Datasets:

cfli
/

ssss

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 73.3k rows

question stringlengths 18 1.2k	facts stringlengths 44 500k	answer stringlengths 1 147
What is the name of Romeo’s friend and cousin in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet?	No Fear Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet: Characters No Fear Shakespeare Prologue Romeo The son and heir of Montague and Lady Montague. A young man of about sixteen, Romeo is handsome, intelligent, and sensitive. Though impulsive and immature, his idealism and passion make him an extremely likable character. He lives in the middle of a violent feud between his family and the Capulets, but he is not at all interested in violence. His only interest is love and he goes to extremes to prove the seriousness of his feelings. He secretly marries Juliet, the daughter of his father’s worst enemy; he happily takes abuse from Tybalt; and he would rather die than live without his beloved. Romeo is also an affectionate and devoted friend to his relative Benvolio, Mercutio, and Friar Lawrence. Juliet The daughter of Capulet and Lady Capulet. A beautiful thirteen-year-old girl, Juliet begins the play as a naïve child who has thought little about love and marriage, but she grows up quickly upon falling in love with Romeo, the son of her family’s great enemy. Because she is a girl in an aristocratic family, she has none of the freedom Romeo has to roam around the city, climb over walls in the middle of the night, or get into swordfights. Nevertheless, she shows amazing courage in trusting her entire life and future to Romeo, even refusing to believe the worst reports about him after he gets involved in a fight with her cousin. Juliet’s closest friend and confidant is her Nurse, though she’s willing to shut the Nurse out of her life the moment the Nurse turns against Romeo. Friar Lawrence A Franciscan friar, friend to both Romeo and Juliet. Kind, civic-minded, a proponent of moderation, and always ready with a plan, Friar Lawrence secretly marries the impassioned lovers in hopes that the union might eventually bring peace to Verona. As well as being a Catholic holy man, Friar Lawrence is also an expert in the use of seemingly mystical potions and herbs. Mercutio A kinsman to the Prince, and Romeo’s close friend. One of the most extraordinary characters in all of Shakespeare’s plays, Mercutio overflows with imagination, wit, and, at times, a strange, biting satire and brooding fervor. Mercutio loves wordplay, especially sexual double entendres. He can be quite hotheaded, and hates people who are affected, pretentious, or obsessed with the latest fashions. He finds Romeo’s romanticized ideas about love tiresome, and tries to convince Romeo to view love as a simple matter of sexual appetite. The Nurse Juliet’s nurse, the woman who breast-fed Juliet when she was a baby and has cared for Juliet her entire life. A vulgar, long-winded, and sentimental character, the Nurse provides comic relief with her frequently inappropriate remarks and speeches. But, until a disagreement near the play’s end, the Nurse is Juliet’s faithful confidante and loyal intermediary in Juliet’s affair with Romeo. She provides a contrast with Juliet, given that her view of love is earthy and sexual, whereas Juliet is idealistic and intense. The Nurse believes in love and wants Juliet to have a nice-looking husband, but the idea that Juliet would want to sacrifice herself for love is incomprehensible to her. Tybalt A Capulet, Juliet’s cousin on her mother’s side. Vain, fashionable, supremely aware of courtesy and the lack of it, he becomes aggressive, violent, and quick to draw his sword when he feels his pride has been injured. Once drawn, his sword is something to be feared. He loathes Montagues. Capulet The patriarch of the Capulet family, father of Juliet, husband of Lady Capulet, and enemy, for unexplained reasons, of Montague. He truly loves his daughter, though he is not well acquainted with Juliet’s thoughts or feelings, and seems to think that what is best for her is a “good” match with Paris. Often prudent, he commands respect and propriety, but he is liable to fly into a rage when either is lacking. Lady Capulet Juliet’s mother, Capulet’s wife. A woman who herself married young (by her own estimation she gave birth to Juliet at close to the age of fourteen), she is eager to see her daughter marry Paris. She is an ineffectual mother, relying on the Nurse for moral and pragmatic support. Montague Romeo’s father, the patriarch of the Montague clan and bitter enemy of Capulet. At the beginning of the play, he is chiefly concerned about Romeo’s melancholy. Lady Montague Romeo’s mother, Montague’s wife. She dies of grief after Romeo is exiled from Verona. Paris A kinsman of the Prince, and the suitor of Juliet most preferred by Capulet. Once Capulet has promised him he can marry Juliet, he behaves very presumptuous toward, acting as if they are already married. Benvolio Montague’s nephew, Romeo’s cousin and thoughtful friend, he makes a genuine effort to defuse violent scenes in public places, though Mercutio accuses him of having a nasty temper in private. He spends most of the play trying to help Romeo get his mind off Rosaline, even after Romeo has fallen in love with Juliet. Prince Escalus The Prince of Verona. A kinsman of Mercutio and Paris. As the seat of political power in Verona, he is concerned about maintaining the public peace at all costs. Friar John A Franciscan friar charged by Friar Lawrence with taking the news of Juliet’s false death to Romeo in Mantua. Friar John is held up in a quarantined house, and the message never reaches Romeo. Balthasar Romeo’s dedicated servant, who brings Romeo the news of Juliet’s death, unaware that her death is a ruse. Sampson and Gregory Two servants of the house of Capulet, who, like their master, hate the Montagues. At the outset of the play, they successfully provoke some Montague men into a fight. Abraham Montague’s servant, who fights with Sampson and Gregory in the first scene of the play. The Apothecary An apothecary in Mantua. Had he been wealthier, he might have been able to afford to value his morals more than money, and refused to sell poison to Romeo. Peter A Capulet servant who invites guests to Capulet’s feast and escorts the Nurse to meet with Romeo. He is illiterate, and a bad singer. Rosaline The woman with whom Romeo is infatuated at the beginning of the play. Rosaline never appears onstage, but it is said by other characters that she is very beautiful and has sworn to live a life of chastity. The Chorus The Chorus is a single character who functions as a narrator offering commentary on the play’s plot and themes.	Benvolio
What does the Latin phrase ‘Caveat emptor’ translate to in English?	Romeo and Juliet: SHORT SUMMARY / SYNOPSIS / CONFLICT / PROTAGONIST / ANTAGONIST / CLIMAX / OUTCOME by William Shakespeare ROMEO AND JULIET: FREE BOOKNOTES CONFLICT Romeo and Juliet is based on external conflict and portrays the long-standing quarrel between the two established families in Verona, the Capulets and the Montagues. Protagonists Romeo and Juliet are the protagonists of the play. Antagonists The long-standing quarrel between the Capulets and the Montagues, which prevent Romeo and Juliet from being able to profess their love openly. Climax The climax occurs when Romeo kills himself by drinking poison, preventing the young couple from experiencing happiness on earth. Some critics point to the death of Tybalt as the climax, for at that point Romeoï¿½s life is already in danger from the Capulets, who will seek revenge. Outcome Romeo and Juliet ends in tragedy. Because they cannot profess their love openly, fate intervenes and causes Romeo to kill himself, believing Juliet is dead. When Juliet discovers the death of her husband, she kills herself, wanting to be with her lover through eternity. Their deaths, however, bring to a final close the age-old quarrel between the Capulets and Montagues. SHORT SUMMARY (Synopsis) ACT I Years ago there lived in the city of Verona in Italy two noble families, the Montagues and Capulets. Unfortunately, there existed much bad blood between them. Their animosity was so pronounced that they could not stand the sight of one another. Even the servants of the house carried on the animosity of their masters. The bloody feuds of the two families led the Prince to order all brawls to cease on pain of death. Romeo, son of old Montague, is a handsome young man. He fancies he is in love with Rosaline, who disdains his love. As a result, Romeo is depressed. To cure him of his love, his friend Benvolio induces him to attend a masked ball at the Capulets, where he could encounter other beauties and forget Rosaline. At the ball, Romeo is attracted by a girl who he learns is Juliet, daughter of the Capulets. They seal their love with a kiss. Juliet, on learning Romeoï¿½s identity from a servant, confesses to herself that her only love has sprung from her only hate. Meanwhile, the fiery Tybalt, Julietï¿½s cousin, recognizes Romeo and challenges him. Old Capulet forbids him to insult or harm any guest. Tybalt vows to settle the score with Romeo later. ACT II That night Romeo lingers in Capuletï¿½s garden, standing in the orchard beneath Julietï¿½s balcony. He sees Juliet leaning over the railing, hears her calling out his name, and wishes that he were not a Montague. He reveals his presence, and they resolve, after an ardent love scene, to be married secretly. Next morning, Juliet sends her Nurse to make final arrangements for the wedding to be performed at the cell of Friar Lawrence. The Friar, who is a confessor to both the houses, feels that this union between a Montague and a Capulet will dissolve the enmity between the two houses. ACT III Meanwhile, Tybalt has been seeking Romeo to avenge the latterï¿½s intrusion at the ball. He encounters Romeo returning from Friar Lawrenceï¿½s cell. Romeo, softened by his newfound love and his marriage to Juliet, refuses to be drawn into a quarrel with Tybalt, now his kinsman by marriage. Mercutio grapples with Tybalt and is slain. Aroused to fury by the death of his friend, Romeo fights with Tybalt and kills him and takes shelter in the Friarï¿½s cell. The Prince, on hearing of the trouble, banishes Romeo. The Friar advises Romeo to spend the night with Juliet and then flee to Mantua. Meanwhile, Julietï¿½s parents, believing her grief to be due to her cousin Tybaltï¿½s death, seek to alleviate her distress by planning her immediate marriage to Paris, a kinsman of the Prince. ACT IV In despair, Juliet seeks Friar Lawrenceï¿½s advice. He gives her a sleeping potion, which for a time will cause her to appear dead. Thus, on the day of her supposed marriage to Paris, she will be carried to the family vault. By the time she awakens, Romeo will be summoned to the vault and take her away to Mantua. ACT V The Friarï¿½s letter fails to reach Romeo. When he hears of Julietï¿½s death through Balthazar, Romeo procures a deadly poison from an apothecary and secretly returns to Verona to say his last farewell to his deceased wife and die by her side. In the Capulet tomb, Romeo encounters Paris, who has come to strew flowers on Julietï¿½s grave. Paris challenges Romeo, and in the fight that ensues, Paris is killed. Then at Julietï¿½s side, Romeo drinks the poison and dies. When Juliet awakens from her deep sleep, she realizes Romeoï¿½s error and kills herself with his dagger. Summoned to the tomb by the aroused watchman, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague ring their hands in anguish. The Prince listens to Friar Lawrenceï¿½s story of the unhappy fate of the star-crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet. He rebukes the Capulets and Montagues for their bloody feud. The Capulets and Montague decide to reconcile as a result of the deaths of their children.	i don't know
Lyon (or Lyons) is the capital of which French departement?	Lyons \| Define Lyons at Dictionary.com Share Lyons [lahy-uh nz for 1; lee-awn or, sometimes, lahy-uh nz for 2] /ˈlaɪ ənz for 1; liˈɔ̃ or, sometimes, ˈlaɪ ənz for 2/ Spell Joseph Aloysius, 1879–1939, Australian statesman: prime minister 1932–39. 2. French Lyon . a city in and the capital of Rhone, in E France at the confluence of the Rhone and Saône rivers. Lyon [lahy-uh n for 1; French lyawn for 2] /ˈlaɪ ən for 1; French lyɔ̃ for 2/ Spell noun 1. Mary, 1797–1849, U.S. pioneer in advocating and providing advanced education for women: founder of Mount Holyoke College. 2. noun 1. a river flowing from the Alps in S Switzerland through the Lake of Geneva and SE France into the Mediterranean. 504 miles (810 km) long. 2. a department in E central France: wine-growing region. 1104 sq. mi. (2860 sq. km). Capital: Lyons. Examples from the Web for Lyons Expand Contemporary Examples The notice paid to the stories about Lyons may be because few famous women have made late-life revelations about their sexuality. It's Who You Know: The Power Players of New York Fashion Week Barbara Ragghianti September 2, 2014 Historical Examples I pledge you my word that in Lyons he was born, where Licinus was king so many years. Apocolocyntosis Lucius Seneca At Lyons, they visited the vast factories and other public works, and all was pleasure with them. Clotelle William Wells Brown British Dictionary definitions for Lyons Expand Joseph Aloysius. 1879–1939, Australian statesman; prime minister of Australia (1931–39) Lyon noun 1. a city in SE central France, capital of Rhône department, at the confluence of the Rivers Rhône and Saône: the third largest city in France; a major industrial centre and river port. Pop: 445 452 (1999) English name Lyons (ˈlaɪənz) Ancient name Lugdunum (lʊɡˈduːnəm) Rhône noun 1. a river in W Europe, rising in S Switzerland in the Rhône glacier and flowing to Lake Geneva, then into France through gorges between the Alps and Jura and south to its delta on the Gulf of Lions: important esp for hydroelectricity and for wine production along its valley. Length: 812 km (505 miles) 2. a department of E central France, in the Rhône-Alpes region. Capital: Lyon. Pop: 1 621 718 (2003 est). Area: 3233 sq km (1261 sq miles) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Lyons Expand city in France at the confluence of the Rhone and the Saône, from Gallo-Latin Lugudunum, literally "fort of Lug." The adjectival form is Lyonnaise. Rhone river in southeastern France, from a pre-Indo-European element *rod- meaning "to flow." Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	Rhône
Which national football team is nicknamed ‘Bafana Bafana’?	The City of Lyon The City of Lyon Home / General Information / The City of Lyon Webcasts HERE to view webcasts of the sessions at ECTRIMS 2012. Photogallery HERE to view the oral presentations & posters online. Final Programme Tel +41 61 686 77 77 Fax +41 61 686 77 88 www.congrex-switzerland.com The City of Lyon Lyon is the second largest city in France and has a history dating back over more than 20 centuries. Established by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 1BC as the capital city of the Gauls, it rapidly became one of the major economic, military, religious and political centres in France over the following centuries. Its location at the confluence of Rhone and Saone rivers enabled the town to develop major trading activities. As a result Lyon became the birthplace of the French silk industry, producing refined pieces of this precious fabric for the court of Louis XIV. Ever since the Middle Ages Lyon has been considered the French capital of gastronomy. Today this is illustrated by the impressive number of restaurants within the city and surrounding area, ranging from the famous bouchons (typical local eateries) to Michelin star-awarded establishments. Lyon is also home to the internationally renowned chef Paul Bocuse and his celebrated restaurants. Serving as a stage for more than 2’000 years of history, the city has a remarkable architectural heritage. Expanding towards the east throughout the centuries, without destroying the existing areas, 500 hectares of its city centre became a Unesco World Heritage Site in 1998. Wandering around Lyon is like embarking on a fascinating journey through time. As for culture, the National Opera, one of the 20 most prestigious ballets in the world, and the Célestins Theatre offer an ambitious programme all year round. Furthermore, the city has museums that exist nowhere else in the world, such as the Lumière Institute, the Fabric Museum, the Lyon History Museum, the Fine Arts Museum and the Puppets of the World Museum. Thanks to a number of events hosted in Lyon, the city is vibrant all year round. Among the most appealing are the Festival of Lights, the Contemporary Art Biennial Event, the Dance Biennial Event, the Nuits Sonores (music and sound festival), the Nuits de Fourvière (cultural festival), Quais du Polar (Thriller festival) and the latest addition, the Grand Lyon Film Festival, all attracting millions of visitors each year. Bolstered by its past but resolutely focused on the future, the city abounds with a number of ambitious projects, among which the Confluence district, one of the biggest town planning development projects in Europe, which is gradually taking shape. For more information on Lyon’s sites, shopping and restaurants please visit	i don't know
In mathematics, acute, obtuse and reflex are all types of what?	Angles - Acute, Obtuse, Straight and Right Angles An angle measures the amount of turn Names of Angles As the Angle Increases, the Name Changes: Type of Angle an angle that is greater than 90° but less than 180° an angle that is greater than 180° Try It Yourself: This diagram might make it easier to remember: Also: Acute, Obtuse and Reflex are in alphabetical order. Also: the letter "A" has an acute angle. Be Careful What You Measure This is an Obtuse Angle And this is a Reflex Angle But the lines are the same ... so when naming the angles make sure that you know which angle is being asked for! Positive and Negative Angles When measuring from a line: a positive angle goes counterclockwise (opposite direction that clocks go) a negative angle goes clockwise Example: −67° The corner point of an angle is called the vertex And the two straight sides are called arms The angle is the amount of turn between each arm. How to Label Angles There are two main ways to label angles: 1. give the angle a name, usually a lower-case letter like a or b, or sometimes a Greek letter like α (alpha) or θ (theta) 2. or by the three letters on the shape that define the angle, with the middle letter being where the angle actually is (its vertex). Example angle "a" is "BAC", and angle "θ" is "BCD"	Angles
What relation was Napoleon III of France to Napoleon I of France?	Chapter 5: Understanding elementary shapes \| Grade 6 (NCERT) \| Khan Academy Chapter 5: Understanding elementary shapes Angles: acute, obtuse, right and reflex An angle smaller than a right angle is called an acute angle, an angle greater than right angle but less then straight angle is obtuse angle while a reflex angle is larger then a straight angle. I this chapter we will also learn how to categorize triangles based on the angles that it has. Measuring angles One complete revolution is divided into 360 equal parts. Each part is a degree, and angles are measured in degrees. A right angle is 90 degrees and a straight angle is 180 degrees. In this topic we will learn how to measure angles in degrees. We will also learn how to use a protractor and to solve for unknown angles.	i don't know
Which US state is known as the ‘Bluegrass State’?	State Nicknames Hawaii - Maryland Hawaii became officially known as the Aloha State by a 1959 legislative act. Haw. Rev. Stat. 5-7 source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Idaho In 1863, Congress designated the Idaho Territory with the erroneous understanding that Idaho was a Shoshone word meaning Gem of the Mountains. In spite of the misunderstanding concerning the origin of the name the state continues to be known as the Gem State and the Gem of the Mountains. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Known unofficially as the Prairie State, a fitting nickname for a state that sets aside the third full week in September each year as Illinois Prairie Week to demonstrate the value of preserving and reestablishing native Illinois prairies. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Indiana Hoosier State came into general usage in the 1830s. John Finley of Richmond wrote a poem, "The Hoosier's Nest," which was used as the "Carrier's Address" of the Indianapolis Journal, Jan. 1, 1833. It was widely copied throughout the country and even abroad. A few days later, on January 8, 1833, at the Jackson Day dinner at Indianapolis, John W. Davis offered "The Hoosier State of Indiana" as a toast. And in August, former Indiana governor James B. Ray announced that he intended to publish a newspaper, The Hoosier, at Greencastle, Indiana. The Hawkeye State was first suggested by James G. Edwars as a tribute to indian leader Chief Black Hawk. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer The nickname Sunflower State calls to mind the wild flowers of the plains of Kansas and the officially recognized state flower. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Kentucky Bluegrass is not really blue--it's green--but in the spring, bluegrass produces bluish-purple buds that when seen in large fields give a rich blue cast to the grass. Early pioneers found bluegrass growing on Kentucky's rich limestone soil, and traders began asking for the seed of the "blue grass from Kentucky." The name stuck and today Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State.	Kentucky
Who played Ron Kovic in the 1989 film ‘Born on the Fourth of July’?	Kentucky \| history - geography - state, United States \| Britannica.com state, United States (2010) 4,339,367; (2016 est.) 4,436,974 Total area (sq mi) "United We Stand, Divided We Fall" State bird Seats in U.S. House of Representatives 6 (of 435) 1Excluding military abroad. 2Species not designated. Kentucky, constituent state of the United States of America. Rivers define Kentucky’s boundaries except on the south, where it shares a border with Tennessee along a nearly straight line of about 425 miles (685 km), and on the southeast, where it shares an irregular, mountainous border with Virginia . Flowing generally northwestward, the Tug and Big Sandy rivers separate Kentucky from West Virginia on the east and northeast. On the north, Kentucky’s boundary follows the Ohio River to the Mississippi , meeting the states of Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois en route. The Mississippi River then demarcates Kentucky’s short southwestern border with Missouri . The capital, Frankfort , lies between the two major cities— Louisville , which is on the Ohio River, and Lexington . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A horse farm in Lexington, Ky., U.S. Glen Allison—Stone/Getty Images Kentucky was long the home of various Native American peoples before the arrival of Daniel Boone and other European frontiersmen in 1769. Its name perhaps derives from an Iroquois word for “prairie.” By 1792, when Kentucky was admitted as the 15th state of the union—the first west of the Appalachian Mountains—it had drawn nearly 73,000 settlers. By 1800 this number had grown to roughly 220,000 and included some 40,000 slaves. Kentucky evokes myriad contrasting images: coal mines, bourbon whiskey (named for Bourbon county, where it was developed), mountaineers, moonshiners (distillers of illegal liquor), white-suited colonels and ladies sipping mint juleps on summertime verandas, horse breeding, and the Kentucky Derby . Kentucky curiously encompasses a mixture of distinct regions and characters. The seemingly endless landscape of white fences, paddocks, tobacco fields, and pastures in the rolling Bluegrass region around Lexington suggests an unhurried and genteel way of life that is more reminiscent of Kentucky’s ties with the antebellum South than it is reflective of the state’s position in the fast-paced economy of an industrialized country. By contrast, northernmost Kentucky, with its predominantly German heritage, its suburban pattern of development, and its orientation toward metropolitan Cincinnati , Ohio, is a reminder of the state’s link to the urban North. Kentucky has always existed in the middle: as a state looking back and ahead, as a crossroads for westward expansion, and as a territory with divided allegiance during the American Civil War (1861–65). Indeed, the Civil War presidents Abraham Lincoln of the Union and Jefferson Davis of the opposing Confederacy both were born in Kentucky. Area 40,408 square miles (104,656 square km). Population (2010) 4,339,367; (2016 est.) 4,436,974. Land flag of Kentucky In addition to the Mississippi , Ohio , and Big Sandy rivers, which constitute some of Kentucky’s boundaries, the state has seven major drainage basins formed by interior streams: the Licking , Kentucky , Salt , Green , Tradewater, Cumberland , and Tennessee rivers. Eastern Kentucky is drained by the Big Sandy, Cumberland, Licking, and Kentucky rivers and their tributaries. The Cumberland River descends from the plateau of the same name in the 68-foot (20-metre) Cumberland Falls, which is renowned for the occasional occurrence of a lunar rainbow. It flows southwestward into Tennessee before turning to the north and reentering Kentucky at the eastern edge of the Purchase. The main streams of the Kentucky and Licking rivers rise in the Mountain region and flow northwestward; they then meander across the Bluegrass region before joining the Ohio. The Salt River, flowing westward from the Bluegrass region, drains the northern Pennyrile. The longest stream that lies entirely within the state is the Green River . With a source in the Pennyrile, it stretches generally westward for some 370 miles (600 km), bisects the Western Coalfield, and empties into the Ohio River. In western Kentucky, the western Pennyrile is drained by the Tennessee and the Tradewater rivers, both of which flow northwestward into the Ohio. Licking River at Covington, Ky. Rick Dikeman The Tennessee and Cumberland rivers both have been dammed to form large reservoirs. In south-central Kentucky a dam on the Cumberland has created Lake Cumberland. It is the state’s largest lake, spanning an area of more than 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares). In the southwest the Cumberland has been impounded to form Lake Barkley, which is connected by a canal to Kentucky Lake , which was created by a dam on the Tennessee River. Soils The soils of Kentucky are as diverse as the life they support. The weathered shale-based soil of the Knobs, for instance, is not rich and is easily eroded, making it better adapted to forest growth than to cultivation. By contrast, much of the Purchase is covered by loessial soils and is one of the most fertile sections of Kentucky. Rich alluvial deposits lie along the rivers, while the rest of the state’s soil derives from the long and gradual breakdown and decay of underlying rock, windblown loess in the western part of the state, and small deposits of glacial till near the Ohio River. The phosphate-rich soils of the Bluegrass region are mostly from limestone of the Ordovician Period (roughly 445 to 490 million years ago); they have supported pasturage for some of the world’s most famous horse farms. Pennyrile soils, developed primarily from Mississippian (from about 320 to 360 million years ago) limestone, are excellent for general farming, as are the loessial and alluvial soils of the western regions. Eastern Kentucky soils, derived primarily from sandstone, are less fertile. Climate Kentucky enjoys a temperate climate and generally plentiful rainfall. The state’s mean annual temperature is between 55 and 60 °F (13 and 16 °C). However, extremes of temperature exceeding 110 °F (43 °C) and dropping below –30 °F (–34 °C) have been recorded occasionally. In the capital city, average high temperatures in January and February are in the low 40s F (about 6 °C), and average low temperatures are in the low 20s F (about –5 °C); in July and August temperatures usually rise from the low 60s F (about 17 °C) into the mid-80s F (about 30 °C) daily. The yearly growing season lasts about 170 to 210 days, depending on location. Mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches (1,140 mm). Although the fall months (September through November) are often somewhat drier, precipitation is generally well distributed throughout the year. The greatest differences occur between the southern areas, which receive nearly 50 inches (1,300 mm) annually, and the northeast, which may receive only 40 inches (1,000 mm). Thunderstorms are frequent and often cause flooding in eastern Kentucky. Prevailing winds are from the south and southwest, although north and northwest winds often bring the chill of winter. Plant and animal life Kentucky’s climate and distinctive soils combine to create variety in vegetation, animal life, and landscape. The state was part of the hardwood forest region that once covered the country from the Allegheny Mountains to the western prairies. Most of the state was wooded with stands of yellow poplar, oak, chestnut, sycamore, hickory, and walnut. By the close of the 19th century, however, all but a fraction of the virgin forests had been felled, mostly after the American Civil War . Largely because of reforestation initiatives of the 20th century, Kentucky was able to bring its forest cover back up to about 50 percent by the early 21st century. Blanton Forest and Lilley Cornett Woods, both in southeastern Kentucky, are the state’s only recognized virgin forests. Trees, shrubs, and plants of many kinds still flourish in all parts of the state and range from the native hardwoods and pines on the eastern slopes to the picturesque bald cypresses in the western river marshes to the maples, cedars, ash, and locust found throughout the state. Rhododendron, laurel, dogwood, redbud, and trillium are prominent among the dozens of types of flowering vegetation that can be found in the Kentucky mountains. Birds and mammals of Kentucky include those native to the South as well as those more commonly found in the northern United States and Canada. Of the numerous hoofed animals that once roamed Kentucky—including bison, elk , and deer—only deer remain in quantity, although elk have been reintroduced. Wolves and panthers have likewise disappeared. Bears are sometimes seen in eastern Kentucky. Among the many small animals found in the state are rabbits, squirrels, foxes, raccoons, opossums, woodchucks, and—in the numerous caves—bats and rodents. The northwest corner of Kentucky lies along one of the world’s great migratory bird routes. More than 200 species of birds frequent this area, while more than 300 species have been found in the state as a whole. Cardinals (the state bird), robins, bluejays, doves, and sparrows are common. The marshes of the southwestern Kentucky-Tennessee border provide breeding places for such waterfowl as the American egret, great blue heron, and double-crested cormorant. Wild turkeys, a reminder of pioneer days, are increasing in number. Great blue heron (Ardea herodias). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The swift mountain streams, wide rivers, and man-made lakes of Kentucky provide habitats for more than 200 species of fish. The muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), the largest member of the pike family and commonly considered a Great Lakes fish, is found in the Licking, Green, and Barren (a tributary of the Green) rivers. Largemouth and smallmouth bass, catfish, bluegills, and crappies are common. People Population composition The vast majority of Kentucky’s population is of white European ancestry. Most of the early white settlers of the state were of English or Scotch-Irish descent and came from North Carolina , Virginia , Maryland , and Pennsylvania . The migrations of Daniel Boone —founder of one of the first permanent white settlements in present-day Kentucky—resembled those of many of his countrymen. Born in Pennsylvania, Boone moved as a youth down the Great Appalachian Valley of Virginia into North Carolina, where he lived until he led new settlers through Cumberland Gap to Kentucky. The best agricultural land was in the Bluegrass region, and this was the first area to be settled. The eastern mountains, the poorest agricultural region, were settled last. Despite the dangers of backwoods warfare in the early days, migration into the Bluegrass country continued. In addition to the Cumberland Gap route, the Mississippi River brought French émigrés upriver from New Orleans , particularly to the Louisville area. During the mid-19th century the Ohio River carried many German settlers and other migrants from New England and the Middle Atlantic states; many settled in northern Kentucky and in other areas near the river. During the first few decades of Kentucky’s statehood, there also was a large black population, mostly slaves of African ancestry, though the proportion decreased after the state legislature abolished the importation of slaves for resale in 1833. Just prior to the American Civil War (1861–65), the Underground Railroad flourished in Kentucky to help transport escaped slaves to free soil, and there was considerable black emigration during and after the war. The state continued to lose its black population until the mid-20th century, after which the relative size of the community showed little change. In the early 21st century Kentucky’s African American residents were concentrated in the larger urban areas and in the southwest part of the Pennyrile; they accounted for less than one-tenth of the total population. The most prominent of the various indigenous peoples in the Kentucky area at the time of European settlement were the Cherokee , Shawnee , and Chickasaw . In the early 19th century, however, most of the native populations were removed forcibly to other areas, some via the infamous Trail of Tears to reservations in Oklahoma . By the 21st century, Native Americans constituted just a tiny fraction of the population, and there were no federally recognized tribes or reservation lands in the state. Kentucky’s Hispanic and Asian populations remain small but have grown significantly since the late 20th century. Most of the state’s Hispanic residents are of Mexican heritage. Of Kentucky’s Asian residents, those of Chinese and Indian descent predominate. In terms of religious affiliation, Kentucky is primarily Protestant. Baptists are by far the dominant denomination, with Methodists constituting a significant minority. However, Kentucky also has one of the largest populations of Roman Catholics in the South, concentrated mostly in the central and north-central segments of the state. Settlement patterns From the beginning, Kentucky has been a strongly rural state of small towns and crossroads. In the early 21st century about half of the state’s population remained rural, despite pronounced migration from rural to urban areas in the second half of the 20th century. The three areas that have the largest populations are the cities of Louisville and Lexington and the portion of northern Kentucky that includes Covington and Newport , both situated just opposite Cincinnati on the Ohio River . Together, these three population centres form the points of the so-called “Golden Triangle,” an economic region that is home to more than half of Kentucky’s people. Notable among Kentucky’s smaller cities are Ashland , Bowling Green , Paducah , Owensboro , and Frankfort . Skyline of Louisville, Ky. Kevin R. Morris—Stone/Getty Images Economy Kentucky’s economy—based on manufacturing, trade, mining, agriculture, and tourism and other services—varies by region. The Bluegrass is an affluent region with a large number of manufacturers and numerous amenities. The Pennyrile is likewise diversified and prosperous, but economic conditions in the Western Coalfield and the Mountain regions fluctuate with the demand for coal. The Purchase relies extensively on agriculture, and periods of drought or depressed crop prices sometimes bring hardship to the region. Although manufacturing is the greatest income producer for the state, eastern Kentucky has little manufacturing activity, and a few other areas have none at all. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Until the mid-20th century, Kentucky was considered an agricultural state. Since that time, other sectors have overtaken agriculture as the primary contributors to the state’s gross product. However, while the number of farms and the acreage devoted to agriculture have declined, average farm size has increased, and more than half of the state is still in farmland. The vast majority of Kentucky’s farms are owned by individuals or families (as opposed to corporations), and almost one-fifth of the state’s total workforce is employed in farm or farm-related jobs. Principal crops include corn (maize), soybeans, hay, and tobacco, although tobacco acreage has been declining since the late 20th century. Much of the tobacco is exported. Kentucky also is a top producer of horses, mules, broiler chickens, and cattle. The Bluegrass region, with the richest soil, specializes in horses, cattle, and tobacco. The Pennyrile has more diversified farming and produces a variety of crops and livestock , including beef and dairy cattle. The Western Coalfield and the Purchase specialize in corn, soybeans, and tobacco, although some livestock, especially hogs, and smaller acreages of other crops are found. Forestry is important in eastern Kentucky, where most of the land is unsuitable for farming, and in the eastern part of the Pennyrile; the trees cut are mostly hardwoods, primarily oaks. Kentucky has little commercial fishing, but its streams and reservoirs provide excellent opportunities for sport fishing, and they attract numerous tourists. Resources and power Vast reserves of bituminous coal have placed Kentucky among the country’s leading coal producers for many years. Coal is found throughout the Western Coalfield region and the eastern coalfield segment of the Mountain region. The Western Coalfield yields a product that is high in sulfur content and that is used primarily for steam generation of electricity and for domestic needs. Eastern Kentucky coal is of higher quality and can be used to make coke , a nearly pure form of carbon used in metallurgy. Both underground and surface mining methods are used in Kentucky’s coalfields. The two coalfields and the Pennyrile also have oil and natural gas deposits, although they are not large. The state has a few refineries, for which most of the crude oil is piped up from the Gulf Coast . Deposits of vein minerals are found in Kentucky as well, along with a variety of clays and an abundance of limestone. Almost all of the state’s electricity is supplied by coal-fired plants, which are most densely concentrated in the Western Coalfield. Hydroelectric stations in the southwestern and south-central part of Kentucky provide the bulk of the remaining power. Natural gas, both from a field at the Big Sandy River and from the Gulf Coast, also fuels several plants. Manufacturing Manufacturing is the largest single contributor to Kentucky’s economy, accounting for nearly one-fifth of the state’s gross product. Although widely dispersed, manufacturing is concentrated in the urban areas, especially around Louisville, which supports such industries as automotive assembly, printing and publishing, food processing, and the manufacture of home appliances. Since the late 20th century, metals-related industries have dominated the sector’s growth; Japanese companies opened more than 150 factories, most of which are located in the central part of the state and produce automobiles and automobile parts. Meanwhile, textiles have remained an important product of the sector, although many textile plants, often located in smaller communities , left the state. Calvert City, near the mouth of the Tennessee River , has a large concentration of chemical and smelting industries. Several cities, including Frankfort and Bardstown , among others, are noted for their distilleries, which supply a major portion of the world’s bourbon, as well as other beverages. Services and labour The services sector generates some two-thirds of Kentucky’s gross product and employs more workers than any other segment of the state’s economy. State and local governments are major employers. Two large military bases, Fort Knox and Fort Campbell, contribute substantially to the economies of the surrounding communities. Retail and wholesale trade also constitutes a significant segment of the services sector. A strong labour union tradition exists in the towns along the Ohio River , and the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) is influential in the coal regions. Early struggles between the UMWA and coal operators in eastern Kentucky gave rise to tragic violence. The city and county of Harlan were the site of intense labour wars during the 1920s and ’30s; the name “Bloody Harlan” commemorates that conflict, evoking the working and living conditions that at the time were popularly identified with those of the state as a whole. Numerous ballads recount the history of dispute and death surrounding work in the coal mines. Transportation Interstate highways cross Kentucky from north to south and east to west. They are supplemented by a system of parkways, U.S. highways, and state highways that make travel by automobile or truck relatively easy almost everywhere in the state. Rail lines connect all major cities for movement of freight. Bulky freight is often shipped by river barge over Kentucky’s many miles of navigable waterways. Major airports in northern Kentucky (part of the Greater Cincinnati area) and Louisville offer international and domestic service; the airport in Lexington handles domestic flights, mostly within the eastern half of the United States. Airplane landing in front of the air traffic control tower at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky … © Anne Kitzman/Shutterstock.com Kentucky - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) American frontiersman Daniel Boone first entered what is now the U.S. state of Kentucky in 1767. At that time, herds of bison roamed the grassy areas, and the forests offered a seemingly unlimited supply of bear, deer, and wild turkey. Two years later he returned with some companions to hunt and trap in this lush, wild country, which he called a "second paradise." Many others had explored the region before Boone, but he eventually blazed the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap and later tried to establish Kentucky as the 14th American colony. Article Contributors	i don't know
Which planet in our solar has the longest year, equal to 164 Earth years?	How Long Is A Year On The Other Planets? - Universe Today Universe Today How Long Is A Year On The Other Planets? Article Updated: 29 Jan , 2016 by Matt Williams Here on Earth, we to end to not give our measurements of time much thought. Unless we’re griping about Time Zones, enjoying the extra day of a Leap Year, or contemplating the rationality of Daylight Savings Time, we tend to take it all for granted. But when you consider the fact that increments like a year are entirely relative, dependent on a specific space and place, you begin to see how time really works. Here on Earth, we consider a year to be 365 days. Unless of course it’s a Leap Year, which takes place every four years (in which it is 366). But the actual definition of a year is the time it takes our planet to complete a single orbit around the Sun. So if you were to put yourself in another frame of reference – say, another planet – a year would work out to something else. Let’s see just how long a year is on the other planets, shall we? A Year On Mercury: To put it simply, Mercury has an orbital period of 88 days (87.969 to be exact), which means a single year is 88 Earth days – or the equivalent of about 0.241 Earth years. But here’s the thing. Because of Mercury’s slow rotation (once every 58.646 days) and its rapid orbital speed (47.362 km/s), one day on Mercury actually works out to 175.96 Earth days. MESSENGER maps of Mercury – a monochrome map at 250 m/pixel and an eight-color (left), 1-km/pixel color map. Small gaps will be filled in during the next solar day (right). Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University APL/Carnegie Institution of Washington So basically, a single year on Mercury is half as long as a Mercurian (aka. Hermian) day. This is due to Mercury being the closest planet to the Sun, ranging from 46,001,200 km at perihelion to 69,816,900 km at aphelion. At that distance, the planet shoots around the Sun faster than any other in our Solar System and has the shortest year. In the course of a year, Mercury experiences intense variations in surface temperature – ranging from 80 °K (-193.15 °C;-315.67 °F) to 700 °K (426.85 °C; 800.33 °F). However, this is due to the planet’s varying distance from the Sun and its spin, which subjects one side to extended periods of extremely hot temperatures and one side to extended periods of night. Mercury’s low axial tilt (0.034°) and its rapid orbital period means that there really is no seasonal variation on Mercury. Basically, one part of the year is as hellishly hot, or horribly cold, as any other. A Year On Venus: The second closest planet to our Sun, Venus completes a single orbit once ever 224.7 days. This means that a single year on Venus works out to about 0.6152 Earth years. But, once again, things are complicated by the fact that Venus has an unusual rotation period. In fact, Venus takes 243 Earth days to rotate once on its axis – the slowest rotation of any planet – and its rotation is retrograde to its orbital path. The planet Venus, as imagined by the Magellan 10 mission. Credit: NASA/JPL Combined with its orbital period, this means that a single solar day on Venus (the time between one sunup to the next) is 117 Earth days. So basically, a single year on Venus is lasts 1.92 Venusian (aka. Cytherean) days. Again, this would make for some confusing time-cycles for any humans trying to make a go of it on Venus! Also, Venus has a very small axial tilt – 3° compared to Earth’s 23.5° – and its proximity to the Sun makes for a much shorter seasonal cycle – 55-58 days compared to Earth’s 90-93 days. Add to that its unusual day-night cycle, variations are very slight. In fact, the temperate on Venus is almost always a brutal 736 K (463 °C ; 865 degrees °F), which is hot enough to melt lead! A Year On Earth: Comparatively speaking, a year on Earth is pretty predictable, which is probably one of the reasons why life is able to thrive here. In short, our planet takes 365.2564 solar days to complete a single orbit of the Sun, which is why we add an extra day to the calendar every four years (i.e. a Leap Year, which 2016 happens to be). But because our axis is tilted, there is considerable variation in the seasons during the course of a year. During the winter, when one hemisphere is pointed away from the Sun, the Sun’s distance from the equator changes by up to 23.5°. As a result, between the summer and winter, the length of days and nights, temperatures, and seasons will go through significant changes. Above the Arctic Circle, an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year – up to six months at the North Pole itself, in what is known as a “polar night”. In the southern hemisphere the situation is exactly reversed, with the South Pole experiencing a midnight sun, a day of 24 hours, again reversing with the South Pole. Every six months, the order of this is reversed. A Year On Mars: Mars has one of the highest eccentricities of any planet in the Solar System, ranging from 206,700,000 km at perihelion and 249,200,000 km at aphelion. This large variation and its greater distance from the Sun, leads to a rather long year. Basically, Mars takes the equivalent of 687 (Earth) days to complete a single orbit around the Sun, which works out to to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours. On the other hand, Mars has a rotation period that is very similar to Earth’s – 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. So while the days on Mars are only slightly longer, the seasons are generally twice as long. But this is mitigated by the fact that seasonal changes are far greater on Mars, owing to its eccentricity and greater axial tilt (25.19°). During the winter, the global atmospheric pressure on Mars is 25% lower than during summer. This is due to temperature variations and the complex exchange of carbon dioxide between the Martian dry-ice polar caps and its CO2 atmosphere. As a result, Martian seasons vary greatly in duration than those on Earth, change roughly every six months, and do not start on the same Earth day every Martian year. Mars 2001 Global Dust Storm, as captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: NASA/J. Bell (Cornell)/M. Wolff (SSI)/Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) A Year On Jupiter: Jupiter is another interesting case. Whereas the gas giant only takes 9 hours 55 minutes and 30 seconds to rotate once on its axis, it also takes alson 11.8618 Earth years to complete an orbit around the Sun. This means that a year on Jupiter is not only the equivalent of 4,332.59 Earth days, but 10,475.8 Jovian days. That’s a lot of sunrises! Much like Venus, Jupiter has an axial tilt of only 3 degrees, so there is literally no seasonal variation between the hemispheres. In addition, temperature variations are due to chemical compositions and depths rather than seasonal cycles. So while it does have “seasons”, which change very slowly due to its distance from the Sun – each season lasts 3 years – they are not similar to what terrestrial planets experience. A Year On Saturn: Much like its fellow gas giant Jupiter, Saturn takes it time completing a single orbit of the Sun, but rotates on its axis very rapidly. All told, a year on the planet lasts the equivalent of 10,759 Earth days (or about 29 1?2 years). But since it only takes 10 hours, and 33 minutes to complete a single rotation on its axis, a year on Saturn works out to 24,491.07 Saturnian (aka. Cronian) days. This portrait looking down on Saturn and its rings was created from images obtained by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft on Oct. 10, 2013. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/G. Ugarkovic Due to its axial tilt of almost 27 degrees (slightly more than Mars), Saturn experiences some rather long seasonal changes. But due to it being a gas giant, this does not result in variations in temperature. Combined with its distance from the Sun (at an average distance of 1,429.39 million km or 9.5 AU), a single season lasts more than seven years. A Year On Uranus: Uranus has some of the strangest annual and seasonal variations of any planet in the Solar System. For one, the gas/ice giant takes about 84 Earth years (or 30,688.5 Earth days) to rotate once around the Sun. But since the planet takes 17 hours, 14 minutes and 24 seconds to complete a single rotation on its axis, a year on Uranus lasts 42,718 Uranian days. However, this is confounded due to Uranus’ axial tilt, which is inclined at 97.77° towards the Sun. This results in seasonal changes that are quite extreme, and unique to Uranus. In short, when one hemisphere is pointed towards the Sun (i.e. in summer), it will experience 42 years of continuous light. In winter, the situation is reversed, with this same hemisphere experiencing 42 years of continuous darkness. A Year On Neptune: Given its distance from the Sun, Neptune has the longest orbital period of any planet in the Solar System. As such, a year on Neptune is the longest of any planet, lasting the equivalent of 164.8 years (or 60,182 Earth days). But since Neptune also takes comparatively little time to rotate once on its axis (16 hours, 6 minutes and 36 seconds), a single year lasts a staggering 89,666 Neptunian days. Reconstruction of Voyager 2 images showing the Great Black spot (top left), Scooter (middle), and the Small Black Spot (lower right). Credit: NASA/JPL What’s more, with an axial tilt close to Earth and Mars’ (28.5 degrees), there is some seasonal variation on the planet. Essentially, a single season lasts more than 40 years. But like all gas/ice giants, this does not result in noticeable temperature variations.	Neptune
Who wrote the 1804 poem ‘Jerusalem’?	Interplanetary Seasons \| Science Mission Directorate Science Mission Directorate Jun 19, 2000 Interplanetary Seasons Every planet in the solar system has seasons. Most have four like the Earth -- called Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall -- but that's where the similarities end. Extraterrestrial seasons are hardly noticeable on some planets (Venus), mindbogglingly extreme on others (Uranus) and in some cases simply impossible to define (Mercury). The table below gives the dates of the seasons for 8 of the 9 planets in the solar system. Only Pluto is missing. It's so far away that we don't know much about seasons on that distant world. In the table the equinoxes and solstices are named after the corresponding season in the northern hemisphere. This is the convention that astronomers often use to discuss planetary seasons. When the north pole of a planet is tilted toward the sun, astronomers call it the Summer Solstice; when the south pole is tilted toward the sun it is called the Winter Solstice. Nevertheless, the seasons are always opposite in the two hemispheres. On Earth, for example, when it is summer in New York, it is winter in Sydney. On a spring day in Paris, autumn leaves are falling in Argentina, and so on... When the Vernal Equinox takes place on March 20, Earth will join Venus and Jupiter as the only planets in the solar system where it is now northern Spring. Seasons on Other Planets 2003 (Table note: seasonal names refer to the northern hemisphere of each planet.) Planetary seasons are caused by two factors: axial tilt and variable distance from the sun (orbital eccentricity). Earth's orbit is nearly circular and so has little effect on climate. It's our planet's axial tilt that causes almost all seasonal changes. When the north pole is tilted toward the Sun, it's northern summer. Six months later the north pole tilts away from the Sun and we experience northern winter. The other two planets where it is northern spring, Jupiter and Venus, have very small axial tilts -- just 3 degrees compared to Earth's 23.5 degree tilt. Seasonal changes on those planets are correspondingly small. Spring on Venus isn't much different from autumn. The planet's dense, acidic atmosphere produces a runaway greenhouse effect that keeps the surface at 750 K year-round -- that's hot enough to melt lead. Spring fever on Venus is really hot! Our second-nearest planetary neighbor Mars has the highest orbital eccentricity of any world except Pluto. Its distance from the Sun varies between 1.64 and 1.36 AU over the Martian year. This large variation, combined with an axial tilt greater than Earth's gives rise to seasonal changes far greater than we experience even in Antarctica. Right: Over the past six months, the southern hemisphere of Mars has passed through spring and into summer. Spring started in early August 1999 and summer arrived toward the end of December 1999. Mars Global Surveyor is in a polar orbit, thus the spacecraft's camera has had an excellent view of seasonal changes. Shown here are three views of the same portion the layered terrain near the Martian south pole. They show how the landscape thaws and defrosts as summer approaches. [ more information ] From the point of view of an Earth-dweller, one of the strangest effects of seasons on Mars is the change in atmospheric pressure. During winter the global atmospheric pressure on Mars is 25% lower than during summer. This happens because of the eccentricity of Mars's orbit and a complex exchange of carbon dioxide between Mars's dry-ice polar caps and its CO2 atmosphere. Around the summer solstice when the Martian north pole is tilted away from the sun, the northern polar cap expands as carbon dioxide in the polar atmosphere freezes. At the other end of the planet the southern polar cap melts, giving CO2 back to the atmosphere. This process reverses half a year later at the winter solstice. At first it might seem that these events occurring at opposite ends of Mars would simply balance out over the course of the Martian year, having no net effect on climate. But they don't. That's because Mars is 10% closer to the Sun in winter than it is in summer. At the time of the winter solstice the northern polar cap absorbs more CO2 than the southern polar cap absorbs half a year later. The difference is so great that Mars's atmosphere is noticeably thinner during winter. Seasons on Mars vs. Seasons on Earth Season Length of Season on Earth (Earth Days) Length of Season on Mars (Martian Days) 89 154 Above: The orbit of Mars is very eccentric, unlike Earth's which is more nearly circular. Its orbital motion is slowest when it is at aphelion (the farthest point from the Sun) and fastest at perihelion (the closest point to the Sun). This effect, combined with the planet's axial tilt, makes Martian seasons vary in duration more than those on Earth. The length of the seasons in this table are give in Earth days and Martian days. The two are almost exactly the same duration. An Earth day is 24 hours long, a Martian day is 24.6 hours long. [ more information ] Martian seasons are peculiar by Earth standards, but they probably pale in comparison to seasons on Uranus. Like Earth, the orbit of Uranus is nearly circular so it keeps the same distance from the Sun throughout its long year. But, Uranus's spin axis is tilted by a whopping 82 degrees! This gives rise to extreme 20-year-long seasons and unusual weather. For nearly a quarter of the Uranian year (equal to 84 Earth years), the sun shines directly over each pole, leaving the other half of the planet plunged into a long, dark, frigid winter. Left: A dramatic time-lapse movie by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope shows seasonal changes on Uranus. Once considered one of the blander-looking planets, Uranus is now revealed as a dynamic world with the brightest clouds in the outer Solar System. more info . The Northern Hemisphere of Uranus is just now coming out of the grip of its decades-long winter. As the sunlight reaches some latitudes for the first time in years, it warms the atmosphere and triggers gigantic springtime storms comparable in size to North America with temperatures of 300 degrees below zero. In the animation pictured left the bright clouds are probably made of crystals of methane, which condense as warm bubbles of gas well up from deep in the atmosphere of Uranus. Uranus does not have a solid surface, but is instead a ball of mostly hydrogen and helium. Absorption of red light by methane in the atmosphere gives the planet its cyan color. Uranus was discovered March 13, 1781, by William Herschel. Early visual observers reported Jupiter-like cloud belts on the planet, but when NASA's Voyager 2 flew by in 1986, Uranus appeared as featureless as a cue ball. In the past 13 years, the planet has moved far enough along its orbit for the sun to shine at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. By the year 2007, the sun will be shining directly over Uranus' equator. Parents and Educators: Please visit Thursday's Classroom for lesson plans and activities related to this story. Mercury's seasons -- if they can be called that -- are also remarkable. Until the 1960's it was thought that Mercury's "day" was the same length as its "year" keeping the same face to the Sun much as the Moon does to the Earth. This was shown to be incorrect by Doppler radar observations. We now known that Mercury rotates three times during two of its years. Mercury is the only body in the solar system tidally locked into an orbital-to-rotational resonance with a ratio other than 1:1. This fact and the high eccentricity of Mercury's orbit would produce very strange effects for an observer on Mercury's surface. [ ref ] At some longitudes the observer would see the Sun rise and then gradually increase in apparent size as it slowly moved toward the zenith. At that point the Sun would stop, briefly reverse course, and stop again before resuming its path toward the horizon and decreasing in apparent size. All the while the stars would be moving three times faster across the sky. Observers at other points on Mercury's surface would see different but equally bizarre motions. Temperature variations on Mercury are the most extreme in the solar system ranging from 90 K at night to 700 K during the day. Web Links	i don't know
Who directed and starred in the 1969 film ‘Easy Rider’?	Easy Rider (1969) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Two counterculture bikers travel from Los Angeles to New Orleans in search of America. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 37 titles created 05 Oct 2013 a list of 34 titles created 28 Jan 2014 a list of 30 titles created 12 Sep 2014 a list of 45 titles created 31 Oct 2014 a list of 29 titles created 18 Sep 2015 Search for " Easy Rider " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Oscars. Another 8 wins & 12 nominations. See more awards » Videos A dropout from upper-class America picks up work along the way on oil rigs when his life isn't spent in a squalid succession of bars, motels, and other points of interest. Director: Bob Rafelson Bonnie Parker, a bored waitress falls in love with an ex-con named Clyde Barrow and together they start a violent crime spree through the country, robbing cars and banks. Director: Arthur Penn A naive hustler travels from Texas to New York to seek personal fortune but, in the process, finds himself a new friend. Director: John Schlesinger Two Navy men are ordered to bring a young offender to prison but decide to show him one last good time along the way. Director: Hal Ashby In 1951, a group of high schoolers come of age in a bleak, isolated, atrophied West Texas town that is slowly dying, both culturally and economically. Director: Peter Bogdanovich A disillusioned college graduate finds himself torn between his older lover and her daughter. Director: Mike Nichols A rebellious young man with a troubled past comes to a new town, finding friends and enemies. Director: Nicholas Ray The discovery of a severed human ear found in a field leads a young man on an investigation related to a beautiful, mysterious nightclub singer and a group of psychopathic criminals who have kidnapped her child. Director: David Lynch An aging group of outlaws look for one last big score as the "traditional" American West is disappearing around them. Director: Sam Peckinpah A man upon retirement embarks on a journey to his estranged daughter's wedding only to discover more about himself and life than he ever expected. Director: Alexander Payne A couple of high school grads spend one final night cruising the strip with their buddies before they go off to college. Director: George Lucas Edit Storyline Two young "hippie" bikers, Wyatt and Billy sell some dope in Southern California, stash their money away in their gas-tank and set off for a trip across America, on their own personal odyssey looking for a way to lead their lives. On the journey they encounter bigotry and hatred from small-town communities who despise and fear their non-conformism. However Wyatt and Billy also discover people attempting 'alternative lifestyles' who are resisting this narrow-mindedness, there is always a question mark over the future survival of these drop-out groups. The gentle hippie community who thank God for 'a place to stand' are living their own unreal dream. The rancher they encounter and his Mexican wife are hard-pushed to make ends meet. Even LSD turns sour when the trip is a bad one. Death comes to seem the only freedom. When they arrive at a diner in a small town, they are insulted by the local rednecks as weirdo degenerates. They are arrested on some minor pretext by the local sheriff and ... Written by alfiehitchie It's here! EASY RIDER ...the biggest hit in the cinema today! (British Quad) See more » Genres: 26 June 1969 (Sweden) See more » Also Known As: Mono (Western Electric Sound System) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Tom Mankiewicz was in New Orleans at the same time working on a TV music special. "I ran into Dennis and Peter by accident. Nobody had any idea that Easy Rider (1969) would become some kind of classic. But, my God, if I had the money, I wouldn't have given it to them. They were loaded all day long". See more » Goofs The commune is set in New Mexico, but the VW bus has California license plates, and the ocean can be seen in the background. See more » Quotes Sheriff : Whatcha think we oughta do with them? Cat Man : I don't never know. But I don't think they'll make the parish line. See more » Connections (Philadelphia, PA) – See all my reviews Not many films have documented an era of American culture the way it must have really been. THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES captured the reality of the post-war 1940's. TAXI DRIVER is a masterpiece of social distortion and paranoia exemplary of the 1970's. No film other than EASY RIDER captures the late 1960's as seen by the American counter-culture. Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper's story of two men who go in search of America and 'freedom' is a bona fide sign of the times. I may not have been around at the time, but it is great to see a film portraying the long-haired, hippie attitude towards an America in turmoil in the form of a biker flick, circa 1969. EASY RIDER is an exploration of vast and desolate parts of the country. Of course, the stop at Mardi Gras is a necessity, but what Fonda and director Hopper are trying to tell us is that there was no 'freedom' as they saw it. The sprawling journey shows filmgoers the multiple frictions and shattered idealism of a generation in the midst of cultural change. Sex, drugs, and music were exploding socially and 1960's ideology may have come to an end in 1969, literally and figuratively speaking - much like it shockingly does in this film. Peter Fonda plays cool "Captain America", otherwise known as Wyatt, while Hopper is a paranoid prophet of the hippies as "Billy the Kid". The stunning DVD version of the film notes the importance of Laszlo Kovacs, the director of photography. Much of the film consists of Kovacs' simple shooting of the riders as they travel spiraling highways and bigoted backroads. It is some beautiful footage and essential to the trip. A major deal is made, much grass is smoked, and the film takes off from there. Their ultimate goal is never clearly defined, but Fonda's final comment to Hopper may sum it up for viewers. Did they find what America was supposed to be about? I guess not according to Fonda. There is a surreal experience at a commune the Kid and Wyatt stop at. These scenes are out of a Fellini film. One significant shot paints the commune with a 360 degree pan across the faces of the live-in hippies. The expressions on the faces all seem different, some grinning, others just zoned out. Kovac's amazing camera work (especially on the road with the bikes) along with a virtual who's who in rock music of the late 60's makes for a sometimes visceral filmgoing experience. The immortal 'Born to be Wild' blares over the opening title sequence and everyone from Hendrix to The Byrds are heard throughout. EASY RIDER also contains one of Jack Nicholson's 2 or 3 most memorable performances, even to this day. As drunken lawyer "George Hanson", he creates an amazingly funny and perfect counterpoint to Hopper and Fonda. He realizes what the general public can think of the "long-hairs" and puts himself in danger just by traveling with them. A bizarre notion of alien presence in the U.S. government is part of a hilarious conversation Nicholson and Hopper have over Whiskey and smoke. His scenes on Fonda's chopper with the golden football helmet are absolute, cinematic classics. Credit must be given to Fonda, Hopper, Nicholson, Kovacs, and Terry Southern for giving a new face to movie-making. They captured the era in a raw, jump cutting fashion. Maybe the hippies were not entirely right by trying to live off the land, or smoking dope all the time, but they may have been onto something. RATING: ***1/2 140 of 168 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Dennis Hopper
Which cleric is known as the ‘Primate of England’?	Dennis Hopper - Filmbug Dennis Hopper Dennis Hopper An acclaimed actor and filmmaker with an iconic and distinctly American voice, Hopper has been twice nominated for an Academy Award: as Best Supporting Actor for his role as an alcoholic father who gets sober to coach his son's basketball team in Hoosiers, and for Best Original Screenplay of the counter-culture road movie Easy Rider, a film he directed, starred in, and co-wrote with Peter Fonda and Terry Southern. Hopper was born in Dodge City, Kansas, and grew up in San Diego, California. He made a lasting impression as a teenager with his performance in Nicholas Ray 's classic Rebel Without a Cause, opposite James Dean and Natalie Wood , quickly following that with an equally revelatory performance in George Stevens ' epic Giant. Relocating to New York City where he studied with Lee Strasberg, Hopper starred in such television shows as The Rifleman, Naked City, and The Twilight Zone. Returning to Hollywood, Hopper forever changed the face of American cinema with the 1969 film Easy Rider. The movie, made for $350,000, went on to gross in excess of $50 million and garnered Hopper the Best New Director prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Since Easy Rider, Hopper has been a familiar presence both in front of and behind the camera for more than three decades. He has been in over 140 television shows and has starred in more than 150 films including most notably Apocalypse Now, Blue Velvet, River's Edge, Hoosiers, The Indian Runner, True Romance, Speed, Waterworld, Basquiat, and Edtv. He received Golden Globe nominations for his roles in Hoosiers and as Frank Booth in David Lynch 's now-classic Blue Velvet. In 2008 alone, Hopper appeared in such films as Sleepwalking with Charlize Theron ; Quentin Tarantino 's Hell Ride; Elegy with Penelope Cruz (scheduled to open in August); Kevin Costner 's Swing Vote with Kelsey Grammer ; and Wim Wenders 's The Palermo Shooting. Other recent film projects for Hopper include the upcoming adventure comedy Alpha and Omega, in which he stars with Hayden Panettiere and Christina Ricci ; comedy An American Carol with Kelsey Grammer; and horror thriller Forever with Edward Furlong . Hopper received the prestigious CIDALC award at the Venice Film Festival for the movie-industry feature The Last Movie, which he directed, co-wrote, and starred in. He also directed the gang-war crime drama Colors, starring Sean Penn and Robert Duvall ; action thriller Catchfire, in which he starred with Jodie Foster ; and crime drama The Hot Spot, starring Don Johnson and Virginia Madsen . On television, Hopper has appeared on HBO's Emmy award-winning Entourage, as well as on the acclaimed series 24; Las Vegas with James Caan ; the USA Networks feature The Last Ride; received an Emmy nomination for starring in Paris Trout; and he co-starred opposite Benjamin Bratt in the Jerry Bruckheimer /Warner TV produced NBC series E-Ring, during 2005-2006. In addition to acting and directing, Hopper is an internationally known photographer and painter, with retrospective exhibitions in 2001 at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam and The MAK in Vienna. The most important exhibition of his artistic career was in 2007 at The State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia, with a photographic exhibition following at The Manege in Moscow, Russia. On October 13, 2008, he opened an extensive film and art retrospective with La Cinematheque Francais in Paris. Hopper is married to Victoria Duffy, who gave birth to their first child, daughter Galen, in March 2003. Hopper remains close to his three other children from previous marriages: Marin, Ruthanna and Henry. Film icon Dennis Hopper heads the cast of Crash, a Starz original drama series inspired by the Oscar-winning movie. Hopper plays maverick record producer Ben Cendars, a volatile figure whose fight to remain relevant is made more difficult by his self-destructive tendencies. Note: This profile was written in or before 2010. Read earlier biographies on this page . Dennis Hopper Facts	i don't know
Which Sanskrit word means ‘awakened one’?	the Triple Jewel: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha The word Buddha is a Sanskrit word which means "The Awakened One", one who is awakened to Reality, who understands true nature of the mind, the world, and all sentient beings. The Buddha lived approximately 3000 years ago (some say 2500). He was an Indian prince named Siddhartha, who gave up his throne in order to search for the Truth, to find a way to bring relief to the sufferings of humanity. After many years of diligent practice, he reached Supreme Enlightenment while sitting under a bodhi tree. He then exclaimed, "Wonder of wonders! All sentient beings are inherently complete and perfect! But they do not realize it because of their delusions and cravings." There upon He was known as Sakyamuni (or Gautama) Buddha, and embarked on an endless, compassionate journey to teach living beings how to see Reality, how to gain true wisdom, how to free themselves, and how to achieve true peace and joy. His teaching is known as the Dharma. The Buddha taught for 49 years until he entered nirvana at the age of 80. Many disciples of the Buddha, following the Buddha's example, renounced the home life to devote their lives to the practice of Enlightenment, to the gaining of wisdom that can transcend suffering, and to teach other sentient beings the same. They formed the ordained community of Buddhist monks and nuns known as the Sangha. Sangha means "harmony" or "harmonious assembly". The Sangha is responsible for practicing, achieving, preserving, and propagating the Buddha Dharma. Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha are called the Triple Jewel. Buddhist Ideal Buddhists believe that everyone can become a Buddha. Being a Buddha means being Awakened, free from delusions and sufferings, and perfect in wisdom and compassion To be Awakened means to see Reality as it is, not as we think it is. To see Reality is to gain true wisdom and this wisdom will free us. We are not trapped by external conditions, but by our misperceptions and prejudices. Whatever we do, our actions create reactions that come back to affect us. Because of this, we are responsible for our own actions. Also because of this, we are responsible for our own salvation. And exactly because of this, each one of us is capable of achieving Perfection. We just need to know how. The Dharma teaches us how. There are many ways of practice, many "Dharma gates" to achieve Enlightenment, and they all fall into these general categories: performing good deeds, meditation, and studying the Dharma. . • Excerpts from a talk given by Ven. Jian Hu. To view the entirety of article Introduction to Buddhism from the section of Dharma Gems-Dharma Lectures.	Gautama Buddha
What is the piece of turf called which is cut out of the ground by a golf club striking a ball?	The Buddha and Critical Thinking The Buddha and Critical Thinking The word Buddha comes from a Sanskrit/Pali word that means one who has awakened or been enlightened. In the context of Indian religions it functions as a title for one who has been enlightened. The name of the founder of the Buddhist religion was therefore not Buddha though one could make this mistake easily since his given name is rarely mentioned. The Buddha's given name was Siddhartha Gutama. He did not refer to himself by the title Buddha and he may not have been called this by others during his lifetime. The accounts of meetings of his followers after his death do not refer to Gutama as the Buddha but as bhagavan (lord), however once the title was adopted it became the primary designation for Gutama and assumed a central role within Buddhist thought and practice. Siddhartha Gutama's date of birth is disputed, but all will agree it was between the 5th and the 7th centuries B.C.E. The purpose of this offering is simply to remind the reader that 2500 years ago when people were dying of diseases which could readily be blamed on one deity or the other and human dependence on the vagaries of nature was nearly total, there were skeptics. Siddhartha Gutama was certainly one of them when he taught "Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your religious books. Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders. Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many generations. But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it." The lesson here is that whether today or 2500 years ago, within any collection of people, one finds those susceptible to suggestion at one end of the spectrum and those who question everything at the other. For those of us schooled in the Age of Enlightenment and attribute the impetus for all of our scientific advancement to discoveries and social changes in the 18th century, it is instructive and humbling to remember that there were teachers of critical thinking like Siddhartha Gutama who preceded the European intellectuals by more than 2000 years. Credits Robinson and Johnson, The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction. New York, NY: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997, fourth edition. Joseph Kitagawa and Mark Cummings, eds., The Encyclopedia of Religion: Buddhism and Asian History. Mircea Eliade, editor in chief. New York, NY: Macmillian, 1989. Patricia Herbert, The Life of the Buddha. San Francisco, CA: Pomegranate ArtBooks, 1993. E.H. Johnston, Asvaghosa's Buddhacarita or Acts of the Buddha. Complete Sanskrit Text with English Translation. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Limited, 1995 reprint.	i don't know
In chemistry, Heavy Hydrogen is another term for what?	heavy hydrogen - WordReference.com Dictionary of English heavy hydrogen WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2017 heav′y hy′drogen, Chemistryeither of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, esp. deuterium. Chemistrydeuterium. Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers:: heavy hydrogen n Forum discussions with the word(s) "heavy hydrogen" in the title: No titles with the word(s) "heavy hydrogen".	Deuterium
Caravane, Paneer and Mondseer are all types of what?	Isotopes of Hydrogen About Watch and Favorite Watch Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made. Favorite Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students. Isotopes of Hydrogen Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium, deuterium and tritium. Each isotope has different chemical properties. Learning Objective Discuss the chemical properties of hydrogen's naturally occurring isotopes. Key Points Protium is the most prevalent hydrogen isotope , with an abundance of 99.98%. It consists of one proton and one electron . It is typically not found in its monoatomic form, but bonded with itself (H2) or other elements . Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, one neutron and one electron. It has major applications in nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Tritium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, two neutrons and one electron. It is radioactive, with a half-life of 12.32 years. Terms Full Text Properties of Isotopes of Hydrogen Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: 1H (protium), 2H (deuterium), and 3H (tritium). Other highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory, but do not occur in nature. The most stable radioisotope of hydrogen is tritium, with a half-life of 12.32 years. All heavier isotopes are synthetic and have a half-life less than a zeptosecond (10-21 sec). Of these, 5H is the most stable, and the least stable isotope is 7H . Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, consists of one proton and one electron. Unique among all stable isotopes, it has no neutrons. Protium 1H is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%. The nucleus of this isotope consists of only a single proton (atomic number = mass number = 1) and its mass is 1.007825 amu. Hydrogen is generally found as diatomic hydrogen gas H2, or it combines with other atoms in compounds —monoatomic hydrogen is rare. The H–H bond is one of the strongest bonds in nature, with a bond dissociation enthalpy of 435.88 kJ/mol at 298 K. As a consequence, H2 dissociates to only a minor extent until higher temperatures are reached. At 3000K, the degree of dissociation is only 7.85%. Hydrogen atoms are so reactive that they combine with almost all elements. Deuterium 2H, or deuterium (D), is the other stable isotope of hydrogen. It has a natural abundance of ~156.25 ppm in the oceans, and accounts for approximately 0.0156% of all hydrogen found on earth. The nucleus of deuterium, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron (mass number = 2), whereas the far more common hydrogen isotope, protium, has no neutrons in the nucleus. Because of the extra neutron present in the nucleus, deuterium is roughly twice the mass of protium (deuterium has a mass of 2.014102 amu, compared to the mean hydrogen atomic mass of 1.007947 amu). Deuterium occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium gas, written 2H2 or D2, but is most commonly found in the universe bonded with a protium 1H atom, forming a gas called hydrogen deuteride (HD or 1H2H). Chemically, deuterium behaves similarly to ordinary hydrogen (protium), but there are differences in bond energy and length for compounds of heavy hydrogen isotopes, which are larger than the isotopic differences in any other element. Bonds involving deuterium and tritium are somewhat stronger than the corresponding bonds in protium, and these differences are enough to make significant changes in biological reactions. Deuterium can replace the normal hydrogen in water molecules to form heavy water (D2O), which is about 10.6% denser than normal water. Heavy water is slightly toxic in eukaryotic animals, with 25% substitution of the body water causing cell division problems and sterility, and 50% substitution causing death by cytotoxic syndrome (bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal lining failure). Consumption of heavy water does not pose a health threat to humans. It is estimated that a 70 kg person might drink 4.8 liters of heavy water without serious consequences. The most common use for deuterium is in nuclear resonance spectroscopy. As nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) requires compounds of interest to be dissolved in solution , the solution signal should not register in the analysis. As NMR analyzes the nuclear spins of hydrogen atoms, the different nuclear spin property of deuterium is not 'seen' by the NMR instrument, making deuterated solvents highly desirable due to the lack of solvent-signal interference . The three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen. Tritium 3H is known as tritium and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus (mass number = 3). It is radioactive, decaying into helium-3 through beta-decay accompanied by a release of 18.6 keV of energy. It has a half-life of 12.32 years. Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare on Earth, where trace amounts are formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with cosmic rays. Heavier Synthetic Isotopes 4H contains one proton and three neutrons in its nucleus. It is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen. It has been synthesized in the laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast-moving deuterium nuclei. In this experiment, the tritium nuclei captured neutrons from the fast-moving deuterium nucleus. The presence of the hydrogen-4 was deduced by detecting the emitted protons. Its atomic mass is 4.02781 ± 0.00011 amu. It decays through neutron emission with a half-life of 1.39 ×10−22 seconds. 5H is another highly unstable heavy isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus consists of a proton and four neutrons. It has been synthesized in a laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast-moving tritium nuclei. One tritium nucleus captures two neutrons from the other, becoming a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons. The remaining proton may be detected and the existence of hydrogen-5 deduced. It decays through double neutron emission and has a half-life of at least 9.1 × 10−22 seconds. 6H decays through triple neutron emission and has a half-life of 2.90×10−22 seconds. It consists of one proton and five neutrons. 7H consists of one proton and six neutrons. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a group of Russian, Japanese and French scientists at RIKEN's RI Beam Science Laboratory, by bombarding hydrogen with helium-8 atoms. The helium-8's neutrons were donated to the hydrogen's nucleus. The two remaining protons were detected by the "RIKEN telescope", a device composed of several layers of sensors, positioned behind the target of the RI Beam cyclotron.	i don't know
Talipes is the medical term for which condition?	Definition of Talipes larger Definition of Talipes Talipes: Clubfoot. The Latin word talipes was compounded from talus (ankle) + pes (foot) since, with the common ("classic") type of clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), the foot is turned in sharply and the person seems to be walking on their ankle. Talipes equinovalgus: Malformation of the foot evident at birth in which the heel is elevated like a horse's hoof (equino-) and the heel is turned outward (valgus). This is a type of congenital deformity of the foot usually marked by a curled shape or twisted position of the ankle and heel and toes. Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016	Club foot
Who is the creator of animated characters Wallace and Gromit?	Club foot - NHS Choices Club foot Talipes Treatment Introduction Club foot is a deformity of the foot and ankle that babies can be born with. The position and function of the foot can be greatly improved, if treated early. The foot of a baby with club foot points down and inwards, with the soles of the feet facing backwards. Club foot isn’t painful for babies, but it can become painful as they get older and cause difficulties walking if it isn’t treated. Club foot is relatively common, affecting around one baby in every 1,000 born in the UK. Both feet are affected in around half of the children born with the condition. The medical name for club foot is congenital talipes equinovarus. What causes club foot? In most cases the cause of club foot is unknown, although there may be a genetic link because it can run in families. If you have one child with club foot, your risk of having a second child with the condition is around one in 35. If one parent had the condition as a baby, there is around a one in 30 chance of their children having the condition. If both parents previously had the condition, this increases to around a one in three chance. In a small number of cases, club foot occurs as part of a more serious underlying condition affecting the baby's development, such as spina bifida . Diagnosing club foot Club foot is usually diagnosed after a baby is born, although the problem may first be spotted during the routine ultrasound scan carried out between 18 and 21 weeks of pregnancy. It cannot be treated before birth, but picking up the problem during pregnancy means you can talk to doctors about the condition in detail and find out what to expect after your baby is born. Further tests may also be carried out while you're pregnant, to check for conditions such as spina bifida. How club foot is treated Treatment for club foot should ideally start within a week or two of the baby being born, but it can still be effective if started later in childhood. A technique known as the Ponseti method is the main treatment for club foot nowadays. This involves your baby's foot being gently manipulated into a better position and then being put in a cast. This is repeated weekly for around five to eight weeks. After this stage, it's likely that your baby will need a minor procedure (carried out using a local anaesthetic ) to make a small cut in their Achilles tendon. This can help to release their foot into a more natural position. Your baby will need to wear special boots attached to each other with a bar, to prevent club foot returning. These are only worn full-time for the first three months, then overnight until your child is four or five years old. Read more about treating club foot . Outlook The vast majority of children treated with the Ponseti method will have pain-free, normal-looking feet that function well. Most children are able to learn to walk by the usual age and can participate in activities such as sports when they're older. Some children may be left with a slightly shorter leg and smaller foot on one side if only one of their feet was affected. This won't usually cause any significant problems, but it may mean that your child will be slightly less mobile and may get tired quicker than other children. Before the Ponseti method was widely adopted, club foot was often treated with surgery to alter the position of the foot. This wasn't always effective and lead to long-term pain and stiffness for some adults. Information about your child If your child has club foot, your clinical team will pass information about him or her on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service (NCARDRS). This helps scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat this condition. You can opt out of the register at any time.	i don't know
The River Lyn is in which English county?	Counties of England Counties in England Exploring the counties of England with history and pictures. The history of the counties of England dates back to early Anglo-Saxon times when âshiresâ were first formed as a way of raising taxes and when the nation of England was first created. These Anglo-Saxon shires usually had a fortified town at the centre, known back then as the âshire townâ. The word âCountyâ came later, being first introduced by the Normans when they conquered England back in 1066 and has its origins in French, simply meaning a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a âCountâ. The words âcountyâ and âcountiesâ therefore are derived from French (from the Normans) but most of the county names themselves still kept (and retain today) their original Anglo-Saxon names, such as âWorcestershireâ or âBedfordshireâ which is simply the name of the shire or county town, with the suffix of shire. There are other counties however that got their name differently, such as Cornwall, and Devon, both of which take their names from the Celtic tribes that inhabited the regions, such as the âCornoviiâ in Cornwall . Other exceptions include todays Kent, which derives from the Kingdom of Kent, and Sussex (both East and West) and Essex. These names derive from the East Saxons (Essex) and the South Saxons (Sussex). The county names of Norfolk and Suffolk, derive from the âNorth Folkâ and âSouth Folkâ of the ancient Kingdom of East Anglia. Each county link below will take you to the main county page where we list all the wonderful historic towns, villages and attractions that each county has to offer. You will also find a Picture Tour for each county, offering a diverse selection of the wonderful towns, attractions and varying landscapes. We hope you enjoy viewing the beautiful counties of England..	Devon
