 References
Background and release[ edit ]
The album included five UK Top Ten singles, " Say What You Want " (UK #3), " Halo " (UK #10), " Black Eyed Boy " (UK #5), " Put Your Arms Around Me " (UK #10) and " Insane " (UK #4) which was released as a double A-sided single with "Say What You Want (All Day, Every Day)" - a new version of the 1997 hit featuring additional rap vocals by the Wu-Tang Clan .
White on Blonde has been certified 6x Platinum in the UK, which indicates sales of over 1.8 million copies in that territory. [2] The album was also a major success in various European countries, such as France where it peaked at #2 on the French Album Charts. Worldwide, sales of White on Blonde are estimated at around 4-5 million copies.[ citation needed ] The album was produced by the band themselves, along with Mike Hedges and former Eurythmics star Dave Stewart . [3]
Honours[ edit ]
White on Blonde has received many honours since its release in 1997. It was voted the 86th greatest album of all time by Q magazine readers in 1998. [4] The album is also ranked #34 in Q's "Best 50 Albums of Q's Lifetime," [3] included in Q magazine's "90 Best Albums Of The 1990s," and included in Q magazine's "50 Best Albums of 1997." [3]
White on Blonde became the first Texas album to top the UK Album Charts and is one of only two Texas albums (along with The Greatest Hits ) to be certified 6x Platinum in the United Kingdom.
In 2010, White on Blonde was nominated in the BRIT Awards Best Album in the past 25 years.
| Texas |
British singer and actor Terence Nelhams-Wright was better known by what name? | Sharleen Spiteri - Biography - IMDb
Sharleen Spiteri
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (8)
Overview (3)
5' 5" (1.65 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Before forming Texas with John McElhone , she was a hairdresser and continued hairdressing for 18 months after the formation of Texas because she needed the money. She separated from longtime boyfriend Ashley Heath, a journalist, in 2004. The two have a daughter together. Owns two houses, one in Glasgow and one in London. The band Texas has released eight albums: "Southside" (1989), "Mothers Heaven" (1991), "Ricks Road" (1993), "White On Blonde" (1997), "The Hush" (1999), "Greatest Hits" (2000), "Careful What You Wish For" (2003), and "Red Book" (2005) and their singles have included: "Say What You Want", "Halo", "I Don't Want A Lover", "In Demand", "Inner Smile" and "So Called Friend". Texas performed the theme song to the show Ellen (1994), which had the same tune but different lyrics to their song "So Called Friend". In 2008 Sharleen Spiteri released a solo album called "Melody". In 2010 she released a second solo album called the "The Movie Songbook" which consists of covers of movie songs.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous
Trade Mark (1)
She is usually the only member of Texas to appear on the band's album covers and publicity photographs.
Trivia (8)
Lead singer of the Scottish band, Texas , which had its first hit, "I Don't Want a Lover", in 1989.
9th September 2002: Gave birth to daughter, Misty Kyd Heath.
The name of her band was inspired by a movie. After watching the movie, Paris, Texas (1984), she helped form the band called Texas . The slide guitar sound of Ry Cooder on the film soundtrack influenced the band musically.
Is a close friend of actor Ewan McGregor .
Co-founded Glasgow based radio station, "Beat 106" in 1998 with footballer Ally McCoist and TV presenter Carol Smillie . They sold the station 8 months later to the Capital Radio Group for £32 million.
She was a finalist to star in Moulin Rouge! (2001). The part eventually went to Nicole Kidman .
Is of Maltese descent. Spiteri is a common surname in Malta.
Sang alongside Rammstein member, Till Lindemann , in their song "Stirb Nicht Vor Mir (Don't Die Before I Do).
See also
| i don't know |
In the 18th Century, the British Royal Navy ordered limes and lemons to be carried on board ships as a remedy for which disease? | BBC - History - British History in depth: Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy
Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy
By Jonathan Lamb
Last updated 2011-02-17
Scurvy was the scourge of the Royal Navy for decades, and Captain Cook is widely credited with conquering it. But how much of his reputation is deserved, and how much is due to luck? Jonathan Lamb investigates.
On this page
Print this page
The emergence of scurvy
Scurvy did not emerge as a problem for maritime explorers until vessels started penetrating the Indian and the Pacific Oceans. Vasco da Gama lost two thirds of his crew to the disease while making his way to India in 1499. In 1520 Magellan lost more than 80 per cent while crossing the Pacific. Two voyages made by Pedro de Quiros early in the 17th century resulted in huge mortality from a sickness Sir Richard Hawkins called, after his venture into the South Seas, 'the plague of the Sea, and the Spoyle of Mariners'.
... Magellan lost more than 80 per cent of his crew while crossing the Pacific.
Scurvy came to public notice in Britain after Commodore George Anson led a squadron into the Pacific in the 1740s to raid Spanish shipping. He lost all but one of his six ships, and two thirds of the crews he shipped (700 survived out of an original complement of 2000), most of them to scurvy. Their symptoms were vividly described by Richard Walter, the chaplain who wrote up the official account of the voyage. Here were descriptions of its ghastly traces: skin black as ink, ulcers, difficult respiration, rictus of the limbs, teeth falling out and, perhaps most revolting of all, a strange plethora of gum tissue sprouting out of the mouth, which immediately rotted and lent the victim's breath an abominable odour.
There were strange sensory and psychological effects too. Scurvy seems to have disarmed the sensory inhibitors that keep taste, smell and hearing under control and stop us from feeling too much. When sufferers got hold of the fruit they had been craving they swallowed it (said Walter) 'with emotions of the most voluptuous luxury'. The sound of a gunshot was enough to kill a man in the last stages of scurvy, while the smell of blossoms from the shore could cause him to cry out in agony. This susceptibility of the senses was accompanied by a disposition to cry at the slightest disappointment, and to yearn hopelessly and passionately for home.
Now we know that scurvy was a cocktail of vitamin deficiencies, mainly of C and B, sometimes compounded by an overdose of A from eating seals' livers. Altogether these produced a breakdown in the cellular structure of the body, evident in the putrescence of the flesh and bones of sufferers, together with night blindness and personality disorders associated with pellagra. In the 18th century no one knew what caused scurvy, whose symptoms were so various it was sometimes mistaken for asthma, leprosy, syphilis, dysentery and madness.
Top
Prevention
Physicians speculated that it was owing to a salt diet, to a lack of oxygen in the body, to fat skimmed from the ships' boiling pans, to bad air, to thickening of the blood, to sugar, to melancholy; but no one knew for certain. People were aware that once victims were on shore they could be recovered by eating scurvy grass, wild celery, wood sorrel, nasturtiums, brooklime, Kerguelen cabbage (Pringlea antiscorbutica), cabbage trees and other esculent plants growing on the shores of distant islands. Fruit and palm wine were also esteemed to be fine remedies, and since 1753, when James Lind published A Treatise of the Scurvy, there was experimental proof that citrus had a rapid beneficial effect.
Captain Cook's voyage around New Zealand and the east coast of Australia © Once on shore it was a superstition among sailors that the smell and the touch of the earth gave the surest cure. One of Anson's crew had his shipmates cut out a turf and put his mouth into the hole. Vitus Bering, the Danish navigator, died of scurvy half buried in the ground. No one had a remedy for scurvy at sea - however; the best on offer was a battery of prophylactic measures, including portable soup (a preparation of dried vegetables), malt, sauerkraut, concentrated fruit juice (rob), vinegar, mustard, molasses and beans. These were aimed at repelling any sign of scurvy from the outset, since it was impossible to control it, once it had gained a footing, other than by going ashore.
... it was impossible to control scurvy, once it had gained a footing, other than by going ashore ...
All the British voyages of the Pacific undertaken in the 1760s - by Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook - were used to test these prophylactics. Wallis carried malt, sauerkraut, 'vinegar and mustard without limitation', 30 hundredweight of portable soup, and 180 Magellan jackets to protect the men against cold and damp. Under the direction of the 'Sick and Hurt and Victualling Boards of the Admiralty', Cook was supplied likewise with 40 bushels of malt, 1000lb of portable soup, vinegar, mustard, wheat, together with 'proper Quantities of sauer Kraut and Rob'. Like Wallis, Cook paid strict attention to airing and drying the lower decks, and keeping his men warm and well slept.
Top
Scurvy takes its toll
Cook had five cases of scurvy reported by his surgeon and no deaths from it. Wallis's men were dogged by the disease, three dying of it, and he himself appears to have been suffering from it when he came across Tahiti. Byron reports the 'dreadful havock' made among his crew by the disease, while Carteret records 31 men dead of scurvy, and his ship for the most part of his voyage a hospital. In his next two voyages Cook's good management, or luck, persisted, and no deaths from scurvy were reported. Since then he has been hailed as the conqueror of the sea's great plague. William Bowles wrote in his poem The Spirit of Discovery (1804):
Smile, glowing Health! For now no more the wasted seaman sinks, With haggard eye and feeble frame diseased; No more with tortured longings for the sight Of fields and hillocks green, madly he calls.
... Cook was in no doubt that the principal cause of the health of his crews was owing to regular doses of malt ...
Recently Christopher Lawrence has called Cook's regimen 'a representation and an endorsement of 18th-century social order'. For his own part, Cook was in no doubt that the principal cause of the health of his crews was owing to regular doses of malt, and woe betide the sailor who refused it! In a paper delivered to the Royal Society he said of malt, 'This is without doubt one of the best antiscorbutic [effective against scurvy] sea-medicines yet found out; and if given in time will, with proper attention to other things, I am persuaded, prevent the scurvy from making any great progress for a considerable time'.
There were dissenting voices about this at the time, as there still are today. Gilbert Blane and Thomas Beddoes, highly esteemed authorities on scurvy in the 18th century, rightly doubted that there was any antiscorbutic virtue in malt. Thomas Trotter, another expert, thought sauerkraut and portable soup were 'mere placebo'. They stated what Lind had already experimentally deduced - that fresh vegetables and citrus juice are the only substantial sources of vitamin C. But although 'rob' was carried on board Cook's ships, it had been boiled to reduce it, and in the process all its vitamin C (ascorbic acid) had been lost.
Top
Cook's men suffer
It turns out that Cook's prohibition against the fat from the boiling pans was the only truly antiscorbutic measure he took, for hot salt fat coming into contact with copper acquired a substance that irritates the gut and prevents its absorption of vitamins. James Watt has pointed this out in several articles, together with the plausible conjecture that an infestation of worms caused a similar effect in Cook's own body, precipitating a deficiency of vitamin B that might have been responsible for his odd behaviour in Hawaii shortly before his death.
There is no doubt that many people suffered from scurvy on Cook's ships.
There is no doubt that many people suffered from scurvy on Cook's ships. On the second voyage William Wales, the astronomer, and Johann Reinhold Forster, the naturalist, both give descriptions of their symptoms, chiefly their growing melancholy and sense of isolation. On the first, Joseph Banks records that once the Endeavour was in the Arafura Sea everyone - except Cook, Solander and himself - were suffering from homesickness, 'the longing for home which the Physicians ... esteem a disease under the name of Nostalgia.' Thomas Trotter was to characterise the symptoms 20 years later as 'scorbutic Nostalgia', a condition to which Banks himself soon succumbed, when he thought of the explorer William Dampier in these same seas, and confessed, 'this thought made home recur to my mind stronger than it had done throughout the whole voyage'.
When they landed at Savu, Banks reported that there were many people sick on board. The deaths at Batavia of Tupaia, the priest from the island of Raiatea, and Charles Green, the astronomer, have usually been ascribed to the dysentery that killed 30 of the Endeavour's crew at the end of the voyage. Beaglehole suggests, however, that it was not dysentery that put an end to Tupaia's life and Cook himself was adamant that his death was owing to 'the long want of a vegetable diet which he had all his life before been used to, and brought upon him all the disorders attending a sea life.' As for Green, 'he had long been in a bad state of hilth, which he took no care to repair but on the contrary lived in such a manner as greatly promoted the disorders he had had long upon him'.
Top
Cook's record
Cook was referring to the fact that Tupaia refused malt, portable soup and all the other remedies against scurvy, and that Green's addiction to drink was precipitating scorbutic symptoms. However, Tupaia, Green and a crew member named Hicks had been diagnosed at Batavia as the three people suffering from complaints 'occasioned by long continuance at sea', which makes it look as if perhaps Cook's record is not as clean in this respect as has sometimes been thought, and he did lose two of his men to scurvy.
Captain Bligh's Bounty was also afflicted by scurvy © That was not his reputation, however, and based on his example no commander wanted scurvy on his ship. When James Morrison reported that scurvy appeared on the Bounty on the run between the Cape of Good Hope and Tahiti, Captain Bligh wrote in the margin of his manuscript 'Captain Bligh never had a symptom of Scurvy in any ship he commanded', and Vancouver was dismayed when he found it on his vessel, Discovery, while he was mapping the north east coastline of America: 'To my utter astonishment and surprise, I was given to understand from Mr Menzies that the sea scurvy had made its appearance amongst some of the crew.' Clearly it was greeted with the same shock and incredulity as headlice today.
In naval logs of the later 18th century, scurvy is scarcely mentioned, fluxes and cholera being far the most common complaints. But Leonard Gillespie, a naval surgeon, had it reported to him that scurvy was still common on the India station, and that in 1781 HMS Egmont lost a third of her crew to the disease, on a return journey from Jamaica. Thus it has always been hard to say anything authoritative about scurvy, or to trust the testimony of its victims, who are afflicted by emotions so powerful that they lose the virtue of dispassionate neutrality that has been understood to distinguish the minds of explorers and navigators during the Enlightenment. Hence William Wales's terse yet strangely querulous entry in his Resolution journal: 'Brewed Wort [malt] for some of the People who began to have symptoms of the Scurvy. I suppose I shall be believed when I say that I am unhappy in being one of them'. About scurvy so much is to be supposed, so little known for sure.
| Scurvy |
Halliwell’s Guide is a reference book relating to what? | scurvy : definition of scurvy and synonyms of scurvy (English)
D012614
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C , which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. The chemical name for vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin name of scurvy, scorbutus, which also provides the adjective scorbutic ("of, characterized by or having to do with scurvy"). Scurvy often presents itself initially as symptoms of malaise and lethargy, followed by formation of spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes . Spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. As scurvy advances, there can be open, suppurating wounds, loss of teeth, jaundice, fever, neuropathy and death.
Scurvy was at one time common among sailors , pirates and others aboard ships at sea longer than perishable fruits and vegetables could be stored (subsisting instead only on cured and salted meats and dried grains ) and by soldiers similarly separated from these foods for extended periods. It was described by Hippocrates (c. 460 BC–c. 380 BC), and herbal cures for scurvy have been known in many native cultures since prehistory. Scurvy was one of the limiting factors of marine travel, often killing large numbers of the passengers and crew on long-distance voyages. This became a significant issue in Europe from the beginning of the modern era in the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, continuing to play a significant role through World War I in the 20th century.
Today scurvy is known to be caused by a nutritional deficiency, but until the isolation of vitamin C and its direct link to scurvy in 1932, numerous theories and treatments were proposed, often on little or no experimental data. This inconsistency is attributed to the lack of vitamin C as a distinct concept, the varying vitamin C content of different foods (notably present in fresh citrus, watercress, and organ meat), and how vitamin C can be destroyed by exposure to air and copper.
Treatment by fresh food, particularly citrus fruit, was periodically implemented, as it had been since antiquity, but the ultimate cause of scurvy was not known until 1932, and treatment was inconsistent, with many ineffective treatments used into the 20th century. It was a Scottish surgeon in the Royal Navy , James Lind who first proved it could be treated with citrus fruit in experiments he described in his 1753 book, A Treatise of the Scurvy, [1] though his advice was not implemented by the Royal Navy for several decades.
In infants, scurvy is sometimes referred to as Barlow's disease, named after Sir Thomas Barlow , [2] a British physician who described it. [3] (N.B. Barlow's disease may also refer to mitral valve prolapse .) Other eponyms include Moeller's disease and Cheadle's disease.
Scurvy does not occur in most animals because they can synthesize their own vitamin C. However, humans and other higher primates (the simians and tarsiers ), guinea pigs, most or all bats, and some species of birds and fish lack an enzyme ( L-gulonolactone oxidase ) necessary for such synthesis and must obtain vitamin C through their diet. Vitamin C is widespread in plant tissues, with particularly high concentrations occurring in citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits), tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages, and green peppers.
Contents
11 Further reading
Cause
Scurvy or subclinical scurvy is caused by the lack of vitamin C. In modern Western societies, scurvy is rarely present in adults, although infants and elderly people are affected. [4] Vitamin C is destroyed by the process of pasteurization , so babies fed with ordinary bottled milk sometimes suffer from scurvy if they are not provided with adequate vitamin supplements. Virtually all commercially available baby formulas contain added vitamin C for this reason, but heat and storage destroy vitamin C. Human breast milk contains sufficient vitamin C, if the mother has an adequate intake.
Scurvy is one of the accompanying diseases of malnutrition (other such micronutrient deficiencies are beriberi or pellagra ) and thus is still widespread in areas of the world depending on external food aid. [5] Though rare, there are also documented cases of scurvy due to poor dietary choices by people living in industrialized nations. [6] [7] [8] [9]
Pathogenesis
Ascorbic acid is needed for a variety of biosynthetic pathways, by accelerating hydroxylation and amidation reactions. In the synthesis of collagen , ascorbic acid is required as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase . These two enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of the proline and lysine amino acids in collagen. Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are important for stabilizing collagen by cross-linking the propeptides in collagen. Defective collagen fibrillogenesis impairs wound healing. Collagen is also an important part of bone, so bone formation is also affected. Defective connective tissue also leads to fragile capillaries, resulting in abnormal bleeding.
Symptoms
Early symptoms are malaise and lethargy . After 1–3 months, patients develop shortness of breath and bone pain. Myalgias may occur because of reduced carnitine production. Other symptoms include skin changes with roughness, easy bruising and petechiae , gum disease , loosening of teeth, poor wound healing, and emotional changes. Dry mouth and dry eyes similar to Sjögren's syndrome may occur. In the late stages, jaundice , generalized edema , oliguria, neuropathy , fever, and convulsions, and eventual death are frequently seen. [10]
Prevention
Scurvy can be prevented by a diet that includes certain citrus fruits such as oranges or lemons . Other sources rich in vitamin C are fruits such as blackcurrants , guava , kiwifruit , papaya , tomatoes , bell peppers , and strawberries . It can also be found in some vegetables, such as carrots , broccoli , potatoes , cabbage , spinach and paprika . Some fruits and vegetables not high in vitamin C may be pickled in lemon juice , which is high in vitamin C. Though redundant in the presence of a balanced diet, [11] various nutritional supplements are available that provide ascorbic acid well in excess of that required to prevent scurvy, and even some candies and most soft drinks contain vitamin C as a preservative.
Many animal products, including liver , Muktuk (whale skin), oysters , and parts of the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and adrenal medula, contain large amounts of vitamin C, and can even be used to treat scurvy.
Fresh meat from animals which make their own vitamin C (which most animals do) contains enough vitamin C to prevent scurvy, and even partly treat it. This caused confusion in the early history of scurvy, since the disease was only seen in people eating long-preserved diets or canned goods, but not in people eating any sort of fresh diet, including arctic diets primarily based upon meat. In some cases (notably in French soldiers eating fresh horse meat) it was discovered that meat alone, even partly cooked meat, could alleviate scurvy. Some of these observations that scurvy was only associated with preserved foods, prompted explorers to blame scurvy upon some type of tainting or poison which pervaded tinned foods.
Treatment
Scurvy can be treated by eating food containing vitamin C such as oranges, papaya, strawberries, lemon, tablets with vitamin C, etc.
Prognosis
Untreated scurvy is invariably fatal. However, death from scurvy is rare in modern times. Since all that is required for a full recovery is the resumption of normal vitamin C intake, it is easy to treat if identified correctly. Consumption of dietary supplements and/or citrus fruits are means by which to accomplish this.
History
Herbal cures for scurvy have been known in many native cultures since prehistory.[ citation needed ] Scurvy was documented as a disease by Hippocrates , [12] [13] and Egyptians have recorded its symptoms as early as 1550 BC. [14] The knowledge that consuming foods containing vitamin C is a cure for scurvy has been repeatedly rediscovered and reforgotten into the early 20th century. [15]
Early modern era
In the 13th century, the Crusaders frequently suffered from scurvy. In the 1497 expedition of Vasco de Gama , the curative effects of citrus fruit were known. [15] In 1536, the French explorer Jacques Cartier , exploring the St. Lawrence River , used the local natives' knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy. He boiled the needles of the arbor vitae tree (Eastern White Cedar) to make a tea that was later shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams. [16] [17] Such treatments were not available aboard ship, where the disease was most common.
Between 1500 and 1800, it has been estimated that scurvy killed at least two million sailors. [18] According to Jonathan Lamb, "In 1499, Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170; In 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230;...all mainly to scurvy." [19]
In 1593 Admiral Sir Richard Hawkins advocated drinking orange and lemon juice as a means of preventing scurvy. [20]
The British civilian medical profession of 1614 believed that it was the acidic principle of citrus fruit which was lacking, although they considered any acid acceptable when ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) was unavailable. In 1614 John Woodall , Surgeon General of the East India Company , published "The Surgion's Mate" as a handbook for apprentice surgeons aboard the company's ships. In it he described scurvy as resulting from a dietary deficiency. His recommendation for its cure was fresh food or, if not available, oranges, lemons, limes and tamarinds, or as a last resort, Oil of Vitriol ( sulfuric acid ). [21]
18th century
A 1707 handwritten book by Mrs Ebot Mitchell discovered in a house in Hasfield, Gloucestershire contains a "Recp.t for the Scurvy" that consisted of extracts from various plants mixed with a plentiful supply of orange juice, white wine or beer. [22]
James Lind, a pioneer in the field of scurvy prevention
In 1734, the Leiden -based physician Johann Bachstrom published a book on scurvy in which he stated that "scurvy is solely owing to a total abstinence from fresh vegetable food, and greens; which is alone the primary cause of the disease" and urged the use of fresh fruit and vegetables as a cure. In 1740, citrus juice (usually lemon or lime juice) was added to the recipe of the traditional daily ration of watered-down rum known as grog to cut down on the water's foulness. Although they did not know the reason at the time, Admiral Edward Vernon 's sailors were healthier than the rest of the navy, due to the daily doses of vitamin C the sailors received. [23] However, it was not until 1747 that James Lind formally proved that scurvy could be treated and prevented by supplementing the diet with citrus fruit such as limes or lemons, though not by other acids, in the first ever clinical trial . [1] In 1753, Lind published A Treatise of the Scurvy, in which he explained the details of his clinical trial and how scurvy was successfully eradicated from his test subjects (nuns). He then attempted to sell extracted lime juice as a medicine, but the lime juice had no effect in treating scurvy, due to the oxidization of vitamin C. Therefore, this solution was not adopted by the Royal Navy until the 1790s, and the idea that any acid would suffice continued in Britain into the late 19th century.
During the 18th century, scurvy killed more British sailors than enemy action. It was mainly by scurvy that George Anson , in his celebrated voyage of 1740–2, lost within the first ten months nearly two-thirds of his crew (1300 out of 2000). [24] During the Seven Years' War, the Royal Navy reported that it conscripted 184,899 sailors, of whom 133,708 died of disease or were 'missing', and scurvy was the principal disease. [25]
James Cook succeeded in circumnavigating the world (1768–71) in HM Bark Endeavour without losing a single man to scurvy, but his suggested methods, including a diet of sauerkraut and wort of malt, were of limited value. Sauerkraut was the only vegetable food that retained a reasonable amount of ascorbic acid in a pickled state, but it was boiled to reduce it for preservation and much of the vitamin C content was lost. In Cook's time it was impractical to preserve citrus fruit for long sea voyages. More important was Cook's regime of shipboard cleanliness, enforced by strict discipline, as well as frequent replenishing of fresh food. [26] The most effective regime implemented by Cook was his prohibition against the consumption of fat scrubbed from the ship's copper pans, then a common practice in the Navy. In contact with the hot copper, this fat acquired substances which possibly irritated the gut and prevented proper absorption of vitamins. [27]
The first major long distance expedition that experienced virtually no scurvy was that of Alessandro Malaspina , 1789–1794. Malaspina's medical officer, Pedro González, was convinced that fresh oranges and lemons were essential for preventing scurvy. Only one outbreak occurred, during a 56-day trip across the open sea. Five sailors came down with symptoms, one seriously. After three days at Guam all five were healthy again. Spain's large empire and many ports of call made it easier to acquire fresh fruit. [28]
Despite advances, British sailors throughout the American Revolutionary period continued to suffer from scurvy, particularly in the Channel Fleet. The eradication of scurvy from the Royal Navy in the 1790s was finally due to the chairman of the Navy's Sick and Hurt Board , Gilbert Blane , who finally put Bachstrom and Lind's long-ignored prescription of fresh lemons to use during the Napoleonic Wars . It led to a remarkable health improvement among the sailors and consequently played a critical role in naval battles, notably the Battle of Trafalgar . Other navies soon adopted this successful solution. [21]
19th century
Page from the journal of Henry Walsh Mahon showing the effects of scurvy, from his time aboard HM Convict Ship Barrosa. 1841/2
The surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon 's army at the Siege of Alexandria (1801) , Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey , wrote in his memoirs that the consumption of horse meat helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. The meat was cooked but was freshly obtained from young horses bought from Arabs, and was nevertheless effective. This helped to start the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France. [29]
Lauchlin Rose patented a method used to preserve citrus juice without alcohol in 1867, creating a concentrated drink known as Rose's lime juice . The Merchant Shipping Act of that same year required all ships of the Royal Navy and Merchant Navy to provide a daily lime ration to sailors to prevent scurvy. The product became nearly ubiquitous, hence the term " limey ", first for British sailors, then an English immigrant in the former British colonies (particularly America, New Zealand and South Africa), and finally, in old American slang, all British people. [30]
The plant Cochlearia officinalis , also known as "Common Scurvygrass", acquired its common name from the observation that it cured scurvy, and it was taken on board ships in dried bundles or distilled extracts. Its very bitter taste was usually disguised with herbs and spices; however, this didn't prevent scurvygrass drinks and sandwiches becoming a popular fad in the UK until the middle of the nineteenth century, when citrus fruits became more readily available. [31]
West Indian limes replaced lemons because they were more easily obtained from Britain's Caribbean colonies, [15] and were believed to be more effective because they were more acidic, and it was the acid, not the (then-unknown) Vitamin C that was believed to cure scurvy. This was mistaken – the West Indian limes were significantly lower in Vitamin C than the previous lemons (having only ¼ the Vitamin C content), and further were not served fresh, but rather as lime juice, which had been exposed to air and piped through copper tubing, both of which significantly reduced the Vitamin C. Indeed, an 1918 animal experiment using representative samples of the Navy and Merchant Marine's lime juice showed that it had virtually no antiscorbutic power at all. [15]
The belief that scurvy was fundamentally a nutritional deficiency, best treated by consumption of fresh food, particularly fresh citrus or fresh meat, was not universal in Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and thus British sailors and explorers continued to suffer from scurvy into the 20th century.
In the Royal Navy's Arctic expeditions in the 19th century it was widely believed that scurvy was prevented by good hygiene on board ship, regular exercise, and maintaining the morale of the crew, rather than by a diet of fresh food, so that Navy expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy even while fresh (not jerked or tinned) meat was well known as a practical antiscorbutic among civilian whalers and explorers in the Arctic. Even cooking fresh meat did not entirely destroy its antiscorbutic properties, especially as many cooking methods failed to bring all the meat to high temperature.