Which John Steinbeck novel is based on the Biblical story of Cain and Abel?	Counties of England Counties in England Exploring the counties of England with history and pictures. The history of the counties of England dates back to early Anglo-Saxon times when âshiresâ were first formed as a way of raising taxes and when the nation of England was first created. These Anglo-Saxon shires usually had a fortified town at the centre, known back then as the âshire townâ. The word âCountyâ came later, being first introduced by the Normans when they conquered England back in 1066 and has its origins in French, simply meaning a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a âCountâ. The words âcountyâ and âcountiesâ therefore are derived from French (from the Normans) but most of the county names themselves still kept (and retain today) their original Anglo-Saxon names, such as âWorcestershireâ or âBedfordshireâ which is simply the name of the shire or county town, with the suffix of shire. There are other counties however that got their name differently, such as Cornwall, and Devon, both of which take their names from the Celtic tribes that inhabited the regions, such as the âCornoviiâ in Cornwall . Other exceptions include todays Kent, which derives from the Kingdom of Kent, and Sussex (both East and West) and Essex. These names derive from the East Saxons (Essex) and the South Saxons (Sussex). The county names of Norfolk and Suffolk, derive from the âNorth Folkâ and âSouth Folkâ of the ancient Kingdom of East Anglia. Each county link below will take you to the main county page where we list all the wonderful historic towns, villages and attractions that each county has to offer. You will also find a Picture Tour for each county, offering a diverse selection of the wonderful towns, attractions and varying landscapes. We hope you enjoy viewing the beautiful counties of England..	i don't know
Mar Chiquita (Cordoba) is the largest natural salt lake in which South American country?	Mar Chiquita - Cordoba - Argentina Cordoba Argentina Cordoba Pictures Attractions in Cordoba Adventure Travel in Cordoba Weather and Climate in Cordoba How To Get to Cordoba Transport in Cordoba Restaurants in Cordoba Useful Information of Cordoba There is an important avifauna of aquatic, terrestrial and migratory birds adding to a total of 250 species on the surroundings. Amongst them we have so called bigu�s, Neotropic Cormorant (Palacroc�rax brasilianus) becasinas Common Snipe. flycatchers, bandurrias Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis., Common Name(s):, Gavil�n caracolero [Spanish]. Snail Kite. caracoleros, herons, storks, ducks, black-necked swans, white gooses, southern lapwings, etc. In virtue of these characteristics, the area has been declared Provincial Natural Reserve, and it is integrated to the Hemispheric Net of Aquatic Bird Reserves. The entire region has characteristics worth of jutting out; the waters of the lagoon were saturated with mineral salts that hindered animal life save for a tiny crustaceous, the artemia (Artemia salinas) , the main source of food for the pink flamingos who used to live in it until 1977, when the waters' salinity was dramatically reduced due to a huge mass of fresh water that got into the lagoon the said year. It currently allows the survival of fish such as the atherine, the toothy, etc. Another alternative is Resort-logy, being one of the few mud-therapy centres in the world. Its waters are sought after for diverse treatments due to their high salinity levels. The usage of the salty waters from their therapeutic point of view, as well as the kind weather, turned Miramar, the only City existing on the shore, into an important tourist compound. Recreational activities, such as fauna observation, nautical practices, interpretation treks, fishing and beaching, along with productive activities such as the fur industry, agriculture and livestock breeding, make of the area of Mar Chiquita a special tourist destination. There are beautiful sights and a good fishing offer. The renowned benefits of its healing mud and the most important colony of migratory aquatic birds have made of the lagoon an exceptional centre of ecological tourism. It offers an exquisite and typical gastronomy, with the atherine and the roasted otter standing out. It has been declared a Provincial Natural Reserve in virtue of its characteristics, and it integrates the Hemispheric Net of Aquatic Bird Reserves. ATTRACTIONS MAR CHIQUITA LAGOON OR SEA OF ANSENUZA It is an extensive saline depression on which the Rivers Dulce, Suqu�a (First) and Xan�es (Second) flow into. The therapeutic properties of its waters gave origin to a thermal resort-logy tourist centre. It has been declared Natural Reserve due to its valuable fauna, composed of pink flamingos, ducks, otters, etc. The Hemispheric Net of Aquatic Bird Reserves has granted it the character of "Hemispheric Place", and it has fauna observation posts. The breeding of otters in captivity has given origin to a flourishing fur industry, which offers fur and leatherworks of very high quality. Sport fishing of the atherine and diverse nautical activities can be practiced in its huge mirror of water. MIRAMAR It is the main tourist centre in the area of Mar Chiquita, which along with the resort contain the necessary tourist infrastructure (casino, hotels and gastronomy). Miramar continues to offer visitors the chance of realising health tourism based on the mineral properties of the waters and mud of the sea; but this inner sea also constitutes a great natural reserve area that is characteristic for its fauna richness, especially for the presence of the pink flamingo. The lagoon is suitable for the practice of all sorts of aquatic sports, excursions on a catamaran, photo safaris and bird watching. Fishing also has a place of hierarchy not only at Miramar, the only existing locality on the lagoon's shores, but at neighbouring localities such as Marull, La Para, the shores of Playa Grande, and at the camping areas located in the zone known as Laguna del Plata as well. Miramar has an especial cuisine based on the atherine, breeding pools for otters that give origin to the local fur industry, a pretty interesting Regional Museum and the casino, which opens everyday during high seasons. Miramar offers an ample hue of lodging possibilities conformed by cosy three-star hotels, apartments for rent, and a great number of camping areas that have their own private beaches. This is a zone of warm and misty weather that begets a flora where the natural virgin forests of the eastern system of El Chaco proliferate. The fauna live in their natural environments in the wild zones close to the lagoon, and amongst them we can find pampas cats, pumas, foxes and otters; and a thriving population of birds stand out at the mouth of the River II, amongst which we have the pink flamingo, the black-necked swan, herons, ducks and many more, which have added up to have this area declared a Natural Reserve, for 25% of the country's bird species live in here. You can find excellent camping areas and different kinds of hotels and inns in Miranda, a very nice cuisine, and the casino of the city at night time if you feel lucky. LOCATION The locality of Miramar is situated in the Department of San Justo, Province of Cordoba, and on the south shore of the Mar Chiquita Lagoon, with a surface of 80 square kilometres and a population of approximately 1974 inhabitants. Miramar is the only settlement on the shores, at it can be accessed from Cordoba coming up through National Route N� 19, or from San Francisco up to Tilo, continuing northbound along the paved road. DISTANCES: Within the Province:	Argentina
Published in 1687, who wrote ‘Philosophae Naturalis Principa Mathematica’?	Argentina small ship cruises tourist guide - eWaterways FAQ Argentina Tourist Guide Argentina, home of the Tango, and famous for its beef and wine is the second largest country in Latin America after Brazil and the most prosperous. Waves of immigrants and foreign investment down the centuries have given Argentina - and Buenos Aires in particular - a European flavour in culture and city architecture. European explorers arrived in 1516 and the Spanish settled in Buenos Aires, which only became the capital city in 1880. The country's history is chequered with alternating periods of wealth and economic crisis, various political leadership difficulties, and conflict with Great Britain over the Malvinas/Falkland Islands. Modern Argentina is an important world trading nation. Fertile plains in the northern half of the country are the source of Argentina's agricultural wealth and the plateau of Patagonia in the south is rich in oil and natural gas. Bound by the Andes mountains in the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, Argentina has over 5,000 miles of navigable waterways. The most significant rivers are Rio de la Plata (River Plate), Rio Negro, the Paraguay, Paraná and Uruguay Rivers. The last two join together in an estuary as they flow out to the Atlantic Ocean. There is also an extensive network of canals built originally as commercial routes for cargo, and several large lakes including Mar Chiquita, a salt water lake, and Lake Buenos Aires and San Martin Lake which are shared with Chile. The Iguazu Waterfall is a must-see. Buenos Aires is sophisticated and elegant with a vibrant nightlife and huge potential for sightseeing and shopping. The Theater Colon is a cultural institution, and all around the city in restaurants and on the streets you will see - and possibly join in - Tango dancing. West of Buenos Aires, the lowland irrigated by river water from the high Andes mountains is a productive wine region, centered on the city of Mendoza. Tourism is an important sector of the national economy. The main cities of Argentina's Lake District are San Carlos de Bariloche, on the edge of the stunning Nahuel Huapi Lake, and San Martin de Los Andes, encircled by majestic snow-capped mountain peaks. The towns of Calafate and Chalten in Patagonia are the best points from which to visit the Glacier National Park. The park is most famous for the Perito Moreno Glacier, a colossus of turquoise ice with a front 30 feet high and two miles wide on the edge of Lago Argentino. From a boat on the lake you can sometimes hear a haunting moan from the depths of the slow-moving ice, warning you that a huge chunk of ice is about to break off and crash into the water. Cordoba is Argentina's second city and is surrounded by scenic countryside and lush river valleys. Because of immigration in the early 1900s there is a German influence on the architecture, food and drink in the Sierras de Cordoba. There's even an October beer festival here, but, of course, the local brew is fine any time of year. Ushuaia is South America's most southern city and the gateway to Tierra del Fuego, at the tip of the continent where the Andes mountains meet the ocean. It's from here that cruise ships depart for tours of the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic.	i don't know
British singer Gaynor Hopkins is better known by what name?	Who is Bonnie Tyler dating? Bonnie Tyler boyfriend, husband Robert Sullivan and Bonnie Tyler have been married for 43 years since 4th Jul 1973. view relationship Relationships has had no other relationships that we know of. About Bonnie Tyler is a 65 year old Welsh Singer. Born Gaynor Hopkins on 8th June, 1951 in Skewen, Wales, she is famous for Total Eclipse of the Heart in a career that spans 1975–present. Her zodiac sign is Gemini. Bonnie Tyler is a member of the following lists: Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2013 , Pseudonymous musicians and Winners of Yamaha Music Festival . Contribute Help us build our profile of Bonnie Tyler! Login to add information, pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions. Relationship Statistics	Bonnie Tyler
During which month of the year does Mexico celebrate its independence from Spain?	Profile of Raspy-Voiced '80s Welsh Rock Singer Bonnie Tyler Gaynor Hopkins on June 8, 1951 in Skewen, South Wales, U.K. Overview: Thanks to her powerful and instantly recognizable raspy voice, longtime pop/rock singer Bonnie Tyler has enjoyed an impressive career as a solo artist that has spanned nearly four decades. Her most consistent success may have occurred in Europe, outside the pop music hotbeds of the U.S. and her native U.K., but music fans - particularly those who followed the charts during the late '70s and most of the '80s - tend to know her quite well. Here's a look at the hard-working career of one of rock music's most distinctive female singers. Early Years: Tyler grew up in a working-class family whose mother helped spread an abiding love of music to her five children. Just out of her teens, Tyler tried her hand at singing publicly, joining a couple of bands and taking on an initial stage name of Sherene Davis in honor of some favorite family members. By 1975, a male impresario helped land her a deal with RCA Records, urging her to come up with a catchier stage name. continue reading below our video What Do Movie Ratings Mean? However, strangely, a genuine musical career did not begin to take off until vocal cord damage suffered following surgery resulted in a permanent raspiness in Tyler's vocal delivery. 'It's a Heartache' - Initial Country Phase: Tyler enjoyed some success with her first album, 1977's , but her recording of a song that had already made the rounds a bit, the acoustical ballad "It's a Heartache," would instantly launch her to worldwide fame. A Top 5 pop hit in several countries - including the U.S. and U.K. - the song seemed to establish Tyler as a rootsy, soulful Rod Stewart -styled female counterpart. However, Tyler was not particularly happy with the marketing and content of her first four LPs, objecting to her then-image as a country-inflected pop singer. She hoped to make a significant change in that regard at the dawn of the '80s. 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' - Perfect '80s Bombast: Tyler indeed took a drastically different path in 1982, signing with Columbia Records and selecting Meat Loaf producer and songwriter Jim Steinman to guide her career in a more arena rock -oriented direction. The move paid immediate dividends as Tyler's fifth album, , appeared in 1983 and rocketed to the top of the charts in the U.K. and into the Top 5 in America. Unforgettable '80s power ballad "Total Eclipse of the Heart" (penned by Steinman) became an instant classic, establishing Tyler as the first Welsh female singer to top the U.S. Billboard pop charts. Chart Decline & Continuing Career: Perhaps unsurprisingly, Tyler was unable to sustain this level of success with future offerings, although "Holding Out for a Hero," from the soundtrack, made the U.S. Top 40. The song became a fixture of mid-'80s pop culture initially as the theme of short-lived adventure TV series Cover Up, and it remains a Tyler favorite. Follow-up albums in 1986 and 1988 continued in a similar mold, but by then Tyler had receded to a cult favorite - enjoying significant success only in several countries in Europe. Her subsequent efforts during the '90s and '00s - though consistent - have embraced this European fan base, and in the English-speaking world Tyler remains, for better and worse, known for her handful of shining '70s and '80s moments.	i don't know
How many times does the word ‘Christian’ appear in the King James version of the Bible?	Two Christian views about Bible passages about Heaven, Hell, Annihilation, etc 3 0 One has to go back to the original Hebrew and Greek texts to fully understand that nature of "Hell." The King James Version of the Bible translate three different words as "hell": Sheol: A Hebrew word which is found 65 times in the Hebrew Scriptures. It is a place located under the surface of the Earth. where everyone goes after death - those who have led good lives and those who have been evil. Its inhabitants lead a sort of shadowy existence, without energy, and isolated from God. They stay there forever. Hades: A Greek word which is found 10 times in the Christian Scriptures. It is a type of transitional word. Sometimes it means a place under the earth where everyone ends up after death. Other times, it is a place where evil people are punished after death. Gehenna: A Greek word which is found 13 times in the Christian Scriptures. It refers to a place of punishment or destruction for the wicked. It is based on an actual geographical location: a burning garbage dump in the Valley of Phnom. This is a deep and narrow valley where the garbage from the city of Jerusalem was thrown in ancient times. It is also believed to have been a place of human sacrifice; infants where thrown into the fire by worshipers of the Pagan gods Moloch and Baal. Later, the Roman occupying army discarded the bodies of all victims of crucifixion there. Bible translators are faced with a quandary over "hell." They have to deal with 3 words (one Hebrew and two Greek) which Biblical writers have used to describe very different destinations after death: They want to translate the Bible so that it appears to be consistent to the reader. That is, an ancient Hebrew author's description must match that of the 1st century author's writings. Otherwise, the Bible will be seen to teach very different beliefs about Hell, in different passages. The concept of Biblical inerrancy (freedom of error) would become meaningless. They want to be true to the original text, which describe some very different destinations for the dead. The translators of the King James Version (KJV) tended to translate all three words: Sheol, Hades and Gehenna, as Hell. This had the advantage of making the Bible appear internally consistent. But many theologians believe that it disguises the variety of beliefs of the ancient Israelites who were under the influence of Greek culture and the writers of the Christian Scriptures. Some religious conservatives criticize the translation because it treats two different places as if they were a single location. In 31 locations, the KJV translates Sheol as grave. This obscures the meaning of the passages. It sometimes produces very different images, as in Genesis 37:36 where: The KJV describes Jacob going "down into the grave onto my son." This gives the impression of Jacob digging down into the earth, uncovering his son's body. The NIV has Jacob going "down to the grave to my son." This implies that Jacob was visiting the location where his son is buried. The RSV has him go "down to Sheol to my son." This has Jacob going into the caverns under the earth where his son would be living in a type of shadowy existence. In 3 cases, the KJV translates Sheol as Pit. The writers of the RSV, NRSV and other versions tried a different approach. They transliterated Sheol and Hades into English. So, the reader is able to see the original Hebrew and Greek words mixed in with the English text. They translated Gehenna as Hell. B eliefs among the American public: The Barna Research Group continually monitors religious belief and practice in the United States. 1 In a survey that they conducted in 1996, they found, American adults held the following beliefs, sorted according to decreasing percentages: 86%: God will eventually judge everyone. 57%: A person can get to heaven by doing good works. 45%: Religious beliefs do not have an impact on one's afterlife. 45%: Religious beliefs do have an impact. 39%: All persons who have not trusted Jesus as savior will go to Hell . This would include about 70% of Americans, and perhaps 85% of the rest of humanity. 37%: Hell is not a place but a condition of separation from God. 31%: Hell is a real place where sinners go to be punished. 21%: Hell is a symbolic concept, not a place. A similar survey in 2003 found that: 81% believe in life after death, in some form. 79% believe that everyone has a soul that continues to live after death. 76% believe that Heaven exists. 71% believe that Hell exists. 64% believe that they will go to Heaven after death. 39% believe that Hell is "a state of eternal separation from God’s presence." 34% believe that that it is possible for people to communicate with the dead. 32% believe that Hell is an actual place of torment and suffering where people’s souls go after death. 24% say they have no idea what will happen after death. 18% believe in reincarnation -- that they will be reborn as another life form. 13% believe that "Hell is jut a symbol of an unknown bad outcome after death." 10% deny that life exists after death. 9% believe that life may exist after death but they were not certain. 5% believe that they will simply die and will not exist after death in any form. Only 0.5% expect to go to Hell after death. 2 The average pastor would probably be amazed at the range of beliefs among the people in his congregation. G. Barna, "The Index of Leading Spiritual Indicators," Word Publishing, Dallas TX, (1996), Pages 71-76. "Americans Describe Their Views About Life After Death," Barna Group, 2003-OT-21, at: http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/5-barna-update/128-americans-describe-their-views-about-life-after-death Copyright � 1997 to 2012 by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance Latest update: 2012-OCT-15. Sponsored link Go	three
In January 1955, Marian Anderson was the first black person to perform at which New York venue?	The "CHURCH" of the Bible The Myth of The "CHURCH" of the Bible The English word "church" should not be in the New Testament (NT) Scriptures at all! That is why it is put in quotation marks in the title. That English word is not a translation of the Greek word "ekklesia" Modern use of the word "church" almost always has reference to (1) a religious institution or organization, or (2) to a material building called a "church." That was not the meaning of the common Greek word "ekklesia" in the time the Scriptures were written. In the day of Christ and His apostles, the word "ekklesia" was an everyday word that simply meant "assembly," "congregation,' or "gathering" of people. Any gathering of people, whether religious, political, or even criminal in purpose, was called an "ekklesia." The word itself gives no indication of the kind or the purpose of the assembly (ekklesia). In Acts 19:32, 41, ekklesia is translated "assembly" and refers to an unlawful gathering, a mob. In the same context it has reference to a "lawful assembly" in Acts 19:39. The word ekklesia appears more than 100 times in the Greek NT Scriptures, but only in these three instances in Acts 19 is the word actually translated! Isn't that incredible? Why? If the Greek word "ekklesia" really means the same thing as the English word "church," why did not the translators render it "church" in these three cases? There is a reason why the word "church" is substituted for a translation of ekklesia, but it is without any justification whatever. To put it simply, the word "church" appears in the King James Version (KJV) because King James ordered it there. He demanded that the word ekklesia not be translated by the word "congregation" or "assembly!" Thus the translators were forbidden to render the true meaning of the word, except in the three above instances and were required by the King to substitute the word "church." In fact, Rule 3 of the "Rules to be observed in the Translation of the Bible" specifically says: "The old Ecclesiastical words [were] to be kept, viz. the word church not to be translated congregation, etc." The translators obeyed the King and that version is rightly called the King James Version! The English word "church" does not belong in the Scriptures! Hopefully you can now understand the reason for the heading of this article: The myth of the "church" of the Bible. The Lord does not have a Church! In the February 1987 Examiner Dusty Owens dealt extensively with this subject under the heading: "CHURCH: From God or Man?" Read and study it. In all instances where the word "ekklesia" appeared, if it was in a religious connection or had to do with the Lord's people, the word "church" was substituted. Hence, in Acts 19 the three times the word appears it has no reference to the Lord's disciples and the word "assembly" is given as a true translation. This egregious error of substituting the word "church" rather than providing a proper translation has been a source of untold problems giving apparent justification for the institutional church as we know it today, from the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Presbyterian Church, Baptist Church, Church of God, Church of England, and such like on down to the Church of Christ and the Christian Church. These are all religious institutions/organizations or churches, something foreign to the divine record. The "Assemblies of God" is a far more scriptural name than any of the above. Now you can see how the religious institution called a "church" seems to be justified in the Scriptures. Certainly you can read about the church and churches in the Scriptures. But in reality there is no such thing as "the church" in God's word. Jesus did not build a church institution! He did not purchase a church organization with His blood. He is not the Head over all things to a church. Jesus does indeed build His assembly, His people, upon the rock (Matt. 16:18) He certainly did purchase the assembly - the redeemed - with His blood (Acts 20:28). He is definitely the Head over all things to His congregation of people (Eph. 1:18, 23). There is as much in the Scriptures about a Roman Catholic Church (institution) as there is about a Church of Christ (institution) or even an Independent Christian Church (institution), local or universal! Absolutely nothing is said about any church organization! We Live In a Church World Millions belong to a church organization of one brand or another; and they love their church. They support their church. They want to be faithful to their church. They resent anyone who speaks against their church. To most of them "one church is as good as another," but each one likes his church best. They are right about it - one church is as good as any other church; one church is as acceptable to the Lord as any other. None of the churches originated from Him and not a one of them comes as a result of obeying the Lord! The idea of the institutional church is well established in the mind of most church people. Nearly everyone believes the church is from the Lord. It would greatly shock most church members to hear anyone even raise a question about there being no church in the Scriptures. Any opposition to the church would be repudiated outright before and without any serious consideration of the matter. Church people are very secure in their belief in and acceptance of the church. Just look at all the churches in the world. Look at the multiplied millions who belong to a church and there is a great variety of them. They trust and hope in their church. It is vital in their lives even if many of them have a very casual relationship with the church of their choice. Now comes someone trying to tell us that there is no church in the Bible! He is a fanatic, a heretic worthy of being burned at the stake. The reaction to the "no church in the Scripture" idea is always strong, usually violent. But the truth still remains even if church adherents refuse to honestly and seriously consider the matter. There is no church in the Scripture. The church institution concept was born in the apostasy that led to the oldest and greatest ecclesiastical organization of all, the Roman Catholic Church. It is the "mother" of all institutional churches. Remember: The word Church appears in your Bible only because of the decree of King James of England. That is a fact that cannot be successfully disputed. After all, he was the head of the Church of England. An Interesting Question: But someone says, "If what you say is true, then why do all the later translations have the word 'church' in them? Why didn't the other translators correct the error?" That is a fair question. Let me give some reasons why that word has been retained in most translations since them. Perhaps if you stopped to think about it seriously you could come up with a few motivating reasons on your own. Though not all translations use the word "church" the primacy of the KJV has cemented that word into religious thought. The KJV has had greater circulation among English speaking people than any other version before or since. It is called the "common version" and it found its way to the people throughout the world, made possible by the invention of the printing press. It was the translation officially "Appointed to be read in Churches." It did not take long before it was established as the translation for English speaking people, even though there was considerable opposition to it. It had some very worthy critics who saw it as flawed and slanted, which it really was and still is. The style is one of its greatest appeals. Written in the stately and beautiful Elizabethan language, it is perhaps the easiest of all translations to commit to memory. It came to be regarded as the one and only true translation, even venerated as sacred. To speak critically of "the blessed KJV" is close to the sin against the Holy Ghost in the view of some. There are some Church of Christ preachers who revere it as the only reliable translation. All over the country there are churches, under the pressure of the Pulpit Minister, w, here the eldership has made a "law" forbidding the use of any other translation in the pulpit or classes except "the old King James Version." Some will allow the use of the American Standard Version if desired. Considering the above, can't you see why most later translations retained the word "church?" When the influence, popularity, and hold of the KJV is considered, when millions cling to it as if it were delivered from heaven, when the masses oppose any newt translations, and when one looks at the religious world with all the churches, who would dare publish a Bible and leave out the word church? Who would buy a translation if the word church was not in it? Would you? "Church" is a dear and beloved word and Church people are not going to give it up, nor their beloved Church. How dare anyone publish a Bible without Church in it? For sure it will be a publication failure. So, for obvious reasons, the majority of the new versions have retained the precious word church. Most have also transliterated the Greek word for baptism and have not translated it by immersion as it should be. The same is true of the word deacon which is not translated. Only three times does the word "deacon" appear, all in I Timothy 3 where many erroneously conclude that Paul is speaking of church officials. Every other instance the original Greek word is translated as "minister" or "servant." It was transliterated, that is, the Greek word was given an English spelling, to manufacture some semblance of proof for a church office called "Deacon." Would you buy a Bible that did not have the word "church" in it? No good, faithful member of any church would have a Bible in his home that did not have the word "church" in it. It would border on blasphemy to leave church out of the Bible, desecrating that holy institution, the church! Most Examiner readers have never seen a translation that does not use the word "church" The few translations that have done this have not sold well. But a few publishers have issued translations that do not use the word "church" It is good to have at least one for comparative study. It will lead you to some new insights. One is "Young's Literal Translation of the Holy Bible," by Robert Young, author of the popular "Analytical Concordance to the Bible." He uses "assembly" as the translation of "ekklesia," and the word "church" is not found in it. It is published by Baker Book House. He dared to give us a translation of the word "ekklesia" rather than substituting the word "church." He destroys "the myth of the church" - there is no such thing in the NT Scriptures! Another one is "The Simple English Bible - New Testament;' published by International Bible Publishing Company in New York. The word "congregation" is used to translate "ekklesia." There is no "church" in this N.T. (I think one or two of our own brethren were involved with this translation.) There are others like these. The Living Oracles In 1826 Alexander Campbell provided for a translation of the New Covenant Scriptures. He recognized the errors and inadequacies of the KJV and a new translation was needed to correct such. In the Preface of the Living Oracles he offered several vital reasons justifying the need for a new, more accurate translation. Campbell argued that the "constant mutation in a living language" makes this new work necessary; that language changes and the changes in English "which have taken place since the reign of James l, do now render a new translation necessary." He offered several valid reasons for his position. Also, Campbell correctly charged: "..that the common version was made at a time when religious controversy was at its zenith; and the tenets of the translators whether designedly or undesignedly, did, on many occasions give a wrong turn to words and sentences bearing upon their favorite dogmas." Campbell recognized the greatest obstacle to a better translation was the devotion or near-worship of the old KJV; the same type of thinking some devotees have to that translation even to this day. Note how Campbell put it: "But some are so wedded to the common version, that the very defects in it have become sacred; and an effort, however well intended, to put them in possession of one comparably superior in propriety, perspicuity, and elegance, is viewed very much in the light of 'making a new Bible' or of altering and amending the very word of God. Nay, some are prepared to doom every attempt of the kind, to the anathema, in the conclusion of the Apocalypse, upon those who add to the word of God, or subtract from it." That same spirit that Campbell identified then is alive today, finding its voice in a hard-core group of Church of Christ ministers who adamantly hold to the "blessed old King James" as the most accurate translation ever made. They urge that it be the required version for use in the pulpits and in the Sunday School classes in all "sound, faithful churches:' As I have mentioned, there are many churches controlled by a dictator-type eldership where that authoritarian body has forbade the use of any other version except for the KJV or perhaps the ASV if one desires it. No pulpit minister will be hired who does not comply with this law and no teacher is allowed a class who does not bow the knee to this human decree. Note carefully Campbell's statement that "some are so wedded to the common version, that the very defects in it have become sacred..." How wise his observation; how true it is today. For example, perhaps the greatest "defect" in the KJV is the unjustified substitution of the English word "church" rather than giving a true translation of the word "ekklesia." Church of Christ people like all other church people are "wedded" to this great defect in the translation. Perhaps no other group of pulpit ministers anywhere are more dedicated to the church than our clergy unless it is the Roman Catholic clergy. Our preachers are church preachers. They are hired by a church to preach for and to that church; and they are paid by that church. Most of them would reject any version of Scriptures that does not have the dearly beloved, all-important "church" in it. This is one of the main reasons you can't find many copies of Campbell's translation, The Living Oracles, since it does not have church in it! It effectively removes the church from God's Word, where it never had any right to be at all. Can you imagine the world without the church? Perish the thought! Condemn as the vilest of heretics anyone who would proclaim that there is no such thing as our beloved Church of Christ institution! This denominational church institution is no better than any of the other denominational church institutions! Today's well-entrenched Church of Christ church and the Independent Christian Church stand as the main reason the proclamation of undenominational/non-denominational service to the Lord has died from our hearts and preaching. How can members and promoters of these institutional churches consistently oppose denominationalism and proclaim a non-denominational message? They can't and by and large have stopped making any pretense at such. How can those who belong to a denomination condemn that practice in others? Gone is the day of our forceful plea - "Let us be Christians only, only Christians." That is not enough. The preaching is that people must be a "member" of one of our Church of Christ Churches to please God and go to heaven! The disciples of Christ are required today to "join or place membership" in some organization or institution called "the local Church of Christ." Also to be seriously considered are our essential and elaborate, beloved church buildings. Up to $10 million is now being paid for a headquarters building for each Church of Christ church. In modern practice, each Church of Christ must have a professional, hired employee called a "Pulpit Minister." All the other churches have a pulpit minister (pastor) and a church building. Someone has to run and control the business affairs of the corporate institution named the Church of Christ, so the Board of Elders has been fashioned for this authoritarian role. The Presbyterians and others have their Board of Elders or Presbyters, so the Church of Christ Church is in good company. The Baptist Churches are said to be in error since their churches are controlled and operated by the Pastor and a Board of Deacons. The Church of Christ has arrived at last. Its adherents can make it without Christ (He is not enough!) but they can't make it without their Church of Christ church! More About the Living Oracles In bringing about a new translation of the Scriptures, Campbell selected three able scholars to do the work. They produced an excellent translation that was published by Campbell. It is worthy of serious note that Campbell did not call it by the erroneous title - New Testament, but called it "Living Oracles" a more appropriate title for that collection of documents. Campbell understood that the 27 letters and historical records that we call the "New Testament'' is not the new testament (covenant) referred to in Scripture. For that matter, the 39 books and historical records that we call the "Old Testament" (covenant) is not the old testament/covenant. Such erroneous labeling has been the source of great religious error through the ages. The 27 letters or histories relate to the new, covenant to be sure; but they are no part of it at all. The new covenant that God has made with us is not found on parchment or paper. It is written on our hearts, as an agreement between the Father and each individual who claims through faith in Jesus Christ the salvation provided in Christ (II Cot. 3:3; Heb. 8:6-13). Our people need desperately to learn this vital truth and understand what it means. The old covenant was the 10 commandments given by God at Sinai. Have you ever seen a copy of The Living Oracles translation? It is my guess that 75% of Church of Christ members and Christian Church members have never heard of it, much less read any of it. What a shame. A. Campbell - The Heretic The word "church" does not appear in The Living Oracles! Imagine that! Isn't that terrible? If Campbell were alive today he would be banned from teaching at any Church of Christ or Independent Christian Church. Campbell did not believe in the church. There is no church in his translation. He took it out! If he were alive today, can you imagine what our pulpit Ministers and Elders would do to him? He would denounce authoritarian elderships with the same severity and lash of "The Living Oracles" that he did the clergy of his day. Sectarianism and denominationalism were wrong then and they are wrong now. The scholars who did the translating, along with Campbell, knew that the English word "church" does not translate the Greek word "ekklesia." This is a fact that is universally acknowledged by language authorities and scholars. The word "church" is totally misleading. Inherent in the word "church," as it is commonly used, therefore lies all the apparent justification for the institutional Church of today, by whatever name it is called, with all its trappings. Put this down as fact: In the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ as proclaimed by His apostles there was no such thing as a church, a religious institution. There was no "universal church" nor a "local church" There was no religious institution or organization. The early saints did not build, establish, join or hold membership in a church of any kind. Dear brother or sister, if you are a member of a church, meaning a religious organization or institution, then you have joined something that Jesus did not build, something of which He is neither the Head nor the Saviour. Jesus did not die for a church. He died for lost people. He died for you and me, individuals, not some corporate structure. There is, therefore, no Church, no religious organization of Christ in God's plan. We are not required to find the right Church organization and get into that institution in order to be saved or do the will of God in any way. Salvation is not in some church; salvation is in Jesus Christ our Lord. The world without the church! Perish the thought! This is the feeling of church people. Christians without a church? Yes, that is the way it was in the beginning. There is no church in the Scriptures. There should be no church today. Dear brother and sister, shocking though this truth may be to many of you, it is clear and certain. There is no church in the Bible! It is a vicious myth! Understand it and act upon this truth - now! - CAH.	i don't know
Who was the first Prime Minister of Australia?	The 10 First Australian Prime Ministers Aussie Internet Marketer \| Blogger \| Success Communicator You are here: Home / Identity / The 10 First Australian Prime Ministers The 10 First Australian Prime Ministers January 26, 2009 By Sean Rasmussen 21 Comments January 26: Australia Day. Today is a day to be proud of our country and the people that put in a lot of work and effort for our rights and benefits that we enjoy. Although Australia was born as a nation on 1st January 1901, we celebrate it on January 26, being the commemoration of the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 and the unfurling of the British flag at Sydney Cove. Australia Day Education – Our Prime Ministers As I have noticed, surprisingly, that Aussies are not taught a great deal of history in School (compared to other nations), I thought I’d refresh our memories on who Australia’s first Prime Ministers were. Today is a suitable day to honor those people who represented our first days as a nation. The First 10 Aussie PM’s – 6 Men 1 – Sir Edmund Barton Sir Edmund Barton was the first prime minister of Australia 1 January 1901 – 24 September 1903 Sir Edmund Barton became Australia’s first Prime Minister on New Year’s Day 1901 at a huge public ceremony in Centennial Park in Sydney. Barton had worked on Federation for 10 years, and became Australia’s first Prime Minister because the supporters of Federation trusted him. 2 – Alfred Deakin (+ 5 & 7) Alfred Deakin was Australia’s 2nd, 5th & 7th prime minister on these dates: 24 September 1903 – 27 April 1904 5 July 1905 – 13 November 1908 2 June 1909 – 29 April 1910 Deakin was a lawyer who liked dabbling in politics. In the late nineteenth century, Deakin spent 20 years in colonial politics. With Edmund Barton, he spent ten years before Federation trying to convince the separate colonies to become one nation. 3 – John Christian Watson John Christian Watson was Australia’s 3rd prime minister on these dates: 27 April 1904 – 17 August 1904 Although he only served as Prime Minister for a little more than three months, Chris Watson played an important part in our history – he was the first leader of the Labor Party and the first Labor Prime Minister. 4 – Sir George Houston Reid Sir George Houston Reid was Australia’s 4th prime minister: 18 August 1904 – 5 July 1905 George Reid was Prime Minister for ten months and 17 days. He was our first federal Leader of the Opposition and the federal government’s first High Commissioner to the UK. 6 – Andrew Fisher (+ 8 & 10) Andrew Fisher was Australia’s 6th, 8th & 10th prime minister on these dates: 13 November 1908 – 2 June 1909 29 April 1910 – 24 June 1913 17 September 1914 – 27 October 1915 Andrew Fisher was the most successful of our early Labor Prime Ministers because he became Prime Minister three times! His government started the Commonwealth Bank and introduced invalid pensions. 9 – Sir Joseph Cook Sir Joseph Cook was Australia’s 9th prime minister 24 June 1913 – 17 September 1914 When Joseph Cook was first involved in politics in the 1890s, he was a member of the Labor Party. However, during his career as a politician he was a member of several different political parties. When he became Australia’s ninth Prime Minister in 1913, he was the first Prime Minister to lead a Liberal party government. Whatever country you are from: Have fun, be proud, remember your heritage and honor your family on this great day. Enjoy Australia Day! Bless you all.	Edmund Barton
Who played Sandy Richardson in the British tv series ‘Crossroads’?	Timeline - Australia's Prime Ministers AUSTRALIA'S PRIME MINISTERS 01 Jan 1901 1st Prime Minister and 1st Governor-General Lord Hopetoun became the first Governor-General and Edmund Barton the first Prime Minister. Both were sworn in at the ceremony inaugurating the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton 29 Mar 1901 1st federal elections Voters elected 75 members to the House of Representatives. Voters in the six states elected 36 representatives to the first Senate. This was the only federal election to take place on two days, 29 and 30 March. Edmund Barton 09 May 1901 Parliament House for a day The grand opening of parliament in Melbourne's Exhibition Building in the morning, was followed by the first sitting of the House of Representatives and the Senate in their borrowed home, Victoria's Parliament House. Edmund Barton 10 May 1901 Parliament sits in Melbourne Parliament House The first meeting of the Australian parliament took place in the Melbourne Exhibition Building on 9 May 1901. By the next day, parliament had moved to its new home for the next 26 years, the Melbourne Parliament House. Edmund Barton 03 Sep 1901 An Australian flag chosen A huge flag showing the winning design of Union Jack and Southern Cross on a blue background was unfurled over the Exhibition Building, Melbourne. The same design on a red background was used for merchant ships. It was many years before the blue flag officially replaced the British Union Jack for all other uses. Edmund Barton 23 Dec 1901 Dictating a 'White Australia' The enactment of the Immigration Restriction Act meant a dictation test became an effective way of excluding people from Australia. It enabled the government to create a predominantly European population. The 'White Australia' policy was finally dismantled in 1966 by the Holt government. Edmund Barton 31 May 1902 Boer War ends From 1899 when the war in South Africa broke out, troops from the Australian colonies had been sent to fight for Britain against the Afrikaners (former Dutch colonists). Despite the passionate arguments of Leader of the Opposition GH Reid, parliament agreed to send Commonwealth troops. They arrived shortly before the surrender of the Boer army. Edmund Barton 09 Aug 1902 Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra When Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, her son Edward acceded to the throne. Prime Minister Edmund Barton led the Australian representation at the coronation in Westminster Abbey the following year. Edmund Barton 03 Nov 1902 The empire cable Postmaster-General James Drake opened the submarine telegraph cable from Vancouver, Canada to Southport, Queensland. This completed an all-British link thirty years after a London to Darwin cable was connected to South Australia’s overland telegraph line. The telegraph cable circling the globe enabled information to be sent by Morse code in ‘dot-dash’ electrical signals. Edmund Barton 09 Jan 1903 2nd Governor-General Lord Tennyson, a former South Australian Governor, was confirmed as Australia’s second Governor-General. He had been acting since 17 July 1902 when Lord Hopetoun left Australia. Lord Tennyson remained in office until 21 January 1904. Alfred Deakin 24 Sep 1903 2nd Prime Minister When Edmund Barton resigned to become a judge of the High Court, his friend and deputy Prime Minister Alfred Deakin succeeded him. Alfred Deakin 06 Oct 1903 High Court established Sir Samuel Griffith, Sir Edmund Barton and Richard O’Connor met for the first sitting of the High Court of Australia. In 1906 HB Higgins and Sir Isaac Isaacs joined them when the Deakin government increased the bench to five. In 1913 the Fisher government gave the Court its present size of seven judges. Alfred Deakin Lord Northcote served as Governor-General until 9 September 1908. Alfred Deakin 02 Mar 1904 Opening of 2nd parliament The second parliament opened and closed with the same Prime Minister, but there were four changes of government and three different Prime Ministers between the 1903 and 1906 federal elections. This was the most unstable of Australia's 40 parliaments. Chris Watson 27 Apr 1904 3rd Prime Minister Australia’s first federal Labor government led by JC Watson, achieved office when Labor members withdrew support for the Deakin government on an amendment to the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill. George Reid 18 Aug 1904 4th Prime Minister Leader of the Opposition from 1901, GH Reid became Australia’s fourth Prime Minister in three years. George Reid 15 Dec 1904 Arbitrating arbitration The Conciliation and Arbitration Bill was finally enacted, establishing a federal Conciliation and Arbitration Court. The Bill put two Prime Ministers out of office. George Reid 24 May 1905 Empire Day Britain decided to continue the public celebration of Queen Victoria’s birthday after the end of her 64-year reign in 1901. Following this lead, George Reid made Empire Day a national event in Australia. It remained a public holiday until 1958. Alfred Deakin 06 Jul 1905 Prime Minister for the 2nd time Alfred Deakin became Prime Minister for the second time, when the Reid government lost majority support in the House of Representatives. Alfred Deakin 18 Oct 1905 Wireless communications Enactment of the Wireless Telegraphy Act gave the Postmaster-General responsibility for radio communications. Signals had first been sent across the Atlantic, from England to the United States, four years before. In 1905 radio signals were successfully sent across Bass Strait. Alfred Deakin 18 Jun 1906 Counting the Commonwealth GH Knibbs was appointed head of the new Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Some 4.5 million people were counted in the first census on 3 April 1911. Indigenous people were first included officially in the federal census in 1971 when the population was 12.8 million. Alfred Deakin 01 Sep 1906 Papua: a new territory Southeastern New Guinea became the Australian territory of Papua. Britain had annexed the area in 1888, following Germany’s annexation of the northeastern region in 1884. The western half of the island had been under Dutch sovereignty since 1828. Alfred Deakin 12 Dec 1906 1st referendum At the third federal election, voters approved a change to Section 13 of the Constitution. This minor change adjusted the timing of Senate elections and the date senators would commence their terms of office. This was the first of eight alterations to the Australian Constitution in its first century. Alfred Deakin House of Representatives and 18 Senate seats Alfred Deakin 02 Jul 1907 Trunk calls begin The dual-line cables necessary for telephone conversations first linked the Sydney and Melbourne exchanges. The Postmaster-General’s Department completed the main trunk lines to Adelaide in 1914, to Brisbane in 1923 and to Perth in 1930. Tasmania was connected by submarine coaxial cable in 1936. Alfred Deakin 23 Oct 1907 Women’s work on show Some 15,000 people crowded Melbourne’s Exhibition Building for the opening of the Australian Exhibition of Women’s Work by Lady Northcote. Pattie Deakin ran the model creche. The five-week exhibition showcased the work of musicians, artists and craftswomen. Alfred Deakin 08 Nov 1907 The Harvester case Justice Higgins established the principle of a male basic wage in a Conciliation and Arbitration Court case. This was the only decision under a ‘new protection’ law that tied excise duties to wages. The High Court declared the law unconstitutional a year later. Alfred Deakin 16 May 1908 Writers fund begins The Commonwealth Literary Fund was established as a pension fund for writers in poverty. In 1939 the Menzies government, at the urging of James Scullin, transformed it into a grants scheme for writers. The Fund and its Advisory Board ceased in 1973 when they were absorbed into the new Australia Council. Alfred Deakin 20 Aug 1908 ‘Great White Fleet’ In the first United States naval visit to Australia, a fleet of white-painted ships steamed into Sydney Harbour. Their four-month tour of Australian ports was part of a lengthy promotional voyage arranged by US President Theodore Roosevelt. Alfred Deakin 09 Sep 1908 4th Governor-General Lord Dudley served as Governor-General to 31 July 1911. Lord Chelmsford was acting Governor-General from 21 January 1909 to 27 January 1910. Andrew Fisher Andrew Fisher became Prime Minister after Labor withdrew its support from the minority Deakin government. Andrew Fisher 15 Dec 1908 1st pensions The Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act became law and set up a national aged pension scheme. The scheme began in July 1909 for men aged 65. Women aged 60 had to wait until December 1910, when invalid pensions were also introduced. Andrew Fisher 09 Mar 1909 New endeavour The Endeavour, an Australian-built hydrographic survey vessel, was the Commonwealth’s first seagoing ship. Its research work included locating fishing grounds off the east coast and in the Great Australian Bight. The ship and crew were lost at sea in 1914, while attempting to rescue a member of the Mawson Antarctic expedition. Alfred Deakin 02 Jun 1909 Prime Minister for the 3rd time Alfred Deakin became Prime Minister for the third time after negotiating the ‘fusion’ of members from the three non-Labor political groups in the House of Representatives. Alfred Deakin 13 Dec 1909 Military training The Commonwealth Defence Act became law. It provided for the compulsory military training scheme that began on 1 January 1911, and for the establishment of the Royal Military College at Duntroon, Canberra, on 27 June 1911. Alfred Deakin 13 Dec 1909 High Commissioner The Act establishing a High Commission in London became law. A month later GH Reid became Australia’s first High Commissioner. During his term the building of Australia House commenced. Reid was also closely involved in ordering the vessels for Australia's first naval fleet. Alfred Deakin House of Representatives and 18 Senate seats Alfred Deakin 13 Apr 1910 Referendum Voters at the fourth federal election approved the second alteration to the Constitution. This was a minor change to Commonwealth-State arrangements for public debts under Section 105. A second proposal, to amend Section 87 (the ‘Braddon Clause’), was not carried. Andrew Fisher 29 Apr 1910 Prime Minister for the 2nd time Andrew Fisher was sworn in as Prime Minister for the second time. On 1 July 1910 the fourth parliament was opened, the first time a Prime Minister had a majority in both Houses. Andrew Fisher 30 Jun 1910 A flying machine The government offered 5000 pounds for the invention of a military flying machine. Australia’s first five military aircraft, ordered in 1912, were French and British designs. They were first used in 1914 at the new Central Flying School at Point Cook, Victoria, the nucleus of the Royal Australian Air Force in 1921. Andrew Fisher 01 Jan 1911 Two new territories The Northern Territory and the Federal Capital Territory were formally transferred to the Commonwealth. The territory for the new national capital included an area of 2360 square kilometres near Yass, New South Wales and a seaport at Jervis Bay. Andrew Fisher 26 Apr 1911 Referendum This referendum included two proposals related to powers of the Commonwealth Parliament over trade and commerce and nationalisation of monopolies, neither of which was carried. Andrew Fisher 17 Jun 1911 Suffrage in Britain A week before the Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary, Margaret Fisher led Australian and New Zealand women in a London demonstration. Some 40,000 marched in support of a Bill granting women the right to vote. The British government did not enact the suffrage law until 1919. Andrew Fisher 22 Jun 1911 King George V and Queen Mary Prime Minister Andrew Fisher headed an Australian delegation to London, for the coronation in Westminster Abbey and celebrations in the city. Andrew Fisher Lord Denman was Governor-General until 18 May 1914. Andrew Fisher 02 Dec 1911 Australian Antarctic expedition Douglas Mawson left Hobart in the Aurora for Macquarie Island. The expedition spent three years exploring overland and mapping some 1500 kilometres of the coast of Antarctica. Andrew Fisher 15 Jul 1912 A Commonwealth bank The Commonwealth Bank began savings bank business in Victoria. It used post offices as agencies to extend facilities to other States. Six months later, on 20 January 1913, it opened for general banking. The Prime Minister laid a foundation stone for the head office at Pitt Street and Martin Place, Sydney. It opened for business on 22 August 1916. Andrew Fisher 19 Sep 1912 Wattle for the Coat of Arms A new Commonwealth Coat of Arms was granted. This followed moves to improve the original design by adding the States’ Arms and making the kangaroo and emu more lifelike. The government had declared wattle Australia’s national flower and added it to the new design. Andrew Fisher 10 Oct 1912 Maternity Allowance Act Under this ‘baby bonus’ law mothers received 5 pounds on the birth of each child. Indigenous mothers and others not defined as citizens were ineligible for this payment. Andrew Fisher 02 Jan 1913 First Australian stamp The Fisher government issued the Commonwealth penny stamp. It featured a kangaroo on a white map of Australia. Although later stamps reintroduced the King’s head, the kangaroo design remained in use for some forty years. Andrew Fisher 12 Mar 1913 ‘I name this city Canberra’ The Foundation Day of the national capital was an elaborate ceremony in the empty paddock that was Capital Hill. Governor-General Lord Denman, Prime Minister Andrew Fisher and Minister for Home Affairs King O'Malley laid the foundation stones of a commemorative column. The column was never finished and the base is now in front of Parliament House. Andrew Fisher House of Representatives and 18 Senate seats Andrew Fisher 31 May 1913 Referendum None of the six proposals related to trade and commerce, corporations, industrial matters, trusts, nationalisation of monopolies or railways was carried. Joseph Cook 24 Jun 1913 6th Prime Minister Sworn in after a close election result, Prime Minister Joseph Cook held a majority of only one in the House of Representatives. Joseph Cook 04 Oct 1913 Royal Australian Navy Huge crowds lined Sydney Harbour for the arrival of Australia’s new naval fleet, the battle cruiser HMAS Australia and three cruisers and three destroyers. The Royal Australian Navy had been established on 19 July 1911. The Naval College had temporary quarters in Victoria until HMAS Creswell at Jervis Bay was opened on 10 February 1915. Joseph Cook 30 Mar 1914 Norfolk Island The Island, governed as part of New South Wales since 1788, was proclaimed a Commonwealth territory, thirteen years after Federation. Joseph Cook Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson was Governor-General to 6 October 1920. Joseph Cook 04 Aug 1914 Australia at war Britain declared war on Germany and automatically the British Dominions, including Australia, were also at war. Recruitment began a week later and on 1 November the First Division of the Australian Imperial Force left Australia. They arrived at their training camp in Egypt on 5 December. Joseph Cook 15 Aug 1914 Panama Canal The 64 km channel between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans was officially opened. The Panama Canal saved ships making the 11,300 km voyage around Cape Horn. It had taken ten years to build across the isthmus between North and South America. Joseph Cook House of Representatives and all 36 Senate seats Joseph Cook 13 Sep 1914 Capture of New Guinea An Australian force occupied Rabaul and, on 17 September, the German governor surrendered New Guinea. The area remained under Australian military control until 1921. Andrew Fisher 17 Sep 1914 Prime Minister for the 3rd time Andrew Fisher was sworn in as Prime Minister for the third time. Labor was comfortably returned to government at Australia's first double dissolution election on 5 September. Andrew Fisher 09 Nov 1914 The first Sydney HMAS Sydney engaged the German cruiser Emden off the Cocos Islands, sinking the enemy ship in the first naval action of the war. Australians celebrated the battle as a successful test of the new Royal Australian Navy. Andrew Fisher 25 Apr 1915 ANZACs land The Australian and New Zealand forces landed at Gallipoli. They fought a desperate campaign against Turkish forces until 20 December when 80,000 men successfully withdrew. Andrew Fisher 12 Jul 1915 Wartime broadcasting The Department of the Navy separated from the Defence Department and took control of broadcasting for the duration of the war. The departments merged again in 1921. William Morris Hughes After the forced resignation of Andrew Fisher, Labor parliamentarians elected WM Hughes as Party leader. William Morris Hughes 01 Dec 1915 Australian Wheat Board created This Commonwealth body coordinated State wheat boards to ensure equitable marketing of the Australian wheat crop under wartime conditions. The Prime Minister chaired the Board, which ceased operations in 1923. William Morris Hughes 29 Apr 1916 Irish rebellion crushed A pro-independence Easter rebellion in Dublin was violently suppressed by British troops. Protest demonstrations in Australia caused some Australians to be suspicious of the loyalty of people of Irish descent. William Morris Hughes 28 Jun 1916 National ships The government established a Commonwealth Shipping Line with the purchase of fifteen seagoing steamers from Britain. William Morris Hughes 28 Oct 1916 Conscription referendum The first referendum on compulsory military enlistment failed. The issue bitterly divided communities and created a rift in the Labor Party. On 13 November the Party expelled Prime Minister WM Hughes over his support for conscription. William Morris Hughes 17 Feb 1917 New Cabinet WM Hughes formed a new ministry and retained the prime ministership despite his expulsion from the Labor Party. Ten days earlier he had formed the Nationalist Party, merging other expelled Labor members and some former Liberals. William Morris Hughes 06 Apr 1917 United States at war President Woodrow Wilson declared war against Germany. The United States joined the Allies in defending Atlantic shipping and on the frontline in France. William Morris Hughes House of Representatives and 18 Senate seats William Morris Hughes 17 Oct 1917 National railways The Commonwealth completed construction of the 1690 km Port Augusta to Perth section of the TransAustralia Railway, linking Perth to Sydney. In the Northern Territory, the Commonwealth government had added only 85 km, from Pine Creek to Katherine, to the 235 km line from Darwin to Pine Creek, built by the South Australian government. William Morris Hughes 07 Nov 1917 Revolution in Russia Bolshevik revolutionaries occupied the Russian capital, St Petersburg (then Petrograd). They overturned a provisional government established after the forced abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in March. William Morris Hughes 20 Dec 1917 Peace Army riots The second conscription referendum failed. The ‘No’ majority was more than double that of the first referendum in 1916. Campaigns were bitterly fought throughout Australia. Women’s Peace Army protestors were arrested in Melbourne. In Warwick, Queensland, an egg thrown at Prime Minister WM Hughes led to his setting up a Commonwealth police force. William Morris Hughes 10 Jan 1918 Prime ministerial promise Prime Minister WM Hughes was again sworn in as Prime Minister. He had vowed to resign if the conscription referendum failed. It did, so he had resigned on 8 January. The Nationalists held a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, and Hughes was not replaced as party leader. The Governor-General thus swore Hughes in again. William Morris Hughes 03 Aug 1918 Australia House opened King George V officially opened Australia House on The Strand. Andrew Fisher, the first occupant, had been High Commissioner since 1916. William Morris Hughes 22 Sep 1918 Prime Minister calling In the first direct radio telephone call from England to Australia, the Prime Minister spoke from London to Sydney. WM Hughes and Minister for the Navy Joseph Cook were away from Australia for sixteen months from April 1918. William Morris Hughes 11 Nov 1918 Armistice Day Germany’s surrender ended World War I. Australia had nearly 60,000 official casualties. This loss was commemorated with the establishment of Armistice Day in 1919, observed each year at 11 am. William Morris Hughes 17 Dec 1918 Darwin rebellion Some 1000 demonstrators marched to the Residency in Darwin. They burnt an effigy of Northern Territory Administrator John Gilruth and demanded his resignation. Their grievances were against the two main Territory employers, Vestey’s meatworks and the Commonwealth. Gilruth left Darwin soon after, while Vestey’s meatworks closed in 1920. William Morris Hughes 06 Mar 1919 Homes for heroes The Commonwealth War Service Homes Commission began operations. It provided low-interest home loans for returned servicemen. William Morris Hughes 09 May 1919 Seamen’s strike Australia’s seamen went on strike for better wages and conditions. The immediate interruption of fuel and coal supplies created a serious crisis that worsened as job losses mounted. The strike lasted the whole winter before the demands were met. William Morris Hughes 28 Jun 1919 Treaty of Versailles At the end of the six-month Peace Conference in Paris, Australia’s Prime Minister WM Hughes and Minister for the Navy Joseph Cook signed the Peace Treaty at Versailles that established the League of Nations. With Britain’s other dominions, Australia established its status as an independent member of the world’s first international organisation of governments. William Morris Hughes 02 Jul 1919 The Nauru mandate Britain, New Zealand and Australia signed an agreement for Australian administration of Nauru, located 4000 km northeast of Sydney. Australia had captured the island from Germany in 1914 and in 1920 the League of Nations designated it an Australian mandate. William Morris Hughes 10 Dec 1919 First flight Ross and Keith Smith won the prize money offered by the government for the first flight from Britain to Australia. They landed their Vickers Vimy aircraft in Darwin after a 28-day flight from Hounslow in England. William Morris Hughes House of Representatives and 19 Senate seats William Morris Hughes 13 Dec 1919 Referendum Held with the 8th federal election, neither of the two proposals related to legislative powers and the nationalisation of monopolies (this being the third referendum at which the latter was put to the electorate) was carried. William Morris Hughes 22 Jan 1920 Country Party The Australian Country Party was officially formed by members of the Farmers Federation. The new party benefited from the introduction of preferential voting for both Houses of parliament. At the 14 December 1919 election it won 8 seats in the House of Representatives. William Morris Hughes 27 May 1920 Prince of Wales tour Prince Edward (later briefly King Edward VIII) arrived in Australia. The 26-year-old travelled overland from Adelaide to Wallangarra, on the Queensland border. The royal visitors were provided with ‘a varied programme of kangaroo and emu hunting, buckjumping, with exhibitions of shearing etc’. Hugely popular, the Prince of Wales left Australia on 18 August 1920. William Morris Hughes 31 Aug 1920 Engineers case The High Court decision in the case Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd was a milestone in constitutional interpretation and in Commonwealth-State relations. In holding that Arbitration Court decisions were binding on State governments, the Court took an expansive view of how Commonwealth powers derive from the Constitution. William Morris Hughes Lord Forster served as Governor-General until 8 October 1925. William Morris Hughes 30 Oct 1920 Communist Party of Australia The Party was first formed at a Sydney meeting. It later divided into two groups. One favoured adherence to doctrine, the other a practical trades union approach. William Morris Hughes 31 Dec 1920 Trouble in Canberra Prime Minister WM Hughes removed Walter Burley Griffin as director of construction at Canberra after disagreements over his supervisory role. Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahoney Griffin had won the competition to design the national capital on 14 May 1912. William Morris Hughes 07 Mar 1921 Health a federal concern The Commonwealth Department of Health was formed. It took over the quarantine service of the Department of Trade and Customs, the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories. It also became responsible for national health functions such as the treatment of infectious diseases in returned soldiers. William Morris Hughes 12 Aug 1921 Australian Federation of Women Voters Bessie Rischbieth founded this federated body of Australian women’s political associations. Their aim was to participate in the international federations and establish credentials as lobbyists and advisers at the League of Nations. As a result of their efforts, each Australian delegation to the League of Nations General Assembly included a woman member. William Morris Hughes 01 Feb 1922 Red flag for merchant ships The red Australian flag, authorised by the British Admiralty for merchant shipping in 1902, became compulsory under the 1920 Navigation Act. William Morris Hughes 21 May 1922 Empire settlement The Empire Settlement Act enabled the intake of large numbers of British immigrants. Over 200,000 assisted settlers arrived in Australia between 1922 and 1929. William Morris Hughes 03 Nov 1922 QANTAS Australia’s first airline, Queensland and Northern Territory Air Service began regular passenger services with two war surplus biplanes. The first flight was from Charleville to Cloncurry, Queensland. William Morris Hughes House of Representatives and 19 Senate seats Stanley Melbourne Bruce 09 Feb 1923 8th Prime Minister Stanley Melbourne Bruce was sworn in as Prime Minister after the Nationalist Party displaced WM Hughes as leader. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 09 Jun 1923 Loan Council The government agreed to form a Loan Council to coordinate States’ borrowing. The Council’s first meeting was on 1 February 1924. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 05 Oct 1923 Imperial Conference Prime Minister SM Bruce arrived in London for the Imperial Conference. He advocated the ‘men, money and markets’ empire trade policy that shaped Australia’s agricultural, pastoral, financial and population policies throughout the 1920s. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 01 Jan 1924 Mt Stromlo observatory With the appointment of its first director, the Commonwealth Solar Observatory was established. Located on Mount Stromlo, outside Canberra, it enabled scientific research on the sun and geophysics. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 01 Jan 1924 Federal roads The Australian Automobile Association was formed. It lobbied for federal finance for roads and a national traffic code. Commonwealth funds for national highways were provided for in the Federal Roads Act 1926. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 30 Jan 1924 Cabinet in Canberra The first Cabinet meeting was held in Canberra. The ministers were lodged at Yarralumla House, later the residence of the Governor-General. The building of Parliament House had begun on 28 August 1923. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 04 Sep 1924 Agricultural science The Commonwealth Citrus Research Station opened at Griffith, New South Wales in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. In March 1927 it became a research station of the Commonwealth Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 14 Apr 1925 Big brother The ‘Big Brother’ child immigration scheme was launched as part of the scheme for British settlement in Australia. The Barnardo and Fairbridge organisations brought children for settlement at locations around Australia. Fairbridge farm school at Pinjarra, Western Australia had been established in 1912. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 08 Oct 1925 8th Governor-General Lord Stonehaven served as Governor-General until 22 January 1931. Lord Somers was acting Governor-General from 3 October 1930 to 22 January 1931. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 14 Nov 1925 Compulsory voting The 10th general election was the first in which voting was compulsory after the Commonwealth Electoral Act was enacted on 10 October 1924. Stanley Melbourne Bruce House of Representatives and 22 Senate seats Stanley Melbourne Bruce 22 Jun 1926 CSIRO The government set up the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (later CSIRO) to foster applied research. In 1927 the CSIR moved into its building at Black Mountain in Canberra. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 04 Sep 1926 Referendum Two proposals, one related to industry and commerce and the second to the power of the Parliament to protect the public against the interruption of essential services, were rejected by the Australian electorate. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 19 Nov 1926 Free and equal At the Imperial Conference agreement was reached on the independent and equal relationship of the British Dominions. The agreement recognised the Dominions as ‘autonomous communities within the British empire, equal in status . . . and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations’. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 01 Dec 1926 1st petrol tax A federal levy on imported petrol was imposed for the first time. A tax on locally refined petrol was introduced the following year. The Commonwealth Oil Refineries at Laverton, Victoria and the Shell company’s works at Clyde, New South Wales began refining petrol in 1924. Stanley Melbourne Bruce The Forestry School, established in Adelaide, transferred to permanent premises in the national capital. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 09 May 1927 New Parliament House The ceremonial opening of parliament in Parliament House, Canberra was the deadline for completion of many other buildings, including the Hotel Canberra and Hotel Kurrajong, and the prime ministerial residence, The Lodge. As Commonwealth departments were transferred from Melbourne to Canberra, housing construction was accelerated in an attempt to keep pace. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 02 Jun 1927 Australian films A Royal Commission into the film industry was appointed. It reported in April on the state of film-making in Australia. It also reported on the process of distributing films from the United States to the 1250 Australian cinemas. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 09 Jun 1928 1st Pacific flight Charles Kingsford-Smith and Charles Ulm completed the first flight across the Pacific. They flew the Southern Cross from Oakland, California to Brisbane. In August they made the first non-stop flight across Australia, from Perth to Point Cook. In September, they achieved the first flight from Australia to New Zealand. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 22 Oct 1929 9th Prime Minister James Scullin was sworn in as Prime Minister after the election of Australia’s third Labor government. James Scullin 24 Oct 1929 Wall Street collapse The fall of the New York Stock Exchange had an impact throughout the world. Investment loans were called in and financial firms across the globe collapsed. James Scullin 01 Jan 1930 Ticket to fly Pioneer aviators Charles Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm began the first air service between Sydney and Brisbane. James Scullin 01 Dec 1930 New High Court justices The Labor government filled two vacancies on the High Court. Thirty-six-year-old Herbert Vere Evatt became the youngest Justice of the High Court. Edward Aloysius McTiernan went on to become the oldest. Justice McTiernan served the longest term on the High Court, retiring in September 1976 at the age of 84. James Scullin House of Representatives and 18 Senate seats Joseph Lyons 06 Jan 1932 10th Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was sworn in as Prime Minister. His new United Australia Party won government at the election on 19 December. Joseph Lyons 03 May 1932 Unemployment relief The Loan (Unemployment Relief Works) Act authorised the government to grant money from a fund of 1,800,000 pounds for relief work approved by employment councils in each State. Joseph Lyons 01 Jul 1932 The ABC is born The Australian Broadcasting Commission was established to set up and operate national broadcasting stations. Broadcast programs were to address as many of the interests of the community as compatible with ‘suitable broadcasting’. Joseph Lyons 29 Nov 1932 Nine miles from Gundagai Prime Minister Joseph Lyons unveiled the ‘Dog on the Tucker Box’ statue near Gundagai, in the southwest of New South Wales. Thousands of people assembled for the ceremony. Joseph Lyons 07 Feb 1933 Australian territory in Antarctica The Australian Antarctic Territory was formally proclaimed by Douglas Mawson aboard the Discovery in Antarctic waters. Britain had ceded Antarctic claims to Australia and the Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act came into effect from 24 August 1936. Joseph Lyons 14 Jul 1933 Nazi government The National Socialist Party assumed power in Germany. It was declared the only legal political party. Joseph Lyons House of Representatives and 18 Senate seats Joseph Lyons 06 Nov 1934 Egon Kisch Journalist Egon Kisch was invited to speak at a conference in Melbourne but he was prevented from leaving his ship at Fremantle. In Sydney, the government attempted to bar his entry by giving him a dictation test in Gaelic, knowing he spoke seven European languages. Kisch challenged the ban on his entry and won the case. He spoke at workers’ meetings until he left Australia in March 1935. Joseph Lyons 06 May 1935 Silver jubilee King George V and Queen Mary celebrated the 25th anniversary of their reign. Among the guests were Robert and Pattie Menzies, making their first visit to Britain. Joseph Lyons 18 Nov 1935 Invasion of Ethiopia Australia joined other League of Nations members in advocating sanctions against Italy after Italian troops entered Ethiopia in October. The Lyons government's Sanctions Act 1935 prohibited Australians from all commercial dealings with Italy. Joseph Lyons 20 Jan 1936 King Edward VIII The Prince of Wales succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, King George V, but abdicated on 11 December 1936. His brother, the Duke of York was proclaimed King George VI two days later. Joseph Lyons Lord Gowrie served as Governor-General until 30 January 1945. Joseph Lyons 06 Mar 1937 Referendum At this referendum two proposals were rejected by voters. The first sought to give the Commonwealth Parliament power with respect to air navigation and aircraft, while the second related to Section 92 of the Constitution, trade within the Commonwealth to be free. Joseph Lyons 01 May 1937 King George VI After the abdication of Edward VIII on 11 December 1936, the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth took place in Westminster Abbey. Joseph Lyons 24 Jun 1937 Censorship Board The Commonwealth Literature Censorship Board was established. The new Board (temporarily) lifted the old Book Censorship Advisory Committee’s ban on James Joyce’s Ulysses. Joseph Lyons House of Representatives and 19 Senate seats Joseph Lyons 26 Jan 1938 Aboriginal Day of Mourning The 150th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet in Sydney Cove was officially celebrated as Australia’s Sesquicentenary. Unofficially, it was a Day of Mourning for Indigenous people who lobbied in vain for representation in parliament and for legal equality. Joseph Lyons 31 Mar 1938 Capricornia Xavier Herbert won the Commonwealth Sesquicentenary literary competition with his novel Capricornia, set in the Northern Territory. Joseph Lyons 15 Nov 1938 ‘Pig iron’ dispute Waterside workers at Port Kembla, New South Wales refused to load scrap iron destined for Japan, arguing that it would be used in munitions factories. Attorney-General Robert Menzies attempted to enforce the loading of the cargo. Joseph Lyons 01 Dec 1938 Jewish refugees accepted Australia agreed to take 15,000 Jewish refugees fleeing from Europe after the German occupation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. Earle Page 07 Apr 1939 11th Prime Minister Earle Page became the eleventh Prime Minister following the death of Joseph Lyons. His term lasted nineteen days. Robert Menzies 26 Apr 1939 12th Prime Minister Robert Menzies was sworn in as Prime Minister, after he was elected leader of the United Australia Party. Robert Menzies 03 Sep 1939 Australia declares war on Germany After German troops invaded Poland on 1 September, Britain declared war. The Dominions, including Australia, followed with separate declarations the same day. Robert Menzies 20 Oct 1939 Compulsory military training Six weeks after Australia entered World War II, Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced the reintroduction of compulsory defence training. It took effect on 1 January 1940. Unmarried men aged 21 were required to undergo three months training with the militia. Robert Menzies Arthur Fadden succeeded Robert Menzies as Prime Minister. John Curtin 07 Oct 1941 14th Prime Minister John Curtin was sworn in as Prime Minister after the Fadden coalition government lost majority support in the House of Representatives. John Curtin 19 Nov 1941 The second Sydney The HMAS Sydney and the German raider Kormoran fought an hour-long battle 150 miles west of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Both vessels were stricken. The Sydney was on fire but moved slowly away. Most of the Kormoran crew survived and were picked up, but the Sydney and all 645 men aboard disappeared. Ten anguished days later Prime Minister John Curtin made the news public. John Curtin 09 Dec 1941 Declaration of war Two days after the Japanese attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Australia declared war on Japan, and on axis powers Finland, Hungary and Romania. John Curtin 19 Feb 1942 Bombing of Darwin Japanese bombers made the first attack on Darwin four days after Japan captured Singapore. The Japanese advance was stopped in the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway atoll in May, and at Kokoda in November 1942. Attacks on Darwin and Katherine continued until November 1943. Bombs were also dropped on Townsville, Queensland, and Wyndham, Derby, Broome and Port Hedland in Western Australia. John Curtin 31 May 1942 Submarines in Sydney Harbour A torpedo fired from a midget submarine missed its target, the USS Chicago, and struck HMAS Kuttabul at Garden Island in Sydney Harbour, killing 19 sailors. Two other midget submarines, launched from a flotilla of Japanese submarines lying off the coast, were disabled and captured. John Curtin 07 Jun 1942 Income tax goes federal Enactment of the Income Tax (War-time Arrangements) Act enabled the Commonwealth to take over from the States the power to levy personal income tax. John Curtin 11 Aug 1942 Hollywood bombshell Film star and Austrian refugee Hedy Lamarr and a fellow inventor took out a United States patent for a technique for generating a secure spectrum of radio frequencies to guide torpedoes. The technique was later used in missiles and for mobile phones. John Curtin 24 Dec 1942 Planning for a future A Department of Post-War Reconstruction was established. Dr HC Coombs was appointed Director-General in January 1943. John Curtin 74 House of Representatives seats and 19 Senate seats John Curtin 23 Sep 1943 First women, 17th parliament Forty years after women candidates first stood for parliament, Dame Enid Lyons and Dorothy Tangney became the first women to win seats in parliament. Enid Lyons took a seat in the House of Representatives and Dorothy Tangney a seat in the Senate. John Curtin 22 Jul 1944 World Bank The agreement by allied powers to establish the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund was reached at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The initial aim was to establish international institutions to fund reconstruction in countries ravaged by the second world war. John Curtin 05 Aug 1944 Cowra outbreak Japanese prisoners of war broke out of their detention camp in Cowra, New South Wales. They were armed with improvised weapons and 231 prisoners were killed and 108 wounded. The survivors were captured in the next few days. John Curtin 19 Aug 1944 Referendum A proposal related to post-war reconstruction and democratic rights, including constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and religion, was not carried. John Curtin 14 Dec 1944 Liberal Party of Australia The new party was formed at a conference in Canberra. It emerged from an agreement to merge the United Australia Party and other non-Labor organisations, including the extensive Australian League of Women Voters. John Curtin 30 Jan 1945 11th Governor-General The Duke of Gloucester served as Governor-General until 11 March 1947. Sir Winston Dugan was acting Governor-General from 19 January to 11 March 1947. John Curtin 25 Apr 1945 United Nations The San Francisco conference to establish the United Nations opened. A new organisation to promote international peace, replacing the League of Nations, had been planned since representatives from China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States met at Dunbarton Oaks in Washington DC in 1944. Forty-six nations sent delegates to draw up the Charter which was signed on 26 June 1945. John Curtin Germany’s surrender to the allied forces ended the war in Europe. Francis Forde 06 Jul 1945 15th Prime Minister On the death of John Curtin, deputy Prime Minister Frank Forde was sworn in until the federal parliamentary Labor Party elected a new leader. Ben Chifley 13 Jul 1945 16th Prime Minister New Prime Minister Ben Chifley was sworn in after being chosen the day before as the new leader of the Labor Party. Ben Chifley 06 Aug 1945 Hiroshima The first atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. On 15 August Japan surrendered, ending the war in the Pacific. Ben Chifley 17 Oct 1945 Peace time intelligence The Commonwealth Investigation Service was formed. It combined the wartime Security Service and the Investigation Branch. Ben Chifley 10 Jul 1946 Parliament at home Proceedings in the House of Representatives were broadcast for the first time. Legislation required the ABC to relay the parliamentary sessions on the interstate radio network. Senate broadcasts began a week later. Ben Chifley 15 Aug 1946 Coal Board Under an agreement with the New South Wales government, a Joint Coal Board was established. It enabled the government to continue the regulation of coal production, distribution and prices managed during the war by the Commonwealth Coal Commissioner. Coal production tripled in the next 25 years. In 2002 the Board was replaced by a private company, Coal Services Pty Ltd. Ben Chifley 28 Sep 1946 National social security A referendum to alter Section 51 of the Constitution was successful. It granted the Commonwealth power to provide maternity allowances, widows pensions, child endowment, unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services, and student and family allowances. Two further proposals related to marketing and industrial employment were not carried. The referendum was held with the 18th federal election. Ben Chifley 74 House of Representatives seats and 19 Senate seats Ben Chifley 13 Dec 1946 Papua New Guinea The United Nations granted Australia trusteeship of New Guinea and Papua. The two regions were administered jointly, with the capital at Port Moresby. Ben Chifley 11 Mar 1947 12th Governor-General Sir William McKell served as Governor-General until 8 May 1953. Lord Northcote was acting Governor-General from 19 July to 14 December 1951. Ben Chifley 01 Apr 1947 Woomera The Woomera rocket range was established as a joint facility for testing British and Australian short and long-range missiles. The range was sited within the 127,000 square kilometre Woomera Prohibited Area in the northwest of South Australia. From 1957 the facility has also been used for Australia’s space program. Ben Chifley 01 Jul 1947 Good news At 7 pm, the first ABC news broadcast under amendments to the Broadcasting Act was aired. The changes aimed at removing bias by requiring all news to be produced by ABC journalists, rather than gathered from commercial sources. Ben Chifley 21 Jul 1947 Displaced persons accepted Australia’s Minister for Immigration Arthur Calwell signed an agreement with the United Nations Refugee organisation to accept displaced persons from European countries ravaged by war. Ben Chifley 18 Nov 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Australia applied the reduced tariffs under the GATT, signed in Geneva that year. The agreement established an international forum to encourage free trade between members by reducing tariffs on traded goods and by providing a means for resolving trade disputes. Ben Chifley 26 Dec 1947 Antarctic territories Britain transferred Heard and MacDonald Islands in Antarctica to Australia. The Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition (ANARE) was established in August. Scientific stations were set up on Heard Island in December, and on Macquarie Island the following May, using the small vessel Wyatt Earp. Ben Chifley 01 Jan 1948 40-hour week Workers covered by Commonwealth awards began the reduced 40-hour week. The date for the change had been set by the Conciliation and Arbitration Court in September 1947. Ben Chifley 29 May 1948 Referendum A proposal to give the Commonwealth Parliament ongoing power to make laws with respect to rents and prices was not carried. Ben Chifley 24 Jun 1948 National sea and air lines The Qantas Empire Airways Act meant Australia’s only overseas airline was now publicly owned. In 1948 the government also re-established a Commonwealth shipping line. Ben Chifley 21 Sep 1948 United Nations president Australia’s Minister for External Affairs, HV Evatt, was elected president of the United Nations General Assembly. Ben Chifley 29 Nov 1948 First Holden Prime Minister Ben Chifley launched the first Holden ‘family motor car’ off the assembly line. Ten years later, 500,000 Holdens had been produced. Ben Chifley 26 Jan 1949 Australia’s first citizens The Nationality and Citizenship Act came into operation, creating Australian citizenship. Although Australians remained British subjects, they were now citizens of their own country as well. The Act retained the definition of ‘aliens’ as those not British subjects. Irish citizens and ‘protected persons’ within the British Commonwealth were excepted. Ben Chifley 16 Mar 1949 ASIO established The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation was established to protect the Commonwealth from espionage, sabotage and subversion. Ben Chifley 11 May 1949 More seats in parliament The 1948 Representation Act was enacted. It increased the the House of Representatives from 75 to 122 seats, including a new member for the Australian Capital Territory, and the Senate from 36 to 60 seats. The Commonwealth Electoral Act introduced proportional representation for Senate elections. Ben Chifley 12 Sep 1949 Planting the national garden Prime Minister Ben Chifley planted a eucalypt at the entrance of the National Botanic Gardens during a visit by international foresters. The gardens had been established at Black Mountain in Canberra four years before. Ben Chifley 17 Oct 1949 Snowy scheme Work began on the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric scheme to divert water from the upper Snowy River through tunnels and dams. The scheme aimed to generate electricity for New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory, and provide water for irrigation along the Murray and Murrumbidgee rivers. This major postwar development project employed many immigrant workers and was completed in 1974. Ben Chifley House of Representatives and 42 Senate seats Robert Menzies 19 Dec 1949 Prime Minister for the 2nd time Robert Menzies became Prime Minister for the second time, starting a 16-year term that set a record in Australian politics. The Liberal/Country Party coalition had been convincingly returned at the federal election on 10 December. Robert Menzies 27 Dec 1949 Independence for Indonesia The independent Republic of the United States of Indonesia was established. This ended five years of revolution and military struggle with the Dutch authorities. Nationalist forces had unilaterally declared independence on 17 August 1945 after almost 350 years of Dutch rule. Robert Menzies 09 Jan 1950 Colombo Plan The idea of a network of developing and donor countries was raised at a conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). A 5-year scheme commenced in 1951 and was repeated until 1980. The Colombo Plan then became a permanent resource for development and education in East and Southeast Asian countries. Robert Menzies 23 Jun 1950 Communist Party ban The Communist Party Dissolution Bill was passed by parliament. After it was enacted in October, the law was challenged in the High Court and, on 9 March 1951, was held to be unconstitutional. The Court ruled that parliament could not invoke its defence powers to rule an association unlawful when the nation was not at war. Robert Menzies 26 Jul 1950 Australia joins Korean War The government announced Australia would send troops to fight in Korea. This was part of the United Nations response to the invasion of South Korea by North Korea on 25 June. The frontline moved into North Korea and the war continued for three years. Robert Menzies Celebrations began throughout Australia to mark the 50th anniversary of Federation. Robert Menzies 19 Mar 1951 Parliament dissolved The Governor-General granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament. He held that the Senate’s action in referring the Commonwealth Bank Bill to committee was a ‘failure to pass’ the Bill. This was only the second double dissolution of the parliament, the first being in 1914. Robert Menzies 12 Apr 1951 National Service begins The first call-up notice was issued under the National Service Act. The Act provided for compulsory military training of 18-year-old men, who were then to remain on the Reserve of the Commonwealth Military Forces for five years. Between 1951 and 1960 when the scheme ended, over 500,000 men had registered, 52 intakes were organised and some 227,000 men were trained. Robert Menzies House of Representatives and 60 Senate seats Robert Menzies 09 Sep 1951 Peace Treaty signed At San Francisco, 49 nations signed the peace treaty with Japan, agreeing to the binding terms of the war settlement. Robert Menzies 22 Sep 1951 Referendum on Communism A referendum to alter the Constitution so as to grant parliament the power to outlaw Communism was lost narrowly. Robert Menzies 06 Feb 1952 Queen Elizabeth II Elizabeth II was proclaimed Queen after the death of her father, King George VI. The Queen was crowned in Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953. Robert Menzies 29 Apr 1952 ANZUS Treaty The security treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, signed in Canberra on 1 September 1951, came into force. Aimed at maintaining peace in the Pacific, the ANZUS Treaty endured until 1986. The United States suspended their agreement with New Zealand after the ban on nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed US Navy ships in New Zealand waters. Robert Menzies 03 Oct 1952 Montebello atomic tests The first British atomic tests were held in the Montebello Islands, 120 km northwest of Dampier, Western Australia. Tests were then moved to Emu Field in northwestern South Australia. Robert Menzies 08 May 1953 13th Governor-General Sir William Slim served as Governor-General until 2 February 1960. Lord Northcote was acting Governor-General from 30 July to 22 October 1956 and Sir Dallas Brooks was acting Governor-General from 8 to 16 January 1959. Robert Menzies 27 Jul 1953 Korean War over The United Nations and North Korea signed the agreement ending three years of war on 27 July 1953. Relations between the Republic of Korea in the south and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the north remained strained. Australia did not establish diplomatic relations with North Korea until 1974. Robert Menzies 03 Feb 1954 The Queen in Australia Queen Elizabeth arrived in Sydney aboard the royal yacht Gothic. The first reigning monarch to visit Australia, the Queen and Prince Phillip covered 10,000 miles by air and 2000 miles on the ground by the time they left Australia on 1 April. Robert Menzies 13 Feb 1954 Mawson Station Australia’s first permanent station in Antarctica was established. The Kista Dan was used to convey men and materials. Davis, the second station, was established in 1957 as part of Australia’s contribution to the International Geophysical Year. Robert Menzies 20 Apr 1954 The Petrovs defect A week after the defection of Vladimir Petrov, Evdokia Petrov also appealed for political asylum in a dramatic scene at Darwin airport. Based on evidence provided by the two Soviet Embassy cipher officers, a Royal Commission on Espionage was held. After the Commission reported on October 1955, the Petrovs became Melbourne suburbanites Sven and Maria Allyson. Robert Menzies House of Representatives and Senate seats Robert Menzies 08 Sep 1954 SEATO established The formation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation, a defence alliance of countries in southeast Asia and part of the southwest Pacific, was aimed at containing Communism. Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan (until 1973), the Philippines, Thailand and the United States were members. SEATO was disbanded in 1977. Robert Menzies 11 Jun 1955 Privilege of parliament Newspapermen Frank Browne and Raymond Fitzpatrick were charged in the House of Representatives with breaching parliamentary privilege. In the only such case in the 20th century, they served three months in gaol on the order of Cabinet. Robert Menzies 23 Oct 1955 Cocos (Keeling) Islands on board The Cocos (Keeling) Islands became Commonwealth territory with the proclamation of the Cocos (Keeling) Island Act. The 27 coral islands in two atolls are in the Indian Ocean, some 2800 kilometres northwest of Perth. Robert Menzies House of Representatives and 30 Senate seats Robert Menzies 16 May 1956 Maralinga atomic tests The first nuclear tests took place at Maralinga, South Australia. This was developed as a permanent test site in response to a request from the British government after the first tests at Montebello and Emu Field in 1953 and 1954. The tests conducted at Maralinga until 1963 were the subject of a Royal Commission in 1984. Robert Menzies 14 Aug 1956 Boilermakers Case The Conciliation and Arbitration Court was replaced by the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission and the Commonwealth Industrial Court. This was made necessary by the High Court ruling in the 1956 ‘separation of powers’ Boilermakers Case. The High Court held that judicial matters must be dealt with by a body separate from one dealing with the non-judicial prevention and settlement of industrial disputes. Robert Menzies 22 Nov 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, opened Australia’s first Olympic Games in Melbourne. The Games were held during the international Suez crisis and the Hungarian Revolution. Television was introduced into Australia to make these the first Olympic Games televised. Robert Menzies 13 Dec 1956 ASIO Act The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act made ASIO a statutory authority. ASIO had been established by government directive in 1949. Robert Menzies 27 Aug 1957 Labor Party split The Democratic Labor Party formed in a breakaway of anti-Communist groups from the Australian Labor Party. Robert Menzies 10 Oct 1957 Constructing Lake Burley Griffin The National Capital Development Commission started work on the coordinated planning and development of the national capital. Among elements of the city’s original design implemented was the construction of Lake Burley Griffin. On 31 January 1989 the National Capital Planning Authority replaced the Commission. Robert Menzies 26 Jan 1958 Nuclear startup The Australian Atomic Energy Commission’s nuclear reactor at Lucas Heights near Sydney began operation. The research facility was established in 1955 after the Commission was set up under the Atomic Energy Act in 1953. It was renamed the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation in 1987. Robert Menzies 05 Feb 1958 Historic British guest Harold Macmillan became the first British Prime Minister to visit Australia. His visit was six years after the first visit by the reigning monarch. Robert Menzies 24 May 1958 A new Commonwealth Day Empire Day became Commonwealth Day and was no longer celebrated as a public holiday. This anniversary of Queen Victoria’s birthday had been a public holiday since 1905. Robert Menzies 01 Oct 1958 Christmas Island territory The proclamation of the Christmas Island Act made an Australian territory located in the Indian Ocean, 2623 kilometres northwest of Perth. Initially the island was administered by an ‘official representative’ of the Australian government. From 1968 an Administrator reporting to the Minister for Territories took this role. Robert Menzies House of Representatives and 32 Senate seats Robert Menzies 01 Dec 1959 Antarctic Treaty Australia signed the treaty which came into force on 23 June 1961. It established the legal framework for the management of Antarctica and promoted international cooperation in Antarctic scientific research. Robert Menzies 14 Jan 1960 A Reserve Bank The proclamation of the Commonwealth Banks Act and the Reserve Bank Act split the Commonwealth Bank of Australia into the Commonwealth Banking Corporation and the Reserve Bank of Australia. Robert Menzies 02 Feb 1960 14th Governor-General Lord Dunrossil served as Governor-General until 3 February 1961. Sir Dallas Brooks was acting Governor-General from 3 February to 3 August 1961. Robert Menzies 25 Feb 1960 US space tracking Australia signed an agreement to allow the United States to establish satellite tracking stations. These were located in the Australian Capital Territory at Orroral Creek, Honeysuckle Creek and Tidbinbilla. Robert Menzies 01 Mar 1960 Good news at the chemist A new pharmaceutical benefits scheme commenced, with a wider range of prescribed medicines subsidised by the government. Robert Menzies 16 Nov 1960 Credit squeeze The government’s response to accelerating inflation and falling wool prices led to a recession. This was the first postwar pitfall for the energetic building industry, eager car salesmen and committed consumers. Robert Menzies 13 Dec 1960 New security law Amendments to the Crimes Act introduced tougher definitions and penalties for espionage, sabotage and treason, and identified a new crime of treachery. Robert Menzies 01 Feb 1961 ‘No fault’ divorce The Matrimonial Causes Act came into operation. It established a uniform basis for divorce law throughout Australia and recognised a specified period of separation as sufficient grounds to end marriage. Robert Menzies 17 Jul 1961 Bonegilla riot Migrants from eastern Europe staged a violent protest against conditions at the migrant hostel at Bonegilla in Victoria. Robert Menzies House of Representatives and 31 Senate seats Robert Menzies 09 Apr 1962 Interstate direct dial A coaxial cable linking Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne was completed. It enabled a caller to dial numbers at exchanges on the other end of the trunk lines, rather than needing an operator to make the connection. The broadband link also enabled data transmission. The last telegram transmitted by Morse Code was sent on 13 December that year. Robert Menzies 02 Nov 1962 Swan Lake The first performance of the Australian Ballet in Sydney was a triumph, not only for the new company, but for those in the government who saw supporting national arts initiatives as a move towards greater cultural independence from Britain. Robert Menzies 01 May 1963 Glorious New Guinea Indonesia annexed the former Dutch province of western New Guinea and named it Irian Jaya, which means 'Glorious New Guinea'. After Indonesia held a controversial ‘free choice’ vote on self-determination in 1969, the United Nations recognised Irian Jaya as an Indonesian state. An independence movement has continued to protest Indonesian rule. Robert Menzies 14 Aug 1963 Bark petitions Yolngu people petitioned the House of Representatives after the government excised land from the Arnhem Land reserve on 13 March, without consulting the traditional owners. When bauxite mining at Yirrkala went ahead, the Yolngu took their case against the Nabalco mining company to the Northern Territory Supreme Court. In its 1971 decision, the court did not recognise their claim. Robert Menzies 01 Nov 1963 A national franchise achieved Indigenous people throughout Australia won the suffrage on the same basis as other electors when an amendment to the Commonwealth Electoral Act became law. The 1963 election was the first federal election for Indigenous people in Western Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory. Those in the other States had won voting rights in 1949. Robert Menzies 03 Dec 1963 International direct dial International dialling became possible with the opening of COMPAC, the Commonwealth Pacific cable. This was part of a scheme to connect the British Commonwealth by telephone. The cable was re-routed after South Africa’s decision to leave the Commonwealth. The COMPAC cable had 80 telephone circuits, each able to carry 22 telegraph circuits. Robert Menzies 10 Feb 1964 Naval disaster The destroyer HMAS Voyager sank off Jervis Bay, New South Wales after a collision with the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne. Two Royal Commissions were held to investigate the cause of the disaster in which 81 sailors died. Robert Menzies 20 Aug 1964 Australia joins INTELSAT Australia became part of the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium. INTELSAT was established to develop a global system of commercial satellite links. Robert Menzies 05 Nov 1964 National Service lottery Cabinet decided to re-introduce compulsory military service, which had ended in 1960. The National Service Act enabled government to conscript men for a two-year term with a further three years in the Reserve. Marbles denoting birth dates were drawn from a lottery barrel to select those who would be called up. Between the first ballot in 1965 and the last in1972, some 63,000 men were conscripted. Robert Menzies 28 Apr 1965 War in Vietnam Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced Australian troops would be sent to Vietnam to support United States forces. The first battalion arrived in Vietnam the following month. After March 1966, National Servicemen were sent to Vietnam to fight in units of the Australian Regular Army. Some 19,000 conscripts were sent in the next four years. Robert Menzies 27 May 1967 Historic referendum In the largest majority of any Australian referendum, voters overwhelmingly supported a proposal to count Indigenous people in the national census and to give the federal parliament power to legislate for Indigenous people. A second proposal related to increases to numbers in the House of Representative was not carried. Harold Holt 16 Sep 1967 North West Cape The government approved the establishment of a United States Navy communications base in Western Australia that opened on 16 September 1967. A top security joint space facility was established at Pine Gap, near Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. Harold Holt 19 Nov 1967 WRE-SAT Australia’s first satellite was launched from the Woomera rocket range, carrying research instruments from the Weapons Research Establishment. John McEwen 19 Dec 1967 18th Prime Minister John McEwen was sworn in as Prime Minister two days after Harold Holt disappeared in the ocean off Portsea, Victoria. John Gorton 10 Jan 1968 19th Prime Minister After the Liberal Party elected Senator John Gorton as the new Party leader, he was sworn in as Prime Minister. John Gorton 31 Jan 1968 Independent Nauru Nauru gained independence from Australia and special member status in the British Commonwealth. Australia, New Zealand and Britain handed over their joint control of the local phosphate industry in 1970. John Gorton 04 Jul 1968 Moratorium protest A major demonstration in the ongoing campaigns against the war in Vietnam ended in violence. Crowds outside the United States consulate in Melbourne were charged by mounted police. Prime Minister John Gorton had announced in February that no further Australian troops would be sent to Vietnam, but 8000 men were already fighting there. John Gorton 28 Oct 1968 The postman calls once Twice-daily mail deliveries, an urban standard since Federation, ceased around Australia. The previous year the national postcode system had been introduced to facilitate sorting large volumes of mail. John Gorton 01 Dec 1968 Full wages For the first time Aboriginal workers on Northern Territory pastoral stations earned full wages. The award wage entitlement was later extended to all Indigenous employees of the Commonwealth government. John Gorton Perth-born Sir Paul Hasluck served as Governor-General until 11 July 1974. John Gorton 19 Jun 1969 Almost equal pay After decades of campaigning, women workers were granted equal pay rates with men doing comparable work. Because the Arbitration Commission’s decision was for incremental increases, pay parity was not achieved until 1972. John Gorton 21 Jul 1969 Men on the moon When two United States astronauts stepped onto the moon, millions of viewers around the world watched on television. The images were received from Apollo II via Australia’s giant telescope in Parkes, New South Wales. The signals were sent from Parkes to Sydney by microwave, and then relayed as television signals to the ABC studios at Gore Hill in Sydney, and then to Houston, Texas for the international telecast. John Gorton 29 Nov 1969 The Indian-Pacific completed The final section of the transcontinental railway was rebuilt to a standard gauge. Preparations then began for the service enabling passengers to cross the continent without changing trains at State borders. John Gorton 16 Dec 1969 Coming home Prime Minister John Gorton announced that a withdrawal of Australian troops from Vietnam would commence the following year. John Gorton 04 Jul 1970 Changing to metric A Metric Conversion Board was established to implement a gradual transfer from imperial to metric weights and measures. John Gorton 01 Sep 1970 Uranium discovered A rich uranium deposit was reported at Nabarlek in the Northern Territory. Prime Minister John Gorton warned two weeks later that any foreign takeover would be prevented if necessary by legislation. John Gorton 18 Sep 1970 Second moratorium The second Vietnam moratorium also involved massive rallies around Australia. In November a battalion returning after its tour of duty was not replaced. This was the beginning of the reduction in Australian forces in Vietnam. William McMahon 10 Mar 1971 20th Prime Minister After displacing John Gorton as Liberal Party leader, William McMahon was sworn in as Prime Minister. William McMahon 24 May 1971 Being counted Senator Neville Bonner became the first Aboriginal parliamentarian. He was nominated by the Queensland Liberal Party for a vacant Senate seat. Indigenous people were included in the national census for the first time in 1971, following the 1967 amendment to the Constitution. William McMahon 18 Aug 1971 The Vietnam toll Prime Minister William McMahon announced the final withdrawal of Australian troops from Vietnam. By the time the last men had returned home in 1972, more than 46,000 Australian personnel had served in Vietnam, with 3000 wounded and 500 dead. William McMahon 02 Nov 1971 Dinner at the White House At an official dinner with President and Mrs Nixon at the White House, the prime ministerial couple attracted international attention. Television and magazines relayed pictures of Sonia McMahon’s diplomatically daring dress. William McMahon 26 Jan 1972 A tent embassy Aboriginal people set up a tent ‘embassy’ in front of Parliament House. Though police removed it several times, it was replaced until February 1975. A second tent embassy, opened on the same site in January 1992, still stands in front of Old Parliament House. William McMahon 28th federal election – House of Representatives Coalition under Prime Minister William McMahon lost government. Gough Whitlam 05 Dec 1972 21st Prime Minister Labor was elected to government for the first time in 23 years. Gough Whitlam and deputy Lance Barnard were sworn in to comprise the first ministry until a Cabinet was chosen. Gough Whitlam 19 Dec 1972 Department of Aboriginal Affairs One of the early reforms of the new Whitlam government was upgrading the Office of Aboriginal Affairs to ministerial level. This fulfilled an election promise designed to meet the responsibilities allocated by the 1967 Referendum. Gough Whitlam 19 Oct 1973 Queen of Australia The Royal Style and Titles Act altered the formal title of Queen Elizabeth II to refer specifically to Australia. This was one of the few Bills of the Australian parliament enacted by the monarch personally, rather than by the Governor-General as vice-regal authority. Queen Elizabeth signed her assent during the Royal Tour for the opening of the Sydney Opera House. Gough Whitlam 31 Oct 1973 Whitlam in China The first visit of an Australian Prime Minister to China marked Australia’s trade agreement with the People's Republic of China. Gough Whitlam had visited China in 1971, as part of a Labor Party delegation, a month before United States President Nixon made his historic visit. Gough Whitlam 04 Dec 1973 Governing the continental shelf The Sea and Submerged Lands Act extended Australian territorial seas from three to twelve miles. This gave the Commonwealth sovereignty of the sea and sovereign rights to resources to the extent of the continental shelf. Australia was a signatory to United Nations Conventions in 1958 and 1964 recognising national rights to territorial seas beyond the three-mile limit, mainly to enable member nations to protect their fishing grounds. Gough Whitlam 08 Dec 1973 Referendum At this referendum two proposals were rejected by voters. One sought to give the Commonwealth Parliament power to make laws with respect to prices, and the second with respect to incomes. Gough Whitlam 23 Feb 1974 Saturday closing Official post offices ended Saturday opening. On 1 July 1975 Saturday mail deliveries ceased. On the same date two statutory corporations, the Australian Postal Commission and the Australian Telecommunications Commission were established, replacing the Postmaster-General's Department. Gough Whitlam 29th federal election - House of Representatives and Senate (all 60 seats - double dissolution) Labor under Prime Minister Gough Whitlam retained government. Gough Whitlam 18 May 1974 Referendum Australian voters rejected four proposals related to simultaneous elections in the House and Senate, allowing electors in territories to vote at referendums, determining the average size of electorates in each state, and giving the Commonwealth Parliament powers to borrow money for any local government body. Gough Whitlam Sir John Kerr served as Governor-General until 8 December 1977. Gough Whitlam 05 Aug 1974 Territories get Senate seats The Senate was expanded to 64 seats when two Senate seats each were assigned to the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. This legislation was challenged in the High Court, and upheld. Gough Whitlam 24 Dec 1974 Cyclone Tracy On Christmas Eve 65 people lost their lives when a cyclone destroyed 90 per cent of homes in Darwin. Residents were without shelter, power, transport or water and sewerage services. Acting Prime Minister Jim Cairns ordered the evacuation of the population. Gough Whitlam 31 Dec 1974 Diplomatic relations with North Korea The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea opened an embassy in Australia. The following April an Australian embassy opened in North Korea. On 30 October 1975, North Korea withdrew its embassy from Canberra and on 6 November expelled the staff of the Australian embassy in Pyongyang. Gough Whitlam 14 Feb 1975 Order of Australia Queen Elizabeth signs Letters Patent establishing an Australian Honours system to replace British Honours for Australians. Gough Whitlam Papua New Guinea became independent, ending remaining Australian responsibilities in the self-governing country. Malcolm Fraser 11 Nov 1975 22nd Prime Minister After the Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the Labor government, Malcolm Fraser became ‘caretaker’ Prime Minister pending a general election. Malcolm Fraser 30th federal election - House of Representatives and Senate seats (all 64 seats – double dissolution) Coalition under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser retained government. Malcolm Fraser 16 Jun 1976 Treaty of Friendship The Australia-Japan Treaty of Friendship was signed, confirming the important trade relations between the two nations. By 1970 Japan had become Australia’s main overseas customer, with some 19.4 per cent of export trade while Britain’s share fell to 13.4 per cent. Malcolm Fraser Enactment of Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act Malcolm Fraser 02 Feb 1977 A federal court The first judges of the Federal Court were sworn in by the Attorney-General. The jurisdiction of the Court included the areas previously covered by the Industrial Court and the Bankruptcy Court. It also heard appeals from State and Territory courts in specific federal matters. The Federal Court is subject only to the High Court of Australia. Malcolm Fraser 07 Mar 1977 Royal tourists Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh spent three weeks in Australia on a tour to celebrate the silver jubilee of the Queen’s reign. Malcolm Fraser 21 May 1977 Referendum Of the four proposals put to voters at this referendum, only three were carried. These related to Senate casual vacancies, giving residents of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory the right to vote in constitutional elections, and retirement of federal judges. The rejected fourth proposal related to the introduction of simultaneous elections. Malcolm Fraser 15 Jun 1977 Gleneagles agreement At a meeting in Scotland, Commonwealth countries affirmed opposition to racial discrimination in sport and insisted that South Africa must lift apartheid to compete in the Commonwealth Games scheduled for Edmonton in Canada that year. Malcolm Fraser 01 Jul 1977 Ombudsman The first Commonwealth Ombudsman took office. The Ombudsman has responsibility to investigate complaints about administrative decisions and make recommendations for remedy. Malcolm Fraser Sir Zelman Cowen served as Governor-General until 29 July 1982. Malcolm Fraser 31st federal election - House of Representatives and 34 Senate seats Coalition under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser retained government. Malcolm Fraser 01 Jan 1978 SBS begins The Special Broadcasting Service came into operation under the Broadcasting and Television Amendment Act. It was established to provide multilingual broadcasting and television services. Regular transmissions began on 24 October 1980. Malcolm Fraser 20 Jan 1978 Irian Jaya Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock’s recognition of Indonesian sovereignty over East Timor made Australia the sole country to accept Indonesia’s military takeover in 1976. Malcolm Fraser 26 Jan 1978 Land rights in the Northern Territory The proclamation of the Northern Territory Land Rights Act in 1976 enabled traditional owners to claim unalienated land. The Act provided for a Commission to hear claims and with power to grant a limited title. This was the first Australian law enabling claims to traditional ownership to be judged. Malcolm Fraser 01 Jul 1978 Northern Territory self-government The Northern Territory achieved limited self-government, with a fully elected Legislative Assembly. This followed 67 years of federal administration, after 50 years of government by South Australia. Malcolm Fraser 05 Apr 1979 Protecting our environment An area of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory proclaimed the Kakadu National Park. In October the first stage of the Great Barrier Reef marine park proclaimed. Malcolm Fraser 07 Oct 1979 Immigration advisors An Australian Refugee Advisory Council was established. Its role was to advise the Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs on the settlement of refugees. Large numbers of Indo-Chinese refugees had become a challenge for receiving countries like Australia. Malcolm Fraser 19 Oct 1979 Federal Police The Australian Federal Police force was formed. The AFP combined the Commonwealth Police, the Australian Capital Territory Police and the Federal Narcotics Bureau. Malcolm Fraser 26 Jan 1980 Australian Institute of Sport The Minister for Home Affairs announced the establishment of a national institute of sport. It began as a public company with 95 per cent funding from the government. In January 1987 the Institute became a statutory authority under the Department of Sport, Recreation and Tourism. Malcolm Fraser 29 May 1980 Coastal Waters (State Powers) Act The Commonwealth returned control of coastal waters to the States. The federal government had taken control of these waters in 1973. Malcolm Fraser 06 Jun 1980 Saving the whale Enactment of a Whale Protection Act, following strong lobbying for the end of whaling in Australian waters. Malcolm Fraser 32nd federal election - House of Representatives and 34 Senate seats Coalition under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser retained government. Malcolm Fraser 01 Jan 1981 The desktop computer The first personal computers went on sale. Thirty years earlier the first mainframe computer, UNIVAC, had come into use. Malcolm Fraser 14 Apr 1981 Human rights Human Rights Commission Act enacted, providing for a body to promote and protect human rights in line with all United Nations instruments ratified by Australia. Australia’s Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and later the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 are also covered by the Commission, renamed the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission in 1986. Malcolm Fraser 30 Apr 1981 Razor Gang report The final report of a committee set up to review government function recommended the abolition of a number of agencies and reduction of others. Malcolm Fraser Sir Ninian Stephen served as Governor-General until 15 February 1989. Malcolm Fraser 01 Jan 1983 TCP/IP enables the birth of the Internet Adoption of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) standard enabled the development of a supranational Internet. The first network of computers, ARPANET, had emerged in the United States in 1969. Malcolm Fraser 03 Feb 1983 Double dissolution Malcolm Fraser announced a double dissolution of parliament. The same day Bob Hawke was elected leader of the Labor Party after Bill Hayden resigned. Malcolm Fraser 33rd federal election - House of Representatives and Senate (all 64 seats - double dissolution) Coalition under Prime Fraser Malcolm Fraser lost government. Robert Hawke A Labor government was sworn in and Bob Hawke became Prime Minister. Robert Hawke 11 Apr 1983 Economic summit In an early example of his consensus approach, Prime Minister Bob Hawke called a meeting of leaders of business, government and trades unions. The meeting discussed economic strategy, the approach to unemployment and inflation, and a prices and incomes accord. Robert Hawke 26 Sep 1983 America’s Cup comes to Fremantle The yacht Australia II won the America’s Cup. It was the first challenger to remove the 132-year old trophy from the United States. Robert Hawke 09 Dec 1983 Floating the dollar The Hawke government deregulated the Australian dollar. Instead of the Reserve Bank determining its value, the international money market set the exchange rate. Robert Hawke 01 Feb 1984 Medicare The Medicare health scheme began operating. It replaced the Medibank scheme with one financed by a 1 per cent levy on incomes. Robert Hawke 29 Mar 1984 Indigenous promotion Charles Perkins became the first Indigenous person to head a Commonwealth department. He was appointed Secretary of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Robert Hawke 19 Apr 1984 Let us rejoice ‘Advance Australia Fair’ was proclaimed Australia’s national anthem. This followed a decade of ongoing debate, a national opinion poll in 1974, and a plebiscite in 1977. At the same time, green and gold were proclaimed Australia’s national colours. Robert Hawke 24 Jul 1984 Nuclear tests revisited The Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia was established. It was a response to widespread concern about adequate disposal of radioactive substances, the effects of exposure to ionising radiation, and the impact on traditional owners’ use of their lands. The Commission reported on 5 December 1985. Robert Hawke 01 Oct 1984 Handback of Uluru Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen formally handed Pitjantjatjara traditional owners the title deeds to the Uluru area. The arrangement required a lease-back to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and joint management by members of the local Mutijulu community and the service. Robert Hawke 34th federal election - House of Representatives and 46 Senate seats Labor under Prime Minister Bob Hawke won government. Robert Hawke 01 Dec 1984 Referendum Voters rejected two proposals at this referendum, one related to the terms of senators and the other to interchange of powers between the Commonwealth and states. Robert Hawke 01 Jan 1985 Espionage uncovered The 1954 records of the Royal Commission on Espionage were made public under the new Archives Act 1983. This established the ’30-year-rule’ for access to most Commonwealth records. Robert Hawke 02 Mar 1986 Australia Acts Australian law became independent of British parliaments and courts. Seven laws enacted by the States, British government and the final one by the Commonwealth government, severed a constitutional tie to Britain. The Australia Acts ended the inclusion into Australian law of British Acts of Parliament, and abolished remaining provisions for appeals from Australian courts to the Privy Council in London. Robert Hawke 02 Apr 1987 No Australia Card The Australia Card Bill was rejected by the Senate for the second time and Prime Minister Bob Hawke requested a double-dissolution of parliament. Although the national identity card was a prominent issue in campaigning for the election, it was eventually dropped by the Hawke government. Robert Hawke 35th federal election - House of Representatives and all 76 Senate seats Labor under Prime Minister Bob Hawke retained government. Robert Hawke 30 Nov 1987 Perestroika Prime Minister Bob Hawke arrived in Moscow on an official visit for discussions on mutual trade and foreign policy. The trip was made possible by post-Cold War changes developed under Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Robert Hawke 09 May 1988 New Parliament House Queen Elizabeth II ceremonially opened Australia’s new Parliament House on Capitol Hill in Canberra, above the provisional Parliament House opened by her father and mother in 1927. In 1901 her grandparents had opened Australia's first Parliament in Melbourne. Robert Hawke 01 Aug 1988 Industrial Relations Act Enactment of this law provided for the implementation of the government’s industrial relations reforms. It repealed the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 when it came into effect the following year. Robert Hawke 03 Sep 1988 Referendum None of the four proposals put to voters at this referendum was carried. The proposals related to, parliamentary terms, fair and democratic parliamentary elections throughout Australia, giving constitutional recognition to local government, and rights and freedoms. Robert Hawke 23 Nov 1988 Questacon Prime Minister Bob Hawke opened the National Science and Technology Centre, a joint Australia-Japan Bicentennial Project. Robert Hawke William Hayden served as Governor-General until 16 February 1996. Robert Hawke 11 Dec 1989 Timor Gap Treaty Indonesian and Australian representatives signed the Treaty in a plane above the Timor Sea, between East Timor and northern Australia. The Treaty came into force on 9 February 1991. It established a zone of cooperation in an oil-rich undersea area where the continental shelf extending from Java meets the northern Australian continental shelf. Robert Hawke 05 Mar 1990 ATSIC established The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission began work. It was the result of a merger between the Department of Aboriginal Affairs and the Aboriginal Development Commission. Robert Hawke 36th federal election - House of Representatives and 40 Senate seats Labor under Prime Minister Bob Hawke retained government. Robert Hawke 03 Oct 1990 Fall of the Berlin Wall After six months of negotiation, East and West Germany were reunified after 45 years. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961 to prevent people leaving Soviet East Germany, was dismantled on 9 November 1989 after the glasnost reforms of Soviet President Gorbachev thawed relations with non-communist countries. Robert Hawke 27 Feb 1991 End of the Gulf War The Iraqi army was defeated after US ground attacks. These followed Operation Desert Storm, a massive air strike against military targets in Iraq. Australia sent three warships to support the US-led United Nations forces in response to the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops in August 1990. Robert Hawke 15 Apr 1991 Deaths in custody The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody released its final report. The Commission investigated the deaths of 99 Aboriginal prisoners between 1980 and 1989. Its report comprised 11 volumes and more than 5000 pages, and included 339 recommendations. Paul Keating 20 Dec 1991 24th Prime Minister In an exchange of Labor Party leadership, Paul Keating became prime minister, succeeding Bob Hawke, who left parliament on 20 February 1992 after 12 years representing the seat of Wills. Paul Keating 01 Jan 1992 World Wide Web The first browser program went on sale and transformed the Internet paths to a global network. Developed by scientists in Geneva in 1989, this text-based browser enabled anyone with knowledge of the UNIX operating system to link to the Internet. The first image-based browser, Mosaic, went on sale in September 1993. Paul Keating 03 Jun 1992 Mabo Case Ten years after the case began, the High Court’s judgment was handed down in a case bought by people from the Torres Strait island of Mer. The decision inserted the legal doctrine of native title into Australian law. This led to the Native Title Act in 1993, which enabled Indigenous people throughout Australia to claim traditional rights to unalienated land. Paul Keating 01 Sep 1992 Wattle Day Australia’s first official Wattle Day. The date was proclaimed as an annual celebration of the golden wattle. This wattle, Acacia pycnantha benth, had been proclaimed the official national floral emblem in August 1988. Paul Keating 14 Sep 1992 Somalian crisis Australian personnel, members of a United Nations peacekeeping force, arrived in Somalia in East Africa in a crisis of civil war and famine. Paul Keating 37th federal election - House of Representatives and 40 Senate seats Labor under Prime Minister Paul Keating retained government. Paul Keating 28 Jul 1993 The opal proclamation Australia was provided with a national gemstone, when the opal was officially proclaimed to fit this role. The environmental conditions necessary for opal to form are more common in Australia than elsewhere. Australia produces 95 per cent of the world’s opals. Paul Keating 09 Aug 1993 Phosphate payout Australia agreed to pay Nauru 107 million dollars in compensation for damage caused to the island by phosphate mining. In June 1992 the International Court of Justice ruled on the claim, holding Australia alone liable. Paul Keating 20 Nov 1993 Strengthening APEC Regional heads of government met in Seattle in the United States to expand the Asia-Pacific Economic Forum, an initiative of Australia. Malaysia’s Prime Minister did not attend, and relations with Australia deteriorated. Relations recovered with the visit of the Prime Minister to Malaysia in January 1996. Paul Keating 30 Mar 1994 Industrial Relations Court An Act established the Industrial Relations Court of Australia to take over the functions of the Industrial Division of the Federal Court of Australia. This arrangement was altered when industrial relations were restructured in 1997. Paul Keating 10 May 1994 End of apartheid Nelson Mandela became President of the Republic of South Africa after the first post-apartheid elections. In July South Africa rejoined the British Commonwealth. Australia had played a strong role in the sanctions policy against the apartheid regime that outlawed the African National Congress and gaoled Mandela from 1963 to 1990. Paul Keating 01 Jan 1995 World Trade Organization Established in Geneva under the international Uruguay Round negotiations from 1986 to 1994, the WTO was set up to negotiate and implement the regulation of international trade agreements. In 2002 there were 144 member countries Paul Keating 08 Nov 1995 Death of a Prime Minister Israeli leader Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by an Israeli gunman. This threatened the fragile progress towards peace between Israel and Palestine achieved by the Washington agreement two years before. Paul Keating 14 Dec 1995 Peace in Bosnia After three years of war in the post-Yugoslav states, the presidents of Croatia and Serbia, and the Bosnian Muslim leader, signed a peace treaty ending hostilities. Paul Keating 28 Dec 1995 Nuclear weapons testing Australia joined countries protesting against France’s renewed nuclear weapons testing. The French exploded nuclear devices at Mururoa Atoll in the south Pacific one month after a United Nations vote for an immediate ban on nuclear testing. Paul Keating Sir William Deane served as Governor-General until 29 June 2001. Paul Keating 38th federal election - House of Representatives and 40 Senate seats Labor under Prime Minister Paul Keating lost government. John Howard 11 Mar 1996 25th Prime Minister The first Coalition government for 13 years was sworn in, with John Howard as Prime Minister. John Howard 28 Apr 1996 Port Arthur massacre A gunman killed 35 people at Port Arthur, Tasmania. Twelve days later, Prime Minister John Howard announced a scheme for uniform gun laws throughout Australia. A buy-back of privately owned guns was funded by a special levy on taxpayers. John Howard 11 Dec 1996 Telstra on sale The Bill enabling the share market sale of one half of Telstra passed both Houses of parliament. This was achieved after Senator Mal Colston left the Labor Party and, with Independent Brian Harradine, held the balance of power in the Senate. John Howard 23 Dec 1996 Wik native title The full High Court determined that pastoral leases did not extinguish native title. The Prime Minister proposed a ‘10-point plan’ in April 1997 in an attempt to allay pastoralists’ concerns about the implications of the judgment. John Howard 01 Jan 1997 Restructuring industrial relations Most of the provisions of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 came into effect. Under the Act, the Industrial Relations Act 1988 was substantially amended. Jurisdiction of the Industrial Relations Court of Australia, established in 1994, was transferred to the Federal Court of Australia from 25 May 1997. John Howard 11 Apr 1997 One Nation Pauline Hanson launched a new political party in Ipswich, Queensland promoting tighter immigration restrictions. Hanson had won the seat of Oxley in the 1996 federal election as an Independent, after she had failed to gain Liberal preselection. John Howard 26 May 1997 Sorry business In parliament the Prime Minister tabled the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission’s report on the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, Bringing Them Home. John Howard 13 Feb 1998 Constitutional Convention At the conclusion of ten days of deliberations, 116 appointed delegates and 36 elected delegates voted that a proposal for a republic with a president appointed by parliament be put to the people. At the referendum held on 6 November 1999, Australians rejected this model. John Howard 30 Aug 1998 SEA-ME-WE-3 A new intercontinental communications optical fibre cable system able to transfer 20 gigabits of information per second was completed. It accelerated Internet access in Australia and partner countries including Indonesia, Japan, Hong Kong, the United States and United Kingdom. The cable runs ashore through the sand dunes of Floreat Beach in Western Australia. John Howard 39th federal election - House of Representatives and 40 Senate seats Coalition under Prime Minister John Howard retained government. John Howard 19 Apr 1999 Special envoy Former prime minister Malcolm Fraser appointed special envoy of the Australian Government to seek release of CARE Australia workers Steve Pratt and Peter Wallace imprisoned in Yugoslavia. John Howard Enactment of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act repeals the 1975 legislation. John Howard 20 Sep 1999 East Timor crisis An Australian contingent of 2500 troops arrived in Dili to lead a United Nations peacekeeping team in East Timor. This followed violent disruption after an overwhelming vote for independence from Indonesia on 30 August. The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) took charge six days later to disarm pro-Indonesia militia and provide shelter, food, and medical aid to the East Timorese people. John Howard 06 Nov 1999 Referendum Australians rejected a proposal to establish the Commonwealth of Australia as a republic and the proposed insertion of an additional preamble to the Constitution. John Howard 03 Dec 1999 Law of the sea The Federal Court upheld the validity of native title in the sea and the seabed around Croker Island in the Northern Territory. The government had appealed a decision of the Native Title Tribunal set up under the Native Title Act 1996. John Howard 01 Jul 2000 A new tax A goods and services tax was introduced as part of the government’s tax reform program aimed at redressing the effects of declining revenue from income tax. John Howard 25 Jul 2000 Korea Diplomatic relations resumed between North Korea and Australia. An ambassador from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presented his credentials in Canberra. Three weeks earlier an Australian ambassador had been received in Pyongyang. John Howard 15 Sep 2000 Sydney Olympic Games The Governor-General opened the second Olympic Games held in Australia. Sydney’s successful bid for the ‘Green Games’ involved transforming the polluted wasteland of Homebush Bay into a world standard Olympic Park. Among the records broken at the Games was the number of passengers carried on one day by Sydney’s ferries, exceeding the previous record set on 1 January 1901. John Howard 01 Jan 2001 Centenary of Federation The celebration of Australia’s 100th birthday began in Sydney’s Centennial Park, the site of the inauguration ceremonies on 1 January 1901. On 9 May the opening of the first parliament was commemorated at a special sitting of parliament in Melbourne’s Exhibition Building. John Howard 29 Jun 2001 23rd Governor-General Anglican Archbishop Dr Peter Hollingworth became Australia’s Governor-General, the first minister of religion appointed to the vice-regal post. John Howard 07 Aug 2001 Census question 50 The national census measuring Australia’s population 100 years after Federation took place. Respondents were asked to decide whether their names and addresses would be retained for release in 99 years. Some 52 per cent agreed, the rest maintaining Australia's tradition of an anonymous census. John Howard 29 Aug 2001 Tampa crisis A Norwegian ship rescued refugees fleeing repressive regimes in Afghanistan and the Middle East from their sinking boat in the Indian Ocean. It then crossed into Australian waters despite the refusal of entry by the Australian government. The refugees were taken to security holding camps in the Pacific while their eligibility for political asylum was assessed. John Howard 11 Sep 2001 A new war Afghanistan-based Al-Qaeda terrorists flew hijacked United States airliners into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in lower Manhattan, and into the Pentagon, the US Defence Department headquarters in Washington. A fourth airliner crashed before nearing its apparent target, the White House. The death toll was 3000. Prime Minister John Howard, then in Washington, agreed to support US President George W Bush in the world’s first ‘war on terrorism’. John Howard 40th federal election - House of Representatives and 40 Senate seats Coalition under Prime Minister John Howard retained government. John Howard 04 Mar 2002 Zimbabwe The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting at Coolum (Queensland) established a three-person committee to work with the Commonwealth Secretary-General to determine the appropriate Commonwealth responses to Zimbabwe’s democratic shortcomings. John Howard was one of the three members of the committee, along with the Presidents of Nigeria and South Africa. On 19 March the committee decided to suspend Zimbabwe from the Councils of the Commonwealth. John Howard 20 May 2002 Independent East Timor The proclamation of East Timor’s autonomy followed the vote to end Indonesian rule in 1999. The first elections were held on 1 August 2001 and an 88-member Constituent Assembly was elected on 30 August 2001. In presidential elections on 14 April 2002, independence leader Xanana Gusmao became East Timor’s first president. John Howard 12 Oct 2002 Bali bombing A bomb at a nightclub in Kuta (Bali, Indonesia) killed 202 people, nearly half of them Australian. John Howard 18 Mar 2003 Commitment of Australian forces to Iraq The government agreed to a request by the President of the United States that Australian forces join the coalition acting to enforce Iraq’s compliance with resolutions of the United Nations Security Council relating to the possession of weapons of mass destruction. Approximately 2000 Australian Defence Force personnel were now deployed in the Middle East. John Howard 28 May 2003 Resignation of the Governor-General The Queen accepted the resignation of Dr Peter Hollingworth as Governor-General. The Governor of Tasmania, Sir Guy Greene, served as Administrator of the Commonwealth until the appointment of a new Governor-General. John Howard 22 Jun 2003 24th Governor-General Major General Michael Jeffery was appointed Governor-General. He had served as Governor of Western Australia from 1993 to 2000. John Howard 25 Jun 2004 National Water Initiative The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreed to a National Water Initiative and the establishment of a seven-member National Water Commission. John Howard 13 Aug 2004 Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement Legislation implementing the AUSFTA was passed by the parliament, concluding a lengthy process of negotiation that had taken place in 2003 and early 2004. The agreement came into operation on 1 January 2005. John Howard 41st federal election - House of Representatives and 40 Senate seats Coalition under Prime Minister John Howard retained government. John Howard 26 Dec 2004 Tsunami On Boxing Day a tsunami brought major devastation and loss of life to eleven countries, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Thailand. An Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction and Development was formed to assist Indonesia’s recovery. John Howard 01 Jul 2005 Senate majority The Senators elected at the 41st federal election took their seats, giving the Liberal-National coalition a majority in both chambers. John Howard 15 Sep 2005 Telstra sale The Senate passed the Telstra (Transition to Full Private Ownership) Bill 2005. With the Governor-General’s assent on 23 September, the Telstra Corporation, Australia’s telecommunications agency, could be fully organised. The first sale had been in 1997, under the Telstra (Dilution of Public Ownership) Act 1996 which enabled the sale of up to one-third of the agency, with $1 billion of the revenue to be allocated to environmental programs. John Howard 01 Oct 2005 Indonesian terror More than 20 people are killed and over 120 injured when three suicide bombers set off a blast in Bali, the most serious incident since the 2002 bombing. John Howard 27 Mar 2006 WorkChoices The final element in the restructuring of industrial relations initiated by the Workplace Relations and Other Legislation Amendment Act 1997 was introduced – the WorkChoices policy. This restructuring had also replaced the former Commonwealth Employment Service with a competitive market of private employment service businesses. John Howard 08 Sep 2007 APEC in Australia Opening of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in Sydney, with a special Protective Security Coordination Centre coordinating tight security measures through its APEC 2007 Security Branch. The breach of a security cordon by TV satirists The Chasers led to criminal charges that were later dismissed, and international enjoyment of their unexpectedly successful comedy stunt. John Howard 42nd federal election – House of Representatives and 40 Senate seats Coalition under Prime Minister John Howard lost government. Kevin Rudd 03 Dec 2007 26th Prime Minister Ministers of the new Labor government led by Kevin Rudd, with Julia Gillard as Australia’s first female deputy Prime Minister, sworn in by the Governor-General. Kevin Rudd 03 Dec 2007 Signing Kyoto Australia signed the Kyoto Protocol, the international agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions passed by the United Nations in 1997. Kevin Rudd 13 Feb 2008 Welcome at last The opening of Australia’s 42nd parliament was a milestone in Australian political history – the first to be preceded by a welcome to country from local Aboriginal people. Kevin Rudd 14 Feb 2008 A nation moved Crowds around Australia watched broadcasts from the House of Representatives when Prime Minister Kevin Rudd led a parliamentary apology for the effect of past government policies on Indigenous people. Kevin Rudd 19 Apr 2008 2020 vision 1000 participants gathered at Parliament House for a two-day Australia 2020 Summit organised by the government to generate ideas and strategies. Kevin Rudd 08 Aug 2008 Olympiad Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Thérèse Rein attended the opening of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing. They had been in China earlier that year during an official world tour. Kevin Rudd 05 Sep 2008 25th Governor-General Formerly the Governor of Queensland from 2003 to 2008, Ms Quentin Bryce was sworn in as Governor-General, the first female to hold this office. Kevin Rudd Barack Obama, the first African-American president of the United States, is inaugurated. Kevin Rudd 07 Feb 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires in northern Victoria take 173 lives and destroy 2000 houses and 4500 square kilometres of country, exceeding the record of Australia’s worst bushfires, the 1983 'Ash Wednesday' disaster. Kevin Rudd 31 Mar 2009 GFC, the G7 and the G20 Australia's more favourable performance during the global financial crisis (GFC), when all the G7 economies contracted, enabled the formation of a wider international body, the G20. Kevin Rudd 01 Dec 2009 Abbott new leader Tony Abbott became Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition after a Party room vote against Malcolm Turnbull. Kevin Rudd 01 Jan 2010 Fair Work program The Howard government's controversial Work Choices is replaced with the new Fair Work program, a substantial change in industrial relations processes. Julia Gillard 24 Jun 2010 27th Prime Minister In a leadership challenge, Julia Gillard became Australia's 27th Prime Minister and the first woman to hold the office. She was elected unopposed by the Parliamentary Labor Party. Julia Gillard 21 Aug 2010 43rd federal election After the closest election result since 1961 produces a hung Parliament, intense negotiations enable Labor to form a minority government with the support of four cross-bench Members. Julia Gillard Pope Benedict conducts the ceremony of canonisation of Australia's first saint, Mary MacKillop. Julia Gillard 15 Dec 2010 Refugee tragedy Further controversy over Australia's refugee policies follows the wreck, off Christmas Island, of a boat laden with refugee families. Julia Gillard 07 Jan 2011 Extreme weather in Australia Cyclones Yasi and Carlos, a flash flood through the centre of Toowoomba, Qld, and devastating floods in Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia contributed to a 1.2% economic slump for the quarter, the biggest fall in 20 years. Julia Gillard 22 Feb 2011 Earthquake in New Zealand An earthquake kills 181 people and causes substantial damage to Christchurch, New Zealand's second largest city. The country's second major earthquake in 6 months is followed by further severe aftershocks 4 months later. Julia Gillard 11 Mar 2011 Worst ever earthquake in Japan Japan's worst ever earthquake with a magnitude of 8.9 struck 382 kilometres northeast of Tokyo, with major aftershocks and a tsunami. Extensive damage occurred, including meltdown of reactors at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. Kevin Rudd 26 Jun 2013 Prime Minister for the second time In a leadership challenge, Kevin Rudd was elected Leader of the Parliamentary Labor Party and became Prime Minister for the second time. Tony Abbott	i don't know
A squab is the young of which breed of bird?	Squab - Poultry Hub Squab Egyptian farmers raise more than 70% of the squabs on a global basis. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons Squab Production Domesticated pigeons (Columbia livia domesticia) are raised for racing and ornamental purposes and for meat production mainly as young birds (squabs). The ancient Egyptians were one of the first to produce squabs for the table and this practice spread to Rome and Medieval Europe. Today, Egyptian farmers raise more than 70% of the squabs on a global basis. They grow at a rapid rate and have a prodigious appetite, and depend on their parents to provide nourishment in the form of ‘crop milk’ which is stimulated by the hormone prolactin (as is also done by some other avian species such as some flamingos and penguins). The composition of the milk changes as the squab ages. Initially it is high in fat and protein with high levels of the essential amino acids. Production of crop milk declines and ceases in the female earlier than in the male which allows her to lay two more eggs and to incubate them, assisted by the male. Eggs will hatch at 17 days. In a breeding season, which is September to January, one pair of pigeons will produce 12 to 15 squabs, each weighing about 500 g at 24 to 28 days of age when lactation has already ceased and they have full feather cover. Dressing out is about 350 g, although this will vary with the breed. The meat is dark in colour and similar to that of duck meat. Squab Production in Australia The industry has grown from about $6.2 million in 2002 to close to $11 million today. There an Australian Poultry Squab Producers Federation which has members in most of the states. These family-run farms typically have 500 to 1500 breeding pairs, which produce 6,000 to 12,000 squabs per year. Some rely on outside processing plants to process their squabs and others rely on other game bird producers to market their already processed squabs. They are held in breeding pens or lofts with wire mesh or solid floors with wood shavings and holding 20 to 30 pairs. The pen is either closed or with an open flight area depending on the climate. They are best suited to dry, temperate conditions. There are two raised nest boxes per pair to accommodate the two squabs still being fed and this also allows for the hen to incubate her eggs for the next hatch. Pigeons are housed according to age. Young birds of similar age are kept together, as are first time breeders. There are several different breeds, which are often cross breeds, used for squab farming but the White King (750 to 850 g) crosses from the United States are the most favoured. The slightly smaller Red Carneaux from France is also used in breeding programs. Breeding pigeons are left to their own devices when it comes to nest building and pine needles, straw or wood shavings are left in a pile in a rack. Pigeons are sexually mature at about seven to eight months. The female will breed for approximately eight years and the male for five years. Pigeons are usually given a choice of grains, legume seeds such as peas and whole or oil-extracted oil seeds with access to grit and minerals and vitamins. As their nutrient needs will vary with stage of lactation and when incubating eggs, the birds will alter their selection of feed ingredients. Some producers feed their pigeons a formulated, pelleted diet with whole grain available separately. It takes about 3 kg of feed for parents to grow one squab to 500 g. As crop milk is initially very high in water, pigeons need about one litre per day for five birds and there should also be water separately for bathing. Some producers maintain that crop milk is produced by the lactating pair for no more than 10 days and that the parents then regurgitate grain to feed the squabs. The squabs are sent to the processing plant at about 28 to 32 days and dress out at 200 to 500 g. The price of grains has risen to the extent that few new farmers are now entering the business, which is only marginally profitable, although there is no shortage of consumer demand, mainly from the Asian population. Chinese and French restaurants are the main customers and squabs can be bought in some farmers’ markets. Provided the pens are kept dry and clean and management is of a high standard, bird health should not be a problem. Weak and unhealthy birds should be removed immediately. However, the round worm, Ascaridia Galli, is a common internal parasite, and lice and red mites are external parasites in pigeons. Chronic respiratory disease, pigeon pox and coccidiosis are sometimes seen in birds. Silkiness of feathers is an external indicator of peak bird health. Information kindly provided by Dr. David Farrell eCHOOK NEWS	Columbidae
In which part of the body would a person have a Pott’s fracture?	"Show, Sport, or Squab — Choosing the Pigeon Breed for You" by Armani Tavares We’ll start with the Flying Breeds: Homer: The most popular breed of pigeon falls into this group: the Homing pigeon, AKA Homers. These are very special birds. Many have been recognized as “heroes,” pulling off great feats while serving for our country in the military. There was one such bird who successfully delivered an important message saving many lives despite it being shot and severely wounded by the enemy. Dutch Beauty Homer by Jim Gifford As implied, they will return home when released from elsewhere, and, depending on the blood line, may return from over 1,000 miles away! The Homers vary a little in form, but usually look like your typical wild pigeon, although often a little larger, tighter feathered, and more muscular, like a true athlete. The birds used for “white dove releases” in weddings, funerals, and other events, are usually white Homers. However, some inexperienced people actually use white doves, which don’t have as developed a homing instinct as the Homers. These doves usually face a bleak future trying to survive after the release and should not be used. The homing instinct in pigeons has been researched extensively by scientists, and it’s still not completely understood. Some say they use the earth’s magnetic fields, moon, and sound or smell….. or all of these things. How ever they do it, all pigeons have a homing instinct, but due to that trait not being selected for breeding, some breeds can’t find their way home if they fly too far off and lose sight of their loft and familiar surroundings. The Homers we have now-a-days have been stringently selectively bred in years past, and still continue to be, to retain and develop this unique and powerful homing instinct that allows them to “home” from so far away. Racing competitions flown by Homers There are different types of races, distinguished by the distance being spanned, and whether the birds being flown are “young birds” (birds that were bred that same year) or “old birds” (birds bred at any other time than the year in which the race is being held). You may also fly only one bird or a hundred-plus. Flyers usually ship, or drop off, their birds at a club location (check with your specific local club). From there, the birds are all loaded into a modified truck with individual holding compartments. The birds ride to the area of release and are then all let out together and they “race” back home. When the bird(s) make it home, the handler takes off a special band, which was previously put on before the release, and inserts it into a clock that records the time. These times are reported to the Club, and although there’s a little more complicated scoring system, basically, the bird with the fastest time wins. Pigeon racers are a very dedicated set of fanciers, and most take their sport very seriously. Homers are one of the hardiest and most prolific breeds. But they do have one downfall, that they will return to their original owner’s place after you bring them home and let them out to fly. After all, they are homers! As I will explain in more detail below, this may be remedied by only buying very young birds, un-flown, that have just recently come out of the nest, or keeping adult pairs as “prisoners,” breeding them, and then only flying their young. Either way, if you are interested in attaining/racing Homing pigeons, I would suggest you join one of the many clubs around the country. The American Racing Pigeon Union is a great place to start and they would love to give you any help they can. Highflyers Another flying breed that I have seen growing in popularity are the Highflyers. These birds are bred for high and long endurance flights. They are truly amazing, flying simply for the love of it. On they go, go, and go, for hours. Round and round, right above the loft; thus you have the option of competing with hundreds of other fanciers, the world over, right from the comfort of your own home and without dealing with any form of transportation for the birds. Highflyers are a family/group of breeds. Some specific breeds in this group are Tipplers, Serbian Highflyers, Danzig Highflyers, and Iranian Highflyers. Most get their names from the country of origin, and most Highflyers are from the Middle East, as many pigeon breeds are. Some have crests on their heads and others may be muffed (feather-footed). As with most breeds, these are hardy and will breed without problem. The Flying Tippler Society is a good club to consider joining if you want to compete with Highflyers, the site also has some very good info. Iranian Highflyer by Jim Gifford The competition should be very easy and inexpensive to join. There are a few competitions held throughout the year. After conditioning your flyers, you just need to be assigned a judge by your local club to take record of your bird’s flight. Among other things, the most important factor in judging is the time that the birds stay up and flying. Performing Breeds Many of the breeds in this group are flying pigeons, but with a special surprise. They do rolls, twists, and dives in flight. It’s very entertaining! As the homing instinct, the rolling trait has also been studied, though not as extensively. It’s argued that the action is involuntary, maybe that’s the case in some breeds, but I favor the side that says it is an intentional and even learned act. I witnessed my Rollers first learning to roll, and then improving and expanding their skills as they gained experience. Who knows! The different breeds are bred for different flight styles, for example: Birmingham Rollers: These are probably the most popular breed of roller pigeons. They are a smaller, plain breed. They should fly in tight kits (a group of pigeons that fly together and in unison) and roll simultaneously. The tighter and more unified they roll, the better they will be judged. They should look like a big ball of feathers falling from the sky! They are among the easiest rollers to keep and train and are a good choice for beginners with no special considerations to note. Flying Oriental Rollers (FOR): FORs are a little larger-sized roller breed, with an interesting set of large, low-held wings and more tail feathers than other pigeons, from 14-20 vs the typical 12 of most other pigeons. They also lack an oil gland, this, however, does not negatively affect them. Interestingly, the first FORs were imported in 1927 to the Brooklyn Zoo and from there they spread all over the country. Oriental Roller by Jim Gifford FORs do not tend to fly in as united a kit as do the Birminghams and some others, but they have a greater array of acrobatic maneuvers, including dives, twists, loops and rolls. They also usually fly at a higher elevation. FORs are also known to be great at evading most hawks and other birds of prey, something that can often prove to be a serious problem with flyers. Many people have had to stop flying birds altogether because of problems with raptors. They are a little harder to get up and rolling then the Birminghams, but are certainly worth the effort. Unfortunately, they are also rarer. There are many breeds with “Tumbler” in their names, but most no longer retain the ability to roll or tumble! Except for just a few, most are now strictly show breeds. Flying tumblers still seem very obscure to me as my experience and study there is limited. Coop Tumblers: These are nice little birds, and some still perform. They remain more of a group rather than a specific breed, showing a variety of ornamented and plain breeds. There are some pure, rare ones that will still perform, such as the Syrian Coop Tumbler. Be aware, however, that some “Coop Tumblers” are often just a fancy show breed crossed with a rolling breed and the resulting offspring that still retain some ability to tumble are sold as “Coop Tumblers.” I suppose they’d still make fun and entertaining pets! (But let’s do support pure breeds and proper breeding) The last rolling-type breed I will list here is the Parlor Roller. These birds are unique in that, once mature, they completely lack the ability of flight. But they make up for it by rolling on the ground in a series of flips! These are also very easy to raise and train and would make a good sport for the beginner. The competitions are based on birds that roll the farthest. These are also small and plain, bred primarily for performance rather than show.	i don't know
What does ‘Au’ represent in the Periodic Table?	Gold»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Element News Gold: the essentials Most metals are metallic grey or silvery white whereas gold is characteristically a metallic yellow colour, in other words gold-coloured. Caesium is also gold coloured. The gold colour seems related to relativistic effects of the outermost gold orbitals. Small amounts of other metals alloyed with gold change the colour as well as mechanical properties such as hardness. White gold for jewellery is formed by mixing palladium, silver, or nickel with gold, although the result is green gold with certain proportions of silver. White gold is commonly used for wedding rings in the USA. Addition of some copper gives "rose gold", a soft pink colour. Remarkably other colours such as purple (a gold:aluminium alloy), blue (a gold:indium alloy) and even black (a gold:cobalt alloy) may be formed. Gold is usually alloyed in jewellery to give it more strength, and the term carat describes the amount of gold present (24 carats is pure gold). It is estimated that all the gold in the world, so far refined, could be placed in a single cube 60 ft. on a side. It is metallic, with a yellow colour when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. CAS Registry ID : 7440-57-5 It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 ounce (28 g) of gold can be beaten out to 300 square feet. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. Gold is readily available commercially and its price changes day by day and is one of the most widely tracked commercial prices. The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4). A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). It is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is found free in nature and associated with quartz, pyrite and other minerals. Two thirds of the world's supply comes from South Africa, and 2/3 of USA production is from South Dakota and Nevada. Gold is found in sea water, but no effective economic process has been designed (yet) to extract it from this source. Gold Assay It is critical from the public's perspective that there is confidence in the claimed purity of any particular item made from precious metals. This confidence is provided by an 'assay' (test and assess) of the precious metal content of that item. It is impossible to tell the precious metal content of any item simply by looking at it. Precious metals such as old, silver, and platinum are too soft to use alone for making jewellery, cutlery and other goods. Quite properly they must be alloyed with base metals (which happen to be cheap) for manufacturing. The assay protects the consumer by ensuring sure that not too much base metal was used. It also safeguards responsible manufacturers by providing an independent assessment of quality and content that in which the public has confidence. There has been an "Assay Office" at Sheffield in England since 1773 when local silversmiths won the right from Parliament to assay silver in Sheffield. The 1773 Act of Parliament appointed 30 local men as 'Guardians of the Standard of Wrought Plate in the Town of Sheffield' to supervise the work of the Office. In 1773 Sheffield already had an established tradition of fine silverware production and the number of Guardians who were also silversmiths was restricted to just ten to ensure that the Assay Office offered an independent and impartial service. This safeguard was to ensure the Office was run for the benefit of the consumer as well as the manufacturer. Once a piece was assayed, it was marked using a "hallmark", making the hallmark perhaps the oldest mark of consumer protection. The first UK Assay Office was and is based at Goldsmiths' Hall in London. It founded around 1300, and is from where the term "hallmarking" originates, meaning "marked in Goldsmiths' Hall". While there are assay offices in the USA, there is no hallmarking scheme. Cartoon by Nick D Kim ( [Science and Ink] , used by permission). Gold: historical information Gold was discovered by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. Origin of name : from the Anglo-Saxon word "gold" (the origin of the symbol Au is the Latin word "aurum" meaning "gold"). Gold has always fascinated people and gold is certainly one of the very first metals known. Nobody knows who picked up a gold nugget first but it would have been because it was shiny. Gold was highly valued from from the earliest recorded times in history. It seems that the Egyptians developed gold smelting some 5600 years ago (about 3600 BC) using clay blowpipes to heat the smelter contents. Egyption inscriptions dating back to 2600 BC describe gold. Gold workers from Mesopotamia (known now as Iraq) made one of the earliest known pieces of gold jewellery in about 2600 BC. Gold is mentioned several times in the Old Testament. Tutankhamun's funeral mask is one of the most iconic gold pieces known. It was made around 1223 BC and is a stunning piece of ancient gold craftsmanship. The first use of gold in dentistry as the Etruscans (an ancient Italian civilisation from an area corresponding now to Tuscany) begin securing substitute teeth with gold wire, and with astonishing skill. This was as early as 700-600 BC. Apparently Etruscan craftsmen made gold dental bridges for women so that they could show display their wealth and status. Some women had their incisors removed so that they could be fitted with the gold prosthetics. The Etruscans probably learned dentistry from the Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Greeks but took the art much further. Many specimens of Etruscan dental fittings are to be found in Italian and other museums. Adapted from M. Don Clawson: Phoenician Dental Art and History of Dentistry Research Page, Newsletter, 8 May 2006 . The dental work illustrated above from the 7th century BC is a fine Etruscan specimen. Gold loops were fitted over the remaining natural teeth, set in place, and maintained by solder. The patient's missing teeth were replaced by either the teeth of human beings and on occasion the tooth of an ox. Bio-compatibility, malleability and corrosion resistance make gold valuable even today in dental applications. Colloidal gold has been used since Roman times to colour glass shades of yellow, red, or violet. Melting gold powder into glass diffuses gold nanoparticles into the glass, these refract light, giving the glass a luminous red glow. THe precise colour depends upon the form of the colloidal gold. Faraday (1857) recognised that the colour is due to the minute size of the gold particles and called the sample he made 'activated gold'. In 1898 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy prepared the first colloidal gold in dilute solution. Today, colloidal gold is made by the addition of reducing agents to dilute solutions of Au(III) (the auric ion). One famous form is that made by the use of tin dichloride (SnCl2) as reducing agent. This is a very stable form of colloidal gold and is known as the "Purple of Cassius". It is suitable for colouring ceramics and glasses, and in addition is a good test for Au(III). The form that Faraday studied was made using phosphorus to reduce gold chloride. Colloidal gold has been used since Ancient Roman times to colour glass intense shades of yellow, red, or mauve, depending on the concentration of gold, Gold is one of the elements which has an alchemical symbol, shown below (alchemy is an ancient pursuit concerned with, for instance, the transformation of other metals into gold). Hallmarking practice established The world's first "hallmarking" system was established at Goldsmith's Hall in London in 1300 AD. London's Assay Office is still there. THe purpose of the hallmarking system is to determine and guarantee the quality of precious metals such as gold. Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for gold is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Gold has been the basis of many currencies over the centuries and so for economic reasons, among others, the possession of gold was or is restricted in some countries. Notably, private ownership of gold (apart from as jewellery and coins) was banned between 1933 and 1975. In 1422 the Venice Mint made ("struck") 1.2 million gold ducats using 4.26 metric tonnes of gold. These small coins (each about 3.5 g) were popular perhaps because they were easy to make and are highly transportable. In 1717 Great Britain moved to a pure gold standard. The British government linked the currency to gold at a fixed rate (77 shillings, ten and a half pennies per ounce of gold). Image: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. The Californian Gold Rush of 1848+1855 started on 24 January 1848 when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. Although attempts were made to keep the discovery quiet, news leaked out and the result was the migration of 300,000 people to California from the United States and beyond. The New York Herald was the first East Coast newspaper to report the discovery of gold and on 5 December 1848, President James Polk confirmed the discovery in an address to Congress. The gold-seekers were called the "Forty-niners" and often had a very hard time. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using low-technology methods such as panning. More sophisticated methods of gold recovery were eventually developed. Gold worth tens of billions of US dollars (2010 equivalent price) was extracted. Some became wealthy but many finished with little profit and a lot of heartache. Today, the forty-niners name lives on in the name of the San Francisco 49ers, an American football team in California. Some years later in 1885 the South African Gold Rush began. An Australian miner, George Harrison, found gold on Langlaagte farm near Johannesburg while digging to build a house. South Africa became the source of almost one-half of the world's gold. Gold around us Read more » Gold is not a necessary trace element for living things and neither are any of the other third row d-block elements. In part this may be because there is little gold in the biosphere with which living things might experiment and also because there are few ways for living things to convert gold into a suitable soluble form. There do seem to be a few plants that accumulate gold, perhaps because they are associated with microorganisms containing particular amino acids that complex gold. Given the fascination of people for gold it is not surprising that people experimented with gold for medical treatments. In the 8th century alchemists attempted to prepare elixirs from metallic gold. These were supposed to cure all diseases as well as conferring eternal youth. In the 13th century gold was disolved in aqua regia and the resultant mixture mixed with oil of rosemary or other "essential oils" to form aurum potabile. This was said to cure leprosy. Following this gold treatments were often often used for any number of conditions but with little evidence that they actually worked. Things started to get a little more interesting in the 1890s when it was found that the gold cyanide salt K[Au(CN)2] killed the microorganism responsible for tuberculosis. This was used to treat tuberculosis but, perhaps unsurprisingly, with considerable toxicity problems. After the first world war gold thiol drugs were developed. These are Au(I) complexes such as sodium aurothiosulphate ("Sanocrysin"), sodium aurothiomalate ("Myocrisin"), and aurothioglucose ("Solganal-B-oleosum"). These are less toxic than K[Au(CN)2] but eventually fell out of favour. However sodium aurothiosulphate and aurothioglucose ("Solganal-B-oleosum") are in use today for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis following successful drug trials. Some patients do suffer side effects. More recently gold phosphine complexes of the type [AuX(PR3)] (X = halide, R = alkyl) were tested for anti-inflammatory effects. They possess the advantage that they may be taken orally whereas earlier drugs such as sodium aurothiomalate must be injected. The gold phosphine drugs seem less toxic to the kidneys and the best therapeutic effect is observed for [AuCl(PEt3)]. Auranofin (brand name Ridaura) is an organogold compound classified by the World Health Organization as an antirheumatic agent. IUPAC Name: gold(1+); 3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxane-2-thiolate; triethylphosphanium Canonical SMILES: CC[PH+](CC)CC.CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)[S-])OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C.[Au+] InChI: InChI=1S/C14H20O9S.C6H15P.Au/c1-6(15)19-5-10-11(20-7(2)16)12(21-8(3)17) 13(14(24)23-10)22-9(4)18;1-4-7(5-2)6-3;/h10-14,24H,5H2,1-4H3;4-6H2, 1-3H3;/q;;+1 Other drugs that perhaps have anti-inflammatory effects include Au{(SCH(CH2CO2H)(CO2H)}(PR3)] (R = alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl). The gold isotope 198Au is used for treating cancer and other conditions. Further reading: Peter J. Sadler, "The biological chemistry of gold", Gold Bulletin, 1976, 9, 110-118 . Sabine L Best and Peter J. Sadler, "Gold Drugs: Mechanism of Action and Toxicity", Gold Bulletin, 1996, 29, 87-93 . Gold is found as the free element in nature and associated with quartz, pyrite and other minerals. Two thirds of the world's supply comes from South Africa. Much of the USA production is from the states South Dakota and Nevada. Gold is found in sea water (about 5-6 g in a million tonnes of seawater), but no effective economic process has been designed (yet) to extract it from this source. Abundances for gold in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 1980 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : it would not normally be necessary to make gold in the laboratory as it is readily available commercially. The most romantic way to extract gold is by panning it out from a stream in some pleasant valley but most such sources are now depleted. Panning relies upon the density of gold (which is very high) being much greater than that of the sand and other particulates. It therefore settles to the bottom of the pan. The amount of gold recoverable in this way is declining. One suggestion regarding the golden fleece in the Jason and the Argonauts story (Greek mythology) is that the golden fleece is a consequence of gold mining. There are suggestions that, perhaps 1500 years ago sheep fleeces were stretched out over wooden frames and be submerged in streams. Gold particles swept down from from upstream deposits would then become embedded in them. The fleeces were then dried in trees before shaking or combing the gold out. Similarly, sheep fleeces may have been used on washing tables at alluvial gold mines with much the same effect. Perhaps such methods predated panning of gold from river sands. Today, more often than not, gold is extracted from ores. These ores often contain relatively little gold. Some of these processes cause environmental concern. Much gold is recovered from ores that are low in gold concentration using a cyanide extraction process. Cyanide extraction was first used around 1887, when the MacArthur-Forrest Process was developed in Glasgow by John Stewart MacArthur. Many worry about the envoronmental effects of the cyanide extraction process and the risks of using cyanide on a large scale. There are three main steps. The first step is leaching - the ore is crushed to a powder so as to expose the small gold particles. and mixed with water. The resulting mixture of powdered ore and water (the slury) is then reacted with cyanide in the presence of oxygen. 4Au(s) + 8CN-(aq) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) → 4[Au(CN)2]-(aq) + 4OH-(aq) The result is that electrons from oxygen are used to convert the gold metal into a Au(I) complex, [Au(CN)2]-. The acidity of the process must be slightly alkaline (pH 10.1 for instance) to minimise the release of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide while optimising the leaching rate. The next stage is concentration. Once in solution the gold must be converted back to gold metal. One way to do this is by adsorption of the gold onto activated carbon. Most of the impurities are left behind in the solution. This would appear to cause some anion exchange of [Au(CN)2]- with anions associated with the carbon, the precipitation of insoluble AuCN, and the formation of some metallic gold within the carbon pore structure. The final step is recovery and refining. Gold is stripped from the carbon by mixing it with NaCN and NaOH at 1108C forming a new solution of [Au(CN)2]-. This solution is now fairly pure as the activated carbon process removes many of the impurities. The gold is then converted back to elemental gold in the following electrolysis reactions known as "electrowinning": At the anode: 4OH- → O2 + 2H2O +4e- At the cathode: e- + [Au(CN)2]- → Au + 2CN- Overall: 4OH- + 4[Au(CN)2]- → 4Au + 8CN- + O2 + 2H2O The gold is "won" onto stainless steel electrodes or precipitated out as a fine black mud. The mud is then smelted and poured into moulds to make gold ingots. As an laternative to this, zinc powder is added to the solution or reasonably pure of [Au(CN)2]-. This results in a metal displacement reaction: 2[Au(CN)2]-(aq) + Zn(s) -> [Zn(CN)4]2-(aq) + 2Au(s) As before a fine black 'mud' of gold and residual zinc precipitates from the solution, which is then smelted. Extraction of gold from seawater There is some gold in seawater, but the concentration of dissolved gold is very low, perhaps 10 ng l-1. The most determined attempt to recover gold from sea water was undertaken by Fritz Haber, [F. Haber, Z. Angew. Chem. 1927, 40, 303.], who researched the matter extensively after the First World War. He wanted to find a way to pay Germany's war reparation debts. He developed a method involving gold reduction to the metal by sodium polysulfide and removal using sulphur-coated sand filters. Four expeditions were made on ships equipped with the extraction technology but with disappointing results. Following this Haber estimated the gold concentration in sea water to be 4 ng l-1, just one-thousandth of the amount which he had expected. With the current estimate for the concentration of gold in sea water as 10 ng-1 and the total volume of the oceans at 1.37 x 109 km3, then the total quantity of gold dissolved in sea water is calculated to be 13.7 million tons. A lot of gold, but not extractable on a commercial basis as yet. Gold isotopes Read more » Gold is monoisotopic consisting completely of 197Au. However there are a number of radioisotopes, some of which are listed. The gold isotope 198Au is used for treating cancer and other conditions. In the form of a gold colloid, 198Au has a diagnostic use for liver imaging and a therapeutic use in treatment of widespread abdominal carcinomatosis with ascites; carcinomatosis of pleura with effusion; lymphomas; interstitially in metastatic tumour. While there is a certain risk from the β-decay of 198Au the calculation is that the benefits outweight the risks.	Gold