The confusion is attributed to a number of factors: [15]
while fresh citrus (particularly lemons) cured scurvy, lime juice that had been exposed to air and copper tubing did not – thus undermining the theory that citrus cured scurvy;
fresh meat (especially organ meat and raw meat, consumed in arctic exploration) also cured scurvy, undermining the theory that fresh produce was essential to preventing and curing scurvy;
increased marine speed via steam shipping, and improved nutrition on land, reduced the incidence of scurvy – and thus the ineffectiveness of copper-piped lime juice compared to fresh lemons was not immediately revealed.
In the resulting confusion, a new hypothesis was floated, following the new germ theory of disease – that scurvy was caused by ptomaine, a waste product of bacteria, particularly in tainted tinned meat.
Infantile scurvy emerged in the late 19th century due to children being fed pasteurized cow's milk, particularly in the urban upper class – the pasteurization killed bacteria, but also destroyed vitamin C. This was eventually resolved by supplementing with onion juice or cooked potatoes.
20th century
At the time Robert Falcon Scott made his two expeditions (1903 and 1911) to the Antarctic in the early 20th century, the prevailing theory was that scurvy was caused by "tainted" meat, particularly tinned meat. [32] Accordingly, Scott's expeditions suffered from scurvy, though he initially did not record this in his notes on his 1903 expedition, due to stigma associated with scurvy. [15]
Vilhjalmur Stefansson , an arctic explorer who lived among the Eskimos, proved that the all meat diet they consumed did not lead to vitamin deficiencies. He participated in a study in New York's Bellevue Hospital in 1935, where he and a companion ate nothing but meat for a year while under close medical observation, yet remained in good health. [33] Some Antarctic expeditions, such as Scott's two expeditions and Shackleton's Ross Sea party, suffered from scurvy, mainly during inland sledge journeys when the men had access to very limited range of food, virtually none of it fresh. Scurvy was rare or absent when they had access to a wider range of stored food or relied on seal meat. [32] [34] [35]
In 1907, the needed biological-assay model to isolate and identify the antiscorbutic factor was discovered. Axel Holst and Theodor Frølich , two Norwegian physicians studying shipboard beriberi contracted aboard ship's crews in the Norwegian Fishing Fleet, wanted a small test mammal to substitute for the pigeons then used in beriberi research. They fed guinea pigs their test diet of grains and flour, which had earlier produced beriberi in their pigeons, and were surprised when classic scurvy resulted instead. This was a serendipitous choice of model. Until that time, scurvy had not been observed in any organism apart from humans, and had been considered an exclusively human disease. (Some birds are susceptible to scurvy, but pigeons, as seed-eating birds, were later found to be unsusceptible to scurvy, as they produce vitamin C.) Holst and Frølich found they could cure scurvy in guinea pigs with the addition of various fresh foods and extracts. This discovery of a "clean" (reliable) animal experimental model for scurvy, which was made even before the essential idea of "vitamins" in foods had been put forward, has been called the single most important piece of vitamin C research. [36]
In 1927, Hungarian biochemist Szent-Györgyi (who won the 1937 Nobel Prize for Medicine) for his studies in the biological functions of the compound " hexuronic acid " while working with antioxidant compounds in the adrenal cortex . [37] Szent-Györgyi suspected hexuronic acid, which he had isolated from adrenal glands, to be the antiscorbutic agent, but could not prove it without an animal-deficiency model.
It was not until 1932 that the connection between hexuronic acid and scurvy was finally proven by American researcher Charles Glen King of the University of Pittsburgh . [38] King's laboratory was given some hexuronic acid by Szent-Györgyi and soon established that it was "vitamin C". In honor of its antiscorbutic properties, hexuronic acid was named "ascorbic acid" by Szent-Györgyi.
Experimental human trials
Notable human dietary studies of experimentally induced scurvy have been conducted on conscientious objectors during WW II in Britain, and on Iowa state prisoner "volunteers" in the late 1960s. These studies both found that all obvious symptoms of scurvy previously induced by an experimental scorbutic diet with extremely low vitamin C content, could be completely reversed by additional vitamin C supplementation of only 10 mg a day. In these experiments, there was no clinical difference noted between men given 70 mg vitamin C per day (which produced blood levels of vitamin C of about 0.55 mg/dl, about 1/3 of tissue saturation levels), and those given 10 mg per day (which produced lower blood levels). Men in the prison study developed the first signs of scurvy about 4 weeks after starting the vitamin C free diet, whereas in the British study, six to eight months were required, possibly due to the pre-loading of this group with a 70 mg/day supplement for six weeks before the scorbutic diet was fed. [39] Men in both studies on a diet devoid or nearly devoid of vitamin C had blood levels of vitamin C too low to be accurately measured when they developed signs of scurvy, and in the Iowa study, at this time were estimated (by labeled vitamin C dilution) to have a body pool of less than 300 mg, with daily turnover of only 2.5 mg/day. [40]
In other animals
Most plant and animal species synthesize vitamin C. Notable mammalian group exceptions include most or all of the order Chiroptera (bats), and one of the two major primate suborders, the "Anthropoidea" ( Haplorrhini ) (tarsiers, monkeys and apes, including human beings). The Strepsirrhini (non-tarsier prosimians) can make their own vitamin C (these include lemurs , the Aye-aye , lorises , pottos , and galagos ). Ascorbic acid is also not synthesized by at least two species of Caviidae , the capybara [41] and the guinea pig . There are known species of birds and fish that do not synthesize their own Vitamin C. All species that do not synthesize ascorbate require it in the diet. Deficiency causes scurvy in humans, and somewhat similar symptoms in other animals. [42] [43] [44]
See also
References
^ a b Lind, James (1753). A Treatise on the Scurvy. London: A. Millar.
| i don't know |
Founded by Robert Baden Powell, what is the motto of the Boy Scouts? | Quotes from Scouting Founder Robert Baden-Powell | Scoutmastercg.com
Home » More » Quotes from Scouting Founder Robert Baden-Powell
Quotes from Scouting Founder Robert Baden-Powell
October 22, 2009
Over a century volumes of guidance has been offered to Scoutmasters yet none is so effective as that of the founder of the worldwide Scouting movement Robert Baden-Powell
A boy carries out suggestions more wholeheartedly when he understands their aim.
A Scout is never taken by surprise; he knows exactly what to do when anything unexpected happens.
Be Prepared… the meaning of the motto is that a scout must prepare himself by previous thinking out and practicing how to act on any accident or emergency so that he is never taken by surprise.
Correcting bad habits cannot be done by forbidding or punishment.
If you make listening and observation your occupation you will gain much more than you can by talk.
Do use the Patrol Method?
| Be Prepared |
The Asteroid Belt lies between the orbits of which two planets in our solar system? | infed.org | Robert Baden-Powell as an educational innovator
search
Robert Baden-Powell as an educational innovator
Robert Baden-Powell as an educational innovator. Famous for his contribution to the development of Scouting, Robert Baden-Powell was also able to make a number of educational innovations. His interest in adventure, association and leadership still repay attention today.
contents: introduction · the early development of scouting · Robert Baden-Powell and ‘doing good’ · citizenship, taking responsibility and participation · harnessing the imagination: woodcraft and adventure · learning through doing · conclusion: robert baden-powell as an educational innovator · further reading and references · links · how to cite this article
Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell (1857 – 1941) was an accomplished soldier who first came to wide public notice as the ‘hero of the Siege of Mafeking’(1899 – 1900) during the Boer War. He is better known as the founder of the Boy Scout movement. This achievement and his concern with ‘old values’ has sometimes obscured the innovational nature of his educational thinking. What is overlooked is his concern with the social lives and imagination of young people, and how he was able to build on this to develop an associational educational form. Robert Baden-Powell placed a special value on adventure; on children and young people working together – and taking responsibility (his ‘patrol’ building on the idea of ‘natural’ friendship groups and ‘gangs’); on developing self-sufficiency; and on ‘learning through doing’ (he was deeply suspicious of curriculum forms). In this article we examine some of the key aspects of his approach.
Robert Baden-Powell and the early development of Scouting
In 1885 Robert Baden-Powell started collecting material for a book on army scouting. Eventually published in 1899, because of his celebrity status, it became an instant bestseller- selling more 100,000 copies within the first few months. The ideas were seized upon by a number of people working with boys and young men and Robert Baden-Powell was encouraged to write a version for boys. He was also working on his own ideas about education. The Boys Brigade (founded October 4, 1883 in Glasgow by William Smith [1854-1914) was an obvious place for his work – but while there were many things for Robert Baden-Powell to admire in their activities he was put off by the emphasis on drill and what he saw as a lack of attention to developing the mind and sympathy with others.
Robert Baden-Powell had become concerned about the well-being of of the nation – and of particular young people. It has been said that the poor physical condition of the young men attempting to join the army during the Boer War was a central factor in his championing and fashioning of Scouting. One report at the time (1904) claimed that of every nine who volunteered to fight, only two were fit to do so. Diet, poor housing, and harmful working conditions were identified as contributory factors. However, he was equally worried about people’s physical and mental well-being. Physical ‘deterioration’ and ‘moral degeneracy’ became themes in many of the talks and speeches that Robert Baden-Powell gave – especially in the period after the Boer War. Reflecting on his experience of the Boys’ Brigade he first thought that something could be done within that organization to move away from an over-focus on marching and drill:
Something, I think, also [could] be done towards developing the Boy’s mind by increasing his powers of observation, and teaching him to notice details. I believe that if some form of scout training could be devised in the Brigade it would be very popular, and could do a great amount of good. Preliminary training in this line might include practice in noting and remembering details of strangers; contents of shop windows, appearances of streets etc. The results would not only sharpen the wits of the Boy, but would also make him quick to read character and feelings, and thus help him to be a better sympathiser with his fellow-men. (Robert Baden-Powell in the Boys’ Brigade Gazette, 1 June 1904 – quoted by Jeal 1989: 362)
Having looked at various different schemes – including Ernest Thompson Seton’s vision of camping and woodcraft, and explored different educational forms, in August 1907 he conducted the famous Brownsea Island Experimental Camp. Robert Baden-Powell wanted to test out the ideas he had been working on for his scheme of work for ‘Boy Scouts’. He had completed the first draft of Scouting for Boys. With the experience of the camp validating much of his thinking, he began a long series of promotional lectures around the country arranged with the YMCA (Reynolds 1942: 147-8). On January 15, 1908, the first part of Scouting for Boys was published. Like modern day ‘bit-parts’ it appeared at fortnightly intervals (6 parts) price at 4d each. It quickly appeared in book form (May 1). Sales were extra-ordinary and quickly groups of young men were approaching suitable adults to form troupes (Springhall 1977). The involvement of Arthur Pearson (the publisher) had given the whole enterprise an unedifying commercial edge. Robert Baden-Powell had unwisely entered into a ‘gentleman’s agreement’ with him – and had lost various rights and a large amount of money as a result. Considerable efforts were made to set up a separate organization and to limit the publisher’s power.
Scouting for Boys was also read and taken up by a significant number of middle class girls on a self-organized basis (Kerr 1936: 16). In September 1908 at Crystal Palace the first big rally was held with some 10,000 Boy Scouts as well as a number of self-organized Girls Scouts attending (Reynolds 1942: 150). Robert Baden Powell was approached by some Girl Scouts asking him to do something for them also. In the second edition of Scouting for Boys he suggest a uniform for Girl Scouts – blue, khaki or grey shirt (as with the boys) and blue skirt and knickers. However, Robert Baden-Powell had decided to set up a separate organization and scheme. He decided ‘Scout’ was inappropriate and alighted on ‘Girl Guide’. The scheme was ‘to make girls better mothers and guides to the next generation’. In Robert Baden-Powell’s mind though, it was to be fairly similar in structure and activity as the boys – ‘Girls must be partners and comrades rather than dolls’ (Jeal 1989: 470). (Details of Baden-Powell’s ‘Scheme for “Girl Guides”‘ was published in the Scout’s Headquarters Gazette in Novemer 1909. It is reproduced in full by Kerr [1932: 29-34]). With the move to Victoria, the Girl Guides were allocated a separate office and Agnes Baden-Powell (Robert’ sister) was asked to form a committee.
As John Springhall (1977: 64) has noted, in the decade from 1908 to 1919, ‘no other influence upon British boyhood came anywhere near Baden-Powell’s movement’. He continues:
The actual timing of the appearance of the first Boy Scout may be explained as an outcome of the post-Boer War mood of imperial decline and social reassessment… [H]owever, the historian needs to go back further, at least to Thomas Hughes idealization of Rugby and the ‘muscular Christianity’ of the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Despite subsequent new directions, the ideological roots of Scouting remain buried in the public school ethos of Charterhouse in the 1870s, the methods of colonial warfare in the 1880s and 1890s, and the intellectual climate of the 1900s.
The key words of the old Scout Law: honour, loyalty and duty were part of the old public school tradition; and Robert Baden-Powell’s stress on the worth of activity and games (and disdain for ‘effeminate’ and intellectual scholarship) could have come directly from the pages of Thomas Hughes’ Tom Brown’s Schooldays (Springhall 1977: 54). When this was combined with woodcraft and a love of the open air, a desire for class harmony and an appreciation of what might be happening in the imaginative life of boys then the scene was set for some serious innovation in informal education practice.
Robert Baden-Powell and ‘doing good’
One of the fascinating features of Robert Baden-Powell’s scheme is the centrality accorded to ‘doing good’. As we noted above, there is a strong link here with his own experience of public school. For some years prior to the publication of Scouting for Boys Robert Baden-Powell in his speeches to various youth groups and organizations had been encouraging boys and young men to ‘do good’. By ‘doing good’, he once wrote (in 1900), ‘I mean making yourselves useful and doing small kindnesses to other people – whether they are friends or strangers’ (quoted by Jeal 1989: 363). This concern famously became incorporated into Scout Law:
3. A scout’s duty is to be useful and to help others. And he is to his duty before anything else, even though he gives up his own pleasure, or comfort, or safety to do it. When in difficulty to know which of two things to do, he must ask himself, “Which is my duty?” that is, “Which is best for other people?” – and do that one. He must Be Prepared at any time to save life, or to help injured persons. An he must try his best to do a good turn to somebody every day.
4. A Scout is a friend to all, and a brother to every other scout, no matter to what social class the other belongs. Thus if a scout meets another scout, even though a stranger to him, he must speak to him, and help him in any way that he can, either to carry out the duty he is then doing, or by giving him food, or, as far as possible, anything that he may be in want of. A scout must never be a SNOB. A snob is one who looks down upon another because he is poorer, or who is poor and resents another because he is rich. A scout accepts the other man as he finds him, and makes the best of him.
“Kim”, the boy scout, was called by the Indians, “Little friend of all the world”, and that is the name that every scout should earn for himself. (Robert Baden-Powell 1908: 49-50 – these became laws 4 and 5 in the second edition of Scouting for Boys – 1909)
Recent conceptions of informal education such as that of Jeffs and Smith ( 1990 , 1999) have also placed a strong emphasis upon seeking to live life well, and of looking to the well-being of others. However, such an approach (drawn from broadly from Aristotle and virtue ethics) clearly prioritizes the ‘good’ over the ‘correct’ – and this is a tension that Robert Baden-Powell would have found troubling. His conception of the good was deeply entwined with notions of duty – particularly towards his country. The Scout Law stated:
2. A Scout is loyal to the King, and his officers, and to his country, and to his employers. He must stick to them through thick and thin against anyone who is their enemy, or who even talks badly of them.
7. A Scout obey orders of his patrol leader or scout master without question.
Even if he gets an order he does not like he must do as soldiers and sailors do, he must carry it out all the same because it is his duty; and after he has done it he can come and state any reasons against it: he must carry out an order at once. That is discipline. (Robert Baden-Powell 1908: 49, 50)
For Robert Baden-Powell, then, there existed a possibility that those above in the hierarchy might have a questionable understanding of what might be for the best in particular situation – but it is still the duty of the scout to carry out their wishes. Michael Rosenthal (1986: 162) has commented that the Scout Law and the overall direction of Scouting for Boys provided scouting with ‘a model of human excellence in which absolute loyalty, an unbudgeable devotion to duty, and the readiness to fight, and if necessary die for one’s country, are the highest virtues’. Duty and patriotism were certainly central to Robert Baden-Powell’s vision – but so was kindness to others. The Scout Laws also call upon Scouts to smile and whistle, to be a friend to animals and to be courteous. What is less clear is what happens when there is conflict between the different laws.
Citizenship, taking responsibility and participation
Keep before your mind in all your teaching that the whole ulterior motive of this scheme is to form character in the boys – to make them manly, good citizens…. Aim for making each individual into a useful member of society, and the whole will automatically come on to a high standard. (Baden-Powell 1909: 361)
In Scouting for Boys we can see that Robert Baden-Powell’s view of character is wrapped up with notions of citizenship. He wanted to encourage ‘a spirit of manly self-reliance and of unselfishness – something of the practical Christianity which (although they are Buddhists in theory) distinguishes the Burmese in their daily life’ (Baden-Powell: 1909: 292). This particular aspect of his vision was shared with a significant number of other workers at the time. While Robert Baden-Powell’s analysis of the social and moral situation in Britain certainly diverged from the more progressive thinking of Christian Socialists and many of the workers involved in the settlement movement , there were important commonalities. For example, he was opposed to extremes of wealth. In the first edition of Scouting for Boys (part VI, page 339), Baden Powell wrote:
[W]e are all Socialists in that we want to see the abolition of the existing brutal anachronism of war, and of extreme poverty and misery shivering alongside of superabundant wealth, and so on; but we do not quite agree as to how it is to be brought about. Some of us are for pulling down the present social system, but the plans for what is going to be erected in its place are very hazy. We have not all got the patience to see that improvement is in reality gradually being effected before our eyes.
This passage was to disappear in later versions of Scouting for Boys (from the third edition on), but it does establish that Robert Baden-Powell cannot be categorized in some simple way as ‘deeply conservative’. As Tim Jeal (1989: 413) has argued, there was more of an emphasis on taking responsibility and independent thinking than many commentators would allow. ‘A boy’, Robert Baden-Powell once wrote, ‘should take his own line rather than be carried along by herd persuasion’. In his list of ingredients of ‘character’, he places intelligence and individuality before loyalty and self-discipline (Jeal 1989: 413).
One of the fascinating aspects of Robert Baden-Powell’s scheme was his emphasis upon the group and of the young leader. In his reflections on the experimental camp at Brownsea Island he comments:
The troop of boys was divided up into ‘Patrols’ of five, the senior boy in each being Patrol Leader. This organization was the secret of our success. Each patrol leader was given full responsibility for the behaviour of his patrol at all times, in camp and in the field. The patrol was the unit for work or play, and each patrol was camped in a separate spot. The boys were put ‘on their honour’ to carry out orders. Responsibility and competitive rivalry were thus at once established and a good standard of development was ensured throughout the troop from day to day. (Robert Baden-Powell 1908: 344)
While not giving the degree of freedom, association , and lightness of adult intervention that characterized Seton’s vision of woodcraft , Robert Baden-Powell did, nevertheless, capture something. He connected with the way in which groups of boys often formed ‘gangs’ and then used that form as a way of creating an environment for learning and activity.
The patrol
[F]irst and foremost: The Patrol is the character school for the individual. To the Patrol Leader it gives practise in Responsibility and in the qualities of Leadership. To the Scouts it gives subordination of self to the interests of the whole, the elements of self-denial and self-control involved in the team spirit of cooperation and good comradeship.
But to get first-class results from this system you have to give the boy leaders real free-handed responsibility-if you only give partial responsibility you will only get partial results. The main object is not so much saving the Scoutmaster trouble as to give responsibility to the boy, since this is the very best of all means for developing character.
The Scoutmaster who hopes for success must not only study what is written about the Patrol System and its methods, but must put into practice the suggestions he reads. It is the doing of things that is so important, and only by constant trial can experience be gained by his Patrol Leaders and Scouts. The more he gives them to do, the more will they respond, the more strength and character will they achieve.
Robert Baden-Powell (1930)
http://old.jccc.net/~mbrownin/badenp/bp_scout.htm
As Robert Baden-Powell explained later, educators should ‘become the students, and … study the marvellous boy-life which they are at present trying vainly to curb and repress’. He went on ‘why push against the stream, when the stream, after all, is running in the right direction?’ (Baden-Powell 1930: 40).
Harnessing the imagination: woodcraft and adventure
Robert Baden-Powell wanted children to be brought up ‘ as cheerfully and as happily as possible’. He also wrote, ‘in this life one ought to take as much pleasure as one possible… because if one is happy, one has it in one’s power to make all those around happy’. (From a speech made in 1902 and reported in the Johannesburg Star July 10, 1902 – quoted by Jeal 1989). One of the great innovations of Scouting was to harness the imagination and desire on the part of many boys and girls for ‘adventure’.
Boys are full or romance, and they love ‘make believe’ to a greater extent than they like to show. All you have to do is to play up to this and to give rein to your imagination to meet their requirements. (Baden-Powell 1908: 356)
As we have seen, Robert Baden-Powell placed a special emphasis on adventure – on encouraging young people to look to enlarge their experiences. What had eluded him was a suitable framework to handle this and his other concerns – although he worked at various ways of approaching a scheme. Ernest Thompson Seton provided what he was looking for in his short book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians. Seton had sent Robert Baden-Powell a copy of book in 1906 – and Baden-Powell was impressed by the scheme of activities had designed around camp life. In Seton’s plan groups of between 15-50 boys and young men were gathered together in a ‘band’ supervised by a ‘medicine man’. From this base various activities and adventures could be undertaken – and the life and needs of the ‘band’ provided a useful reference point and organizing idea. Two further elements also impressed Robert Baden-Powell to ‘borrow’ them for his scheme. Seton had developed a system of non-competitive badges linked to the various activities in his programme. A similar range of badges with a non-competitive orientation was adopted by Robert Baden-Powell. Another element of the Seton scheme imported into Scouting was the use of a totem such as an animal or a bird to identify each Scout patrol.
The scale of this importation (some of which was not initially acknowledged properly) became the focus of considerable tension between Seton and Robert Baden-Powell.
Seton grew increasingly aggrieved at the plaudits conferred on Baden-Powell as the inventor of Scouting, a grievance obviously exacerbated by the enormous popularity of Baden-Powell’s movement as opposed to the substantially more modest success of his own Woodcraft Indians…. His resentment was nourished by a sense that Baden-Powell had betrayed the purity of the woodcraft ideal, substituting for the true woodcraft way, a narrowly self-serving military training that had nothing to do with real character building. (Rosenthal 1986 70; 71)
Rosenthal argues that Robert Baden-Powell’s encounter with Ernest Thompson Seton was ‘critical to the development of Scouting’ and that his was ‘the vital influence who brought before Baden-Powell the model of an efficient, attractive, self-contained system toward which he had been working for two years’ (ibid.: 80-81). The scale of the borrowing is disputed by Jeal (1989: 378) but even Rosenthal concludes that the structure produced by Seton’s idealism was transformed by Baden-Powell. To this extent, Robert Baden-Powell ‘engaged in a genuinely original, creative act’ (1986: 81).
Learning through doing
The key to successful education is not so much to teach the pupil as to get him to learnfor himself.
Dr Montessori has proved that by encouraging a child in its natural desires, instead of instructing it in what you think it ought to do, you can educate it on a far more solid and far-reaching basis. It is only tradition and custom that ordain that education should be a labour. (Robert Baden-Powell manuscript circa 1913-14) quoted by Jeal 1989: 413)
In the process of preparing Scouting for Boys, Robert Baden-Powell read some quite diverse books and materials concerning the education of young men. Michael Rosenthal (1986: 64) lists some of his influences and they include: Epictetus, Livy, Pestalozzi , and Jahn on physical culture. He had also explored different techniques for educating boys within different African tribes, studied the Bushido of the Japanese, and the educational methods of John Pounds and the ragged schools (op. cit.). As we have already seen, he also drew upon the work of contemporaries such as William Smith , Ernest Thompson Seton and Dan Beard. He came to appreciate the philosophy and methods of Maria Montessori .
Be prepared
In his notes for instructors, Robert Baden-Powell discusses the need for Scouters (as they were later to be known) to have the ability to ‘read character, and thereby to gain sympathy’. Robert Baden-Powell also stresses ‘the value of patience and cheery good temper; the duty of giving up some of one’s time and pleasure for helping one’s country and fellow-men; and the inner meaning of out motto, “Be Prepared”‘ (1909: 295). He continues:But as you come to teach these things you will very soon find (unless you are a ready-made angel) that you are acquiring them yourself all the time.
You must ‘Be Prepared’ yourself for disappointments at first, though you will as often as not find them outweighed by unexpected successes.
You must from the first ‘Be Prepared’ for the prevailing want of concentration of mind on the part of boys, and if you then frame your teaching accordingly, I think you will have very few disappointments. Do not expect boys to pay great attention to any one subject for very long until you have educated them to do so. You must meet them half way, and not give them too long a dose of one drink. A short, pleasing sip of one kind, and then off to another, gradually lengthening the sips till they become steady draughts….
This making the mind amenable to the will is one of the important inner points in our training.
For this reason it is well to think out beforehand each day what you want to say on your subject, and then bring it out a bit at a time as opportunity offers – at the camp fire, or in intervals of play and practice, not in one long set address….
To get a hold on your boys you must be their friend; but don’t be in too great a hurry at first to gain this footing; until they have got over their shyness of you.
Robert Baden-Powell (1909)
Scouting for Boys, pages 295 and 294
There was a strong antipathy in some of Robert Baden-Powell’s writing to rote learning, the attempt to cram information into ‘young heads’ and abstract ideas that were not tied to practical expression. As an educational approach this element along with Robert Baden-Powell’s concern with ‘training for active citizenship’, his focus on character, ‘the appreciation of beauty in Nature’, and service to others (Baden-Powell 1930) appealed strongly to many progressive headmasters (like Cecil Reddie at Abbotsholme). Such thinking also found its way into various experiments in education – such as that undertaken by Leonard Elmhirst and Rabindranath Tagore in India. One of the key concerns in that work was to utilize scouting and woodcraft as a way of developing forms of schooling for village children that ‘took full account of their natural surroundings’ (Stewart 1968: 129).
Conclusion: Robert Baden-Powell as an educator innovator
How are we to judge Robert Baden-Powell as an educator? While the ‘faculty psychology’ on which he based significant elements of his scheme may be discredited (Macleod 1983: 251) and his imperial vision of duty is distasteful to many – there is still much to admire and acknowledge in Robert Baden-Powell’s work. He did look to the social lives and imagination of children and young people. He placed a special value on adventure; on children and young people working together – and taking responsibility (his ‘patrol’ building on the idea of ‘natural’ friendship groups and ‘gangs’); on developing self-sufficiency; and on ‘learning through doing’. It has been one of the ironies of youth work over the last fifty years that while club and project workers may talk of participation and question many of the methods of uniformed organizations, one of the most sustained and widespread example of self-organization and participation flows from Robert Baden-Powell’s scheme set out in 1908. It may well be that we need to look again at notions of character, virtue and duty – to see how they may be reinterpreted for today’s conditions and within a more dialogical, just and convivial framework.