What is the title of singer Bruno Mars debut album, released in October 2010?	Mercury»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Element News Mercury: the essentials Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. Mercury is sometimes called quicksilver. It rarely occurs free in nature and is found mainly in cinnabar ore (HgS) in Spain and Italy. It is a heavy, silvery-white liquid metal. It is a rather poor conductor of heat as compared with other metals but is a fair conductor of electricity. It alloys easily with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin. These alloys are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgC12 (corrosive sublimate - a violent poison), mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2 (calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2, a detonator used in explosives), and mercuric sulphide (HgS, vermillion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important - and dangerous. Methyl mercury is a lethal pollutant found in rivers and lakes. The main source of pollution is industrial wastes settling to the river and lake bottoms. As mercury is a very volatile element, dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Mercury vapour should not exceed 0.1 mg m-3 in air. Air saturated with the vapour at 20°C contains mercury in a concentration far greater than that limit. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. Mercury should only be handled under in a well-ventilated area. If you are in possession of any mercury you are advised to contact a properly qualified chemist or public health laboratory for its safe disposal. Small amounts of mercury spillage can be cleaned up by addition of sulphur powder. The resulting mixture should be disposed of carefully. Cartoon by Nick D Kim ( [Science and Ink] , used by permission). Mercury: historical information Mercury was discovered by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. Origin of name : named after the planet "Mercury" (the origin of the symbol Hg is the Latin word "hydrargyrum" meaning "liquid silver"). Mercury was known to ancient Chinese and Hindus before 2000 BC and was found in tubes in Egyptian tombs dated from 1500 BC It was used to forma amalgams of other metals around 500 BC. The Greeks used mercury in ointments and the Romans used it, unfortunately for those using it, in cosmetics. Mercury is one of the elements which has an alchemical symbol, shown below (alchemy is an ancient pursuit concerned with, for instance, the transformation of other metals into gold). {{floatR}} {{/floatR}} Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for mercury is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Mercury around us Read more » Mercury has no biological role but is widespread in the biosphere and in food chains, including ours. Mercury only occurs rarely as the free element in nature. Overall, it is a rare element in the earth's crust. Its main source is cinnabar ore (HgS) from Spain and Italy. The Almaden mine in Spain has been in continuous operation since 400 BC. Other sources include Yogoslavia, Russia, and North America. Abundances for mercury in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 1810 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : the physical appearance of mercury is well known because of its use in many thermometers. It was common to demonstrate the formation of mercury in the laboratory by heating mercury sulphide (cinnabar, HgS) but this is strongly discouraged today because of the toxicity of mercury vapours. Don't do it! However, this method forms the basis of commercial extraction. The prepared cinnabar ore is heated in a current of air and the mercury vapour condensed. HgS + O2 (600°C) → Hg (l) + SO2 (g) The crude mercury is then washed with nitric acid and treated with air in order to remove impurities as oxides or into solution. Further purification is achieved by distillation at reduced pressure. Mercury isotopes Read more » - Mercury isotopes are mainly used in the study of the deposition and emission of Hg in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In one experiment in Canada three different Hg isotopes (Hg-198, Hg-200 and Hg-202) were used to find out how the route of entry of mercury to an ecosystem affects the amount that becomes accumulated in fish. Several other trials using Hg isotopes are, or have been, undertaken in lakes in the US and Canada. Hg-202 is also used for the production of radioactive Hg-203 which is used for gamma radiation calibration.	i don't know
Ephebiphobia is the irrational fear of which members of society?	Ephebiphobia - The irrational fear of teenagers - Anti-school site We'd really appreciate it if you could take this quick survey to help us figure out how to serve the needs of our visitors better. It's completely anonymous unless you provide contact info. Thanks! Ephebiphobia - The irrational fear of teenagers Yes, there's actually a phobia for teenagers, and it seems lots of people have it. by Wikipedia.org Ephebiphobia (from Greek 'ephebos' ?f?ï¿½?? = teenager, underage adolescent and 'fobos' f?ï¿½?? = fear, phobia), also known as hebephobia (from Greek 'hebe' (?ï¿½?) = youth), denotes both the irrational fear of teenagers or of adolescence, and the prejudice against teenagers or underage adolescents. It is essentially a social phobia comparable to xenophobia or homophobia. Definitions Ephebiphobia can manifest in the following main categories : * the irrational fear of being near, among or in the company of teenagers; * the prejudice on the grounds of age (ageism) towards teenagers or underage adolescents, or the discrimination derived from this prejudice; * the fear, prejudice, hatred, intolerance or discrimination referring to love relationships between adults and adolescents, either when it is the manifestation of ephebophilia, of ephebosexuality, or when it is none of them; * the irrational fear, panic or hysteria, usually through the mass media (see culture of fear), relating to anything concerning the behavioral or social emancipation of underage adolescents (based on the belief that the adolescent's behavior is more appropriate for adults). The concept encompasses the irrational fear of a wide variety of issues, ranging from teenage sexuality, teenage pregnancy, preteen pregnancy, and teen motherhood, to proposals to change the law and assure more youth rights, like reducing the voting age, the age of majority, the drinking age, the marriageable age, the age of consent, the age of candidacy, eliminating curfew laws or assuring more students rights. Ageism against teenagers Ageism is discrimination against a person or group on the grounds of age. Although theoretically the word can refer to the discrimination against any age group, ageism usually comes in one of two forms: discrimination against youth, and discrimination against the elderly. Ageism against youth is also known as "Adultism". Some underage teenagers consider themselves victims of ageism and believe they should be treated more respectfully by adults and not as second-class citizens. Some complain that social stratification in age groups causes outsiders to incorrectly stereotype and generalize the group, to claim for instance that all adolescents are equally immature, violent or rebellious. Some have organized groups against ageism. A growing number of sociologists address the issues of discrimination against youth, Adultism, and ephebiphobia as a digressive continuum for situating the conditions of adolescents throughout society. Pathological forms of ephebiphobia In extreme cases, pathological forms of ephebiphobia may be observed, especially when associated with violent acts (often but not always resulting in criminal acts). Possible pathological behaviors include, among others, the following : * incarcerating teenagers or underage adolescents at home for a long period of time, or through the use of handcuffs (in any period of time), usually to prevent them from going out to parties, to the mall, to the movie theatre or to any place where they could potentially develop a social or a love relationship; * vigorously humiliating an underage adolescent in public; * compulsively or obsessively hiding a pregnant teen or preteen from public observation (as if she had a contagious disease), especially when moving or traveling to another place (neighborhood, city, region or country) solely with the purpose of hiding the pregnancy; * forcefully inducing or coercing an underage adolescent to have an abortion, by the means of violence, use of terror or threats of any kind (as if the baby were property of the perpetrator or threatener). Sources * Shelley Wu, PhD, psychologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania - in About.com Psychology Glossary * Mike Males - "The New Demons: Ordinary Teens" - Los Angeles Times, April 21, 2002 (see "External Links") * Wendy Grï¿½nnestad-Damur and Lindy Pratch - presenters of the Alberta, Canada, Library Conference "No Ephebiphobia Here! Ephebiphobia: an abnormal and persistent fear of teenagers" (April 30, 2005). * Thimothy Shary, visitant assistant professor of screen studies at Department of Visual and Performing Arts at Clark University - source used for the news article Studios caught in teen-age dilemmas Multiplex issues (Worcester Telegram & Gazette (MA) - July 20, 2001) (see Newslibrary.com) * Ephebiphobia is listed in the National Youth Rights Association's Glossary. The NYRA website is affiliated to the Wikipedian system. ===	Adolescence
Iatrophobia is the irrational fear of which profession?	Phobias: List With Explanations of Each Phobia - Disabled World Phobias: List With Explanations of Each Phobia Print Published: 2009-01-11 (Rev. 2016-03-23) - Contact: Ian Langtree at Disabled World Synopsis: List and definitions of some of the more common phobias in children and adults including social phobia. About Phobia In clinical psychology, a phobia is defined as a type of anxiety disorder, usually defined as a persistent fear of an object or situation in which the sufferer commits to great lengths in avoiding, typically disproportional to the actual danger posed, often being recognized as irrational. In the event the phobia cannot be avoided entirely, the sufferer will endure the situation or object with marked distress and significant interference in social or occupational activities. Main Document "A phobia is an irrational, intense, persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, or persons. This is a list of some of the more common phobias." A phobia can be classified as a disability in that it can effect a persons psychological being and ability to perform certain tasks. A phobia is an irrational, intense, persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, or persons. Most phobias are classified into two categories and, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), such phobias are considered to be sub-types of anxiety disorder. The two categories are: Specific phobias: Fear of particular objects or social situations that immediately results in anxiety and can sometimes lead to panic attacks. Specific phobia may be further subdivided into five categories: animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood-injection-injury type, and other. Agoraphobia: a generalized fear of leaving home or a small familiar 'safe' area, and of possible panic attacks that might follow. Agoraphobia may also be caused by various specific phobias such as fear of open spaces, social embarrassment (social agoraphobia), fear of contamination (fear of germs, possibly complicated by obsessive-compulsive disorder) or PTSD ( post traumatic stress disorder ) related to a trauma that occurred out of doors. List of Common Phobias A B C D E G H I L M N O P R S T X Z A Agoraphobia - Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape. As a result, sufferers of agoraphobia may avoid public and/or unfamiliar places. Agoraphobia arises from an internal anxiety condition that has become so intense that the suffering individual fears going anywhere or doing anything where these feelings of panic have repeatedly occurred before. Agoraphobia can come on suddenly or develop gradually, typically developing between the ages of 18 and 35. Symptoms include: strong feelings of panic, dread, terror, and horror recognizing that the anxiety is overblown, yet not being able to "talk yourself out of it" rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling, and an overwhelming urge to flee the situation - all physical reactions associated with extreme fear going to great lengths to avoid the situation that causes fear. Arachnophobia - fear of spiders. Arachnophobia is a specific phobia, an abnormal fear of spiders. It is among the most common of all phobias. The reactions of arachnophobics often seem irrational to others (and sometimes to the sufferers themselves). People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbor spiders or that has visible signs of their presence, such as webs. Acidophobia, Acidophobic- preference for non-acidic conditions. The terms Acidophobe/Acidophobia//Acidophoby/Acidophobic refer to intolerance to acidic environments. The term is variously applied to plants, bacteria, protozoa, animals, chemical compounds, etc. The anthonymous term is "acidophile". Cf. "alkaliphile". Acrophobia - Known by a number of names - Acrophobia, Altophobia, and Fear of Heights being the most common. Acrophobia can be dangerous, as sufferers can experience a panic attack in a high place and become too agitated to get themselves down safely. Like all fears and phobias, altophobia is created by the unconscious mind as a protective mechanism. At some point in your past, there was likely an event linking heights or high levels and emotional trauma. Vertigo is often used, incorrectly, to describe the fear of heights, but it is more accurately described as a spinning sensation, which may be caused by looking down from a high place. Ailurophobia - fear of cats. Ailurophobia is a type of specific phobia. It is a persistent, irrational fear of cats. Algophobia - Algophobia is a phobia of pain, an abnormal and persistent fear of pain that is far more powerful than that of a normal person. Sensitivity may lead to algophobia, depending on the psychological makeup of the person, but sensitivity to pain could be on other than psychological grounds. Anthropophobia - fear of people or being in a company, a form of social phobia . See our article on Overcoming Social Phobia . Anthropophobia is an extreme, pathological form of shyness and timidness. It may be manifested in fears of blushing, meeting the gaze of the others, awkwardness and uneasiness when appearing in society. Millions of people around the world suffer from Social Anxiety Disorder (also known as Social Phobia) and related conditions. Yet virtually everyone knows what it is like to feel shy or lacking in social confidence, often to an extent that can limit opportunities and happiness. Apiphobia, Melissophobia - fear of bees. Melissophobia - Fear of bees or bee stings, is a common fear among people. Aquaphobia, Hydrophobia - Aquaphobia is an abnormal and persistent fear of water. They may avoid such activities as boating and swimming, or they may avoid swimming in the deep ocean despite having mastered basic swimming skills. Medical professionals indicate that aquaphobia may manifest itself in a person through their specific experiences or due to biological factors. Some people may develop the phobia as a reaction to a traumatic water experience. Other individuals may suffer from an "instinctive reaction" to the water which arises separate from any observable factors. They have a gut reaction that limits their fundamental comfort level in any sort of casual water activities, such as swimming. Many people mistakenly refer to aquaphobia as 'hydrophobia'; hydrophobia is in fact a symptom of later-stage rabies, and manifests itself in humans as difficulty in swallowing, fear when presented with liquids to drink and an inability to quench one's thirst. Astraphobia, Astrapophobia, Brontophobia, Keraunophobia - Astraphobia, also known as Brontophobia, Keraunophobia, or Tonitrophobia, is an abnormal fear of thunder and lightning, a type of a specific phobia. It is quite common in dogs and children. Symptoms of Astraphobia can be breathing difficulty, panic attacks, rapid heartbeat, nausea and sweating. These symptoms can manifest themselves in the form of a tantrum or fit, and might be easy to dismiss as such although a genuine phobia can cause the aforementioned feelings to be completely overwhelming. Children may act out as a result of not being able to cope with these symptoms and knowledge of why they are happening. Autophobia - Autophobia (or Monophobia) is the phobia of being alone. Autophobia is a real personality disorder. The term is used to describe three different conditions: A fear of being alone, A fear of being egotistical, A fear of oneself. The third is the rarest of these conditions. Aviophobia, Aviatophobia - Fear of flying is a fear of being on a plane while in flight. It is also sometimes referred to as aerophobia, aviatophobia, aviophobia or pteromerhanophobia. Fear of flying may be a distinct phobia in itself, or it may be an indirect manifestation of one or more other phobias, such as claustrophobia (a fear of enclosed spaces) or acrophobia (a fear of heights). It may have other causes as well. It is a symptom rather than a disease, and different causes may bring it about in different individuals. A fear of flying is a level of anxiety so great that it prevents a person from traveling by air, or causes great distress to a person when he or she is compelled to travel by air. The most extreme manifestations can include panic attacks or vomiting at the mere sight or mention of an aircraft or air travel. B Bacillophobia, Bacteriophobia, Microbiophobia - fear of microbes and bacteria. A person with bacteriophobia may have trouble getting rid of the fear of germs and is always worried about hygiene. Microphobia is similar to bacteriophobia as it is a morbid fear for small things such as microorganisms or germs. Biphobia - dislike of bisexuals. Biphobia is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against bisexuality or LGBT people who are bisexual or perceived to be bisexual. C Chemophobia - prejudice against artificial substances in favor of natural substances. Chemophobia literally means "fear of chemicals" and may be used in various ways. It is most often used to describe the assumption that "chemicals" are bad and "natural" things are good. Chiroptophobia - Fear of bats, sometimes called chiroptophobia (an incorrect derivation from the order Chiroptera of bats) may refer both to a specific phobia associated with bats and to common negative stereotypes and fear of bats stemming from prejudices and misinformation. Cibophobia, Sitophobia - aversion to food, synonymous to Anorexia nervosa . A slow build occurs when a mild case of Cibophobia escalates over time to become a severe one. What is happening here is that the individual is 'accumulating' fearful associations to food or eating, so that the evidence used by the mind and nervous system is becoming increasingly irrefutable that fear is the appropriate emotion. That means that anxiety is created automatically in anticipation each time... creating a self-fulfilling prophesy. Claustrophobia - fear of confined spaces. Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder that involves the fear of enclosed or confined spaces. Claustrophobes may suffer from panic attacks, or fear of having a panic attack, in situations such as being in elevators, trains, or aircraft. It was found that 5-10.6% of people screened before an MRI scan had claustrophobia. Furthermore, it was found that 7% of patients had unidentified claustrophobia, and had to terminate the scanning procedure prematurely. 30% reported milder distress due to the necessity to lie in a confined space for a long time. For specific phobias in general, there is a lifetime prevalence rate of 7.2%-11.3%. Other forms of Claustrophobia include conditions such as Agoraphobia and panic attacks. Coulrophobia - fear of clowns (not restricted to evil clowns). Coulrophobia is an abnormal or exaggerated fear of clowns. It is not uncommon among children, but is also sometimes found in teenagers and adults as well. Sufferers sometimes acquire a fear of clowns after having a bad experience with one personally, or seeing a sinister portrayal of one in the media. A design study carried out by the University of Sheffield found that children are frightened by clown-themed decor in hospitals. This fear can arise from seeing a clown in person, or in pictures. Cynophobia - fear of dogs. Cynophobia is the clinical name for an abnormal fear of dogs. The dog is a domesticated super-predator; this in combination with increasing media coverage of dog attacks could be contributing factors for development of this fear. D Dental phobia, Dentophobia, Odontophobia - fear of dentists and dental procedures. Dental fear refers to the fear of dentistry and of receiving dental care. A pathological form of this fear (specific phobia) is variously called dental phobia, odontophobia, dentophobia, dentist phobia, or dental anxiety. It is estimated that as many as 75% of US adults experiences some degree of dental fear, from mild to severe. Many people report that their dental fear began after a traumatic, difficult, and/or painful dental experience. Dental fear may also develop as people hear about others' traumatic experiences or negative views of dentistry. Dysmorphophobia, or body dysmorphic disorder - a phobic obsession with a real or imaginary body defect. E Emetophobia - fear of vomiting. Emetophobia is the irrational fear of vomiting, being around others who are vomiting, and/or the vomit itself. In worst case scenarios, people with the phobia tend to avoid eating out, socializing and going to parties. They may hardly eat at all and that's why many are often diagnosed as anorexic, but not bulimic as this illness involves the induction of vomiting. Emetophobics will go to extraordinary lengths to avoid becoming violently sick. Entomophobia - (also known as insectophobia) is the abnormal fear of or aversion to insects and similar arthropods, and even other "bugs", such as worms. Ephebiphobia - fear or dislike of youth. The irrational fear of youth is called ephebiphobia. First coined as the "fear and loathing of teenagers," today the phenomenon is recognized as the "inaccurate, exaggerated and sensational characterization of young people" in a variety of settings around the world. Equinophobia, Hippophobia - fear of horses. Equinophobia is a psychological fear of horses. Ergasiophobia, Ergophobia - fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon's fear of operating. An abnormal and persistent fear of work. Sufferers of ergophobia experience undue anxiety about the workplace environment even though they realize their fear is irrational. Their fear may actually be a combination of fears, such fear of failing at assigned tasks, fear of speaking before groups at work, or fear of socializing with co-workers.The fear of work or functioning (also surgeon's fear of operating) can result in the following symptoms: breathlessness, dizziness, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, heart palpitations, inability to speak or think clearly, a fear of becoming mad or losing control, a sensation of detachment from reality or a full blown anxiety attack. Erotophobia - fear of sexual love or sexual questions. Erotophobia is a term used by psychologists to describe sexuality on a personality scale. Erotophobes score high on one end of the scale that is characterized by expressions of guilt and fear about sex. Erotophobes are less likely to talk about sex, have more negative reactions to sexually explicit material, and have sex less frequently and with fewer partners over time. Erotophobia can also be the fear of marriage or romantic relationships, especially by a man or in regards to heterosexual romance. Erythrophobia - pathological blushing . Erythrophobia is an unusual and persistent fear of Facial Blushing or blushing in general. Blushing displays a marked redness of one's face. The term is seldom applied except when the redness is construed as a result of embarrassment, shame, or modesty. If redness persists for abnormal amounts of time after blushing then it is considered an early sign of rosacea. Many who try to hide blushing usually end up making the condition even worse. G Genophobia, Coitophobia - fear of sexual intercourse. This phobia may be caused by actual sexual trauma (such as rape or molestation especially at an early age) or by witnessing a traumatic sexual act in real life or in the media. Gephyrophobia - fear of bridges. Gephyrophobia is an anxiety disorder brought about by the fear of bridges. As a result, sufferers of gephyrophobia may avoid route that will take them over bridges. Gerontophobia - fear of growing old or a hatred of the elderly. Glossophobia - Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking. It is believed to be the single most common phobia affecting as much as 75% of the population. Fear of oration is ranked even above that of death. Gymnophobia - fear of nudity. Gymnophobics experience anxiety from nudity, even if they realize their fear is irrational. They may worry about seeing others naked or being seen naked, or both. Their fear may stem from a general anxiety about sexuality, from a fear that they are physically inferior, or from a fear that their nakedness leaves them exposed and unprotected. Gynophobia - fear of women (also spelled as gynephobia) is an abnormal fear of women. Gynophobia used to be considered as among driving forces toward homosexuality. H Haptephobia - A fear of being touched, also called aphephobia, haphephobia, thixophobia. Heliophobia, Heliophobic - aversion to sunlight. Heliophobia - fear of sunlight. Heliophobia is a problem that afflicts hundreds of Americans, but one that suffers from a lack of true research. The Pacific Health Center suggested that many people have been staying away from the sun because of growing fears about skin cancer. This is not technically heliophobia, simply an unfounded and illogical solution. Hemophobia, Haemophobia - fear of blood. Hemophobia is the extreme and irrational fear of blood. Acute cases of this fear can cause physical reactions that are uncommon in most other fears, specifically vasovagal syncope (fainting). People with hemophobia are usual afraid of sight of own blood, rarely they dread other persons' or animals blood. Herpetophobia - The fear of reptiles, amphibians or other similar animals. Heterophobia - fear or dislike of heterosexuals. Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia - fear of the number 666. (literally, "fear of the number six-hundred and sixty-six") is the fear that originates in the Biblical verse Revelation 13:18 which indicates that the number 666 is the Number of the Beast, linked to Satan or the Anti-Christ. Homophobia - aversion to homosexuality or fear of homosexuals. Hoplophobia - aversion to firearms or firearms owners. Hoplophobia - fear of weapons, specifically firearms. Irrational, morbid fear of guns, it may cause sweating, faintness, discomfort, rapid pulse, nausea, sleeplessness, and more at mere thought of guns. Hydrophobia, Hydrophobic - a property of being repelled by water. Hydrophobia - fear of water (a symptom of rabies). I Iatrophobia - Fear of doctors - Doctor visits can cause anxiety in nearly anyone. For some people, however, normal anxiety gives way to outright panic. Iatrophobia, or fear of doctors, is surprisingly common today. Ichthyophobia - fear of fish. Although the term technically refers to a specific phobia, in many contexts it may refer to any kind of fear of fish, such as fear of eating fish, or fear of dead fish. Galeophobia is a subtype of ichthyophobia specifically focused on one species, sharks. L Ligyrophobia - fear of loud noises. Phonophobia (also called ligyrophobia) is a fear of loud sounds. It can also mean a fear of voices, or a fear of one's own voice. Lipophobicity - a property of fat rejection. Lipophobicity, also sometimes called lipophobia is a chemical property of chemical compounds which literally means "fat rejection". Lipophobic compounds are those not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents. From the other point of view, they do not absorb or adsorb fats. M Metrophobia - The fear of poetry. Many people first develop this phobia in school, when overzealous teachers encourage them to rank poems according to artificial scales, break them down and search for esoteric meanings. Musophobia - fear of mice and/or rats. Fear of mice and rats is one of the most common specific phobias. An exaggerated, phobic fear of mice and rats has traditionally been depicted as a stereotypical trait of women, with numerous books, cartoons, television shows, and films portraying hysterical women screaming and jumping atop chairs or tables at the sight of a mouse. Mysophobia - fear of germs, contamination or dirt. More commonly known as "germaphobia" or "germ phobia", is a pathological fear of germs, dirt, and above all of contamination. Mysophobia is common in the United States. Some experts link the growing incidence of this disorder to Americans' general perception of the world as being a dangerous, uncontrollable place. N Necrophobia - fear of death, the dead. Necrophobia is the fear of death or dead things (e.g., corpses) as well as things associated with death (e.g., coffins). Neophobia, Cainophobia, Cainotophobia, Cenophobia, Centophobia, Kainolophobia, Kainophobia - An abnormal and persistent fear of anything new including new things, ideas or situations, of novelty. Nomophobia - Nomophobia is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact. More than 13 million Brits fear being out of mobile phone contact, according to research. Experts say nomophobia could affect up to 53 per cent of mobile phone users, with 48 per cent of women and 58 per cent of men questioned admitting to experiencing feelings of anxiety when they run out of battery or credit, lose their phone or have no network coverage. Nosophobia - fear of contracting a disease. It is related to hypochondriasis, but there are several important differences between the two conditions. The most important difference is specificity. A person with hypochondriasis has several physical symptoms that he or she fears may be caused by illness. Someone with nosophobia, however, is afraid of a specific disease and becomes convinced that he or she has the symptoms of that particular disease. Nyctophobia , Achluophobia, Lygophobia, Scotophobia - fear of darkness. Nyctophobia is a pathological fear of the dark. Its symptoms include breathlessness, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, heart palpitations, inability to speak or think clearly or sensation of detachment from reality and death. Fear of the dark is common in children, and often passes as they mature. If it persists for more than six months, fear of the dark should be professionally treated, as it can become crippling in older children and adults. O Ophidiophobia - Ophidiophobia or Ophiophobia refers to the fear of snakes. Fear of snakes is sometimes called by a more general term, herpetophobia, fear of reptiles. Ornithophobia - fear of birds. Ornithophobia is a type of specific phobia, an abnormal, irrational fear of birds. Osmophobia, Olfactophobia - fear of smells. Osmophobia or olfactophobia refers to a fear, aversion, or psychological hypersensitivity to smells or odors. The phobia generally occurs in chronic migraine sufferers who may have odor triggered migraines. Such migraines are most frequently triggered by foul odors, but the hypersensitivity may extend to all odors. One study found as many as 25% of migraine sufferers had some degree of osmophobia. Osmophobia - hypersensitivity to smells causing aversion to odors. Common during pregnancy. P Panphobia - fear of everything or constantly afraid without knowing what is causing it. Also known as omniphobia or pantophobia, is the fear of everything or a vague and persistent dread of some unknown evil. Paraskavedekatriaphobia, Paraskevidekatriaphobia, Friggatriskaidekaphobia - fear of Friday the 13th. If you base your belief on media attention, superstition about Friday the 13th might be the number one superstition in America today. Pedophobia - fear or dislike of children. Phonophobia - fear of loud sounds. Phonophobia - hypersensitivity to sound causing aversion to sounds. common during an alcohol hangover or migraine. Photophobia, Photophobic - a negative phototaxis or phototropism response. Photophobia - hypersensitivity to light causing aversion to light (a symptom of Meningitis and a common condition of migraine headaches). Photophobia is a symptom of excessive sensitivity to light and the aversion to sunlight or well-lit places. In medical terms it is not fear, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure. Psychophobia - prejudice and discrimination against mentally ill. Psychophobia is fear of, prejudice or discrimination against the mentally ill. Over history the mentally ill were accused of being possessed by demons or the devil or of being witches or warlocks or devil worshipers. In modern times when psychology was developed it was found that such people had a mental illness and no demons or any other explanations mentioned above, yet the fear of the mentally ill has continues. Pyrophobia - The hate, or an abnormal or even irrational fear of fires or high temperatures. R Radiophobia - fear of radioactivity or X-rays. Radiophobia is an abnormal fear of ionizing radiation, also used in the sense of fear of X-rays. The term is used in several related senses: in reference to a neurological disorder, to a specific phobia, and (polemically, not medically) to general opposition to the use of nuclear energy. Ranidaphobia - fear of frogs. Fear of frogs and toads has been recorded in the history of many cultures. For example, seeing a frog may be a bad omen or frogs and toads may give a person warts. At the same time in other cultures frogs are considered as good omen. A survey carried out by researchers from the Johannesburg Zoo have shown that in modern times old superstitions play less significant role and modern children are more concerned whether frogs are poisonous or harmless. S Sociophobia - fear or dislike of society or people in general. Social anxiety is a term used to describe an experience of anxiety (emotional discomfort, fear, apprehension or worry) regarding social situations and being evaluated by other people. It occurs early in childhood as a normal part of social functioning. People vary in how often they experience social anxiety or in which kinds of situations. It can be related to shyness or other emotional or temperamental factors, but its exact nature is still the subject of research and theory. Extreme social anxiety can be disabling and may be diagnosed as social anxiety disorder (social phobia). T Taphophobia - fear of the grave, or fear of being placed in a grave while still alive. Fear of being buried alive is the fear of being placed in a grave while still alive as a result of being incorrectly pronounced dead. The abnormal, psychopathological version of this fear is referred to as taphophobia (from Greek taphos, meaning "grave"), which is translated as "fear of graves". Before the advent of modern medicine the fear was not entirely irrational. Throughout history there have been numerous cases of people being accidentally buried alive. Technophobia - fear of technology. Technophobia is the fear or dislike of advanced technology or complex devices, especially computers. Tetraphobia - fear of the number 4. Tetraphobia is an aversion or fear of the number 4. It is a superstition most common in East Asian regions such as China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The Chinese word for four (pinyin) sounds very similar to the word for death. Thermophobia/Thermophobic - aversion to heat. Thermophobic is used to describe an intolerance for high temperatures by either inorganic material or organisms. Tokophobia - fear of childbirth. Primary tokophobia is the fear of childbirth which pre-dates pregnancy and can start in adolescence. Secondary tokophobia is due to a previous negative experience regarding traumatic birth, poor obstetric practice or medical attention, postpartum depression or other such upsetting events. Transphobia - fear or dislike of transgender or transsexual people. Transphobia (or less commonly, transprejudice) refers to discrimination against transsexuality and transsexual or transgender people, based on the expression of their internal gender identity. Triskaidekaphobia, Terdekaphobia - fear of the number 13. Terdekaphobia is an irrational fear of the number 13; it is a superstition and related to a specific fear of Friday the 13th, called paraskevidekatriaphobia or friggatriskaidekaphobia. Trypanophobia, Aichmophobia, Belonephobia, Enetophobia - fear of needles or injections. Trypanophobia is the extreme and irrational fear of medical procedures involving injections or hypodermic needles. It is occasionally referred to as aichmophobia, belonephobia, or enetophobia, names that are technically incorrect because they simply denote a "fear of pins/needles" and do not refer to the medical aspect of trypanophobia. The name that is in common usage is simply needle phobia. X Xenophobia - fear of strangers, foreigners, or aliens. Xenophobia is a fear or contempt of that which is foreign or unknown, especially of strangers or foreign people. Xenophobia - fear or dislike of foreigners. Xerophobia/Xerophobic - aversion to dryness. Z Zoophobia - a generic term for animal phobias. Zoophobia or animal phobia may have one of two closely related meanings: a generic term for the class of specific phobias to particular animals, or an irrational fear or even simply dislike of any non-human animals.	i don't know
Vestiophobia is the irrational fear of which items?	9 Unusual Phobias That People Really Have - Anxiety Anxiety 9 Unusual Phobias That People Really Have The HealthCentral Editorial Team Aug 28th, 2012 (updated Jun 30th, 2016) Share 1 of 10 What are YOU afraid of? President Franklin D. Roosevelt once said: "...we have nothing to fear but fear itself." For many people, however, there are many other things to fear, some of them seemingly strange or unusual to other people who don't fear them. Here is a list of nine things that enough people are frightened of that experts have classified them as bonafide phobias. What's on your list? 2 of 10 Aphenphosmphobia Aphenphosmphobia is the fear of being touched or of touching. For some people who have this phobia, the fear of touching or being touched is linked specifically to people of the opposite sex. In women, this fear is often linked to having experienced a sexual assault. Many boys who have been the victim of sexual abuse also report having this phobia. 3 of 10 Cacophobia Cacophobia is an overwhelming and irrational fear of ugliness. A person who suffers from this phobia is not just afraid of ugly people -- they also fear any object or situation they perceive as ugly. Experts aren't sure what triggers this phobia, though as with all phobias, it is likely caused by some traumatic event that the sufferer has come to associate with ugliness. 4 of 10 Novercaphobia People who have novercaphobia are afraid of their own stepmothers, whether as a result from a traumatic event with a stepmother or because of negative associations with any woman in this role. Children's fairy tales have not helped the image of stepmothers, experts say, since these tales often portray stepmothers as cruel, punishing, witch-like, or even murderous! 5 of 10 Vestiophobia People who have vestiophobia have an irrational fear of clothing or of being clothed. This fear is so intense and overwhelming that sufferers will sometimes wear loose, oversized clothing in an effort to keep it off their skin. In extreme cases, they may withdraw completely from society so that they can remain unclothed. 6 of 10 Selenophobia If you're a person who has an overwhelming fear of the moon, you suffer from the phobia known as selenophobia. Selenophobes also fear that the moon will trigger irrational or dangerous behaviors in other people. Selenophobia may be another phobia triggered by stories many of us heard when we were young, tale of nights with full moons that were filled with witchcraft, werewolves, and other supernatural happenings. 7 of 10 Though it may sound like a joke, hippopotomon- strosesquippedalio- phobia is the fear of long words! The word comes from a combination of the words sesquipedalian (which means "a foot and a half long"), monstrum ("monster"), and a misspelled form of hippopotamus. The combination is intended to make the word very, very long to better describe the phobia. 8 of 10 Pteronophobia Pteronophobia is the overwhelming fear of feathers or of being tickled by a feather. Though this phobia may be caused by unpleasant experiences with feathers, it can also just be an irrational fear with no known triggering event. 9 of 10 Coulrophobia Fear of clowns, or coulrophobia, is one of the more common of the "unusual" phobias. Psychologists say this phobia may stem from children's tendency to react strongly to a figure that has a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face. The term coulrophobia is actually only recently coined (in the 1980s), and experts say it is used more on the Internet than in printed form. 10 of 10 Panophobia People who suffer from more than one of the fears in this slideshow--along with many others--may actually have panophobia, which is the fear of everything. Panophobia is described as a vague, nonspecific and yet overwhelming kind of anxiety. Some describe it as a fear of "persistent evil," as though something terrible is always about to happen.	Clothing
Sophophobia is the irrational fear of doing what?	phobo-, -phobia (excessive fear; hatred for) words: tabophobia to zoophobia, part 13 of 13. Words that include: phobo-, phob-, -phobia, -phobias, -phobe, -phobiac, -phobist, -phobic, -phobism, -phobous (Greek: fear, extreme fear of; morbid, excessive, irrational fear, or terror of something or someone; however, sometimes this Greek element means a strong dislike or hatred for something or someone) tabophobia: A fear of any wasting sickness. tachophobia, tacophobia: An irrational dread of speed that may be related to the phobia of motion in general. taeniophobia, teniophobia: A morbid fear of tapeworms because they can cause serious ailments and discomfort. taphephobia, taphiphobia, taphophobia: An intense fear of being buried alive or an extreme fear of cemeteries and graves. Individuals fear being buried alive because they panic at the thought of their inability to escape from such a situation. Thats why in some places, a chain and outside-bell are provided so if the person in the casket or mausoleum regains consciousness, he/she can pull the chain and be rescued. An irrational fear? There has been evidence that when caskets have been unearthed to make room for additional bodies, some people had clawed at the inner part of the casket, pulled out their hair, or showed other signs of trying to escape from their buried-alive situations. tapinophobia: An excessive fear of small things. taurophobia: An excessive fear of bulls. technophobia: An extreme aversion to technology; for examples, computers, high-tech telephone answering systems, and even videocassette recorders. How about those blinking clocks on the video recorders? teleophobia, telophobia: A fear of religious ceremonies or an intense dislike and rejection of teleology. It my include the concept that mental processes have purposes and are directed toward the fulfillment of specific goals. telephonophobia: A fear of using the telephone. teratophobia: An intense fear of monsters or of giving birth to a monster or a deformed child. terdekaphobia: An irrational dread of the number thirteen. testophobia: An aversion to taking tests. Teutonophobia: An excessive fear of German influence, Germans, and German culture. textophobia: An irrational dread of specific kinds of fabrics. thaasophobia, thassophobia: An excessive dislike of sitting or of being idle, intense hatred of boredom. thalassophobia: An excessive fear of seas or oceans or other large bodies of water. thalassophobic: Someone who has an excessive fear of seas or oceans or other large bodies of water. thanatophobia: An unwarranted apprehension of imminent death or a morbid dread of death or of dying. theatrophobia: An irrational dread of theaters. theologicophobia: An abnormal fear of theology because some of its concepts are often made in obscure terms and so are not understood by many who are exposed to them. theophobia: An excessive fear of God, the wrath of God, or of God's punishment for sin. thermophobia : An excessive fear of, or aversion to, heat or high temperatures. thixophobia: An irrational dread of touching or of being touched. tocophobia, tokophobia: An excessive fear of childbirth. tomophobia: A fear of surgical operations. tonitrophobia, tonitruphobia; brontophobia: An excessive fear of thunder and associated lightning. topophobia: A fear of certain places or of performing (stage fright); also considered to be a form of agoraphobia. toxicophobia, toxiphobia, toxophobia: A fear of poisoning, of poisons, or of being poisoned. traumatophobia: An intense disabling fear of war or physical injury, wounds, etc. tredecaphobia, triakaidekaphobia, tridecaphobia, triskadekaphobia, triskaidekaphobia: An irrational fear of the number thirteen. This is such a common fear that many buildings have omitted labeling the thirteenth floors such. Note how many buildings go from 12 to 14 or have a mezzanine between those floors. tremophobia: An irrational dread of trembling. trichinophobia: An abnormal or excessive fear of trichinosis (a disease caused by intestinal worms). trichopathophobia: 1. An abnormal fear of getting hair disease. 2. A fear of trichinosis (a disease caused by worms which come from raw or insufficiently cooked meat, especially pork); fear of a certain hair color, hair growth, hair disease, etc. trichophobia: A fear of trichinosis or of certain kinds of hair growth, hair color, hair disease, hair loss, etc. A morbid disgust caused by the sight of loose hairs on clothing or elsewhere. troglophobia: An abnormal fear of being in caves. tropophobia: A fear or strong aversion to making changes or of moving. trypanophobia: A fear of parasites (borers) or of inoculations or injections. tuberculophobia: An abnormal fear of being infected with tuberculosis. turistaphobia: A dread of Gyppy tummy, Delhi belly, or Montezumas revenge; also known as a very uncomfortable condition resulting from something a person has eaten or drunk. tyrannophobia: A fear or hatred of tyrants. uranophobia, ouranophobia: A fear of heaven or of the sky; perhaps because of their fear of judgement day. urophobia: A fear of urinating in places other than at home or an intense fear of not being able to urinate. vaccinophobia: An intense fear of vaccines and vaccinations. venereophobia: A fear of venereal disease. venustaphobia: A fear of beautiful women. verbaphobia, verbophobia: An excessive fear or hatred of words. vermiphobia, verminophobia: An abnormal fear of being infected with worms. vespertiliophobia: An abnormal fear of bats. vestiophobia, vestiphobia: An excessive fear of clothing either ones own or that of another and may include such features as textured items, silk, or velvet garments. virgivitiphobia: An excessive fear of being raped. vitricophobia: An irrational dread of ones stepfather. vokephobia: A fear of returning home. wicaphobia: An irrational fear of witches. xeniaphobia: A dread of foreign doctors not so much because of their inadequate medical skills but more from their inadequate acquaintance with the English language. xenodochiophobia: An irrational fear of foreign hotels that may include a fear that there wont be soap, proper toilet paper, clean towels, etc. xenophobia: An irrational fear or hatred of foreigners and of strange or foreign things. xenonosocomiophobia: A fear of foreign pickpocket specialists which should not be considered an abnormal anxiety. xerophobia: In biology, an abnormal fear of dryness or of dryplaces, such as deserts; an aversion to dry places or an inability to survive in dry places. xylophobia: An irrational dread of wooden objects or forests. xyrophobia: An abnormal fear of razors. zelophobia: An irrational dread of jealousy. zenophobia [a misspelling of xenophobia]: An excessive fear of strangers or foreigners. zoophobia:	i don't know
Thalassophobia is the irrational fear of which natural expanse?	Thalassophobia, a jane and the dragon fanfic \| FanFiction By: Blackmoondragon1415 Thalassophobia: [n] the fear of the ocean. Oneshot. Please R&R, Rated: Fiction K - English - Friendship/Hurt/Comfort - Jane T., Dragon - Words: 3,007 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 1 - Published: 5/5/2013 - Status: Complete - id: 9264560 + - Full 3/4 1/2 Expand Tighten Disclaimer: I don't own Jane and the Dragon. If I did, there would be more episodes than the meager number I currently have on my computer. Thalassophobia: Thalassophobia: the irrational fear of the ocean. Ordinarily, when one thought of the ocean, they thought of calm, rolling waves and sea foam. Perhaps, if you were a sea man, you thought of rigging, sails, and long trips away from home. Yet neither of these ideas was going through the mind of the green reptile gliding nervously along the coast, coming down to the very edge of the shore as he let his friend dismount. "Look at it all, Dragon! Have you seen anything so magnificent?" "Yes, my reflection flying over the lake, for one." Despite the typical sort of reply, a definite sense of tension had settled over the reptile's frame, and his eyes bored into the innocently lapping waves with something close to wary suspicion. "And such humility on your part!" Jane fired back, turning to look at her reptilian companion. "How about we go walking near the water?" "Er, I-I think I will stay here. Plenty of sun, might as well catch a quick nap." Dragon ad-libbed, throwing in a fake yawn for good measure and settling down on the warm sand. He hadn't wanted to come here, of course, but he found himself unable to come up with a good reason to refuse Jane's idea. So now he was here of all places, hoping quietly that she wouldn't notice the fact that his wings were still taunt and tense, or that the serenely blue-green water would just stay right where it was. Particularly the last bit. Thankfully if Jane had noticed anything wrong, she didn't comment. "Alright, Dragon. I'll go walk along the water then. You can stay here." "Champion." He replied, giving the red-head a grin before lowering his head to rest on his paws and closing his eyes. However, as he could hear the sounds of her footfalls moving away through the sand his head raised minutely, a hint of anxiety leaking into his gaze. "Do not go too far, Jane." "Of course, Dragon." She answers, a hint of concern of her own glimmering for just a second at the odd shift in tone. But the green settles back down, so she sees no reason to pursue the issue, letting him get on with his nap as she meanders down the beach, occasionally stopping to glance and pick up a shell that has washed up on the shore. His eye remains partly open a moment longer to follow her progress, before closing to at least get some semblance of the calm he had been attempting to show earlier. In truth, the sight of the ocean had made him just a tad more uneasy than he cared to admit. Though the sand was warm and the sun's heat soothing, making his mind sluggish and calm; sleep came easily enough afterwards. He was flying through the air, the wind pushing invitingly at his wings and allowing him to climb and loop through the air with ease. In his element, Dragon flipped and rolled with the wind, allowing a cry of giddiness at the autonomy his wings allowed him. Below he could see the expanse of green and occasional grey that was a castle or a rocky hillside, with the infrequent splatter of blue that was a lake or a river running through the landscape. For a moment, he was the king of the skies, and he loved every second of it, the power and freedom of the wind and clouds. And speaking of the clouds, there was a particularly large cluster not too far ahead, and not far from where he was flying. Determination and liveliness took hold, and he sped up through the white mist to see the sun begin its afternoon descent to the horizon. As he looped through the tops of the clouds, the orange orb sank lower and lower, until it was just a sliver of bright color on the darkening sky. Yet he felt no need to head back to his cave, he actually quite liked flying at night. Though there was something wrong, even if it took him a few moments to notice it; the moon had not started to rise and the clouds were beginning to grow darker and more threatening, swirling up to hide the open sky from his view. It grew hard to see, and he briefly felt a flair of panic before stuffing it down. He was a dragon; he could handle this…wrongness. Changing direction, he started for the earth; if he couldn't find his way from the air, he would just land and wait out this strange weather on the ground instead. Yet just before he broke through the clouds he felt a thrill of foreboding, coupled with a familiar salty tang assault his nose and a coolness in the air around him. He caught sight of the water's surface mere feet before he plunged into it, the darkness of the clouds and sky mingling together with the darkness and terrible suffocating feeling of the sea. He did not know which way was up and which way would force him deeper, but he instinctively swam upward, breaking the surface in a state close to terror as he took in his surroundings. There was no land to be seen for miles, something that made the fear grow worse. That could not be true, he had been flying over land not several hours ago, and he couldn't have gone so far without noticing something beforehand. Where was the shore?! His wings had started to grow heavy, the cold water seemingly sapping the ability to move and fly out of them. They dragged in the salt water, drawing him under along with his growing exhaustion as he attempted to remain floating and not slide under again. All the while he kept looking, meandering as best he could in the most likely direction, nose clogged by the stink of sea salt. There had to be land somewhere, he had not gone that far away… But even his strength couldn't hold him above water forever, and his limbs seemed to pull him down more than keep him up. He choked as some of the ocean splashed into his maw; gagging on the acrid taste of sea water as his panic got the best of him. Flailing sluggishly to stay afloat, his might finally faded enough for him to slip under the waves with a few gurgling cries as the darkness seemed to close in from all fronts. Water washed over his snout as he opened his eyes, letting his panic out for a moment in a shout that seemed to reverberate its way out of his ribcage and through his maw, though he choked it off as he snapped his jaw closed, instead letting out a strangled and nearly squeaky exclamation. "Where did you come from?!" Granted in some small part of his mind Dragon scoffed at himself for talking to the ocean water, which most certainly could not have responded back no matter how much he tried to reason with it. Yet that was not the part of his feelings that he was listening to at the moment, his thoughts purely in the state only complete panic could offer as he realized that the salty ocean was lapping at his feet. If he had been thinking calmly he would have remembered that the ocean often rose and fell in cycles; right now it seemed as though his dream was attempting to become reality and he was heading right back into the dark suffocation of the waves that he had somehow managed to escape. Scrambling backwards and out of the sea spray, Dragon very briefly took a long moment to calm his rapidly thundering heart and take stock of his situation. As he threw a short, spiteful glare at the water, he suddenly became aware of the fact that the sun had sunk quite a bit in the sky since he had last seen Jane, and the redhead was nowhere in sight. "Jane?" He bleated, letting a few seconds go by without answer before feeling his breathing quicken along with his heartbeat. "Jane?!" Nothing, just the sounds of the water and the occasional bird call, none of which were what would help alleviate the blind fright Dragon was starting to feel at the moment. Staying well away from the water, he hurried across the sand in the direction he remembered seeing his short-life friend heading in. "JANE?!" He called louder, completely forgetting his earlier attempts to control his terror. Right now all he could think about was the suffocating blackness of the waves, the fear of being unable to see even a sliver of land on a gloomy horizon, and a certain red-head girl who could no doubt be drawn out into the dark waters, and he was not about to let that happen-. Shouting her name at a pitch that would leave even the loudest rolls of thunder jealous, Dragon came at a run over the rise of the dune, and was forced to roll at the height of his gallop to the side to avoid mowing down the much smaller human, who had broken into a run herself at his racket. As he swiftly threw himself to the side, Jane skidded and partially went down on her backside in her own manner of evading the oncoming reptile. Both sat and lay respectively, stunned into silence by the sudden turn of events, though it was Jane who recovered first. "Dragon?" She croaked through a voice that had been partly clogged by the sand that had been kicked up in the wake of the excitement. Dragon could only quietly lie on his side, astonished into a near-stupor and feeling his head spin somewhat at the dizzying turn in events. He found his friend, she was not drowning in the dark water, and he wasn't either, so why did he still feel like he couldn't quite get his breath, much less answer her? More than a little worried for her friend now, Jane cautiously approached the green reptile, noticing the light tremble that seemed to be reverberating through the forelimb when she gently rested a hand on it. "Dragon, are you alright?" She tried again, noticing his eyes flicker to her for an instant before turning back to the sand. Though the tension was draining out from the scaled forearm in shades, and Dragon quietly rubbed the back of his paw against his snout to mask a sigh. Though he grimaced nary a moment later at the sand which found itself on his muzzle, the action helped melt away some of the leftover anxiety clinging to his frame. Granted, the quick glance he made at the water might have given away exactly what had bothered him so much, and the last think he wanted was to reveal such a juvenile weakness even to his best friend, but he still needed to reassure himself that the water was well over there and well away from the pair of them. "Are you…afraid of the ocean?" Jane asks haltingly, sometimes far more perceptive than the reptile would like, but this time it's alright because he really did not want to explain why he had managed to get this worked up. Nodding minutely, Dragon somehow manages to draw himself in even more, though he certainly does not attempt to stop the squire from coming closer to his head. Her hand rests just on the crown of his head, the touch light but solid, real, and more than a welcome comfort. Though he knows he will probably have to answer more than just one yes or no question later, Dragon allows the presence of his short-life friend to chase the last bits of the fear and terrible strangling sensation in his throat away. Despite his calm, the fire-breather could definitely say he wasn't expecting to hear the following from Jane. "Dragon, I am so sorry." "Whu-Why are you sorry?" "For bringing you here when you did not want to be. If I had known-." And he finds himself interrupting by this point, because if there is anything he doesn't like, its Jane beating herself up like this when he is partly to blame as well. "No, no. It was my fault too." A long silence goes through the pair, at which Dragon chances another glance in the direction of the ocean, noticing the sun lowering steadily on the horizon as he attempts to subtly dig his claws in a bit to remind himself that he is on the ground and not in any danger of ending up in the expanse of water. The motion is not entirely missed by Jane, who quietly moves to somewhat wrap her arms around his head in a hug. Though the gesture does initially help quell the old phantoms, Dragon cannot help but feel vulnerable, and hate every bit of the feeling. "I feel like an idiot." He blurts out before he can stop himself, though he can't bother himself to feel embarrassed by it. After all, Jane has a knack of bringing down any sort of barriers or fronts he puts up, even the ones that have been up for centuries. Part of being friends with someone, he supposes, though he's not certain if he would trade the relationship for any sort of security his mind could offer. "Why?" The oh-so-small two-legged asks, and strangely the one-word question prompts an answer to come to his tongue. "Not supposed to let something get to me like this. Big terrifying dragon and I am scared of the ocean. What kind of dragon lets something like that bother them?" "Everyone is afraid of something, Dragon. Remember when I was afraid of the dark?" "Yes." He admits, though there is something in his mind that finds fault with that comparison as well. "Though you stopped. I have…had this for a long time." "How long?" Jane questions, unable to keep the note of curiosity out of her voice. Dragon can't find it in his heart to deny her now. After all, he's come this far. "Very long. I was much, much littler then. I remember falling while flying…" He can't really find words to name the terror of suddenly being dropped into wet darkness and trails off, though Jane does not need to hear much more, resuming her attempts at comfort. He cannot find any reason to not accept them, and just quietly leans his head towards his much smaller friend. It seems far too soon when she pulls away, a sudden grin present on her features that utterly baffles him. "Come on, you big newt. I want to show you something." He follows her across the shore, around the places where the water has risen, though he does attempt to wade through a few just to prove that he is not as afraid as he was a little while ago, though he still edges closer to land than he does to the water. Eventually they reach an area that is more rock instead of sand, and the land has risen up into a cliff which arches over the area like a half-sort of cave that can only partly shelter its secrets from the outside world. The ocean has already come in somewhat, little interconnecting pools over most of the rock, with one deeper one in the middle. By this point, the sun has completely sunk down, the moon's glow beginning to illuminate the beach, as well as the little inlet they were currently standing in. Though he is definitely glad to see the silvery light, it is not what draws Dragon's attention to the larger pool. The moonlight has lit up most of the area, reflecting off of and, more to his eyes than Jane's, partially showing the rocky bottom to the thing. "It was easier to walk around earlier. You should have seen it; there were so many creatures down there!" "I think they still are there." Dragon remarks offhand as his eyes catch snatches of movement under the water's surface. He sees more outlines than colors, the wiggling fronds of some ocean-going plant waving in the currents of the water as it whips through the rocks and out back to the open water. Out and in. A nice, calming pattern. He can also see little fish as they dart through the rocky crags and the underwater plant things. It's almost like him watching things from his cliff, the comparison making him relax a bit more. He watches the paths the fish take, even allowing his claws to get somewhat within lapping distance of the water because it looks so calm and unassuming now. Though that's about when he notices that Jane is leaning tiredly against his leg, and suggests quietly that they go back. She acquiesces, though not before he manages to quietly duck his head down to her level. "Thank you, Jane." Yeah, putting Dragon in a vulnerable spot was difficult, seeing as most things don't really ruffle him [unless it concerns Jane, then he will be really ruffled]. But, the way I see it, when you have a long-held fear like that, to the point where certain circumstances can send you into a panic, things that you might have considered as unlikely don't seem quite so odd. You could probably hear someone mention to you that Bigfoot, Nessie, the Abominable Snowman, and the thing from the Lucky Charms box all went out and played poker and it would probably register as barely an odd blip in the spectrum of reality to you. But, yeah, old traumatic experiences make for good friendship moments, don't they? And to my Dragon-muse, if you're mad about this, then you really aren't going to like what I'm gonna do to you for the next oneshot. [Evilest, foreshadowing grin goes here. Quake in fear, folks.] The author would like to thank you for your continued support. Your review has been posted. Favorite : Story	Sea
Leukophobia is the irrational fear of which colour?	List of phobias \| Phobia Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Lepidoptophobia – fear of flying insects (branch of aerozoophobia ) Liontariphobia - fear of lions Lupophobia – fear of wolves (branch of agrizoophobia ) Lutraphobia – fear of otters Mephitophobia , Skunkphobia – fear of skunks Mottephobia – fear of moths Murophobia – fear of mice and/or rats Muscaphobia – fear of flies (branch of entomophobia ) Myrmecophobia – fear of ants (branch of entomophobia ) Nessaphobia – fear of ducks Ophidiophobia , Snakephobia , Serpentophobia – fear of snakes (branch of herpetophobia ) Ornithophobia – fear of birds Ovinaphobia – fear of sheep and/or goats (branch of agerozoophobia ) Papagalophobia – fear of parrots Pediculophobia , Phthiriophobia – fear of lice (branch of entomophobia ) Pithecophobia – fear of apes (branch of agrizoophobia ) Porcophobia – fear of pigs (branch of agerozoophobia ) Ranidaphobia – fear of frogs (branch of batrachophobia ) Androphobia , Hominophobia , Masculophobia – fear of men Anthropariophobia – fear of short people Anthropophobia , Anthrophobia – fear of people Apotemnophobia – fear of amputees Cacomorphobia , Pinguisophobia – fear of fat people Caecophobia – fear of blind people Caligynephobia , Venustraphobia – fear of beautiful women and hot girls (branch of gynephobia and puellaphobia ) Ephebiphobia – fear of teenagers and young people Gerontophobia – fear of elderly people Gigantasophobia – fear of tall people Gingerphobia – fear of ginger people Hebephobia – fear of preteens or tweens Heterophobia , Sexophobia – fear of the opposite sex Homophobia – fear of homosexuality or becoming homosexual Infantophobia – fear of babies Macilentophobia – fear of skinny people Nipiophobia – fear of toddlers Pedophobia , Paedophobia , Pediaphobia – fear of children Peladophobia – fear of bald people Puellaphobia – fear of girls Surdocaecophobia – fear of deafblind people Surdophobia – fear of deaf people Teleiophobia – fear of adults Afentikophobia – fear of your supervisor Amansophobia – fear of your boyfriend or girlfriend Amicophobia – fear of your friend Amitaphobia – fear of your paternal aunt Androgynophobia , Agorocoritsophobia – fear of tomboys Anepsiaphobia – fear of your niece Anipsiophobia – fear of your nephew Aschemegynephobia – fear of unattractive women Asfaleiaskopophobia – fear of security guards Astynomiaphobia , Policophobia – fear of police Atheophobia – fear of atheists Avuncrophobia – fear of your uncle Avunculusphobia – fear of your maternal uncle Bartenderphobia – fear of bartenders Corephobia , Korephobia – fear of having female offspring Coulrophobia – fear of clowns (not restricted to evil clowns; a branch of automophobia ) Dentophobia – fear of dentists Dentohygienophobia – fear of dental hygienists Didaskalophobia – fear of teachers Dontineraiphobia – fear of the Tooth Fairy Dumasaphobia – fear of stupid people Episcophobia – fear of bishops Fibliphobia – fear of your paternal aunt or uncle Fratrophobia – fear of your brother Foniasophobia – fear of murderers or serial killers Geliophobia – fear of laughter Giagiaphobia – fear of your grandmother Goneaphobia – fear of your parents Hagiophobia – fear of saints Hobophobia – fear of bums or beggars Homilophobia – fear of sermons Kyriaclausophobia – fear of Mrs. Claus Doctorphobia – fear of doctors or physicians Liticaphobia – fear of lawsuits Materteraphobia – fear of your maternal aunt Matertrophobia – fear of your aunt Matrophobia – fear of your mother Mibliphobia – fear of your maternal aunt or uncle Nibliphobia – fear of your niece or nephew Nosokomphobia – fear of nurses n00bophobia – fear of n00bs or of becoming a n00b Novercaphobia – fear of your stepmother Orthodontophobia – fear of orthodontists Papaphobia – fear of the Pope Pappoudephobia – fear of your grandparents Pappousophobia – fear of your grandfather Paramediphobia – fear of paramedics Paschakounephobia – fear of the Easter Bunny Patrophobia – fear of your father Patruusphobia – fear of your paternal uncle Pentheraphobia , Novercaphobia – fear of mother-in-law Peregrinophobia – fear of strangers Pibliphobia – fear of your aunt or uncle Politicophobia – fear of politicians Presiphobia – fear of the president Pyrosvestisphobia – fear of firefighters Ribliphobia – fear of your niece, nephew, aunt or uncle Rudolphophobia – fear of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Santaphobia , Clausophobia – fear of Santa Claus Scopophobia - fear of people staring at you. Servitorphobia – fear of waiters and waitresses Scelerophobia – fear of criminals Sibliphobia – fear of your sibling Soceraphobia – fear of parents-in-law Sociophobia – fear of society or people in general Sororophobia – fear of your sister Spoudastophobia – fear of your student Spousophobia – fear of your spouse Symmathitophobia – fear of your classmate Synergatiphobia – fear of your coworker Syngenesophobia – fear of relatives Albanophobia – fear of white people or Caucasians Americanophobia – fear of the Americans Anglophobia – fear of the English Asianophobia – fear of the Asians Bolshephobia – fear of the Bolsheviks Christianophobia – fear of the Christians Dutchphobia – fear of the Dutch Europhobia – fear of the Europeans Germanophobia , Teutophobia – fear of the Germans Hispanophobia – fear of Hispanics Indianophobia – fear of Native Americans Indophobia – fear of the Indians or South Asians Islamophobia – fear of Muslims Koreanophobia – fear of the Koreans Lesbophobia – fear of lesbians (branch of homophobia ) Mexicanophobia – fear of the Mexicans Negrophobia – fear of black people or African Americans Nipponophobia , Japanophobia – fear of the Japanese Polonophobia – fear of the Polish Russophobia – fear of the Russians Aerodromophobia – fear of airports Aerostatiophobia – fear of gas stations Agoraphobia – fear of places or events where escape is impossible or when help is unavailable; fear of open spaces or of being in public places; fear of leaving a safe place Aigialophobia – fear of beaches Autokinetodromophobia – fear of highways and expressways Boitephobia – fear of clubs Cauponaphobia – fear of going to a restaurant Cinematophobia , Cinemaphobia , Theatrophobia – fear of going to a movie theater Coimetrophobia – fear of cemeteries Collegiphobia – fear of college and university (branch of scolionophobia ) Concertophobia – fear of concerts Dimotikophobia – fear of elementary school (branch of scolionophobia ) Domatophobia , Eicophobia , Oikophobia – fear of houses or being in a house Ecclesiophobia – fear of church Ergophobia – fear of the workplace Fundophobia – fear of farms Hauntophobia – fear of haunted houses Hiskophobia – fear of high school (branch of scolionophobia ) Hylophobia – fear of forests Incarcerophobia – fear of going to jail or prison Koinoloutrophobia – fear of public restrooms Lemmaparcophobia – fear of going to an amusement park Librariophobia – fear of libraries Mercerophobia – fear of grocery stores Nosocomephobia – fear of hospitals Nostophobia – fear of returning home Nyctohylophobia – fear of dark wooded areas or of forests at night Officinaphobia – fear of shopping Orophobia , Akraphobia , Bounophobia – fear of mountains Pallamagliophobia – fear of shopping mall Scolionophobia – fear of going to school Tavernaphobia , Coponaphobia – fear of bar or tavern Thalassophobia – fear of the sea or being in the ocean (branch of aquaphobia ) Walmartophobia – fear of Walmart Zhongophobia – fear of middle school (branch of scolionophobia ) Zoolophobia – fear of zoos Ablutophobia – fear of bathing, washing or cleaning Latrophobia – fear of worship Agraphobia – fear of sexual contact Agyrophobia , Dromophobia – fear of crossing the road Algophobia , Odynophobia , Odynephobia – fear of pain Alienabductophobia – fear of alien abduction (branch of alienophobia and abductophobia ) Almaphobia – fear of jumping Ambulophobia , Stasiphobia – fear of standing or walking Ammophobia , Ammosophobia – fear of walking on sand Amychophobia – fear of being scratched Anablephobia – fear of looking up Anagnosmaphobia – fear of reading Anditchophobia – fear of being on time Anuptaphobia – fear of breaking up Atychiphobia , Kakorrhaphiophobia – fear of failure or defeat Aviophobia , Aviatophobia – fear of flying Basophobia , Basiphobia – fear of walking or falling Batophobia – fear of being close to tall buildings Bayuephobia – fear of August Biochronophobia – fear that one's biological clock will run down before one has had a chance adequately to replenish the species Capiophobia – fear of getting arrested Capnophobia – fear of smoking Casadastraphobia – fear of falling into the sky Catagelophobia – fear of being ridiculed Catapedaphobia – fear of jumping from high and low places Catastrophobia – fear of disasters Cathisophobia , Kathisophobia , Thaasophobia – fear of sitting Cedeiaphobia – fear of attending funerals (satellite of gamocedeiaphobia ) Chapitgoephobia – fear of November Chiraptophobia , Aphephobia , Haphephobia , Haptephobia , Thixophobia – fear of touching or of being touched Chorophobia – fear of dancing Chronohodophobia – fear of time travel Cinephobia – fear of movies Climacophobia – fear of climbing, or of falling downstairs Clinophobia – fear of going to bed Cnidophobia – fear of getting stung by bees, etc. Contreltophobia – fear of sexual abuse Cunniphobia – fear of performing cunnilingus for various or singular reasons Daknophobia – fear of being bitten Dakrophobia – fear of crying Decidophobia – fear of making decisions Deipnophobia – fear of dinner Dentophobia – fear of dental procedures Deprecorophobia – fear of curse Devwahrphobia – fear of doing homework Dishabiliophobia – fear of undressing in front of someone Disposophobia – fear of getting rid of or losing things – sometimes wrongly defined as "compulsive hoarding" Doronophobia – fear of opening gifts Doxophobia – fear of expressing opinions or of receiving praise Ecothermophobia – fear of global warming Ehsanophobia – fear of expending money Ekrixiphobia , Ekriphobia – fear of explosions Emetophobia – fear of vomiting Encavmaphobia , Kaiomaphobia , Kaiophobia – fear of getting burned (branch of traumatophobia ) Enosiophobia , Enissophobia – fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism Epistaxiophobia – fear of nosebleeds Ergaleophobia – fear of using tools Ergasiophobia – fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon's fear of operating Erratophobia , Errophobia – fear of making mistakes Eructophobia – fear of burping Flatulophobia , Flatuphobia – fear of farting Fragapanophobia – fear of birthdays Fumusterroremophobia – fear of smoke alarms (branch of ligyrophobia ) Gamocedeiaphobia – fear of attending weddings and funerals Gamophobia – fear of getting married or commitment Gargalaphobia – fear of being tickled Gelotophobia – fear of being laughed at Gephyrophobia , Gephydrophobia , Gephysrophobia – fear of crossing bridges Gerascophobia – fear of growing old or aging Giortiphobia , Simbosiophobia – fear of parties Glossophobia – fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak Graphophobia – fear of writing or handwriting Grothophobia , Gronthokopophobia – fear of getting punched Hamartophobia – fear of sinning Harpaxophobia – fear of being robbed Hedonophobia – fear of feeling pleasure Hodophobia – fear of travel Hypnophobia , Somniphobia – fear of sleep Igniterroremophobia – fear of fire alarms (branch of ligyrophobia ) Incestophobia – fear of incest Ipovlopsychophobia – fear of having one’s photograph taken Jackboxophobia – fear of objects suddenly popping out of boxes Jiuyuephobia – fear of September Jocophobia , Joculophobia – fear of having fun Kakologophobia – fear of swearing and of hearing swear words Kakoneirophobia – fear of nightmares (branch of oneirophobia ) Kakophobia – fear of bad situations Kheimonphobia – fear of winter Kleptophobia , Cleptophobia – fear of stealing Kinetophobia , Kinesophobia – fear of movement or motion Kopophobia – fear of fatigue Lickophobia , Lambophobia – fear of being licked Leptophobia – fear of losing weight Liticaphobia – fear of being sued Liuyuephobia – fear of June Macrophobia – fear of long waits Mageirocophobia – fear of cooking Mastigophobia , Poinephobia – fear of being punished Mathemaphobia – fear of mathematics Medomalacuphobia , Medomalacophobia – fear of losing an erection Medorthophobia – fear of penis being erected Merinthophobia – fear of being bound or tied up Metathesiophobia – fear of changes Myoclunusdiagphragmaphobia , Singultophobia – fear of hiccups Mysophobia – fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs Natatophobia – fear of swimming Naturophobia – fear of natural phenomena Nomophobia – fear of being out of mobile phone contact Nonamophobia – fear of blackout Oblitophobia , Dediscophobia – fear of forgetting Oneirogmophobia – fear of wet dreams (branch of oneirophobia ) Oneirophobia – fear of dreams Onomatophobia – fear of hearing a certain word or of names Ophthalmophobia – fear of being stared at Optophobia – fear of opening one's eyes Panthophobia – fear of suffering Pantreiaphobia – fear of attending weddings (satellite of gamocedeiaphobia ) Paralipophobia – fear of neglecting duty Paraskavedekatriaphobia , Paraskevidekatriaphobia – fear of Friday the 13th ( Friggatriskaidekaphobia ) Paraskeviphobia – fear of Fridays Pertussaphobia , Tussaphobia – fear of coughing Phagophobia – fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten Phalacrophobia – fear of becoming bald Pharsaphobia – fear of pranks Philemaphobia , Philematophobia – fear of kissing Phronemophobia – fear of thinking Pinchophobia – fear of being pinched Piptophobia – fear of falling Pnigophobia , Pnigerophobia – fear of choking or of being smothered Obesophobia , Pocrescophobia – fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat Ponophobia – fear of overworking Posthocalyptrophobia – fear of buying or using condom Proschophobia – fear of preschool Protologistophobia – fear of inventing new words Pruritophobia – fear of itches Pteronophobia – fear of being tickled by feathers Pungophobia – fear of getting stabbed Qiyuephobia – fear of July Queunliskanphobia – fear of spitting Rhabdophobia – fear of being severely punished or beaten by a rod, or of being severely criticized Rhypophobia – fear of defecation Rundfuphobia – fear of listening to the radio Sanyuephobia – fear of March Scopophobia , Scoptophobia – fear of being looked at or stared at Scriptophobia – fear of writing in public Scythephobia – fear of cutting grass Seismophobia – fear of earthquakes Selaphobia – fear of light flashes (branch of photophobia ) Shieryuephobia – fear of December Snapophobia - fear of finger snapping Sophophobia – fear of learning Stasihyelophobia – fear of standing on glass Sternutaphobia – fear of sneezing Stubaphobia – fear of cutting nails Subterraneapremortephobia – fear of being buried alive Taphophobia , Taphephobia – fear of being placed in a grave while still alive Teleophobia – fear of religious ceremonies Telephonophobia – fear of telephones ringing Televisiophobia – fear of watching television Teratophobia – fear of bearing a deformed child Terrorphobia – fear of terrorism Testophobia – fear of taking tests Tetartiphobia – fear of Wednesdays Thanatophobia , Thantophobia – fear of dying Therophobia – fear of summer Tokophobia , Lockiophobia , Maieusiophobia , Parturiphobia – fear of pregnancy and childbirth Tomophobia – fear of surgical operations Tonsurephobia – fear of getting haircut Traumatophobia , Traumaphobia – fear of getting injured Tremophobia – fear of trembling Carcinophobia , Cancerophobia – fear of cancer Cholerophobia – fear of cholera Cypridophobia , Cypriphobia , Cyprianophobia , Cyprinophobia – fear of prostitutes or venereal disease Defecaloesiophobia – fear of painful bowels movements or diarrhea Dermatosiophobia , Dermatopathophobia – fear of skin disease Diabetophobia – fear of diabetes Hydrophobophobia , Kynophobia , Lyssophobia – fear of rabies Hylephobia – fear of epilepsy Meningitophobia – fear of brain disease Monopathophobia – fear of definite disease Nosomentophobia – fear of mental illness Nosophobia , Nosemaphobia – fear of becoming ill Pathophobia – fear of diseases Phobophobia – fear of fears or phobias Poliosophobia – fear of contracting poliomyelitis Rectophobia – fear of rectal diseases Scabiophobia – fear of scabies (branch of dermatosiophobia ) Syphilophobia – fear of syphilis Tetanophobia – fear of lockjaw or tetanus Trichinophobia – fear of trichinosis Tuberculophobia , Phthisiophobia – fear of tuberculosis Vaccinophobia – fear of vaccines Acousticophobia – fear of noises (branch of phonophobia ) Aerosakaphobia – fear of airbags Aichmophobia – fear of sharp or pointed objects (such as a needle or knife) Aircophobia – fear of air conditioners, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Airuniphobia – fear of air conditioning units, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Allodoxaphobia – fear of opinions Altocelarophobia – fear of high ceilings (branch of celarophobia ) Anemistiraphobia – fear of fans, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Antennaphobia – fear of antennae Archeiothikiphobia – fear of file cabinets Armarophobia – fear of cupboards, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Arpaphobia – fear of harps, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Atelophobia – fear of not being good enough or imperfection Athlematophobia – fear of sports (branch of venatophobia ) Aulophobia – fear of flutes, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Autokeraphobia – fear of car horns Autoplenophobia – fear of car washes Automatonophobia – fear of humanoid figures Bahnubophobia – fear of railroad crossings Balteusphobia – fear of belts Bracesphobia – fear of dental braces Buhuajiphobia – fear of walkie-talkies Caelophobia – fear of the sky Cameraphobia – fear of cameras Cassettophobia – fear of cassette tapes Catastolephobia – fear of repression or repressive culture/countries Cathedraphobia – fear of chairs, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Catoptrophobia – fear of mirrors, branch of oikophobia (fear of home surroundings) Celarophobia – fear of ceilings Cenophobia , Centophobia , Neophobia – fear of new things or ideas Charakaphobia – fear of rulers Chloephobia – fear of newspapers (branch of papyrophobia ) Chreostikikartaphobia – fear of debit cards Chrometophobia , Chrematophobia – fear of money Chronomentrophobia – fear of clocks Chronophobia – fear of time and time moving forward Cistulaphobia – fear of cabinets, branch of oikophobia (fear of home surroundings) Citharaphobia – fear of guitars, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Clinephobia , Klinephobia – fear of beds, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Cloacaphobia – fear of sewers Colimbophobia – fear of swimming pool, branch of aquaphobia (fear of water) Consecotaleophobia – fear of chopsticks Cranophobia , Kranophobia – fear of helmets Cremnophobia – fear of precipices Cyberphobia – fear of computers, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Cymophobia , Kymophobia – fear of waves or wave-like motions Defenestraphobia – fear of windows Dengpaophobia – fear of light bulbs Dextrophobia – fear of objects at the right side of the body Diaperphobia – fear of diapers, branch of vestiphobia (fear of clothing) Dikephobia – fear of justice Dinophobia – fear of dizziness or whirlpools Dishleprophobia – fear of dishwashers, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Disneyphobia – fear of The Walt Disney Company Doorbellphobia – fear of doorbells Doraphobia – fear of fur or skins of animals Dulunchephobia – fear of wheelbarrows Dumasaphobia – fear of stupid things Dumpsterphobia – fear of dumpsters Drogerphobia – fear of clothes dryers, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Eapalliophobia – fear of rugs Fyllofysophobia – fear of leaf blowers Gakkiphobia – fear of musical instruments Gephyrophobia – fear of bridges Geumaphobia , Geumophobia – fear of taste Globophobia – fear of balloons Googlephobia – fear of the Google search engine Gouwuchephobia – fear of shopping carts Grafeiophobia , Mensamophobia – fear of desks, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Gyaliaphobia – fear of eyeglasses Hagiophobia – fear of holy things Handcuffphobia – fear of handcuffs Hearingaidphobia – fear of hearing aids Hedgetrophobia – fear of hedge trimmers Heizgephobia – fear of heaters, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Heresyphobia , Hereiophobia – fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation Herpetophobia – fear of creepy, crawly things Hibernicaphobia – fear of carpets, branch of oikophobia (fear of home surroundings) Hierophobia – fear of sacred things Hoplophobia – fear of weapons, specifically firearms Hosephobia – fear of hoses Hyelophobia , Hyalophobia , Nelophobia – fear of glass Hygrophobia – fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture Hylephobia – fear of materialism Hypengyophobia , Hypegiaphobia – fear of responsibility Jukeboxophobia – fear of jukeboxes Kafetiphobia – fear of coffeemakers, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Kaltsaphobia – fear of socks, branch of vestiphobia (fear of clothing) Kamarakiphobia – fear of closets Molysmophobia , Molysomophobia – fear of dirt ( Rupophobia ) or contamination Metrophobia – fear of poetry Microphobia , Mycrophobia – fear of small things Microscopophobia – fear of microscopes Microvophobia – fear of microwave ovens, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Mnemophobia – fear of memories Mythophobia – fear of myths, stories or false statements Naitosutandophobia – fear of nightstands, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Necrophobia – fear of dead things Nintendophobia – fear of Nintendo Nojescentrophobia – fear of entertainment centers, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Nucleomituphobia – fear of nuclear weapons (branch of hoplophobia ) Oikophobia , Domatophobia , Eicophobia – fear of home surroundings Opiophobia – fear of doctor's experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients Oratoparophobia – fear of speakers Ordclaviphobia – fear of computer keyboards Orthophobia – fear of property Osmophobia , Osphresiophobia , Olfactophobia – fear of smells or odors (especially bad) Osouriphobia – fear of computer mice Otaspidaphobia – fear of earplugs Psygephobia – fear of refrigerators, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Pumppuphobia – fear of sump pump, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Pupaphobia – fear of puppets (branch of automatonophobia ) Purinsumphobia – fear of trash cans Purgamentophobia – fear of garbage Pyrophobia , Arsonphobia – fear of fire Pyrotechnimaphobia – fear of fireworks Radiophobia – fear of radioactivity or X-rays Rasemaphobia – fear of lawn mowers Receiptphobia – fear of receipts Renwuphobia – fear of action figures (branch of automatonophobia ) Reshuiqiphobia – fear of water heaters, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Retainerphobia – fear of dental retainers Revmagrammiphobia – fear of power lines Rhabdophobia – fear of magic Robophobia , Robotaphobia – fear of robots, drones and artificial intelligence Sakidiophobia – fear of backpacks Saxophonophobia – fear of saxophones, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Scatophobia – fear of fecal matter Scharaphobia – fear of grills Sciophobia , Sciaphobia – fear of shadows Scotomaphobia – fear of blindness in visual field Scriniaphobia – fear of bookcases, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Segaphobia – fear of Sega Seplophobia – fear of decaying matter Sfoungaristraphobia – fear of mops Teleophobia – fear of definite plans Telephonophobia – fear of telephones, branch of Syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Telescopophobia – fear of telescopes Televisiophobia – fear of televisions, branch of Syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Terramophobia – fear of the ground Textophobia – fear of certain fabrics Theologicophobia – fear of theology Thesaurophobia – fear of treasure chests Tilecheiristiriophobia – fear of remote controls Tingchechangphobia – fear of parking lots Tingchechekuphobia – fear of parking garages Toasterphobia – fear of toasters, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Toichophobia – fear of walls Topophobia – fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright Toualetaphobia – fear of toilets, branch of oikophobia (fear of home surroundings) Touvlophobia – fear of bricks Trapezaphobia – fear of tables, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Trokhophobia – fear of wheels Trompetaphobia – fear of trumpets, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Trypanophobia – fear of needles ( Belonephobia ) or injections (branch of aichmophobia ) Trypophobia – fear of holes Tympanophobia – fear of drums, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Umbrellaphobia – fear of umbrellas Vestiphobia , Vestiophobia – fear of clothing Viemaphobia – fear of drains Vinitophobia – fear of dressers, branch of epiplaphobia (fear of furnitures) Violiphobia – fear of violins, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Voedsephobia – fear of garbage disposals Volanphobia – fear of steering wheels Vothrophobia – fear of cesspool Vinylophobia – fear of vinyl records Wanjuwuphobia – fear of dollhouses (branch of automatonophobia ) Wheelchairphobia – fear of wheelchairs Wiiphobia – fear of the Wii Xinxiangphobia – fear of mailboxes Xylophonophobia – fear of xylophones, branch of gakkiphobia (fear of musical instruments) Xypnitiriphobia – fear of alarm clocks, branch of syskeviphobia (fear of appliances) Xyrophobia – fear of razors Yinshuijiphobia – fear of drinking fountains Ypnodomatiophobia – fear of bedrooms Yupenphobia – fear of bathtubs, branch of oikophobia (fear of home surroundings) Yushuaphobia – fear of windshield wipers Zapsaulphobia – fear of gas pumps Zariphobia – fear of dice Zizanmephobia – fear of weed eaters Zoniasfaleiaphobia – fear of seatbelts Futurephobia – fear of the future Gamophobia – fear of being in a relationship Gerontophobia – fear of the elderly Gymnophobia , Nudaphobia – fear of nudity Homophobia – fear of sameness and monotony Implexaphobia – fear of tanglement Isolophobia , Autophobia , Monophobia , Uniphobia – fear of being alone or isolated Lectotaphobia – fear of life not being long enough to read all the great books of mankind Leptophobia – fear of being skinny Morophobia – fear of stupidity Neophobia – fear of anything new Noctiphobia – fear of the night Obesophobia – fear of obesity Ochlophobia – fear of mobs (branch of enochlophobia ) Omegaphobia – fear of being last in line Oudenophobia – fear of nothingness Paliophobia – fear of old things Peniaphobia – fear of poverty Procerophobia – fear of being too tall Retrophobia – fear of the past Sedetaphobia – fear of silence Tachophobia – fear of high speeds Tapinophobia – fear of being contagious Thermophobia – fear of heat Aibohphobia – a joke term for the fear of palindromes, which is a palindrome itself. The term is a piece of computer humor entered into the 1981 The Devil's DP Dictionary Anachrophobia – fear of temporal displacement, from a Doctor Who novel by Jonathan Morris. Anatidaephobia – the fictional fear that somewhere, somehow, a duck is watching you. From Gary Larson's The Far Side. Anoraknophobia – a portmanteau of "anorak" and " arachnophobia ". Used in the Wallace and Gromit comic book Anoraknophobia. Also the title of an album by Marillion. Arachibutyrophobia – fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. The word is used by Charles M. Schulz in a 1982 installment of his "Peanuts" comic strip and by Peter O'Donnell in his 1985 Modesty Blaise adventure novel Dead Man's Handle. Claustrommetaphobia - fear of suffocating on one's own eyeballs Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia – fear of long words. Hippopoto – "big" due to its allusion to the Greek-derived word hippopotamus (though this is derived as hippo- "horse" compounded with potam-os "river", so originally meaning "river horse"; according to the Oxford English, "hippopotamine" has been construed as large since 1847, so this coinage is reasonable); -monstr- is from Latin words meaning "monstrous", -o- is a noun-compounding vowel; -sesquipedali- comes from "sesquipedalian" meaning a long word (literally "a foot and a half long" in Latin), -o- is a noun-compounding vowel, and -phobia means "fear". Note: This was mentioned on the first episode of Brainiac Series Five as one of Tickle's Teasers. Keanuphobia – fear of Keanu Reeves, portrayed in the Dean Koontz book, False Memory, where a woman has an irrational fear of Keanu Reeves and has to see her psychiatrist, Mark Ahriman, each week, unaware that she only has the fear in the first place because the psychotic Ahriman implanted it via hypnotic suggestion to amuse himself. He calls her the "Keanuphobe" in his head. Luposlipaphobia – fear of being pursued by timber wolves around a kitchen table while wearing socks on a newly waxed floor, also from Gary Larson's The Far Side. Lunaediesophobia – fear of Mondays (comes from the Latin word Luna meaning "Moon", and suffix -phobia) Monkeyphobia – fear of monkeys, as named by Lord Monkey Fist in the animated series Kim Possible. Due to spending a summer in a cabin with a crazy chimp mascot, Ron Stoppable has a fear of monkeys, which he gets over several times, usually during battles with Monkey Fist, who is essentially Ron's arch-nemesis. Nihilophobia – fear of nothingness (comes from the combination of the Latin word nihil which means nothing, none, and the suffix -phobia), as described by the Doctor in the Star Trek: Voyager episode Night. Voyager's morale officer and chef Neelix suffers from this condition, having panic attacks while the ship was traversing a dark expanse of space known as the Void. It is also the title of a 2008 album by Neuronium. Also, the animated version of George of the Jungle (2007 TV series) is seen suffering in one episode of the cartoon, where they are telling scary stories. Robophobia – Irrational fear of robots and/or androids, also known as "Grimwade's Syndrome". First heard in the Doctor Who story The Robots of Death. Semaphobia – fear of average Web developers to use Semantic Web technologies. Venustraphobia – fear of beautiful women, according to a 1998 humorous article published by BBC News. The word is a portmanteau of "Venus trap" and "phobia". Venustraphobia is the title of a 2006 album by Casbah Club.	i don't know
Nosocomephobia is the irrational fear of which institutions?	Nosocomephobia - defined because the excessive worry of hospitals \| Phobia Source Nosocomephobia – defined because the excessive worry of hospitals Nosocomephobia comes from the the Greek language, nosokemeion- which means hospital and phobos being irrational fear. Nosocomephobia is an overwhelming, irrational worry of hospitals. The nosocomephobic individual could refrain from going to the hospital out of concern of contracting illness or disease. Some people coping with this phobia might associate hospitals with tragic illnesses, accidents, even death. In its excessive form, the particular person compromised with Nosocomephobia will avoid visiting family members who have been hospitalized and/or will refuse to attend medical appointments scheduled on the hospital. What Causes Nosocomephobia? As is the case with all phobias, the particular person suffering with Nosocomephobia has skilled some tragedy at some time in their life. That traumatic expertise is then consistently and mechanically associated with hospitals. Maybe the nosocomephobic person has suffered a serious injury or illness that resulted in hospitalization. Perhaps this individual has personal information of another person who was hospitalized and finally died. Maybe the individual compromised by Nosocomephobia is delicate to the antiseptic smell of hospitals or intensely squeamish around all of the medical gear in use at the hospital. Perhaps, this individual watched the damaging and fearful reactions of others when confronted with having to go to hospital and easily learned to imitate that response.	Hospital
Hedonophobia is the irrational fear of ‘what’ that should be good for people?	Nosocomephobia - hospital fear, infirmary fear, hospital phobia, infirmary phobia, fear of hospitals, fear of infirmaries, phobia of hosptials, phobia of infirmaries Websites Welcome to my site for Nosocomephobia. In hopes of trying to provide some helpful information, I have searched the Internet looking for information on Nosocomephobia (hospital fear, infirmary fear, hospital phobia, infirmary phobia, fear of hospitals, fear of infirmaries, phobia of hosptials, phobia of infirmaries). Please note I am not a doctor and only provide this site for informational purposes. I hope you will find some benefit in the site. Best wishes! ~Edd~ In order to provide good information on Nosocomephobia it is best to first understand what a phobia is. I will present some information on phobia below. Please use the other links in the navigation bar to find information on Nosocomephobia. What is phobia? A phobia is a strong, persistent fear of situations, objects, activities, or persons. The main symptom of this disorder is the excessive, unreasonable desire to avoid the feared subject. Phobias are believed to be developed by heredity, genetics and brain-chemistry combine with life-experiences. Types of phobias: Social phobias, Specific phobias and Agoraphobia Social phobias are fears that involve other people or social situations such as performance anxiety, fears of embarrassment or humiliation by scrutiny of others. Examples of these phobias would be eating in public, giving a speech, and even sexual activities. People with these phobias tend to avoid the situations they fear. Specific phobias are typically fears of certain objects or situations. Specific phobias usually contain specific panic triggers, such as spiders, snakes, mice, elevators, or flying. These fears develop during childhood and tend to go away, for example, the fear of the dark. If the fear continues through to adulthood, treatment would be the only solution. These fears can keep people from having a normal life, depending on how often they must encounter/avoid the fear. Agoraphobia is a fear of experiencing a panic attack in a place or situation from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing or they cannot obtain help. People with this phobia may fear being alone, being in a crowd, flying, being in an elevator. Agoraphobia is the only phobia regularly treated as a medical condition. Note: If you are going to do a search, some common Nosocomephobia search terms include Nosocomephobia, hospital fear, infirmary fear, hospital phobia, infirmary phobia, fear of hospitals, fear of infirmaries, phobia of hosptials, phobia of infirmaries. DISCLAIMER: PLEASE READ - By printing, downloading, or using you this information, you agree to the following: 1) I am only providing this material for information and research purposes. 2) The information is "AS IS", "WITH ALL FAULTS". 3) You understand the information was gathered by doing a general search on Internet search engines for the following terms: Nosocomephobia, hospital fear, infirmary fear, hospital phobia, infirmary phobia, fear of hospitals, fear of infirmaries, phobia of hosptials, phobia of infirmaries. 4) User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. 5) Information may have errors or be outdated. 6) Some information is from historical sources or represents opinions of the author. 7) You agree that we have no liability for any damages. 8) I are not liable for any consequential, incidental, indirect, or special damages. Finally, if you do not agree to terms, do not use the information. It is for informational and research purposes only! If you have any questions please contact me [email protected]	i don't know
Podophobia is the irrational fear of which part of the body?	Fear of Feet Phobia – Podophobia You are here: Home / Phobias / Fear of Feet Phobia – Podophobia Fear of Feet Phobia – Podophobia To most people, the fear of feet phobia might sound weird or bizarre. However, Podophobia does exist and is quite a common specific phobia affecting many people across the globe. The word Podophobia originates from Greek ‘Podos’ meaning feet. People with Podophobia tend to get upset at the sight of feet. Different people experience Podophobia differently: some do not like it when others look at their feet or touch them. Still others are anxious or afraid of their own feet. Many do not like to hear, read/talk about or even see their own feet. The phobia can be detrimental to the sufferer’s health and well being, as, often, s/he refuses to remove shoes or socks preferring to keep them on even while sleeping. This can lead to fungal infections, allergies and other medical conditions. Let us study the symptoms, causes and treatment for fear of feet phobia in detail. Causes or origin of fear of feet phobia Nobody knows for sure why the fear of feet occurs. Some experts believe that a traumatic or negative experience in the past, which had something to do with feet, might have triggered this phobia. A child might remember being kicked over and over by an elder or sibling and hence come to hate or dislike feet intensely. In such cases, the Podophobe tends to get irritated, anxious or extremely frightened at the sight of other people’s bare feet. Some doctors believe that the fear might have been inherited or have genetic causes. Sometimes, it might simply exist without any explicable reasons. Painful foot conditions like bunions, hammertoe etc can also lead to fearing pain of the feet. In some cases, these conditions can be linked to Podophobia. Generally speaking, people who tend to be high strung, overly anxious or are having some kind of adrenal deficiency might also acquire Podophobia. Symptoms of Podophobia As is the case with other phobias, Podophobia can also be persistent. The sufferer might experience many physical or psychological symptoms despite knowing that feet are not harmful or dangerous. Yet, s/he is absolutely powerless to overcome the symptoms: Shortness of breath or accelerated heartbeat and palpitations at the sight of or thought about feet Extreme fear or anxiety that leads to constant movie-like images about feet in the phobic’s mind Sweating, shaking or trembling	Foot
Gamophobia is the irrational fear of what type of relationship?	What Does Podophobia Mean? Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Home > Alternative Therapies 2 > What Does Podophobia Mean? Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Published August 18, 2016 by PUP What Does Podophobia Mean? Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Everyone has fear and anxiety but it is not strong enough to disrupt daily life. For example some people may have fear of cockroaches, darkness, height and they avoid them. But this type of fear is quite different from having phobia of something. A phobia is an unreasonable, irrational and continuous fear for a particular object or a situation. Phobias interfere with normal functioning. Podophobia is one such type of phobia in which person has fear of feet. It may sound strange as fear of feet is not common like many other phobias. However it is present in many people. Podophobia is derived from Greek word podos (feet) and phobos (fear). People suffering from podophobia typically get frightened and upset when they see or come close to feet. Some people are also frightened looking at their own feet. For this reason they always cover their feet with socks and shoes even when they take shower or sleep. Podophobia can affect health of a person in many ways. For example keeping the feet covered all the time can lead to fungal infection and skin allergy. This illogical, unrealistic and absurd behavior can also affect the mental well being of a person. Possible Causes Of Podophobia The cause for fear of feet phobia till today is unclear. Researchers believe several unpleasant experiences in a person’s early childhood life related to feet may be responsible to trigger podophobia. For example a child may remember being kicked frequently by his elders and peers. This may have put a fearful imprint on the child’s mind. Thus during his whole life he may tend to get irritated, anxious and fearful when he observes bare feet of people. Some experts believe the condition may have genetic trait and it may be inherited. Person who has painful foot condition such as a hammertoe or bunion might over a period of time develop podophobia. People suffering from podophobia are generally found to be extremely overanxious and fearful. Signs And Symptoms Of Podophobia Podophobia persists for a long duration. The patient may suffer from variety of physical and psychological symptoms although he knows that the fear of feet is unrealistic. But this fact does not reduce the distress of a podophobic. He feels powerless to overcome the symptoms. Below are given important symptoms of podophobia. Breathlessness and shallow breathing on seeing or thinking of feet. Rapid heartbeat and pulse. Intense sweating even when the atmosphere is cold. Trembling of hands and whole body. Gastrointestinal problems ranging from nausea to diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Feeling dizzy and faint. Always tries to cover his feet or asks other people to cover their feet. Gets fearful if others touch his feet. Keeps away from thinking, talking on subjects related to feet. The severity of symptoms may vary from one person to another. All these psychological and physical symptoms of podophobia can affect the social life of a person. Alternative Therapies To Overcome Podophobia The daily routine and daily life can be affected in people suffering from podophobia. To get rid of fear they may need medical help as well as positive thinking. Patient has to keep patience and perseverance when he is undergoing the treatment as the cure will take time. Patient may require several therapies such as psychotherapy, counseling, self help books which will help him to gradually overcome fear of feet. All these techniques basically involve desensitizing. It means the patient is exposed to the trigger slowly over a period of time. Firstly he will be exposed to pictures of feet. Following which he may be told to touch feet of people or let others touch his feet. People suffering from this disorder are advised to regularly attend pedicure session. This will allow them to gradually expose to the sight and touch of his feet. Often knowing the root causes that has triggered this unnatural response can give a guideline for further treatment. Hypnotherapy is beneficial to know the inside of the patient’s mind. Antianxiolytic medicines are also recommended as a part of therapy by doctors. It helps to reduce anxiety occurring from podophobia. Related posts:	i don't know
Anthrophobia (or anthophobia) is the irrational fear of which part of nature?	Anthrophobia- Fear of flowers \| Phobia Source Home » Phobia List Anthrophobia- Fear of flowers Anthophobia (from Greek roots anthos, flower, and phobos, fear) is an abnormal, irrational, intense and persistent fear of flowers. Though sufferers generally understand that they face no threat from flowers, they invariably experience anxiety at the sight or thought of them. There is no specific flower which causes this fear. Any genus or species of flowers can instil fear, so can any flower part such as a petal or stem. Anthophobia is usually caused by traumatic experience in the past that is linked emotionally to flowers. Many times, anthophobia is not caused by an actual event but triggered by harmless events at a very young age, like watching movies and TV, or perhaps seeing someone else getting hurt like being pricked with the thorn of a rose or another flower. Another source of this fear is an allergic reaction to a certain flower thus causing the person to avoid flowers in general, and be scared even at the mere thought of flowers. In those who believe in Tarot Cards, they are aware that the Grim Reaper which symbolizes death carries a white rose and any thought of this particular flower can cause them great unease. Symptoms include dizziness, palpitations, nausea, restlessness when presented with a flower. They might avoid events that they know will have flowers such as weddings or funerals, and will avoid going to the garden. Treatment involves psychotherapy and is usually enough for most people. Medications are rarely needed.	Flower
Uranophobia is the irrational fear of which place or state of bliss?	Fear of Flowers - Posy News from Around the Globe - Posh Posy Florist, Tybee Island, Georgia Flower Fear? The Flower Expert Did you know? Elizabeth I of England suffered from anthophobia, the flower fear, roses in particular. Fear of flowers or flower fear is defined as an abnormal and persistent fear of flowers. People suffering from flower fear experience undue anxiety even though they realize they face no threat from flowers. There is no specific flower which causes this fear, any genus or species of flowers can instill fear. So can any flower part, such as a petal or stem. Fear of flowers is termed "Anthophobia," a word derived from the Greek words- "anthos", meaning flower and "phobos", meaning fear. Flower fear is also known as Anthrophobia. Anthophobia is an intense fear of flowers that poses little or no actual danger. While adults with anthophobia realize that these fears are irrational, they often find that facing, or even thinking about facing, the feared situation brings on a panic attack or severe anxiety. Source:flowerexpert.com \| 12 May 2008	i don't know
Gymnophobia is the irrational fear of which natural state in humans?	The Phobia List Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car. Ambulophobia- Fear of walking. Amychophobia- Fear of scratches or being scratched. Anablephobia- Fear of looking up. Ancraophobia- Fear of wind. (Anemophobia) Androphobia- Fear of men. Anemophobia- Fear of air drafts or wind.(Ancraophobia) Anginophobia- Fear of angina, choking or narrowness. Anglophobia- Fear of England or English culture, etc. Angrophobia - Fear of anger or of becoming angry. Ankylophobia- Fear of immobility of a joint. Anthrophobia or Anthophobia- Fear of flowers. Anthropophobia- Fear of people or society. Antlophobia- Fear of floods. Anuptaphobia- Fear of staying single. Apeirophobia- Fear of infinity. Aphenphosmphobia- Fear of being touched. (Haphephobia) Apiphobia- Fear of bees. Apotemnophobia- Fear of persons with amputations. Arachibutyrophobia- Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. Arachnephobia or Arachnophobia- Fear of spiders. Arithmophobia- Fear of numbers. Cainophobia or Cainotophobia- Fear of newness, novelty. Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women. Cancerophobia or Carcinophobia- Fear of cancer. Cardiophobia- Fear of the heart. Carnophobia- Fear of meat. Catagelophobia- Fear of being ridiculed. Catapedaphobia- Fear of jumping from high and low places. Cathisophobia- Fear of sitting. Cenophobia or Centophobia- Fear of new things or ideas. Ceraunophobia or Keraunophobia- Fear of thunder and lightning.(Astraphobia, Astrapophobia) Chaetophobia- Fear of hair. Cheimaphobia or Cheimatophobia- Fear of cold.(Frigophobia, Psychophobia) Chemophobia- Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals. Cherophobia- Fear of gaiety. Chiraptophobia- Fear of being touched. Chirophobia- Fear of hands. Cholerophobia- Fear of anger or the fear of cholera. Chorophobia- Fear of dancing. Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia- Fear of money. Chromophobia or Chromatophobia- Fear of colors. Chronophobia- Fear of time. Cibophobia- Fear of food.(Sitophobia, Sitiophobia) Claustrophobia- Fear of confined spaces. Cleithrophobia or Cleisiophobia- Fear of being locked in an enclosed place. Cleptophobia- Fear of stealing. Climacophobia- Fear of stairs, climbing, or of falling downstairs. Clinophobia- Fear of going to bed. Clithrophobia or Cleithrophobia- Fear of being enclosed. Cnidophobia- Fear of stings. Decidophobia- Fear of making decisions. Defecaloesiophobia- Fear of painful bowels movements. Deipnophobia- Fear of dining or dinner conversations. Dementophobia- Fear of insanity. Demonophobia or Daemonophobia- Fear of demons. Demophobia- Fear of crowds. (Agoraphobia) Dendrophobia- Fear of trees. Dermatophobia- Fear of skin lesions. Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia- Fear of skin disease. Dextrophobia- Fear of objects at the right side of the body. Diabetophobia- Fear of diabetes. Didaskaleinophobia- Fear of going to school. Dikephobia- Fear of justice. Dinophobia- Fear of dizziness or whirlpools. Diplophobia- Fear of double vision. Dipsophobia- Fear of drinking. Dishabiliophobia- Fear of undressing in front of someone. Disposophobia- Fear of throwing stuff out. Hoarding. Domatophobia- Fear of houses or being in a house.(Eicophobia, Oikophobia) Doraphobia- Fear of fur or skins of animals. Doxophobia- Fear of expressing opinions or of receiving praise. Dromophobia- Fear of crossing streets. Dutchphobia- Fear of the Dutch. Dysmorphophobia- Fear of deformity. Hagiophobia- Fear of saints or holy things. Hamartophobia- Fear of sinning. Haphephobia or Haptephobia- Fear of being touched. Harpaxophobia- Fear of being robbed. Hedonophobia- Fear of feeling pleasure. Heliophobia- Fear of the sun. Hellenologophobia- Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology. Helminthophobia- Fear of being infested with worms. Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia- Fear of blood. Heresyphobia or Hereiophobia- Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation. Herpetophobia- Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things. Heterophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Sexophobia) Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia- Fear of the number 666. Hierophobia- Fear of priests or sacred things. Hippophobia- Fear of horses. Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia- Fear of long words. Hobophobia- Fear of bums or beggars. Hodophobia- Fear of road travel. Hormephobia- Fear of shock. Homophobia- Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms. Hydrargyophobia- Fear of mercurial medicines. Hydrophobia- Fear of water or of rabies. Hydrophobophobia- Fear of rabies. Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia- Fear of glass. Hygrophobia- Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture. Hylephobia- Fear of materialism or the fear of epilepsy. Hylophobia- Fear of forests. Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia- Fear of responsibility. Hypnophobia- Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized. Hypsiphobia- Fear of height. Iatrophobia- Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors. Ichthyophobia- Fear of fish. Illyngophobia- Fear of vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down. Iophobia- Fear of poison. Isolophobia- Fear of solitude, being alone. Isopterophobia- Fear of termites, insects that eat wood. Ithyphallophobia- Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis. Metrophobia- Fear or hatred of poetry. Microbiophobia- Fear of microbes. (Bacillophobia) Microphobia- Fear of small things. Misophobia or Mysophobia- Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs. Mnemophobia- Fear of memories. Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia- Fear of dirt or contamination. Monophobia- Fear of solitude or being alone. Monopathophobia- Fear of definite disease. Motorphobia- Fear of automobiles. Musophobia or Muriphobia- Fear of mice. Mycophobia- Fear or aversion to mushrooms. Mycrophobia- Fear of small things. Myctophobia- Fear of darkness. Mythophobia- Fear of myths or stories or false statements. Myxophobia- Fear of slime. (Blennophobia) Nebulaphobia- Fear of fog. (Homichlophobia) Necrophobia- Fear of death or dead things. Nelophobia- Fear of glass. Neopharmaphobia- Fear of new drugs. Neophobia- Fear of anything new. Nephophobia- Fear of clouds. Noctiphobia- Fear of the night. Nomatophobia- Fear of names. Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia- Fear of becoming ill. Nostophobia- Fear of returning home. Novercaphobia- Fear of your step-mother. Nucleomituphobia- Fear of nuclear weapons. Nudophobia- Fear of nudity. Nyctohylophobia- Fear of dark wooded areas or of forests at night Nyctophobia- Fear of the dark or of night. If you appreciate the Phobia List, please help support it. Obesophobia- Fear of gaining weight.(Pocrescophobia) Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs. Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles. Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8. Odontophobia- Fear of teeth or dental surgery. Odynophobia or Odynephobia- Fear of pain. (Algophobia) Oenophobia- Fear of wines. Oikophobia- Fear of home surroundings, house.(Domatophobia, Eicophobia) Olfactophobia- Fear of smells. Ombrophobia- Fear of rain or of being rained on. Ommetaphobia or Ommatophobia- Fear of eyes. Omphalophobia- Fear of belly buttons. Oneirophobia- Fear of dreams. Oneirogmophobia- Fear of wet dreams. Onomatophobia- Fear of hearing a certain word or of names. Ophidiophobia- Fear of snakes. (Snakephobia) Ophthalmophobia- Fear of being stared at. Opiophobia- Fear medical doctors experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients. Optophobia- Fear of opening one's eyes. Ornithophobia- Fear of birds. Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia- Fear of smells or odors. Ostraconophobia- Fear of shellfish. Peladophobia- Fear of bald people. Pellagrophobia- Fear of pellagra. Pentheraphobia- Fear of mother-in-law. (Novercaphobia) Phagophobia- Fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten. Phalacrophobia- Fear of becoming bald. Phallophobia- Fear of a penis, esp erect. Pharmacophobia- Fear of taking medicine. Phasmophobia- Fear of ghosts. Phengophobia- Fear of daylight or sunshine. Philemaphobia or Philematophobia- Fear of kissing. Philophobia- Fear of falling in love or being in love. Philosophobia- Fear of philosophy. Photoaugliaphobia- Fear of glaring lights. Photophobia- Fear of light. Phonophobia- Fear of noises or voices or one's own voice; of telephones. Phronemophobia- Fear of thinking. Phthiriophobia- Fear of lice. (Pediculophobia) Phthisiophobia- Fear of tuberculosis. Sarmassophobia- Fear of love play. (Malaxophobia) Satanophobia- Fear of Satan. Scatophobia- Fear of fecal matter. Scelerophibia- Fear of bad men, burglars. Sciophobia Sciaphobia- Fear of shadows. Scoleciphobia- Fear of worms. Scopophobia or Scoptophobia- Fear of being seen or stared at. Scotomaphobia- Fear of blindness in visual field. Scotophobia- Fear of darkness. (Achluophobia) Scriptophobia- Fear of writing in public. Selachophobia- Fear of sharks. Selaphobia- Fear of light flashes. Selenophobia- Fear of the moon. Seplophobia- Fear of decaying matter. Sesquipedalophobia- Fear of long words. Sexophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Heterophobia) Siderodromophobia- Fear of trains, railroads or train travel. Siderophobia- Fear of stars. Sinistrophobia- Fear of things to the left or left-handed. Sinophobia- Fear of Chinese, Chinese culture. Sitophobia or Sitiophobia- Fear of food or eating. (Cibophobia) Snakephobia- Fear of snakes. (Ophidiophobia) Soceraphobia- Fear of parents-in-law. Social Phobia- Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations. Sociophobia- Fear of society or people in general. Somniphobia- Fear of sleep. Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others. Spacephobia- Fear of outer space. Spectrophobia- Fear of specters or ghosts. Spermatophobia or Spermophobia- Fear of germs. Spheksophobia- Fear of wasps. Stasibasiphobia or Stasiphobia- Fear of standing or walking. (Ambulophobia) Staurophobia- Fear of crosses or the crucifix. Stenophobia- Fear of narrow things or places. Stygiophobia or Stigiophobia- Fear of hell. Suriphobia- Fear of mice. Taeniophobia or Teniophobia- Fear of tapeworms. Taphephobia Taphophobia- Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. Tapinophobia- Fear of being contagious. Taurophobia- Fear of bulls. Teleophobia- 1) Fear of definite plans. 2) Religious ceremony. Telephonophobia- Fear of telephones. Teratophobia- Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people. Testophobia- Fear of taking tests. Tetanophobia- Fear of lockjaw, tetanus. Teutophobia- Fear of German or German things. Textophobia- Fear of certain fabrics. Thaasophobia- Fear of sitting. Thalassophobia- Fear of the sea. Thanatophobia or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying. Theatrophobia- Fear of theatres. Theophobia- Fear of gods or religion. Thermophobia- Fear of heat. Tocophobia- Fear of pregnancy or childbirth. Tomophobia- Fear of surgical operations. Tonitrophobia- Fear of thunder. Topophobia- Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright. Toxiphobia or Toxophobia or Toxicophobia- Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned. Traumatophobia- Fear of injury.	Nudity
Triskaidekaphobia is the irrational fear of which number?	Top 10 Bizarre Phobias - Listverse Top 10 Bizarre Phobias Jamie Frater August 20, 2007 From Wikipedia: “A phobia is an irrational, persistent fear of certain situations, objects, activities, or persons. The main symptom of this disorder is the excessive, unreasonable desire to avoid the feared subject. When the fear is beyond one’s control, or if the fear is interfering with daily life, then a diagnosis under one of the anxiety disorders can be made.” Here are the top 10 Bizarre phobias! 1. Ithyphallophobia – Fear of Erections [ Answers.com ] Defined as “a persistent, abnormal, and unwarranted fear of an erect penis”, each year this surprisingly common phobia causes countless people needless distress. To add insult to an already distressing condition, most fear of erection therapies take months or years and sometimes even require the patient to be exposed repeatedly to their fear. Known by a number of names – Medorthophobia, Phallophobia, Ithyphallophobia, and Fear of an Erect Penis being the most common – the problem often significantly impacts the quality of life. It can cause panic attacks and keep people apart from loved ones and business associates. Like this list? Then you’d love Scared Stiff: Everything You Need to Know About 50 Famous Phobias at Amazon.com! 2. Ephebophobia – Fear of Youths [ Wikipedia ] The psychological and social fear of youth. The effects of ephebiphobia appear to cause damage throughout society. At least one major economist has proposed that the fear of youth can have grave effects on the economic health of nations. Coinage is attributed to a 1994 article by Kirk Astroth published in Phi Delta Kappan. Today, common usage occurs internationally by sociologists, government agencies, and youth advocacy organizations that define ephebiphobia as an abnormal or irrational and persistent fear and/or loathing of teenagers or adolescence. 3. Coulrophobia – Fear of Clowns [ Wikipedia ] Coulrophobia is an abnormal or exaggerated fear of clowns. It is not uncommon among children, but is also sometimes found in teenagers and adults as well. Sufferers sometimes acquire a fear of clowns after having a bad experience with one personally, or seeing a sinister portrayal of one in the media. The weird appearance of the clowns, swollen red noses and unnatural hair colors makes these persons look so mysterious and treacherous. Adults who are victims of coulrophobia know what they fear is completely irrational and illogical, but they can’t escape the circumstance. 4. Ergasiophobia – Fear of Work [ Wikipedia ] Ergasiophobia can be a persistent and debilitating disorder in some people, causing significant psychological disability and dysfunction. These individuals may actually be suffering from an underlying mental health problem such as depression or Attention Deficit Disorder. 5. Gymnophobia – Fear of Nudity [ Wikipedia ] Gymnophobia is a fear or anxiety about being seen naked, and/or about seeing others naked, even in situations where it is socially acceptable. Gymnophobes may experience their fear of nudity before all people, or only certain people, and may regard their fear as irrational. This phobia often arises from a feeling of inadequacy that their bodies are physically inferior, particularly due to comparison with idealized images portrayed in the media. The fear may also stem from anxiety about sexuality in general, or from a persistent feeling of vulnerability associated with the thought that those who have seen the gymnophobe naked will continue to imagine the gymnophobe nude. 6. Neophobia – Fear of Newness [ Wikipedia ] Neophobia is the fear of new things or experiences. It is also called cainotophobia. In psychology, neophobia is defined as the persistent and abnormal fear of anything new. In its milder form, it can manifest as the unwillingness to try new things or break from routine. The term is also used to describe anger, frustration or trepidation toward new things and toward change in general. Some conservative and reactionary groups are often described as neophobic, in their attempts to preserve traditions or revert society to a perceived past form. Technophobia can be seen as a specialized form of neophobia, by fearing new technology. Get more awesome facts like this—you don’t even need an internet connection! Buy Listverse.com’s Epic Book of Mind-Boggling Lists at Amazon.com! 7. Paraskavedekatriaphobia – Fear of Friday the 13th [ Wikipedia ] A Friday occurring on the 13th day of any month is considered to be a day of bad luck in English, German, Polish, Bulgarian and Portuguese-speaking cultures around the globe. The fear of Friday the 13th is called paraskavedekatriaphobia, a word that is derived from the concatenation of the Greek words ?????????, ?????????, and ?????, meaning Friday, thirteen, and phobia respectively; alternative spellings include paskevodekatriaphobia or paraskevidekatriaphobia, and is a specialized form of triskaidekaphobia, a phobia (fear) of the number thirteen. 8. Panphobia – Fear of Everything [ Wikipedia ] Panphobia, also called omniphobia, Pantophobia or Panophobia, is a medical condition known as a “non-specific fear”; the sufferer finds themselves in a state of fear but with no known target, and therefore no easy remedy. It has been described as “a vague and persistent dread of some unknown evil”. This fear is often seen as a secondary condition to schizophrenia. 9. Taphophobia – Fear of being Buried Alive [ Wikipedia ] Fear of being buried alive is the fear of being placed in a grave while still alive as a result of being incorrectly pronounced dead. The abnormal, psychopathological version of this fear is referred to as taphophobia. Before the advent of modern medicine the fear was not entirely irrational. Throughout history there have been numerous cases of people being accidentally buried alive. 10. Pteronophobia – Fear of being Tickled by Feathers [ Wikipedia ] Pteronophobia is the irrational fear of being tickled by feathers. Certain childhood events, such as tickling a baby, can lead to this fear as the child may feel trapped. It is related to the fear of tickling. Bonus: Luposlipaphobia The fear of being pursued by timber wolves around a kitchen table while wearing socks on a newly-waxed floor. This is actually a fictional phobia which was created by Gary Larson – author of the Far Side comics.	i don't know
Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia is the irrational fear of long what?	hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia - Wiktionary hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia (common misspelling, perhaps on purpose, to make the word even longer) Etymology From hippopotomonstrosesquipedalian , an extension of sesquipedalian with monstrum ‎(“monster”) and a truncated, misspelled form of hippopotamus (intended to exaggerate the length of the word itself and the idea of the size of the words being feared), +‎ -phobia . Pronunciation Hyphenation: hip‧po‧po‧to‧mon‧stro‧ses‧qui‧pe‧dal‧i‧o‧pho‧bi‧a Noun (humorous) The fear of long words . Ben suffers from hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia so he seldom uses words of more than three syllables.‎ 2002 April 19, anonymous, The Scotsman , page 13: However, we assume that despite the best endeavours of science, some phobias will always remain. These include paraskavedekatriaphobia, or fear of Friday the 13th. And hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia, which is fear of long words. 2002 December 14, Chris Lloyd, The Northern Echo Those who find this column troubling are suffering from hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia- the fear of long words. Or, more likely, rupophobia - a fear of rubbish. 2005 September 30, D. Harlan Wilson, Pseudo-City , page 183 : Coincidentally there is a masochistic PCP with hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia (fear of long words) curled up in an alleyway across the street. He has been whispering “Antidisestablishmentarianism” to himself over and over for two days now, experiencing up to one orgasm every three hours as a result of The Pain […] Usage notes It is unlikely that this 15-syllable contrivance is ever used purely for its meaning. The term sesquipedalophobia is recognized in formal writing, while the four-syllable phrase fear of long words is certainly worth considering. Synonyms	Word
Which African country is regarded as the spiritual home of the Rastafari religious movement?	Urban Dictionary: Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia ...a fear of long words I suffer from HippopotomonYEEEAAAAARRRRGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHH WE'RE ALL GONNA DIE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Create a mug The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the t-shirt The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton). Doctor: I'm afraid you have Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia. Patient: AHHHHHHHHHHHHH! Don't say that word!!!!!!!!!! by Nicolle August 13, 2003 Create a mug The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the t-shirt The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton). Create a mug The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the t-shirt The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton). Ironically, the fear of long words. "sesquippedalio" relates to long words "phobia" is an irrational fear "hippopoto" and "monstro" (short for hippopotamus and monster) exaggerate the length of the word synonym: sesquippedaliophobia means exactly the same thing alt spellings: "pedalio" instead of "ppedalio" guy: I have hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia. (guy starts hyperventilating) Create a mug The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the t-shirt The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton). A word someone made up to screw with people who are diagnosed with a fear of long words. C'mon you know it's true! Person who coined the term: So what's her deal? Colleague: Oh, she's afraid of long words. Do we even have a word for that? Person who coined the term: You know what we should call it? Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia! Colleague: That's just wrong.	i don't know
In economics, which four countries are known as the BRIC countries?	The Mint countries: Next economic giants? - BBC News BBC News The Mint countries: Next economic giants? 6 January 2014 Close share panel Image caption Building an Ikea for the 28 million people living in greater Jakarta In 2001 the world began talking about the Bric countries - Brazil, Russia, India and China - as potential powerhouses of the world economy. The term was coined by economist Jim O'Neill, who has now identified the "Mint" countries - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey - as emerging economic giants. Here he explains why. So what is it about the so-called Mint countries that makes them so special? Why these four countries? A friend who has followed the Bric story noted sardonically that they are probably "fresher" than the Brics. What they really share beyond having a lot of people, is that at least for the next 20 years, they have really good "inner" demographics - they are all going to see a rise in the number of people eligible to work relative to those not working. This is the envy of many developed countries but also two of the Bric countries, China and Russia. So, if Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey get their act together, some of them could match Chinese-style double-digit rates between 2003 and 2008. Something else three of them share, which Mexican Foreign Minister Jose Antonio Meade Kuribrena pointed out to me, is that they all have geographical positions that should be an advantage as patterns of world trade change. Find out more Listen to the first episode of MINT: The Next Economic Giants on BBC Radio 4 on Monday 6 January from 09:00 GMT MINT: The next economic giants For example, Mexico is next door to the US, but also Latin America. Indonesia is in the heart of South-east Asia but also has deep connections with China. And as we all know, Turkey is in both the West and East. Nigeria is not really similar in this regard for now, partly because of Africa's lack of development, but it could be in the future if African countries stop fighting and trade with each other. This might in fact be the basis for the Mint countries developing their own economic-political club just as the Bric countries did - one of the biggest surprises of the whole Bric thing for me. I can smell the possibility of a Mint club already. What I also realised after talking to Meade Kuribrena, is that the creation of the Mint acronym could spur pressure for Nigeria to become a member of the G20, as the other Mints already are. This was something the charismatic Nigerian finance minister, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala was keen to talk about: "We know our time will come," she said. "We think they are missing something by not having us." Meade Kuribrena went so far as to suggest that, as a group of four countries, the Mints have more in common than the Brics. I am not sure about that, but it is an interesting idea. Economically three of them - Mexico, Indonesia and Nigeria - are commodity producers and only Turkey isn't. This contrasts with the Bric countries where two - Brazil and Russia - are commodity producers and the other two - China and India - aren't. In terms of wealth, Mexico and Turkey are at about the same level, earning annually about $10,000 (£6,100) per head. This compares with $3,500 (£2,100) per head in Indonesia and $1,500 (£900) per head in Nigeria, which is on a par with India. They are a bit behind Russia - $14,000 (£8,500) per head - and Brazil on $11,300 (£6,800), but still a bit ahead of China - $6,000 (£3,600). A big question that guided my thinking on visits to these countries for the BBC was - "How do these countries actually feel on the ground, compared to my own expectations and the general consensus of opinion?" When expectations are low - as one might generally say about Nigeria for example (although not in recent years among specialist investors in Africa) - it is easier to be positively surprised. But the opposite is also true - and this could be a problem for Mexico, which financial investors are really quite excited about. Image caption Mexico owes much of its rising wealth to the oil which it sits on, especially offshore oil I returned from my travels thinking it won't be so difficult for Nigeria and Turkey to positively surprise people, as many put far too much weight on the negative issues that are well-known - crime and corruption in Nigeria, for example, or heavy-handed government in Turkey. Indonesia, I am less sure about. The country's challenges are as big as I thought and I didn't hear too many things that made me go "Wow" in terms of trying to deal with them. The country needs more of a sense of commercial purpose beyond commodities, and has to improve its infrastructure. In Turkey, visits to white goods manufacturer Beko and Turkish Airlines, the world's fastest growing airline, definitely made me go "Wow", and in Nigeria, I was saying it all the time. Image caption Turkish Airlines: The world's fastest-growing airline The creativity in that place is so easy to get enthused about, at least it was for me, and I returned full of excitement about different personal investments I might follow up on. In Mexico I was all set to be disappointed, as expectations are so high, but the young president and his equally young colleagues are full of determination to change the place. If you thought Maggie Thatcher stood for serious reforms, these guys make her seem like a kitten. They are reforming everything from education, energy and fiscal policy to the institution of government itself. What about all the challenges and things that usually scare people? Well corruption is obviously one topic that all four would seem to share, and I had many interesting discussions about it in each country. In Nigeria, Central Bank Governor Lamido Sanusi argued that corruption rarely prevents economic development - and that the growth of the economy, accompanied by improvements in education, will lead to better governance and greater transparency. Such views are important to listen to, as an alternative to our often simplistic Western way of thinking. For many credible people in the Mint countries, corruption is a consequence of their weak past, not a cause of a weak future, and certainly not the number one challenge. It falls way down a list compared with the costs of energy and the breadth of its availability and, of course, infrastructure. Image caption Generators are much in demand in Lagos Sorting out energy policy was seen in both Mexico and Nigeria as a top priority and each country has launched a major initiatives this year, which if implemented, will accelerate growth rates significantly. Here is an amazing statistic. About 170 million people in Nigeria share about the same amount of power that is used by about 1.5 million people in the UK. Almost every business has to generate its own power. The costs are enormous. "Can you imagine, can you believe, that this country has been growing at 7% with no power, with zero power? It's a joke." says Africa's richest man, Aliko Dangote. More from BBC News Mexico approves energy bill He's right. I reckon Nigeria could grow at 10-12% by sorting out this problem alone. That would double the size of its economy in six or seven years. In Indonesia, the fourth largest country in the world, I would say leadership and infrastructure are the major challenges, though there are many more too. But challenges and opportunities sit side by side. In one of Jakarta's slum areas, Pluit, the land is sinking by 20cm per year because of over-extraction of water, but property prices elsewhere in the city are rocketing. I talked to a man building the country's first Ikea store, who reckons a third of greater Jakarta's population of 28 million (the third biggest conurbation in the world) would have sufficient disposable income to shop at his store. As he said: "We just know it's going to work." In Turkey of course, its politics and the combination of a Muslim faith with some kind of desire to do things the Western way is a unique sort of challenge. Some might argue the same challenge exists for Indonesia but I returned thinking this was not the case. In Jakarta at least, the Western way of doing things seems to be generally accepted - in striking contrast with Turkey. So can the Mints join the top 10 largest economies in the world, after the US, China, the rest of the Brics and maybe Japan? I think so, though it may take 30 years. I look forward to going back to each of them more regularly now I am helping to put them on the map, just as happened with the Bric countries 12 years ago. Listen to the first episode of MINT: The Next Economic Giants on BBC Radio 4 on Monday 6 January from 09:00 GMT, or afterwards on iPlayer . Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook	BRIC
A peregrine is what type of bird?	Economy Slows in BRICS Countries as Worries Mount - SPIEGEL ONLINE Economy Slows in BRICS Countries as Worries Mount Troubled Times Developing Economies Hit a BRICS Wall Until recently, investors viewed China, Brazil and India as a sure thing. Lately, though, their economies have shown signs of weakness and money has begun flowing back to the West. Worries are mounting the BRICS dream is fading. By Erich Follath and Martin Hesse Martin Hesse Comment It was 12 years ago that Jim O'Neill had his innovative idea. An investment banker with Goldman Sachs, he had become convinced following the Sept. 11, 2001 terror attacks that the United States and Europe were facing economic decline. He believed that developing countries such as China, India, Brazil and Russia could profit immensely from globalization and become the new locomotives of the global economy. O'Neill wanted to advise his clients to invest their money in the promising new players. But he needed a catchy name. It proved to be a simple task. He simply took the first letter of each country in the quartet and came up with BRIC, an acronym which sounded like the foundation for a solid investment. O'Neill, celebrated by Businessweek as a "rock star" in the industry, looked for years like a vastly successful prophet. From 2001 to 2013, the economic output of the four BRIC countries rose from some $3 billion a year to $15 billion. The quartet's growth, later made a quintet with the inclusion of South Africa (BRICS), was instrumental in protecting Western prosperity as well. Investors made a mint and O'Neill's club even emerged as a real political power. Now, the countries' leaders meet regularly and, despite their many differences, have often managed to function as a counterweight to the West. "The South has risen at an unprecedented speed and scale," reads the United Nations Human Development Report 2013, completed just a few months ago. Historian Niall Ferguson wrote in his 2011 book "Civilization: The West and the Rest" of "the end of 500 years of Western predominance." It is, he suggested, an epochal change. But now, after having become so used to success in recent years, reality has begun to catch up to the BRICS states. Growth rates in 2013 were far below where they were at their high-water marks. Whereas China's growth rate reached a high of 14 percent just a few years ago, for example, it topped out at just 8 percent last year. In India, economic expansion fell from a one-time apex of 10 percent to less than 5 percent in 2013; in Brazil growth went from a high of 6 percent to 3 percent. Such values are still higher than those seen in the EU, but they are no longer as impressive. And worry is spreading. Now, there is a new moniker being used to describe the developing giants: the "fragile five." It was coined by James Lord, a currency expert at Morgan Stanley and is meant as a warning to the now brittle-seeming countries of Brazil, India and South Africa as well as to Turkey and Indonesia, both of which are threatened with collapse. Slow-Down or the End? What has happened? Have the economic climbers reached the end of their tethers or is it merely a temporary slow-down? Some have warned of overreacting, but the development raises questions for the global economy and for the people in those countries where economic success went at least partially hand-in-hand with increased political freedoms and a new self-confidence. The bad news is quickly mounting. On Tuesday of last week, India's central bank raised interest rates higher than expected in an effort to get massive inflation under control. That night, Turkey did the same thing, raising its prime lending rate to 10 percent. Soon thereafter, South Africa followed with an increase of its own. Developing countries have become uneasy and are doing all they can to slow investor flight and the collapse of their currencies. Indeed, it almost seems as though the supposed decline of the West was but an illusion. In recent years, hundreds of billions was invested in the sovereign bonds of developing nations because returns in the established Western markets were comparatively weak. But last May, it took just a few words from then-Federal Reserve head Ben Bernanke to reverse the flow. He hinted that the US central bank could begin pumping less money into the financial system if the American recovery continued. A first wave of investors fleeing the developing world was the result. It took just half a year before Bernanke made good on his pledge. Now that the Fed has in fact begun to tighten monetary policy, a second wave has begun -- and it is nothing short of a tsunami. Increasing numbers of investors have begun pulling out of uncertain markets in the belief that US growth and climbing interest rates are a sure thing. Since Bernanke's announcement, Brazil's real, the Turkish lira and the South African rand have lost up to a quarter of their value. It is an extremely dangerous development for the countries affected, particularly for those that import more than they export like India and Brazil. The gap, after all, must be filled with money from abroad. That may explain why Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff unabashedly courted international investors at the World Economic Forum in Davos in mid-January. Addressing bankers and captains of industry as if it were some kind of IPO road show, Rousseff said emerging economies like Brazil "have the biggest investment opportunities." She said her country had sufficient currency reserves and that the financial system is stable enough to weather the current storms. The president argued it would be a mistake to only pay attention to short-term developments. It is "absolutely essential," she said, "to bear in mind a medium and long-term time horizon in our reviews." Emerging Middle Classes Find Their Voice It isn't just the raw figures that are fueling concern among the governments of developing nations. From Beijing to New Delhi to Rio, the upswing has fostered a new self-awareness in people, creating a broad popular movement in the truest sense of the term. In recent years, impressive middle classes have taken shape in virtually all of the emerging economies. Members of that middle class are now demanding a larger piece of the pie and higher wages. At the same time, they also want "good governance" -- meaning greater responsibility and accountability for their leaders -- and the right to increased democratic participation. Economic progress has served as catalyst for political demands. If that dream now suddenly ends, it could also slam the brakes on these emerging popular movements -- or at least stir emotions in dangerous ways. This is particularly true of Brazil, a country that has made major social progress in recent years. Unemployment is down as a result of the boom and the country's support programs for the poorest segment of society have been largely successful. It may be happening slowly, but in contrast to many other countries around the world, the gap between the rich and poor is actually narrowing in Brazil. Still, the people want more. They are conscious of corruption among leaders and the ruling class; they are outraged when they see money wasted on lavish construction projects like the ones underway for the upcoming World Cup in the country. Indeed, it seems a paradox. Brazil is crazy for football and sports in general, but they are protesting against this summer's World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics because they have come to realize that there are more important things in life than flashy stadiums. They want things like better schools for their children and decent, affordable health insurance. As a left-leaning social democrat, Rousseff has no other choice than to back the protests as long as they remain peaceful -- and offer some kind of relief. Of course, that can only happen if she can keep Brazil's economy from faltering . Raw Nerves in India The situation in India is worse . Nepotism has become endemic and a part of the ruling class is criminal. Nearly one-third of all parliamentarians are the subjects of criminal proceedings. The country has become one where cities with universities and world-class firms exist next to shockingly underdeveloped towns and villages. The numerous cases of rape suggest that women are still viewed as second-class citizens. Meanwhile, regional differences continue to grow. Nevertheless, civil society has also been strengthened in India as a result of the boom, and mass protests have forced the government to act. Thus far, the economy has managed to remain stable and business leaders are hoping that it will start growing again after elections this fall. Narendra Modi, the leading candidate for the Hindu nationalist BJP party, is viewed as an effective, business-friendly politician. At the same time, he is also seen as being insensitive towards minorities because of his role in bloody anti-Muslim riots. Critics accused Modi of inaction as the chief government minister in the state of Gujarat during the deadly protests in 2002. Hundreds of people, mostly Muslim, were killed, and the United States responded by banning him from entering the country. Indian Central Bank chief Raghuram Rajan is a good example of just how raw nerves in New Delhi have become. He has accused the US and Europe of short-sighted economic greed and argues that industrialized nations must assist developing countries with their currency problems -- especially given that India, China and Co. helped dampen the crisis in 2008. "Industrial countries have to play a part in restoring that, and they can't at this point wash their hands off and say we'll do what we need to and you do the adjustment," Rajan told Bloomberg TV in an interview earlier this month. Concerns about Chinese Economy One worry shared leaders of both BRICS states and Western countries alike is the possibility of an economic collapse in China. Last year China became the world's greatest trading power. Within five years at the latest, China will likely surpass the United States to become the world's No. 1 economy. But the country still faces plenty of challenges, particularly the next, more difficult level of development. After all, the step from the global poorhouse to the middle class is an easier one than climbing the next few rungs to the top. The droves of inexpensive workers who abandoned China's agricultural sector and were absorbed by industry -- thus transforming the country into the world's factory -- are now becoming a burden. They are beginning to demand higher wages and the state must provide for healthcare and pensions. China's economic model, its authoritarian state-controlled capitalism, is being pushed to its limits. In order to reach the next level of development, the Communist Party will likely have to adopt Western state structures. The unspoken deal between leaders and their people -- we ensure rising prosperity as long as you don't get too involved in politics -- is threatening to collapse. In addition to creating instability among 40 percent of the global population, a significant worsening of the economic situation in the BRICS countries could have significant consequences for the West. Global German companies like BASF and Siemens now generate a significant portion of their profits in the Far East. Volkswagen sells more cars in China than in Germany. Despite all of the problems with troubled banks and highly indebted municipalities, China still has some $3.8 trillion in currency reserves, more than any other country worldwide. It is certainly enough to soften the blow and likely sufficient to finance a rapid recovery in the event of a crisis. O'Neill, for his part, has embarked on a new path. The man who once managed some $800 billion for Goldman Sachs quit his job at the investment bank last April. He took some time off, began filming country profiles for the BBC and is now promoting investment in countries like Mexico and Nigeria. Now 56, O'Neill told SPIEGEL that he always felt like "an outsider in my industry." He has found a new issue to focus on in his films: Social justice. O'Neill believes that the global economy finds itself at something of a divide. It is not so much one that runs between industrialized countries and the developing world so much as between the global rich and poor. He speaks of the headlines made by the pope and by New York's new mayor with their speeches focusing on income inequality and growing societal splits. He believes that we could be in the early stages of a redistribution of wealth, one which places less emphasis on capital and more on climbing incomes among the lower classes, propelled by taxes or minimum wage laws. And, he adds, "we as investors" clearly have to take such developments into account. But also as human beings. Translated from the German by Charles Hawley and Daryl Lindsey Article...	i don't know
James Baskett, who sang the song ‘Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah’, played which character in the 1946 Disney film ‘Song of the South’?	Song of the South \| film by Foster and Jackson [1946] \| Britannica.com Song of the South film by Foster and Jackson [1946] Written By: Star Wars Song of the South, American semianimated musical film , released in 1946 by the Disney Company , that is rarely aired or shown in the United States because of controversial “racial” aspects of the film . Based on the Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris , the film is set in the American South of the latter half of the 19th century and traces the adventures of a little boy, Johnny (played by Bobby Driscoll), who moves with his family from Atlanta to a rural plantation. After his parents argue and his father goes back to Atlanta, Johnny runs away from home. He befriends Uncle Remus ( James Baskett ), who can seemingly communicate with animals and charms him with fascinating tales (told in animation) of the quick-witted Brer Rabbit . Uncle Remus’s stories always have morals that Johnny applies to his life. Song of the South introduced the famous song “ Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah , ” which won an Academy Award . Baskett was also awarded an honorary Academy Award “for his able and heart-warming characterization of Uncle Remus, friend and story teller to the children of the world, in Walt Disney’s Song of the South.” Although the film was a box-office success, it was disparaged by some critics and such African American organizations as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the character of Uncle Remus, who was seen as subservient and demeaning to African Americans. The film was also criticized for its depiction of 19th-century Southern life, in which simple African Americans happily work for white plantation owners. The Disney Company rereleased the film theatrically on several occasions, most recently in 1986, but has since withheld it and has never released it in the United States on home video. Production notes and credits	Uncle Remus
Who became the Royal Ballet’s youngest principal dancer in 1989, at the age of 20?	Sacred Scrolls Consider some facts about Song of the South (1946): Song of the South was one of Disney�s first films to successfully combine live-action and animation. Song of the South features the first Oscar-winning performance by a Black man (James Baskett won an honorary Oscar "For his able and heart-warming characterization of Uncle Remus, friend and story teller to the children of the world"). Song of the South was the first film to feature performances by two Oscar-winning Black Americans, James Baskett and Hattie McDaniel, a feat which would not be repeated until 2001 by Rat Race , which featured Whoopi Goldberg and Cuba Gooding, Jr. (this is progress?). Song of the South won two Academy Awards in 1948. In addition to James Baskett winning an honorary Oscar, �Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah� won for Best Song. �Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah,� sung by Baskett in the film, is one of the most famous songs in the Disney library. Song of the South is one of the first Hollywood films to feature a Black man as a main character and was released uncut in the South. Many Hollywood films at the time, if they featured Black characters at all, would shoot duplicate scenes without Black characters, for release in the South. For example, in Hold Your Man (1933), starring Jean Harlow and Clark Gable, two versions of the wedding scene were shot: one with a Black minister and one with a White minister. Despite these achievements for Black Americans, Song of the South has been unfairly labeled as racist and hidden from view in the United States by the Walt Disney Company. Despite the fact that Splash Mountain, based on the Brer Rabbit characters ("Brer" is short for "Brother"), is one of the most popular rides at Walt Disney World and Disneyland, and despite the fact that the songs are still some of the best loved in the Disney canon, the film remains unavailable on VHS or DVD in the US (though it has largely been available in Britain and Asia). So what is it about this movie that is so offensive? To be honest, nothing really. It�s been made into a scapegoat � a boogeyman who�s legend is far worse than its reality. And it�s reality is a wonderful film that deserves to be seen. I first saw Song of the South in one of its re-issues in 1972. It was one of the first movies I ever got to see in a theater. My younger sister cried when it was over because she didn�t want to leave Uncle Remus. I saw it again for the 1986 re-release, and was thrilled with the chance to share it with my son. When I first rode Splash Mountain at Walt Disney World, I thought that since Disney had built a major ride around this movie, surely it would be re-released in theaters or released on video. Was I surprised to find out that it wasn�t, and that the film had apparently been shelved in the US. So, I started doing some research, and that�s when I learned of the film�s tainted reputation. I�d never thought of the film being racist in any way. In fact, the theme of the movie is just the opposite � it�s about love, tolerance, and understanding our fellow man. Heaven forbid we should let our children watch that! Every time I go to Walt Disney World and ride Splash Mountain, it has made me want to see the film again. Well, I finally tracked down a copy and now that I have seen it again, I�d like to do my part to set the record straight. I feel that this film has been unjustly maligned and been made the victim of a great deal of misinformation. I invite you to have an open mind as you read this article. See Oscar-winner James Baskett sing the Oscar-winning song, " Zip-A-Dee Doo-Dah " (QuickTime, 10.2 MB). You'll have a hard time seeing it anywhere else. Watch the complete " Tar Baby " story and judge it for yourself with an open mind (QuickTime, 45.3 MB). For more information on Song of the South, we highly recommend SongoftheSouth.net . Background on Brer Rabbit and the Tales of Uncle Remus It�s always best to put things in historical perspective. The tales of Brer Rabbit and his fellow critters originated in Africa and were brought over orally by slaves. Once here, the tales were adapted to their new environments, with the stories� locales moved from African villages to Southern plantations. For example, one of the most famous (and most maligned) stories, "The Tar Baby," was originally called �Wakaima and the Clay Man,� which can be found in some collections of African folk tales. Author Julius Lester (who is Black) provides an excellent historical background on the stories in his The Tales of Uncle Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit , in which he has updated the stories for modern children and modified the language to make them more readable, while still retaining the flavor of Black speech (more on that below). Another interesting comparison can be found in J.J. Reneaux�s Cajun Folktales , which contains a couple of stories that fit perfectly into the �Brer Rabbit� mold. Reneaux�s stories are quite interesting in that many of them are a combination of African, European, and Cajun influence, with a little voodoo thrown in as well. Nowhere else will you find a story where the villain is dispatched with cayenne pepper. The Brer Rabbit stories were first collected by newspaper writer Joel Chandler Harris, who worked for the Atlanta Constitution. Harris had grown up in Georgia and knew many of the stories from his youth. He created the character of Uncle Remus as a Black man who lived on a Plantation after the Civil War (Uncle Remus was never depicted as a slave, neither in the original tales nor in the Disney film) and related his stories to a young White boy. The stories were originally published as a column, then later collected into separate volumes. This is where much of the resentment towards the Brer Rabbit tales begins -- Uncle Remus is seen by many Black Americans as an �Uncle Tom.� Harris went to great lengths to preserve the speech of the slaves from whom the tales originated. Harris had a great deal of respect for the language and felt that the stories lost something if not told in their original dialect. In addition to many Black Americans finding this oddly offensive (isn�t this the root of Ebonics?), it does pose a problem in making the Harris volumes very hard to read. Lester addresses this openly in his introduction and supports Harris� efforts by making his versions more readable while still retaining the Black American flavor. However, he also eliminates the character of Uncle Remus and lets the stories stand on their own. Background on the Disney Version The Walt Disney Studios were nearly decimated by World War II. In addition to being drafted by the war effort to make training and educational films (which can now finally be seen in the new DVD release Walt Disney Treasures - On the Front Lines ) by the US Government, the Disney Studio also suffered a strike by the animators in an attempt to unionize. By the end of the war, Walt had neither the manpower nor the resources to complete an animated feature. He tackled this problem two ways: by creating �package� features, such as Fun and Fancy Free and Make Mine Music , which were anthologies of short subjects, and by finally venturing into live-action. But Walt being Walt and always seeking to do that which had never been done before, he decided to to not just do live-action, but to combine it with animation. This wasn�t the first time he�d done this, though. Walt�s first films, the Alice comedies, featured a live-action girl in an animated world. That was nothing, though, compared to what Walt had planned for his first feature release combining the two. The sequences of James Baskett interacting with the animated environment, particularly when he sits down to fish with Brer Frog, are still impressive today. A Brief Overview of Song of the South For those of you who haven�t seen the film, the following is a brief synopsis: Young Johnny travels with his parents to his Grandmother�s Plantation. He is excited about the opportunity to finally meet Uncle Remus, of whom he�s heard a great deal, and to also hear first-hand Uncle Remus�s stories about Brer Rabbit and Brer Fox. Upon arriving, Johnny is crushed to learn that his father is returning to Atlanta alone. His parents are planning to split up, which is the real reason for their trip. Johnny runs away and is found by Uncle Remus who tells him about Brer Rabbit�s own attempts to run away from trouble (�there ain�t no place that far�). Johnny also befriends Toby, one of the Black children on the Plantation, and Ginny, a poor White girl who lives nearby. Johnny also runs afoul of Ginny�s older brothers. Uncle Remus uses his stories to teach Johnny, Toby, and Ginny valuable lessons about life and to help them deal with difficult situations. The Case Against Song of the South Here then, are the complaints you will hear about Song of the South, coupled with my responses: The film inaccurately depicts slaves as happy, singing folk who just love their Masters and life on the Plantation. False. This is, perhaps, the biggest misconception about Song of the South. The story actually takes place AFTER the Civil War, during the period known as the Reconstruction. Uncle Remus and the other Black characters are not tied to the Plantation and are free to go at any time. In fact, during one part of the film, Uncle Remus plans to leave for Atlanta because he doesn�t feel useful on the Plantation. While the Black characters do sing several times, singing is as much a part of Black culture as telling folk tales. Furthermore, this is a 1940s Disney movie. Disney movies were known for their music (hence the title, "Song of the South"). Another fact that is routinely ignored by this film�s detractors is that many former slaves actually did stay on the Plantations, even after they were free to go. They had been born into slavery many generations before (the slave trade was ended a good century before slavery actually was -- and just for the record, the slave trade was started in Africa by Africans, exported by Arab traders, and brought to the American colonies by the Dutch) and knew nothing about supporting themselves. As repulsive as the thought may seem, some former slaves actually did feel that they were better off under slavery. This is true throughout the course of human history, from the Isrealites who complained to Moses after being freed from Egypt to the Russians who complained to Boris Yeltsin after the fall of the Soviet Union. Uncle Remus is an Uncle Tom, and the other Black characters are all negative stereotypes. False. One of the things that impressed me while watching the movie was how the Grandmother, who owns the Plantation, speaks to Uncle Remus as an equal. Uncle Remus shows the White characters respect, but as an individual and employer, not as a former slave. He also goes against the wishes of the Mother and Grandmother when he sees what�s best for the little boy, Johnny. While Hattie McDaniel�s character, Aunt Tempy, can possibly be seen as more of a stereotype, it�s still a far cry from her Mammy character in Gone With the Wind , which is celebrated as one of the greatest films ever made (ranking #4 on AFI�s Top 100 list). In James Baskett�s Oscar-winning performance, Uncle Remus is portrayed as an old man who tells great stories and is seen as just that, with no regard to his skin color. This is an amazing feat for a film that was made when Hollywood films were routinely filled with racial stereotypes and White actors in make-up often portrayed people of color (such as Charlie Chan, who was never once portrayed by an Asian actor). Actually, all of the characters in Song of the South are somewhat stereotypical in some form or other, both Black and White. This is just Hollywood shorthand found in all movies made from the Teens to the 50s. But none of them are done so to be offensive, unlike other Disney films, such as Dumbo and The Artistocats (both of which are available on video), where racial stereotypes are used for comedy. As far as stereotypes go, I strongly believe that films today, such as Bringing Down the House and Soul Plane do far more to reinforce racial stereotypes. For example, in Bringing Down the House, Queen Latifah�s character, Charlene, just got out of prison and is a tough, loud, pot-smoking, overtly sexual, jive-talking Black woman. The filmmakers completely ignore the sexual tension between her and Steve Martin�s character and instead hook her up with the pervert played by Eugene Levy. Where James Baskett�s Uncle Remus is a fully-realized character with wants and a complete character arc, today�s Black actors are largely stuck with what Spike Lee has termed �the Magic Negro,� who�s sole purpose is to make life better for the White man (see Bringing Down the House, The Green Mile , Family Man , Bruce Almighty , The Legend of Baggar Vance , etc.). Worse still, in my mind, is Amistad , which tackled the issue of slavery through the eyes of a bunch of white people while ignoring the Black man who was the central character (and this film was produced by Debbie Allen). Song of the South is extremely racist. False. If anything, Song of the South is the exact opposite and amazingly ahead of its time for a film made in 1946. Its message is pure Rodney King. You have White kids and Black kids playing together without a care for race or social standing (just like Our Gang/The Little Rascals). The kids look up to and respect Uncle Remus. You can�t help but love him. The �bad guys� (the Favers boys, Grandma, Mother, and Father) are all White. Uncle Remus becomes a father-figure to Johnny since his own father abandons him. This is racist? The most racist film ever made has got to be Birth of a Nation , which features most of the Black characters portrayed by white actors in blackface; the mulatto characters as all crazy because their mixed race has mixed up their heads; black characters eating fried chicken, drinking whisky, and putting their bare, dirty feet on the desks during a meeting of the Reconstruction government; a Black man attacking a White woman, driven crazy by her purity; and finally, the Ku Klux Klan charging on horseback to the rescue at the end. This film, as well as Gone With the Wind , is widely available on VHS and DVD. Furthermore, if Song of the South is so racist, why does Disney sell it in Britain and Asia? Of the animated sections, the story most singled out is "The Tar Baby." Yes, the tar baby harkens back to an age of Black stereotypes, such as the Mammy and the Minstrel, but those arguments only stand up for people who know about its past history. For children watching the film today, they only see a figure made of tar and don�t see the cultural reference at all. In Splash Mountain, the Tar Baby is replaced by a honey-filled beehive. While this smacks of being rather PC, it does actually work well for the ride. In the section at which this part of the story appears, the Imagineers only had a few seconds to convey this portion of the story (you�re going uphill towards the big drop), and the Tar Baby would take too long to establish. Historically, the tar baby itself was created by the tale�s original Black authors, not Joel Chandler Harris. In fact, Lester leaves it intact in his retelling. As Compared to What?	i don't know
The Spratly Islands lie in which body of water?	China Starts Building Artificial Islands in Vietnam's Paracel Islands - Breitbart by Frances Martel 16 Feb 2016 0 16 Feb, 2016 16 Feb, 2016 SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Satellite images published in The Diplomat indicate that China has begun an extensive construction operation in the South China Sea’s Paracel Islands, following years of work building artificial islands in the Spratly Archipelago. The Diplomat is showcasing images of specific islands in the Paracels, which lie in disputed territory in the body of water. China claims both the Spratly and Paracel Islands for itself, a claim disputed by the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Vietnam claims most of the Paracel region China has begun working on. SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER According to the magazine, Chinese construction crews are working on a helicopter base on Duncan Island, which has required land dredging that has “increase[d] by 50 percent the area of Duncan Island.” In addition to the base, The Diplomat finds evidence for the beginnings of a number of new, potentially military facilities in the region. Construction appears to have begun in earnest in early December 2015. The magazine suggests these facilities may resmeble the “water capture reservoirs and fuel bunkers” constructed illegally on the Spratly Islands. The new construction occurs just 15 kilometers from Woody Island, where China already boasts a military base, Bloomberg reports . It is not the first time evidence has surfaced of Chinese construction in the Paracel Islands, however. In April 2015 , The Diplomat published images showing that the Woody Island military base “is undergoing a major expansion of its runway and airport facilities,” including the installation of a “new concrete runway measuring 2,920 meters in length, accompanied by a new taxiway, expanded runway aprons and adjacent large buildings under construction.” The construction at the Paracels appears to be similar to that in the Spratly Islands, where China has made islands out of major parts of the Fiery Cross Reef. Environmentalists have suggested that China has destroyed at least 17 reefs in the Spratly region, in international waters also claimed by the Philippines. Construction there has continued despite international outrage and a claim by the Chinese government in June 2015 that construction in the region would be “ complete ” soon. U.S. Director of National Intelligence James Clapper suggested last week that American intelligence expects further construction in the region, describing China’s territorial claims as “exorbitant.” U.S. military officials have for months expressed concern regarding China’s expansionism in the South China Sea, with U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) chief Admiral Harry B. Harris, Jr., saying this month that the world can expect American Navy freedom of navigation operations to occur more frequently in the region. “I think that as we continue down the path of freedom of navigations, you will see more of them, and you will see them increasing in complexity and scope in areas of challenge,” he said . Admiral Harris’s remarks followed the latest in a series of such exercises, as the USS Curtis Wilbur sailed within 12 nautical miles of the Paracel Islands. The U.S. Navy did not send advance warning to Beijing of the missile destroyer’s presence in the region, a move that prompted an infuriated response from the Chinese Foreign Ministry , accusing America of seeking “maritime hegemony” and engaging in “dangerous and irresponsible” behavior. The Chinese government reacted similarly in October 2015, when the USS Lassen sailed near the Spratly Islands in a similar freedom of navigation exercise. Read More Stories About:	South China Sea
Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was married to which Russian politician?	About TED Categories and Clusters CASE NUMBER: 325 CASE MNEMONIC: SPRATLY CASE NAME: Spratly Islands Dispute A. IDENTIFICATION 1. The Issue The Philippines made their first claim in the area--which they refer to as the Kalayaan islands--in 1975 and has been developing oil in the region between the Spratlys and the island of Palawan since 1976. The Philippines real history in the region began in May 1956 when a private Philippine expedition surveyed and occupied some of the islands. The Philippines were a trusteeship of the Allied powers at the time and the guarantee of Allied protection kept the Philippines from garrisoning troops on its islands. However, as that guarantee weakened the Philippines decided to beef up its defense. In 1976, it set up a garrison on Palawan and in 1978 it established more soldiers on seven of the islands. There are currently about 1,000 Marines stationed on the islands. In 1979, the Philippines stated that it only wanted control of the seven islands under its control and administration and not the rest of the archipelago. 2. Description Malaysia has been involved in the dispute since 1979. It currently has control over three of the islands but claims the whole chain. Malaysiaws case is based on the fact that the islands are part of its continental shelf. This gives it right to the islands under the Law of the Sea Convention. Brunei's claims to the island also rest on the Law of the Sea. It states that the southern part of the Spratly chain is actually a part of its continental shelf and therefore its territory and resources. Taiwan has maintained a garrison on the biggest of the islands since 1956. Its claims to the island are based on its assertion that Taiwan and its Kuomintang government are the true China. Both Taiwan and the People's Republic of China say that the islands were discovered by Chinese navigators, used by Chinese fishermen for centuries, and under the administration of China since the 15th century. Further, the Kuomintang sent a naval expedition to the islands and took formal possession in 1946. It left a garrison on the largest island of Itu Aba. However, since Taiwan claims to be the true China, it believes the islands belong to it and not to the PRC. Its main concern is that China alone or China and Vietnam will gain control and thus, have a monopoly on the South China Sea. China and Vietnam are the main protagonists in the dispute. Vietnam claims to the islands--which they call the Truong Sa islands--are part of the empire of Annam, Vietnam's ancestor, in the l9th century. In 1815, an expedition sent by king Gia Long to chart sea lanes occupied and settled the islands. The French, who were Vietnamws colonial rulers, annexed the Spratlys in 1933, so Vietnam says the islands are theirs as the inheritors of the French possessions. In September 1973, Vietnam declared that the Spratlys were part of the Phuoc Tuy province. It has since stated that the Philippines are occupying part of its territory. Vietnam currently holds three islands. China's claims to the island are based on the same history as Taiwan's claim. The PRC government maintains that it is the legitimate Chinese government and that, therefore, the islands--which they call the Nansha islands--are their territory. They have been the most belligerent in pursuing their claim. The dispute between China and Vietnam picked up in 1988. Chinese naval vessels sailed into the Spratlys in January 1988 and Chinese marines started building defenses on one of the largest islands--the first time China has settled soldiers on the islands. In March, fighting broke out between Vietnam and China and China sunk two Vietnamese ships. While they have moved to more political means of dealing with the dispute, tensions remain high in the area. Confrontation surfaced again when China contracted with a US firm to begin testing for oil sights, even though the territorial issue remains far from solved. Occassional harassment of fishermen by all sides continues as well. Each of the six countries maintain its claim to all the islands. The protagonists have been discussing the possibility of shelving the sovereignty issue to undertake joint development of its resources and have sent a joint scientific team to run tests on resource potential. The dispute has not been taken to any official forum as of this date. Indonesia tried to start talks among the disputants. Jakarta believed that as a non-involved Asian country, it could be an impartial mediator. No decisions on sovereignty were reached at the meetings but the disputants did agree to send a scientific team to the islands to assess their resource potential and the environmental condition. 3. Related Cases SHETLAND case MINAMATA case DOOSAN case BALTIC case BLACKSEA case MEDIT case BOLSEA case Keyword Clusters (1): Forum = Philippines (2): Bio-geography = TROPical (3): Environmental Problem = OIL/GAS 4. Draft Author: Leigh Powell (May, 1994) B. LEGAL Cluster 5. Discourse and Status: DISagreement and INPROGress So far no measures have been instituted but the territorial dispute has proven to be the most effective ban because it has prevented exploitation of the oil and natural resources completely. 6. Forum and Scope: CHINA and REGION 7. Decision Breath: 4 (Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia and China) 8. Legal Standing: TREATY The Law of the Sea Convention -- an international law/standard agreed to by the countries of the world -- is involved in the claims of Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. These three countries claim that all or part of the islands are a part of their continental shelf. According to the Law of the Sea, the countries have legal right over the area of their continental shelf. In 1987 China claimed that the Hainan Island--the closest recognized Chinese territory to the islands--was a separate province that would be developed as a special economic zone and declared a new law on its territorial waters in 1992. These laws gave China a greater basis for claiming control over the Spratlys as a "contiguous zones" for territory. C. GEOGRAPHIC Cluster 9. Geographic Locations a. Geographic Domain : Asia b. Geographic Site : East Asia c. Geographic Impact : Philippines 10. Sub-National Factors: NO 11. Type of Habitat: TROPical D. TRADE Cluster 12. Type of Measure: Regulatory Standard [REGSTD] 13. Direct vs. Indirect Impacts: INDirect 14. Relation of Measure to Environmental Impact a. Directly Related : YES OIL/GAS b. Indirectly Related : NO c. Not Related : NO d. Process Related : YES Pollution Sea [POLS] 15. Trade Product Identification: OIL 16. Economic Data 17. Impact of Measure on Trade Competitiveness: LOW 18. Industry Sector: OIL/GAS China estimates the natural reserves to be in the billions of US dollars to $1 trillion. US estimates are much lower given the deep water conditions and geology of the ocean floor. 19. Exporter and Importer: PHILippines and MANY E. ENVIRONMENT Cluster 20. Environmental Problem Type: Pollution Sea [POLS] 21. Name, Type, and Diversity of Species Name: Many Type: Many Diversity: PHILippines 22. Impact and Effect: LOW and PRODuct 23. Urgency and Lifetime: MEDIUM and 100s years 24. Substitutes: Biodegradable products VI. OTHER Factors 25. Culture: NO 26. Trans-Border: NO 27. Rights: YES 28. Relevant Literature Cushing, Jerry. Far Eastern Economic Review. 17 March 1988 Day, Alan J. Borders and Territorial Disputes. Gale Research Center. Detroit. 1982. Heinzig, Dieter, Disputed islands in the South China Sea: the Paracels, Spratlys, and Pratas. Wiesbaden, 1976.	i don't know