Further reading and references
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1899) Aids to Scouting for NCOs and Men, London: . Robert Baden-Powell’s first best seller – whose central message was that military scouting bred self-reliance. This was achieved because they had to use their intelligence and act on their own initiative. Scouts frequently operated away from the guidance of officers.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1908) Scouting for Boys. A handbook for instruction in good citizenship, London: Horace Cox. 398 pages. First published in six fortnightly parts in 1908 (at 4d. per part) a combined volume was quickly republished in the same year. A second edition appeared in 1909 (Arthur Pearson, 310 pages) – and there have been various editions since. The original bit part version was republished by the Scout Book Club in 1938. The cover of Part One (see right) was by John Hassell and as Tim Jeal has said, the implication was clear – this was an invitation not to just read about adventures but to live them too. Its impact was phenomenal – with four reprints in the first year and well over 60,000 copies sold in its second year. Part one dealt with scoutcraft and scout law; part two with observation and tracking, woodcraft and knowledge of animals. Part three looked at campaigning and camp life, pioneering and resourcefulness; part four with endurance and health, chivalry and brave deeds, discipline; part five with saving life and first-aid, patriotism and loyalty. Finally, part six dealt with scouting games, competitions and plays, plus words to instructors.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1922) Rovering to Success. A book of life-sport for young men, London, Herbert Jenkins. 253 pages. Basically, advice to young men on how to avoid pitfalls around gambling, drinking, sexual temptation, (political) extremists and irreligion.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1929) Scouting and Youth Movements, London, Ernest Benn.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1930) Aids to Scoutmastership: A Guidebook For Scoutmasters On The Theory of Scout Training, London: Herbert Jenkins. On-line version: http://old.jccc.net/~mbrownin/badenp/bp-aids.htm . With chapters on the scoutmaster, the boy, scouting, character, health and strength, handicraft and skill, and service to others, this book provides a collection of thoughts and hints based on the experience of the scheme.
Jeal, T. (1989) Baden-Powell, London: Hutchinson. Brilliant, balanced and extremely well researched biography.
Reynolds, E. E. (1942) Baden-Powell, London: Oxford University Press. This is an ‘official’ reading – undertaken at the request of the Scout Association. That said, it does contain a good deal of interesting detail. Online at: http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-reynolds.htm
Rosenthal, M. (1986) The Character Factory. Baden-Powell and the origins of the Boy Scout Movement, London: Collins. Controversial study that dwells heavily on Baden-Powell’s supposed racism, militarism and homosexuality and on his ideas on ‘character’. Well worth reading – especially alongside Jeal (1989).
References
Baden-Powell, A. and Baden-Powell, Robert (1912) How Girls Can Help Build Up the Empire, London.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1908) Scouting for Boys. A Handbook for instruction in good citizenship, London, Horace Cox.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1909) Scouting for Boys. A handbook for instruction in good citizenship. (rev. edn.), London, Pearson.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1916) The Wolf Cub’s Handbook, London, Pearson.
Baden-Powell, Robert S. S. (1941) B-P’s Outlook. A selection of articles for the Scouter, London, Pearson.
Jeffs, T. and Smith, M. (1990) Using Informal Education. An alternative to casework, teaching and control?, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Jeffs, T. and Smith, M. K. (1999) Informal Education: Conversation, democracy and learning, Ticknall: Education Now.
Kerr, R. (1932) The Story of the Girl Guides, London, Girl Guides Association.
Macleod, D. I. (1983) Building Character in the American boy. The Boy Scouts, YMCA and their forerunners, Madison: Wisconsin University Press.
Springhall, J. (1977) Youth, Empire and Society. British youth movements 1883-1940, Beckenham: Croom Helm.
Stewart, W. A. C. (1968) The Educational Innovators. Volume II: Progressive schools 1881-1967, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Links
Go no further than the truly excellent US site Pine Tree Web . This is a comprehensive collection of material about Scouting across the world and has extensive material on Baden-Powell.
Acknowledgements: Picture: postcard celebrating Robert Baden-Powell 1900, believed to be in the public domain as the work was published before January 1, 1923 and it is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. Sourced from Wikipedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baden_Powell.jpg .
To cite this article: Smith, M. K. (1997; 2002; 2011). ‘Robert Baden-Powell as an educational innovator’, the encyclopedia of informal education. [ http://infed.org/mobi/robert-baden-powell-as-an-educational-innovator/ . Retrieved: insert date].
© Mark K. Smith 1997, 2002, 2011
Share this:
| i don't know |
How many red stripes are there on the national flag of Puerto Rico? | The Flag of Puerto Rico | District of Puerto Rico
The Flag of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico Flag
The Flag of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is rectangular in shape and consists of five alternating horizontal stripes, three red and two white, with an isosceles triangle with a five-pointed white star in the center based on the hoist side. The three red stripes represent the blood that nourishes the three branches of government, the two white stripes represent individual liberty and the rights of man which maintain the balance among the three branches of government. The white star represents the Commonwealth, the blue triangle represents the sky and the ocean, and the three sides of the triangle represent the three branches of the Commonwealth’s republican form of government. The flag’s design is based on the Cuban flag with the red and blue colors inverted. The shade of blue used for the triangle depends on who is asked. One may see flags with the dark blue, such as the flag displayed, a sky blue (“azul celeste”) or royal blue triangle. There is no “official” shade of blue.
There are three versions of the origin of the Flag of Puerto Rico. It appears to be undisputed that the flag was presented on December 22, 1895 at Chimney Hall in New York by Juan de Mata Terreforte, a veteran of the “Grito de Lares,” to a group of 59 Puerto Rican exiles who comprised the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. Nevertheless, the identity of the person who proposed that the new Flag of Puerto Rico be similar to the Cuban flag with inverted colors is open to question.
It is said, however, that the true shade of blue of the flag’s triangle is dark (Navy) blue. Red, white and dark blue are characteristic of the republican national colors (flags) in Europe during the 19th century, influenced by the tri-color of the First French Republic. The tri-color was in turn influenced by the colors of the newly established Republic of the United States. The Cuban flag was designed in New York by General Narciso López for his failed invasion of Cuba in 1851, the purpose of which was to annex Cuba to the United States. The blue on that flag was a dark shade. This first Cuban flag with the dark blue stripes was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly which proclaimed the Armed Republic of Cuba in Camagüey in 1869. José Martí used the same flag as the flag of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in 1892. Eventually, that flag was designated as the official flag of Cuba in 1903. The blue in all those Cuban flags was Navy blue, so it stands to reason that when the flag of Puerto Rico was adopted in 1895 (with the colors of the Cuban flag inverted) the triangle’s shade of blue was dark (Navy).
Some suggest, based on correspondence between Terreforte and Domingo Collazo, a member of the Club Borínquen, affiliated with the Cuban Revolutionary Party, that the idea of inverting the colors of the Cuban flag for the Flag of Puerto Rico came from Francisco Gonzalo (“Pachín”) Marín. Others claim that the idea came to Antonio Vélez-Alvarado, who wrote that “the colors appeared inverted before my eyes . . . on June 11, 1890 or 1891,” and that it “immediately it occurred to me that with those colors of the Cuban flag, inverted as I had seen them, the Flag of Puerto Rico could be fashioned.” Still another version is that Manuel Besosa, one of the directors of the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, was the person who proposed that the Flag of Puerto Rico be modeled after the Cuban flag, with colors inverted, when Terreforte’s proposal that the Flag of Betances (Grito de Lares Flag) be adopted as the Flag of Puerto Rico was defeated by vote of the members of the Directorate of the Puerto Rican section.
The members of the Directorate then requested that Besosa create an inverted colors flag to be presented to the members of the Puerto Rican section. He in turn asked his daughter, María Manuela (“Mima”) Besosa, to sew the flag. It was this small (8-inch by 5-inch) flag that Terreforte presented at Chimney Hall on December 22, 1895 and there adopted unanimously by the Puerto Rican exiles as the Flag of Puerto Rico.
In 1952, the flag was made the official flag of the Commonwealth.
| three |
Who became President of France in May 1995? | Puerto Rico Flag, Puerto Rican Flag
Dominican Republic Flag
Puerto Rican Flag Description
The flag of Puerto Rico has five red and white horizontal stripes, with red on the top, bottom, and center, and white in between.
On the hoist side, a blue triangle points inward, with a five-pointed star in white. The star represents the the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the triangle it sits inside shows the equality of each of the three branches of government, the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
The three red bands denote the bloodshed that allowed for the division of power of the government between the branches. The white stripes originally stood for victory and peace after independence, but were changed when the flag was officially adopted in 1952 to represent the new republican government. The blue used on the flag is not standardized, and can vary from light blue to dark blue. The flag design is an inversion of the colors on the Cuban flag.
History of the Puerto Rican Flag
The Puerto Rican flag was first designed in 1892 by the members of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee. After the United States annexed the territory of Puerto Rico, the national flag's use was banned from 1898 to 1952. The flag was adopted as the official flag of Puerto Rico in 1952.
ACOD~20121002
| i don't know |
The medical term ‘Prominentia Laryngea’ is commonly known as which part of the body? | Prominence | definition of prominence by Medical dictionary
Prominence | definition of prominence by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prominence
[prom´ĭ-nens]
a protrusion or projection.
frontonasal prominence an expansive facial process in the embryo that develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose; called also frontonasal process .
laryngeal prominence a subcutaneous prominence at the front of the throat produced by the thyroid cartilage of the larynx; popularly known as Adam's apple .
mandibular prominence the ventral prominence formed by bifurcation of the first branchial arch (mandibular arch) in the embryo, which unites ventrally with its fellow to form the lower jaw; called also mandibular process .
maxillary prominence the dorsal process formed by bifurcation of the first branchial arch (mandibular arch) in the embryo, which joins with the ipsilateral median nasal process in the formation of the upper jaw. Called also maxillary process .
prom·i·nence
prominence
/prom·i·nence/ (prom´ĭ-nins) a protrusion or projection.
frontonasal prominence frontonasal process ; an expansive facial process in the embryo that develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose.
laryngeal prominence Adam's apple ; a subcutaneous prominence on the front of the neck produced by the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
mandibular prominence mandibular process ; the ventral prominence formed by bifurcation of the mandibular (first pharyngeal) arch in the embryo, which unites ventrally with its fellow to form the lower jaw.
maxillary prominence maxillary process ; the dorsal prominence formed by bifurcation of the mandibular (first pharyngeal) arch in the embryo, which joins with the ipsilateral medial nasal prominence in the formation of the upper jaw.
nasal prominence, lateral the more lateral of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped elevation in the future nasal region of the embryo; it participates in formation of the side and wing of the nose.
nasal prominence, medial the more central of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped elevation in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw.
prominence
| Adam's apple |
In 1935, which country was renamed Iran? | Medical Dictionary, Dictionary of medicine and human biology, medical, biological and chemical terminology
A single-chain precursor of insulin.
projection (pro-jek′shun)
1. A pushing out; an outgrowth or protuberance. 2. The referring of a sensation to the object producing it. 3. A defense mechanism by which a repressed complex in the individual is denied and conceived as belonging to another person, as when faults that the person tends to commit are perceived in or attributed to others. 4. The conception by the consciousness of a mental occurrence belonging to the self as of external origin. 5. Localization of visual impressions in space. 6. In neuroanatomy, the system or systems of nerve fibers by which a group of nerve cells discharges its nerve impulses (“projects”) to one or more other cell groups. 7. The image of a three-dimensional object on a plane, as in a radiograph. 8. In radiography, standardized views of parts of the body, described by body part position, the direction of the x-ray beam through the body part, or by eponym. SYN: norma (3) , salient (1) , view. [L. projectio; fr. pro- jicio, pp. -jectus, to throw before] anteroposterior p. SYN: AP p.. AP p. the alternative frontal radiographic p., used mainly in bedside or portable radiography. SYN: anteroposterior p.. apical lordotic p. SYN: backprojection. axial p. radiographic p. devised to obtain direct visualization of the base of the skull. SYN: axial view, base p., submental vertex p., submentovertical p., verticosubmental view. base p. SYN: axial p.. Caldwell p. inclined PA radiographic p. devised to permit visualization of orbital structures unobstructed by the petrous ridges. SYN: Caldwell view. cross-table lateral p. lateral p. radiography of a supine subject using a horizontal x-ray beam. enamel p. extension of enamel into furcation. erroneous p. SYN: false p.. false p. the faulty visual sensation arising secondarily to underaction of an ocular muscle. SYN: erroneous p.. Fischer p. sugars. frog-leg lateral p. a lateral p. of the femoral neck made with the thigh maximally abducted. Granger p. view, reversed half-axial view; uncommonly used PA view of the skull. half-axial p. SYN: Towne p.. Haworth p. sugars. lateral p. radiographic p. with the x-ray beam in a coronal plane. maximum intensity p. (MIP) a computerized image display method, used in MR angiography and helical computed tomography; a series of slices are combined with display of the brightest pixel on any slice at each location, and suppression of the background; simulates a p. angiogram. oblique p. any radiographic p. between frontal and lateral. occipitomental p. SYN: Waters p.. PA p. the standard frontal chest film p.; radiographic skull p. with the petrous ridge superimposed on the orbits. SYN: posteroanterior p.. posteroanterior p. SYN: PA p.. Rhese p. oblique radiographic view of the skull to show the optic foramen. Stenvers p. oblique radiographic p. of the skull devised to provide an unobstructed view of the petrous bone, bony labyrinth, internal auditory canal, and meatus. SYN: Stenvers view. submental vertex p. SYN: axial p.. submentovertical p. SYN: axial p.. Towne p. reverse tilted AP radiographic p. devised to permit demonstration of the entire occipital bone, foramen magnum, and dorsum sellae, as well as the petrous ridges. SYN: half axial view, half-axial p., Towne view. visual p. a perceptual synthesis involving visual mechanisms. Waters p. a PA radiographic view of the skull made with the orbitomeatal line at an angle of 37° from the plane of the film, to show the orbits and maxillary sinuses. SYN: occipitomental p., Waters view.
Prokaryotae (pro-kar-e-o′te)
A superkingdom of cellular organisms that includes the kingdom Monera (bacteria and blue-green algae) and is characterized by the prokaryotic condition, minute size (0.2–10 μm for bacteria), and absence of the nuclear organization, mitotic capacities, and complex organelles that typify the superkingdom Eukaryotae. SYN: Procaryotae.
prokaryote (pro-kar′e-ot)
A member of the superkingdom Prokaryotae; an organismic unit consisting of a single and presumably primitive moneran cell, or a precellular organism, which lacks a nuclear membrane, paired organized chromosomes, a mitotic mechanism for cell division, microtubules, and mitochondria. SEE ALSO: Prokaryotae, Monera, eukaryote. SYN: procaryote.
prokaryotic (pro′kar-e-ot′ik)
Pertaining to or characteristic of a prokaryote. SYN: procaryotic.
prolabial (pro-la′be-al)
Denoting the isolated central soft-tissue segment of the upper lip in the embryonic state and in an unrepaired bilateral cleft palate.
prolabium (pro-la′be-um)
1. The exposed carmine margin of the lip. 2. The isolated central soft-tissue segment of the upper lip in the embryonic state and in an unrepaired bilateral cleft palate. [pro- + L. labium, lip]
prolactin (PRL) (pro-lak′tin)
A protein hormone of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis that stimulates the secretion of milk and possibly, during pregnancy, breast growth. SYN: galactopoietic hormone, lactation hormone, lactogenic hormone, lactotropin, mammotropic factor, mammotropic hormone. [pro- + L. lac, lact-, milk, + -in]
prolactinoma (pro-lak-ti-no′ma)
SYN: prolactin-producing adenoma.
prolamines (pro-lam′enz, pro′la-menz, -minz)
Proteins insoluble in water or neutral salt solutions, soluble in dilute acids or alkalies, and in 50–90% alcohol; e.g., gliadin, zein, hordein; all have relatively high proline contents.
prolapse (pro-laps′)
1. To sink down, said of an organ or other part. 2. A sinking of an organ or other part, especially its appearance at a natural or artificial orifice. SEE ALSO: procidentia, ptosis. [L. prolapsus, a falling] p. of the corpus luteum ectropion of the corpus luteum, due to eversion of the granulosa membrane through the opening in the ruptured follicle; this occurs normally in certain animals. mitral valve p. excessive retrograde movement of one or both mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during left ventricular systole, often allowing mitral regurgitation; responsible for the click-murmur of Barlow syndrome, and rarely may be due to rheumatic carditis, a connective tissue disorder such as Marfan syndrome, or ruptured chorda tendinea (“flail mitral leaflet”). Morgagni p. chronic inflammation of Morgagni ventricle. p. of umbilical cord presentation of part of the umbilical cord ahead of the fetus; it may cause fetal death due to compression of the cord between the presenting part of the fetus and the maternal pelvis. p. of the uterus downward movement of the uterus due to laxity and atony of the muscular and fascial structures of the pelvic floor, usually resulting from injuries of childbirth or advanced age; p. occurs in three forms; first degree p., the cervix of the prolapsed uterus is well within the vaginal orifice; second degree p., the cervix is at or near the introitus; third degree p. (procidentia uteri), the cervix protrudes well beyond the vaginal orifice. SYN: descensus uteri, falling of the womb. valvular p. p. that may involve any valve or combination of valves, but usually the mitral valve. Pulmonic valve p. is extremely rare.
prolective (pro′lek-tiv)
Pertaining to data collected by planning in advance proportional mortality ratio. Number of deaths from a given cause in a specified period, per 100 or per 1000 total deaths. [pro- + L. lego, pp. lectum, to gather]
prolepsis (pro-lep′sis)
Recurrence of the paroxysm of a periodical disease at regularly shortening intervals. [G. p., anticipation]
proleptic (pro-lep′tik)
Relating to prolepsis. SYN: subintrant.
proleukocyte (pro-loo′ko-sit)
SYN: proline dipeptidase.
proliferate (pro-lif′e-rat)
To grow and increase in number by means of reproduction of similar forms. [L. proles, offspring, + fero, to bear]
proliferation (pro-lif-e-ra′shun)
Growth and reproduction of similar cells. diffuse mesangial p. SYN: mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. gingival p. SYN: gingival hyperplasia.
proliferative, proliferous (pro-lif′er-a-tiv, -er-us)
Increasing the numbers of similar forms.
prolific (pro-lif′ik)
Fruitful; bearing many children. [L. proles, offspring, + facio, to make]
proligerous (pro-lij′er-us)
Germinating; producing offspring. [L. proles, offspring, + gero, to bear]
prolinase (pro′li-nas)
SYN: prolyl dipeptidase.
proline (Pro) (pro′len)
Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;the l-isomer is found in proteins, especially the collagens. SYN: pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate. p. aminopeptidase SYN: p. iminopeptidase. p. dehydrogenase SYN: pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. p. dipeptidase an enzyme cleaving aminoacyl-l-p. bonds in dipeptides containing a C-terminal p. residue; a deficiency of this enzyme results in hyperimidodipeptiduria. SYN: imidodipeptidase, peptidase D, prolidase. p. iminopeptidase a hydrolase cleaving l-prolyl residues from the N-terminal position in peptides. SYN: p. aminopeptidase. p. oxidase SYN: pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. p. racemase an enzyme that reversibly converts d-p. to l-p.. d-p. reductase an oxidoreductase reversibly reacting d-p. with NADH to produce 5-aminovalerate and NAD+.
prolyl (Pro, prolyl) (pro′lil)
The acyl radical of proline. p. dipeptidase an enzyme cleaving l-p.-amino acid bonds in dipeptides containing N-terminal p. residues. SYN: iminodipeptidase, prolinase, prolylglycine dipeptidase. p. hydroxylase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of certain p. residues in collagen precursors using molecular oxygen, ferrous ion, ascorbic acid, and α-ketoglutarate; a vitamin C deficiency directly affects the activity of this enzyme; one form of this enzyme (p. 4-hydroxylase) synthesizes 4-hydroxyprolyl residues while another produces 3-hydroxyprolyl residues.
prolylglycine dipeptidase (pro′lil-gli′sen)
SYN: prolyl dipeptidase.
promastigote (pro-mas′ti-got)
Term now generally used instead of “leptomonad” or “leptomonad stage,” to avoid confusion with the flagellate genus Leptomonas. It denotes the flagellate stage of a trypanosomatid protozoan in which the flagellum arises from a kinetoplast in front of the nucleus and emerges from the anterior end of the organism; usually an extracellular phase, as in the insect intermediate host (or in culture) of Leishmania parasites. [pro- + G. mastix, whip]
promegaloblast (pro-meg′a-lo-blast)
The earliest of four maturation stages of the megaloblast. See erythroblast. SYN: pernicious anemia type rubriblast.
prometaphase (pro-met′a-faz)
The stage of mitosis or meiosis in which the nuclear membrane disintegrates and the centrioles reach the poles of the cell, while the chromosomes continue to contract.
promethazine hydrochloride (pro-meth′a-zen)
An antihistaminic with antiemetic properties, often used to enhance the efficacy of narcotics.
promethazine theoclate (pro-meth′a-zen)
Promethiazine salt of 8-chlorotheophylline; an antihistaminic drug used for motion sickness.
promethestrol dipropionate (pro-meth′es-trol di-pro′pe-o-nat)
A synthetic estrogen derived from stilbene.
promethium (Pm) (pro-me′the-um)
A radioactive element of the rare earth series, atomic no. 61; first chemically identified in 1945; 145Pm has the longest known half-life (17.7 years). [Prometheus, a Titan of G. myth who stole fire to give to mortals]
prominence (prom′i-nens) [TA]
In anatomy, tissues or parts that project beyond a surface. SYN: prominentia [TA] . [L. prominentia] Ammon p. an external p. in the posterior pole of the eyeball during early embryogenesis. canine p. SYN: canine eminence. cardiac p. the conspicuous external bulge appearing on the ventral aspect of the human embryo as early as at the fourth week, indicative of the precocious development of the heart. p. of facial canal [TA] the p. on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity above the vestibular (oval) window produced by the presence of the facial canal. SYN: prominentia canalis facialis [TA] . forebrain p. SYN: frontonasal p.. frontonasal p. the unpaired embryonic p. formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle. SYN: forebrain eminence, forebrain p., frontonasal process. hepatic p. the conspicuous external bulge appearing dorsocaudal to the cardiac p. on the body of the human embryo at about the fourth week, indicating the precocious development of the liver. hypothenar p. SYN: hypothenar eminence. laryngeal p. [TA] the projection on the anterior portion of the neck formed by the thyroid cartilage of the larynx; serves as an external indication of the level of the fifth cervical vertebra. SYN: prominentia laryngea [TA] , Adam's apple, protuberantia laryngea, thyroid eminence. lateral nasal p. an ectodermally covered mesenchymal swelling separating the embryonic olfactory pit from the developing eye; the ala of the nose develops from it. SYN: lateral nasal fold, lateral nasal process. p. of lateral semicircular canal [TA] the slight bulge in the medial wall of the epitympanic recess caused by the proximity of the lateral semicircular canal. SYN: prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis [TA] . mallear p. [TA] a small p. at the upper end of the stria mallearis produced by the lateral process of the malleus. SYN: prominentia mallearis [TA] . medial nasal p. an ectodermally covered mesenchymal swelling lying medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the embryo; the nasal tip and philtrum of the lip develop from it. SYN: medial nasal fold, medial nasal process. spiral p. of cochlear duct [TA] a projecting portion of the spiral ligament of the cochlea, bounding the lower edge of the stria vascularis and containing within it a blood vessel, the vas prominens. SYN: prominentia spiralis ductus cochlearis [TA] . styloid p. [TA] a rounded eminence on the posterior (mastoid) wall of the tympanic cavity corresponding to the base of the styloid process. SYN: prominentia styloidea [TA] . thenar p. SYN: thenar eminence. tubal p. SYN: torus tubarius. p. of venous valvular sinus a slight eminence on the external wall of a vein correlating with the valvular sinus immediately proximal to the leaflets of the venous valve. SYN: agger valvae venae.
prominens (prom′i-nens)
Prominent; in anatomy, denoting a prominence. [L.]
prominentia, pl .prominentiae (prom-i-nen′she-a, -she-e) [TA]
SYN: prominence. [L. fr. promineo, to jut out, be prominent] p. canalis facialis [TA] SYN: prominence of facial canal. p. canalis semicircularis lateralis [TA] SYN: prominence of lateral semicircular canal. p. laryngea [TA] SYN: laryngeal prominence. p. mallearis [TA] SYN: mallear prominence. p. spiralis ductus cochlearis [TA] SYN: spiral prominence of cochlear duct. p. styloidea [TA] SYN: styloid prominence.
promitochondria (pro-mi-to-kon′dre-a)
Mitochondrial precursors with little internal structure ( E.G., no cristae) and no proteins of electron transport. SYN: premitochondria.
PROMM
Acronym for proximal myotonic myopathy.
promonocyte (pro-mon′o-sit)
SYN: premonocyte.
promontorium, pl .promontoria (prom′on-to′re-um, -re-a) [TA]
SYN: promontory. [L. a mountain ridge, a headland, fr. promineo, to jut out] p. cavi tympani [TA] SYN: promontory of tympanic cavity. p. ossis sacri [TA] SYN: sacral promontory.
promontory (prom′on-to-re) [TA]
An eminence or projection; a projection of a part. SYN: promontorium [TA] . [L. promontorium] pelvic p. SYN: sacral p.. sacral p. [TA] the most prominent anterior projection of the base of the sacrum. SYN: promontorium ossis sacri [TA] , pelvic p., p. of the sacrum. p. of the sacrum SYN: sacral p.. tympanic p. SYN: p. of tympanic cavity. p. of tympanic cavity [TA] a rounded eminence on the labyrinthine wall of the middle ear, caused by the first coil of the cochlea. SYN: promontorium cavi tympani [TA] , tuber cochleae, tympanic p..
promoter (pro-mo′ter)
1. In chemistry, a substance that increases the activity of a catalyst. 2. In molecular biology, a DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.
promotion (pro-mo′shun)
Stimulation of tumor induction, following initiation, by a promoting agent that may of itself be noncarcinogenic. health p. according to the World Health Organization, the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health; it involves the population as a whole in the context of their everyday lives, rather than focusing on people at risk for specific diseases and is directed toward action on the determinants or causes of health.
promyelocyte (pro-mi′e-lo-sit)
1. The developmental stage of a granular leukocyte between the myeloblast and myelocyte, when a few specific granules appear in addition to azurophilic ones. 2. A large uninuclear cell occurring in the circulating blood of persons with myelocytic leukemia. SYN: premyelocyte, progranulocyte. [pro- + G. myelos, marrow, + kytos, cell]
pronasion (pro-na′ze-on)
The point of the angle between the septum of the nose and the surface of the upper lip, found at the point where a tangent applied to the nasal septum meets the upper lip. [pro- + L. nasus, nose]
pronate (pro′nat)
1. To perform pronation of the forearm or foot. 2. To assume, or to be placed in, a prone position. [L. pronatus, fr. prono, pp. -atus, to bend forward, fr. pronus, bent forward]
pronation (pro-na′shun) [TA]
The condition of being prone; the act of assuming or of being placed in a prone position; a specific rotational motion of the forearm that moves the palm into a downfacing position, a specific rotational motion of the foot in which the plantar surface is rotated outward. p. of foot eversion and abduction of the foot, raising the lateral edge. p. of forearm rotation of the forearm in such a way that the palm of the hand faces backward when the arm is in the anatomic position, or downward when the arm is extended at a right angle to the body.
pronator (pro-na′ter, tor) [TA]
A muscle that turns a part into the prone position. See muscle. [L.]
prone (pron)
Denoting: 1. The body when lying face downward. 2. Pronation of the forearm or of the foot. [L. pronus, bending down or forward]
pronephros, pl .pronephroi (pro-nef′ros, -roy)
1. The definitive excretory organ of primitive fishes. SYN: head kidney. 2. In the embryos of higher vertebrates, a vestigial structure consisting of a series of tortuous tubules emptying into the cloaca by way of the primary nephric duct; in the human embryo, the p. is a very rudimentary and temporary structure, followed by the mesonephros and still later by the metanephros. SYN: forekidney, primordial kidney. [pro- + G. nephros, kidney]
pronograde (pro′no-grad)
Walking or resting with the body horizontal, denoting the posture of quadrupeds; opposed to orthograde. [L. pronus, inclined forward, + gradior, to walk]
pronometer (pro-nom′e-ter)
SYN: goniometer (3) .
pronormoblast (pro-nor′mo-blast)
The earliest of four stages in development of the normoblast. SEE ALSO: erythroblast. SYN: proerythroblast, rubriblast.
pronucleus, pl .pronuclei (pro-noo′kle-us, -kle-i)
1. One of a pair of nuclei undergoing fusion in karyogamy. 2. In embryology, the nuclear material of the head of the spermatozoon (male p.) or of the ovum (female p.), after the ovum has been penetrated by the spermatozoon; each p. normally carries a haploid set of chromosomes, so that the merging of the pronuclei in fertilization reestablishes diploidy.
proofreading (pruf′red-ing)
The property of certain polymerases, e.g., DNA polymerase, to use their exonuclease activity to remove erroneously introduced bases and to replace them with the correct bases.
proopiomelanocortin (POMC) (pro-o′pe-o-mel′a-no-kor′tin)
A large molecule found in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, and other parts of the brain as well as in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and placenta; the precursor of ACTH, CLIP, β-LPH, γ-MSH, β-endorphin, and met-enkephalin.
prootic (pro-o′tik)
In front of the ear. [pro- + G. ous, ear]
pro-oxidants (pro-oks′i-dants)
Compounds or agents capable of generating toxic oxygen species. Cf.:antioxidant.
propafenone (pro-paf′e-non)
Antiarrhythmic agent classified as a class IC type, thus resembling flecainide and encainide. Blocks fast sodium channels and has been used in the treatment of ventricular cardiac arrhythmias.
propagate (prop′a-gat)
1. To reproduce; to generate. 2. To move along a fiber, e.g., propagation of the nerve impulse. [L. propago, pp. -atus, to generate, reproduce]
propagation (prop-a-ga′shun)
The act of propagating.
propagative (prop-a-ga′tiv)
Relating to or concerned in propagation; denoting the sexual part of an animal or plant as distinguished from the soma.
| i don't know |
Which was the first British football club to win the European Cup-Winners Cup? | My Football Facts & Stats | UEFA Club Competitions
Chart detailing every club who has reached the
Semi-Finals in every major UEFA club competition
from 1955-56 to 2015-16.