Which English chemist and physicist invented the dynamo?	Michael Faraday The English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday, b. Sept. 22, 1791, d. Aug. 25, 1867, is known for his pioneering experiments in electricity and magnetism. Many consider him the greatest experimentalist who ever lived. Several concepts that he derived directly from experiments, such as lines of magnetic force, have become common ideas in modern physics. Faraday was born at Newington, Surrey, near London. He received little more than a primary education, and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a bookbinder. There he became interested in the physical and chemical works of the time. After hearing a lecture by the famous chemist Humphry Davy, he sent Davy the notes he had made of his lectures. As a result Faraday was appointed, at the age of 21, assistant to Davy in the laboratory of the Royal Institution in London. During the initial years of his scientific work, Faraday occupied himself mainly with chemical problems. He discovered two new chlorides of carbon and succeeded in liquefying chlorine and other gases. He isolated benzene in 1825, the year in which he was appointed director of the laboratory. Davy, who had the greatest influence on Faraday's thinking, had shown in 1807 that the metals sodium and potassium can be precipitated from their compounds by an electric current, a process known as electrolysis. Faraday's vigorous pursuit of these experiments led in 1834 to what became known as Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Faraday's research into electricity and electrolysis was guided by the belief that electricity is only one of the many manifestations of the unified forces of nature, which included heat, light, magnetism, and chemical affinity. Although this idea was erroneous, it led him into the field of electromagnetism, which was still in its infancy. In 1785, Charles Coulomb had been the first to demonstrate the manner in which electric charges repel one another, and it was not until 1820 that Hans Christian Oersted and Andre Marie Ampere discovered that an electric current produces a magnetic field. Faraday's ideas about conservation of energy led him to believe that since an electric current could cause a magnetic field, a magnetic field should be able to produce an electric current. He demonstrated this principle of induction in 1831. Faraday expressed the electric current induced in the wire in terms of the number of lines of force that are cut by the wire. The principle of induction was a landmark in applied science, for it made possible the dynamo, or generator, which produces electricity by mechanical means. Faraday's introduction of the concept of lines of force was rejected by most of the mathematical physicists of Europe, since they assumed that electric charges attract and repel one another, by action at a distance, making such lines unnecessary. Faraday had demonstrated the phenomenon of electromagnetism in a series of experiments, however. This experimental necessity probably led the physicist James Clerk Maxwell to accept the concept of lines of force and put Faraday's ideas into mathematical form, thus giving birth to modern field theory. Faraday's discovery (1845) that an intense magnetic field can rotate the plane of polarized light is known today as the Faraday effect. The phenomenon has been used to elucidate molecular structure and has yielded information about galactic magnetic fields. Faraday described his numerous experiments in electricity and electromagnetism in three volumes entitled Experimental Researches in Electricity (1839, 1844, 1855); his chemical work was chronicled in Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics (1858). Faraday ceased research work in 1855 because of declining mental powers, but he continued as a lecturer until 1861. A series of six children's lectures published in 1860 as The Chemical History of a Candle, has become a classic of science literature.	Michael Faraday
In humans, the deficiency of which vitamin causes pellagra?	Faraday - definition of Faraday by The Free Dictionary Faraday - definition of Faraday by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Faraday (făr′ə-dā′) n. A measure of the electric charge carried by one mole of electrons, used in electrolysis as the quantity of charge required to deposit or liberate one gram equivalent weight of a substance, approximately 9.6494 × 104 coulombs. [After Michael Faraday.] (ˈfærəˌdeɪ) n (Biography) Michael. 1791–1867, English physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction, leading to the invention of the dynamo. He also carried out research into the principles of electrolysis faraday (ˈfærəˌdeɪ) n (Units) a quantity of electricity, used in electrochemical calculations, equivalent to unit amount of substance of electrons. It is equal to the product of the Avogadro number and the charge on the electron and has the value 96 487 coulombs per mole. Symbol: F [C20: named after Michael Faraday] Far•a•day	i don't know
Sila and Majella are national parks in which European country?	Sila National Park - The Mountains - Travel ideas You are in Home / Travel ideas / The Mountains / Sila National Park Sila National Park Sila National Park - Lake Cecita from on High - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Sila National Park - Lake Cecita - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Sila National Park - Plant Life - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Sila National Park - Forest of Giants - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Sila National Park - European Black Pines in the Forest of Giants - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Sila National Park - Deer - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Sila National Park - Fawns - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Sila National Park - Riding Stable and Horses - Photo by Silvia Álvarez Adalia Five-hundred-thousand hectares of highly-singular natural riches: the Sila Plateau expands over parts of the Provinces of Cosenza, Crotone and Catanzaro. Natural and scenic endowments where the diversity of landscapes, the variety of plant and animal species, and the beauty of all of Sila attest to the importance of the Sila National Park and of the treasures it protects. Although it was established only in 2002, Sila National Park is actually part of one of Italy’s oldest national parks, the National Park of Calabria . This zone, with its rugged and wild, yet pristine side, charms visitors with its quaint and welcoming villages, and with the opportunities to practice a number of outdoor sports. Here, any time of year is right to enjoy this multi-faceted Park. See Check out the numerous little towns scattered throughout the area: some date back more than a handful of centuries and thus boast the strongest territorial traditions, while others are more modern and endowed with the most recent touristic services and accommodations. What all these places have in common are the beauty of their landscapes, that seem suspended somewhere between the past and present, between tradition and modernity. To begin with, Acri, also referred to as the “door to Sila” (it lies at the base of the plateau, in the Province of Cosenza ), hosts the ruins of a feudal Castle, along with Palazzo Sanseverino-Falcone, Palazzo Julia with its important library, and Palazzo Spezzano. And near its ancient Capuchin Convent stands the imposing, 19th-Century Basilica del Beato Angelo d’Acri. San Giovanni in Fiore, rather, is the most populous community in Sila; its town center hosts several churches, among them the Florense Abbey and the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the environs of San Giovanni in Fiore is Castelsilano, abounding with hot springs, some of which are sulphurous, and earth cavities (though fewer), a draw for speleologists. The most important of these is the Grotta di Samourì, or Grave Grubbo. Be sure to see the old borgo of Acerenthia with its Medieval ruins. Do The main activity when the weather suits is trekking through Sila’s woods ( “the green heart of Calabria” ), even for days at a time. Trekking excursions also mean opportunities to gather mushrooms (very valuable here), chestnuts and berries. Those that prefer can rent bicycles to get around, or ride on horseback through the area’s bountiful nature trails. Sticking closer to civilization? The zone’s various accommodations often provide structures for playing tennis, soccer and many other sports. And resort properties like Villaggio Mancuso lie in the vicinity of numerous pools and bodies of water, including Lakes Ampollino, Cecita, and Arvo, (rich in trout and carp), where travelers can canoe, fish, and paddle-boat. Staying in Sila during the colder months? No problem! You’re in the perfect place for trying your hand at a number of winter sports. The towns of Lorica, Camigliatello and Ciricilla ( Province of Catanzaro ) are some of the best-equipped for skiing, both downhill and cross-country. Or, if it’s more speed you’re after, bobsledding is on the menu at Villaggio Palumbo year-round. Don’t Miss... A place of centuries-old traditions, Sila has maintained intact its original cuisine and flavors. Visitors should give in to the temptations of typical, strangely-alluring dishes like “mpanata,” a soup made with ricotta, hot whey and hard bread, as well as the Park’s native chestnuts and the Sila Porcini Mushroom. And a stroll through these conifer-rich woods (the icon of Sila), means encounters with the Park's breathtaking plant and animal life: think European black pines, beech trees and white spruce (also found in the captivating Forest of Giants) among the plants, and wolfs, deer, and birds of prey – Red Kites, Short-toed Snake Eagles and the Eurasian Eagle-Owl.	Italy
Saffron and Bubbles are characters in which UK tv comedy series?	Walking in Italy, an introductory guide Wales Walking in Italy, an introduction A walking holiday in Italy, a country blessed with an amazing variety of landscapes, is high on the wish list of enthusiastic walkers and hikers worldwide. With this article on walking in Italy we aim to give you a good idea of what Italy has to offer to the walker. We discuss the main mountain ranges in the country, starting with the Italian Alps and moving down the Apennines. We also discuss Tuscany and Sicily briefly, before providing information on the most interesting Italian National Parks for the walker. Finally there is information about Italy's climate and weather, and the best time for a walking holiday in Italy. We hope the information will prove useful when planning your walking holiday in Italy. For a wide variety of self-guided and guided walking holidays in Italy, all offered by local independent businesses, see the overview pages for Italy: The Italian Alps are popular walking holiday destination. Walking in the mountains of Italy The main mountain ranges in Italy are the Italian Alps and the Apennines. The Italian Alps run all the way along the northern borders of Italy, while the Apennine mountains form the backbone of the country, running all the way north-south through the length of the country. Walking in the Italian Alps The Italian Alps can be subdivided into a number of distinct regions or smaller mountain ranges. They are presented here roughly as they are found from west to east in the north part of Italy. The Paghera Valley in the Italian Alps. Location of areas popular for walking in the Italian Alps. The Ligurian Alps Thye Ligurian Alps run along the border with France, close to the Mediterranean. They form the south-western extremity of the Alps, with parts also located in France, bordering on the Maritime Alps. The highest peaks reach just over 2600 m, and the landscape is rich in contrast, consisting of karts terrain with many caves, waterfalls, small lakes, woodlands and an interesting and partly edemic flora and fauna. The mountain range is located close to the Mediterranean coast, with the coastal region bordered by the Ligurian Alps and the Appenine mountains. The combination of authentic culture, sea and sun with mountains is an attractive combination for a walking holiday. Part of the Ligurian mountains in Italy. The Cottian Alps The Cottian Alps are part of the Western Alps, running along the border with France. There are more than 30 peaks that are higher than 3300 m, with several smaller glacier present. The landscape around the region's highest mountain, Monte Viso (3841 m) is most dramatic. There are many passes in the area, with the one dividing the Cottian Alps and the Graian Alps being the lowest mountain route through the Western Alps. It is thought that Hannibal used this route when he marched into Italy in the third century BC. View on the Cottian Alps in Italy. The Graian Alps - Mont Blanc The Graian Alps are found in France, Switzerland and Italy and include the Mont Blanc massif, with Western Europe's highest mountain. The area is generally divided in a number of distinct areas. The Mont Blanc massif is partly located in France, and partly in Italy, and partly in Switzerland. The Mont Blanc is 4810 m high, with the highest peak located just on the borders of Italy and France. Many people climb the mountain from the Italy, following the route that is known as La route des Aiguilles Grises. About 20,000 mountain walkers climb the mountain each year, but care should be taken. The ascent is relatively easy, but the ascent is long and it is necessary to adapt to the changes in altitude. Walking in mountains this high is always better done with trained mountain guides. There are a few impressive glaciers in the area, including the Miage Glacier. The Aosta valley with the Mont Blanc Massif in the background. To the South of the Mont Blanc massif, the Aosta valley drains the area towards the Po river. South of the Aosta valley, the Graian Alps are known as the Eastern Group, and includes the impressive Gran Paradiso peak at 4016 m. This is the only mountain in Italy that lies entirely in Italy and is over 4000 m in height. Climbing it is considered to be relatively easy, apart from the last 60 m to the top. A large part of the Gran Paradiso massif has been designated a national park, the Gran Paradiso National Park that is discussed further below. View on the Gran Paradiso massif from Cogne. The Pennine Alps - Monte Rosa & Matterhorn The Pennine Alps is one of the most impressive mountain chains in Europe, including such famous peaks as the Matterhorn and the Monte Rosa, both located on the border of Italy and Switzerland. There are generally many high mountains of over 4000 m in the area, and ten of the twelve highest mountains in the Alps are found here. There are also several glaciers, but most of them are located in Switzerland on the north slopes of the mountains in the Swiss part of the Pennine Alps. View on Lake Maggiore with the Monte Rosa Massif in the background The Monte Rosa peak, known as the Dufourspitze, lies just in Switzerland and is the highest point of the Pennine Alps at 4634 m. The name Monte Rosa comes from the word "rouese" which means glacier. There is indeed a large glacier present, known as the Gorner glacier, on the West side of the mountain, flowing to Zermatt in Switzerland. The smaller Monte Rosa glacier is located in Italy. The mountain lies very close to the village of Macugnaga where a 2400 m wall of rock rises steeply above the village. Popular with mountain walkers is the Tour of Monte Rosa. It takes 10 days to complete the circular route, following many ancient paths that connected the Swiss and Italian valleys. The Val Grande National park lies in the east of the mountain range, and is further discussed in the National park section. Also see Walking in the Italian Alps - self-guided walking holiday . The pyramidal shape of the famous Matterhorn. The Matterhorn, Monte Cervino in Italian, has always been an intruiging and challenging mountain. The name comes from the German words for Matte meaning meadow and Horn which means peak. It is an iconic mountain of the Alps in general and its first ascent marked the start of the golden age of alpinism and mountaineering. The mountain is fairly isolated with a characteristic pyramidical shape, each face facing one of the compass points. Because the faces of the mountain are so steep, snow does not really cling to them, regular avalanches bring the snow down to glaciers below. The Matterhorn was one of the last Alpine peaks to be climbed, not because it was such a difficult climb but more because the mountain instilled widespread fear among mountaineers. The north face remained one of the last big wall climbing challenges before it was finally climbed in 1931. Today, mountain guides take a large number of people up the Matterhorn via the north-east route with the route classed as fairly difficult. Ortler and Ötztal Alps West of Trento, Bolzano and the Dolomites lie the Ortler Alps. The highest peak, the Ortler, or Ortles in Italian, lies in Italy and is 3905 m high. The area consists of high, glaciated mountains, and in particular the Stelvio National Park is good for hiking and walking, which is further discussed below. Just north of the Ortler Alps, a small part of the Ötztal alps are found within the Italian borders. The peaks of this mountain range form the border between Italy and Austria. The range has become known also because of the discovery of Ötzi, the ice man, who was found in Italy close to the Austrian border. Otzi is a well-preserved mummy of a man who lived about 5,300 years ago who was found in a glacier. The discovery has given archeaologists an unique insight in copper-age man. The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital of South Tyrol, has an extensive exhibition on Ötzi. View on the Ortler Alps with the Ortles peak on the right. The Zillertal Alps The Zillertal Alps mountain range is named after the Ziller river, that runs to the north-west of it. Part of the range is located in Austria, and part in Italy. The highest mountain, the Hochfeiler or Gran Pilastro lies just in Italy and is 3510 m high. The Zillertal Alps are high and the well-known Brenner pass forms the only north-south connection through the mountains for motorized vehicles. However, also for walkers there are only a few places where the mountains can be crossed. The mountains are glaciated above 2500 m, although the substantial glaciers are located on the north side, in Austria. There are many trails and footpaths in the Italian part of the Zillertal alps. Well known routes include the Alta Via di Fundres/the Pfunderer Höhenweg. At the foot of the Zillertal Alps in Italy. The Dolomites The Dolomites are widely regarded as one of the most spectacular mountain ranges in Europe, and are a true mecca for walking and hiking holidays. Typical for the Dolomites are green rolling alpine meadows and pastures with steep limestone cliffs and pinnacles suddenly rising to great heights. These rocks and mountains consist of very typically pale or rose-coloured rocks, and the landforms have been likened to towers, castles and cathedrals. The famous Swiss architect Le Corbusier called them "the most beautiful architectures on earth". The Dolomites in Italy are a very popular walking holiday destination. The rocks of this mountain range started to form about 200 million years ago, in a tropical marine environment. Evidence of the marine life, coral reefs and atolls can still be seen in the mountains today. Later, volcanism covered these marine rocks with volcanic products, and this period was again followed by the formation of marine sediments. About 230 million years ago, when the first dinosaurs started to roam the earth, the general area began to sink and a muddy lagoon formed where plants created deposits of carbon. This was followed by another long period (the Cretaceous period) during which limestone and marl were deposited. Finally, only about two million years ago, the Eurasian and African tectonic plates collided, forming the Alps and also the Dolomites, resulting in the spectacular high mountains and peaks we can see today. Since then glaciation has further carved and formed the mountains. The Dolomites have been named after a geologist, Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu, who quickly realized he had come across a unique type of rocks. In the past, the Austrian - Italian border ran through the Dolomites. This border was the scene for heavy fighting during world war one. Special routes were build to help troups and supplies to move around. These routes were later converted to the "Via Ferrata", exposed mountain trails and paths with support ropes and cables. Many new Via Ferrati have been established in other parts of the Dolomites. The The Torri del Vaiolet in the Dolomites. The impressive landscapes and natural beauty of the Dolomites make them one of the most popular walking holiday destinations in Europe. There are many marked trails and footpaths, both in the valleys and in the higher mountains, and many lifts and gondolas to easily reach higher trails. And of course there are the Via Ferrati too. The climate is also very good, with the Dolomites having relatively sunny and stable weather compared to many other alpine areas. In 2009, the Dolomites were designated as a World Heritage site by UNESCO because of the area's unique natural beauty and importance geologically. The Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park is also located in the Dolomites, and is discussed further below. Also see Walking in the Dolomites - self-guided walking holiday . Walking in the Apennines The Apennines is the long mountain chain that forms the spine of the Italian peninsula. In the north they connect to the Ligurian Alps, and they run all the way south to the island of Sicily. The Apennines were thought to be part of the Alps, but now it is clear that they have always been a separate mountain chain. The Apennines rose from the sea millions of years later than the Alps were formed. It is thought that the name possibly originates from the time when the Celts dominated north Italy around the 4th century BC. The Celtic word "Penn" means "mountain" or "summit". The Apennines are normally divided into several regions, the Northern Apennines, the Central Apennines and the Southern Apennines. Most of the north and parts of the Central Apennines are verdant with lush vegetation, to the south the mountains are semi-arid. The eastern slopes are generally quite steep, while the western slopes descend more gradually. The different areas of the Apennines are discussed separately below. The North Apennines - Liguria, Tuscany & Umbria The north part of the Apennines is divided into the Ligurian Apennines, the Tuscan Apennines and the Umbrian Apennines. The Ligurian Apennines - Appennino Ligure in Italian - almost connect to the Ligurian Alps in the west of Italy. The range contains dozens of peaks with the Monte Maggiorasca being the highest at 1780 m. The range follows the arc of the coastline, giving the attractive combinations of walking, mountains and the sea. Also see Trails of Liguria - guided walking holiday . Monte Maggiorasca, the highest point in the Ligurian Apennines in Italy A bit further south the Tuscan Apennines - Appennino Toscano in Italian - are found. The highest point here is Monte Cimone (2165 m). The south part of the Tuscan Apennines is roughly found near the Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park (see further below). The whole of Tuscany is a very popular destination for walking holidays, and further discussed below. The Umbrian Apennines - Appennino Umbro in Italian, are not clearly defined, because it is very difficult to properly distinguish between the Umbrian mountains and the mountains of the Marches further south. As a result, there is also discussion about what the highest mountain of this part is. Generally though, the Umbrian Apennines are said to be located mainly in Umbria, while the mountains in Marches (le Marche) are considered Central Apennine. Umbria in general has a range of terrains for walking, hiking and trekking and the Umbrian Apennines have many scenic trails and footpaths to explore during a walking holiday. The Central Apennines - Le Marche and Abruzzo The Central Apennines are found in the regions of Abruzzo and Le Marche (also known as the Marches in English). Some of the highest parts of the Apennines are located in Le Marche, with the highest peak, Monte Vettore (2478 m) located in the Sibillini mountains. Here you will also find Sibillini National Park, great for walking and hiking, that is further discussed below. The range is heavily forested and also known as the green heart of Italy. The tiny republic of San Marino is found in the northeast of the Central Apennines, on the slopes of Monte Titano. The highest point and most rugged mountains in the Apennines are found in Abruzzo. Here the Gran Sasso d'Italia mountains include the highest summit, the Corno Grande, the rises to 2912 m. The Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park was established in 1993 to protect the area's landscapes and wildlife (further discussed below). Europe's southernmost glacier is found on the north slope of the Corno Grande. In spite of the area's proximity to Rome, the area is very quiet even in the summer season; ideal for walking and hiking away from the crowds. Other significant areas include the south part of the Sibillini range and the Majella massif. The Majella (also known as Maiella) consists of a compact limestone massif with vast plateaus. The highest point reaches 2793 m. The Majella National Park has been established here, further discussed below. The Gran Sasso range in the Central Apennines in Italy The Southern Apennines - La Sila & Pollino The Southern Apennines are more fragmented, consisting of more separate chains, the Pollino mountains, the La Silla mountainous plateau and the Aspromonte massif. Here the mountains are semi-arid. Also included is the Campanian volcanic arc near Naples, which includes Mount Vesuvius, Europe's most active volcano. The highest peak in the region is Monte Pollino at 2248 m. There are protected areas, including Pollino National Park and La Sila National Park, that are further discussed below. Monte Pollino in the Southern Apennines in Italy. Walking around the Italian Lakes The area in the north of Italy where the Italian lakes are found is also known as the Italian Lake District. Lying at the foot of the Italian Alps, the Italian lakes offer stunning scenery and great opportunities for a varied walking holiday. The 4 largest lakes are Lake Maggiore, Lake Lugano, Lake Como and Lake Garda. The lakes are glacial lakes, they hav been formed after the ice age. When the enormous glaciers started to melt, they left behind enormous clumps of ice in hollows in the landscape, and these subsequently melted to form the lakes. Other well-known glacial lakes are for example the Great Lakes in the US, and the lakes in the Lake District in England. Typical for glacial lakes is the rugged coastline and the greenish water. This is the result of the high nutrient content of the water, in which fine rockdust, also created by grinding glaciers, is dissolved in the water creating favourable conditions for algae to flourish. View on Lake Como, one of the Italian Lakes. The large water bodies have a large influence on the local climate. A mild, Mediterranean climate prevails, making growth of all sorts of exotic plants and crops possible. The Lakes are very deep, with Lake Como being 400 m deep in places, 200 m below sea level. The Italian lakes have always been a attractive places to settle for the wealthy, and you will find many villas with attractive exotic gardens here, many of which can be visited. The combination of history and culture, beautiful scenery, relaxing valley and lake-side walks, and the option of more higher level walking in the mountains creates varied opportunities for a special walking holiday. Also see Explore Lake Como - self-guided walking holiday . Walking in Tuscany Of all the regions in Italy, Tuscany is one of the most popular for a walking holiday. The area is known for its beautiful landscapes and rich artistic and cultural heritage. Among the famous people that lived and work here are Dante, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei. Lying in between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the central Apennines (covering part of these), the countryside is dominantly hilly, however, 25% is mountainous. The area has a mild climate in the coastal areas, but inland the climate is more extreme with warm summers and cold winters. Tuscany landscape in the Chianti region. The first major civilisation in the area was created by the Etruscans, later followed by the Romans. Pilgrims travelling along the Via Francigena brought wealth and prosperity to the area in the Medieval period. Tuscany, and in particular Florence, is widely regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance. Almost all towns and cities in Tuscany have considerable natural and architectural beauty, and in particular Florence has a unique artistic legacy. A typical Tuscany landscape, near the village of Monte Amiata in Italy. Tuscany is also famous for its culinary tradition and wines. Legumes, bread, cheese, vegetables, mushrooms and fresh fruit are widely used together with beef from the Chiana valley and pork. Chianti is the best known Tuscany wine. If you are looking for a combination of walking, art, good cuisine and culture for your walking holiday, Tuscany has a lot to offer. Also see Discover Tuscany - self-guided walking holiday . Walking on Sicily Sicily is blessed with a unique and rich culture. It is the largest island in the Mediterranean with a hilly landscape that is intensively cultivated. Citrus fruits, olives, wine and olive oil are mainly produced here. Along the northern coast you will find mountains up to 2000m in height. These are a continuation of the Apennines. The east coast is dominated by Europe's tallest and most active volcano, the Etna, which reaches 3320m in height. The area has a typical Mediterranean climate with mild wet winters and warm hot summers. The Nebrodi Mountains region is the island's largest protected area. It preserves Sicily's largest woodland area but there are also wetlands and rocky habitats. The area is very different in character to the rest of Sicily, being much greener and lusher, with water elements and very rich vegetation. There are both walking and thematic nature trails in the area for those wanting to explore the area by walking. Nebrodi regional nature park on Sicily. Walking in National parks in Italy There are 24 national parks in Italy, many of which are a great destination for a walking or hiking holiday. Some of the most significant are discussed below. Gran Paradiso National Park Gran Paradiso National Park is located in the west of Italy, in the Graian Alps, south of the Mont Blanc massif. It was Europe's very first national park, and with just over 70,000 ha its a pretty large area with an extremely varied relief, ranging from 800m in the valley bottoms to more than 4000m at the highest peak, the Gran Paradiso. Habitats consist of alpine grasslands, pine woods, glaciers, rocks and rivers and streams. Alpine Ibex are one of the iconic species in the area, grazing the alpine pastures. Popular places include Piano del Nivolet, a very beautiful plateau at 2500m, and the Cogne Valley, where you find the Gran Paradiso glacier. The walk from Valnontey to Vittorio Sella Mountain Hut is also very well-known. There are several visitor centres in the area and many well-marked footpaths. Long distance walks and hut to hut hiking are also possible. See Gran Paradiso National Park's website for more information. Ibex in Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy. Val Grande National Park The Val Grande National park lies in the east of the Pennine alps, from here you have beautiful views to Lake Maggiore and the Monte Rosa massif. This park is Italy's biggest wilderness areas, where summer pastures have been abandoned by farmers, and forestry has ceased. You can also see the remains of the ancient alpine communities that used to work and live here. There are no roads or permanent settlements in the area now, so it is perfect for walkers looking for something away from the beaten path. Higher up in the mountains paths are more rough and challenging in spite of the limited heights (2301m maximum) but especially in the Val d'Ossola there are also more gentle walks. A good starting point is the area's visitor centres. See Val Grande National Park's website for more information. View on Val Grande National Park in Italy. Stelvio National Park Stelvio National Park, also known as Stilfersjoch National Park, is found in the south part of the Ortler Alps. It is the largest national park, not only in the Italian Alps but in the whole of the Alpine chain. With many glaciers, streams, alpine meadows, forests and picturesque settlements, the area is great for walking and hiking, with many themed trails and marked routes, also to mountain huts in stunning settings. There are relaxing walks in the valley with more challenging walks high up in the mountains. A path in Stelvio national park with an open air art exhibition. See Stelvio National Park's website (only in Italian) for more information. Dolomites National Park Dolomites National Park, or Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park, is a 31,000 ha protected area in the central-southern part of the range. Because parts of these mountains were not glaciated during the ice ages, a very special flora and fauna can be found here. Next to many marked walking routes, there are the famous via ferrati, or "routes with irons". These are high mountain routes, of which the original routes were used during the world war. Now they are superb high mountain trails with ropes and support cables, and many additional routes have been created, also in other countries. There are also many nature and thematic trails in the area, with interpretation boards. Mountain walkers on a via ferrata trail in the Dolomites National Park in Italy Sibillini National Park Sibillini National Park or Monte Sibillini, is centered around the Sibillini massif that reaches a height of 2478m at Mount Vettore. Ancient medieval towns and village lie at the foot of the mountains, while the more inaccessible and less-visited parts of the area still support rare species such as wolf, golden eagle and pergrine. The spring and summer flora is simply amazing. There is a dense network of walking routes, that bring you to interesting natural and historic-cultural sights. The walking available is varied, from easy walks in the valley to more demanding walks higher up in the mountains. There is also a marked trail that runs through the whole chain and takes about 9 days to complete. Not all routes are marked in the park, and local knowledge is therefore very important when you want to walk in the Sibillini mountains. See Sibillini National Park's website for more information. A rural scene in Sibillini National Park. See Sibillini National Park's website for more information. Majella National Park Dolomites National Park, or Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park, is a 31,000 ha protected area in the central-southern part of the range. Because parts of these mountains were not glaciated during the ice ages, a very special flora and fauna can be found here. Next to many marked walking routes, there are the famous via ferrati, or "routes with irons". These are high mountain routes, of which the original routes were used during the world war. Now they are superb high mountain trails with ropes and support cables, and many additional routes have been created, also in other countries. There are also many nature and thematic trails in the area, with interpretation boards. See Majella National Park's website for more information. View to the Majella massif in Majella National Park in Italy Pollino National Park Pollino National park in the south Apennines has only recently been established. In the highest areas you'll find relict population of the last glaciation, with the most famous being the Bosnian Pine. The slopes of the mountains are heavily forested with beech and chestnut trees. The karts landscape is varied with gorges, caves and high altitude pastures. There are many marked walking routes and trails in the area. A good starting point is the national park offices for information. See Pollino National Park's website (only in Italian) for more information. Pollino National Park. La Sila National Park The landscape of the Sila National park region consists of forests covering gentle plateaus, with varied landscapes stretching out towards Pollino, Aspromonte, Etna, and the Ionian Tyrrhenian Sea. A network of marked walking routes and thematic trails has been established. See La Sila National Park's website (limited text in English) for more information. The La Sila area in Italy. See Sibillini National Park's website for more information. Italy's climate With a varied relief and a very long shape of the country, the distance from north to south is about 1200 km, the types of climate found in Italy is diverse. In the Alpine regions in the north you'll find alpine climates with lots of snowfall and late springs and cool summers. As you go further down and come closer to the coast, the climate becomes Mediterranean with wet mild winters and dry hot summers. Inland experiences a more continental climate with cold winters and hot dry summers. Inland northern areas even experience a humid subtropical climate. Italy's stable sunny climate means there is plenty of excellent walking and hiking weather. However, in general, climate patterns are complicated by the various mountains and hills that create unique microclimates in many areas. The east coast is not as wet in as the west coast, but is colder in winter. In summer the weather is generally stable, but there can be quite a few thunderstorms and cloudy and grey days in the mountain regions. Largest snowfall usually happens in February in the Apennines, but the alpine regions receive most of their snow in spring and autumn because high in the mountains the heart of winter often means clear blue skies. Best time for walking in Italy Like in many countries with a rich and complex climate pattern, the right time for a walking holiday in Italy depends very much on where you actually want to go. Generally though, in the coastal areas and inland and southerly areas that experience a land and Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers, the best time is spring or autumn. Spring brings a carpet of wildflowers, blossoming fruit trees and a lush green landscape. However, walking in glorious autumn weather can also be fantastic, with the rich colours of autumn giving the landscape something very special. The cooler spring and autumn temperatures in these areas are ideal for walking. Spring in the Italian Alps. In the high mountains and alps however, spring might come quite late, sometimes only in June with lingering snowpatches making some paths inaccessible. Here the summer months can be the best time, when temperatures high in the mountains are much cooler and ideal for walking and hiking. Wherever you are planning to go walking in Italy, it is always best to enquire locally about the best timing of a walking holiday. The holiday providers on the walkingholidayinfo.co.uk website are all local businesses that known their paths and trails like the back of their hand, and can give you the best advice on the local conditions and ideal timing for a walking holiday to their particular area. Italy Area: 50,944 sq. miles, about 1.2 x the size of the UK Population: 60.6 million	i don't know
Which play by Arthur Miller opened on Broadway in New York in January 1953?	Arthur Miller - The New York Times The New York Times Supported by Arthur Miller News about Arthur Miller, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. More Arthur Miller, one of the great American playwrights, whose work exposed the flaws in the fabric of the American dream, died Feb. 10, 2005, at his home in Roxbury, Conn. He was 89. The author of "Death of a Salesman," a landmark of 20th-century drama, Mr. Miller grappled with the weightiest matters of social conscience in his plays and in them often reflected or reinterpreted the stormy and very public elements of his own life -- including a brief and rocky marriage to Marilyn Monroe and his staunch refusal to cooperate with the red-baiting House Un-American Activities Committee."Death of a Salesman," which opened on Broadway in 1949, established Mr. Miller as a giant of the American theater when he was only 33. It won the triple crown of theatrical artistry that year: the Pulitzer Prize, the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and the Tony.But the play's enormous success also overshadowed Mr. Miller's long career: "The Crucible," a 1953 play about the Salem witch trials inspired by his virulent hatred of McCarthyism, and "A View From the Bridge," a 1955 drama of obsession and betrayal, ultimately took their place as popular classics of the international stage, but Mr. Miller's later plays never equaled his early successes. Although he wrote a total of 17 plays, "The Price," produced on Broadway during the 1967-68 season, was his last solid critical and commercial hit. -- Marilyn BergerRead the Obituary	The Crucible
The original Guggenheim Museum is in which city?	Arthur Miller - Biography - IMDb Arthur Miller Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trivia (45) \| Personal Quotes (15) Overview (4) 6' 2½" (1.89 m) Mini Bio (1) Arthur Asher Miller was born on October 17, 1915, in New York City, to Augusta (Barnett) and Isidore Miller. His family was of Austrian Jewish descent. His father manufactured women's coats, but his business was devastated by the Depression, seeding his son's disillusionment with the American Dream and those blue-sky-seeking Americans who pursued it with both eyes focused on the Grail of Materialism. Due to his father's strained financial circumstances, Miller had to work for tuition money to attend the University of Michigan. It was at Michigan that he wrote his first plays. They were successes, earning him numerous student awards, including the Avery Hopwood Award in Drama for "No Villain" in 1937. The award was named after one of the most successful playwrights of the 1920s, who simultaneously had five hits on Broadway, the 'Neil Simon (I)' of his day. Now almost forgotten except for his contribution to "Gold Diggers of 1933," Hopwood achieved a material success that the older Miller could not match, but he failed to capture the immortality that would be Miller's. Hopwood's suicide, on the beach of the Cote d'Azur, inspired Norman Maine's march into the SoCal surf in A Star Is Born (1937). It seemed to encapsulate the American dilemma: the achievement of success was no panacea for an America soul-sick from its pursuit. Like Fitzgerald, Miller tasted success at a tender age. In 1938, upon graduating from Michigan, he received a Theatre Guild National Award and returned to New York, joining the Federal Theatre Project. He married his college girlfriend, Mary Grace Slattery, in 1940; they would have two children, Joan and Robert. In 1944, he made his Broadway debut with "The Man Who Had All the Luck," a flop that lasted only four performances. He went on to publish two books, "Situation Normal" in '44, and "Focus" in 1945, but it was in 1947 that his star became ascendant. His play "All My Sons," directed by Elia Kazan , became a hit on Broadway, running for 328 performances. Both Miller and Kazan received Tony Awards, and Miller won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. It was a taste of what was to come. Staged by Kazan, "Death of a Salesman" opened at the Morosco Theatre on February 10, 1949, and closed 742 performances later on Nov 18, 1950. The play was the sensation of the season, winning six Tony Awards, including Best Play and Best Author for Miller. Miller also was awarded the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play made lead actor Lee J. Cobb , as Willy Loman, an icon of the stage comparable to the Hamlet of John Barrymore : a synthesis of actor and role that created a legend that survives through the bends of time. A contemporary classic was recognized, though some critics complained that the play wasn't truly a tragedy, as Willy Loman was such a pathetic soul. The fall of such a small person as Loman could not qualify as tragedy, as there was so little height from which to fall. Miller, a dedicated progressive and a man of integrity, never accepted the criticism. As Willy's wife Linda said at his funeral, "Attention must be paid," even to the little people who were crucified alongside the capitalist gods in the pursuit of the American Dream. In 1983 Miller himself directed a staging of "Salesman" in Chinese at the Beijing Peoples' Art Theatre. He said that while the Chinese, then largely ignorant of capitalism, might not have understood Loman's career choice, they did have empathy for his desire to drink from the Grail of the American Dream. They understood this dream, which Miller characterizes as the desire "to excel, to win out over anonymity and meaninglessness, to love and be loved, and above all, perhaps, to count." It is this desire to sup at the table of the great American Capitalists, even if one is just scrounging for crumbs, in a country of which President Calvin Coolidge said, "The business of America is business," this desire to be recognized, to be somebody, that so moves "Salesman" audiences, whether in New York, London or Beijing. Miller never again attained the critical heights nor smash Broadway success of "Salesman," though he continued to write fine plays that were appreciated by critics and audiences alike for another two decades. Disenchanted with Kazan over his friendly testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee, the two parted company when Kazan refused to direct "The Crucible," Miller's parable of the witch hunts of Sen. Joseph McCarthy . Defending her husband, Kazan's wife Molly told Miller that the play was disingenuous, as there were no real witches in Puritan Salem. It was a point Miller disagreed with, as it was a matter of perspective--the witches in Salem were real to those who believed in them. Directed by another Broadway legend, Jed Harris , the play ran for 197 performances and won Miller the 1953 Tony Award for Best Play. Miller had another success with "A View from the Bridge," a play about an incest-minded longshoreman written with overtones of classical Greek tragedy, which ran for 149 performances in the 1955-56 season. It was in 1956 that Miller made his most fateful personal decision, when he divorced his wife Mary and married movie siren-cum-legend Marilyn Monroe . With this marriage Miller achieved a different type of fame, a pop culture status he abhorred. It was a marriage doomed to fail, as Monroe was, in Miller's words, "highly self-destructive." In his beautifully written 1989 autobiography "Timebends," Miller wrote that a marriage was a conspiracy to keep out the light. When one or more of the partners could no longer prevent the light from coming in and illuminating the other's faults, the marriage was doomed. In his own autobiography, "A Life," Kazan said that he could not understand the marriage. Monroe, who had slept with Kazan on a casual basis, as she did with many other Hollywood players, was the type of woman someone took as a mistress, not as a wife. Miller, however, was a man of principle. He was in love. "[A]ll my energy and attention were devoted to trying to help her solve her problems," Miller confessed to a French newspaper in 1992. "Unfortunately, I didn't have much success." The conspiracy collapsed during the filming of The Misfits (1961) (1961), with John Huston shooting the original script Miller had written expressly for his wife. The genesis of the story had come to him while waiting out a divorce from his first wife Mary in Nevada. Monroe hated her character Roslyn, claiming that Miller had made her out to be the dumb blond stereotype she so loathed and had been trying to escape. Withering in her criticism of Miller, and ultimately unfaithful to him, she and Miller separated. Norman Mailer , in his dubious 1973 biography "Marilyn," ridiculed Miller for not doing enough to help Monroe, for not being man enough to keep her. Movie critic Pauline Kael , in turn, lambasted Mailer, saying it was simply a matter of petty machismo and jealousy, that the nearly eight-year-younger Mailer resented Miller (who, unlike Mailer, was never shy about his Judaism), his respectable reputation and his conquest of Marilyn. Ironically, Mailer had lived in the same Brooklyn boarding house as Miller did, after World War II. What Mailer seemed to resent most of all was never being invited over to meet the Missus when they lived close by one another in Connecticut in the late 1950s. Miller would later reunite with Kazan to launch the new Lincoln Center Repertory Theater, with the play "After the Fall," a fictionalization of his relationship with Monroe. "Fall" ran for 208 performances in repertory in 1964 and 1965 and won 1964 Tony Awards for Jason Robards and Kazan's future wife Barbara Loden , playing the Miller and Monroe stand-ins Quentin and Maggie. Miller's own "Incident at Vichy" played in repertory with "Fall" in the 1965 season, but lasted only 32 performances On June 1, 1957, Miller was found in contempt of Congress for refusing to name names of a literacy circle suspected of Communist Party affiliations. The State Department deprived him of his passport, and he became a left-wing cause celebre. In 1967 Miller became President of P.E.N., an international literacy organization that campaigned for the rights of suppressed writers. He published a collection of short stories entitled "I Don't Need You Any More" the same year. Returning to the Morosco Theatre, the site of his greatest triumph, "The Price" was Miller's last unqualified hit in America, running for 429 performances between Feb 7, 1968 and Feb 15, 1969. Though Miller won a 1968 Tony Award for Best Play, the bulk of his success as an original playwright was over. A 1971 teleplay (_Price, The (1971) (TV)_) of the production was nominated for six Emmy awards, including Outstanding Single Program-Drama or Comedy, and won three, including Best Actor for George C. Scott , who would later win a 1976 Tony playing Willy Loman in a 1975 Broadway revival. Miller never again achieved success on Broadway with an original play. In the 1980s, when he was hailed as the greatest living American playwright after the death of Tennessee Williams, he even had trouble getting full-scale revivals of his work staged. One of his more significant later works, "The American Clock", based on Studs Terkel 's oral history of the Great Depression "Hard Times," ran for only 11 previews and 12 performances in late 1980 at the Biltmore Theatre. Also in 1980, Miller courted controversy by backing the casting of anti-Zionist Vanessa Redgrave as a concentration-camp Jewess in his teleplay Playing for Time (1980), an adaptation of the memoir "The Musicians of Auschwitz." Another politically active Jew in show business, soon-to-be-president of the Screen Actors Guild Edward Asner , recommended that other Jews shun Miller. Commercial Broadway producers didn't need Asner's advice to shun Miller, however. Ironically for America's greatest living playwright, his original work was popular in Britain, whose intellectual and theatrical communities treated him as a major figure in world literature. The universality of his work was highlighted with his own successful staging of "Death of a Salesman" in Beijing in 1983. Arthur Miller wrote plays, screenplays, novels, short stories, non-fiction, and an autobiography, but it will be for "Death of a Salesman" that he will be remembered. It is the "Great American Fiction" of the 20th century, if not the Great American Play, perfectly encapsulating what was wrong with America in that tumultuous century. The play has become a standard warhorse, now revived each decade on Broadway, and all over the world. In addition to George C. Scott and Lee J. Cobb (who received an Emmy nomination for the 1966 teleplay; Miller himself received a Special Citation from the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for the production), Dustin Hoffman and Brian Dennehy have garnered kudos for playing Willie Loman. The 1984 Broadway revival of "Salesman" won a Tony for best Reproduction and helped revive Miller's domestic reputation, while Volker Schlöndorff 's 1985 film ( Death of a Salesman (1985)) of the production won 10 Emmy nominations, including one for Miller as executive producer of the Outstanding Drama/Comedy Special. Hoffman won an Emmy and a Golden Globe for playing Willy Loman. The hit 1999 revival won four Tonys, including Dennehy for Best Actor, and ran for 274 performances at the Eugene O''Neill Theatre. Miller based his works on American history, his own life, and his observations of the American scene. Though uniquely American, they simultaneously were universal stories about an individual's struggle with his society, his family, and especially, himself. Miller's characters suffer from anxiety, depression, and guilt, and it was the genius of Miller to portray their pain and sorrow realistically, creating works that were familiar, yet uncanny in their power to move an audience. Miller's stature is based on his refusal to avoid moral and social issues in his writing, even when the personal cost was terrible. Miller might not have been the greatest writer in America, but his bravery and his willingness to fight for what he believed in his chosen art form made him a great American whose name will live on in world letters. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood Spouse (3) Older brother of Joan Copeland . First wife Mary Slattery was his college sweetheart. Met his late wife, Inge Morath , when she and other photographers from the legendary Magnum agency, was assigned to document the making of Miller's and Marilyn Monroe 's film, The Misfits (1961). Daughter Rebecca Miller is married to Daniel Day-Lewis , who starred in The Crucible (1996), a film version of Miller's play. (May 8, 2002) Miller received the "Principe de Asturias" prize, in honour of his writing career. Awarded Spain's Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature as "the undisputed master of modern drama." Previous winners include Doris Lessing , Günter Grass and Carlos Fuentes . [May 2002] Divorced his first wife, Mary Slattery, in Reno, NV, after a six-week residency period. It was while waiting for his divorce that Miller met a group of cowboys who inspired the short story "The Misfits", which he later adapted as a vehicle for his second wife, Marilyn Monroe . His "Death of a Salesman" was the first play to take the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, the Tony Award and the Pulitzer Prize. Was exempted from military service during World War II because of a football injury. Was found guilty of contempt of Congress for refusing to reveal to the House Un-American Activities Committee the names of members of a literary circle accused of Communist affiliations. His conviction was reversed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on 8 August 1958. [May 1957] Graduated from the University of Michigan in 1938, majoring in journalism. He was a reporter and night editor on the student paper, The Michigan Daily. According to Martin Gottfried's biography, "Arthur Miller: His Life and Work," he and his late wife, Inge Morath , had a son, Daniel, born with Down Syndrome. Miller put Daniel in an institution in Roxbury, Conn., and never visited him. Was one of three children. His father was an Austrian Jewish immigrant. His mother was born in New York, to Austrian Jewish parents. He was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1995 (1994 season) BBC Award for Best Play for Broken Glass. (12/04) The 89-year-old Miller announced that he has been living with 34-year-old artist Agnes Barley at his Roxbury, Connecticut, farm since 2002. Biography/bibliography in: "Contemporary Authors". New Revision Series, Vol. 132, pp. 287-295. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2005. Miller died on the 56th anniversary of the opening night of his greatest success. "Death of a Salesman" opened at the Morosco Theatre on Feb 10, 1949 and closed on Nov 18, 1950, running for a total of 742 performances. The original production won two 1949 Tony Awards for Miller for Best Play and Best Author. It also won Tony Awards for Arthur Kennedy (Best Supporting or Featured Actor-Dramatic), Jo Mielziner (Best Scenic Design), Kermit Bloomgarden and Walter Fried (Producer-Dramatic), and Elia Kazan (Best Director). Cameron Mitchell won a 1949 Theatre World Award for Supporting Actor. Miller also was awarded the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play has been revived three times successfully on Broadway, in 1975, 1984 and 1999. According to Miller in his autobiography "Timebends," he had written a screenplay dealing with corruption on the New York waterfront called "The Hook." Elia Kazan had agreed to direct it, and in 1951 they went to see Harry Cohn at Columbia Pictures about making the picture. Cohn agreed in principle to make "The Hook," but his minions were troubled by the portrayal of corrupt union officials. When Cohn asked that the antagonists of the script be changed to Communists, Miller refused. Cohn sent Miller a letter telling him it was interesting that he had resisted Columbia's desire to make the movie pro-American. Kazan later made a movie about corruption on the waterfront that did include corrupt union officials, based on articles by Malcolm Johnson . He asked Miller to write the script, but Miller declined due to his disenchantment with Kazan's friendly testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Budd Schulberg , a fellow HUAC informer, developed the story and wrote the script. The movie was produced by Sam Spiegel and distributed through Columbia. On the Waterfront (1954), which won eight Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Screenplay, is considered a classic and was one of the first films named to the National Film Preservation Board's National Film Registry in 1989. He was forced to testify in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1956, after he had sought a passport to accompany his wife, Marilyn Monroe , to England for the shooting of The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). In 1954 the US State Department had refused to renew his passport (first issued in 1947) on the grounds that he was a "fellow traveler". Subsequent to his 1956 request, HUAC subpoenaed Miller to testify about the unauthorized use of American passports. The justification of the subpoena was that the State Department was withholding approval of his latest request due to derogatory information about Miller's past. In his HUAC testimony, Miller admitted to involvement with many Communist-front organizations and having had sponsored many Communist-backed causes in the 1940s. When Miller was asked whether he had signed an application to join the Communist Party in 1939 or '40, he explained that he believed he had signed an application for a course on Marxism. The date was significant for it was the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, signed in Moscow on August 23, 1939 (thus enabling the launching of World War II by allying the USSR with Germany, partitioning Poland between the two countries, and allowing Adolf Hitler to concentrate his war machine on the West), that led many American Communist Party members, like friendly witness Elia Kazan , to repudiate the Party. To have stuck with the Party or to have joined after the Pact would tar one as a Stalinist. Claiming he could not remember, Miller refused to deny that he had signed statements attacking H.U.A.C. and the Smith Act, and signing a statement against outlawing the Communist party. The Alien Registration Act of 1940, a.k.a. the Smith Act, had been used to destroy the Communist Party. It banned knowingly or willfully advocating, abetting, advising, or teaching the necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing the government of the U.S. or any of its subdivisions by force or violence, or by assassination of its officials. It also outlawed the printing, publishing, editing and distribution of materials advocating violent revolution, and made it a crime to organize, help or make attempts to organize any group advocating the same. The U.S. Supreme Court had upheld the Smith Act in 1951. Upholding the conspiracy convictions of 11 Communist Party leaders, the Court, applying a clear and present danger test, held that free speech could be curbed in order to suppress a serious evil. Miller told H.U.A.C. that he opposed the Smith Act because it might limit "advocacy," which was essential to literature. The right to free expression for artists had to be preserved. Miller's culpability hanged upon his helping a group, i.e., the Communist Party, which advocated the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. Miller testified that he had attended Communist party writers' meetings four or five times. When he was asked to confirm the identity of the chairman of a 1947 "meeting of Communist party writers" that he had attended, Miller refused to name names. He stated that though he "would not support now a cause dominated by Communists . . . my conscience will not permit me to use the name of another person and bring trouble to him." Section 6 of The Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 made it illegal for any member of a registered Communist or Communist-front organization, or an organization under order to be filed as Communist or Communist-front, to apply for or use a passport if they had knowledge of the actual or impending registration. The provision was later struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1964 as violating the Fifth Amendment's due process clause. The Court held that the law infringed on the right to travel, and limited "freedom of association." Faulting Section 6 for being too broad in its application, the Court held it to be unconstitutional as it penalized organization members regardless of their knowledge of its illegal aims, whether they were active or not, and whether they intended to further the organization's illegal aims or not. The law was too broad as it effected "Communist-action" and "Communist-front" organizations whether or not a member believed or knew that they were associated with such an organization, or whether they knew that the organization sought to further the aims of world Communism. (However, the next year, the Court upheld State Department area restrictions on passports, finding that its passport policies did not violate the First Amendment as they inhibited action rather than expression. This distinction was again upheld in 1981.) In 1956, however, Section 6 of The Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 was still the law of the land, and it was the law with which H.U.A.C. went after Miller. H.U.A.C. gave Miller an additional ten days to return and answer questions, with the implication that he would be cited for contempt if he did no do so. Miller's lawyers counseled that since the committee's line of questioning had nothing to do with passports, he was not in contempt of Congress for choosing not to answer a question about an unrelated subject. He refused to participate in any further questioning. The State Department issued Miller a six-month temporary passport to accompany Monroe to England, but upon his return, he was indicted by a federal grand jury after the U.S. House of Representatives voted 373 to 9 to cite him for contempt. He was convicted of contempt in federal court, fined $500 and given a thirty-day suspended prison sentence. In 1958, his conviction was overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Citing a 1955 U.S. Supreme Court decision, the Court of Appeals ruled unanimously that H.U.A.C had not sufficiently warned Miller of the penalty for refusing to answer a congressional committee's questions. Miller won the respect of the left and libertarians for doing what many others in his position did not: Stand up to the House Un-American Activities Committee, regardless of the personal cost. His moral courage, which was on display in his life as well as his literature, made him a true American hero. Won six Tony Awards: in 1947, as Best Author for "All My Sons;" in 1949, as Best Author as well as author of Best Play winner "Death of a Salesman;" in 1953, as Best Author (Dramatic) as well as author of Best Play winner "The Crucible;" and in 1999, a Special Lifetime Achievement Tony Award. He was also Tony-nominated three other times as author of a Best Play nominee: "The Price in 1968, "Broken Glass" in 1994, and "The Ride Down Mt. Morgan" in 2000. In his autobiography "Timebends," Miller speculates that his unconscious mind picked the name "Loman" for Willy Loman, the protagonist of his greatest play, "Death of a Salesman" (1947), from the movie The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1933), which featured a character named "Inspector Lohmann." (Kriminalkomissar Karl Lohmann also appeared in "Mabuse" director Fritz Lang 's M (1931)). His play "Resurrection Blues" was chosen by Old Vic Artistic Director Kevin Spacey for an early 2006 production by the venerable London theatrical company. Director by Robert Altman in his London theatrical debut, the Miller play featured an eclectic cast, including Maximilian Schell , James Fox (who replaced John Wood before previews) and American movie actors Matthew Modine and Jane Adams . The critics mostly panned "Resurrection Blues", partly due to the clash in acting styles of the disparate cast. Adams walked out after a matinée on April 5, 2006, and was replaced by her understudy for subsequent performances. No explanation was given for her departure from the production. The play was scheduled to close a week early in mid-April due to poor ticket sales. Altman claimed after the poor debut of the play that he was not very familiar with the script, and didn't really understand the play. Critics said that his confusion obviously affected the cast, many of whom seemed not to understand the play, and some of whom seemed to have trouble remembering lines. While not an outright debacle, the play is another relative failure characterizing Spacey's troubled tenure as Old Vic chief. In his autobiography "Timebends," Miller says that Lee J. Cobb was his favorite Willy Loman. He also says that Cobb was never really a leftist as he was apolitical, but that he had been attracted to left-wing and anti-Nazi causes during the Depression as had many people who were trying to do right. Thus, Miller never held the fact that he was a friendly witness before HUAAC against him. A decade after his testimony, Cobb's Willy Loman was captured for posterity, with the 1966 video version. By then, Miller had even worked again with Elia Kazan , the most famous and unrepentant of the people who knuckled under and "named names, " whom he fell out with when Kazan refused to direct the Broadway staging of "The Crucible," Miller's metaphorical denunciation of McCarthyism. He was awarded the American National Medal of the Arts in 1993 by the National Endowment of the Arts in Washington D.C. Won the University of Michigan's prestigious "Hopwood Prize" for creative writing in 1938, while an undergraduate at the school. The prize is named for playwright Avery Hopwood (1882 - 1928), a vastly successful playwright in the teens and 1920s (most famous for the plays " The Bat (1926)" and "The Golddiggers", which became the basis of Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933)) a Michigan alumnus who left a bequest in his will establishing the awards. The Hopwood Program at Michigan now administers the Arthur Miller Award of the U-M Club of New York Scholarship. He and his then wife Marilyn Monroe commissioned famed American architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design a home for their Roxbury property in Litchfield County, Connecticut. Although the house was never built by the couple, the plans were purchased many years later by a country club in Hawaii and built as a clubhouse. The scale model is on exhibit at Taliesan West, Wright's winter compound in Scottsdale, Arizona. Lived with his girlfriend Agnes Barley at the time of his death. Agnes was approximately 50 years younger than Miller. After his divorce from Marilyn Monroe , his father was Marilyn's date to JFK's birthday party at Madison Square Garden. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume 7, 2003-2005, pages 373-376. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2007. Won a 1999 Special Tony Award (New York City) lifetime achievement award. His play, "Death of a Salesman," at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago, Illinois was awarded the 1999 Joseph Jefferson Award for Play Production. His play, "The Price," at the Writers Theatre in Chicago, Illinois was awarded the 2002 Joseph Jefferson Award for Play Production. His play, "All My Sons" at the TimeLine Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois was nominated for a 2010 Joseph Jefferson Award for Production-Play Midsize. His play, "Death of a Salesman" at the Raven Theatre in Chicago, Illinois was nominated for a 2010 Joseph Jefferson Award (Non-Equity Division) for Production of a Play. Both his younger sister Joan Copeland and his second wife Marilyn Monroe were born on June 1: in 1922 and 1926 respectively.	i don't know
Clidro, Pipeline and Backdoor are terms that are used in which sport?	Entries – Pipeline – Encyclopedia Of Surfing Hank Foto Beautiful but ferocious Hawaiian surf break located on the North Shore of Oahu, regarded since the early 1960s as the sport's premier tube; site of the venerable Pipeline Masters competition. "First it intimidates you," Kelly Slater said. "Then you find the balls to give it a try. Then you figure it out, and grow from the pride that comes with that. Then you get hungry for it." Pipeline is best on a west or northwest swell, and like with the rest of the North Shore breaks most often from October to March. While "Pipeline" specifically refers to the left-breaking wave, it can also be used to include Backdoor, the right-breaking wave attached to the Pipeline peak that opens up when the swell comes in from the north or northwest; surfers will often take off side by side, one riding Pipeline, the other riding the Backdoor right. Off-the-Wall, a break similar to Backdoor, is located just down the beach to the west. Pipeline itself is made up of a series of reefs. First Reef, a flat lava plateau broken up by a few narrow crevasses and located less than 75 yards offshore, is the main break; an incoming wave, shaped into a peak by outside reefs, will abruptly hit First Reef and pitch out into the hallmark Pipeline tube, which usually spins and grinds for about seven seconds, tapering down the whole time, before expiring over a sandy area to the east. Most Pipeline waves spit at least once. Sand deposits can affect the shape of the wave at First Reef; the break is temperamental as a rule, and often comes into top form just a half-dozen days a season. Second Reef Pipeline is located 75 yards out from the regular Pipeline lineup, and comes online when the surf hits 10 or 12 foot. Waves here often do little more than fringe along the crest, which allows the surfer to make an early entry and set the ride up as the swell moves toward First Reef. Third Reef Pipeline, a shifty and foaming big-wave break located another 300 yards offshore, is rarely surfed. Pipeline has justly earned a reputation as the world's most dangerous surf spot; waves here break with piledriving force over a shallow reef (usually between six and 10 feet deep), and can be difficult to read; the omnipresent photo gallery attracts surfers, and helps create an aggressive mood in the lineup, which in turn leads to bad wave selection, insane risk taking, injuries, and even death. It is estimated that a surfer dies at Pipeline every other year. On a single day in December 1998, there were 30 injuries at Pipeline, including a near fatality. There are competing claims as to who was the first surfer to ride Pipeline, but the honor usually goes to Phil Edwards of California, who paddled out on a four-foot day at what was then called Banzai Beach in mid-December 1961, then returned the following morning with filmmaker Bruce Brown, when the waves were six to eight foot. Edwards rode a beautiful eight-foot cylinder that showed up on Brown's 1962 surf film Surfing Hollow Days. It was boardmaker Mike Diffenderfer, also of California, who suggested to Brown that he call the break Pipeline, after noticing that the waves looked like the giant concrete pipes being used in a nearby construction project. By the end of 1962, California surfers Butch Van Artsdalen and John Peck had set the early standard for Pipeline surfing, Van Artsdalen's tuberiding earning him the title of "Mr. Pipeline." In 1963 the break gained recognition even among nonsurfers, as the Chantays' "Pipeline" instrumental went to #4 on the national charts; the following year Pipeline was featured in Columbia Pictures' Ride the Wild Surf. Pipeline was also featured in Bruce Brown's crossover hit The Endless Summer. Following the shortboard revolution, in the late '60s, tuberiding became the focus of high-performance surfing, and Pipeline thus became the sport's ultimate break. Tom Stone and Jock Sutherland of Hawaii were riding completely behind the curl by 1969; Gerry Lopez, another Hawaiian, not only went deeper the following year, but did so with a pared-down style that became a benchmark for surfing grace and elegance. "You're always right on the edge at Pipeline," Lopez later remarked, admitting that he was never quite as serene as he appeared. "You're always hanging by your fingertips; you never really have it under control. But I guess that's the appeal of the place." (Rory Russell, second-in-command to Lopez at Pipeline in the early and mid-'70s, and given to earthier phrasing, once described the takeoff at Pipeline as "a goddamn heart-stopper.") Regularfooters, long at a disadvantage to goofyfooters at Pipeline as they ride with their backs to the wave, made a strong push during the Shaun Tomson-led "backside attack" season of 1975–76. The Pipeline Masters contest was by then in its fifth year, and well on its way to becoming the sport's premier showcase; Tomson won the 1975 event easily. By the mid-'90s, regularfooters, led by Kelly Slater of Florida, had all but erased the goofyfooters' advantage at Pipeline. Pipeline continued the crossover into the mainstream: Sports Illustrated published a 1982 cover story on the break, "Thunder from the Sea," while the Masters was featured each year on ABC's Wide World of Sports. Pipeline also had a starring role in Dana Brown's top-grossing documentary Step Into Liquid (2003). Aside from those already mentioned, a short list of top Pipeline surfers over the decades, in roughly chronological order, would include Jackie Eberly, Sam Hawk, Jeff Crawford, Jackie Dunn, Michael Ho, Larry Blair, Dane Kealoha, Tom Carroll, Ronnie Burns, Mark Cunningham, Tom Curren, Mike Stewart, Derek Ho, Johnny-Boy Gomes, Sunny Garcia, Liam McNamara, Rob Machado, Andy Irons, Bruce Irons, Tamayo Perry, Kalani Chapman, Jamie O'Brien and John John Florence. Surfing's most photographed and filmed wave by far, Pipeline has been featured in hundreds of surf movies, videos, DVDs, and webcasts. Its been at or near the top of every "best wave" list ever put together, including a #1 rank on Surfer magazine's 2011 cover article on the world's "100 Best Waves." Pipeline also was at the top of TransWorld Surf magazine's 2008 list of "10 Deadliest Waves." The Pipeline, a coffee table book on the history of the break, was published by Surfline in 2008. Aside from the Masters, Pipeline-held competitions include the HIC Pipeline Pro, the Pipeline Bodysurfing Classic, the Da Hui Backdoor Shootout, and the Mike Stewart International Pipeline Pro.	Surfing
In the Harry Potter series of books, what is the name of Harry’s pet owl?	Da Hui Sues ASP Over Pipe Masters Format \| SURFER Da Hui Sues the ASP Controversy on the North Shore December 19, 2014 By Jeff Mull Kelly Slater weaves through a Backdoor tube in the opening rounds of the Pipe Masters. Photo: Frieden On the day before the final day of competition at the last event of the Triple Crown, news broke that Da Hui had sued the ASP over their use of two-man heats at the Pipe Masters and a local judge has recently ruled in their favor. According to Honolulu county law, surf contests must have four-man heats at all times as a means to keep the duration of events short. In the lawsuit, Judge Karl Sakamoto ruled in favor of Da Hui, citing existing county law. “Clearly each surf meet must have at least four surfers, and no man-on-man or one-on-one heats are allowed,” he wrote in his opinion. The ASP has been running man-on-man heats at the Pipe Masters since 2008. But according to the organization, they hold a variance—essentially a waiver—from the law. “We actually have a variance with the City and State that allows us to run the format that we want to,” the ASP’s Dave Prodan told Honolulu-based news station Hawaii News Now . Earlier this year, it was announced that the Pipe Masters would do away with the 16 wildcards that had traditionally been allowed to compete in the event and instead, allow only the top-two finishers of a new trials event to surf in the Pipe Masters. Da Hui has made no secret that they were angry over the thinned-down roster of local surfers that were allowed to compete in the event. It’s assumed that this lawsuit stemmed from that frustration. “There’s no respect for the law, no respect for the judge, no respect for the surfers, no respect for the people” Stacy Moniz, director of Da Hui, told Hawaii News Now. It’s unclear as to what steps the city might take to address the issue. But as of press time, it appears that the ASP will be moving forward with the final day of competition.	i don't know
Which US state has borders with Kansas, Illinois, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, Nebraska and Oklahoma?	eThemes - Geography: Midwest Region of the United States eThemes Your source for content-rich, kid-safe online resources. Global rating average: 5.0 out of 5 5.0 Discuss this eTheme. These sites focus on the states in the Midwest. Learn more about the history, land, economy, industries, and animals of this region. Includes many photographs plus statistics that can be graphed. The following states are included: North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. Also has links to eThemes Resources on the West, South and Northeast. Grades eThemes Resource: Geography: Western Region of the United States Report this link as broken? These sites focus on the states in the West. Learn more about the history, land, economy, industries, and animals of this region. There are many photographs plus statistics that can be graphed. The following states are included: Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. There are also links to eThemes Resources on the Midwest, South and Northeast. eThemes Resource: Geography: Southern Region of the United States Report this link as broken? These sites focus on the states in the South. Learn more about the history, land, economy, industries, and animals of this region. There are many photographs as well as statistics that can be graphed. The following states are included: Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Also includes links to eThemes Resources on the Midwest, West, and Northeast.	Missouri
What is the name of the highly toxic protein obtained from the pressed seeds of the castor oil plant?	Missouri State Information - Symbols, Capital, Constitution, Flags, Maps, Songs Missouri Fun Facts and Trivia Flag: Centered on red, white and blue fields is the Missouri state seal. It is encircled by a blue band with twenty-four stars representing the number of states in 1821. The stars in the inner circle have the same meaning. Two huge grizzly bears support the circular shield in the center which has three parts: The motto "United We Stand,Divided we Fall" The right section representingthe United States The left section containing a moon representing a new state and a grizzly bear standing for courage. The flag was designed by Mrs. Marie Elizabeth Oliver of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Flag adopted 1913.	i don't know
Which former British Prime Minister played cricket for Middlesex?	Sir Alec Douglas-Home \| England Cricket \| Cricket Players and Officials \| ESPN Cricinfo 1924 - 1927 Profile Lord Home of the Hirsel, The Baron, KT, PC, who died at his home on October 9, 1995, aged 92, was the only British prime minister to have played first-class cricket. As Lord Dunglass, he was a useful member of the Eton XI. In the rain-affected Eton- Harrow match of 1922 he scored 66, despite being hindered by a saturated outfield, and then took 4 for 37 with his medium-paced out-swingers. He played ten first-class matches for six different teams: Middlesex, Oxford University, H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI, MCC (with whom he toured South America under Pelham Warner), Free Foresters and Harlequins. His two games for Middlesex were in 1924 and 1925, both against Oxford University while he was actually an Oxford undergraduate; he did not represent the university until the following year. His cricket was gradually overtaken by politics, and he entered the Commons in 1931. After he succeeded to his father's title and became the 14th Earl of Home, he rose to be foreign secretary and then prime minister, when he emerged as a totally unexpected compromise choice as Harold Macmillan's successor. After renouncing his title (and becoming Sir Alec Douglas-Home until he returned to the Lords as a life peer) he remained in Downing Street for a year until the 1964 election. Despite all his honours, Alec Home never made an enemy and was much valued, in cricket as in politics, for his quiet charm and sagacity. He was president of MCC in 1966 and an important behind-the-scenes influence whenever the game was in difficulties. From 1977 to 1989 Lord Home was Governor of I Zingari. The general opinion is that, even if he had devoted himself to the game, he would not have been a regular county player, but then no one expected him to rise so high in politics either. H. S. Altham, in his review of public schools cricket in the 1923 Wisden, said Lord Dunglass was a better batsman on wet pitches - he had the courage of his convictions and could hook and pull the turning ball effectively. Much the same could be said for his politics: he was always at his best on a sticky wicket. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack	Alec Douglas-Home