The tournament was inaugurated in 1955, at the suggestion of the French sports journalist and editor of L'Équipe Gabriel Hanot as a continental competition for winners of the European national football leagues, as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, abbreviated to European Cup. The competition began as the 1955-56 using a two-leg knockout format where the teams would play two matches, one at home and one away, and the team with the highest overall score qualifying for the next round of the competition.
Entry was restricted to the teams that won their national league championships, plus the current European Cup holder. This qualification system continued until 1992. In the 1992–93 season, the tournament was renamed UEFA Champions League. In 1997-98, eligibility was expanded to include not just domestic champions but also the best performing runners up according to UEFA's coefficient ranking list.
Between 1960 and 2004 the winner of the tournament qualified for the now defunct Intercontinental Cup against the winner of the Copa Libertadores of South America . Since then, with FIFA taking over, the winner automatically qualifies for the FIFA Club World Cup with other winners of continental club championships. The 2009-10 Champions League Final was won by Inter Milan who beat Bayern Munich 2-0 in the Madrid. Inter Milan fielded a starting XI without a single Italian player.
Spanish clubs have now won Europe's top club prize 15 times, Italian clubs 12 times and English clubs 12 times.The 2011 Champions League Final was the 6th to be played at Wembley and the 2012 Final was held at the Allianz Stadium in Munich.
Wembley again hosted the Champions League Final in 2013 and the 2014 Final took place at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon.
The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (also known as the European Cup Winners' Cup) was a football club competition contested annually by the most recent winners of all European domestic cup competitions.
The first competition was held in the 1960-61 season, and the last in 1998-99. Tottenham Hotspur became the first British club to win a major European trophy when they beat Atletico Madrid in the 1963 Final.
The competition was then abolished to make way for a further expansion to the UEFA Champions League, with domestic cup winners gaining entry into the UEFA Cup (later, the Europa League).
The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971. As the name suggests, the competition was set up to promote international trade fairs. The competition was initially only open to teams from cities that hosted trade fairs and where these teams finished in their national league had no relevance. Early competitions also featured a one city, one team rule. UEFA do not consider the tournament to be an official UEFA contest.
The UEFA Cup was a football competition for European club teams, organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). It is the second most important international competition for European football clubs, after the UEFA Champions League.
Clubs qualify for the UEFA Cup based on their performance in national leagues and cup competitions.
The last ever winners of the UEFA Cup were the Ukrainian club Shahkter Donetsk who beat Germans Werder Bremen.
UEFA decided to re-name the UEFA Cup the 'UEFA Europa League' from the 2009-2010 season onwards.The first winners of the UEFA Europa League were Atletico Madrid in 2010, followed by FC Porto who won an all-Portuguese Final against FC Braga in 2011 played in Dublin.
The 2012 UEFA Europa League Final was played in Bucharest, Romania.
UEFA European Club Competition Stats 1955-56 to 2016-17
Table detailing the winning clubs and nationalities
of Europe's first international competition together with a detailed history of the tournament.
The Mitropa Cup, officially called the La Coupe de l'Europe Centrale was one of the first really international major European football cups for club sides. After World War II in 1951 a replacement tournament named Zentropa Cup was held.
| Tottenham Hotspur F.C. |
The SNCF is the national railway corporation of which European country? | My Football Facts & Stats | UEFA Club Competitions
Chart detailing every club who has reached the
Semi-Finals in every major UEFA club competition
from 1955-56 to 2015-16.
The tournament was inaugurated in 1955, at the suggestion of the French sports journalist and editor of L'Équipe Gabriel Hanot as a continental competition for winners of the European national football leagues, as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, abbreviated to European Cup. The competition began as the 1955-56 using a two-leg knockout format where the teams would play two matches, one at home and one away, and the team with the highest overall score qualifying for the next round of the competition.
Entry was restricted to the teams that won their national league championships, plus the current European Cup holder. This qualification system continued until 1992. In the 1992–93 season, the tournament was renamed UEFA Champions League. In 1997-98, eligibility was expanded to include not just domestic champions but also the best performing runners up according to UEFA's coefficient ranking list.
Between 1960 and 2004 the winner of the tournament qualified for the now defunct Intercontinental Cup against the winner of the Copa Libertadores of South America . Since then, with FIFA taking over, the winner automatically qualifies for the FIFA Club World Cup with other winners of continental club championships. The 2009-10 Champions League Final was won by Inter Milan who beat Bayern Munich 2-0 in the Madrid. Inter Milan fielded a starting XI without a single Italian player.
Spanish clubs have now won Europe's top club prize 15 times, Italian clubs 12 times and English clubs 12 times.The 2011 Champions League Final was the 6th to be played at Wembley and the 2012 Final was held at the Allianz Stadium in Munich.
Wembley again hosted the Champions League Final in 2013 and the 2014 Final took place at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon.
The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (also known as the European Cup Winners' Cup) was a football club competition contested annually by the most recent winners of all European domestic cup competitions.
The first competition was held in the 1960-61 season, and the last in 1998-99. Tottenham Hotspur became the first British club to win a major European trophy when they beat Atletico Madrid in the 1963 Final.
The competition was then abolished to make way for a further expansion to the UEFA Champions League, with domestic cup winners gaining entry into the UEFA Cup (later, the Europa League).
The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971. As the name suggests, the competition was set up to promote international trade fairs. The competition was initially only open to teams from cities that hosted trade fairs and where these teams finished in their national league had no relevance. Early competitions also featured a one city, one team rule. UEFA do not consider the tournament to be an official UEFA contest.
The UEFA Cup was a football competition for European club teams, organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). It is the second most important international competition for European football clubs, after the UEFA Champions League.
Clubs qualify for the UEFA Cup based on their performance in national leagues and cup competitions.
The last ever winners of the UEFA Cup were the Ukrainian club Shahkter Donetsk who beat Germans Werder Bremen.
UEFA decided to re-name the UEFA Cup the 'UEFA Europa League' from the 2009-2010 season onwards.The first winners of the UEFA Europa League were Atletico Madrid in 2010, followed by FC Porto who won an all-Portuguese Final against FC Braga in 2011 played in Dublin.
The 2012 UEFA Europa League Final was played in Bucharest, Romania.
UEFA European Club Competition Stats 1955-56 to 2016-17
Table detailing the winning clubs and nationalities
of Europe's first international competition together with a detailed history of the tournament.
The Mitropa Cup, officially called the La Coupe de l'Europe Centrale was one of the first really international major European football cups for club sides. After World War II in 1951 a replacement tournament named Zentropa Cup was held.
| i don't know |
On 30th July 1938, the first issue of which children’s comic was published in Britain? | The History of British Comics
Published: 07 April 2016
Hits: 4344
It is generally agreed that Funny Folks (1874 - 1894) became the first publication to meet the accepted definition of a comic. Funny Folks began as a supplement to the Weekly Budget. Its popularity led to it being published as a separate weekly paper. The success of Funny Folks encouraged the publication of other weekly comics. One such comic was the famous Victorian comic, Ally Sloper’s Half Holiday (1884 - 1916). Ally Sloper’s Half Holiday was the inspiration of the engraver and publisher, Gilbert Dalziel. Ally Sloper had a characteristic red nose, battered top hat and he was usually drunk. Ally Sloper is notably the first ever comic strip hero and undoubtedly laid the foundations for the likes of Chubblock Homes -(Comic Cuts), Weary Willie and Tired Tim - (Illustrated Chips), Roy of the Rovers - (Tiger), Desperate Dan - (The Dandy), Dan Dare - (The Eagle) and more recently Judge Dredd - (2000AD). These are but a few names from the canon of British Comic heroes
The late 1890’s saw an explosion in comic publishing. Alfred Harmsworth ’s Comic Cuts (1890 - 1953) cost just half a penny, which was half the cost of its contemporaries. Comic Cuts soon had competition from rival publishers with titles such as Funny Cuts (1890 - 1920). Harmsworths response was to bring out further titles of his own including Illustrated Chips. Although these publications were classed as comics, they were primarily aimed at and published for an adult audience. Comics for young children (Nursery Comics) didn’t start being published until the early years of the twentieth century. Rainbow (1914 - 1956) is generally accepted as the first children’s comic although Puck (1904 - 1940) did have a junior section after issue eleven and gradually became a children’s comic.
The 1930’s are known as the Golden age of comics. The Golden age saw the appearance of comics like Tiny Tots (1927 - 1959), Crackers (1929 - 1941), The Dandy (1937 - Present) and The Beano (1938 - Present). Both the Beano and the Dandy appeared just prior to the outbreak of the 2nd World War and their timing can be considered fortunate because paper shortages led to laws prohibiting the launching of new comics during the war years. The Beano and Dandy became a vanguard of a new era with the introduction of a new size and style of comic artistry, which included the introduction of speech bubbles in some of the stories.Puck was the first comic to print a s substantial number of its pages in colour but it wasn’t until Mickey Mouse Weekly (1936 - 1955) that a comic was published completely in full colour photogravure. Photogravure is a picture produced from a photographic negative and transferred to a metal plate where it is etched on.
The 1950’s is known as the Silver Age and it saw the appearance of a more sophisticated type of comic epitomised by the Eagle (1950 - 1969) with its hero Dan Dare. The silver age comics were post war publications and gone were the paper shortages of the war years, these comics were printed on a better quality paper with full photogravure.The success of the two DC Thomson titles (Beano and Dandy) led Thomson’s rivals, The Amalgamated Press, to launch two of their own rival comics namely Radio Fun (1938 - 1961) and Knockout (1939 -1963). Although The Beano and Dandy are still continuing to be published, Radio Fun and Knockout ended their days in the early 1960’s. In July 1939 DC Thomson had launched a comic called The Magic Comic (1939 - 1941) but it was short lived due to the over saturation of the comics market at that time. The Dandy continues to be the oldest British comic still in publication.
No history of British comics would be complete without paying homage to the great Denis Gifford who was born on Boxing day 1927. Gifford's contribution to British comics both as a contributor in the 1940s and 1950s, including Flip & Flop', and historian is immeasurable. Gifford, who died in 2000 aged 72, wrote over fifty books on British comics which included ‘The Best of the Eagle (1989).
Such was his passion for comics that he stored any edible free gifts in his fridge and his home became so overwhelmed by his collection of over 20, 000 comics that it became difficult for him to move around his home. Denis Gifford had collected comics from an early age and his collection had included the first issue of The Dandy with its free gift of a tin whistle. The first issue of The Dandy and the other comics in his collection were lost when he was evacuated during the Second World War. Although vehemently denying any involvement, his mother remained prime suspect for disposal of the comics during his absence.
In the early 1940's, Gifford began drawing for The Dandy after sending in a drawing to The Dandy publishers, DC Thomson in Dundee, Scotland. It was during this time while he was at Dulwich College that he made friends with Bob Monkhouse . Not only did Bob Monkhouse and Denis Gifford later go on to produce their own comic together but they also gave concerts together when they served in the RAF with Monkhouse being the straight man to Gifford the comedian.
Once the war was over, Gifford returned to his love of drawing and worked as a freelance artist working for newspapers such as the London evening News and the Sunday Despatch. He worked as a freelance artist until the 1960's when he started creating panel games for radio including Sounds Familiar which later successfully transferred to television as Looks Familiar. Gifford had many successes with television and worked for ITV, BBC and worked on designing stunts for The Generation Game. However, Gifford's first love was British comics and in particular Christmas issues. Gifford once said "I loved the way the snow used to hang over the title on the front page and the last page was always a Christmas party".
The first British Comics Convention which was held in 1976 was organised by Denis Gifford who managed to bring together over 250 dealers and artists. Gifford and Monkhouse remained friends and shortly before his death worked on a two part radio show entitled A Hundred Laughs for a Ha'penny which was a history of comic papers.
Gifford's books included 'The British Film catalogue 1895 - 1995 (1986) which took him twenty years to complete, Laughter in the Air (1979) Run, Adolf, Run (1975, a compilation of cartoons from the war), The Best of Girl Annual (1952-1959), Monsters of the Movies (1977), The Great Cartoon Stars (1979), The Complete Catalogue of British Comics (1985).
On the 20th March 2012, a number of British comics including 'The Beano', The Dandy', 'The Topper', '2000AD', 'Tiger', 'Buster', 'Bunty', 'Twinkle', 'Valiant' and 'Eagle', were remembered with the issue of commemorative stamps by the Royal Mail. The Royal Mail were celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the world's longest running comic, 'The Dandy'. Each stamp appeared with the star of the comic in the foreground and a image of the comic in the background.
Comics Timeline
2000 AD : 26 Feb. 1977 -
Ally Sloper's Half-Holiday : 3 May 1884 - 9 Sept. 1916
Beano : 30 July 1938 –
Big Comic : 17 Jan. 1914 - 28 Sept. 1918
Bimbo : 18 March 1961 - 22 Jan. 1972
Bo-Peep and Little Boy Blue : 19 Oct. 1929 - 14 April 1934
Bubbles and the Children's Fairy : 16 April 1921 - 24 May 1941
Buster : 28 May 1960 -
Butterfly : 17 Sept. 1904 - 18 May 1940
Champion : 28 Jan. 1922 - 19 March 1955
Chicks' Own : 25 Sept. 1920 - 9 March 1957
Chuckler (Bath) : 31 March 1934 - 15 Oct. 1938
Chuckles : 10 Jan. 1914 - 1 Dec. 1923
Coloured Comic : 21 May 1898 - 28 April 1906
Comet : 14 Jan. 1950 - 17 Oct. 1959
Comet (Sale) : 20 Sept. 1946 - 17 Oct. 1959
Comic Cuts : 17 May 1890 - 12 Sept. 1953
Comic Home Journal : 11 May 1895 - 10 Sept. 1904
Cor!! : 6 June 1970 - 15 June 1974
Crackers : 23 Feb. 1929 - 31 May 1941
Dandy : 4 Dec. 1937 -
Dazzler (Bath) : 19 Aug. 1933 - 8 April 1939
Eagle : 14 April 1950 - 2 March 1963
Eagle and Swift : 9 March 1963 - 26 April 1969
Favorite Comic : 21 Jan. 1911 - 31 March 1917
Film Fun : 17 Jan. 1920 - 8 Sept. 1962
Firefly : 20 Feb. 1915 - 31 March 1917
Fireman Sam : 9 Dec. 1989-
Flintstones and Friends : 21 May 1988 - 25 March 1989
Frolix: The Children's Weekly Comic : [Aug. 1928] - 9 May 1930
Funny Cuts : 12 July 1890 - 3 July 1920
Funny Folks : 12 Dec. 1874 - 28 April 1894
Funny Wonder : 4 Feb. 1893 - 25 May 1901
Funny Wonder : 2 Jan. 1915 - 25 May 1940
Coloured Comic: 16 July 1898
Favorite Comic: 13 January 1917
Giggle: A Chidren's Comic : 29 April 1967 - 13 Jan. 1968
Girl : 2 Nov. 1951 - 3 Oct. 1964
Golden : 23 Oct. 1937 - 11 May 1940
Golden Penny Comic : 14 Oct. 1922 - 28 Jan. 1928
Halfpenny Comic : 22 Jan. 1898 - 29 Dec. 1906
Hey Diddle Diddle : 25 March 1972 - 15 Sept. 1973
Hornet : 14 Sept. 1963 - 7 Feb. 1976
Hwyl! (Liverpool) [Welsh] : July 1949 - Summer 1989
| The Beano |
Which country was defeated by the French during the Battle of Friedland in the Napoleonic Wars? | A List Of Events In The History Of The Kinema Ballroom Dunfermline
In Memory of Stuart Adamson
History (A short chronology of events in the history of the Ballroom).
Introduction
The original 'Kinema Ballroom' was Dunfermline's first ever purpose-built dance hall and had its main entrance at 19 Pilmuir Street Dunfermline. Built in 1938, by the early sixties it became clear that a much larger facility was required, so in 1964 its capacity was quadrupled to more than 1000 with the building of a large extension to the north, including a two-storey frontage on Carnegie Street (now Carnegie Drive). It soon became one of Scotland's most important live music venues.
In 1980 it became one of the most innovative, sophisticated, award-winning discotheques in Europe as 'Night Magic' then 'Hollywood Boulevard' & 'The Ballroom'.
In 2007 the nightclub re-opened as 'Velocity' and live gigs are back!
The name 'Kinema' came about because the owners' first venture was a moving picture theatre called 'The Palace Kinema'.
'Kinematics' is the scientific study of motion, especially human motion, and the word originates from the Greek word 'κινειν' (to move) hence moving picture theatres became known as 'Kinemas' and later 'Cinemas'.
Calling a dance hall a 'Kinema' is quite appropriate, as there's a great deal of human motion going on!
By 1921, Rosyth Dockyard moved on to short-time working, and closed in 1925. It re-opened in 1938, with further development of its workshops, which continued after World War II.
January 13th
The Church of England accepts the theory of evolution.
February 13th
Oliver Reed, English actor born (d. 1999).
March 3rd
Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
March 17th
Rudolf Nureyev, Russian-born dancer and choreographer born (d. 1993)
March 22nd
Comic strip "Dennis the Menace," 1st appears
July 30th
The first ever issue of The Beano is published.
August 3rd
Terry Wogan, British/Irish TV and radio broadcaster born.
August 16th
Robert Johnson, American blues singer born (b. 1911).
August 21st
Kenny Rogers, American country singer born.
August 26th
Jet Black - Stranglers founder member & drummer (Brian John Duffy) born.
September 27th
British ocean liner "Queen Elizabeth," launches at Clydebank Scotland
September 28th
Ben E. King, American singer born.
September 30th
Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares "Peace In Our Time".
October 3rd
Eddie Cochran, American rock 'n' roll singer born (d. 1960).
October 17th
Evel Knievel, American motorcycle daredevil born (d. 2007).
October 22nd
Christopher Lloyd, American actor born.
Chester Carlson demonstrates 1st Xerox copying machine.
October 25th - The Archbishop of Dubuque, Francis J. L. Beckman, denounces Swing music as "a degenerated musical system... turned loose to gnaw away at the moral fibre of young people", warning that it leads down a "primrose path to hell".
October 27th
Du Pont announces a name for its new synthetic yarn: "nylon".
October 30th
Orson Welles's radio adaptation of 'The War of the Worlds' is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.
November 9th
Holocaust - Kristallnacht: In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).
November 11th
Jews forced to wear Star of David in Germany.
November 26th
J. J. Cale, American singer born.
December 12th
Connie Francis, American singer and actress born.
December 23rd
A coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, is caught off the coast of South Africa near Chalumna River.
Adolf Hitler is Time Magazine's "Man of the Year", an award that usually goes to the most influential person of the year.
The first cartoon to feature a prototypical Bugs Bunny, Porky's Hare Hunt, is released.
Margaret Hamilton's (wicked witch) costume catches fire in the filming of "The Wizard of Oz" (released 1939).
... and Dunfermline opens its first ever purpose-built dance hall - 'The Kinema Ballroom' on December 23rd 1938.
The Original Kinema Ballroom Building (1938 - present)
'The Palace Kinema (Dunfermline) Ltd' who built and owned the cinema of the same name decided to build the original 'Kinema Ballroom' adjacent to the cinema using predominantly local contractors as can be seen below:
Design: Messrs Muirhead & Rutherford of Dunfermline.
Building Construction: Charles Stewart & Sons of Phoenix Lane Dunfermline.
Measurer: Mr.John G Hardie.
Joinery: Anderson & Pert Ltd of Woodmill Street Dunfermline.
Plumbing: James McKay of 132 Chalmers Street Dunfermline.
Plastering: James C Thomson of Castleblair Dunfermline.
Painting: Henry Hoggan & Son of 45 East Port Dunfermline.
Electric Lighting & Thermostatically controlled ventilation: James Scott & Co of Queen Anne Street Dunfermline.
Carpets & Floor Coverings: William Stevenson & Son of 21-25 Bruce Street Dunfermline.
Terrazzo flooring: Toffolo Jackson & Co Ltd of Glasgow.
Steelwork & Roofing: Thomas Deas of High Street Buckhaven.
Heating: Thomas Boyd & Sons of McDowall Street Paisley.
Slates & Roughcasting: John Robertson & Sons Ltd of 17 Campbell Street Dunfermline
Dance Floor: A MacDougall Floor Specialists of 20 Renfrew Street Glasgow
Furniture: DK Gray 21-25 Bruce Street Dunfermline Tel No 260
Daniel Younger who was associated with building The Palace Kinema in 1915 was also involved in the building of the Kinema Ballroom in 1938 and his grandson (John Brewster) later invested in and was instrumental in the ballroom's transformation into one of Britain's of not Europe's finest discotheques (Night Magic) in 1980.
Design features included:
A state of the art sprung dance floor cushioned by rubber pads laid on a bed of concrete.
Walnut panelling & heavy flush panel doors.
An attractively decorated plastered barrel ceiling.
�Celotex� walls protected by a walnut dado (chair) rail which ran around the perimeter.
Brilliant hidden lighting, which was quite modern at the time.
Orchestras were seated in an �artistic� recess in the west of the building and teas etc were served from a well-appointed balcony in the east end.
The entrance door at 19 Pilmuir Street and exit to Chapel Street Lane (now a car park) still exist today, while another exit to Carnegie Street (now Carnegie Drive) is incorporated into the extension built in 1964.
The �Grand Opening Carnival Dance� took place on Friday 23rd of December 1938 from 20:00 until 01:30. Patrons who paid the not insubstantial ticket price at the time of two shillings and sixpence (2/6d) danced the night away to the sounds of 'Ernest Dobbie and his Swingtette' aka � The Swingtette Dance Band � (later renamed � The Swingtettes �) and saw Provost & Mrs Hoggan open �The New Ballroom� which would be managed by Mr Hylands.
Coincidentally, the opening took place on the 23rd of December 1938, exactly 23 years to the day, after The Palace Kinema (next door) opened on the 23rd of December 1915!
Described in it�s early advertising variously as �The Dancer�s Mecca�, �The Rendezvous Of All Discerning Dancers�, �Fifeshire�s Super Dance Hall� and for five weeks in January & February 1939 as �The Kinema Super Ballroom�, patrons were invited to �Follow The Dancers� and most famously to �Dance And Be Gay The KB Way� long before the contemporary use of the word!
The manager lived in a flat above the original entrance in Pilmuir Street and it's still there today though now largely derelict.
'The Kinema Ballroom' was closed on Saturday 30th December 1939 and re-opened on Wednesday 30th July 1941. During this time it was used to billet soldiers from some Scottish regiments while some Polish soldiers were billeted at the Carnegie Women's Institute. The then Manager, Mr George Hylands, was quite concerned about the soldiers stomping around on the new sprung floor that had been installed and had it protected by a linoleum floor covering during the period it was used by the soldiers. (I'm indebted to David Gilchrist - Mr. Hylands' grandson, for this info).
In the 1940s many advertising slogans were used including:
�There never was a time when so many people were devoted to the art of dancing as today and let it be said, local followers as growing more & more numerous. There must be a reason. The answer is The Kinema Ballroom.�
�Take the Necessary Steps � Learn to Dance� It Keeps You Fit�
�Every Night is a Special Night�
�Snappy Band, Happy Feet, Provide a Grand Dancing Treat�
�The Kinema Call � Come To The Ball�
�Reply to correspondent, �Curious� KB is a Fifeshire abbreviation for dancing at its super best�
�The home of happy feet�
�Come to Danceland�
�Snappy music perfect floor, dancers could not ask for more�
�The KB�s famed both far and near for a perfect dancing atmosphere�
�Happy are the dancers who, make this hall their rendezvous�
Various talent contests and beauty shows were regularly staged including The Kinema Ballroom's 'Miss lovely To Look At' awarded to Miss Margaret Russell of Edinburgh in 1953 and a competition to find new vocalist for the then resident band ' The Top Notchers ' in 1957, won by Mr. Stuart Cameron.
The Kinema was a favourite haunt of Naval staff from the Royal Naval Dockyard and Naval bases HMS Caledonia and HMS Cochrane at Rosyth some five miles to the south on The River Forth to whom it was known affectionately as 'The Kin'.
The rivalry between The St.Margaret's Hall (where Rock & Roll first took hold in the city) & the Kinema, took an interesting turn when The Kinema management (as 'Kinema Ballroom Enterprises') took over the lease of the St.Margaret's Hall from Jim Brown for a time. Some time later in 1961 the lease was returned to Jim but on the last night before the handover, after a boxing match, the St.Margaret's was gutted by fire ( see photo ). As some of the boxers were also Kinema bouncers, it was probably inevitable that speculations of arson were rife amongst the public though no evidence was found. The Kinema did as a result, increase business substantially with reduced competition and a new dance floor was laid on Monday 22nd January 1962. Two years later an extension was being planned out to Carnegie drive ...