Which English poet died in 1915 from septicaemia after being bitten by a mosquito?	Wisden - Never a famous cricketer WISDEN © Getty Images Enlarge In the Millennium Edition of Wisden, there is a section of photographs under the heading, "Images of the Century". One shows His Majesty King George V at Lord's on July 11, 1919 being introduced to the captains of Eton and Harrow. The captain of Harrow that "relieved yet forlorn summer", as the caption puts it, was W. A. R. Collins, later to gain success and fame as Sir William Collins, the publisher. The photograph prompts the question, how many people are hidden within the pages of Wisden who achieved fame in fields other than cricket? How many schoolboy cricketers went on to become publishers, politicians, soldiers or writers? Wisden does not only record the cricketers who score centuries at Lord's or take 400 Test wickets. When Sir Edward Lewis, founder and managing director of the Decca Record Company, died in 1980, Wisden wryly noted that he was one of those men whose "lifelong devotion to cricket does not stem from personal triumphs on the field". But after all, what do they know of cricket who only cricket know? We should probably start with royalty. The only member of British royalty to have played first-class cricket is Prince Christian Victor, grandson of Queen Victoria, who had one first-class game, for I Zingari against the Gentlemen of England in August 1887. On page 312 of the 1888 edition, Wisden records his scores, stumped 35 and bowled A. E. Stoddart 0, but does not mention how well he played. The Wisden obituary of King George VI in 1953 records that he "performed the hat-trick on the private ground on the slopes below Windsor Castle". A left-handed bowler, the future king bowled his grandfather King Edward VII, his father King George V and his elder brother David, later King Edward VIII, with three consecutive balls. The value of this achievement must be qualified by the fact that Edward VII died when the then Prince Albert of Wales was 15, so the hat-trick was by a young boy in the back garden against three people who never showed any aptitude for the game. Still, it made the pages of Wisden. And there's a picture of his grandson, Prince Charles, executing a sweep in the 1969 edition. The best recent royal cricketer seems to be the present Duke of York, who features in the 1980 Wisden as captain of Gordonstoun's XI. As HRH Prince Andrew, he is credited on page 895 that year with a batting average of 23.55, and a bowling average of 4.54, having taken 11 wickets for just 50 runs. Wisden notes sagely that "Gordonstoun had an average team and report a difficulty in obtaining good school fixtures. The batting proved adequate but the bowling lacked penetration." Many of the soldiers who gain a mention in Wisden's despatches do so in the obituary columns, and have only a tenuous link to cricket. Captain the Hon. Fergus Bowes-Lyon, HM the Queen Mother's elder brother, was killed in France on September 24, aged 26, as the 1916 edition reports. "He was a keen cricketer and took part in the autumn fixtures at Glamis Castle." However, Field-Marshal Earl Alexander of Tunis played for Harrow against Eton in 1910, when he was still the Hon. H. R. L. G. Alexander, and, several years earlier, another Field-Marshal, Montgomery of Alamein, played for St Paul's School in 1905 and 1906. He showed his never-say-die attitude at an early stage, as Wisden reported in 1906: "When the full team were able to play, they gave a good account of themselves, Cooper and Montgomery against Merton College putting on over 100 for the last wicket when a severe defeat seemed impending." If Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton, perhaps El Alamein was won on the playing fields of St Paul's. © Getty Images Enlarge A little later on, D. R. S. Bader appears in the St Edmund's, Oxford team of 1928 as captain, "forcing batsman and fast bowler". Three years later, Pilot Officer Bader played for the RAF against the Army and made 65. "Apart from a brilliant display by Bader, whose 65 occupied 40 minutes, the Air Force batting proved very disappointing." An even better rugby player than cricketer, he would probably have been capped by England but for his flying accident. There are many who have gained greater distinction at other sports who nevertheless found a tiny space in Wisden. Geoff Hurst played one game for Essex, against Lancashire at Liverpool in 1962, but scored three fewer than he did in the World Cup final four years later. Mr M. P. Betts, who scored the winning goal in the first FA Cup final in 1872, is listed on page 340 of the 1889 Almanack as seconding a motion at an MCC meeting. England centre-forward Tommy Lawton's obituary in 1997 records that "as a teenager he played Lancashire League cricket for Burnley, and hit Learie Constantine for two consecutive sixes." Other footballers who feature in the pages of Wisden include three goalkeepers - Steve Ogrizovic (Shropshire and Coventry City), Andy Goram, a double international for Scotland at cricket and football, and William "Fatty" Foulke, Sheffield United and England's vast but skilful goalkeeper, who played four games for Derbyshire in 1900, making a top score of 53 against Essex. Gary Lineker's appearance for MCC against Germany in 1992 is not given the full treatment in Wisden. The result of the match (a draw) and the team totals are there, and the individual effort of Lineker ("I always score one against Germany") is reported. He crops up again in 1996, on page 1349, where we learn that "In a celebrity match, Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones took what he claimed was the first televised hat-trick at The Oval. His victims were television newsreader Trevor McDonald, cricket presenter Charles Colvile and Gary Lineker, the retired football star." That's at least as tough a hat-trick as three kings at Windsor. Billy Williams, the developer of the famous cabbage patch that became Twickenham, played 27 matches for Middlesex between 1885 and 1902, switching from wicket-keeping to leg-breaks halfway through his career. Rugby is indeed a game with many links to cricket: Scotland's 1990 Grand Slam captain, David Sole, topped the Glenalmond batting averages in 1979. The 1980 Wisden (page 894) shows D. M. B. Sole with a top score of 73 and an average of 26.15. Rob Andrew first appears in Wisden as a schoolboy all-rounder at Barnard Castle - as captain in 1981, his side was neither beaten nor bowled out - and he went on to win his Blue at Cambridge for cricket as well as rugby. W. H. "Dusty" Hare played for Nottinghamshire sporadically from 1971, Simon Halliday played for Oxford University and Dorset, while, across the divide, Great Britain rugby league winger Martin Offiah turned out once for Essex Second Eleven in 1985. Figures of none for 66 in 12 overs, and a duck, suggest "going north" to Widnes, then Wigan, was the right career move. Sir Michael Bonallack, winner of golf's Amateur Championship and a leading administrator in the game, is there on page 286 of the 1952 edition, playing for Haileybury against Cheltenham. He too scored a duck, but took six wickets for 55 in the drawn game. When H. W. Austin opened the batting for Repton in 1924 and 1925, H. S. Altham noted that "Austin was very sound and correct" yet "may, I fear, transfer his allegiance to another game at Cambridge, whither he has now gone, but he was a good school batsman, sound and imperturbable." The other game was lawn tennis, at which Bunny Austin was twice a Wimbledon singles finalist. He is not the only tennis champion to appear in the pages of Wisden, though. Frank Hadow, a 23-year-old tea planter on leave from Ceylon, won the Wimbledon title in 1878 before a crowd of about 500, and then went back to the Orient undefeated. In 1873, at the age of 18, he had played at Lord's for Harrow against Eton in front of 28,000, and scored 54 not out to win the game. The Wisden reporter called his innings "one of the ablest displays of true and skilful cricket seen in a Public School match for several seasons." The connection between cricket and the arts is well known, and rather better catalogued in Wisden than one might expect. Joseph Wells, the father of H.G., was a professional cricketer who took four wickets in four balls for Kent against Sussex in 1862. Among his quartet of victims was Spencer Austen-Leigh, the great-nephew of Jane Austen, so providing the only known cricketing connection between Pride and Prejudice and The War of the Worlds. In 1900, P. G. Wodehouse opened the bowling for Dulwich College with the future England bowler, N. A. Knox. Wodehouse later took the name of his most famous character from the Warwickshire bowler, Percy Jeeves, who was killed in the Great War. Also in 1900, A. A. Milne was playing for Westminster School, but it is not known after which cricketer he named his great character, Eeyore. Another war casualty was R. C. Brooke, whom we find in the 1907 Wisden topping the bowling averages at Rugby with 19 wickets at 14.05 each. His obituary in the 1916 edition deals fully with his cricketing career, and also notes that "he gained a reputation as a poet." © Getty Images Enlarge Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's obituary in 1931 points out that "although never a famous cricketer, he could hit hard and bowl slows with a puzzling flight. For MCC v Cambridgeshire at Lord's in 1899, he took seven wickets for 61 runs." Alas, the full scorecard is not printed in the 1900 edition. In that game, however, the umpire was Thomas Mycroft, the likely source of the name of Sherlock Holmes's elder brother. Samuel Beckett is the only Nobel literature laureate who played first-class cricket, at least until Dickie Bird is honoured for his writings. Beckett played twice for Dublin University in first-class fixtures, against Northamptonshire in 1925 and 1926. In the latter match he made just four and one, opening the batting with C. M. Deverell, who went on to become Sir Colville Deverell, Governor of the Windward Islands. Beckett's initials in Wisden are wrongly given as S. V. (it was S. B. Beckett), but such is fame. Even Bradman was listed as D. J. Bradman when he first came to England. Another interesting opening partnership appears in the Eton v Harrow match of 1929, when Harrow's first two were Mr N. M. V. Rothschild and Mr T. M. Rattigan. Terence Rattigan went on to great fame as a writer of plays (and of the screenplay of The Final Test, starring Jack Warner, Robert Morley and Len Hutton), while Rothschild played 11 first-class games for Cambridge and Northamptonshire in the early 1930s, before becoming the 3rd Lord Rothschild. More recent captains of industry in Wisden's hidden recesses are Steve Russell and the Australian Rod Eddington, appointed in 2000 as chief executive respectively of Boots plc and British Airways. "S. G. Russell certainly proved an inspiring captain," the 1968 Wisden recorded after his third year in the Cambridge eleven, "and... in the University match he was the best and fastest of the quick bowlers on either side". Quick enough, too, to open the bowling for Surrey against Nottinghamshire at the end of the season. Among his charges that summer were freshman Roger Knight, later of Surrey, Gloucestershire and Sussex, and secretary of MCC, and the Essex off-spinner and Olympic fencer, David Acfield. Eddington played eight games for Oxford University as a contemporary of two Test cricketers, Vic Marks and Chris Tavaré, and a sporting parson, Andrew Wingfield Digby. Of his 24 against Middlesex in 1976, batting at No. 11, Wisden observed that "Gurr and Eddington contributed a valuable 53 for the last wicket." Sadly, his efforts did not result in a Blue; he was twelfth man at Lord's. Sam Mendes, the Oscar-winning director of American Beauty, did not go to Oxford or Cambridge, but was a brilliant schoolboy cricketer, as Wisden records in 1983 and 1984. In those two years for Magdalen College School he scored 1,153 runs at 46, and took 83 wickets at under 16 each. He now plays regularly for Harold Pinter's wandering side, The Gaieties. Bernard Hollowood, cartoonist and editor of Punch in its heyday, played for Staffordshire in the 1930s and 1940s. John Fowles, author of The French Lieutenant's Woman (for which Pinter wrote the screenplay), appeared for Bedford School from 1942 to 1944 as a swing and "cutting" bowler, and had a trial for Essex: it is possibly not insignificant that he lines up in the 1943 Wisden alongside Auden, Bacon and Fletcher. Future academics and critics may be interested in Fowles's belief that "the gate-key to all Pinter's work is his intense and evident love of cricket". Freddie Grisewood, the broadcaster, played for Radley and once for Worcestershire in 1908. Alec Waugh, C. P. Snow, Edmund Blunden, Andrew Lang and Compton Mackenzie all merit obituaries in Wisden. H. L. Aubrey-Fletcher, to be found in the ranks of Buckinghamshire players between 1921 and 1929, wrote detective fiction under the name "Henry Wade". The list goes on and on. I have not even touched on politicians. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, when Lord Dunglass, is the only prime minister to have played first-class cricket, but plenty of other politicians have featured in Wisden's pages. Sam Silkin, attorney-general from 1974 to 1979, played two first-class games in 1938, for Cambridge and Glamorgan. In the 1965 Wisden, there is a short Note by the Editor entitled "Prime Ministers at Cricket", which mentions among other odd facts that Ian Smith, then Prime Minister of Rhodesia, watched Mashonaland Country Districts XI play Cross Arrows at Lord's the previous September. The church is as well represented as the state. "It may seem a little strange to include Cardinal Manning's name in a cricket obituary," noted Wisden in 1893, "but inasmuch as he played for Harrow against Winchester at Lord's in 1825, in the first match that ever took place between the two schools, his claim cannot be disputed." And finally, there is Peter the cat. He died in 1964, and Lord's was the lesser for his passing. But Wisden in 1965 was all the richer for his obituary. Jonathan Rice's books on cricket include The Pavilion Book of Pavilions, Curiosities of Cricket and One Hundred Lord's Tests. © John Wisden & Co	i don't know
What is the name of the dog in the children’s tv programme ‘The Herbs’?	The Herbs - Childrens TV \| Jedi's Paradise The Herbs The Herbs is a 60’s Children’s TV animated show. It was designed for pre-school children, but I think it appeals to all ages and was one of the new colour 'Watch with Mother' titles. The Herbs was created by Michael Bond and animated by Ivor Wood at Filmfair (who were responsible for Paddington and The Wombles). The first episode was transmitted on 12th February 1968. Only 13 episodes were made of this delightful programme, but that isn't the end of this story. Parsley the Lion had become quite popular with the children that watched, so it was decided to give him his own show - Parsley the Lion and Friends. It was supposed to centre on Parsley more, but I think the original Herbs did that anyway. The new programme also included all the characters that we met in The Herbs. Story Each episode began with the narrator (Gordon Rollings) talking about herbs in the garden, and each time he mentioned a different one, then the herb (plant) would appear. This was a magic herb garden, that you could only get access to by saying the magic word - Herbidacious. The door of the garden would swing open and in we would all be let in. The garden was owned by Sir Basil and Lady Rosemary, where each week a new adventure would take place. It seems that all the animals in the Herb garden (Parsley, Dill, Sage) could see us watching, but none of the people (Sir Basil, Lady Rosemary etc.) could, which would really confuse Bayleaf as he wanted to know what Parsley was waving at. Each of the characters were named after a herb and they all had a song to sing us, see below for more details. The Herbs Characters Parsley the Lion "I'm a very friendly Lion called Parsley" Parsley is a lovable Green Lion, whose mane and tail are made out of the herb parsley (hence the name). He is the one that shows us around the garden and loves waving to the viewers. He's not a brave lion and hides whenever there is trouble/danger around or when strangers appear. He was once called Doctor Parsley when he combined herbs with the jumpers Aunt Mint knitted for the chives, and it cured their colds. Parsley also doesn't like to get his tail wet or climb, as he found out when climbing the Tarragon Plant. He pretended to climb it the first time, but only snuck across to the neighbouring tree and back down it again. Shame he got caught and had to climb it for real. But he did have fun playing in the clouds. He made Sir Basil suffer when he shot his tail off, as he pretended to be dead. Poor Sir Basil didn't know what to do, so as usual shouted for Lady Rosemary, who saw Parsley was faking it. His best friend is Dill the dog and both of them seem to get themselves into trouble. But once in a while Parsley does come up with a good idea, such as the time he persuaded Pashana Bedhi to use his snake charming skills to float Sage and his nest back in the tree. "I'm a very friendly Lion called Parsley with a tail for doing jobs of every kind but I mustn't treat it roughly or too harshly for it's such a useful thing to have behind" His songs are: "I'm a very friendly Lion called Parsley I am always very glad to see you wave but please don't shout or speak to me too harshly because I'm not particularly brave" "I'm a very friendly Lion called Parsley I really don't like climbing things at all so please don't shout or speak to me too harshly I am sure you wouldn't want to see me fall" "I'm a very friendly Lion called Parsley I'm supposed to pull this rope and ring the bell though I try to pull it gently never harshly I'm afraid that I'm not doing very well" "For today I'm known as Doctor Parsley because the Chives have aches and pains and chills if I treat them very gently never harshly they will very soon be cured of all their ills" "If you take advice from Doctor Parsley you take camomile for colds and tooth ache too if you find your skin is itching rather harshly then some marigolds the very thing for you" "I'm a very friendly Lion called <sniff> <sniff> but sometimes I feel very very <sniff> so please don't shout or speak to me too <sniff> <sniff> for I'm sure you wouldn't want to see me <sniff>" Dill the Dog "I'm Dill the dog, I'm a dog called Dill" Dill as a rather scruffy little dog. He never seems to be tired (a bit hyperactive) and is always running around, most of the time in circles trying to catch his tail. His owner is Sir Basil and he lives in a kennel in the garden. Both him and Parsley are always getting in trouble. Parsley is his best friend, oh and bones. His songs are: "I'm Dill the dog, I'm a dog called Dill I'm rather small and furry and I'm often in a hurry" "I'm Dill the dog, I'm a dog called Dill Though my tail I'd love to get I have never caught it yet" Sir Basil "I am Sir Basil, the King of the Herbs, and I'm very often in trouble" Sir Basil owns the estate that herb garden is in (together with Lady Rosemary). He likes to hunt, shoot or fish, so is mostly seen about with a shotgun or a fishing rod. But he doesn't always notice what's going on around him and things 'happen to him'. Such as the time he got in trouble for accidentally shooting Parsley's tail off. Also it is very easy to play tricks on him. If something happens to someone else, then he isn't the right person to be around, as he is the most unsympathetic person - 'You've only got yourself to blame' he keeps saying. Also he likes everyone else to do his work for him. His songs are: "I am Sir Basil, the King of the Herbs and I'm very often in trouble I'm not very good at sorting things out and often I get in a muddle" "I am Sir Basil, the King of the Herbs and I'm Hunting and Shooting and Fishing But when there is any hard work to be done You'll notice I'm generally missing" Lady Rosemary "My name is Lady Rosemary" She is Sir Basil's wife and is a bit of a busy-body and is the one in the driving seat in their marriage. If Sir Basil is in trouble, he goes straight to Lady Rosemary for help and she takes control of the situation. She is always ordering everybody around and I'm surprised if she has many friends. She seems to have the herb rosemary in her hat (then again, it could be flowers). "My name is Lady Rosemary you will find you can't fool me I have eyes both sharp and quick to help me see through every trick" "My name is Lady Rosemary I am tall and willowy Though my manner may seem cold I really have a heart of gold" Bayleaf "I'm Bayleaf the Gardener" Bayleaf is the gardener hired by Sir Basil and Lady Rosemary to look after the garden. He is a fountain of all knowledge concerning herbs. If he is cornered to do something he doesn't want to do, then he will always suggest someone else (and nearly everyone agrees on the person he picks!). He is never around when Sir Basil wants him and always seems to enjoy any misfortune that Sir Basil get in (as he always seems to make some sarcastic comment that no one else picks up on). He even dropped a rock on Sir Basil's toes by accident (or was it?). He also speaks with a strong English country accent and wears a Bay Leaf in his hat. "I'm Bayleaf the Gardener I work from early dawn you'll find me sweeping up the leaves and tidying the lawn" Constable Knapweed "I am Constable Knapweed and I keep Law and Order" Constable Knapweed is a policeman, who always seems to be patrolling the Herb Garden. Why he patrols this all the time, I don't know. Maybe he's been employed by Sir Basil and Lady Rosemary (sounds like he's on the take to me). He seems to want to arrest people all the time even when they are obviously innocent and makes up lots of stupid rules to book people (he gives the police a bad name). His songs are: "I am Constable Knapweed and I keep Law and Order I watch to see that all is well along the garden border" Sage "I'm a rather fat feathery owl called Sage" Sage is a rather grumpy owl. He doesn't do much, apart from sleep in his nest. No wonder he is grumpy, as he was forced by Sir Basil / Lady Rosemary / Bayleaf to hatch an egg (which gave him cramp). Also he lost his nest when Sir Basil shot it out of the tree, so you can tell that they get on. Well, they did try to get Sage and his nest back in the tree, but no one thought of climbing up the tree and putting them back, Oh, no. Instead they tried to shoot him up there with a see-saw (very sensible). Eventually Pashana Bedhi used his snake charming skills to get them back up the tree! Sage doesn't own much, apart from an Umbrella to keep him dry, as he hates the rain, and a case (for what, I don't know). His songs are: "I'm a rather fat feathery owl called Sage I'm not at all happy in fact in a rage It's bad enough having ones home all upset But to make matters worse all my feathers are wet" "I'm a rather fat feathery owl called Sage Let me tell you I've never set foot in a cage To be truthful I've not got the slightest desire To be covered in wood, held together by wire" "I'm a rather fat feathery owl called Sage Let me tell you I've never yet earned any wage and truthfully I've always found it was best to sit up this tree in my second hand nest" "I'm a rather fat feathery owl called Sage I've had to sit still for simply an age to be truthful I'm not fond of hatching out eggs there is so little room I get cramp in my legs" Pashana Bedhi "I am Pashana Bedhi, very good snake charmer" Pashana Bedhi is an Indian snake charmer. He wears traditional Indian clothes, which is surprising as the weather in Britain is a bit too cold (but then again, it is a magic garden). He wears a turban and sleeps on a bed of nails. He left his Magic Whistle Pipe lying around and Parsley got revenge of Sir Basil / Lady Rosemary / Bayleaf and whistled them into a nearby tree. Mr Onion Mr Onion is the father of the chives. He has so many children, that he has decided to teach them all himself. He speaks to his children like a Sergeant Major - barking out orders!! (bossy devil!). Mrs Onion Mrs Onion is the mother of the chives. The always seems to be crying, mostly because she is an Onion (the smell makes her cry!!). The Chives "Because there are so many chives all looking like each other" The Chives are ordered around like soldiers by Mr Onion. They have a unique way of counting, by standing up and lying down when they add and subtract. Their songs are: "Because there are so many chives all looking like each other it makes it even hard to tell a sister from a brother" Tarragon "I'm Tarragon the Dragon, I'd better make it clear" Tarragon is a dragon, who appeared when Bayleaf spilled plant food on the Tarragon Plant, which grew to the size of a beanstalk. At the top of the enormous Tarragon Plant was an egg in a nest (found by Parsley). Sage was forced to sit on the egg and Tarragon the Dragon hatched from it. Tarragon likes to set things on fire. He burnt Constable Knapweed's notebook, Sage's Umbrella and Sir Basil's Shotgun handle. But again Parsley came to the rescue and brought out Belladonna's Broomstick. Try as he might, Tarragon couldn't set fire to the broomstick and he got so upset about this, that he cried and put his own fire out. Lady Rosemary and Sir Basil decided to give him a home and he lives in a box in their house. His songs are: "I'm Tarragon the Dragon, I'd better make it clear that nothings safe when I'm about things seem to disappear" Belladonna "Belladonna is my name, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha" Belladonna is an evil witch, who is also known as Deadly Nightshade and she is very poisonous. She appears in a flash that sends the sky dark for a moment. She does look like your typical witch - Black Hat, Hook Nose, Cauldron She tried to change everyone in the herb garden to weeds, by getting them all to drink her homemade wine. Parsley knew it wasn't good stuff and tried to make sure the others didn't drink any, but she turned him into a weed. Also Lady Rosemary and Sir Basil drank the wine and turned into weeds. But Dill could smell a witch and could see through her disguise, as the herb Dill is used to ward off witches. Belladonna was scared of Dill and tried to make an escape on her broomstick. But she doesn't know the difference between a normal broom and a witches broomstick and boy, did she crash! After all this excitement, Bayleaf accidentally used the broom to turn the others back into their old selves. Her songs are: "Belladonna is my name, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha I'm the deadly nightshade flower I shall never be content, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha till all the herbs are in my power, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha Miss Jessop "I'm a very neat herb and my name is Miss Jessop" This is a herb, that you don't want to be around. She is so bossy and complains about everything. She even complains that there is dust on the flowers! She upset so many people that Bayleaf grew her a husband to get rid of her. Good King Henry "Good King Henry stands before you, such a Royal and Regal figure" Good King Henry was grown by Bayleaf to be the husband that Miss Jessop could boss around (poor man!). Bayleaf put too much plant food on the plant, so he grew too fat in the greenhouse and couldn't get out. So Parsley made the greenhouse into a carriage and wheeled him to Miss Jessop (thanks to Belladonna's magic). Signor Solidago "My name, we say is Signor Solidago" He is an Italian singer, that gives singing lessons. But he doesn't seem to do very well when teaching Sage and Parsley! Aunt Mint "My name is Aunty Mint" Aunt Mint is famous for her knitting skills and given half a chance she would try to knit your anything. It takes her no time at all to make something, she volunteered to knit all the Chives a jumper when they caught a cold. The trouble is she fell asleep and Dill played with the balls of wool and when she woke up she found she was wrapped up in the wool (naughty dog!). But she blamed Parsley who was walking by at the time. Her songs are: "My name is Aunty Mint if you should see me sitting they'll think I'm doing nothing for I'm busy with my knitting" "My name is Aunty Mint I fear that I'm in trouble for someone's messed up all my wool and got it in a muddle" "My name is Aunty Mint I'm always very busy I often have so much to knit it makes me feel quite dizzy" The Herbs Images (click to enlarge) The Herbs T-Shirts - NONE The Herbs DVDs Region 2 (Europe) - The Herbs DVDs Region 1 (USA) - NONE The Herbs Episodes Series 1 (1968) 1. Parsley's Tail 2. Sage's Nest Blows Down 3. Belladonna the Witch 4. Tarragon and the Eggs 5. The Chives Catch Colds 6. Pashana Bedhi the Snake Charmer 7. Miss Jessop Tidies Up 8. Parsley and the Circus Lion 9. Sage's Singing Lesson 10. Strawberry Picking 11. Sir Basil's Fishing Expedition 12. The Show 13. Parsley's Birthday Party The Herbs Video Intro	Dill
How many lines usually make up a limerick?	The Herbs featuring Parsley the Lion I'm a Dog called Dill, though my tail I'd love to get, I've never caught it yet. Sage the Owl in a party hat. I'm a rather fat feathery owl called Sage, I've been sitting here now for simply an age, I'm ready and waiting to go to the treat, and I'm hoping there will be plenty to eat. Mr Onion spent most of his time teaching the chives, Mrs Onion spent most of her time crying. There were 8 chives altogether. Because there are so many chives, all looking like each other, it makes it even hard to tell, a sister from a brother. Pashan Bedhi the resident Asian who was either cooking curry, snake charming or sleeping on his bed of nails. Tarragon the Dragon was his friend who was always setting fire to things with his firey breath.	i don't know
Taxus is the Latin name for which tree?	Irish Yew - Taxus baccata âFastigiataâ - PNW Plants Fruit Description Most commonly used for hedging purposes, Irish Yew has a naturally upright form and takes shearing well. It's an option for gardeners looking for an alternative to more common Eastern Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis). Morphology: Taxus baccata âFastigiataâ will reach 7â â 8â high by 3â wide in ten years. Ultimately, it can reach up to 20 feet high if left un-pruned. It naturally makes a good shape without any clipping or trimming. It holds its branches in an upright rigid fashion. Needles are linear in shape with an acute tip. This is a female cultivar that produces red berries in the fall. Children should be kept away from the berries as they find them attractive. Unfortunately they are poisonous. Adaptation: Taxus baccata âFastigiataâ prefers well-drained acidic soil and is drought tolerant once established. Plant it in full sun or shade. All parts of the yew plant (bark, and foliage included) can be toxic, so site plants with care. Pests:	Yew
What is the name of the official Scottish residence of the British monarch?	medicinal herbs: YEW - Taxus baccata medicinal herbs Family: Taxaceae (Yew Family) Medicinal use of Yew: The yew tree is a highly toxic plant that has occasionally been used medicinally, mainly in the treatment of chest complaints. Modern research has shown that the plants contain the substance "taxol" in their shoots. Taxol has shown exciting potential as an anti-cancer drug, particularly in the treatment of ovarian cancers. Unfortunately, the concentrations of taxol in this species are too low to be of much value commercially, though it is being used for research purposes. This remedy should be used with great caution and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. See also the notes above on toxicity. All parts of the plant, except the fleshy fruit, are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic and purgative. The leaves have been used internally in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, hiccup, indigestion, rheumatism and epilepsy. Externally, the leaves have been used in a steam bath as a treatment for rheumatism. A homeopathic remedy is made from the young shoots and the berries. It is used in the treatment of many diseases including cystitis, eruptions, headaches, heart and kidney problems, rheumatism etc. Description of the plant: to April Habitat of the herb: Woods and scrub, usually on limestone. It sometimes forms pure stands in sheltered sites on chalk in the south-east and on limestone in the north-west. Edible parts of Yew: Fruit - raw. Very sweet and gelatinous, most people find it delicious though some find it sickly. A number of people who like the flavour do not like the texture which is often described as being "snotty". All other parts of this plant, including the seed, are highly poisonous. When eating the fruit you should spit out the large seed found in the fruit's centre. Should you swallow the whole seed it will just pass straight through you without harm. If it is bitten into, however, you will notice a very bitter flavour and the seed should immediately be spat out or it could cause some problems. The fruit is a fleshy berry about 10mm in diameter and containing a single seed. Some reports suggest using the bark as a tea substitute, this would probably be very unwise. Other uses of the herb: Very tolerant of trimming, this plant makes an excellent hedge. The plants are often used in topiary and even when fairly old, the trees can be cut back into old wood and will resprout. One report says that trees up to 1000 years old respond well to trimming. A decoction of the leaves is used as an insecticide. Some cultivars can be grown as a ground cover when planted about 1 metre or more apart each way. "Repandens" has been recommended. Wood - heavy, hard, durable, elastic, takes a good polish but requires long seasoning. Highly esteemed by cabinet makers, it is also used for bows, tool handles etc. It makes a good firewood. The wood is burnt as an incense. Propagation of Yew: Seed - can be very slow to germinate, often taking 2 or more years. It is best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn when it should germinate 18 months later. Stored seed may take 2 years or more to germinate. 4 months warm followed by 4 months cold stratification may help reduce the germination time. Harvesting the seed "green" (when fully developed but before it has dried on the plant) and then sowing it immediately has not been found to reduce the germination time because the inhibiting factors develop too early. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots once they are large enough to handle and grow them on in pots in a cold frame. The seedlings are very slow-growing and will probably require at least 2 years of pot cultivation before being large enough to plant out. Any planting out is best done in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings of half-ripe terminal shoots, 5 - 8cm long, July/August in a shaded frame. Should root by late September but leave them in the frame over winter and plant out in late spring. High percentage. Cuttings of ripe terminal shoots, taken in winter after a hard frost, in a shaded frame. Cultivation of the herb: Woods and scrub, usually on limestone. It sometimes forms pure stands in sheltered sites on chalk in the south-east and on limestone in the north-west. Known hazards of Taxus baccata: All parts of the plant, except the flesh of the fruit, are highly poisonous, having a paralyzing affect on the heart.	i don't know
How many points are scored for a drop-goal in rugby union?	BBC SPORT \| Rugby Union \| Laws & Equipment \| The basics of rugby union Rugby player positions explained Rugby union is played by two teams of 15 players. Although the aim of the game is simple, there are many laws which make can make it hard for the new viewer to keep track of what is going on. Here BBC Sport runs through the very basics of the game and, to the right, you can click on the links to find our more on the various rules of rugby union. AIM OF THE GAME Jonny Wilkinson scores the winning points in the 2003 World Cup final The aim of the game is very simple - use the ball to score more points than the other team. You can run with the ball, kick it and pass it, but passing forwards is not allowed. Rugby union is a contact sport, so you can tackle an opponent in order to get the ball, as long as you stay within the rules. There is a referee, aided by two touch judges (one on each side of the pitch), to decide how the rules should be applied during a game. There are several ways to score points. A try - five points are awarded for touching the ball down in your opponent's goal area. A conversion - two points are added for a successful kick through the goalposts after a try A goal kick - three points are awarded for a penalty kick or drop goal through the posts If both teams score the same amount of points, or no points are scored, then the match is a draw. In some cases, extra time is played to decide who wins. DURATION A game of rugby union has two periods of 40 minutes each. In international matches the referee will stop the clock for stoppages. Between the two halves, there is a maximum 10-minute interval, after which both teams change ends. The referee's whistle indicates the start and finish of the half. Extra time will only be played if it's a knockout competition. KICK-OFF Before the start of the match, the referee tosses a coin to decide which team will kick off the match. The captain of the team that wins the toss gets to decide which end he wants to attack first, or whether his side or the opposition will kick off. The game is started by a place kick or a drop kick from the middle of the halfway line. The ball must travel forwards at least 10 metres from the kick-off. If it does not, the opposition get the choice of a scrum or line-out on the halfway line, with the advantage of the feed or throw. If a penalty or drop goal is scored during the game, play is restarted with a drop kick from the halfway line. The team that has conceded the points takes the kick. THE BALL Rugby union is played with an oval-shaped ball. All balls must be between 28cm and 30cm in length (approximately 11-13 inches). Most full-size balls weigh between 383 and 440 grammes (approximately 13.5-15.5 ounces) Bookmark with:	three
Convict George Joseph Smith was known as the ‘Brides in the ‘what’ murderer’?	Rugby's Scoring System \| iSport.com Rugby's Scoring System Rugby's Scoring System At its most basic level, the objective in rugby is to have more points than the other team at the end of the match. True enough … but certain questions still remain: How are points scored? How many points is each way of scoring worth? What literally has to happen to be awarded points? All these questions, and hopefully many others, will be answered in this guide. Depending on your familiarity with the game, there may be some terms in this guide that seem a bit confusing. For extra information/explanation about many of the parts of rugby covered here, it’s recommended that you also have a look at these guides/pages: The Mechanisms of Rugby : An overview of all the different elements of the game, with more technical information. The Scrum: An Overview and Understanding Kicking & Lineouts : A detailed explanation about what set plays are, what they do, and how they work. A Glossary of Rugby Terms : Not a guide, but a rugby dictionary where you can find the meaning to a collection of rugby specific words. At last count, there were approximately 150 terms defined. The Try A Try is the main way of scoring points in a rugby match. It’s officially awarded when the ball carrier grounds the ball in the other team’s in-goal zone. Five points are awarded to the team of the player that scores a try. What You’ll See The ball carrier runs towards the other team’s in-goal zone. One of two things usually happens next: If there are opposing players near/on the ball carrier, the ball carrier will dive toward the in-goal zone and “ground” the ball by touching it to the ground. Sometimes players dive in even if there are defending players nearby but not close enough to prevent a try from being scored. If the ball carrier has outrun all the opposing players, he/she will purposefully run to the middle of the other team’s in-goal zone. This is because the spot of the conversion kick (explained later) is decided by the spot that the ball is grounded in the in-goal zone. Grounding the ball in the middle means the conversion kick happens from straight on, rather than to one side or the other. After the try is scored, play stops for the conversion kick, then is resumed with a kick-off. The Conversion Goal The Conversion Goal is worth two points and happens after one team scores a try. The conversion goal is basically a chance for the team that scored to get bonus points as a reward for scoring in the first place. What You'll See One player from the team that scored the try will attempt to kick the ball through a set of uprights. The ball is placed at a spot 10 meters out from where the ball was grounded in the in-goal zone. In other words, the player who scored walks 10 meters from the try line (beginning of the in-goal zone), and that would be the closest spot where the conversion kick could take place. Opposing players must all line up behind their try line. They must stand still and refrain from trying to force a bad kick by making distracting noises or movements directed at the kicker. The kicker will attempt to kick the ball through the uprights. The ball will be stationary on the ground, usually propped up by a kicking tee. As soon as the kicker moves forward to start the kick, opposing players can rush forward and try to block the kick. If the kick goes through the uprights, the kicker’s team gets two more points. If not, no points are awarded. Either way, play stops until the ball is kicked off. The Penalty Goal A is very similar to a conversion goal. When one team commits a penalty, the referee will provide the other (non-offending) team with its options. One such option is to try for a penalty goal. In this case, play stops and a player from the non-offending team attempts to kick the ball through the uprights from the spot of the penalty. What You'll See When a penalty is committed and the non-offending team chooses to try a penalty goal, a player from that team will indicate it, usually by telling the referee and/or by pointing at the ground near the spot of the penalty. All players on the penalized team must retreat at least 10 meters towards their goal line. A few players usually go all the way back to their own in-goal zone, in case the kick misses. The kicking player will place the ball on the tee and kick it, trying to get the ball through the uprights. If it’s successful, it’s worth three points and followed by a kick-off to resume play. It if misses and stays in play, normal play resumes. If it misses and goes out of bounds, the other team gets the chance to kick the ball away from their in-goal zone and into touch (out of bounds). To resume play, a line-out happens at the spot where the ball went into touch. The Drop Goal A Drop Goal is when a player drop kicks the ball during normal play and it goes through the uprights. Any player, at any spot on the pitch, can attempt a drop goal, as long as it’s attempted during normal play. It’s worth two points. What You'll See The ball carrier will drop the ball immediately in front of his/her feet. Just as it hits the ground and starts to bounce, that player kicks it towards the opposing team’s uprights. What happens from there depends on how the ball flies: If it goes through the uprights, the kicker’s team gets two points and play stops, to be resumed by a kick-off. If it misses and stays in play, play continues as normal. If it misses and goes into touch, a line-out takes place where the ball went out. The non-kicking team throws the ball back into play. Use What You've Learned Hopefully you’ve expanded your technical knowledge of the game quite a bit, but keep in mind: The best way to retain this new knowledge and build on it is to apply it by watching rugby. The more rugby you watch, the more you will be able to understand the game. When you think about it, this is a win-win situation. You learn about the game and watch rugby at the same time! Share this Guide:	i don't know
Which late actor and comedian was born Solomon Joel Cohen in May 1913?	Sid James, Comedian • Biography & Facts Sid James Comedian Sid James (born Solomon Joel Cohen; 8 May 1913 – 26 April 1976) was a South African-born English actor and comedian.Appearing in British films from 1947, he was cast in numerous small and supporting roles into the 1960s. His profile was raised as Tony Hancock 's co-star in Hancock's Half Hour, which ran on television from 1956 until 1960, and then he became known as a regular performer in the Carry On films. Meanwhile, his starring roles in television sitcoms continued for the rest of his life.Remembered for a lascivious persona, the Snopes website describing him as "the grand old man of dirty laughter", he became known for his amiability in his later television work. Bruce Forsyth described him as "a natural at being natural." Personal facts	Sid James
Which US author wrote the novel ‘Get Shorty’?	MORE INFO Personal Information Sid James (born Solomon Joel Cohen; 8 May 1913 – 26 April 1976) was a South African, British based actor and comedian, who made his name in a series of Britis...h sitcoms before starring in the popular Carry On films. He was known for his trademark "dirty laugh" and lascivious persona. James was born Solomon Joel Cohen, to Jewish parents, later changing his name to Sidney Joel Cohen, and then Sid James. His family lived on (the happily prophetic) Hancock Street in Hillbrow, Johannesburg, South Africa. He worked as a diamond cutter, hairdresser, dance tutor and reputedly a part-time boxer in fairgrounds, before becoming a professional actor. It was at a hairdressing salon in Kroonstad, Orange Free State that he met his first wife. He married Berthe Sadie Delmont, known as Toots, on 12 August 1936 and her father Joseph Delmont, a wealthy Johannesburg businessman, bought a salon for James. Within a year, however, James announced that he wanted to become an actor and joined Johannesburg Repertory Players. Through this he got work with the South African Broadcasting Corporation. He and Delmont divorced in 1940 mainly as a result of James' many relationships with other women; it was a pattern that continued throughout his life. In 1943, he married a dancer, Meg Sergei, née Williams (born 1913). Five years later they had a daughter, Reina, before getting divorced on 17 August 1952. On 21 August 1952 he wed Valerie Elizabeth Patsy Assan (born 1928), an actress who used Ashton as her stage name. During the later part of their marriage they lived in a house partly designed by James himself called Delaford Park situated in Iver, Buckinghamshire, a location close enough to Pinewood Studios to allow him to return home for lunch whilst filming. During his marriage to Valerie he had a well publicised affair with his Carry On co-star, Barbara Windsor. During the Second World War, he became a lieutenant in the South African Army in an entertainment unit, and subsequently took up acting as a career. He came to Britain in 1946 on the back of his service gratuity. Initially he worked in repertory before being spotted by the nascent British post-war film industry. James made his first appearances in Night Beat and Black Memory (1947), both crime dramas. In 1949 he played the alcoholic hero's barman in Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's The Small Back Room. His first major comedy role was in The Lavender Hill Mob (1951): with Alfie Bass he made up the bullion robbery gang headed by Alec Guinness and Stanley Holloway. In the same year he also appeared in Lady Godiva Rides Again and The Galloping Major; in 1956 he had a non-comic supporting role as a journalist in the science-fiction film Quatermass 2. He also had a supporting part as a TV advertisement producer in Charlie Chaplin's A King in New York (1957). Meanwhile, in 1954, he began working with Tony Hancock in BBC radio's Hancock's Half Hour playing a character with his own name (but having the invented middle name Balmoral), who was a petty criminal who would usually manage to con Hancock. When this was turned into a television series his part was greatly increased to the extent that some viewers considered it to be a double act. Sid James was soon getting as many laughs as his partner. In the final series, the show was renamed simply Hancock and James was not included in the cast. The show was one of the most popular comedy series in Britain on both television and radio. James became a leading member of the Carry On team, originally to replace Ted Ray who had appeared in Carry On Teacher in 1959. It was intended that Ray would become a recurring Carry On star, but he had been dropped after just one film beause of contract problems (he was contracted to ABC films who had never used him). James ultimately made 19 Carry On films, receiving top-billing in 17, making him one of the most featured performers of the regular cast. The characters he portrayed in the films were usually very similar to the wise-cracking, sly, lecherous Cockney he was famed for playing on television, and in six cases bore the name Sid or Sidney. Some exceptions were Carry On Henry (a parody of Henry VIII) and Carry On Dick (a spoof of legendary highwayman Dick Turpin), in both of which he played the title roles, and Carry On Cleo, in which he played Mark Antony. Most notably, in Carry On Cowboy, he adopted an American accent for his part as The Rumpo Kid. Sid James was so identified with the similar characters that he played that they were often also called "Sid" or "Sidney". Apart from Sidney Fiddler, Sid Carter, Sid Plummer, Sidney Bliss, Sidney Boggle and Sir Sidney Ruff-Diamond in the Carry On films, he played Sid Abbot in Bless This House on television and its spin-off film, as well as Sids Jones, Turner, Marks, Stone, and Gibson in addition to four characters called just 'Sid'. His Sidney Balmoral James from Hancock's Half Hour also appeared in his own Citizen James series. His trademark "dirty laugh" was employed frequently. In 1967, James was intending to play Sergeant Nocker in Carry On Follow That Camel, but suffered a massive heart attack and was replaced by the American comic actor Phil Silvers. In the same year in Carry On Doctor James was shown mainly lying in a hospital bed, owing to his real-life health scare. Meanwhile his success in TV situation comedies continued, now heading the cast, notably in Taxi!, George and the Dragon, Two In Clover, and Bless This House. He suffered a heart attack on 26 April 1976, during the opening night of The Mating Season at the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The technical manager (Melvyn James) called for the curtain to close and requested a doctor, whilst the audience (unaware of what was happening) laughed, believing the events to be part of the show. He was taken to hospital by ambulance, but died about an hour later. James, then 62, was cremated and his ashes scattered at Golders Green Crematorium. Later it was rumoured that Sid James' ghost haunted the dressing room he occupied on the night of his death. After one experience during an engagement there, the comedian Les Dawson refused to play the venue again. He never revealed why and would not talk on the subject. Sid James' fate is touched upon in Bryan Talbot's book Alice in Sunderland (2007). In 1995, Virgin Books published Cliff Goodwin's Sid James: A Biography. It goes into detail about James' gambling addiction and the agreement he had with his agent, Michael Sullivan, whereby his wife did not know how much he was being paid, with a portion set aside for gambling. An inveterate gambler, James was also a largely unsuccessful one and lost tens of thousands of pounds over his lifetime. The biography also tells of James' obsession with Barbara Windsor, and how it led to his returning home one day to find that all of the furniture had been rearranged and on another that her husband of the time, Ronnie Knight, had put an axe in his floor. See More categories	i don't know
Which artist is known for his ‘Blue Period’?	Artist known for his Blue Period - Crossword Clue Answer \| Crossword Heaven Universal - August 04, 2011 Washington Post - February 03, 2004 Found an answer for the clue Artist known for his Blue Period that we don't have? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better!	Pablo Picasso
Which country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup?	Pablo Picasso Paintings: Blue Period You are here: Home / Art History / 20th Century Art / Pablo Picasso Paintings: Blue Period Pablo Picasso Paintings: Blue Period March 9, 2009 by e Art fair .com Leave a Comment Well-illustrated analysis of Pablo Picasso paintings: blue period, 1901-1904. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Spanish; School of Paris painter, sculptor, etcher, lithographer, ceramist and designer; influenced 20th century art enormously; worked in an unprecedented variety of styles. Picasso’s art is categorized into periods. The most well-known periods in his work are the Blue Period, the Rose Period (1905–1907), the African-influenced Period (1908–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919). Names of many of his later periods are not as clearly defined. The Years of Picasso’s Blue Period The three years known as Pablo Picasso’s Blue Period was a time when a pale, cold blue was the dominant color in his paintings and drawings, and when the mood of his paintings, mostly paintings of poor people and sad-faced women, was very gloomy. There were several factors that shaped Pablo Picasso’s paintings of that time. First, the ‘Blue Period’ constituted some difficult, unsettling times for Picasso personally. It was the first time that Picasso was away from home, and he moved back and forth between Spain and France quite a bit. In 1900, Picasso visited Paris, then the art capital of Europe, for the first time with his friend Carlos Casagemos. It was on the occasion of the Universal Exhibition, an exhibition which included one of Picasso’s paintings. Picasso lands a contract with the art dealers Pere Manach as well as sales and future exhibitions at the Berthe Weil gallery. In 1901 Picasso moved to Madrid, and makes a second trip to Paris, and has his first exhibition there in the Vollard Gallery. In 1902 he moves back to Barcelona and makes a third trip to Paris. In 1904 he finally settles in Paris, in Montmartre. Second, the struggling young artist, Picasso, was so poor that he often did not have sufficient funds to pay rent or to buy art materials. Some of his paintings were made into firewood to keep his apartment warm. Third, the period marks the death of his friend, Carlos Casagemas. Carlos had attempted to commit suicide because of a broken heart. The loss of his friend made a huge impression on him and brought on a period of depression for Picasso. It was February 1901, while Picasso was in Madrid, when he received news of Casagemas’s suicide. In response he produced several intense paintings of his dead friend including the ‘Death of Casagemas’ (made in summer 1901) and a symbolically complex work, ‘Evocation: The Burial of Casagemas’ (later in 1901). This latter painting superimposed allusions to the art of the past and in particular to El Greco’s ‘Burial of Count’ Orgaz (1586–8). Fourth, at that time, Pablo Picasso was a young artist, just in his early twenties. While he had starting painting at an supreme early age (3 years old), his early twenties was a time when Picasso was looking for a style of his own. He was very prolific at that time, painting and drawing at all times. Fifth and finally: Picasso’s depicted melancholy was also a sign of the times. In the artistic cycles of Barcelona at that time, early death, suicide and doubt about one’s own calling were common. Characteristics of Blue Period Paintings During this time, Picasso’s paintings and sketches were mostly done in its melancholy palette of predominantly blue tones. The mood of his paintings and sketches during this period showed strong emotions. In 1901, Toulouse Lautrac dies in Paris, and large individual exhibitions are dedicated to him the following year. In terms of style, young Picasso artist was following in the footsteps of Toulouse-Lautrec, Degas, and the 19th Century symbolists. Picasso explored actually all the avant-garde painting styles of that time, in an endeavor to find his own. While monochromatic, these early paintings by Picasso are far from simple: they are layered and complex, typically rich with symbolic color, exaggerated form, and abstracted spaces. Picasso’s Blue Period paintings borrowed El Greco’s elongated forms and hallucinatory spaces. During his Blue Period, Picasso started to sign his works with “Picasso” instead of the prior “Pablo Ruiz y Picasso.” Motifs in Picasso’s Blue Period During the The Blue Period, Picasso focused almost exclusively on gloomy themes and the disenfranchised. His subjects included blind beggars, drunks, laborers and women from a prison in Paris. Most of his artworks were portraits. Perhaps no artist depicted the plight of the underclasses with greater poignancy than Picasso. As Picasso lived himself in relative poverty in his early years in Paris, Picasso obviously empathized with the disenfranchised around him. He often portrayed them with great sensitivity and pathos. Examples of Paintings of Picasso’s Blue Period Excellent examples from the period depict include the Blue Nude (1902), The Tragedy (1903) and The Old Guitar Player (1903). Child with a Dove, c.1901 Pablo Picasso	i don't know
The Solheim Cup is contested by women in which sport?	Mallon: Solheim's good sport PHOTO: Meg Mallon of Natick, Mass. (Tom Hanson, AP) Mallon: Solheim's good sport By Jerry Potter, USA TODAY The last time the Solheim Cup was contested in Scotland, John Mallon walked every step around the golf course with his daughter Meg. He was outside the ropes, spectating, and she was inside, competing for the USA against Europe in 1992 at Dalmahoy near Edinburgh. Those who walked near him still can remember him cheering for his daughter in a hushed tone. Mallon vs. Europe Born: April 14, 1963, at Natick, Mass. Resides: Ocean Ridge, Fla. Mallon's Solheim Cup match-play records through the years: 1992 2-1-0 1998 2-1-1 Total 7-3-4 "Come on Meggie; come on Meggie," he would say in a voice so low that no one could be offended. His Meggie has gone on to become a fixture in the Solheim Cup, playing as a qualifier on U.S. teams that have challenged Europe every two years since '92. She's a vital part of this year's team, which returns to Scotland for the matches Friday through Sunday at Loch Lomond near Glasgow. "I don't go near my father when I compete because he's so nervous," Meg says. "My mother has a different attitude. No matter what happens, she smiles and says, 'Oh well, she tried.' " Parents in attendance The Mallons, John and Marian, are in Scotland this weekend to cheer for Meg and her teammates . In the past four Cups, Mallon has compiled a record of 7-3-4, but more important she has demonstrated an attitude that epitomizes the spirit of the Solheim Cup. In '98, on the last day of competition, Mallon gave Europe's Sophie Gustafson the final hole of their singles match so they would halve the match. The score didn't change the outcome of the Solheim Cup. The USA retained it by four points. The next morning at breakfast John Mallon was asked what he thought of his daughter's decision. "Class," he answered. Meg said she had planned to give away her victory as long as it wouldn't hurt the team. She had asked her captain, Judy Rankin, to meet her in the fairway at the 18th hole at Muirfield Village in Dublin, Ohio. "I asked Judy if it was OK if I conceded the match," Mallon recalls. "She said, 'You do what you want to do.' I felt good about my decision because we'd both played so well. Each of us were under par. I didn't think that either one of us deserved to lose the match." Character of the Cup LPGA Commissioner Ty Votaw says Mallon embodies the ethos of the Solheim Cup, which was created by the late Karsten Solheim to promote women's golf and his family business, Ping golf equipment. "Dottie Pepper probably represents the competitive nature of the Cup," Votaw says, "but Meg Mallon represents the character of the Cup. Meg gears up her game every year to make the Solheim Cup. She gets so psyched up about it that I can't even talk with her about the team. She's competitive, but she doesn't forget the fellowship that exists between the two teams." Mallon made her first Solheim Cup in '92 mainly because she won two majors, the LPGA Championship and the U.S. Women's Open, in a span of three weeks in '91. At that time she looked like a player for all majors. She was an accurate driver and a deft putter. People were calling her Major Meg and predicting great things for her. Yet Mallon would play for nine years and one month before winning another major championship. She blew a five-stroke lead in the '95 Women's Open, which Annika Sorenstam won. She led this year's Women's Open after two rounds and was tied with Karrie Webb with nine holes to play, but four three-putts on the back nine handed the Open to Webb. "This is so cruel," Mallon said after the loss. "It's like your date takes you to the prom and then leaves you." Three weeks after the Women's Open, Mallon's fate changed. She came from three strokes back of Sorenstam and Lorie Kane to win the last du Maurier Classic. The victory, her second of the season and 13th of her career, has helped her earn more than $1 million this season. "People say, 'You've had a good year,' " Mallon says. "I agree, but I've had a great career, too." At 37, Mallon is on the back side of her career. She has not had to depend on a captain to pick her for the team, but that day will come. Although she downplays her reputation and place in Solheim Cup history, there's little doubt that she'll be a captain someday. She doesn't worry about the future, she says, because she has her father to do that for her. "He's Irish," she says. "He assumes everything is bad until it's proven to be good."	Golf
In the human body, Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis is commonly known by what name?	\| Golf Channel Photo 1/11 1990 Solheim Cup The United States routed the Europeans in the inaugural edition, 11 1/2 - 4/12, at Lake Nona Golf Club in Orlando, Fla. 1992 Solheim Cup Europe stunned the Americans, winning at Dalmahoy Hotel Golf and Country Club in Edinburgh, Scotland, 11 1/2 - 6 1/2. 1994 Solheim Cup The U.S. regained possession of the Solheim Cup with a 13-7 victory at The Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs. W.V. 1996 Solheim Cup The Americans retained the Solheim Cup with a 17-11 rout of the Europeans at e Marriott St. Pierre Hotel & Country Club in Chepstow, Wales. 1998 Solheim Cup Dottie Pepper went 4-0 as the Americans won the Solheim Cup for the third consecutive time, 16-12, at Muirfield Village. 2000 Solheim Cup Led by captain Dale Reid, Europe won for the second time, and first time since 1992, at Loch Lomond Golf Club, Oct. 6-8, 2000 2002 Solheim Cup The Americans trailed 9-7 entering Sunday singles but won 8 1/2 of 12 points to secure a 15 1/2 - 12 1/2 win at Interlachen Country Club in Edina, Minn. 2003 Solheim Cup Due to the men's Ryder Cup switching from odd to even years in the aftermath of 9/11, the Solheim Cup was contested in back-to-back years to get on an odd-year rotation, away from the Ryder Cup. Europe won at Barsebck Golf and Country Club in Malmo, Sweden, 17 1/2 - 10 1/2. 2005 Solheim Cup The Solheim Cup switched hands again as the Americans won 15 1/2 - 12 1/2 at Crooked Stick Golf Club in Carmel, Ind. 2007 Solheim Cup In the 10th staging of the event, the Americans won on foreign soil for the first time since 1996, defeating Europe, 16-12, at at Halmstad Golf Club in Halmstad, Sweden. 2009 Solheim Cup The Americans improved their Solheim Cup record to 8-3 with another 16-12 victory at the Rich Harvest Farms Golf Club in Sugar Grove, Ill. Share This Post	i don't know
Italian musician David Rizzio was private secretary to which British monarch?	Rizzio - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus Rizzio David Rizzio \| Davide Rizzio \| Davide Riccio \| Davide Rizzo (Born: about 1533 – Died: 9 March 1566) an Italian courtier, born close to Turin, a descendant of an ancient and noble family still living in Piedmont, the Riccio Counts de San Paolo et Solbrito, who rose to become the private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary's husband, Lord Darnley,...	Mary, Queen of Scots
Who was World Heavyweight Boxing Champion 1919 to 1926?	Rizzio - Definition and synonyms of Rizzio in the English dictionary. Translation of Rizzio to 20 languages. Rizzio Meaning of Rizzio in the English dictionary DICTIONARY exclamation Rizzio is a noun. A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc. WHAT DOES RIZZIO MEAN IN ENGLISH? David Rizzio David Rizzio, sometimes written as David Riccio or David Rizzo, was an Italian courtier, born close to Turin, a descendant of an ancient and noble family still living in Piedmont, the Riccio Counts de San Paolo et Solbrito, who rose to become the private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary's husband, Lord Darnley, is said to have been jealous of their friendship, because of rumours that he had made Mary pregnant, and joined in a conspiracy of Protestant nobles, led by Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven, to murder him. The murder was the catalyst for the downfall of Darnley and had serious consequences for Mary's subsequent career. Read more Definition of Rizzio in the English dictionary The definition of Rizzio in the dictionary is David. ?1533–66, Italian musician and courtier who became the secretary and favourite of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was murdered at the instigation of a group of nobles, including Mary's husband, Darnley. ENGLISH WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE RIZZIO Synonyms and antonyms of Rizzio in the English dictionary of synonyms SYNONYMS WORDS RELATING TO «RIZZIO» Rizzio britton rizzio biography murder john opie autumn david blood stain circle confusion sometimes written riccio rizzo italian courtier born close turin descendant ancient noble education scotland among them small named also accomplished musician singer first crime library every story imagined element comic relief very character spelled such elizabeth files march this history assassinated front penniless unemployed when arrived court failed following contemporary account events leading night holyrood palace leader production valves marine systems since from national galleries here william allan depicts assassination artist took great care historically monica home page americana bluegrass country folk indie songwriter cape kings highway website versione italiana version française notre site sera bientôt disponible nostro sara disponibile qualche giorni valvoindustria group company chairman products likes talking about Translation of «Rizzio» into 20 languages TRANSLATOR TRANSLATION OF RIZZIO Find out the translation of Rizzio to 20 languages with our English multilingual translator . The translations of Rizzio from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «Rizzio» in English. List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «Rizzio». FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «RIZZIO» OVER TIME The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «Rizzio» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «Rizzio» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day. Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about Rizzio EXAMPLES 10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «RIZZIO» Discover the use of Rizzio in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to Rizzio and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature. 1 David Rizzio & Mary Queen of Scots: Murder at Holyrood While the other men in Mary's life have received their dur from the historians, Rizzio remains a shadowy figure. This book restores the balance and explores one of the most shocking events of Mary's colourful reign. David Tweedie, 2011 10 Heretic Queen: Queen Elizabeth I and the Wars of Religion The iron stamp, once made, was entrusted to the custody of David Rizzio, Mary's secretary. * * * It was Rizzio's service that became the focal point of Darnley's jealousy. Sir William Maitland had miraculously found his way back into Mary's ... Susan Ronald, 2012 10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «RIZZIO» Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term Rizzio is used in the context of the following news items. 1 Local artists show in Pemaquid Ives and Rizzio have collaborated on pop-up events and exhibitions before; this is their first time inviting Haynes into the fold. The Good Supply, housed in a ... «Republican Journal, Jul 15» 2 Diana Krall swings into South Shore Music Circus Monica Rizzio, late of the band Tripping Lily, opened with an appealing set of her music, in an acoustic guitar duo. Rizzio's best moment was on the lively Doc ... «Wicked Local Brookline, Jul 15» 3 Bill Requires VA to Further Study Effects of Burn Pits on Iraq and … James Rizzio is a 28-year-old Army veteran who served one year in Iraq. He said part of his job as a Unit Supply Specialist meant disposing of things at the burn ... «WNPR News, May 15» 4 Death notices for April 30 RIZZIO: Regina Hazel Rizzio, 51, of Orland, died Tuesday, April 28, 2015, in Orland. Arrangements are under the direction of F.D. Sweet & Son Mortuary, Orland, ... «Chico Enterprise-Record, Apr 15» 5 Monica Rizzio in Dennis – Video DENNIS – Monica Rizzio, a Texas girl “living up here in the Northeast country,” explained that this fun, original song, “Washashore Cowgirl,” is a bit ... «Cape Cod Wave, Apr 15» 6 09.03.1566 David Rizzio ermordet, Mary Stuarts Geliebter 09.03.1566 David Rizzio ermordet, Mary Stuarts Geliebter. Ein Beitrag von: Arcucci, Isabella. Stand: 09.03.2015. Um Videos oder Audios abzuspielen, ... «Bayerischer Rundfunk, Mar 15» 7 Trio Exit Circle Of Confusion To Form New Management/Production … Literary managers Britton Rizzio, Noah Rosen and Greg Shephard have split from Circle of Confusion to form their own management and production firm, Writ ... «Deadline.com, Jan 15» 8 Kirsty Wark: Why I love Holyrood Palace ... to Edinburgh at the palace, and it was in her privy chamber that her secretary David Rizzio was murdered before her eyes when she was six months pregnant. «The Guardian, Sep 14» 9 The Good Supply has 'pop-up' art exhibit through Aug. 31 The Good Supply in Pemaquid, is featuring a “pop-up” art exhibit of new paintings by Jessica Ives and mixed-media assemblages by Margaret Rizzio through ... «Press Herald, Aug 14» 10 Ben Kushigian: Music and math Monday, July 28, 7:30 p.m., with Monica Rizzio and Slaid Cleaves, O'Shea's Olde Inne, 348 Route 28, West Dennis. Tickets $20, available at ... «Wicked Local Harwich, Jul 14» REFERENCE	i don't know
What type of creature is a bulbul?	New Bald Bird Discovered in Laos \| WIRED New Bald Bird Discovered in Laos subscribe 6 months for $5 - plus a FREE Portable Phone Charger. On Twitter 2 hours Panasonic responds to the demands of a 4K HDR world with a beastly camera that's better suited for video. wrd.cm/2hRaUoV Author: Hadley Leggett. Hadley Leggett Science Date of Publication: 07.29.09. Time of Publication: 7:00 pm. 7:00 pm New Bald Bird Discovered in Laos A rare bald songbird has been hiding out in the rocky limestone cliffs of central Laos. Dubbed the “bare-faced bulbul” because of its unusual feather-free head, the newly discovered species is the only example of a bald songbird in Asia and the first new type of bulbul reported in the last hundred years. It’s not clear how such a distinctive-looking bird escaped detection for so long, but the creature’s preference for rugged terrain probably played a role. The rocky limestone-dominated regions of Laos are generally uninhabitable by humans but home to a variety of unique animals, including new species of rabbit and rat discovered in the last decade. Biologist Robert J. Timmins of the Wildlife Conservation Society caught a glimpse in 1995 of what looked like a songbird with a bald head. He recorded the strange sighting in his field notebook, but omitted it from published account, because the idea of a bald bulbul seemed far-fetched. “RJT subsequently weathered a fair amount of good-natured ribbing on relating the sighting to skeptical colleagues,” wrote the researchers in a paper introducing the new bird, published July in the birding journal Forktail. Now, 13 years later, Timmins has been vindicated: Two more scientists spotted a small grey bird with an orange, featherless face and a distinctive song. Using recordings of the first animal’s call, the researchers attracted at least six more of the bizarre bald-faced birds. They captured one and sent it to a museum to compare with known species to confirm it is a new species, which the scientists named Pycnonotus hualon. “Bald songbirds are unusual in general, not only in Asia,” wrote conservation biologist Peter Clyne of the Wildlife Conservation Society. “While in some birds, such as the vultures, it probably evolved as a feature that enabled more efficient feeding, in many species it is more likely that baldness evolved as a means of display.” No one knows exactly why this particular bulbul went bald, but Clyne suspects its featherless face evolved as a way to attract mates. So take note, middle-aged men: Bald is beautiful, at least if you’re a bird.	Bird
How many players are on the field at one time in a men’s lacrosse team?	1000+ images about Birds: Bulbuls, Manakins, Waxwings and Cotingas on Pinterest \| Birds, Passerine and Thailand Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Birds: Bulbuls, Manakins, Waxwings and Cotingas These are berries and fruit eating birds though they also will do some insects except Waxwings though nestlings are started on insects but soon are changed to fruit. 50 Pins869 Followers	i don't know
What is the name of the dark, dense German bread made from coarsely ground rye?	Basic Breads - How To Cooking Tips - RecipeTips.com Country or region of origin: various Type of flour used: various Description: Artisan bread refers to different types of bread that are prepared by a skilled baker and are handcrafted through each step of the process. During the preparation process, the bread artisan mixes the perfect balance of all-natural ingredients and bakes the bread using the optimum oven temperature and baking time to create a product with an excellent crumb and crust. Some varieties of artisan bread have a very light and delicate flavor while others may have a very pronounced flavor depending on the ingredients and the preparation techniques that were used. Bagel Country or region of origin: Eastern Europe Type of flour used: various, but mostly white all-purpose, unbleached bread flour, whole-wheat , and rye flour Description: A bagel is a chewy doughnut shaped yeast bread that is very popular worldwide. The bagel originated in eastern Europe where at one time it was among the most common breads in Jewish households. It is now believed that the best bagels are made in New York City bakeries from recipes and techniques brought to the United States by Jewish immigrants. Before baking, bagels are poached for a short time. This technique prevents the dough from rising any further during baking, which creates the characteristic soft and chewy texture. Many types of flour are used, but white all-purpose, unbleached or bread flour, whole-wheat, and rye flour are most often used. Some bagels are plain while others include numerous ingredients that are incorporated with the dough or used as a topping, such as cheese, onions, garlic, pieces of fruit or vegetables, seeds, herbs, spices, or coarse salt. Bagels are often sliced into two flat rings and eaten plain, toasted, or spread with cream cheese or other ingredients. Baguette Country or region of origin: France Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually a combination of all-purpose flour and unbleached bread flour Description: A baguette is a basic type of yeast bread that originated in France. The name of this traditional French bread translates to little rod, which describes the long, thin shape that is characteristic of the loaf. A baguette is usually 1 1/2 to 2 feet in length and 3 to 4 inches in diameter. The term baguette may be used to describe a variety of breads that all have the baguette shape in common, but may originate from different countries of regions. The dough for a French baguette is usually made with wheat flour and the bread has a soft, chewy interior surrounded by a crispy, brown crust. The dough can also be used for variations in the shape of the bread including split rolls known as pistolets and a shape that resembles an ear of wheat known as a pain d'epi. Bangeli Bread Country or region of origin: Switzerland Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) Description: A Swiss bread loaf that is an adaptation of German and French white breads. Bangeli bread has a long baguette shape , which often has several horizontal slashes across the top. The bread features a thick crust and a chewy interior similar to French bread. It is used much the same as similar white breads of German or French origin: as a sandwich bread when thinly sliced; as a bread used for toasting, topped with preserves or jellies; as a bread served with cheese and wine; and as a crusty bread that can be spread with butter or dipped in extra virgin olive oil and served as an accompaniment to a meal. Bolillo Bread Country or region of origin: Mexico Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A Mexican bread, made with a basic dough that is very similar to a French baguette dough. The bread has a crispy, flavorful crust and a soft, chewy crumb. The dough is usually formed into a football shaped roll. Occasionally, the dough is scored to create three sections along the length of the football shape, in which case the bolillo is known as a telera. Bolillos are most often used for the Mexican sandwich known as a torta, which became popular after WWII. The torta sandwich usually contains mashed avocado, a spread made of black beans or refried beans, pickled jalapenos, lettuce, tomato, and onion. There are many versions of the sandwich including many Americanized varieties that have strayed from the original selection of ingredients. Burger Bun Country or region of origin: United States Type of flour used: various, usually white flour (wheat) or whole-wheat Description: A type of plain bread formed into rounded bun shape and most often split and used for a hamburger sandwich. Commercially prepared burger buns are often already split and some are occasionally topped with sesame seeds. Coburg Country or region of origin: England Type of flour used: various, but most often wheat flour (white and/or whole wheat) Description: A common type of bread in the British Isles and the United States in which the name refers more to the shape and style of the bread loaf than to any particular recipe. The dough is shaped into a rounded form and the top of the dough is slashed with a cross, which is the distinctive feature that identifies the loaf as Coburg bread. The bread is most often made with wheat flour (white bread flour, whole-wheat flour, or a combination of both). Occasionally, the whole-wheat flour is combined with other types of whole-grain flour to create a multigrain loaf . Cottage Loaf Country or region of origin: England Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) and others Description: A cottage loaf is a basic white bread that is English in origin and is unique due to its shape. The loaf is actually two round loaves - one on top of the other. The top round is smaller than the bottom round. Making a hole through the center of the top round and continuing through the bottom round welds the dough of the two rounds. A wooden dowel or a spoon handle are useful tools for creating the hole. The perimeter of each of the rounds is often slit every 2 to 3 inches, which helps the dough to expand while baking. It is thought that the unusual shape was a result of the need to be as efficient as possible with the small baking space available in the ovens of earlier times. The term cottage bread is often used to describe a variety of breads that all have the cottage shape in common. Épi Bread Country or region of origin: France Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour or a combination of both Description: Épi is a French bread that designates a shape more than a particular type of bread. The bread resembles an ear of wheat and is often made with French baguette dough or adapted from white bread recipes . Ficelle Bread Country or region of origin: France Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour or a combination of both Description: A type of bread very similar to a French baguette only it is smaller in size. Ficelle is a French term meaning string, and it is prepared with the same type of dough as a baguette. Like the baguette, the bread features a crispy crust and a soft, chewy crumb. The length may be about the same as a baguette, but the diameter and weight of the bread is usually about half, however some versions are shorter in length as well. French Boule Bread Country or region of origin: France Type of flour used: various, but most often, white bread flour (wheat) is used Description: The French word boule means ball or round, so boule refers more to the shape of the bread than any particular type. The term boule is used to describe a variety of breads that all have the boule shape in common. A typical French boule is a hearty, country bread with a chewy crust, an open crumb, and a moderately soft interior and is baked in many different sizes. It is often made with the same type of dough as a French baguette. Italian Bread Country or region of origin: Italy Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour or a combination of both Description: A generic name given to a variety of Italian breads. Most are white breads that are similar to French baguette dough. Some are leavened with yeast, while others use a starter dough as a leaven, such as a biga starter . Italian bread is often formed into short, wide loaves or it may be formed into rounds and ovals. Pain Ordinaire Country or region of origin: France Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A French white bread that is one of the simplest to prepare. The bread is made only with yeast, flour, water, and salt and is very similar to a French baguette recipe, but contains a little less water and yeast. The dough can be formed into any shape that is desired for baking on a flat surface or in a loaf pan . Pretzel Country or region of origin: Germany Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) Description: A pretzel is a type of basic bread native to Germany that is easily identified by its traditional twisted knot shape that resembles two crossed arms within an oval. In much of northern Europe, this shape is often used as a symbol to signify a bakery. Pretzels are made from white flour and made into either a soft bread-like version or a hard, crisp variety. The soft pretzel is usually larger than the harder version and is often served with mustard or cheese and is eaten as a snack with beer. (A bread loaf made from the dough is actually known as Pretzel Bread.) The hard pretzel is made by baking it immediately after it is shaped rather than allowing it to rise a final time. Both soft and hard pretzels are also formed into other shapes such as stick shapes of various lengths and wedge shapes. Pretzels are often topped with coarse salt before baking and occasionally other toppings are used, such as sesame seeds or poppy seeds, especially for the larger soft pretzel. Pullman Loaf Country or region of origin: United States Type of flour used: various, but usually wheat flour (bread flour or all-purpose) Description: A type of bread named after the famous Pullman railway coach of the United States, because the shape of the bread and the shape of the railway car are similar. The bread is usually made with white flour and baked in a long rectangular pan. The Pullman loaf is most often sliced and used as a sandwich bread. Pumpernickel Bread, Austrian Country or region of origin: Austria Type of flour used: rye flour and whole-wheat flour Description: A type of pumpernickel bread that is usually a bit lighter and less dense than German pumpernickel due to a higher proportion of whole-wheat flour to rye flour. Austrian pumpernickel goes well with soups and stews and is excellent for sandwiches. Pumpernickel Bread, German Country or region of origin: Germany Type of flour used: coarsely ground rye flour or a combination of rye flour and whole-wheat flour Description: Pumpernickel is a traditional German rye bread that is often prepared with 100% coarsely ground rye flour, which results in a heavy, dense loaf. It is occasionally prepared with some wheat flour added in order to make the loaf a bit lighter and to increase the capability of the dough to rise. Pumpernickel is a type of kastenbrot, meaning box bread. It is steamed in an oven rather than being actually baked. Pans of boiling water are placed in the oven with the pans of dough, which are cooked with low heat for several hours. The result is bread that has a moist crumb, a solid crust, and a dark color resulting from the starch in the rye becoming caramelized during the slow steaming/baking process. The bread is sometimes flavored with caraway seeds, as are many German breads. Pumpernickel is usually thinly sliced, and the hearty and somewhat sour flavor goes well with beer, cheese, meats, and sausages. Rye Bread Country or region of origin: various, but mostly Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, and Russia Type of flour used: a combination of rye and wheat flour Description: Rye flour does not contain enough of the type of protein that promotes gluten development, which allows bread to rise properly, so it is often combined with wheat flour to increase the gluten forming capability. The darkness and flavor of the loaf depends on the darkness of the rye flour and the quantity of rye flour in relation to the wheat flour. When rye flour is used alone, the result is a very heavy, dense loaf and the dough is very sticky and difficult to handle. There is a wide range of distinctly flavored breads made from rye grain. Some rye breads are made from basic yeasted doughs while others are made using a starter dough. Various rye breads include hearty German pumpernickel, crusty black breads (which are actually a gray-brown color) of Russia, Pain de Seigle of France, and lighter colored breads of Scandinavia, such as Danish rye and Swedish Limpa. Rye Bread, German Country or region of origin: Germany Type of flour used: usually a combination of rye flour and wheat flour (usually unbleached bread flour) Description: A type of rye bread of German origin that is a bit heavier than many other types of rye bread. German rye usually contains a greater ratio of rye flour to wheat flour than the rye breads of Italy, Sweden, or the United States. The higher proportion of rye flour yields a loaf that is a bit denser than other rye breads, but it is not nearly as dense as pumpernickel, which may contain 100% rye flour. Rye Bread, Italian Country or region of origin: Italy Type of flour used: a combination of rye and wheat flour (usually bread flour or all-purpose flour) with the rye flour consisting of a small proportion of the flour used Description: A type of rye bread of Italian origin that is not as heavy as its northern and eastern European counterparts due to the smaller proportion of rye flour used. It has a lightly colored crust and crumb and is a delicious bread for slicing and using for sandwiches or for dipping in olive oil. Some recipes call for the addition of caraway seeds, which gives the bread a more pronounced flavor, reminiscent of the hearty, full-flavored rye breads of the regions where rye bread is more of a staple than it is in Italy. Rye Bread, Marble Country or region of origin: United States and others Type of flour used: a combination of rye and wheat flour Description: Marble rye bread is made with a combination of rye dough and wheat dough to create a hearty flavored deli-style sandwich bread. The rye dough can be a traditional dough of rye and wheat flour or it can be a heavy rye pumpernickel dough. The wheat dough can be made from a basic white flour dough, whole-wheat, or a sourdough. A layer of rye dough is placed on top of a layer of white (wheat) dough and the layers are rolled to create a spiral pattern of rye and wheat bread when baked. The crust is generally chewing and somewhat crispy, while the texture is fairly dense. The addition of molasses gives the rye portion of the bread a distinctively rich flavor and dark brown color. Rye Bread, New York Country or region of origin: United States, specifically New York City Type of flour used: Rye and wheat flour Description: A type of rye bread with a lightly colored crumb and a chewy, but tasty crust. A small portion of caraway is often added to the dough to provide the bread with a bit more flavor. New York rye bread is a good accompaniment for soups and stews. Rye Bread, Polish Country or region of origin: Poland Type of flour used: rye flour and wheat flour (bread flour) Description: A type of rye bread of Polish origin that can be prepared with a number of different recipes. Lighter versions of Polish rye are similar in color, flavor, and texture to New York rye bread due to a generous portion of wheat flour added to the dough. Other versions of Polish rye are similar to the dark rye breads of other Eastern European countries and Russia and are made with a courser grind of rye meal. Many of the recipes for Polish rye bread, light and dark, feature caraway seeds, which provide additional flavor. Polish rye is excellent when served with hearty soups and stews . Rye Bread, Swedish Country or region of origin: Sweden Type of flour used: rye flour and wheat flour (unbleached bread flour) Description: A type of rye bread that is a bit lighter in flavor and texture than other rye breads of Northern Europe and Scandanavia. It has a soft crumb and is slightly sweet with a hint of molasses . It is often prepared as a loaf shaped hearth bread. Wheat Bread Country or region of origin: various Type of flour used: a combination of enriched white and whole-wheat flour Description: Wheat bread consists of a combination of enriched white flour and whole-wheat flour. Unlike whole-wheat bread that is made entirely of whole-wheat flour, wheat bread may contain more calcium, but less fiber than most whole-wheat varieties. Wheat bread has a finer texture and closer grain than whole-wheat varieties, especially commercially prepared and packaged varieties that are marketed as sandwich bread. White Bread Country or region of origin: various Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually all-purpose or bread flour Description: White bread is one of the most popular bread varieties, especially in the United States. It is made with a basic yeast dough of wheat flour (usually all-purpose or bread flour). There are many types of white bread based on slight variations of the basic recipe. Most white breads feature a fine texture and close grain, which makes slicing easy. Commercially prepared white bread is usually sliced before packaging and is most often known as sandwich bread.	Pumpernickel
Asturias, Aragon and Murcia are regions in which European country?	Russian Rye Bread: Rizhsky Khleb Recipe \| King Arthur Flour 12/12/2016 brushjl from solon, ohio this was fantastic. light and airy and full of flavor. i used charnuska instead of caraway seeds. i tried the bread machine but it didn't work first time around, then i added more water than the recipe called for and it was fine. 02/29/2016 bu74psy330 from Delaware I have several rye bread recipes but wanted to try a new one for a change. I used the barley malt and KA pumpernickel flour and added two teaspoons of deli rye flavor. Mixed it in my bread machine. I made one loaf instead of two since I plan on using it to make Reuben sandwiches for St. Patrick's Day and one reviewer mentioned that two loaves were fairly small. I did add a couple more teaspoons of water based on previous reviews. Fabulous rye bread! I think this just became my favorite rye bread recipe! The interior is moist with a nice crumb and the outside has just the right chew! Thank you for a great recipe! 01/08/2016 Lisa from Tuskegee, AL nice bread - I eve messed up on the sponge (due to reading failure) and it was excellent. We ate 1 loaf right away. We will have this over and over 01/07/2016 PhilipH from Gulf Coast Texas I really like this recipe. It made two free formed loaves that were easily sliced and used in my panini press. The dough was very dry however. I usually have to add additional flour because of my very humid climate. With this recipe, I had to add additional water. I could tell it was going to be dry after adding only two of the three cups of flour. Even after adding more water, the dough was very dry, but it made a decent loaf. 11/29/2015 margaret from ottawa I have been looking for a good recipe for rye bread for quite some time. This is fantastic! Thank you. 06/29/2015 Anonymous Baker from Nice, mild-tasting rye bread. Made with medium rye and used barley malt extract. Recipe produced two good-sized loaves. 06/03/2015 Anonymous Baker from I made this bread last night (first time bread baker) and picked this recipe because I love rye breads and it seemed like a good recipe for beginners. It was easy to make. I only used 2 cups of All-Purpose Unbleached Flour (the ingredient list says 3, but directions say to use enough to pull away from sides of bowl and for me that was 2 cups). I read some of the comments and substituted 1 tablespoon honey and 1 tablespoon molasses for the malt. I tried a slice and it was delicious. I will make this again. Plus it made the whole house smell amazing! :) 04/23/2015 Anonymous Baker from Perfect light rye! This recipe is easy, great flavor, smooth, moist crumb, chewy crust. The dough was not unmanageably sticky. No problems there. The only change I made was to grind the caraway seed and used only about a teaspoon for flavor. Thank you! 02/15/2015 Anonymous Baker from Made this yesterday in my bread machine but started it as if making the manual/mixer method, then proceeded with the directions according to my bread machine. I used KA pumpernickel flour instead of the rye, dark honey in place of the malt, 1 TBL Vital Wheat Gluten, and about 1 tsp of KA Deli Rye Flavor. The dough was quite thick and heavy, I needed to add 2-3 TBL more water to get it to the right consistency. It rose beautifully. Made 2 loaves, sprinkled one with coarse sea salt, the other with KA Everything Bagel Topping. We're having it this morning and it's wonderful. The deli rye flavor give it a nice taste but I wouldn't use more than 1-1 1/2 tsp, and the full amount of caraway seeds which didn't seem like too much. Will definitely be making this again. 07/31/2014 ClydesBonnie from Massachusetts Easy to prepare. I substituted 1 TBSP light honey and 1 TBSP molasass since I hard no dark honey or barley malt. Because I had both coarse ground rye flour and King Arrthur Medium rye flour in the house I used 3/4 cup of each. When cut the texture of my bread was identical to the image shown. Great taste and makes 2 nice size boules....perfect for keeping one and giving the other. 07/31/2014 ClydesBonnie from Massachusetts Easy to prepare. I substituted 1 TBSP light honey and 1 TBSP molasass since I hard no dark honey or barley malt. Because I had both coarse ground rye flour and King Arrthur Medium rye flour in the house I used 3/4 cup of each. When cut the texture of my bread was identical to the image shown. Great taste and makes 2 nice size boules....perfect for keeping one and giving the other.	i don't know
US singer Thomas DeCarlo Callaway is better known by what name?	CeeLo Green - MusicBrainz CeeLo Green Cee‐Lo Green 1 Showing official release groups by this artist. Show all release groups instead , or show various artists release groups . Artist information	CeeLo Green