The Present Kinema Ballroom Building (1964 - Present)
On Thursday December 19th 1963 plans were approved by The Dunfermline Dean of Guild Court for a huge (95ft x 51ft) extension to be built to the north of the original building, including the new the two-storey frontage and main entrance on Carnegie Drive we see today. This effectively increased the capacity of the building fourfold to more than 1000 patrons at a cost of �31,000 and was opened on Monday the 30th November 1964 though it was originally planned to open in the April. The transition seems to have been largely seamless as performances took place in the immediately preceding days including the night before! The new extension had a maple strip floor, the cafe was transformed into a lounge bar and the previous bar became a restaurant. (The postal address was also changed to 45 Carnegie 'Street' at this time).
The Master of Works was Mr. Andrew Sinclair after whom 'Sinclair Gardens' is named.
On the Monday 24th April 1967, Avril Young & Sheena McIntyre (pupils of Woodmill High School) interviewed The Small Faces after their appearance at The Ballroom for their school magazine. Pix here .
The saddest event in the ballroom's history occurred on Saturday 9th September 1967 at around 22:15 when a seventeen year-old lad from Lochgelly was assaulted and murdered on the dance floor by two Lanarkshire labourers of eighteen and nineteen years from Bellshill and Uddingston respectively. William Craigie jr (an apprentice butcher with the Co-op in Lochgelly) was stabbed through the heart by what was believed to have been a metal tail-comb. The Kinema was sealed by Police until evidence & statements had been recorded.
The accused, James Mcfarlane (18) and Myles Lee (19) were sentenced to life-imprisonment on 6th December 1967 after the jury of nine women and six men came to a unanimous decision after only eighty minutes deliberation at the end of a three-day trial at the High Court in Edinburgh. A subsequent appeal was rejected.
On Sunday the 10th September 1967, the BBC recorded the East of Scotland heats for the very popular TV show, �Come Dancing�.
Throughout this period, wrestling bouts were staged featuring some of the best-known names of the day including Jackie Pallo.
In 1968 the local Dunfermline Folk Club took up residence with 'Folk at the KB'.
Around 1968 George Crichton Armitt became Assistant Manager to Cecil Hunter and took over as Manager in 1973.
The East of Scotland Open Hairdressers Championship was staged in the ballroom on Sunday 28th May 1972 sponsored by The National Hairdresser's Federation. One of the panel was local Baldridgeburn hairdresser, (Secretary & Treasurer of The National Hairdresser's Federation) Mr. Duncan Dobbie.
A three-storey ballroom extension was planned in 1973 but it did not complete until November 1976 when it had evolved into and opened as The Castleton (Free House) Public Bar & Function Suite. (Later called Bailey's / The Sinclair Arms / Sinky's / The Corner Music Bar).
An Oakley woman died, another Dunfermline woman sustained serious injuries to her jaw & leg and six other people were taken to hospital on Wednesday 21st January 1976 after a double-decker bus and a Ford Capri were involved in a collision at the traffic lights at the junction of Pilmuir Street and Carnegie Drive Dunfermline at around 21:00. The bus ended-up crashing into the newly-built Castleton lounge bar & function suite, badly cracking a wall. The bus was travelling southbound on Pilmuir Street while the car was Westbound on Carnegie Drive. Full story here .
'The Kinema Ballroom' closed its doors for the last time on Saturday 20th September 1980 for four and a half weeks. This was to be the end of an era in terms of the ballroom's role as a regular venue for live music performance.
'Night Magic' (1980 - 1988)
New owner John Brewster reopened on the Friday 24th October 1980 after extensive modernisation & remodelling (principally as a discoth�que) by The Kinema Ballroom Ltd at a cost of approximately �250,000. The �2 tickets for the opening night are alleged to have changed hands for ten times face value (�20) with other offers of �25 each being turned down, such was the desperation to see it all kick-off with top international DJ Abi King (who wore a specially made space suit) and London go-go dance team 'A Touch of Class' as long as you weren't wearing jeans or a t-shirt or looked under 20 years of age.
The light & sound system (by Bacchus International Discotheque Services) was reputed to have been amongst the best in Britain if not perhaps Europe and was certainly amongst the most innovative & sophisticated in the world, though there were teething problems on the opening night!
Lights and sound were handled by a world-unique custom-built 16-channel computer controlled console. Features included mirror reflective disco balls, columns of neon light rings and in another first for Britain, banks of parabolic reflecting (PAR 64) flood lamps and a two-watt Argon laser. These lasers can create three-dimensional shapes in space and can be used in conjunction with the reflective mirror balls.
This was all topped-off with the Neon Atomic Ball centrepiece. They claimed that there were so many possible lighting permutations that it would be impossible to see them all in one evening. And that's not all,...
The lighting effects were augmented with two wind machines, four confetti/snow cannons and a huge dry-ice plant.
Pix here .
Refreshments were available from either of the two downstairs bars & one upstairs (quieter) bar.
Though solo performers and bands still appeared occasionally, the 'golden age' for live entertainment was largely gone as the popularity of the discotheque took over and the venue returned to its original purpose as a dance hall.
Pan's People performed on Thursday 1st January 1981.
A two-week closure commenced on Sunday 17th July 1983 for a further modernisation costing �50,000. The doors were reopened on Saturday 30th July 1983.
Around 1985/6, entrance was restricted to the 'Over 20s'.
It closed on Friday 25th July 1986 for refurbishment and reopened on the following Friday 1st August 1986.
She was sold in the November of 1987 to Dean Entertainments of Kirkcaldy.
'Night Magic' closed its doors for the last time on Sunday 31st of January 1988 for almost four and a half months for a �750,000 refurbishment by new owners Dean Entertainments of Kirkcaldy.
Friday 10th of June 1988 saw the opening of a remodelled/renamed �Hollywood Boulevard" hailed as "Scotland�s Premier Night Scene". DJs that night were (Desert Island Tam) Jamieson & (Disco Deek) Miller.
Architects: Burns & Taylor
Furniture & Carpet Design: Baxter & Rickard of Leven
Interior Design: Total Design
Exterior Signage: Thermal Design
Electrical Contractor: Mirray McGregor
Lighting: Studio 4 Edinburgh - Chrome 120 deg scanners, Optikinetics strobes, 20 sections of Arcline, 32 channel neon matrix, 20-head Harvesters, 320 PAR 36 Pinspots, 360 deg scanners, Sparkflash Strobes, Moonflowers, Litebeam Starlight 20-head, 4-motor Centrepiece on Lynx Elevator, Neon Atom Balls and Clay Paky Sputniks. All controlled by the Enigma controller (the first fully integrated programmable lighting controller fitted in Scotland!)
Sound: Studio 4 Edinburgh - Two Technics Turntables, Formula Sound PM-80 Mixer; Yamaha 30-band Stereo Graphic Equaliser; Technics SL-P1200 CD Player & Cassette Deck; custom built 5 way active JBL system: two sub bass 18" drivers, two ceiling clusters with 8 JBL 15" 8 JBL 12", 4 JBL Horns & compressor drivers and 16 JBL Bullets.
Video: Cameron Video Systems
Remodelling cost: �750,000
General Managers: Alex McKay / Martin Robb
Assistant/Bar Manager: Keith Mitchell
'Hollywood Boulevard' was voted �Scottish Disco of the Year 1990� by Disco Mirror.
Special entertainment events at Hollywood Boulevard included: Six recordings of TV show 'The Hit Man & Her', Miss Wet-Top Competitions; The National Miss Stocking and Suspenders Contest; Annual Beach Party; Mr. Fife; Mr. Wet Y-Fronts; Mr. & Mrs (Club Show); Annual Tradesmen's Ball; Miss Lovely Legs; Blind Date (Club Show); various fancy dress & fund raising events.
Despite being awarded 1st place in the Disco Club & Leisure International � 'Club Image Award', 'Hollywood Boulevard' closed its doors for the last time suddenly and amongst some controversy on Saturday 9th November 1991 following insurmountable "cash problems".
Proposals were submitted & approved to use the building as a bingo hall in June 1995 but came to naught and the venue remained closed for seven years during which time it was broken into and many fixtures stolen.
'The Ballroom' (1998 - 2007)
It was the results of some market research which convinced owners Dean Entertainments of Kirkcaldy to invest �1 million in an extensive refurbishment programme and a popular retro-naming to �The Ballroom�. Patrons queued for 2 hours on Friday 27th November 1998 to attend the reopening at 9pm with live guests 'Bus Stop'.
New features included: 10' x 14' video screen, island bar, dance floor podiums, ultraviolet murals, raised stage area and a 1st floor VIP lounge.
Local opinion of the external pink/purple colour scheme was divided!
Bernard Manning performed on Wednesday 7th March 2001.
A fourteen-week �2 million refurbishment including extending the mezzanine level and installing a lift was completed and �5 ticket holders filled the hall once more at 21:00 on Friday 15th July 2005. The work was carried out by the following contractors:
Principle Contractor: Ainslie Homes Ltd
Sound & Light: John McPhail of Studio 4 Edinburgh
Joinery: John Buchanan Joiners Ltd of Motherwell
Seating & Metalwork: ARc
Electrics: Mirrey McGregor Electrical of Kirkcaldy
Building: Bandry Builders Ltd of Tayport
Painting: J Gilmour & Son Ltd of Kirkcaldy
Air Conditioning & Ventilation: GC Cooling Services Ltd
Plumbing: Rogerson Plumbing & Heating of Kirkcaldy
Construction Management & Coordination: Burns & Taylor of Dunfermline
Carpets & Vinyl: Tyle Style & Bryson
Signage: The Sign Company of Kirkcaldy
The 1275 maximum capacity 'Ballroom' still hosted occasional 'live' acts.
'The Ballroom' and 'Sinky's (or 'The Sinclair Arms' / 'Bailey's' / 'The Castleton') was bought by the Stirling-based Castle Leisure Group on Monday 2nd July 2007 and closed its doors for an extensive refurbishment (inside & out) on Monday 23rd July.
The new name is 'Velocity' while live events are branded as 'Kinema Live'.
Other names seriously considered at the time were 'Logic' 'Kinetic' & 'Kinema'.
You have to go back twenty odd years to 1986/7 to find any kind of regular live music in the ballroom so this is the start of something very exciting that Dunfermline has needed for a very long time - a large, regular live music venue!
Dunfermline Press article � BALLROOM: New owner to ban promotions and says city�s a shocker for drink-fuelled bad behaviour .� (By: Gary Fitzpatrick)
"Gigs will mostly be for age 14+ although under 16's must be accompanied by an adult. 18-21s will need to show ID at the bar to purchase alcohol". "All our gigs operate this way unless a band isn't suited to the Under 18's in which case we will keep it 18+". (John Gallacher - Operations & Security Manager, CLG)
The bar known formerly as 'The Castleton' / Bailey's / 'The Sinclair Arms' or 'Sinky's' has been renamed 'The Corner Music Bar' and re-opened on November 30th 2007 with an 'absolutely no football' policy! Unfortunately it subsequently closed again early in 2010.
Dunfermline Press article � Quick way to win the hottest tickets in town " by Gary Fitzpatrick (The Dunfermline Press - Monday, 26th November, 2007)
After a brief hiatus, nightclub activity returned on regular Saturdays from August 28th 2010 for a few months.
The Smiths Indeed / The Kols / Crayons were billed for 17th December 2010 but the promoter cancelled the gig.
The Draymin were to appear with Val Verde / Shanty Town & DJ Fusion, however the venue was struck by flooding from a burst pipe following the extended period of extremely low temperatures experienced since November 2010. Th egig was relocated to PJ Molloys.
After a short period of inactivity, sadly CLG placed Velocity on the market for Let or Sale on Wednesday 4th May 2011 after (just short) of four years ownership.
'The Ballroom' (2011 - Present)
The venue re-opened once more on December 2nd 2011 under the management of 'D2 Leisure' [Darran Taylor (formerly of The Brasshouse) and Douglas Inglis (formerly of Coady's] and the venue operated under the name 'The Ballroom' once more but the venue was never renamed and currently it remains 'Velocity'.
They allegedly took a five-year lease on the historic venue but 'D2 Leisure' soon became a one-man operation with only Darren Taylor at the helm and operations failed again only several months later in 2012.
The venue is once more To Let / May Sell - Click Here for Property Details
The venue and adjacent bar were sold once more in late July 2015.
The identity or intent of the new owner is, as yet, not for publication.
Watch this space for further news.
Ghoulz.
Over Two Million Verifiable Hits since launch in Sept 2006 = Average rate of more than Twenty Thousand Hits/Month
� Copyright Colin WK Gourlay 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016
All Rights Reserved
| i don't know |
Australian born Laura Robson is associated with which sport? | Australian Open 2014: Laura Robson & Heather Watson beaten - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
Australian Open 2014: Laura Robson & Heather Watson beaten
By Piers Newbery
BBC Sport at Melbourne Park
13 Jan 2014
13-26 January
Coverage:
Daily live radio and text coverage on BBC Radio 5 live, BBC Sport website, mobiles and BBC Sport app; Watch the finals live on BBC TV
Laura Robson and Heather Watson were beaten as British interest in the women's singles ended swiftly at the Australian Open.
Both players took on higher-ranked opposition in the first round, but the manner of their defeats differed sharply.
Robson spent just 50 minutes on court in a 6-3 6-0 thrashing by 18th seed Kirsten Flipkens - the Briton's first full match of the season following a wrist injury.
Analysis
This was a hugely dispiriting defeat for Laura Robson, who says her left wrist will need further treatment before her next tournament in Paris in two weeks' time. The British number one was horribly rusty and made 32 unforced errors in just 50 minutes: a legacy of playing her first full match since early October.
Heather Watson will be very frustrated to have lost a tight first-round match after battling through three rounds of qualifying, but she looks like her pre-glandular fever self, and in time should be confident of returning to the world's top 50.
Watson, in contrast, kept 31st seed Daniela Hantuchova occupied for two hours and 34 minutes before going down 7-5 3-6 6-3 to the Slovakian.
With both Robson and Watson scheduled among the opening matches, it took less than three hours for Andy Murray to be left as the lone Briton in singles competition.
Robson, who turns 20 next week, arrived in Melbourne with a wrist injury but said before the match that it was no longer causing her any pain.
A lack of match sharpness was certainly clear from the outset on Court Three, as she opened with four straight errors to drop serve and lost the first nine points in a row.
There was a big cheer for the Australian-born Robson when she finally got on the board but Flipkens, a Wimbledon semi-finalist last year, was much the stronger.
Robson simply could not find her range and racked up 32 errors to her opponent's four as she lost eight straight games and became the first player to go out of the tournament.
"It was up and down the whole time, and I don't think I ever really got into a rhythm at all," said Robson.
"I wasn't really able to deal with her slice that well. It just didn't go well. I definitely expected to play better, but it happens.
"And I didn't really have any expectations going in because I didn't know what it was going to be like out there."
While Robson trooped unhappily back to the locker room, Watson was only just getting going on the nearby Court Two against Hantuchova.
The 21-year-old from Guernsey, who came through three rounds of qualifying, recovered an early break in the first set but double-faulted facing a fourth break point at 5-5, and smacked her racquet in frustration.
Hantuchova's heavier, flatter hitting had just given her the edge in the first set but Watson began to step in and attack the returns in the second, breaking twice to force a decider.
Fighting spirit is rarely in short supply where Watson is concerned and she battled back from 0-40 in her first service game, before recovering from 4-1 down to trail 4-3.
She had spent most of the match trying to keep pace with Hantuchova, however, and the pressure ultimately told when the Briton was broken for a fifth and decisive time.
"I felt I was close throughout the match," said Watson.
Media playback is not supported on this device
Australian Open 2014: Heather Watson positive despite first round defeat
"I started slow in the third set - I should have got up while she went to the bathroom [before the final set] and kept moving - but I had plenty of chances and didn't take them."
Watson is ranked 121st after suffering with glandular fever in 2013, and she will slip further after failing to match last year's run to the third round in Melbourne.
"I feel like it's an opportunity lost for me," she added.
"I really looked forward to this draw, but I've played 10 matches already this year - if you'd told me that last year I would have taken it in a second.
"Even though I might be dropping in the rankings, I'm not worried about that. I've had a good start to the year, I've improved as a player, and it's been a positive few weeks."
For a gallery of pictures from day one check out the BBC Sport Facebook page.
Share this page
| Tennis |
Which is the only species of deer of which both male and female have antlers? | Laura Robson's gay rights stance reignites equality controversy | Sport | The Guardian
Laura Robson's gay rights stance reignites equality controversy
British tennis player wears rainbow-coloured hairband in Australian Open match in Margaret Court arena
Laura Robson wearing a rainbow-coloured hairband during her match at the Margaret Court arena yesterday. Photograph: Greg Wood/AFP/Getty Images
Laura Robson's gay rights stance reignites equality controversy
British tennis player wears rainbow-coloured hairband in Australian Open match in Margaret Court arena
Monday 16 January 2012 10.54 EST
First published on Monday 16 January 2012 10.54 EST
Close
This article is 5 years old
The British tennis player Laura Robson walked unwittingly into a political row in Melbourne on Monday when she wore a rainbow-coloured hairband in support of gay and lesbian rights during her match at the Australian Open . It was a gesture of solidarity that turned an otherwise disappointing day for British tennis into a wildly controversial one.
The London teenager was playing a first-round match on the court named after Australia's most decorated female player, Margaret Court, an evangelical Christian who has created widespread controversy, especially over the past month, with her provocative views on homosexuality.
Robson, 18 next Saturday, was one of five British players who lost on the first day of the tournament but her trickiest assignment was fielding questions afterwards about her hairband. She claimed not to be making a political statement, and said she was unaware of a call by gay rights activists to take rainbow-coloured flags into the Margaret Court Arena.
"It was just a rainbow-coloured hairband," Robson said. "I didn't see anything about a protest today. I wore it because I believe in equal rights for everyone. That's it."
She did, however, know of the recent comments Court had made , which were reported here and internationally because of her standing in the game. Her stand will be seen in a favourable light by those critics of Court astounded by her insensitivity on a subject that is regularly an issue in women's tennis.
"I did [know about the comments]," Robson said, "but it was through newspapers and things. I never saw a direct quote from her. So I don't want to comment when I actually haven't spoken to her. I believe in equal rights for everyone – that is why I wore it."
Court was a Catholic but became an evangelical Christian in 1972, the year before winning the last of 11 Australian titles. She won a record 24 grand slams and is regarded as one of the greatest players in the game's history. She is now the senior pastor at the Victory life Centre in Perth, which she founded in the 1990s.
However, her reputation has taken a battering since she made remarks last month that infuriated gay rights activists and provoked criticism from openly gay tennis champions such as Martina Navratilova , Billie Jean King and the Australian Rennae Stubbs, who commentates on tennis on Australian television.
Court accused gay people of indulging in "abominable sexual practices" and described same-sex marriages, promoted by legislation introduced by the current Labor government in Australia, as "unhealthy, unnatural unions".
She told the Australian newspaper: "I've nothing against homosexual people. I help them to overcome. We have people [at the Victory Life Centre] who have been homosexual who are now married."
In an interview last month with the West Australian, Court said: "Politically correct education has masterfully escorted homosexuality out from behind closed doors, into the community openly and now is aggressively demanding marriage rights that are not theirs to take. The fact that the homosexual cry is, 'We can't help it, as we were born this way', as the cause behind their own personal choice is cause for concern."
Navratilova, who has been open about her sexuality for many years, was appalled when told of Court's views.
"A lot of people have evolved," she told the tennis website tennischannel.com, "as has the Bible. Unfortunately, Margaret Court has not ... Her myopic view is truly frightening as well as damaging to the thousands of children already living in same-gender families."
Tennis Australia, the sport's governing body in the country, was embarrassed when the furore broke and issued a statement condemning Court's views: "Her personal views are her own, and are definitely not shared by Tennis Australia.
"We concur wholeheartedly with the WTA [Women's Tennis Association] who stated that 'all human beings, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation or otherwise, should be treated equally.'"
In 1973, when she was the leading player in the world, Court took park in a televised match in California with the former world No1 men's player, Bobby Riggs, then 55, losing in two sets. She was inducted into her sport's Hall of Fame six years later and, in 2003, had the fourth court at Melbourne Park named after her.
The rainbow protest on Margaret Court Arena did not materialise in any noticeable way. However, after losing her match to the Serbian Jelena Jankovic 6-2, 6-0, Robson left the court and into a row of which she was only vaguely aware.
Emblem of tolerance
The use of a rainbow emblem to denote diversity and acceptance originated in San Francisco during the late 1970s .
The first example was created in 1978 by Gilbert Baker, a military nurse-turned banner maker, who was asked by local activists to create a symbol for a gay pride parade. His original, self-dyed and hand-sewn version carried eight colours, representing everything from communion with nature (green) to sex (pink). The first commercial versions saw this reduced to seven colours, as the producers could not get hold of a bright pink dye. It was later changed to six.
In a 2008 interview , Baker said he wanted a drastically different symbol to the pink triangles used by the Nazis. "I almost instantly thought of using the rainbow," he said. "To me, it was the only thing that could really express our diversity, beauty and our joy."
The flag achieved more prominence after the 1978 murder of Harvey Milk , a gay San Francisco city representative. While still primarily associated with the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) movement, the rainbow emblem is now sometimes used as a more general shorthand for tolerance. Peter Walker
| i don't know |
In 1961, the painting titled ‘Le Bateau’ by which artist hung upside down in the Museum of Modern Art in New York for 47 days without anyone noticing? | October 11-20
October 11
1917: Virginia Woolf records her impressions of Katherine Mansfield: "I'm a little shocked by her commonness at first sight; lines so hard and cheap. However, when this diminishes, she is so intelligent and inscrutable that she repays friendship."
1921: Aaron Copland to his parents:
207 Bd. Raspail
Paris
Dear Ma & Pa, --
I really ought to be sending you a cablegram with this wonderful news, but I was afraid it would scare you. Just think, I have just sold my first composition. Let me catch my breath and tell you the whole story. I wrote you that M. Durand, the biggest publisher in Paris, had promised to publish a piece of mine called "The Cat and the Mouse" after he had heard me play it at Fontainebleau. Well, I have just been to see him at his office here and have sold him the piece outright for 500 francs. I signed a contract with him and he has promise to have the piece ready in about 2 or 3 weeks, at which time I will send you a copy. Try to remember that in pre-war times, 500 francs was equal to $100. which is an extraordinary price to pay a young, unknown composer for a little piece of 5 pages. Then Durand is a very well-known publisher all over the world, so it gives one a reputation merely to be published by him. A great deal of the credit is due to Fontainebleau and the school as I could never have accomplished so much in so short a time without all that influence helping me. What will Goldmark and Adler have to say when I send them copies? Its too bad I am not able to play the piece for you, but you'll have to wait until I get home, unless some one plays it in N.Y. by some wild chance. Of course, this is only a beginning. One doesn't get exactly famous simply because he has written one piece which is printed. But it is a start. And the 500 francs tickles me silly, even if it isn't a fortune.
1939: President Franklin D. Roosevelt is presented with a letter signed by Albert Einstein urging the United States to rapidly develop an atomic bomb program.
1976: The Gang of Four--Mao's widow, Jiang Qing, and three others--are arrested in China and charged with plotting a coup.
top
1492: Christopher Columbus sights Guanahani ( Plana Cays? ) Island in the Bahamas. ( The theory popularized by Samuel E. Morison and others that Guanahani Island is current Watling island no longer receives the support it once did.) This is bad news for the Bahamans, all of whom will be exterminated (despite the paternalistic entry in Columbus's log, in which he indicates that the Spanish will be "gentle": "As I saw that they were friendly to us, and perceived that they could be much more easily converted to our holy faith by gentle means than by force, I presented them with some red caps, and strings of beads to wear upon the neck, and many other trifles of small value, wherewith they were much delighted and became wonderfully attached to us"). The day is celebrated in the US (on the second Monday of the month) as Columbus Day, so proclaimed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968 (the year of the My Lai massacre, the riots at the Democratic National Convention, and the assassination of Martin Kuther King), but some celebrate it as Indigenous People Day. For more, see (if you can find it) my The Discovery of America (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1992, with Carol Christensen).
1859: Emperor Norton abolishes Congress.
54: Emperor Claudius the First dies after being poisoned by his wife, Agrippina.
1881: Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and friends initiate the revival of the Hebrew language.
1909: Art Tatum is born. Partially blind, he would learn to read sheet music by Braille. He would acknowledge stride pianist Fats Waller as a primary influence. He would often play with trios but would probably be best known the ultimate jazz piano soloist, a deft improviser with a repertoire of rapid runs with varied tempos and innovative passing harmonies, a style that would contribute to the development of bebop. Bud Powell, Billy Taylor, and Oscar Peterson who be among those he would influence.
1925: Leonard Alfred Schneider (Lenny Bruce) is born.
1943: Robert Lowell, Jr., is sentenced to a prison term of a year and a day for draft evasion.
2006: Friday the 13th is unusual this year because the date's digits add up to thirteen (whether written in U.S. or European notation). The last time this happened was Jan. 13, 1520.
top
1066: William the Conqueror kills King Harold II and defeats the English army in the Battle of Hastings. The Norman invasion is chronicled in a beautiful (and enormous) "tapestry" (actually an embroidery) called the Bayeux Tapestry (a detail is shown at left).
1066 and all that, revised by Antonia Gransden:
No event in English history has aroused more controversy among historians than the Norman Conquest. From the twelfth century until the present day they have debated its significance. Should we see it as a cataclysm in our history? Or should we accept that, whatever its immediate political consequences, beneath the new power structure England remained virtually unchanged, continuing her progress along lines already drawn in Anglo-Saxon times?…
The trauma of 1066 by Elizabeth van Houts:
As a second generation historian from the Netherlands, which was once occupied by the Germans, I am all too aware of the shock and disbelief experienced by those who were driven from their homes, were addressed in a foreign language, were starved of food, had relatives killed and had to come to terms with this trauma while life continued. Modern experiences can open our eyes to similar events in a distant past as long as we remain aware of the 'otherness' of that past. One way of exploring the subject is by looking at the collective memories of Normans, English and to a lesser extent Continentals, in order to establish what form trauma took and how it was expressed….
1912: On the campaign trail, Theodore Roosevelt is shot by a saloonkeeper in Milwaukee. He delivers his speech as scheduled and later has the bullet removed from his body.
1926: Winnie-the-Pooh is published.
1964: Martin Kuther King, Jr., is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
top
1582: Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar causing October 4 to be followed directly by October 15 in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain (other countries would follow later). This caused many people great distress over the loss of ten days of the lives.
1880: Mexican soldiers kill the great Apache military leader Victorio.
1883: The Supreme Court declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional since it allowed individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race…. Sound familiar?
1905: Former US president Grover Cleveland opposes extending voting rights to women in an article in Ladies Home Journal,, arguing, "We all know how much further women go than men in their social rivalries and jealousies.... Sensible and responsible women do not want to vote."
1916: Annette Kellerman is filmed in the movies' first nude scene in Daughter of the Gods.
1854: Oscar Wilde is born in Dublin.
1859: John Brown raids Harper's Ferry.
1869: The Cardiff Giant is discovered. (See December 18 and November 21 for another famous hoax.)
1934: Mao Zedong begins the Long March.
1992: Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson files a lawsuit against French tabloids for publishing pictures of Texas millionaire John Bryan sucking on her toes on the French Riviera.
top
1469: Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, uniting Aragon and Castile and forming the country of Spain.
1945: Juan Peron becomes dictator of Argentina through military coup.
1903: Nathan Weinstein (Nathanael West) is born. He would be a bit of a hard luck case. His first novel, Miss Lonelyhearts, would be well received, but his publisher would go bankrupt. He would work at a number of literary journals, each of which would also fold. He would end up unemployed in Hollywood. After a few difficult years there he would write the The Day of the Locust.
1903: The 7.1 Richter scale Loma Prieta earthquake hits the San Francisco Bay Area.
top
1503: From Venice, Pietro Bembo writes to Lucrezie Borgia.
Eight days have passed since I parted from FF, and already it is as though I had been eight years away from her. But I swear that not one hour has passed without the company of her memory, which has become such a close companion to my thoughts that it is more than ever the food, the sustenance, of my soul. If things continue like this for many more days (as it seems they must), I believe her memory will take complete possession of my soul, and I shall live and thrive on the memory of her as do other men upon their souls, and have no life beyond this single thought.
1871: Charles Babbage dies.
1961: The Museum of Modern Art in New York (so the story goes) displays Le Bateau by Henri Matisse, and the painting attracts a large number of visitors. No one notices for forty-seven days that it is hanging upside-down.
The story appears in numerous places--for example, in the Getty Museum's on-line newsletter (the link to this has gone bad).
Calling it "the least succesful display of a painting," Stephen Pile writes in The Book of Heroic Failures, "Between 17 October and 3 December 1961 Henri Matisse's painting Le Bateau was hung upside down in an art gallery without anyone noticing. It is estimated that 116,000 vistors to the New York Museum of Modern Art had passed through before this inversion was noticed by the artist's son [in other versions, "by an art student"]. The painting showed a sailing boat and summer clouds with their reflections in the water." The radio information supplier 440 International's website says: "18 October 1961: One of the most influential artists of the 1900s was French painter, Henri Matisse. Although human figures, still life and interior scenes were his favorite subjects, one wouldn't necessarily know that his paintings were depicting these. His method of painting consisted of the use of intense color and lines to produce patterns and sense of movement; creating the illusion of realistic forms and space. You see, Matisse believed that a painting was an object of art and that was more important than seeing it as a representation of reality. On this day, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City proved Matisse's point--accidentally. His painting, Le Bateau, went on display in the museum, attracting large numbers of viewers. For several days, nobody realized that Le Bateau was hanging upside down."
The only problem with this story is that it is untrue. According to a MOMA spokesperson, "The painting is not a part of the Museum's collections. Also, according to our Registrar's records, and the exhibition records of the Department of Photographic Services and Permissions as well, the painting Le Bateau has never been on loan to this Museum."
So I wrote. But then the plot thickened. I leave the above unaltered, and attach the following:
EMAIL TO THIS WEBSITE FROM DAVID ROHAN
Dear sir:
I was recently on your website at www.wenet.net/~mercury/october.htm [this page's former web address] and read your view that the work Le Bateau by Henri Matisse did not appear at the museum of modern art hung upside down in december 1961. I found this very odd, so I e-mailed the museum this date and got a reply. Please read both e-mails below.
You have done a wonderful job in designing your website and I enjoyed visiting. I would hope that you will correct the website soon concerning the information in reference above.
DAVID ROHAN'S EMAIL TO NY MOMA
From: David Rowan
Museum Archives Public Information Scrapbooks
Nan Robertson. "Modern Museum is Startled by Matisse Picture" New York Times, December 5 1961.
Monroe Wheeler. The Last Works of Henri Matisse: Large Cut Gouaches (New York: MoMA, 1961).
2003: The exhibitions Goryeo Dynasty: Korea's Age of Enlightenment, 918-1392 and Leaning Forward, Looking Back: Eight Contemporary Korean Artists open at the Asian Art Museum .
top
1745: Jonathan Swift, weak in body, spirit, and mind, dies at seventy-seven. His servants allow the public to pull souvenir hairs from his head. Keats writes a sonnet on a lock that fell to Leigh Hunt .
1878: Henry James spends a long evening of labored conversation with the Georges — George Eliot and George Henry Lewes. At last the time for departure mercifully arrives. As James prepares to leave, Lewes thrusts into his hands a parting gift of a pair of books in blue bindings. "Take them away, please, away!" he begs his guest, whom he fails to realize is the author of the books, the first edition of The Europeans.
| Henri Matisse |
What is the name given to the fluid surrounding a foetus in the womb? | AMERICAN DIGEST: Art Within America Archives
Posted by gerardvanderleun at Mar 7, 2016 10:07 AM | Comments (4) | QuickLink:
"You'll see a shadow move through the blade. That's the steel transforming."
Anthony Bourdain heads to Olympia, Washington to see firsthand how master bladesmith, Bob Kramer crafts the perfect kitchen knife from melted meteorite.
Bob Kramer | Kramer Knives - My Story
The primitive world of beating on hot steel and making tools that surpassed any knives I had ever sharpened was fantastic. The art of sharpening knives was no longer enough, I had to make them. And I needed to make them for the world I knew - kitchens.
That was 1994. Since then I have become one of 120 Master Bladesmiths in the US. To earn this title from the American Bladesmith Society, one must undergo years of study and then pass a Master's Test. The test required building a 10" Bowie knife made of 300 layers of steel. This one knife had to cut through a 1" free hanging rope in one swing, chop through a two-by-four twice, shave a swatch of arm hair (after the two-by-four), and finally, bend the blade at a 90 degree angle without the blade breaking. If you succeed, then you submit five flawless knives (including a 15th century Quillion dagger, a very difficult knife to make) to a panel of judges.
Posted by gerardvanderleun at Sep 14, 2015 10:39 AM | Comments (18) | QuickLink:
Deep North
This is actually the art installation of Chris Larson, a native of Minnesota, where of course no one is a stranger to a little chill. A few years ago in his hometown of St.Paul, he decided to build this small cabin, and then waited for winter when the temperatures drop as low as -13 °C/ 7 °F . He then proceeded to spray it with hundreds of gallons of water, resulting in this apocalyptic scene. You know, just because ⦠Winter is Coming! Oh, and he called it âDeep Northâ. The Ice Age came early for this Winter Cabin | Messy Nessy Chic
Posted by gerardvanderleun at Mar 6, 2014 2:41 PM | Comments (2) | QuickLink:
Wind from the Sea: "I walked up into the dry, attic room one day."
Of all my work at Olsons this seems to me to be the one that expresses a great deal without too much in it. I walked up into the dry, attic room one day. It was a hot summer day in August, so hot that I went over to that window, pushed it up about six inches and as I stood there, looking out, all of a sudden this curtain that had been lying there stale for years, God knows how long, began slowly to rise, and the birds crocheted on it began to move. My hair about stood on end. So I drew it very quickly and incisively and I didn't get a west wind for a month and a half after that either. I did many drawings for it because I was so moved by that sudden thing. ” - - Andrew Wyeth
Wind from the Sea, painted a year before Christina's World, captures a moment on a hot summer day when Wyeth opened the seldom used window in an attic room. National Gallery, Wind from the Sea
For a larger view and a detail....
Posted by gerardvanderleun at Jan 16, 2014 8:36 AM | Comments (1) | QuickLink:
A Matter of Time
"Teeming with wildlife like deer, giraffes, monkeys and dolphins, this sculpture bursts with the beauty of the natural world.
At the centre, inexorably linked to each constituent part, is a man. He holds a globe in his hand to represent our dominant species' unique duties as custodians of the planet. Crafted entirely from driftwood, the vast, thought-provoking masterpiece was created by sculptor Paul Baliker, 59...."
Posted by gerardvanderleun at Nov 30, 2012 10:18 AM | Comments (2) | QuickLink:
I Shall Be Released: "There's more talent on that stage than in the entire music industry today."
"This Dylan song can seem amorphous and mystical in the negative sense, especially as it became a kind of countercultural anthem and meaningless through overuse. But the lyrics are coherent and profound, especially the first verse:
They say everything can be replaced
They say every distance is not near
But I remember every face
Of every man who put me here.
"The modern world tells us that everything is fungible, nothing is of real value, everything can and should be replaced—our spouse, our culture, our religion, our history, our sexual nature, our race, everything. It is the view of atomistic liberal man, forever creating himself out of his preferences, not dependent on any larger world of which he is a part. The singer is saying, No, this isn’t true. Things have real and particular values and they cannot be cast off and replaced by other things. And, though we seem to be distant, we are connected. I am connected to all the men, the creators and builders and poets and philosophers, and my own relatives and friends, who have come before me or influenced me, who created the world in which I live." -- Levon Helm, Dick Clark dead
The Earth Is Flat and Here's the Map to Prove It
[Click to see a really big enlargement so you can real the "proofs" of scripture]
Library of Congress gets unique flat earth map
Don Homuth, a former North Dakota state senator and current resident of Salem, Oregon, will donate the sole complete copy of the Map of a Square and Stationary Earth by Orlando Ferguson to the Library of Congress. Homuth was given the map by his eighth-grade English teacher John Hildreth who had received it from his grandfather. He didn't realize it was the only one left intact until he contacted the LoC to arrange for the donation.
Posted by Vanderleun at Jun 22, 2011 5:42 AM | Comments (6) | QuickLink:
Something Wonderful: "Jersey Shore" Gone Wilde (In which we reach for a "mind condom.")
In an exclusive video series created for Playbill by "Earnest" stars Santino Fontana and David Furr, the Roundabout Theatre Company cast puts "Jersey" in the mouths of Oscar Wilde's famed Britons. Think of it as a comedy of bad manners. Part 1 in a multi-part series.
Posted by Vanderleun at May 6, 2011 6:23 AM | Comments (5) | QuickLink:
Something Wonderful: The Stars My Destination, Chapter 1
Created by Tom O'Bedlam at "Spoken Verse" which is far and away the finest poetry source on You Tube if not the entire Internet. Subscribe @ YouTube - SpokenVerse's Channel
Tom notes, accurately, that The Stars My Destination is "the Best SF novel ever written - according to some experts. There's not much doubt it's the Best Space Opera of all time. Yet many SF enthusiasts have never heard of it. It made a great impression on me when I first read it - more than any other novel. It starts by quoting Tom O'Bedlam's Song - not a coincidence.
It's a tour-de-force, a work of creative genius, daring to take liberties that no novel had ever taken before. It was also printed with the title, "Tiger!, Tiger!". Nothing like it had ever been written before. The story has been compared with The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas.
A movie of the same name is scheduled for release in 2012.
"Bester used to write comics (now called Graphic Novels) as well as TV shows such as The Green Lantern. It has enough plot for five novels - Bester never seems to run out if outrageous ideas. The science is dubious and often plain wrong - for instance he says that food cannot be kept in tin cans because tin crumbles to dust in the absolute zero of space - but of course tin cans are steel, not tin. Somebody called it "A work of art made out of junk" One quirk is that he took the names of many characters from British Towns.
"It was written in about 1953 before Star Trek, before any Space Exporation, before SF became respectable. At that time SF was considered "far-fetched" and restricted to pulp magazines - traditionally adorned with pictures of girls in bra and panties being attacked by bug-eyed monsters."
This Is Not A Photograph
Step by Step Illustration after the jump:
Posted by Vanderleun at Oct 22, 2009 11:54 AM | Comments (18) | QuickLink:
William Faulker and a Writer's Creed: "I decline to accept the end of man."
December 10, 1950 Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , novelist William Faulkner gave the following speech at the Awards banquet. Unlike most other speeches given by most other recipients of the Nobel Prize, this speech has endured like Dilsey in The Sound and the Fury. This is an example of what can rise out of the Nobel when it is awarded to someone or real achievement who actually deserved it. [Emphasis added]
I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work -- a life's work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before. So this award is only mine in trust. It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.
Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. There are no longer problems of the spirit. There is only the question: When will I be blown up? Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.
He must learn them again. He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed -- love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labors under a curse. He writes not of love but of lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or compassion. His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands.
Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure: that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance .
The poet’s, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and prevail.
snapped shot * technical difficulties
However, I will add that there is not a single online source that I've been able to find references Watusi (Hard Edges) as being a "study" of Matisse's prior work—Merely that she declared that, "If that old man can do it, then so could I"—which isn't usually considered to be how you "study" something.
Alma Thomas, Watusi (Hard Edge), 1963: A prominent abstract painter of the 19...
Alma Thomas, Watusi (Hard Edge), 1963: A prominent abstract painter of the 1960s and 1970s and the first African-American woman to have a solo art exhibition at New York's Whitney Museum. Born in Columbus in 1891, racist attitudes and a poor education system for African-Americans at that time hampered her childhood, but she excelled at architectural drawing.
Henri Matisse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Afterwards, he started using a wheelchair. Until his death he would be cared for by a Russian woman, Lydia Delektorskaya, formerly one of his models. With the aid of assistants he set about creating cut paper collages, often on a large scale, called gouaches d馗oup駸. His Blue Nudes series feature prime examples of this technique he called "painting with scissors"; they demonstrate the ability to bring his eye for colour and geometry to a new medium of utter simplicity, but with playful and delightful power.
Do the Watusi: Art, imitation, and the Obamas
By Michelle Malkin ⢠October 8, 2009 05:49 PM
Yesterday, we chuckled over the indecision-themed âword artâ that the Obamas chose to hang in the White House.
Today, a Free Republic poster notices another of the Obamasâ curious art choices: âWatusi (Hard Edge),â by Alma Thomas, who is described by the NYTimes as âa longtime Washington resident who is an African-American painter.â
Alma Thomasâs âWatusiâ (1963) looks to be an almost exact reproduction of a 1953 piece by Henri Matisse titled âLâEscargot:â
December 4, 1961 in History
Event:
The Early Sheets: A History of Video Games in 3 Minutes
By by Steve Jones a 27 year old freelance digital artist and animator, located in Leeds, England.
Posted by Vanderleun at Aug 21, 2009 1:01 PM | QuickLink:
Rainbows and Unicorns: It's Time to Cornify Obama!
Just come on over to our official Presidential Portrait page @ "Continue", and click the "Cornify" button. Bet you can't click just once.
Posted by Vanderleun at Aug 20, 2009 8:08 PM | QuickLink:
Rainbows and Unicorns: It's Time to "Cornify"
Just come on over to our official Presidential Portrait page @ The "Click to Continue" Gallery, and click the "Cornify" button. Bet you can't click just once.
Posted by Vanderleun at Sep 28, 2008 7:53 PM | Comments (1) | QuickLink:
Michelle Obama's Makeover for America by Daniel Edwards
If you've been playing the new game "Where in the World is Michelle Obama?" you'll be pleased to know she hasn't just been at home baking cookies. Indeed, it is even possible she's been sitting for the first bust of the proposed O-Admin, 2009.
Or perhaps our more demented artists have been mistaking eggs for chickens. In these days of artists taking leave of their senses in a manner not seen since Andy Warhol quit illustrating shoe catalogues it is difficult to know the bathos from the bathwater.
Submitted for your approval: The latest glob of bathos to hit the fan, Daniel Edwards' overheated and possibly premature hunk-o-hooey, Michelle Obama’s Makeover for America
[Click to enlarge]
For the salacious details of this new Nefertiti of the Windy City, we must turn to some steaming hot artsy bullshit from the Leo Kesting Gallery:
ROBERT FULGHUM offers some examples of those who are and those who are not.
This lady with a shopping cart full of oddball stuff standing beside me in front of the cheese counter at the grocery story. My invitation: "I like the groceries in your cart better than mine. Want to trade? You take mine and I'll take yours. Could be interesting when we get home."
She smiles. Checks out my cart. "You've got a deal,"she says. We take each other's carts and roll away.
Slate Critic Without a Clue
Burt: Howless
STEPHEN BURT writing in Slate on Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" asks, "Is there a Howl for our own time, a cultural creation that explains, excites, antagonizes, and polarizes a wide swath of America?" He comes to the hasty and unlettered conclusion that "It could not be a poem."
Well. speak for your own silent muse, Stephen. Readers of American Digest and the many other blogs that linked, however, know better. There is the only true "Howl" for our time and that is GROWL!
Sigh, having known Allen on and off across the decades, I think it safe to say that he would have known how to Google his poem.
Ginsberg, the Nirvana Years
You sold your birthright for a bowl of porridge.
Then you refused to eat.
The Best and The Brightest.
You can lie to yourself, but not to me.
Botox, Viagra, Rogaine, and Paxil.
You are less than the sum or your parts.
Degrees on walls, they make exalted.
The lessons forgotten, the learning all for naught.
Trust no one over thirty you said once.
All right, then I don't trust you.
Your bodies decaying, despite all the work.
You fear the hell that you say and pray does not exist.
A lifetime fighting The Squares that you would never become.
The girls that spend your money, they tell you what you want to hear.
Older, but not wiser, you still fight The Man.
Look in the mirror, LOOK if you can.
Posted by Vanderleun at Jan 19, 2006 9:01 AM | Comments (17) | QuickLink:
Uncaged Bird Singing
"CALYPSO LP by the Poet Maya Angelou.She was 27 at the time of this recording.Cover looks campy, but she has a voice, no doubt about it. -- Audio-History: Miss Calypso - Maya Angelou [With sample track]
#1: On The Doctor Is In
DURING THE YEARS I SPENT AS A MAGAZINE AND BOOK EDITOR, the most rewarding and exciting moments were when I'd open a manuscript by someone I'd never heard of and find a new and compelling voice. Over time I got so I'd know that voice was there within the first three paragraphs. I was never disappointed. Once I knew it, I would do everything in my power to see it was published and in this, I don't think I ever failed.
I knew it when I first read the manuscript for a short story called "The Ledge" by a young guy named Steve King. I knew it when I read an essay on the cell by a doctor
Posted by Vanderleun at Jun 12, 2005 10:01 PM | Comments (5) | QuickLink:
The Online Evisceration of Chris Rock
RARELY IS THE PUBLIC GUTTING OF AN OVERHYPED COMEDIAN DONE WITH AS MUCH DEXTERITY AS JEFF GOLDSTEIN in The Annotated Chris Rock.
A small taste of the entire operation:
Well, in the sense that he ordered the invasion, Bush certainly started the fighting, though to say he started the war is a stretch. To wit: what Rock neglects to mention is that GAP employees had been fired upon daily in the employee parking lot by Banana Republic staffers for twelve years following the GAP's repulsion of Banana Republic from Abercrombie and Fitch (which it tried to take over by force in 1991.) After the GAP and its allies from Cinnabon, Panda Express, Bed Bath and Beyond, etc repelled the invading Banana Republic volley, Banana Republic signed a cease fire agreement, which it then almost immediately violated; additionally, Banana Republic's longtime CEO tried to have a former GAP president assassinated -- and that former GAP president just happens to be the father of that same George Bush who supposedly "started"the war).
Posted by Vanderleun at Mar 1, 2005 4:21 PM | QuickLink:
Numa Numa Hits the Big Screen
TIRED OF SEEING THE NUMA NUMA GUY GYRATING LIKE A DEMENTED SCHNAUZER IN THE SMALL LITTLE VIDEO BOX?
Posted by Vanderleun at Feb 27, 2005 7:57 AM | QuickLink:
"The Law of the Blogger:" A Signed and Numbered Edition
THE PERFECT GIFT FOR THE BLOGGER IN YOUR LIFE, or, if you are a blogger, the perfect gift for yourself (And you know you deserve it.)
As regular readers know, I never ask for money on American Digest. (I might, but in the two years this site has been active, I haven't.) Don't ask me why, because I don't know, and it drives people near me crazy. Here's your chance to help return them to sanity.
I will create the first signed and numbered edition of "THE LAW OF THE BLOGGER" in two variations and limited to 150 copies of each. [See below for examples.]
Each copy will be personally printed to order in high-resolution on a Canon 9000 ink-jet. The paper will be archival, acid-free, cold-pressed Fabriano 72 pound stock -- highly suitable for framing. Each print will be numbered, approved and signed by the artist -- which would be, well, me.
The two variations you may order are:
Keep Mum. The World Has Blogs and The Law of the Blogger as a pure type treatment.
Click to enlarge
Don't be put off by the quality of the Jpegs. Here's a sample of the level of resolution in the finished print:
Click to enlarge
Cost, including shipping, will be $20.00 per print. Shipping will be via Priority Mail in a strong tube. Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back on return of the print. [Shipping included within the US only, write for details on shipping to other parts of the world.]
To order, please make a payment to my PayPal account. [No credit cards. This ain't Amazon.] If Paypal is a problem, please send me email at [email protected] and we'll work something out.
When ordering, be sure to include your mailing address which I won't disclose to anyone and probably won't remember anyway. If it is a gift, please tell me the address of the person you're sending it to if different from your own.
Here's the button, hit it. Think of it as DonationWare where you actually get something.
The Most Innovative Novel by a Best-Selling American Author Is Not Available in English
Click to Enlarge
Robert Fulghum's All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten came out of left field in the late 1980s to dominate bestseller lists around the world like no other non-ficton book in memory. It was so successful that, at one point, it was number one on the Times' bestseller list in hardcover and in paperback with his second book, It Was On Fire When I Lay Down On It occupying the second slot on the hardcover list. A perfect publishing trifecta.
Over the years, Fulghum came out with many more books -- all in the vein of plain-spoken stories from life that held deeper and universal meanings; a philosophy of Everyman, if you will. Their appeal reached across linguistic and cultural boundaries and sold tens of millions of copies in dozens of languages. They continue to sell to this day.
For reasons that I won't go into here, -- but may tell another time -- I've watched this publishing phenomenon from a unique, somewhat inside, perspective. Suffice it to say that for Fulghum and everyone else involved it was, for ten years, a wild ride. A ride that might have continued, as these publishing things do, for many more years except for one wild card in the equation, Robert Fulghum.
Fulghum is one of those rare individuals that you meet in life that are best described as: "A man who is himself." There's nothing in him that is derivative of others. Besides being a writer, Fulghum is also a painter, a sculptor, a Unitarian minister, a man who knows his whiskey and cigars, and his way around a poker table. He also plays a mean mandocello. For ten years he was in great demand as a speaker, and he still is. But there was a point at which he decided, against all advice to the contrary from the traditional publishing types in his karass, that he was tired of being "Captain Kindergarten," and he just folded up the tent and walked away.
He walked away and did the one thing a successful best-selling author of short inspiring essays about life should never, ever do: he wrote a novel.
But he did not write a novel that looked like or felt like or read like any novel you have ever read. It was a "Novel-In-A-Box." Take a look. Take a long look.Take a very long look at the photographs of this work. And then come back. I'll wait here.
Posted by Vanderleun at Jan 8, 2005 3:17 PM | Comments (2) | QuickLink:
Hotel Des Idiots Opens to the Applause of Cool Fools
In the never-ending stream of bad news about bad art and worse design comes this little peek into modern hotel hell from Trendsetters.com - Hot Trends, Cool Things, a site which approves of ugliness in the name of trend.
"The hot art market is behind the art hotel phenomenon. Here San Francisco artist Tim Gaskin shows off his Hotel Des Arts room."
Bad logoesque supergraphics from the 70s? A giant stencil of Madonna? A very small and cheap room with a lot of trashy walls slapped with primary colors to get it to seem even smaller? Cost-Plus wooden blinds? Cheap little bedside reading lamps? A cheaper little bud vase? The only thing worse than being drugged into unconsciousness and then waking up in this room would be to wake up in this room with Gaskin still in it.
Native Man in Gut Parka with Small Carved Boat
Photographer: Dobbs
Location: Nome, Alaska
Date; Unknown
An immense and deeply fascinating collection of photographs from Alaska during the late 19th and early 20th Century Alaska. Over 13,500 available online @ The Gallery of the UAF Rasmuson Library
Posted by Vanderleun at Nov 23, 2004 11:52 PM | QuickLink:
Worthy Laureate
In case you failed to notice it, the United States has a new poet laureate, Ted Kooser. For once, this office seems to be filled by someone worthy of the honor. "What could possibly be wrong with a world in which everybody was trying to write poems?" Kooser said. "Is that not better than watching 'Survivor' or engaging in some sort of nefarious, stupid activity?" -- Omaha.com
Two by Kooser.
Today, from a distance, I saw you
walking away, and without a sound
the glittering face of a glacier
slid into the sea. An ancient oak
fell in the Cumberlands, holding only
a handful of leaves, and an old woman
scattering corn to her chickens looked up
for an instant. At the other side
of the galaxy, a star thirty-five times
the size of our own sun exploded
and vanished, leaving a small green spot
on the astronomer's retina
as he stood on the great open dome
of my heart with no one to tell.
==[*]==
The Art Made Me Do It!: "Last weak I cud not spel artis. Now I are one."
A poor craftsman blames her inspiration.
The dreary case of Maria Alquilar's ugly and illiterate ceramic mural for the Livermore Library illustrates just how ignorant and untalented many American "artists" actually are.Ms. Alquilar's creation had everything that government committees value in today's public art, i.e., a huge chunk of diversity worship that excludes only beauty and inspiration seeking only to mollify and soothe. It is and, except for a few mistakes, would have remained a forgettable eyesore, noted only by pre-schoolers on a dubious field trip. The mistakes? For starters it couldn't spell "Shakespeare."
Ms. Alquilar 'created' a series of four dreadful but politically correct clay plaques that were, with some ceremony and a cost of $40,000, installed at the entrance of the new library in Livermore, California. Due to the joint failures of the primary, secondary, and collegiate educational systems in the United States, Ms. Alquilar managed to give "creative spellings" to such names as Einstein, Gauguin, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, and van Gogh. She also blew 'Kachinas' and 'Nefertiti,' along with a few others.
Neither Ms. Alquilar nor anyone else involved in the creation, fabrication, and installation spotted even one of the eleven mistakes. Result? They now grace the facade of a library, monuments to a culture that doesn't know, doesn't see, doesn't give a damn, and has no intention of putting things right. At least, that's Ms. Aquilar's current position:
9 Seats by 9 Designers That All Fit in a Fed-Ex Box.
THE FILM SHOWS YOU how they UN_FOLD .
9 Seats by 9 Designers That All Fit in a Fed-Ex Box.
THE FILM SHOWS YOU how they UN_FOLD .
Posted by Vanderleun at May 31, 2004 5:39 PM | QuickLink:
"Framed"-- Lost Law & Order Short
LAW AND ORDER FANS can fill up on the one episode where absolutely nothing happens and the tedium overwhelms the whole cast: "Law & Order: Artistic Intent"--Shanan Kurtz and Gareth Long
[Needs Quicktime]
Posted by Vanderleun at May 31, 2004 1:37 PM | QuickLink:
"Framed"-- Lost Law & Order Short
LAW AND ORDER FANS can fill up on the one episode where absolutely nothing happens and the tedium overwhelms the whole cast: "Law & Order: Artistic Intent"--Shanan Kurtz and Gareth Long
[Needs Quicktime]
FROM: The Revealer: The First Noble Truth of Charlie Brown
Revealing religion in pop culture requires looking beyond the artist's intentions, to the swirl of cultural influences in which he or she worked and the whirlwind of cultural influences in which we receive the fruits of the artist's labor -- the pop culture blizzard in which the zazen of a silent beagle offers some kind of serenity, if not redemption.
Posted by Vanderleun at May 28, 2004 1:10 PM | QuickLink:
Different Jobs Over the Decades
A FASCINATING EXHIBITION of Wall Street Journal Portraits (called 'HedCuts') of Executives gives us this tidy graphic history of Steve Jobs styles. Conclusion. He's a man of whatever era he finds himself in.
A mere twenty-one years of age when he cofounded Apple Computer with Stephen Wozniak in 1976, Steve Jobs has matured over the past quarter century into a seasoned businessman. In 1985, Jobs left Apple, going on to found a new company, Next, Inc., which focused on educational applications. The company was later sold to Apple in 1996, when Jobs returned to guide Apple back to profitability. A series of three hedcuts reflect the evolution of the entrepreneur's style -- shorter hairstyles, the addition of glasses, and more casual clothing.
Posted by Vanderleun at May 8, 2004 10:31 PM | QuickLink:
Urban Renewal
The QuitSmoking Towers as we can admire them in the Kuala Lampur's skyline, took over 3 years of hard work (due to its very complex structure) and harsh legal battles against the Tobacco Lobbies that tried to stop the project.
Due to the outstanding success of their towers, the DesignForPeople Studio responsable of the project was recently commissioned to raise a "NoJunkFood" shopping center in Hong Kong...
Posted by Vanderleun at May 3, 2004 7:54 AM | QuickLink:
Type Cast
Not Big Caslon, but rather Very Big Caslon: those of you strolling through midtown Manhattan may want to stop and visit the largest font of type I've ever seen -- maybe the largest in the world -- located in the lobby of the Time Warner building at 1271 Avenue of the Americas.
The 13 x 6 1/2 foot sculpture, a showing of William Caslon's eponymous 471, was originally commissioned by Time magazine. -- From Typographica : Very Big Caslon
The 10-Minute Anthem That Changed the World
An excerpt from Robert Hilburn's extensive and fascinating interview with Bob Dylan:
Dylan leans over and picks up the acoustic guitar.
"Well, you have to understand that I'm not a melodist," he says. "My songs are either based on old Protestant hymns or Carter family songs or variations of the blues form.
"What happens is, I'll take a song I know and simply start playing it in my head. That's the way I meditate. A lot of people will look at a crack on the wall and meditate, or count sheep or angels or money or something, and it's a proven fact that it'll help them relax. I don't meditate on any of that stuff. I meditate on a song.
"I'll be playing Bob Nolan's 'Tumbling Tumbleweeds,' for instance, in my head constantly %u2014 while I'm driving a car or talking to a person or sitting around or whatever. People will think they are talking to me and I'm talking back, but I'm not. I'm listening to the song in my head. At a certain point, some of the words will change and I'll start writing a song."
He's slowly strumming the guitar, but it's hard to pick out the tune.
"I wrote 'Blowin' in the Wind' in 10 minutes, just put words to an old spiritual, probably something I learned from Carter Family records. That's the folk music tradition. You use what's been handed down. 'The Times They Are A-Changin' is probably from an old Scottish folk song."
Pointer thanks to Outer Life which, strangely, "resisted Bob Dylan for a long time."
Posted by Vanderleun at Apr 29, 2004 5:21 AM | Comments (2) | QuickLink:
Disfarmer
"The eccentric photographer known as Disfarmer (1884-1959) seemed to be a man determined to shroud himself in mystery. Born Mike Meyers, the sixth of seven children in a German immigrant family, Disfarmer rejected the Arkansas farming world and the family in which he was raised.
"He even claimed at one point in his life that a tornado had lifted him up from places unknown and deposited him into the Meyers family. "
Posted by Vanderleun at Apr 12, 2004 12:14 AM | QuickLink:
A Rare Poetic Form in Rare Form
The sharp-eyed Mike Snider of the pleasingly titled: Mike Snider's Formal Blog and Sonnetarium notes: "I Don't Like Many Pantoums but I do like this one by Martha Grimes (yes, that Martha Grimes ) from her Send Bygraves. "
I agree. The pantoum is a form rarely used and seldom successful. What pantoum's usually breed is a lot of new-age pap such as: "The pantoum seems particularly suited to us writing in America at the end of the twentieth century. Its repetition and circular quality give it a mystical chant like feeling. Its cut-up lines break down linear thought. The form is both ancient and fresh. Once you embark on it, it will be a poetic path you will want to take again and again." -- Miriam Sagan
It's a pleasure to see a saner path sustained in Grimes'
MURDERPANTOUM
Down the wrong paths to the wrong answers lie
Clues that are planted to mislead the eye.
On Spectre Hill, a coach is passing by.
It will stop in your courtyard presently.
Clues that are planted to mislead the eye:
The gun, the knife, the bloodstain on the floor.
It will stop in your courtyard presently,
The driver will step down and try the door.
The gun, the knife, the bloodstain on the floor,
They are not what they seem to be at first.
The driver will step down and try the door.
As in an ending cleverly reversed,
They are not what they seem to be at first.
In silence sometimes lies the only hope.
As in an ending cleverly reversed,
Beware. Be Still. Be Patient. Let him grope.
In silence sometimes lies the only hope.
Some say there is an answer in the sky.
Beware. Be Still. Be Patient. Let him grope
Down the wrong paths to the wrong answers. Lie.
It's Early Spring. The sheep will have their young.
The flock then fills with lambs a few weeks old,
Anonymous dots until each mother's call
Brings each lamb back to get its feeding done.
The ewes call out, and by each mother's sound,
Repeated like an echo round the field,
They and the lambs, wherever is the need,
Each by their own are by that calling found.
If you keep sheep and mean to do it well,
You'll try to sell the lambs for Easter night
And get your price and give the flock its blend.
The ewes remaining in the flock don't know
Their lambs are gone and keep on calling out
For three full days; and then the calling ends
Posted by Vanderleun at Mar 10, 2004 6:25 PM | QuickLink:
The Spam of William Burroughs
William Burroughs, an ancient and honorable beat Junkie now gone to his reward, came in his dotage to the concept of the 'cut-up.' The "Cut-Up" was a literary theory only a junkie or those who admire junkies could love. It held that you could shred up any item of print and, putting the pieces back together at random, wrest meaning out of gibberish.
And I am here to tell you that, if you were young enough, and had smoked enough dope, this theory was pure gold. It was instant literature for pot heads. Best of all, it took no thought whatsoever. (Always a plus for dope smokers.) Thought was anathema to the cut-up. What it took was a book, a pair of scissors, a pot of paste, and some blank paper. Whammo, snip and clip, cut and paste and art pure of heart and bereft of intent or cognition was yours for the asking.
Burroughs dined out on this theory for years, but I had thought that the practice and performance of this method had died with him.
So it was with renewed joy and the knowledge that, in modern art, no bad idea is ever really dead that I noted that The Cut-Up, in theory and practice, has found new life in the most recent incarnation of Spam.
Yes, as the Spammers grow ever more desperate to get their scams in front of your glazed eyes, they have now resorted to the Burroughsian Cut-Up Method for generating subject lines. A brief dip into my Junk folder today gave me these subject lines, presented verbatim and in order:
Re:Chaos
Eugene, Oregon 1975
"It's vain to think that you would have any interest in my photos of the places I've been, but vanity is the only excuse I offer. I like my photographs. After all the effort it's comforting to know they are available to others - much more comforting than the thought that, left on the shelf, they may become just another heirloom destined for the trash. If you like them too please let me know." - Bill Hocker
I first became aware of Bill Hocker's photography via a link on Jef Poskanzer's Industrial Archeology , a page I recommend to those with an interest in same as a central resource. In Jef's consistently terse style all he said was: "Bill Hocker's great industrial photos." I trust Jef like I trust few others online so that was enough for me.
Clicking on his link to Hocker's Industrials I was prepared for something excellent and I was not disappointed. I was not, however, prepared for the vast array of pleasures that the rest of his site has to offer.
Elegant and sparse in layout and presentation, Bill Hocker: Photographs is one of those rare sites where the visitor finds himself wandering from page to page and theme to theme with increasing pleasure. Through an all too rare meeting of taste with technical ability, Hocker's images from across many decades and through many countries, all seem as fresh as tomorrow and as solid as yesterday. Marked throughout by a quiet meticulousness and a dedication to visual acuity, this is one site you will not want to leave too soon. And one you'll want to return to as well.
Why should it bother me that no one cares
How hard it was to lug my ex-wife's stuff
From our new house and up three flights of stairs
To Marianne's? Who hasn't had it rough?
Besides, I got to keep the cat and plants
And sometimes see my daughtertill they moved
And mow the grass and look for new romance
There's nothing like it! Nothing! It's been proved!
The only things like anything are things
Too small to pet or whisper to at night
"O little quark your strangeness weaves the strings
Of everything but leptons and the light!"
What mulitudes I am, still incomplete.
My mother claims my father's breath was sweet.
==
Posted by Vanderleun at Nov 3, 2003 11:49 PM | Comments (3) | QuickLink:
The Most Brilliant Website in Known Cyberspace
Since 1986, I've seen a lot of the Net... Dave's Cave BBS , FidoNet , The Source, Usenet-Before-alt.sex , CIS with a 6 character command line interface, Picospan at The Well , Gopher , Lynx and, after what seemed a long time and overnight, the Web . I'm well aware you can't see it all, you can't even see the beginning of the beginning of it all. And sure, I know that a site brand new to me has been seen by tens of thousands before. Right. Next. Still, because the Net has been good to me, I've seen a lot.
And, as happens when you see too much of something, I've become jaded -- "Been there, Clicked That, Bought the T-Shirt at CafePress." There are days when it all feels like I should be pulled over and booked for click and run.
But then an email brings a pointer, or a site posts a link, and, in an instant, you know you've found one of those sites that keeps you coming back.
The site pointed to below is one of those.
It is one of those sites that you know in an instant is going to be a time-sink the size of Jupiter's Red Spot and that you are going down.
It is a site that proceeds from pure imagination to meld words and images into a bright fusion. Combine that with a talent to bend HTML to serve the artist's ends rather than the other way around, and you are into "something rich and strange" -- the Sublime .
This is a site that exists to the side, in another dimension, an alternate web universe long ago and far away from these mundane uses. Above all, it is a site that challenges others to be even five percent as good. It's one of those places that show you what this medium could be rather than what is.
If you don't believe me, listen to ... The Pusher :
I'm beginning to feel like your local drug dealer.
First, I warn you about Quicksilver (which, of course, signaled many of you to just go out and buy it, and there's no help for you.
Then, I carefully warned you about this site, and I have no doubt many of you not only clicked, but you may have bought.
But neither of these are as dangerous as what I'm about to present.
This site is a diabolical combination of art, writing, and technology that is guaranteed to suck you into hours of addic....er, enjoyment. And, you better pay for it.
I suggest that your first experience begin with this . It's not quite as strong as the other installments, but will give you an eye-opening introduction. And, oh, if you don't get it, look at the bottom of your browser window. You have to scroll right.
The next is up to you. If you believe you're a right wing-conservative, or a left-wing liberal, then this work will prove appealing.
If you're into the Bible, then you should consult this , which is an interesting take on the Book of Revelations.
I could go on an on. But I won't. I've done enough damage. Please forgive me.
Posted by Vanderleun at Nov 1, 2003 2:00 AM | Comments (4) | QuickLink:
The Guggenheim Then
Space Object Box: Little Bear, etc. motif, mid-1950searly 1960s. Box construction and collage, 11 x 17 1/2 x 5 1/4 inches.
Joseph Cornell was born December 24, 1903, in Nyack, New York. From 1917 to 1921, he attended Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. He was an avid collector of memorabilia and, while working as a woolen-goods salesman in New York until 1931, developed his interests in ballet, literature, and opera. He lived with his mother and brother, Robert, at their home in the Flushing section of Queens.
The Swimmer in the Econo-mist (painting 3), 199798
[Click to Enlarge]
James Rosenquist A Retrospective at the Guggenheim
Born in 1933 in Grand Forks, North Dakota, James Rosenquist studied art at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts as a teenager and at the University of Minnesota between 1952 and 1954, painting billboards during the summers. In 1955 he moved to New York to study at the Art Students League. He left the school after one year, and in 1957 returned to life as a commercial artist, painting billboards in Times Square and across the city. By 1960, he had quit painting billboards and rented a small studio space in Manhattan where his neighbors included artists Robert Indiana, Ellsworth Kelly, and Jack Youngerman. In 1962, he had his first solo exhibition at the Green Gallery in New York, and afterward was included in a number of groundbreaking group exhibitions that established Pop art as a movement.
From Today in Literature: Ernest Hemingway - For Whom the Bell Tolls
On this day in 1940 Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls was published. It had been over a decade since A Farewell to Arms, and though there had been a handful of books since, the critics had not thought much of them. About this one, many agreed with Edmund Wilson: "Hemingway the artist is with us again; and it is like having an old friend back." Sales kept pace, with half a million copies sold in the first six months, and a record-setting film deal. There were dissenting voices, some of them raised at Hemingway's view of the Spanish Civil War, some of them at his love-making. This is the famous moment in chapter thirteen when everything goes "red, orange, gold-red" for Maria and the earth moves for Robert Jordan:
"For him it was a dark passage which led to nowhere, then to nowhere, then again to nowhere, once again to nowhere, always and forever to nowhere, heavy on the elbows in the earth to nowhere, dark, never any end to nowhere, hung on all time always to unknowing nowhere, this time and again for always to nowhere, now not to be borne once again always and to nowhere, now beyond all bearing up, up, up and into nowhere, suddenly scaldingly, holdingly all nowhere gone and time absolutely still and they were both there, time having stopped and he felt the earth move out and away from under them."
Song for Woody, by Bob Dylan. This was one of two songs writtenby Dylan on his first album ("Bob Dylan"), recorded this day in 1961:
...I'm out I'm out here a thousand miles from my home
Walkin' a road other men have gone down
I'm seein' your world of people and things
Of paupers and peasants and princes and kings.
Hey, hey, Woody Guthrie, I wrote you a song
'Bout a funny old world that's comin' along
See, it's sick and it's hungry and it's tired and it's torn
It looks like it's dyin' and it's hardly been born.
Curatoraprose: "Okay, we get it, we get it..."
"Elvis to Andy to Barbra,"
Is all ye know on Earth,
And all ye need to know.
There's a school of writing that has infected museums. It's called "curatoraprose," and it arises from the strange compulsion of museums to explain what can be seen. It is a terrible affliciton that kills and cripples thousands of artworks annually. Here's an example:
"Deborah Kass mimics Andy Warhol's portrait of Elvis Presley, substituting Barbra Steisand in the role of Yentl for the king of rock and roll. In this painting, the artist comments on the roles played by gender and religion in today's culture, humorously contrasting Yentl in Yeshiva-boy drag with Elvis America's iconic image of virility."
The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Roy Lichtenstein on the Roof
This Web feature is designed to complement "Roy Lichtenstein on the Roof," on view at the Metropolitan Museum through November 2, 2003. The installation comprises a selection of six brightly painted or patinated bronze and aluminum sculptures by American artist Roy Lichtenstein (1923ï¿1997). The works are on view in the most dramatic outdoor space for sculpture in New York City: The Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Roof Garden, which offers a spectacular view of Central Park and the New York City skyline. Created in the 1990s, the six works include a group of "brushstroke" sculptures and a seventeen-foot-wide house.
I AM THE PEOPLE, THE MOB
by Carl Sandburg
I AM the people--the mob--the crowd--the mass.
Do you know that all the great work of the world is
done through me?
I am the workingman, the inventor, the maker of the
world's food and clothes.
I am the audience that witnesses history. The
Napoleons
come from me and the Lincolns. They die. And
then I send forth more Napoleons and Lincolns.
I am the seed ground. I am a prairie that will stand
for much plowing. Terrible storms pass over me.
I forget. The best of me is sucked out and wasted.
I forget. Everything but Death comes to me and
makes me work and give up what I have. And I
forget.
Sometimes I growl, shake myself and spatter a few red
drops for history to remember. Then--I forget.
When I, the People, learn to remember, when I, the
People, use the lessons of yesterday and no longer
forget who robbed me last year, who played me for
a fool--then there will be no speaker in all the world
say the name: "The People," with any fleck of a
sneer in his voice or any far-off smile of derision.
The mob--the crowd--the mass--will arrive then.
Frederic Remington: The Color of Night
"The Stampede by Lightning"
Click for larger view
The greatest American painter of the frontier, Frederic Remington, has a number of relatively unknown paintings being exhibitied at the National Gallery The focus in this show is on Remington's paintings that take place at night.
Remington's nocturnes are filled with color and light�moonlight, firelight, and candlelight. These complex paintings testify to the artist's interest in modern technological innovations, including flash photography and the advent of electricity, which was rapidly transforming the character of night. The paintings are also elegiac, for they reflect Remington's lament that the West he had known as a young man had, by the turn of the century, largely disappeared. Although immediately recognized as extraordinary works, Remington's late nocturnes have never before been the subject of an exhibition. Frederic Remington: The Color of Night gathers together for the first time the finest of these mysterious, often deeply personal paintings.
The Making of a Magazine Icon
Click for larger image
From the Smithsonian's retrospective of the work of Philip Halsman located at: Portraits by Halsman Here we've placed two separate images together to see how a photographer's vision is translated into a magazine cover. Hard to see how Marilyn could make a "case for interplanetary saucers," but it would be hard to resist picking up this magazine to see what that case could be. After all, people only read Life for the
Christo's 23 Miles of Gates to Open in Central Park
Just when you thought it was safe to go back into Central Park... Christo Reconsidered
The audacious and totally original artist Christo (and his fiery collaborator-wife Jeanne-Claude) are back now, with the City's approval, to install "The Gates"; their project in Central Park.
While the date isn't finally set, Christo hopes "The Gates" project will be installed as early as 2005.Christo plans to place his "Gates" along the 23 miles of Central Park's paths. Not just five or 10 or 100 but a virtual Roman legion of 7,500 gates: 16-foot-high marching metal stanchions with luminous, saffron-colored banners hanging from their crossbars, waving and billowing in the breeze.
For the complete background on this stunning project, go to The Gates Project
Posted by Vanderleun at Jul 11, 2003 9:35 AM | Comments (2) | QuickLink:
Target: Design in American Now
An icon for the 21st century that surpasses the Taco Bell Chihuahua would have to be this horned woofer run up for Target Stores by the Peterson Milla Hooks agency. We're not sure what he's promoting for Target, but we are sure that if he was on the shelves in time for Christmas, he'd run out of the store.
The Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum | is an exceptional online sight featuring numerous flash-enabled tours of current and past exhibitions. Now showing is "The "National Design Triennial: Inside Design Now" showcasing 80 designers and firms who are setting the pace in contemporary design.
| i don't know |
In James Bond novels and films, what is the codename for the fictional research and development division of the British Secret Service? | Q (Literary) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Trigger Mortis
Major Boothroyd is the British Secret Service armourer introduced in Ian Fleming 's sixth James Bond novel, Dr. No . The character is the origin of the James Bond film character Q (standing for Quartermaster); the head of Q Branch , the fictional research and development division of the Service.
Novel biography
At the beginning of Dr. No , M calls Major Boothroyd the best armourer in the world. Q is called into M's office to present him and James Bond with alternatives to Bond's Beretta 418 pistol, whose stalled drawing time led to Bond's poisoning by Rosa Klebb at the end of From Russia with Love . He calls the Beretta a "ladies gun" and suggests other weapons such as the Tokarev TT-33 before finally settling on the Walther PPK , which is approved by M.
Behind the scenes
The origin of the Q character is rather complicated. In the Fleming novels there are frequent references to 'Q branch', a division of the British Secret Service which provides equipment to field operatives. There is a reference to Q in Chapter 3 of Casino Royale , the first Bond book, when M says to Bond: "Go over a few days before the big game starts and get your hand in. Have a talk to Q. about rooms and trains, and any equipment you want." There is a similar reference in the following novel, Live and Let Die . However, this appears to be an abbreviation for Q Branch rather than the codename for a particular individual.
In the sixth novel, Dr. No , the service armourer Q appears for the first time. Fleming named the character after Geoffrey Boothroyd, a firearms expert who lived in Glasgow, Scotland. He had written to the novelist suggesting that Bond was not using the best firearms available; criticizing in particular Bond's use of the Beretta 418 pistol. Grateful for the advice, Fleming phased out the Beretta and wrote the character of Boothroyd into the subsequent novel. Boothroyd is also referenced occasionally in the Bond novels of John Gardner , but the author preferred instead to focus on a new character, Q'ute .
| Q |
Xerophagy is the eating of what? | James Bond at 50 - The Pierce Brosnan Years - Bradley Ruzicka
James Bond at 50 – The Pierce Brosnan Years
By [email protected] on September 29, 2015
The fifth post in my “James Bond at 50” series focuses on the Pierce Brosnan Years. For me, the best of Brosnan’s four films was his first, 1995’s GoldenEye. While I enjoyed his next two Bond films, Tomorrow Never Dies and The World Is Not Enough, I didn’t consider them very memorable. Brosnan’s last Bond film, Die Another Day, was a disappointment. Like many critics, I felt the movie relied too heavily on computer annimation that was not all that convincing and distracted from the plot. At times, it seemed like a cartoon. Unfortunately for Brosnan, he wouldn’t have the opportunity for redemption as he suffered a fate similar to Timothy Dalton and, due to circumstances beyond his control, didn’t get a chance to make a fifth film.
In Autumn 1985, following the financial and critical disappointment of A View to a Kill, work began on scripts for the next Bond film with the intention that Roger Moore would not reprise the role of James Bond. One of the actors being considered as Moore’s replacement was Pierce Brosnan. Brosnan had first met producer Albert R. Broccoli on the set of 1981’s For Your Eyes Only when Brosnan’s wife, Cassandra Harris, was appearing in the film as Countess Lisl von Schlaf. Beginning in 1982, Brosnan would star as a criminal-turned-private investigator in the NBC TV series Remington Steele, where he captured some of the traits of previous Bonds in playing the Steele role. Like Moore, he exemplified a high degree of suaveness, elegance, charm and wit while, on occasion, displaying a masculinity and grittiness reminiscent of Sean Connery’s Bond successfully “combining the character’s Englishness with a classless internationalism that is highly knowing”.
In Summer 1986, Remington Steele was cancelled by NBC due to falling ratings. However, the announcement that Brosnan would be chosen to play James Bond caused a surge in interest in the series. Unfortunately for both Broccoli and Brosnan, Brosnan’s contract gave NBC a 60-day option to make a another season of the show after it was cancelled. On the very last day, NBC decided to exercise the option. Their action caused drastic repercussions; Broccoli withdrew the offer given to Brosnan citing that he did not want the character associated with a contemporary TV series. The edict from Broccoli was that “Remington Steele will not be James Bond” and he instead hired Timothy Dalton in October to be the next 007. For Brosnan, this was the worst of times. Not only was he no longer the new Bond, interest in Remington Steele plummeted and only five new episodes were filmed before the show was again cancelled.
After Dalton retired from the Bond role in 1994, Eon again turned to the actor they had considered after A View to a Kill: Pierce Brosnan. Broccoli offered Brosnan a three-film contract with an option on a fourth; his salary for his first film, GoldenEye, was $4 million which rose to $16.5 million for his fourth outing, Die Another Day. On June 7 1994, Brosnan was announced as the fifth actor to play James Bond. Brosnan would finally get to play the role he narrowly missed out on back in 1986. Unfortunately, Brosnan’s hiring would mark Broccoli’s last major decision as producer. He was not well and could no longer handle the day-to-day stress of making a major motion picture. Broccoli would now turn the franchise over to his daughter, Barbara Broccoli, and his son-in-law, Michael G. Wilson.
On June 27 1996, seven months after the release of the first Brosnan film, GoldenEye, Albert R. “Cubby” Broccoli died of heart failure in his Beverly Hills home. He was 87 years old.
Pierce Brosnan was seen by many as the quintessential Bond in appearance and manner, displaying an air of coolness, elegance and a grace which made him believable as an international playboy, if not purely as an assassin. Andrew Spicer said that “Brosnan’s frame carries the ‘Armani look’ with its refined understated Englishness, to perfection. His lithe, sinuous athleticism is well suited to the fast-paced action and state-of-the-art gadgetry that retains the series’ core appeal”.
James Chapman also considered Brosnan’s appearance striking, saying the actor had “old-fashioned, darkly handsome matinee idol looks”. John G. Stackhouse for instance argues that it is preposterous that any man as strikingly handsome as Brosnan and Connery could be a secret agent, saying, “When Sean Connery or Pierce Brosnan enters a room, everyone notices. Thus it is ridiculous to suppose that James Bond, looking like that, could be a secret agent for longer than about two seconds.”
Brosnan’s Bond was introduced in 1995’s Goldeneye. However, by the mid ’90s, James Bond had been out of the public eye for six years due to legal disputes between UA/MGM and Eon Productions. During this time, the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union had ended and, according to the series, Everything or Nothing, The Untold Story of 007, there was real doubt that Bond’s appeal could survive in a post-Cold War world. But the fans had not forgotten. GoldenEye grossed $350 million worldwide making it the fourth highest worldwide gross of any film in 1995 as well as the most successful Bond film financially since Moonraker. Bond was back with a vengeance!
James Chapman argues that the film works Brosnan’s portrayal of Bond into the history of the others in the series through the post-credits sequence use of the Aston Martin DB5, previously seen in Goldfinger and Thunderball, “thus immediately evoking the memory of [Sean] Connery”. However, with Brosnan, the Bond writers knew that, because of the changes in public attitudes, he could not be as overtly sexual and dominant over women as Connery’s Bond. Brosnan’s characterisation of Bond was seen by Jeremy Black as being “closer to the Fleming novels than Moore … yet he is also lighter and less intense than Dalton”.
Black also commented on the shift in the Bond character during Brosnan’s first three films reflecting changing social opinions. In addition to the films’ more modern characterization of women, Bond was now a non-smoker. Brosnan was clear he wanted to change Bond’s smoking habit, saying “I don’t give a damn about everyone’s perception of the character: I think smoking causes cancer therefore he doesn’t smoke”. Brosnan continued with the use of humor prevalent with other portrayals and provided a “mix of action and danger threaded through with the right amount of wit and humour”. Smith and Lavington saw the humor largely as puns that were “flippant, but not crass.”
Brosnan returned in 1997’s Tomorrow Never Dies and 1999’s The World Is Not Enough; both were successful critically and financially. In 2002, Brosnan appeared for his fourth time as Bond in Die Another Day. However, Die Another Day, although a success at the box office, received mixed reviews. Some critics praised the work of Director Lee Tamahori while others criticized the film’s heavy use of computer generated imagery which they found unconvincing and a distraction from the film’s plot. Brosnan himself subsequently criticized many aspects of movie although, during the film’s promotion, he mentioned he would like to continue his role as James Bond. “I’d like to do another, sure. Connery did six. Six would be a number, then never come back.”
Yet, shortly after the release of Die Another Day, the media began questioning whether or not Brosnan would indeed reprise the role for a fifth time. At that point, Brosnan was approaching his 50th birthday. He kept in mind that both fans and critics were very unhappy with Roger Moore playing the role until he was 58. But Brosnan was receiving popular support from the franchise’s fanbase for another instalment. For this reason, he remained enthusiastic about reprising his role. However, the events of September 11 2001 had a sobering effect on the producers, Barbara Broccoli and Michael Wilson. According to the documentary Everything or Nothing, the two struggled with the direction the films would take in a post-9/11 world. In October 2004, according to Brosnan, Broccoli and Wilson told him they didn’t know how to go on with the series or what they would do next, at which point, Brosnan said he considered himself dismissed from the role.
Once again, James Bond would have to be reinvented, this time for a new century.
Following is a brief description of each of Pierce Brosnan’s James Bond films.
— GoldenEye (Released November 1995): In 1986, Bond and Alec Trevelyan (Sean Bean), agent 006, infiltrate an illicit Soviet chemical weapons facility and plant explosive charges. Trevelyan is shot but Bond escapes from the facility as it explodes. Nine years later, Bond witnesses the theft of a prototype Eurocopter Tiger helicopter that can withstand an electromagnetic pulse after he follows Xenia Onatopp (Famke Janssen), a suspected member of the Janus crime syndicate, to Monte Carlo. Janus uses the helicopter to steal the control disk for the dual GoldenEye satellite weapons, using one of the GoldenEyes to destroy the complex with an electromagnetic pulse, and escape with co-conspirator Boris Grishenko (Alan Cumming).
There is one survivor of the attack, a programmer, Natalya Simonova (Izabella Scorupco). Bond investigates the attack and travels to Russia where he locates Simonova and learns that Trevelyan, who had faked his own death, is the head of Janus. Simonova tracks computer traffic to Cuba and the two of them travel there to locate Trevelyan. After infiltrating Trevelyan’s complex, Bond learns of his plan to steal money from the Bank of England before erasing all of its financial records with the GoldenEye, concealing the theft and destroying Britain’s economy. Bond and Simonova destroy the satellite facility, killing Trevelyan, Grishenko, and Onatopp in the process.
GoldenEye was the first Bond film directed by Martin Campbell and was also the first film in the series not to take story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. The story was conceived and written primarily by Michael France. M was also recast, with actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character, replacing Robert Brown. GoldenEye was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War which provided a background for the plot. The film accumulated a worldwide gross of $350.7M on a budget of $58M. Some critics viewed the film as a modernization of the series and felt Brosnan was a definite improvement over his predecessor, Timothy Dalton.
— Tomorrow Never Dies (Released December 1997): Bond investigates the sinking of a British warship in Chinese waters, the theft of one of the ship’s cruise missles, and the shooting down of a Chinese fighter plane. He uncovers a link to media mogul Elliot Carver (Jonathan Pryce) which suggests that Carver had purchased a GPS encoder on the black market. Bond travels to Hamburg to investigate Carver and seduces his wife, Paris (Teri Hatcher), an ex-girlfriend, to get information that would help him enter Carver’s newspaper headquarters. Bond encounters Chinese agent Wai Lin (Michelle Yeoh), who is also investigating the matter, and the two agree to work together.
They discover that Carver had used the GPS encoder to push the British ship off course and into Chinese waters in order to incite a war for ratings as well as to replace the current Chinese government with one more supportive of Carver’s plans for obtaining exclusive broadcast rights in their country. With the British fleet on their way to China, Bond and Lin find Carver’s stealth ship, board it, and prevent the firing of a British cruise missile at Beijing. They blow a hole in the ship, exposing it to radar, leading to its sinking, and averting war between Britain and China. In the process of exposing the ship, Lin is captured. Bond subsequently rescues Lin while also killing Carver and his henchmen.
Tomorrow Never Dies was the first Bond film directed by Roger Spottiswoode after the producers were unable to convince Martin Campbell, director of GoldenEye, to return. Similar to GoldenEye, an entirely original story was required as there remained no Ian Fleming novels or stories left to adapt. As a result, the scriptwriting process was finished very late due to lengthy disputes between the producers and the director. The Daily Mail reported that Spottiswoode favored one version of the script but Broccoli and Wilson insisted on a rewrite two weeks before filming was due to begin. Ultimately, the film performed well at the box office ($333M on a budget of $110M) earning a Golden Globe nomination despite mixed reviews.
— The World Is Not Enough (Released November 1999): Bond recovers money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M (Judi Dench), but the money is booby-trapped and kills King shortly afterwards. Bond traces the money to Renard (Robert Carlyle), a KGB agent-turned-terrorist, who had previously kidnapped King’s daughter Elektra (Sophie Marceau). M believes that Renard is targeting Elektra King a second time and Bond is assigned to protect her: the pair are subsequently attacked. Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky (Robbie Coltrane) and is informed that Elektra’s head of security, Davidov, is in league with Renard. Bond kills Davidov and follows the trail to a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan.
Posing as a Russian nuclear scientist, Bond meets American nuclear physicist Christmas Jones (Denise Richards). The two witness Renard stealing the GPS locator card as well as a half quantity of weapons-grade plutonium from a bomb. Renard sets off an explosion from which Bond and Jones escape. Elektra kidnaps M after she thinks Bond had been killed and Bond establishes that Elektra intends to create a nuclear explosion in a submarine in Istanbul in order to increase the value of her own oil pipeline. Bond frees M, kills Elektra, and then disarms the bomb on the submarine killing Renard.
The World Is Not Enough was the first Bond film directed by Michael Apted with the original story and screenplay written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and Bruce Feirstein. The title was taken from a line in the 1963 Ian Fleming novel, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service. Despite mixed critical reception, The World Is Not Enough earned $361.8M worldwide on a budget of $135M becoming the highest grossing James Bond film to date. In addition, it was the first Eon-produced Bond film to be officially released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer instead of United Artists. Unfortunately, the film also became the first in the Bond series to win a Golden Raspberry Award when Denise Richards was chosen as “Worst Supporting Actress” at the 1999 Razzie Awards. Richards and Brosnan were also nominated for “Worst Screen Couple”.
A sad note. The World Is Not Enough was the last film for Desmond Llewelyn, who played the character “Q” in 17 out of 19 Eon-produced Bond films, more than any other actor, beginning with From Russia With Love. Q (standing for Quartermaster), like M, is a job title rather than a name. He is the head of Q Branch (or later Q Division), the fictional research and development division of the British Secret Service. On December 19 1999, while driving home alone from a book signing event, Llewelyn was involved in a fatal car crash. He was 85 years old. His death occurred three weeks after the film’s premiere. Llewelyn was replaced by John Cleese in Die Another Day. After the 2006 series reboot, Q did not appear again until the third Daniel Craig film, Skyfall, where he was played by actor Ben Whishaw.
— Die Another Day (Released November 2002): Bond investigates North Korean Colonel Tan-Sun Moon, who is illegally trading African conflict diamonds for weaponry. Moon is apparently killed and Bond is captured and tortured for 14 months after which he is exchanged for Zao (Rick Yune), Moon’s assistant. Despite being suspended on his return, he decides to complete his mission and tracks down Zao to a Cuban gene therapy clinic, where patients can have their appearances altered through DNA restructuring. While in Havana, Bond meets NSA agent Giacinta ‘Jinx’ Johnson (Halle Berry), who is also investigating Zao. Zao escapes, but the trail leads to British billionaire Gustav Graves (Toby Stephens).
Graves unveils a mirror satellite, “Icarus”, which is able to focus solar energy on a small area and provide year-round sunshine for crop development. Bond discovers Moon has also undergone the gene therapy assuming the identity of Graves. Bond and Jinx pursue Graves and Miranda Frost, a British double agent working with Graves, to the Korean peninsula and stow away on Graves’ cargo plane. Bond then exposes Moon’s plan: to use the Icarus to cut a path through the Korean Demilitarized Zone with concentrated sunlight allowing North Korean troops to invade South Korea and reunite the countries through force. Bond and Jinx disable the Icarus controls, kill Moon and Frost, and stop the invasion.
Die Another Day, directed by Lee Tamahori, marked the James Bond franchise’s 40th anniversary. For Tamahori, it would be the first and only Bond film he would direct. Despite a mixed reception, Die Another Day was the highest-grossing James Bond film to date earning $432M worldwide on a budget of $142M. The film was strongly criticized by some reviewers who felt it relied too heavily on gadgets and special effects with the plot being neglected. Roger Moore went so far as to remark, “I thought it just went too far – and that’s from me, the first Bond in space! Invisible cars and dodgy CGI footage? Please!”.
By 2002, with the release of Die Another Day, it was clear that producers Barbara Broccoli and Michael Wilson were at a loss as to future storylines. The well had run dry. It was time to take the James Bond story back to its beginnings with a new actor portraying the world’s greatest spy.
To end this post, I’ve included a compilation video showing Pierce Brosnan’s “40 Great James Bond Quotes” including Bond’s famous introduction; “Bond, James Bond”. Also included is a short video montage dedicated to Desmond Llewelyn as “Q”. Enjoy!
As always, your feedback is appreciated!
Share this:
| i don't know |
In 1993, which animated animal was first used to advertise Coca Cola? | Coca-Cola Polar Bears | Cartoon characters Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Share
Coca-Cola Polar Bears in "Northern Lights"
The Coca-Cola Polar Bears are the mascots of the soft drink, Coca-Cola. Polar Bears first started to appear on Coca-Cola products in 1922 in France. Since then the polar bears have appeared in many Coca-Cola advertisements. Back then however the Coca-Cola polar bear was simply a picture of a polar bear on Coke advertisements. It wasn't until the commercial "Northern Lights" was made in 1993 that the animated polar bears we all know and love were first seen. "Northern Lights" features several animated polar bears watching the Aurora Borealis and drinking some Coca-Cola. Since 1993 the bears have appeared in a variety of commercial and Coca-Cola advertisements. Later polar bear cubs were introduced as well in a holiday ad in which a family of polar bear picks out a tree for Christmas.
| Polar bear |
The Seto Inland Sea separates the three main islands of which country? | Coca-Cola History │ World of Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola History
Coca-Cola history began in 1886 when the curiosity of an Atlanta pharmacist, Dr. John S. Pemberton, led him to create a distinctive tasting soft drink that could be sold at soda fountains. He created a flavored syrup, took it to his neighborhood pharmacy, where it was mixed with carbonated water and deemed “excellent” by those who sampled it. Dr. Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper, Frank M. Robinson, is credited with naming the beverage “Coca‑Cola” as well as designing the trademarked, distinct script, still used today.
Did you know? The first servings of Coca‑Cola were sold for 5 cents per glass. During the first year, sales averaged a modest nine servings per day in Atlanta. Today, daily servings of Coca‑Cola beverages are estimated at 1.9 billion globally.
Prior to his death in 1888, just two years after creating what was to become the world’s #1-selling sparkling beverage, Dr. Pemberton sold portions of his business to various parties, with the majority of the interest sold to Atlanta businessman, Asa G. Candler. Under Mr. Candler’s leadership, distribution of Coca‑Cola expanded to soda fountains beyond Atlanta. In 1894, impressed by the growing demand for Coca‑Cola and the desire to make the beverage portable, Joseph Biedenharn installed bottling machinery in the rear of his Mississippi soda fountain, becoming the first to put Coca‑Cola in bottles. Large scale bottling was made possible just five years later, when in 1899, three enterprising businessmen in Chattanooga, Tennessee secured exclusive rights to bottle and sell Coca‑Cola. The three entrepreneurs purchased the bottling rights from Asa Candler for just $1. Benjamin Thomas, Joseph Whitehead and John Lupton developed what became the Coca‑Cola worldwide bottling system.
Among the biggest challenges for early bottlers, were imitations of the beverage by competitors coupled with a lack of packaging consistency among the 1,000 bottling plants at the time. The bottlers agreed that a distinctive beverage needed a standard and distinctive bottle, and in 1916, the bottlers approved the unique contour bottle. The new Coca‑Cola bottle was so distinctive it could be recognized in the dark and it effectively set the brand apart from competition. The contoured Coca‑Cola bottle was trademarked in 1977. Over the years, the Coca‑Cola bottle has been inspiration for artists across the globe — a sampling of which can be viewed at the World of Coca‑Cola in Atlanta. Check out a preview of the latest art exhibit .
The first marketing efforts in Coca‑Cola history were executed through coupons promoting free samples of the beverage. Considered an innovative tactic back in 1887, couponing was followed by newspaper advertising and the distribution of promotional items bearing the Coca‑Cola script to participating pharmacies.
Fast forward to the 1970s when Coca‑Cola’s advertising started to reflect a brand connected with fun, friends and good times. Many fondly remember the 1971 Hilltop Singers performing “I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke”, or the 1979 “Have a Coke and a Smile” commercial featuring a young fan giving Pittsburgh Steeler, “Mean Joe Greene”, a refreshing bottle of Coca‑Cola. You can enjoy these and many more advertising campaigns from around the world in the Perfect Pauses Theater at the World of Coca‑Cola.
EVOLUTION OF THE COCA-COLA BOTTLE
The 1980s featured such memorable slogans as “Coke is It!”, “Catch the Wave” and “Can’t Beat the Feeling”. In 1993, Coca‑Cola experimented with computer animation, and the popular “Always Coca‑Cola” campaign was launched in a series of ads featuring animated polar bears. Each animated ad in the “Always Coca‑Cola” series took 12 weeks to produce from beginning to end. The bears were, and still are, a huge hit with consumers because of their embodiment of characteristics like innocence, mischief and fun. A favorite feature at the World of Coca‑Cola is the ability to have your photo taken with the beloved 7′ tall Coca‑Cola Polar Bear.
Did you know? One of the most famous advertising slogans in Coca‑Cola history “The Pause That Refreshes” first appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in 1929. The theme of pausing with Coca‑Cola refreshment is still echoed in today’s marketing.
In 2009, the “Open Happiness” campaign was unveiled globally. The central message of “Open Happiness” is an invitation to billions around the world to pause, refresh with a Coca‑Cola, and continue to enjoy one of life’s simple pleasures. The “Open Happiness” message was seen in stores, on billboards, in TV spots and printed advertising along with digital and music components — including a single featuring Janelle Monae covering the 1980 song, “Are You Getting Enough Happiness?” The happiness theme continued with “Open the Games. Open Happiness” featured during the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, followed by a 2010 social media extension, “Expedition 206” — an initiative whereby three happiness ambassadors travel to 206 countries in 365 days with one mission: determining what makes people happy. The inspirational year-long journey is being recorded and communicated via blog posts, tweets, videos and pictures.
Experts have long believed in the connection between happiness and wellness, and Coca‑Cola is proud to have played a part in happy occasions around the globe. In Atlanta, check out the Coca‑Cola Theater at the World of Coca‑Cola and see the magic that goes into every bottle of Coca-Cola. Interested in learning even more about Coca‑Cola history? Go to www.coca‑colacompany.com and check out the History section.
| i don't know |
What is the national flower of Cyprus? | Cyprus national flower | My Flower's Blog
The national flower is lilium bosinacune.
LILIUM
It has bulbs 6-7 cm in diameter. The flowers form racemes that contains six flowers or more with no fragrance. Flowering in July.
BULGARIA
National flower is the rose .
CROATIA
National flower is the iris.
IRIS
It takes its name from a Greek word that means rainbow. Are perennial herbs, growing from rhizomes, on drier climate, from bulbs. They have long erect flowering stems. The three sepals expand from their narrow base.
CYPRUS
The national flower is the cyclamen.
CYCLAMEN
This flower can grow and bloom on a rock because of its strength and its capability to
survive. Are perennial herbaceous plants with underground tuber which produce leaves in late winter and flowering in autumn.
CZECH REPUBLIC
National flower is the rose .
DENMARK
The national flower is the red clover.
RED CLOVER
The red clover grows up to 16 inches, with a hairy upright stem. The leaves are made up of three oval leaflets with a white V mark in the center,call chevron.
ESTONIA
The national flower is the cornflower .
CORNFLOWER
The cornflower has grown in Estonia soil for more than 10.000 years. The plant grows in dry fields ,creating a strong connection in the minds of Estonians.
FINLAND
The national flower is the Lilly of the valley.
LILLY OF THE VALLEY
This flower is known for its sweet and strong smell. Is considered as a symbol of love and purity.
FRANCE
The national flower is the fleur de lys.
FLEUR DE LYS
The water iris is the march plant for excellence , whose bright yellow large flowers blooms from June to September. The flag of the kings of France has three of this iris.
GEORGIA
We couldn´t find an official flower .
GERMANY
| Cyclamen |
Which element does ‘K’ represent in the Periodic Table? | Flora of North Cyprus
Crocus Veneris [var. Cyprium] (Cyprus or Autumn Crocus)
Cyclamen Cyprium (Cyprus or Autumn Cyclamen)
Tulipa Cypria (Cyprus or Black Tulip)
Helianthemum Obtusifolium (Yellow Cyprus Sun Rose)
| i don't know |
Which American playwright wrote the play ‘All God’s Chillun Got Wings’? | American Experience | Eugene O'Neill | A Controversial Play | PBS
A Controversial Play
Flash MX plugin required. Download the free Flash plugin from Macromedia's Web site. Non-Flash version
Please tell us what you think about A Controversial Play.
By 1924 Eugene O'Neill had penned over two dozen plays, garnering two Pulitzer Prizes and recognition as a major playwright . For a new play about an interracial marriage, O'Neill looked to a black spiritual for his title: "All God's Chillun Got Wings." Even before it premiered in a small New York theater in May 1924, the play caused controversy, because it depicted a relationship between a white woman and a black man.
O'Neill turned to a dynamic young African American actor, Paul Robeson, for the male lead. A college valedictorian and football star, Robeson had trained as a lawyer, but a love of public speaking drew him into acting. His dynamic presence and powerful singing voice would make him a star on stage and screen in the years to come.
In his later work, O'Neill would draw on his own family experience, but with "All God's Chillun Got Wings" he explored contemporary society. Learn more about this rarely performed play and why a depiction of physical affection between a white woman and an African American man caused such uproar in 1920s America.
page created on 1.24.06
| Eugene O'Neill |
If a person is ambidextrous they can use which part of the body equally well? | Trauma and the Tragic in The Hairy Ape and All God's Chillun Got Wings on JSTOR
Journal Info
The Eugene O'Neill Review
Description: Eugene O’Neill’s entire life revolved around the stage, and his productivity as a dramatist—some twenty long plays in less than twenty-five years (1920–1943)—remains a remarkable achievement. O’Neill’s plays are known for their intensely personal qualities, their dark realism, and their tragic honesty. O’Neill is the only American playwright ever to receive a Nobel Prizein Literature and is recognized as having helped to establish America as a center of theatrical output and creativity.
Coverage: 1989-2016 (Vol. 13, No. 1 - Vol. 37, No. 2)
Moving Wall
Moving Wall: 3 years (What is the moving wall?)
Moving Wall
The "moving wall" represents the time period between the last issue available in JSTOR and the most recently published issue of a journal. Moving walls are generally represented in years. In rare instances, a publisher has elected to have a "zero" moving wall, so their current issues are available in JSTOR shortly after publication.
Note: In calculating the moving wall, the current year is not counted.
For example, if the current year is 2008 and a journal has a 5 year moving wall, articles from the year 2002 are available.
Terms Related to the Moving Wall
Fixed walls: Journals with no new volumes being added to the archive.
Absorbed: Journals that are combined with another title.
Complete: Journals that are no longer published or that have been combined with another title.
ISSN: 10409483
EISSN: 21614318
Subjects: Language & Literature, Humanities, Performing Arts, Arts
Collections: Pennsylvania State University Press Package, Film & Performing Arts Discipline Package, Corporate & For-Profit Access Initiative Collection, Arts & Sciences XI Collection
| i don't know |
Which English Monarch was created ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X? | Is British Monarch 'Defender Of The Faith' Or 'Faiths'? | The Huffington Post
Is British Monarch 'Defender Of The Faith' Or 'Faiths'?
10/11/2012 08:57 am ET | Updated Oct 15, 2012
Trevor Grundy Religion News Service
LONDON (RNS) As Britain awaits the appointment of the next archbishop of Canterbury to lead both the Church of England and the far-flung Anglican Communion, there's renewed attention on the woman who officially gets the final say: Queen Elizabeth II, the "Defender of the Faith."
The current archbishop, Rowan Williams, ends his 10-year tenure in December. A Church of England committee is sifting through candidates -- two of whom will be submitted to Prime Minister David Cameron, whose top choice will be submitted to the queen for final approval.
When he announced his retirement last March, Williams, 62, famously said his successor will need "the constitution of an ox and the skin of a rhinoceros."
Politicians and religious leaders say the next archbishop will need those qualities and more to handle deep divisions in the British church over female bishops and North/South divisions among his 77 million-member global flock over sexuality.
But he'll also need something else: the ability to envision life when Elizabeth -- who turns 87 next year -- is no longer on the throne, and when Britain is no longer a Christian-majority country.
At her coronation in 1953, Elizabeth swore to "uphold the laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel, maintain the Protestant reformed religion established by law and reserve the settlement of the Church of England."
Her son and heir apparent, Prince Charles, has said he's planning a symbolic change if and when he becomes king by taking the title "Defender of Faith" or "Defender of the Faiths" to reflect Britain's multicultural and multifaith society.
That change would mean Charles would be the first monarch to not be the standard-bearer for Protestantism for the first time since Henry VIII famously broke from Rome to start his own church.
Britons may be on Charles' side: A recent BBC poll found that 73 percent favor Elizabeth remaining "Supreme Governor," but about 50 percent would favor Charles' idea for a title change to Defender of Faith.
The royal title "Fidei defensor," usually translated "Defender of the Faith," was bestowed by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII in 1521 in recognition of the king's defense of Roman Catholic teaching against the Protestant ideas of Martin Luther.
But after Henry VIII broke with Rome and attacked the pope, the title was later revoked. Henry was excommunicated, but the title was bestowed again on Henry's only son, Edward IV, by Parliament in 1544.
Charles caused considerable controversy in 1994 when he first floated the idea in his attempt to embrace the other religions that have become more visible since his mother came to the throne in 1952.
"The Queen came to the throne at a time when the Church of England was really the only Christian faith in the country," former Archbishop of Canterbury George Carey said in a 2006 television interview.
"And there were no Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus around to be in any way evident in the life of the country," he said. "Now it's a completely different world. Prince Charles put his finger on it and there's no way in which the sovereign can be the defender of one faith."
A recent study conducted by the British Parliament showed the number of Christians in Britain has dropped 8 percent, to 69 percent, since 2004. The number of nonbelievers, meanwhile, jumped 49 percent over the same period.
At the same time, England's Hindu population rose by 43 percent, and Buddhists by 74 percent.
"If these populations continue to shrink and grow by the same number of people each year," the study said, "the number of people with no religion will overtake the number of Christians in Great Britain in 20 years."
Vernon Bogdanor, a leading constitutionalist who teaches at Oxford University, said society has changed, and perhaps titles should, too.
"In 1952," he said recently, "when the queen came to the throne, it was very much an Anglican society. The Prince of Wales will become head of a nation which is multi-denominational."
Williams, however, isn't so sure.
"Unless something really radical happens with the constitution, he is (like it or not) Defender of the Faith and he has a relationship with the Christian Church of a kind which he does not have with other communities," Williams declared in 2003.
More recently, Bishop Alan Smith of Saint Albans in southern England told the BBC that he wasn't entirely sure what was going through Charles' mind.
"If you want to start having some general faith position, how does he fulfill that?" he asked. "After all he, as is his mother, is a practicing Christian."
Leaders of minority faiths in Britain, meanwhile, said they would welcome the change.
"It's all rather different from 1953, isn't it?" said Jonathan Romain, a leading member of the Jewish Reform movement in the U.K. "At the next coronation there'll almost certainly be representatives from all the major faiths in the U.K. The next coronation will be the time to revise all of this and acknowledge the fast changing nature of British society."
Anil Bhanot, a spokesman for the Hindu Council of Great Britain, said "the leading religions" share "similar values and they deserve equal defense." But Ibrahim Mogra, deputy general secretary of the Muslim Council of Great Britain, cautioned that there's more than mere symbolism in the words.
"The first thing we need to do is define'faith' and then ask how you are going to set about defending faith without interfering in free speech," he said.
"Unless we do that, the phrase 'Defender of Faith' or 'Defender of the Faiths' could mean very little."
| Henry VIII of England |
In the US tv series ‘Dallas’, what was the first name of Bobby and Pam Ewing’s adopted son? | Defender of the Faith | Define Defender of the Faith at Dictionary.com
Defender of the Faith
noun
1.
a title conferred on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521, later withdrawn but restored by Parliament and used ever since by English sovereigns.
Origin of Defender of the Faith
Expand
translation of New Latin Fidēī dēfēnsor
Henry VIII
("Defender of the Faith") 1491–1547, king of England 1509–47 (son of Henry VII).
2.
(italics) a drama (1612–13?) by Shakespeare.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
British Dictionary definitions for Defender of the Faith
Expand
noun
1.
the title conferred upon Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 in recognition of the King's pamphlet attacking Luther's doctrines and retained by subsequent monarchs of England Latin term Fidei Defensor
Henry VIII
noun
1.
1491–1547, king of England (1509–47); second son of Henry VII. The declaration that his marriage to Catherine of Aragon was invalid and his marriage to Anne Boleyn (1533) precipitated the Act of Supremacy, making Henry supreme head of the Church in England. Anne Boleyn was executed (1536) and Henry subsequently married Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. His reign is also noted for the fame of his succession of advisers, Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, and Thomas Cromwell
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Defender of the Faith in Culture
Expand
Henry VIII definition
A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament , Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope , after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. Since that time, except for a few years of rule under Henry's daughter Mary I, who was a Roman Catholic , England has been officially a Protestant nation.
In his personal life, Henry was known for his corpulence and for his six wives. He divorced the first, Catherine of Aragon. He beheaded the second, Anne Boleyn , for allegedly being unfaithful to him. His third wife, Jane Seymour, died soon after giving birth to a son. He divorced his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, and beheaded his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, also for alleged infidelity. His sixth wife, Catherine Parr, survived him. He also had his close friend and adviser Thomas More executed because More would not support Henry's declaration that he was head of the church in England. Henry was the father of King Edward VI and of Queen Elizabeth I , as well as Mary I.
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it?
Word of the Day
| i don't know |
Which 19th Century poet wrote ‘Clancy of the Overflow’? | Bush poetry - Poems by theme and occasion - Australian Poetry Library
Books
Bush poetry
Bush poetry has always played a dominant part in Australian writing since the unique landscape was one of the things that most distinguished the new country from the migrants' homes. Many earlier Australian poets wrote bush poetry, with bush ballads being especially popular in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Much old bush poetry circulated orally and its authors are now unknown, though bush songs such as 'Nine Miles from Gundagai' and 'Springtime it Brings on the Shearing' remain popular. Among the best-known and widely published Australian bush poets are Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson, though many others wrote in this vein. Two of the most famous examples of bush poetry are Paterson's 'The Man from Snowy River' and 'Clancy of the Overflow'. It is often forgotten that Paterson also wrote the words of Australia's unofficial national anthem, 'Waltzing Matilda'. As well Paterson was responsible for many funny bush poems such as 'A Bush Christening'.
Australian poets continued to write bush poetry in the twentieth century. One of the most famous Australian poems is 'My Country' by Dorothea Mackellar, which begins by contrasting the English landscape praised by English poets with that of Australian bush. Its second stanza opens with the well-known line: ' I love a sunburnt country'.
Among modern Australian poets, Judith Wright is especially known for her bush poetry, especially poems about the New England countryside where she grew up, such as 'South of My Days'. Others with a bush background who frequently write bush poetry are David Campbell, who writes about the Monaro area, and Les Murray, who writes about northern New South Wales. While leading contemporary poets rarely use the traditional ballad forms for their bush poetry, others continue to write in this mode, and competition are still being held for the best examples.
| Banjo Paterson |
Italian mountaineers Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni became the first people to successfully reach the summit of which Himalayan peak, via the Abruzzi Ridge? | 1000+ images about Banjo patterson on Pinterest | Banjos, Poem and Poet
Forward
Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson OBE[2] (17 February 1864 – 5 February 1941[3]) was an Australian bush poet, journalist and author. He wrote many ballads and poems about Australian life, focusing particularly on the rural and outback areas, including the district around Binalong, New South Wales where he spent much of his childhood. Paterson's more notable poems include "Waltzing Matilda", "The Man from Snowy River" and "Clancy of the Overflow".
See More
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.