‘Down and Out in Paris and London’ was written by which British author?	Thomas Callaway Bio \| Search Net Worth of Celebrities Cee Lo Green , Cee Lo Green Age , Cee Lo Green All I Need Is Love , Cee Lo Green American Dad , Cee Lo Green Background , Cee Lo Green Bio , Cee Lo Green Cat , Cee Lo Green Christmas , Cee Lo Green Country , Cee Lo Green Crazy , Cee Lo Green Crazy Lyrics , Cee Lo Green Date Of Birth , Cee Lo Green Discography , Cee Lo Green Ethnicity , Cee Lo Green Fool For You , Cee Lo Green Fool For You Lyrics , Cee Lo Green Fool For You Mp3 , Cee Lo Green Forget You , Cee Lo Green Forget You Lyrics , Cee Lo Green Hands , Cee Lo Green Height , Cee Lo Green History , Cee Lo Green Home Town , Cee Lo Green Images , Cee Lo Green Income , Cee Lo Green Lyrics , Cee Lo Green Midget , Cee Lo Green Money , Cee Lo Green Net Worth , Cee Lo Green New Song , Cee Lo Green News , Cee Lo Green Only You , Cee Lo Green Partner , Cee Lo Green Place Of Birth , Cee Lo Green Profession , Cee Lo Green Salary , Cee Lo Green Sexual Assault , Cee Lo Green Songs , Cee Lo Green Songs Youtube , Cee Lo Green Story , Cee Lo Green Talent , Cee Lo Green The Voice , Cee Lo Green Twitter , Cee Lo Green Videos , Cee Lo Green Weight , Cee Lo Green What Christmas Means To Me , Cee Lo Green Wiki , Celebrities , Celebrities Income , Celebrities Net Worth , How Much Cee Lo Green Worth , How Much Is Cee Lo Green Income , How Much Is Cee Lo Green Net Worth , How Much Is Cee Lo Green Salary , How Much Is Richest Celebrities Income , How Much Is Richest Celebrities Net Worth , How Much Is Richest Celebrities Salary , How Much Is Richest Rappers Income , How Much Is Richest Rappers Net Worth , How Much Is Richest Rappers Salary , How Much Is Thomas Burton Income , How Much Is Thomas Burton Net Worth , How Much Is Thomas Burton Salary , How Much Is Thomas Callaway Income , How Much Is Thomas Callaway Net Worth , How Much Is Thomas Callaway Salary , How Much Is Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Income , How Much Is Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Net Worth , How Much Is Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Salary , How Much Richest Celebrities Worth , How Much Richest Rappers Worth , How Much Thomas Burton Worth , How Much Thomas Callaway Worth , How Much Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Worth , Rappers , Rappers Income , Rappers Net Worth , Richest Celebrities Age , Richest Celebrities Background , Richest Celebrities Bio , Richest Celebrities Country , Richest Celebrities Date Of Birth , Richest Celebrities Ethnicity , Richest Celebrities Height , Richest Celebrities History , Richest Celebrities Home Town , Richest Celebrities Images , Richest Celebrities Income , Richest Celebrities Net Worth , Richest Celebrities News , Richest Celebrities Partner , Richest Celebrities Place Of Birth , Richest Celebrities Profession , Richest Celebrities Salary , Richest Celebrities Story , Richest Celebrities Talent , Richest Celebrities Videos , Richest Celebrities Weight , Richest Rappers , Richest Rappers Age , Richest Rappers Background , Richest Rappers Bio , Richest Rappers Country , Richest Rappers Date Of Birth , Richest Rappers Ethnicity , Richest Rappers Height , Richest Rappers History , Richest Rappers Home Town , Richest Rappers Images , Richest Rappers Income , Richest Rappers Net Worth , Richest Rappers News , Richest Rappers Partner , Richest Rappers Place Of Birth , Richest Rappers Profession , Richest Rappers Salary , Richest Rappers Story , Richest Rappers Talent , Richest Rappers Videos , Richest Rappers Weight , Thomas Burton , Thomas Burton Age , Thomas Burton Background , Thomas Burton Bio , Thomas Burton Country , Thomas Burton Date Of Birth , Thomas Burton Ethnicity , Thomas Burton Height , Thomas Burton History , Thomas Burton Home Town , Thomas Burton Images , Thomas Burton Income , Thomas Burton Net Worth , Thomas Burton News , Thomas Burton Partner , Thomas Burton Place Of Birth , Thomas Burton Profession , Thomas Burton Salary , Thomas Burton Story , Thomas Burton Talent , Thomas Burton Videos , Thomas Burton Weight , Thomas Callaway , Thomas Callaway Age , Thomas Callaway Background , Thomas Callaway Bio , Thomas Callaway Country , Thomas Callaway Date Of Birth , Thomas Callaway Ethnicity , Thomas Callaway Height , Thomas Callaway History , Thomas Callaway Home Town , Thomas Callaway Images , Thomas Callaway Income , Thomas Callaway Net Worth , Thomas Callaway News , Thomas Callaway Partner , Thomas Callaway Place Of Birth , Thomas Callaway Profession , Thomas Callaway Salary , Thomas Callaway Story , Thomas Callaway Talent , Thomas Callaway Videos , Thomas Callaway Weight , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Age , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Background , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Bio , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Country , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Date Of Birth , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Ethnicity , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Height , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway History , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Home Town , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Images , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Income , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Net Worth , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway News , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Partner , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Place Of Birth , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Profession , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Salary , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Story , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Talent , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Videos , Thomas DeCarlo Callaway Weight , Who Is Cee Lo Green , Who Is Richest Celebrities , Who Is Richest Rappers , Who Is Thomas Burton , Who Is Thomas Callaway , Who Is Thomas DeCarlo Callaway , Add Widgets (Content Sidebar) This is your Content Sidebar. Edit this content that appears here in the widgets panel by adding or removing widgets in the Content Sidebar area.	i don't know
Who won the 2010 Brit Award for best British Female Solo Artist?	Brit Awards 2010 winners: Lady GaGa, Lily Allen and JLS \| Daily Mail Online Share this article Share The Spice Girls were honoured with the prize for Best Brits Performance of 30 Years while Robbie Williams was handed the Outstanding Contribution to Music and sang a medley of hits past and present. The Brit Awards rarely pass without incident and Liam Gallagher duly provided some controversy by swearing on the live show. Picking up the award for Best Album of 30 Years, the Oasis frontman thanked the early members of the band, with the exception of older brother Noel, who walked out on the group last summer. Arriving alone on stage, he yelled into the microphone: 'Listen kids. I want to thank Bonehead, Guigsy and Alan White. The best band in the f***ing world. Live forever.' He then threw the microphone into the audience before wandering into the crowd and leaving the stage. As he left the stage, host Peter Kay remarked: 'What a knobhead.' Viewer Antonia Holland has set up a group on Facebook called Peter Kay's reply to Liam Gallagher at the Brits which now has over 54,000 fans. Delighted: Florence and the Machine with her Best British Album award and Jay-Z accepts the award for the Best International Male Solo Artist She's got the Lungs: Florence performed on stage with Dizzee Rascal with a mash-up of her hit You've Got The Love and his hit Dirty Cash One fan Deirdre Stirling posted: 'Liam Gallagher is a rude spoilt brat who has rested on his brother's talents for far too long. Deeply disturbed young man with no manners!' Lily Allen opened the show in a black corset dress and made her entry on to the stage on a suspended glittering rocket before walking down a giant staircase. She was joined on stage by paratroopers dressed in pink military camouflage and women pushing Silver Cross prams. Host Peter Kay called for 'responsible fun' and warned the stars he would sound a horn if they rambled on too much. Sam Fox, who presented the Brits in 1989 with Mick Fleetwood and famously fluffed her lines, was then brought on stage. She presented the award for the most memorable Brits moment, a special gong to mark the show's 30th anniversary, to Spice Girls Melanie Brown and Geri Halliwell. The girlband's 1997 performance of Who Do You Think You Are? which saw Geri wear the iconic skimpy Union Jack dress was 'overwhelmingly' voted as the Best Brit Performance of 30 Years by GMTV viewers. Kasabian performed their 2009 top-five hit Fire, complete with screens of blazing flames. Other performances came from Florence and the Machine, who won Best Album for her debut Lungs, who dueted with Dizzee Rascal. Jay-Z and Alicia Keys also performed their track Empire State Of Mind. A NIGHT OF LOWLIGHTS AND AWARDS FOR THE BIG SELLERS by PAUL CONNOLLY Try to erase the memory of Jonathan Ross as the world’s most embarrassing gangsta dad and Cheryl Cole’s shockingly personality-deficient and badly lip-synched performance. Instead, let’s focus on the Brit Awards themselves and the apportioning thereof. Did the voters get them right? Well, the big winners were the big sellers, Lady Gaga and JLS. The erstwhile Stefani Germanotta won every international category apart from Best Male, although host Peter Kay suggested even that had been a close thing. Double act: Jay-Z and Alicia Keys sang their hit Empire State Of Mind, with Alicia dressed in a low cut dress Instead Jay-Z walked off with the International Male Solo Artist award mainly, one suspects, because he agreed to turn up and perform the brilliant Empire State Of Mind with Alicia Keys. It was a rare highlight in a show of lowlights (can I mention poor Cheryl’s appalling lip-synching again as well as Robbie Williams’s tedious medley right at the end to ‘celebrate’ his winning of the Outstanding Contribution Award?). Jay-Z’s competition was not stiff – Bruce Springsteen aside, none of the other nominees had made a decent album last year (do not even whisper the words “what about Michael Buble?”). But to have the camel-faced megastar rapper at the show represented a coup for the organisers, even if they had probably asked for his squeeze Beyonce too. On Fire: Tom Meighan (left) of Kasabian collects the Best British Group award from host Peter Kay Lady Gaga’s huge success was just as easy to explain. OK, so her music is predominantly unchallenging, four-square, no frills-no imagination pop-dance (her last single Bad Romance, for heaven’s sake, even rips off Seventies cheesemeisters, Boney M) but at least she makes an effort to look like a pop star. How glad she must have been last night to have bought that remaindered candy floss machine. But perhaps, even as she reclines in the soft comfort of Brits love, she should remember the fate of the last international act to make as big a splash. Where on earth are the Scissor Sisters these days? Elsewhere, the two gongs won (Best British Breakthrough Act and Best British Single) by 2008 X Factor runners-up, JLS, were understandable if a little boring, especially as they were won at the expense of much more interesting acts such as Florence And The Machine and La Roux. Girl Power: Geri Halliwell (right) and Melanie Brown, with a new shave hair cut, collect the award for Best Brit performance of 30 years on behalf of the Spice Girls for their 1997 performance of Who Do You Think You Are? The latter went shamefully unrewarded all night although Flo at least won Best British Album for Lungs and shared the night’s live highlight with Dizzee Rascal (who won Best British Male) on a glamtastic (and live) duet, You Got The Dirtee Love. Finally, wasn’t it nice to see Lily Allen to win Best British Female? Her show-opening performance of the magnificently catty and WAG-baiting The Fear was, for many, even better than the Dizzee/Florence duet. And her award-collecting ginger wig disguise received one of the night’s biggest cheers. She may have been a wee bit sozzled by that stage but, hey, it was The Brits, and she finally won one. About time too. Crowned: Robbie Williams sang a medley of songs after winning the Outstanding Contribution To Music award Foul-mouthed rant: Liam Gallagher of Oasis holds up his award for Best Album of 30 years and thanked everyone besides his brother Noel before swearing	Lily Allen
The city of Qom is in which country?	Brit Awards 2010 winners: Lady GaGa, Lily Allen and JLS \| Daily Mail Online Share this article Share The Spice Girls were honoured with the prize for Best Brits Performance of 30 Years while Robbie Williams was handed the Outstanding Contribution to Music and sang a medley of hits past and present. The Brit Awards rarely pass without incident and Liam Gallagher duly provided some controversy by swearing on the live show. Picking up the award for Best Album of 30 Years, the Oasis frontman thanked the early members of the band, with the exception of older brother Noel, who walked out on the group last summer. Arriving alone on stage, he yelled into the microphone: 'Listen kids. I want to thank Bonehead, Guigsy and Alan White. The best band in the f***ing world. Live forever.' He then threw the microphone into the audience before wandering into the crowd and leaving the stage. As he left the stage, host Peter Kay remarked: 'What a knobhead.' Viewer Antonia Holland has set up a group on Facebook called Peter Kay's reply to Liam Gallagher at the Brits which now has over 54,000 fans. Delighted: Florence and the Machine with her Best British Album award and Jay-Z accepts the award for the Best International Male Solo Artist She's got the Lungs: Florence performed on stage with Dizzee Rascal with a mash-up of her hit You've Got The Love and his hit Dirty Cash One fan Deirdre Stirling posted: 'Liam Gallagher is a rude spoilt brat who has rested on his brother's talents for far too long. Deeply disturbed young man with no manners!' Lily Allen opened the show in a black corset dress and made her entry on to the stage on a suspended glittering rocket before walking down a giant staircase. She was joined on stage by paratroopers dressed in pink military camouflage and women pushing Silver Cross prams. Host Peter Kay called for 'responsible fun' and warned the stars he would sound a horn if they rambled on too much. Sam Fox, who presented the Brits in 1989 with Mick Fleetwood and famously fluffed her lines, was then brought on stage. She presented the award for the most memorable Brits moment, a special gong to mark the show's 30th anniversary, to Spice Girls Melanie Brown and Geri Halliwell. The girlband's 1997 performance of Who Do You Think You Are? which saw Geri wear the iconic skimpy Union Jack dress was 'overwhelmingly' voted as the Best Brit Performance of 30 Years by GMTV viewers. Kasabian performed their 2009 top-five hit Fire, complete with screens of blazing flames. Other performances came from Florence and the Machine, who won Best Album for her debut Lungs, who dueted with Dizzee Rascal. Jay-Z and Alicia Keys also performed their track Empire State Of Mind. A NIGHT OF LOWLIGHTS AND AWARDS FOR THE BIG SELLERS by PAUL CONNOLLY Try to erase the memory of Jonathan Ross as the world’s most embarrassing gangsta dad and Cheryl Cole’s shockingly personality-deficient and badly lip-synched performance. Instead, let’s focus on the Brit Awards themselves and the apportioning thereof. Did the voters get them right? Well, the big winners were the big sellers, Lady Gaga and JLS. The erstwhile Stefani Germanotta won every international category apart from Best Male, although host Peter Kay suggested even that had been a close thing. Double act: Jay-Z and Alicia Keys sang their hit Empire State Of Mind, with Alicia dressed in a low cut dress Instead Jay-Z walked off with the International Male Solo Artist award mainly, one suspects, because he agreed to turn up and perform the brilliant Empire State Of Mind with Alicia Keys. It was a rare highlight in a show of lowlights (can I mention poor Cheryl’s appalling lip-synching again as well as Robbie Williams’s tedious medley right at the end to ‘celebrate’ his winning of the Outstanding Contribution Award?). Jay-Z’s competition was not stiff – Bruce Springsteen aside, none of the other nominees had made a decent album last year (do not even whisper the words “what about Michael Buble?”). But to have the camel-faced megastar rapper at the show represented a coup for the organisers, even if they had probably asked for his squeeze Beyonce too. On Fire: Tom Meighan (left) of Kasabian collects the Best British Group award from host Peter Kay Lady Gaga’s huge success was just as easy to explain. OK, so her music is predominantly unchallenging, four-square, no frills-no imagination pop-dance (her last single Bad Romance, for heaven’s sake, even rips off Seventies cheesemeisters, Boney M) but at least she makes an effort to look like a pop star. How glad she must have been last night to have bought that remaindered candy floss machine. But perhaps, even as she reclines in the soft comfort of Brits love, she should remember the fate of the last international act to make as big a splash. Where on earth are the Scissor Sisters these days? Elsewhere, the two gongs won (Best British Breakthrough Act and Best British Single) by 2008 X Factor runners-up, JLS, were understandable if a little boring, especially as they were won at the expense of much more interesting acts such as Florence And The Machine and La Roux. Girl Power: Geri Halliwell (right) and Melanie Brown, with a new shave hair cut, collect the award for Best Brit performance of 30 years on behalf of the Spice Girls for their 1997 performance of Who Do You Think You Are? The latter went shamefully unrewarded all night although Flo at least won Best British Album for Lungs and shared the night’s live highlight with Dizzee Rascal (who won Best British Male) on a glamtastic (and live) duet, You Got The Dirtee Love. Finally, wasn’t it nice to see Lily Allen to win Best British Female? Her show-opening performance of the magnificently catty and WAG-baiting The Fear was, for many, even better than the Dizzee/Florence duet. And her award-collecting ginger wig disguise received one of the night’s biggest cheers. She may have been a wee bit sozzled by that stage but, hey, it was The Brits, and she finally won one. About time too. Crowned: Robbie Williams sang a medley of songs after winning the Outstanding Contribution To Music award Foul-mouthed rant: Liam Gallagher of Oasis holds up his award for Best Album of 30 years and thanked everyone besides his brother Noel before swearing	i don't know
X Type, Open End, Two Way and Closed End are all types of what used in the fashion industry?	Types of Zipper \| Textile School Types of Zipper apparel Zippers use two sets of interlocking teeth called chain zippers, or coils called coil zippers, each connected to a strip of fabric tape. The teeth or coils are formed of metal, plastic, or synthetic material. A slider with a tab, which may be purely functional or serve a decorative function as well, is used to open and close the zipper. Besides the details of the mechanism, there are several other ways of categorizing zippers.Like categorisation based on element or teeth material or based on the In this page Types of Zippers based on Functionality Types of Zippers based on Element/Teeth Material There are 3 main categories of zippers which are based on 3 different types of materials as below: Metal: Metal zipper is most basic original zipper first produced. The first zipper was made of metal around 1917 and 1920s. When slider slides up in a zipper the elements get tightly interlocked to keep zipper shut. Metal zippers are divided into 2 groups, depending on the material used and the process of manufacture: Teeth formed from a metal wire, either flat or profiled and made from brass, aluminium, nickel or white brass (nickel-free) Teeth die-cast directly onto the tape, with zinc metal Metal zippers are usually made in a variety of finishes, such as golden brass, antique brass, antique silver, gunmetal, silver etc. These finishes are achieved by chemical treatment of the zipper chain and matching plating of the sliders and end stops. Generally metal zippers are available in various finishes, but most commonly used zipper finishes are as below: Aluminum: Elements are constructed using aluminum Brass: Elements are constructed using brass alloy, typically a combination of copper and zinc Antique Brass: Elements made from brass that is chemically treated to give worn-out brass appearance Black Oxidized: Elements are made from brass that is chemically treated to a black matte finish Molded Plastic: These plastic zippers have individually injected molded teeth, fused directly on to the tape of the zipper. The High performance resins used to manufacture molded plastic elements are incredibly strong and make zippers that are durable, strong and flexible. These zippers are ideal for outerwear and heavy weight garments or any outdoor application. Plastic zippers are divided into 5 groups: LFC or L-type zippers made with meander/Ruhrmann type coil, stitched around the edge of the carrier tape. CFC zippers made with spiral coil, stitched on one side of the carrier tape. Woven-in coil zippers, in which the coil is formed and directly woven into the carrier tape on special looms. Plastic moulded zippers, in which the teeth/elements made from polyacetal (commonly known as Delrin‚ ) are directly moulded onto the carrier tape. Plastic extruded zippers, in which a string of teeth/elements is first extruded and then stitched onto the carrier tape. Invisible Zippers The main categories of zippers, as described above, also include speciality zippers, which have special types of construction, or parts, or finishes. CFC zippers have a special class known as Invisible zippers due to the special construction and mode of use. These zippers do not require provision of a fly, since they are made and stitched in such a manner that only a hairline seam is visible from outside. These zips are predominantly used in ladies dresses and skirts. These zippers are available in knitted and woven tapes. Two way zippers: These zippers are made usually in #5 or larger sizes in CFC, plastic moulded and metal. The major applications are outerwear and luggage. These are made in X-type or Otype. Open End zippers: Some zipper applications require a zipper to detached completely e.g. jackets and outerwear. Instead of a fixed bottom stop, box & pin attachment is used. Coil: Coil zippers are made from continuous coil of monofilament in place of individual teeth. Coil zippers are often referred to as nylon zippers. The teeth of these zippers are extruded nylon strip sewn onto the zipper tape. These zippers are very flexible and are available in a variety of sizes (gauges). Coil zippers have many applications from fashion-wear to all types of tents and canvas goods and bags. Types of Zippers based on Functionality Zippers are always measured from "component to component" (end stops), regardless of zipper style. Close-end zippers are non-separating and are normally opened and closed with a slider. The bottom stop is made up of a single part and doesn't allow complete separation of the chain. These zippers are used on trousers, jeans, bags, boots, etc. Open-end (separating) zippers have separated ends. The ending part is joined by a box and pin mechanism provided on the lower end of the zipper. The zippers are closed using sliders, and are normally used on jackets and other outerwear. Two-way separating zippers have separated ends as well. The bottom slider allows movement from the bottom of the zipper. These zippers are used in rainwear, sportswear, and sleeping bag. Two-Way head to head zippers have two sliders at the center of the chain when the zippers are closed. Head to head zippers can be open-end by pulling the sliders towards the stops, but cannot be separated because the ending parts have two stops that cannot be divided. These zippers are mainly used for bags, backpacks and luggage. Two-way tail to tail (back to back) zippers have sliders on opposite ends when the zipper is closed. These zippers can be opened by pulling the sliders towards each other, but cannot be separated. They are used for overalls and anything else. Length Tolerance in Zippers : Generally zippers can vary when bulk is received due to various factors. Based on JIS-S3015 following tolerance is acceptable in zipper lengths.	Zip
What was the name of the late King’s jester in Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’?	Connect with 234 Anti Brass Zipper Manufacturers - Global Sources "Global Sources Magazines" app - now on iPad,iPhone and Android tablets Note: Magazines are available in English only. Meet Exhibitors At Our Global Sources Exhibitions Global Sources You'll find a number of top quality Chinese anti brass zipper suppliers here: China Anti Brass Zipper Suppliers Recommendations for related quality manufacturers Other categories or related manufacturers you may find interesting Worldwide manufacturers: Products Page 2 Did you know? Above Anti Brass Zipper suppliers include wholesale Anti Brass Zipper, Anti Brass Zipper from China, India & Worldwide. Back to top of the page for chinese Anti Brass Zipper. Can't find the product you want? Tell suppliers what you need and get quotations! Takes just 1 minute to submit your request Receive tailored offers No Matching Export Countries Found Upcoming Trade Show Global Sources: Your choice for quality suppliers Plus, we give you more: What is RSS? What our buyers say "You guys make it so easy to find suppliers. I was in a bind when a previous supplier fell through. Because of Global Sources, I found an excellent supplier who came through for me when I really needed it." Adam Linden Ultimate Footwear Corp., Ontario, Canada Related News Read news and feature articles about Metal zippers Find Suppliers Online Free Alerts on newly added products! Global Sources Sourcing Sites: GlobalSources.com Global Sources Other Country Sites: Hong Kong Global Sources Management Site: 世界经理人 Copyright © 2017 Media Data Systems Pte Ltd (Singapore Co. Reg. No. 199001601W). All rights reserved . Submit your Buying Request with TradeMatch Fast and easy to use Receive tailored offers Close Please select your preferred language: If you wish to change the language or use the original language later, please refer to the header or footer for more language options. This Verified Supplier's Business Registration profile has been independently verified with relevant government agencies These other suppliers do not participate in Global Sources verification process. We cannot guarantee the accuracy of their information. Contact the supplier of your choice. It's fast, precise and secure. Contact all suppliers . It's fast, precise and secure. Click here to receive FREE e-mail updates Enter your e-mail address We've sent a confirmation e-mail to [email protected]. Click on the link in the e-mail to activate and start receiving free alerts when new products are posted! AC	i don't know
Who assassinated US President Abraham Lincoln in 1865?	Abraham Lincoln \| whitehouse.gov Air Force One Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln became the United States' 16th President in 1861, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy in 1863. Lincoln warned the South in his Inaugural Address: "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it." Lincoln thought secession illegal, and was willing to use force to defend Federal law and the Union. When Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter and forced its surrender, he called on the states for 75,000 volunteers. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy but four remained within the Union. The Civil War had begun. The son of a Kentucky frontiersman, Lincoln had to struggle for a living and for learning. Five months before receiving his party's nomination for President, he sketched his life: "I was born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. My parents were both born in Virginia, of undistinguished families--second families, perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks.... My father ... removed from Kentucky to ... Indiana, in my eighth year.... It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew up.... Of course when I came of age I did not know much. Still somehow, I could read, write, and cipher ... but that was all." Lincoln made extraordinary efforts to attain knowledge while working on a farm, splitting rails for fences, and keeping store at New Salem, Illinois. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War, spent eight years in the Illinois legislature, and rode the circuit of courts for many years. His law partner said of him, "His ambition was a little engine that knew no rest." He married Mary Todd, and they had four boys, only one of whom lived to maturity. In 1858 Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator. He lost the election, but in debating with Douglas he gained a national reputation that won him the Republican nomination for President in 1860. As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. Further, he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy. Lincoln never let the world forget that the Civil War involved an even larger issue. This he stated most movingly in dedicating the military cemetery at Gettysburg: "that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Lincoln won re-election in 1864, as Union military triumphs heralded an end to the war. In his planning for peace, the President was flexible and generous, encouraging Southerners to lay down their arms and join speedily in reunion. The spirit that guided him was clearly that of his Second Inaugural Address, now inscribed on one wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C.: "With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds.... " On Good Friday, April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth, an actor, who somehow thought he was helping the South. The opposite was the result, for with Lincoln's death, the possibility of peace with magnanimity died. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Learn more about Abraham Lincoln 's spouse, Mary Todd Lincoln .	John Wilkes Booth
Which is the only novel by Charles Dickens to have a female narrator (Esther Summerson)?	Today in History - April 14 \| Library of Congress Library of Congress Today in History - April 14 April 14 Listen to this page Lincoln Shot at Ford’s Theater Shortly after 10:00 p.m. on April 14, 1865, actor John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., and fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln . As Lincoln slumped forward in his seat, Booth leapt onto the stage and escaped out the back door. The paralyzed president was immediately examined by a doctor in the audience and then carried across the street to Petersen’s Boarding House where he died early the next morning. [D]ying as he did die, by the red hand of violence, killed, assassinated, taken off without warning, not because of personal hate…but because of his fidelity to union and liberty, he is doubly dear to us, and his memory will be precious forever. The Assassination of President Lincoln, Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D.C., lithograph, Currier & Ives, 1865. By Popular Demand: Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present Lincoln’s assassination was the first presidential assassination in U.S. history. Booth carried out the attack five days after General Robert E. Lee had surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House , Virginia. He thought that his action would aid the South. The suspicion that Booth had acted as part of a conspiracy of Southern sympathizers increased Northern rancor. Whether Lincoln would have been able to temper the Reconstruction policies enacted by the Radical Republicans in Congress is left to historical speculation because of his untimely death as the United States transitioned from civil war to reunification and peace. Wanted Poster , issued by the War Department, Washington, D.C., April 20, 1865. An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera Within days of the assassination, the War Department issued wanted posters for the arrest of Booth and his accomplices John Surratt and David Herold. Booth and Herold eluded capture until April 26, when federal troops discovered them hiding in a tobacco barn near Bowling Green, Virginia. Herold surrendered, but Booth stayed under cover and was shot as the barn burned to the ground. He died later that day. Booth’s co-conspirators Lewis Paine—who had attempted to murder Secretary of State William Henry Seward —George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary Surratt, all were executed for their part in the assassination conspiracy. Several other conspirators were sentenced to imprisonment. The death of President Lincoln resulted in an outpouring of grief nationwide. After a funeral at the White House and lying in state at the U.S. Capitol, Lincoln’s body was transported to the railway station where it began a 1,700-mile journey back to the president’s native Springfield, Illinois . On May 4, Lincoln was finally laid to rest in a tomb at the Oak RidgeCemetery . Many monuments were built to honor Abraham Lincoln over the years, across the nation and around the world. On April 14, 1876, Frederick Douglass delivered an oration at the unveiling of a monument to Lincoln located in Washington, D.C.’s Lincoln Park. Better known to the nation is another memorial to Lincoln, also located in Washington, D.C. Featuring a monumental sculpture by Daniel Chester French, the Lincoln Memorial stands at the foot of the nation’s Mall and was dedicated on May 30, 1922. Contents of Abraham Lincoln’s Pockets, and Newspaper Recounting the Assassination , April 14, 1865. American Treasures of the Library of Congress Learn More To learn more about the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, visit the Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress , which includes a timeline of the events and a gallery of related images. This collection also contains a digital presentation on the Emancipation Proclamation and a list of Lincoln Resources available in American Memory and elsewhere.	i don't know
Which racing circuit held the 2011 British Formula One Grand Prix?	Great Britain 2016 FORMULA 1 BRITISH GRAND PRIX Great Britain Unfortunately, we are unable to play the video at this time. Error Code: UNKNOWN 1:33.401 by Mark Webber (2013) Fri 08 – Sun 10 Jul 2016 Practice 1 Next Previous 1 / 5 Race winner Lewis Hamilton (GBR) McLaren celebrates on the podium. Formula One World Championship, Rd 9, British Grand Prix, Race, Silverstone, England, Sunday 6 July 2008. Damon Hill (GBR) Williams FW16 celebrates his win. British Grand Prix, Silverstone, 10 July 1994. Race winner Nigel Mansell (GBR) Williams FW11B caught and overtook his second placed team mate Nelson Piquet (BRA) in thrilling fashion. Formula One World Championship, Rd7, British Grand Prix, Silverstone, England, 12 July 1987. Jackie Stewart (GBR), Matra Cosworth MS80, and Jochen Rindt (AUT), Lotus Cosworth 49B, traded places for the lead throughout the race until Rindt's wing endplate worked loose. British Grand Prix, Rd6, Silverstone, England. 19 July 1969. Bruce Mclaren (NZL) Cooper Climax T53 leads eventual race winner Jack Brabham (AUS) Cooper Climax T53. British Grand Prix, Silverstone, England, 16 July 1960. Like so many of England's racing circuits, Silverstone started life as an aerodrome. When the Second World War ended in 1945, England's other two circuits, Donington Park and the legendary Brooklands, had fallen into disrepair. And so it was that the outer taxiways and interconnecting runways of Silverstone became adopted by the Royal Automobile Club as the home for the British Grand Prix in 1948. The circuit was fast and challenging and in 1949 the shape was formed that remains the basis of the track to this day. When the Formula One World Championship was incepted in 1950, Silverstone held the very first round, won by Guiseppe Farina in an Alfa Romeo. In 1951 the British Racing Drivers' Club (BRDC) was handed the lease by the RAC, and huge modifications were made. The pits were moved to the straight between Woodcote and Copse, from the Farm straight where they had originally been, and a short circuit was built within the larger circuit, cutting from Becketts corner to Woodcote. From 1955 the British Grand Prix swapped venues between Aintree and Silverstone, but with the advent of the 1960s, Aintree fell out of favour and the race was switched between Silverstone and Brands Hatch. In 1971 the British Racing Drivers' Club (BRDC) bought the entire 720 acre plot on which Silverstone sits and went about redeveloping the track. New pits were built and a chicane was erected at Woodcote which provided close finishes and great overtaking opportunities. In 1987, with speeds reaching astounding levels, a corner was built before Woodcote, and in 1992 a new complex of corners was created between Farm and Woodcote. And in recent years various upgrades have been made to the track's facilities. A racing school now exists at the circuit and with government funding a new bypass has been built, greatly improving access to the once notoriously out-of-the-way venue. In 2010 came another major change to the circuit's Formula One layout, designed to further improve the venue for spectators and provide an even greater driver challenge. The new infield layout juts right at the reworked Abbey bend before heading into the new Arena complex of turns. This takes drivers on to the main straight of Silverstone’s National circuit, before rejoining the previous Grand Prix layout at Brooklands.	Silverstone
Nancy Shevell married which English singer/songwriter in October 2011?	Sorry, we have no categories listed at this time. Formula 1 British Grand Prix - Who Will Take the Title at Silverstone? An iconic event for any motoring enthusiast, this Silverstone race is the UK's premier F1 event. Each year, the finest drivers and car constructors go head to head to grab some vital points for the season at this Northamptonshire track, and 2016 sees record crowds, live music performances and the thrilling spectacle of some of the most powerful cars ever made tearing past the grandstands. With Germany's Nico Rosberg enjoying a great season, Mercedes team-mate Lewis Hamilton will look to use the home crowd to his advantage. Both drivers will be under pressure from big names like Kimi Raikkonen, Sebastian Vettel, Daniel Ricciardo and young prodigy Max Verstappen in what might be one of the most exciting seasons in years. Grab your British Grand Prix tickets on StubHub UK now to see it happen in the flesh. Read More Formula 1 British Grand Prix - Who Will Take the Title at Silverstone? An iconic event for any motoring enthusiast, this Silverstone race is the UK's premier F1 event. Each year, the finest drivers and car constructors go head to head to grab some vital points for the season at this Northamptonshire track, and 2016 sees record crowds, live music performances and the thrilling spectacle of some of the most powerful cars ever made tearing past the grandstands. With Germany's Nico Rosberg enjoying a great season, Mercedes team-mate Lewis Hamilton will look to use the home crowd to his advantage. Both drivers will be under pressure from big names like Kimi Raikkonen, Sebastian Vettel, Daniel Ricciardo and young prodigy Max Verstappen in what might be one of the most exciting seasons in years. Grab your British Grand Prix tickets on StubHub UK now to see it happen in the flesh. More About Formula 1 British Grand Prix - One of the World's Greatest Sporting Events The first ever F1 championship was held on the Towcester-based Silverstone racetrack in 1950, signalling the start of a sport that now dominates the world. While the British event has also been held in Aintree, the home of the championship will always be the notoriously fast Silverstone circuit. Legends of the sport like Jim Clark, Alain Prost and Nigel Mansell have all won the trophy numerous times each, while Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso are the only active multiple winners. In the current season, Mercedes are making their presence very well-known in the Constructor Standings, while Rosberg, Hamilton and Raikkonen and Vittel are all drivers to watch out for 2016. Anything can happen however, in a sport that regularly turns on its head. Whether the British racers manage to take home the win, the atmosphere in the grandstand is certain to be electric. Don't miss a chance to see this legendary race in action - get British Grand Prix tickets at StubHub UK. Similar Events If you've already sorted your British Grand Prix tickets on StubHub UK, why not check out some other sporting events? For more motoring fun head to the Goodwood Festival of Speed , or check out Royal Ascot for some adrenaline-fuelled horse racing.	i don't know
In August 2011 NASA announced that photographic evidence had been captured of possible liquid water of which planet in our solar system?	new illuminati: Extraordinary Solar System Anomalies Extraordinary Solar System Anomalies by Joe Szosak Anomalous objects tracing back to our ancient past are not exclusive to Mars. Strange, unexplained discoveries have been made in recent years throughout our Solar System. Mars by far shows the best potential for having supported an ancient civilization in the distant past. Based on the demonstrated evidence there is a strong probability that advanced life on Mars was a precursor to life here on Earth. However, growing evidence from elsewhere - on neighboring planets such as Mercury, Venus and Saturn, and even our own Moon - points to other intelligent life as also having existed in the distant past. It is quite possible that we on Earth are the final civilization to be living in our Solar System. In March 1996 it was announced for the first time that artificial structures had been discovered on the Moon. The briefing was given by former NASA scientists, engineers and other researchers, under the title "The Mars Mission", a grassroots space research and policy group of specialists and citizens. They stated that they were acting independently of NASA, and that their briefing had not been sanctioned by the space agency. At the briefing in the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. it was stated that, in addition to NASA, the Soviet Union had photographic evidence proving the presence of ancient ruins on the Moon. Video films and photos made by U.S. astronauts during the Apollo program were shown at the briefing. Representatives of the media were extremely surprised as to why the materials had not been revealed to the public earlier. It was indicated that this was due to censorship by NASA and the U.S. government. These official mission films, analyzed using scientific techniques and computer technologies unavailable to NASA 30 years ago (when the original photographs were taken), now provide compelling evidence for the presence of ancient artificial structures on the Moon. The former manager of the Data and Photo Control Department at NASA's Lunar Receiving Laboratory during the manned Apollo Lunar Program, Ken Johnston, has released a number of sensational statements. The specialist said that U.S. astronauts found ancient ruins of artificial origin when they landed on the Moon. He said that the U.S. government had been keeping this information a secret for 40 years. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin (Apollo 11) in a July 21, 1969 transmission described that several alien spacecraft were located around a nearby crater on the lunar surface. Neil Armstrong, the first man to set foot on the moon (Apollo 11), described an encounter with an alien Moon city or space station and the presence of many spaceships that were far superior in size and technology to ours in his 1969 lunar expedition. According to Armstrong the extraterrestrials have an established base on the Moon and wanted us to leave and stay off the Moon. Have you ever wondered why the Moon landings stopped and why we haven't tried building a Moon base? After all it seems a better and easier idea than constructing a floating (orbiting) Earth space station. Well it appears that the final straw for NASA and the U.S. government was the Apollo 17 mission. In December of 1972 Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt spent about 75 hours on the lunar surface in the Taurus-Littrow Valley. During their moonwalk they discovered, among many other anomalous artifacts, the severed head of a robot (see photos below). As Cernan put it, even though he was seeing it with his own eyes, he still couldn't quite bring himself to believe it. He dubbed the entire valley "one mysterious looking place". Interestingly enough Cernan and Schmitt were the last astronauts to set foot on the Moon. There were no further Moon landings after Apollo 17. After this discovery isn't it understandable why? The list of expert testimonials is endless. I describe them in detail in my books. These are not just some geeks reading science fiction books with an over zealous imagination. They are veteran military and Air Force personnel along with astronauts, cosmonauts, scientists, intelligence officials from the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), NSA (National Security Agency), DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency), and experienced NASA/ESA employees associated with interplanetary missions. And even NASA photo technicians who describe how it is a dedicated job to airbrush anomalous structures and UFOs from Mars and Moon photos before releasing them to the public. More and more highly reputable sources are now coming forward to help expose the truth. There is hard visual evidence that there are artificial constructions and areas on the Moon's surface that are being intentionally obscured from view due to image tampering by NASA and the U.S. Navy. Some of these structures have slipped through the censors net and are clearly visible on photographs taken by the Apollo missions and the Clementine satellite. It is only a matter of time now before the public at large finds out that the remnants of an ancient civilization, considerably more advanced than our own, have been discovered on the Moon. The connection between lost ancient civilizations elsewhere in our Solar System and technology on Earth is this: if many of these structures are artificial by design then the intelligence that built them and which lived on or visited them could very well have been affiliated with Earth's development in antiquity. Simply witness the uncanny resemblance of Martian structures and monuments to those here on Earth. The distance between planets within our Solar System is very small compared to distances on the galactic scale. Once it is finally revealed that intelligent life did at one time exist elsewhere in our Solar System, humanoid or otherwise, then we must ask what happened to make these civilizations disappear almost without a trace? What catastrophic event devastated the entire Martian landscape? Why the need to cover-up, lie and purposely mislead the public for decades into believing that there was no life on Mars or within our Solar System? If the culture was advanced it is safe to assume that they had knowledge of or access to space travel. Therefore they could have possibly made a short interplanetary journey to Earth to re-colonize their species here. As hard as it is to believe, humanoid life on Earth could actually have originated on Mars, or somewhere else in our Solar System. Our ancient history, or earliest beginnings, could be traced to a mass migration from within our own Solar System. The mysterious "Face" on Mars, glass tube tunnels, forests, vegetation, monoliths, pyramids, scattered ancient artifacts, city complexes, massive towers, and crashed spacecraft are only a few of the hundreds of anomalies we have seen on the surface of Mars that cry out for further investigation. The same applies to unexplained structures on other planets in our Solar System. To dismiss their existence is totally irresponsible on behalf of NASA, the scientific community, and any government agency which has final approval for funding space exploration. Perhaps they are natural phenomena. But we won't be certain until they are thoroughly and objectively investigated. Unfortunately we don't have a roving correspondent traveling throughout our Solar System who is able to report all the action to us. All we can rely on for now are the images (in many cases tampered) released from NASA and ESA, along with statements and testimonies from scientists, astronauts, and researchers associated with interplanetary missions and projects to render an opinion. With all of the references in Hollywood films and science fiction to "little green men" from Mars the chilling truth may be that we are the real Martians! Mainstream science would have us believe that Mars and other planets in our Solar System are completely void of life, past and present. However, nothing could be further from the truth. Based on the conclusive evidence I present these planets could very well hold the secrets to humanity's origins... Our Moon has always been considered desolate and dead . The image on the left is taken directly from the 1994 Navy Clementine military official science data and shown above at standard official resolution demonstrating two massive left and right towering objects in the terrain. Although blur and smudge tampering applications have completely covered up these objects so that no specific details of their true structure can actually be seen, that doesn't mean that there isn't plenty here to interpret and learn from. We can tell that these are most likely massive, very tall vertical towering structures that dwarf by far anything else in the terrain around it. The objects wider base footprint tapering to a narrower form as it rises to a more slender top is typical of a very tall skyscraper building here on Earth. However, these on the Moon are much more massive and far taller than anything on Earth, no doubt enabled by the Moon's much lower gravity. The middle image is another taken from the Clementine satellite. Note that the obscured angular image is still partially visible. Attempts to conceal the towers have not always been successful. As can be seen by the bottom photograph a massive tower is clearly visible on the NASA image enhanced using modern image processing technology. This image from the Moon was taken by the Lunar Orbiter . It shows dozens of pointed spires in varying heights scattered across the surface. According to mainstream science our Moon is supposedly a lifeless body of dust, so what are these odd structures? Could these be trees, vegetation, natural geological formations or are they something else? The image of this pyramid on the Moon was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in December 2008. How can nature create such architectural perfection? What is the purpose of this structure? Is it related to similar pyramid constructions found on Earth and Mars? Detailed analysis of photographs released by NASA has revealed evidence of what appear to be ruins and artificial constructions of various types on the Moon. Photographs taken from Apollo spacecraft in lunar orbit show rectangular and square shaped objects in Aristoteles Crater (photo on left). These structures are most definitely not of natural origin. The Aristarchus Crater enigma is one of numerous so-called transient lunar phenomena (TLP). It is the brightest spot on the Moon as seen from Earth, which changes color, sometimes producing a red or bluish glow, and appears to emit gas. In 1958 Aristarchus Crater's strange phenomena were observed by Russian astronomer Nikolai Kozyrev. They were also reported by the crew of Apollo 11. The nature of the crater phenomena has given credence to a theory that there could be some sort of a power device, possibly a fusion reactor, in the crater. On any photo published by NASA except for a Clementine image this object is shown as a bright white smudge with no definition. This structure appears to be supported by 5 or 6 arches. In the foreground is a road that leads to a brightly lit tunnel entrance. Another lunar enigma is located at Copernicus Crater . The site appears to resemble an ancient strip mine. As there is no wind or free flowing water on the Moon erosion of the lunar terrain cannot be involved in producing a landscape which resembles a vast mining operation, with debris and rock piles and angled terraces. The topography of the Copernicus Crater, such as ridges and ramps, resembles that of strip mines seen on Earth. This lunar image is another view from Copernicus Crater (NASA image PIA00094). Top photo shows a bright object resembling a tower seen highlighted off in the distance. The bottom photo is an enlargement and it shows that this object is hundreds, if not thousands, of feet in height and that it is clearly independently glowing. How does NASA explain this? This white structure located in Copernicus Crater seems to have an evident artificial architecture. A horizontal half-circle shape (with a shadow on a part) terminating at the front with a curved plan (on the right) toward the left side. An overhanging 'head' is located at the center of the structure. On the left of the object there is a T-like building, with a spherical object above. Lunar location for this anomaly is Eastern Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Insularum. There are many more unexplained lunar anomalies . For example, in the upper part of Rima Hadley (photo on left), not far from the place where Apollo 15 landed, a construction surrounded by a tall D-shaped wall was discovered. As is evident in this photo the structure has been deliberately obscured by airbrushing it - yet another case of blatant image tampering. What is hidden behind this smudging? This image from the Lunar Orbiter shows a long streak or ribbon rising from the lunar surface. Could this be smoke rising from a campfire on the Moon? A smoke trail from a comet or asteroid would not end/start so abruptly in space. There would be a fading out effect present. This image shows a definite start/stop point where this streak ends or begins in space. Whatever this mysterious object is, it extends several miles into space and doesn't have an Earthly equivalent. Apollo 8 was the first manned spaceflight to leave Earth orbit ; the first to be captured by and escape from the gravitational field of another celestial body; and the first voyage to return to planet Earth from another celestial body - Earth's Moon. This December 1968 transcript (shown on left) references a conversation between Apollo 8 astronauts Commander Frank Borman (CDR), Command Module Pilot James Lovell (CMP), and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders (LMP). They describe bonfires spotted on the lunar surface during Day 4 of their mission. It is doubtful that astronauts, in the midst of a critical mission, would joke about something like this. The fact that the transcript was classified for more than 40 years hints that NASA certainly took this conversation very seriously. Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program, and the third to land on the Moon. This Apollo 14 transcript (shown on left) describes mining activities observed on the Moon. Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa (CMP) mentions this during Day 4 of their February 1971 mission. The astronauts believe they see someone mining on the Moon! This bizarre lunar object (NASA image AS8-12-2209) was taken by Apollo 8. The bottom photo is a higher resolution version. What could it be - a giant spider, wiring harness, rope or lunar vegetation? Apollo 10 astronauts took this photo ( AS10-32-4822 ) of a one-mile long object called 'Castle', which casts a distinct shadow on the lunar surface. The object seems to consist of several cylindrical units and a large connecting unit. This Apollo 10 image AS10-32-4822 shows a square crater on the lunar surface. Since when does Mother Nature carve out square craters? This crater area contains peculiar scored straight lines along the surface. Luna 9 was an unmanned space probe of the Soviet Union's Luna program. On February 3, 1966 Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on any planetary body other than Earth and to transmit photographic data back to Earth from the Moon. Photo on the left is from the Luna 9 probe. It shows what appears to be a large craft or vehicle whose shape resembles that of an ocean going ship on Earth, coming to a point at one end and having an elevated section on top. A cable or tube appears to extend from the rear of the object toward the surface. Contact with Luna 9 was lost on February 6, 1966 just three days after landing. Luna 13 , also known as Lunik 13, was another Soviet probe in the Luna program. It accomplished a soft lunar landing on December 24, 1966 in the region of Oceanus Procellarum. This intriguing photo was taken before its onboard batteries went dead and transmission stopped on December 28, 1966. The image displays some type of circular disk with a thin axle running through the center and the object is partially buried in the soil. The unknown object was not part of the space probe. Bottom photo is an enlargement. This Apollo 16 image is from King Crater on the Moon. Note the unusual structure highlighted inside the red frame. It appears to have a round top or roof. This Lunar Orbiter image is from Zeeman Crater on the far side of the Moon. The strange structure shown here has some kind of rectangular opening and is obviously not a natural formation. It appears more like a subterranean entrance. The rectangular opening is 5 miles wide, and one mile high. A multi-level lunar structure with openings is highlighted in the top photo on left. It is enlarged in the bottom two photos and is clearly not part of the natural landscape surrounding it, sitting all alone in the middle of a crater-filled surface. This lunar anomaly ( NASA image LO-5-125-H2A ) reveals a tower and several other geometric structures. Is this a natural geological formation or something artificial? This image is from the Lunar Orbiter. It shows an unusual structure that resembles a fortress sitting high atop a hill. The many sharp 90-degree shapes, walls, and steps make it highly unlikely that it is a natural geological formation. This lunar anomaly shows some type of artificial structures. Could nature form such straight vertical walls with openings (doors or windows)? Some of these buildings also appear to have sloped walls and roofs. Anyone with a shred of common sense would admit that these structures cannot possibly be natural formations. This lunar anomaly is tucked away neatly inside of a crater. The only official NASA description for this Apollo 11 image AS11-41-6156 is "view of area west of Crater 308 from lunar orbit". The pink circled section is enlarged in the bottom photo and reveals a square structure (perhaps a walled compound) with at least two buildings or objects inside. This Apollo 11 lunar image shows a series of buildings situated on either side of a roadway. Note the shadows cast by these buildings indicating (a) that they are definitely vertical structures and, (b) they are all very similar in design. Top photo on left is official NASA image from the Moon. Bottom photo is the same photo except that the anomalous objects have been highlighted in color for clarity. Surely these objects cannot be natural rock formations. Top photo is another official NASA image from the lunar surface. Bottom photo is the same photo except that the anomalous object has been highlighted in color for clarity. The unusual object looks almost spherical in shape and highly polished. It certainly is not part of the surrounding terrain and looks very much artificial in design. The skeptics are hard pressed to call this object a "trick of light" or "just a typical rock". In this Apollo 16 image you can see a round cylindrical object partially buried with a serrated but symmetrical edge. It resembles gear teeth on a shaft. In order for it to be buried so deeply in the soil it must be quite old. A piece of an Earth probe falling to the lunar surface would only have happened in the last 50 years and therefore clearly visible lying on top of the surface. This Apollo 17 image AS17-137-20993HR shows a round object resembling a ring. Once again it is partially buried (probably one-third of the object depth) indicating that it has been there for a long time. It is very unlikely that nature can create perfectly round objects having a hole in the center. This image is a screen capture from an Apollo 17 video taken December 12, 1972 from Tsiolkovskiy Crater on the Moon's far side. It is a 4-minute clip with the astronaut giving a narration but no mention of the strange object located inside the crater is made. You can hear bits of a second conversation in the background, most likely talking on the other secured channel. Halfway through the video the background speaker makes some exclamation of surprise. This image shows Reiner Crater on the Moon located just under the four lines of text. The white blurred object to the left of the crater is called Reiner Gamma. On the long tail section extending up from Reiner Gamma is a black square that has been shown for many years as a lunar anomaly on the 1994 Clementine space probe images. This Clementine space probe image is from the lunar impact crater Tycho. The mysterious object in this photo looks to be symmetrical with two "nodes" and curved arms extending out from the central body. There appears to be some underlying support just to the left of the right-hand curved "arm", but the central spherical "node" looks to be located above the ground, judging by the shadow beneath it. What process could account for this object forming naturally? Other than the fact that this looks like a baseball just knocked out a bird, the markings and shape of the objects in the bottom image are intriguing. This photo is from Apollo 16. The bottom image is an enlargement of the unknown round object shown in the top photo highlighted by the lower black arrow. This Apollo 16 image shows a rock that resembles a slab of concrete. Could such a flat piece of rock be formed naturally and positioned upright all alone? There are no other rocks similar to it located anywhere nearby. Mercury is only 48 million miles from Earth, compared to Mars which is 35 million miles away - both virtual planetary neighbors. Several large mysterious objects were photographed by Messenger Orbiter during its Mercury flyby between January 2008-09. The top photo looks like a spacecraft sitting inside of a crater. The bottom photo shows more detail including the object's aerodynamic shape, perhaps even the windshield and tailwing. Whatever this object is, it isn't natural. Something this large just doesn't take up residence in the middle of an impact crater. It obviously located itself sometime after the crater's formation. Another Mercury anomaly is a complex structure with a giant spiral tower and bunker (top photo). The spiral tower is a complete mystery and must be miles high. It is not smoke rising from a volcano or anything on the surface because the structure remains rigid and intact and never changes its appearance or form over several minutes of photography. A billowing of smoke would change and continually move. The lower two photos show the symmetrical walls on the entrance. They appear as straight edges much like walls and a roof. These cannot be natural formations. On October 6, 2008 Messenger Orbiter provided these strange photos in its 2.4 mile flyby of Mercury. Middle photo shows two large objects inside of a 61-mile diameter crater - one almost white in color and the other (bottom right corner of image) is a grayish color. The bottom photo shows the grayish object enlarged. It looks very much like a spacecraft of some kind. This photo is from the Mariner 10 space probe in 1974 during its Mercury flyby. It shows a massive object inside of a crater and the shadows that are cast by the object. What is especially noteworthy is the symmetry and shape of the shadows. They appear very sharp and pointed, almost pyramidal in form. This is very rare in nature. This object could very well be some type of building. This photo is from NASA's Magellan space probe taken of the planet Venus. It shows what appears to be a multi-story structure. The central building has at least five levels - six if you count the small area in front. There are buildings with right angles everywhere - something that just doesn't occur in nature. There could be a stairway leading up the various levels of the main building and a protective wall running along the right side of the area, along a ridge. The upper left area is completely artificial consisting of pyramids, domes and buildings. The extreme foreground also holds a large symmetrical building which is partially obscured. Those aren't really shadows on the ground. Due to thick cloud cover, sunlight doesn't reach the ground on Venus so it's unknown what the source of this dark contrast is. This photo is NASA/JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) image PIA00102 from Eistla Regio on Venus. What is the possible explanation for the two totally flat rectangular surfaces on an otherwise hilly and mountainous terrain? What is hidden behind the intentional airbrushing/smudging in this picture? Is this another example of official NASA image tampering? Norman Bergrun was an engineer and photographic expert who worked for NASA almost 30 years. He and a group of others were responsible for forming what they called the Voyager program. In the late 1970s astronomers and NASA had discovered some anomalous things happening within the rings of Saturn. So they put together the Voyager program and sent Voyager One to the rings of Saturn in 1980. Pictures from Voyager One were sent back to NASA and scientists were astounded by what they saw. In 1986 Bergrun decided to blow the whistle and publish these photographs. He wrote a book titled Ring-makers of Saturn. He couldn't get his book published in the United States. American publishers wouldn't touch him, or even talk to him. He eventually had to go to Aberdeen, Scotland to get his book published. The top photo on left shows a close-up of a self-luminous orange dot, obviously artificial in construction, and under intelligent control because it moves around inside the rings of Saturn independently. It isn't known what this object is, but it is larger than our Moon. The bottom photo on left is from inside of the 'A' Ring of Saturn and the statistics on this anomaly will blow your mind. The object shown in this image is artificially constructed, according to Bergrun. NASA called it an electromagnetic vehicle. It is 2,000 miles long and over 450 miles in diameter! And here we see another self-luminous artificial object (large dot near bottom of same photo), about the size of our Moon that apparently moves about independently, wherever it chooses, under intelligent control. Consider for a moment the civilization and the technology that is capable of not only building something of this magnitude, but also of putting it into space and maneuvering it. What is the the purpose of these enormous objects? Enceladus is one of the moons of Saturn. It is covered mostly in fresh, clean ice and reflects almost all of the sunlight that strikes it. In fact it is the most reflective object in our entire Solar System. This massive structure was photographed by the Cassini space probe during its flyby of Enceladus on October 31, 2008. It resembles a large building or perhaps a spaceship. Iapetus is the third largest moon of Saturn and is best known for a prominent equatorial ridge (hump) that stretches halfway around the moon. Top photo on left is original NASA/ESA image P1A06170 from Cassini space probe taken of Iapetus North Pole area. The second image down is the same photo except that the anomalous structures have been highlighted in color for clarity. Note the large number of buildings and geometric structures shown in blue. Most unusual, however, is the enormous statue or monument shown inside of yellow border. Third image down is an enlargement of the statue in original grayscale. Bottom image is the same photo except that the monument has been highlighted in color for clarity. Whatever this structure is, it is incredibly large and is undoubtedly artificial in design.	Mars
Which Scottish musician/songwriter died in January 2011?	December \| 2011 \| Turbotodd Turbotodd Ruminations on IT, the digital media, and some golf thrown in for good measure. Archive for December 2011 It was on this day in 1845 that Texas officially became the 28th state in the United States of America. Happy Birthday, Texas. But, Texas is NOT where I’ll be in a short couple of weeks. No, instead, I’ll be visiting the 27th state admitted to the United States of America. Any guesses on what the 27th state was? Click to enlarge. At IBM Connect on January 16-17, 2012, in Orlando, Florida, discuss the why, what, and how of using social, mobile, and cloud technologies to meet common business challenges and to enable people to improve their business performance. IBM Connect registration fee includes access to IBM Connect 2012 keynotes and breakout sessions, dining, a Solutions Center, and two exclusive evening events. That’s right, Sunny Florida! Lotusphere, to be more precise. And IBM Connect @ Lotusphere, to be perfectly precise. I’ll be making my third return trip to Lotusphere, and I couldn’t be more excited. Though I’ll be leaving Scott Laningham behind to cover the podcasting front remotely, I’ll be there in full regalia, and attending a number of the IBM Connect sessions. If you’ve not heard of IBM Connect, think of it as a conference-within-a-conference for those forward-thinking business leaders who want to learn how to turn the opportunity that comes from becoming a social business into measurable business success. At IBM Connect, C-level executives and business leaders from a wide range of disciplines — product development, R&D, marketing, sales, customer service, HR, corporate communications, and IT — and from a diversity of organizations around the globe will come together to discuss the why, what, and how of using social, mobile, and cloud technologies to meet their business challenges and to enable people to improve their business performance. I’ve included a snapshot of the sessions from Day 1 of IBM Connect (see above), but in the meantime, you can go here to learn more about the event and to register. Leading up to and during the event, stay turned to the Turbo blog for full coverage and highlights from both Lotusphere and IBM Connect 2012. Share this: How do you size up an entire year? My headline noted that 2011 was “a year in turmoil.” Photo: National Geographic. The Tohoku earthquake on March 11, 2011, was the most powerful known ever to have hit Japan -- and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900. I wasn’t sure how else to refer to it. A year in disruption? Evolution? Change was not only in the air — it was patently self-evident, all around us, and all around the globe. Social change. Change in our physical world. Political change. It was Greek philosopher Heraclitus who said that change is the only constant. Heraclitus was spot on with regards to 2011. Social Media, Social Change It was a year that seemed to have started with some broadened hope, with Estonia joining the Eurozone (and, maybe to their later chagrin, the Euro), and with Southern Sudan holding a referendum on Independence…but all that soon evolved into a river of mostly bad news: the flooding in Rio, the Moscow airport shooting, and yes, on a more promising note, the fall of the Tunisian government and the start of an Arab winter that quickly turned into spring. After the protests spread to Egypt, fed both by the widespread use of Facebook and Twitter and on-the-ground collaboration, President Hosni Mubarak left office in February, but the simultaneous and simmering uncertainty in Libya caused crude oil prices to jump some 20%, and the world seemed as much in shock as did the CNN reporters on the ground in Tahrir Square. Elementary, My Dear Watson February also brought us the IBM Watson “Jeopardy” competition, where IBM’s supercomputer “Watson” challenged the world’s best “Jeopardy” players, and, in spite of a few snafus, ended up running away in victory, and demonstrated once again that in such a “man v. Machine” contest, it’s easy to forget it was the men (and women!) who built and programmed the victorious machine! And then March 11. A 9.1 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami flattened part of the coast of Japan, killing over 20,000, and leading to a nuclear emergency at four different nuclear energy plants. The pictures we saw on our television screens looked like something out of a Hollywood disaster movie gone terribly wrong, and the world watched in solidarity as well as helped through generous outpourings of support and assistance. In late March, the UN Security Council voted to create a no-fly zone over Libya, and soon NATO jets were flying recon over the country. A Royal Breather Then, just when things couldn’t seem to get any more heated and political, a lighter moment provided a sigh of relief in April: The “royal” wedding of the United Kingdom’s Prince William and Catherine Middleton. And yes, of course, also one of the most Googled figures of 2011, Kate’s lovely younger sister “Pippa.” Despite all the hype, pomp, and circumstance, you had to be pretty hard-hearted not to think the Royal Wedding a magical event, despite the chintzy plates and royal potpourri for sale. The prince-to-be-king and his lovely royal bride provided a needed kiss seen round the world. Bin Laden Been Gotten Only a few short days later, it was back to reality, when the American president announced from the White House one late Sunday evening that Osama bin Laden, the founder and leader of Al-Qaeda, had been killed during an American military operation in Pakistan. One Twitterer in Abbottabad, Sohaib Athar, noted in realtime that “Helicopter hovering about Abbottabad at 1AM (is a rare event).” Extremely. Continued Monetary Turbulence Later in May, the European Union agreed to a 78 billion Euro rescue deal with Portugal, continuing a long slided reach towards monetary stabilization in Europe. There were more natural disasters, this time violent tornadoes wreaking havoc across the south and American mid-west, killing 552 people, the second worst year for tornadoes in U.S. History. In June, more natural disastrous activity, this time with the Puyehue volcano eruption, which disrupted air traffic across South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Also that month, on June 16th, IBM celebrated its centennial, it’s 100 year anniversary as a going concern. July witnessed South Sudan’s succession from Sudan, as well as the world’s first artifical organ transplant (an artificial windpipe coated with stem cells). Is it possible that the new Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission might find water on Mars? Stranger things have happened! Space Shuttle: Back To Planet Earth July also saw a bitter end to the longstanding NASA Space Shuttle program, as Atlantis STS-135 brought the shuttle back to earth once and for all. But by August, we were looking back towards the heavens as NASA announced its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had captured photographic evidence of possible liquid water on Mars. Maybe those first astronauts on Mars will be able to fill their canteens after all. NASA also launched its first solar-powered spacecraft, Juno, on a mission to Jupiter. Juno will study Jupiter’s composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and also search for clues as to how it was formed. But don’t get in any hurry — Juno’s not expected to arrive in Jupiter’s orbit until July 4, 2016! In August, back here on Planet Earth, the Gaddafi regime was challenged in August at the Battle of Tripoli, as the Arab Spring proved it had legs into the summer and beyond. While back in London, peaceful protests soon turned into full-on riots, killing 5 and leading to over $275M in economic damages. As summer turned to fall here in the west, more natural disasters reared their ugly heads, from droughts and fires in Texas to monsoons and floods in Pakistan, Cambodia, and Thailand. Fire Everywhere, Water Nowhere…And Yet Everywhere Where water was needed most, there was very little. Where water was needed least, there was an overabundance. That conundrum seemed to somehow aptly sum up 2011 thus far, a year in contradictions and juxtapositions. In October, Colonel Gaddafi was no more, brutally killed in Sirte as National Transitional Council forces took control. The Colonel’s reign of terror had come to an end. A spark that had started in the spring had now spread into a conflagration. Of course, there were more economic woes in Brussels, as the EU announced an agreement to take on the European debt crisis with a writedown of 50% of Greek bonds. On the U.S. Halloween holiday, October 31, the UN indicated the global population had reached 7 billion. Ghoulish! And finally, after eight long years, the U.S. War in Iraq came to an official and declarative end, even as the fate of the country continues to be debated and fought over. And In Conclusion? So what to make of it all? Were there any constants amidst all this change and disruption? Or was change the only constant? I had an opportunity to mentor a group of very bright Notre Dame business undergrads this past fall, and so I’m going to turn to their research to try and put the year into some context. Their central thesis centered around the growing role of social media on society and business. In their paper, they posed the following question: Is it [social media] changing the way people organize and interact or is it just a fad that will pass with time? The findings of this analysis indicate that social media has a growing role in society, more than just helping people to connect with old friends. It is used at an alarming rate to organize protests, aid relief in areas of need, and disseminate information about global events. Social media is used in both positive and negative ways to change the way people react to global occurrences. — “What is Social Media’s Growing Role on Business and Society as a Whole?” Robert Blume, Emma Higgins, Rob Kirk, Morgan Kelley, 2011, University of Notre Dame Certainly, their thesis seems somewhat self-evident. Social media has certainly been used for both the positive and the negative, but in light of some of the anecdotes they cited, the Notre Dame students illustrated that the proof was really in the pudding. That, rather than looking for broad, overarching themes, perhaps we should examine specific instances of how social media has been used, for both good and bad, and attempt to discern some broader lessons about the changing technology landscape’s impact on our evolving humanity? To which we’ll now return, and close, on the topic of the Japanese earthquake. Horrific though it was, the Notre Dame students explained the positive, life-affirming role social media played in the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami: One way in which social media helped was that it allowed the victims connect with people all over the world. People used social media to connect with their friends and family instantly to let them know that they were alright or to receive word on the condition of others. People also turned to social media to demonstrate their support for those in Japan. Twitter hashtags such as #prayforjapan‖ and ―#japan‖ were tweeted at an alarming rate, some of which were tweeted thousands of times per second. Brad Shimmin analyzed this by saying — While there are so many technologies at this time that isolate us from our fellow beings, social networking tools have shown their ability once again to unify us as human beings, and to bring out what is most altruistic and empathetic in our natures,‖ (―Twitter…‖, 2011, ~1). Beyond giving people physical support in their time of need, social media brought about emotional support by letting everyone in Japan know that they were being thought of, and that they were not alone in the situation. And perhaps that’s best object lesson of all for 2011. That despite all the turmoil, conflict, and disruption — engendered either by acts of God, or of man — we still simply want to be connected one to another. To know others are out there, virtually or otherwise, witness to our travesties and our triumphs, and ultimately, to know wherever we are in the world, we are most certainly not alone. Share this: leave a comment » It’s not many people who have the opportunity to be able to say that they’ve worked with a true broadcasting professional like Scott Laningham. Blogger's Note: No dolphins were harmed during the making of this video. Green pigs who stole bird's eggs, well, that's a whole other story! It’s even less people who would take the opportunity to actually come clean and admit to having done so, especially on more than one occasion. Because I’m neither a true professional nor someone who likes to allow the skeletons in his closet to begin to accumulate, instead of facing as many of them as I can take head on like some egregious out-of-control episode of “Walking Dead,” or, worse, a full-on “Angry Birds” like assault come to life (but only if it’s the ad-supported version, as we’re too cheap to actually buy a copy), it is with great pleasure that I feature for you my readers the latest episode of “TurboTech,” another fine example supporting the postulation by Gartner and others that broadband video is here to stay…even if Scott and I are not destined to be ourselves. The following is video documentary evidence of what happens when nature cannot simply abhor a vacuum, but instead must attempt to fill it with technology forecasting tripe at the end of another grand year of massive technological disruption. In our case, the year 2011, which was filled with much technological wonder and wonderment, not the least of which included fabric-based computing. It shall also not go unnoticed by somewhat regular (assuming there are any of you) viewers that Scott continues to look and sound much, much better than me in these episodes, indicating once again that Scott continues to have better technology than me. This, too, must change. leave a comment » More Christmas analytics tidings to share. Apps metrics provider Localytics shared a lengthy blog post earlier which suggested that plenty of good boys and girls around the globe got Apple iOS and Android devices in their stockings. Their first hint? The number of new devices that appeared on Localytics dashboard was 12 times higher than previous weekends. They also reported that there was some interesting geographical diversity, although the two platforms were mostly tied. Apple took the top growth spurt for the U.S., Germany and the UK, while the ‘Droid grew the most in South Korea, Sweden, and Spain. Source: Localytics. Among the top 20 countries for mobile devices, Localytics saw a huge increase in both Apple iOS and Android devices over the December 23 – 26 weekend compared to previous weekends since November 25. The US and Germany registered the highest growth rates for iOS, while South Korea and Sweden had the highest growth rates for Android. I’ve believed (and even expressed) for some time this will be a largely two-horse horse race, and that Android will inevitably take victory. But, the i-Juggernaut lingers on, both with the iPad and iPhone, and Google’s victory may not be as inevitable as it once seemed. Of course, these are still early days, and if you’re looking for a deeper analysis of the mobile market, and also wondering why Windows Phone 7 isn’t one of those lead horses, check out Charlie Kindel’s analysis. Having been at the scene of the Windows and OS/2 operating systems war crime, I would suggest you ought never rule Redmond out of the equation. All About Windows Phone just posted that the new Windows Phone Marketplace has now passed the 50,000 app mark, and is generating some 256 items per day. That means the Windows Phone App pace has picked up some serious steam in recent weeks, and I suspect many of those Windows Phone Apps could fit elegantly into the Windows Azure and overall Microsoft cloud/desktop landscape, particularly with respect to a lot of business applications. So, the net of it all is, the iPlatform enjoys continued momentum with some nice Christmas pick-up, but Android enjoys a device diversity that should keep it gaining mobile share for some time to come. And Windows? Well, a lot of folks don’t do them yet on mobile devices…the key word being “yet.” Share this: leave a comment » Ho ho ho! Merry Christmas! IBM Benchmark data revealed that online shopping jumped 16.4 percent on Christmas Day, compared to last year, and the dollar amount of those purchases that were made using mobile devices leaped 172.9 percent! And apparently, it was. I didn’t try to track Santa via Santa Norad, but apparently Santa didn’t need nearly the help he might have. According to some more IBM Benchmark e-commerce tracking numbers from the holiday shopping season, lots of folks were ready for more virtual commerce even on Christmas Day. I count myself among the guilty. The IBM data discovered that online shopping jumped 16.4 percent on Christmas Day, compared to last year, and the dollar amount of those purchases that were made using mobile devices leaped 172.9 percent. IBM tracks shopping at more than 500 websites (other than Amazon.com , which is where I was shopping!). It also found a huge increase in the number of shoppers making their purchases via iPhones, iPads and Android-powered mobile devices. In fact, nearly 7 percent of all online purchases were made using iPads, just 18 months after the tablet computers were released by Apple Inc.. The online shopping increase continued on Monday. As of 3 p.m. Eastern time, shopping was up 10 percent over Dec. 26, 2010, and the expectation was that the pace of buying would increase as the day wore on and consumers clicked on sales at various retailers. The data did not show what portion of purchases was made using gift cards, which typically see a big bump just after holidays as folks start cashing those gift cards in and make purchases (online and off). Speaking of online gifts, IBM has been making some pretty heavy duty investments in Santa’s e-commerce play, what we’re calling “smarter commerce.” Between the numerous acquisitions and continued organic investment, IBM’s smarter commerce effort recognizes that the final sale is just one aspect of the overall commerce experience. Last year, IBM researchers surveyed more than 500 economists worldwide and estimated that our planet’s system of systems carries inefficiencies totaling nearly $15 trillion, or 28 percent of worldwide GDP. Much of this waste is found in our systems of commerce — in inventory backlogs, failed product launches, wasted materials and ineffective marketing campaigns. Today’s customers have no patience for this kind of waste. They will not remain loyal to products or brands while the cost of inefficiency is passed along to the buyer. And it will not take them long to find the same product or service from a competitor. These customers are empowered by technology, transparency, and an abundance of information. They expect to engage with companies when and how they want, through physical, digital and mobile means. They want a consistent experience across all channels. They compare notes. And they can champion a brand or sully a reputation with the click of a mouse. Nowhere is this shift more visible than in the retail industry, where companies are rapidly adapting to this new reality, integrating their marketing efforts and using analytics to better understand their new, more fickle customers. But retail is only the beginning. It is merely the front line of a customer revolution that will eventually reshape the entire value chain, from the way raw materials are sourced to the way they are manufactured, distributed and serviced. Keeping up with today’s customer will take more than an email marketing campaign and a Facebook page. It’s going to take a better system of doing business. It’s going to take smarter commerce. Just as with traditional commerce, the customer is at the center of all operations, and smarter commerce turns customer insight into action, enabling new business processes that help companies buy, market, sell and service their products and services and, in the process, make for happier customers. Smarter commerce reaches deep within the businessto-business supply chain, integrating business partners, suppliers, and vendors, enabling the entire value chain to anticipate customer needs, not react to them. And it identifies and addresses the unsustainable inefficiencies of our global systems of commerce. Visit here if you’d like to learn more about IBM’s smarter commerce strategy. In the meantime, we’ll be sure to keep an eye on Santa’s post Christmas holiday sales! Share this: leave a comment » I’ve been too busy to keep an eye out for Norad Santa this year, but for those of you with children out there, you’ll be happy to know you can now track Santa via the NORAD Tracks Santa app, available for both Android and the iPhone . For more than 50 years, NORAD and its predecessor, the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) have tracked Santa’s flight. The tradition began in 1955 after a Colorado Springs-based Sears Roebuck & Co. advertisement for children to call Santa misprinted the telephone number. Instead of reaching Santa, the phone number put kids through to the CONAD Commander-in-Chief’s operations "hotline." The Director of Operations at the time, Colonel Harry Shoup, had his staff check the radar for indications of Santa making his way south from the North Pole. Children who called were given updates on his location, and a tradition was born. It’s good to know that Santa’s multi-platform! If, on the other hand, you’re all about tracking leading healthcare providers, look now towards Hong Kong-based Quality HealthCare Medical Services (QMHS), which partnered today with IBM to build a virtualized infrastructure for its practice. The project involves the consolidation of more than 100 servers into a cloud environment that hosts QHMS’ mission critical systems that serve over 600 medical centers in Hong Kong and Macau. The optimized infrastructure will enable QHMS to reduce IT maintenance and disaster recovery costs, ensure production system maintainability and performance, and achieve energy-savings. By reducing the number of physical servers from over 100 to eight IBM System x3650 servers and centralizing storage, QHMS is expected to reduce IT operational costs by 25 percent and software license and related maintenance costs by 23 percent. The new and highly redundant server infrastructure also includes an automated centralized back-up system of IBM System Storage DS3500 Express that enables fast, secure and cost-effective storage management, back up and recovery. “We are always looking for ways to further improve the patient experience. Our new cloud allows us to deliver information to our doctors faster and in a more reliable way,” said Elaine Chu, Chief Operating Officer of QHMS. “As a result, we will be able to serve our patients more effectively and with higher levels of care. It is very exciting to see how we can make a difference to our patients with the help of technology.” Additionally, the deployment of the IBM Cognos Business Intelligence solution provides financial key performance indicator (KPI) and analysis, creating the opportunity to gain more timely business information for better business performance management and smarter decision-making. QHMS aims to monitor business performance in over 600 medical centers. With IBM Cognos BI, QHMS can build a standardized and centralized information delivery platform that enables QHMS to monitor the performance of a wide range of services running on different systems. QHMS’ management team can now access timely business information with just a few mouse clicks, speeding response times to business needs and patient demands. About Quality HealthCare Quality HealthCare Medical Services Limited is a physician led provider group offering an integrated range of healthcare services including facilities management, third party plan administration and paramedical support. The Group provides care for private and corporate contract patients through a network of more than 580 Western and Chinese medical centers, and 47 dental and physiotherapy centers. In 2010, its network recorded more than 2.8 million healthcare visits. It also operates Hong Kong’s longest-established nursing agency and one of its medical practices has been serving Hong Kong people for over 140 years. Share this: leave a comment » Now that things are slowing down a bit here in IBM-land, but recognizing there are still a few shopping days left before Christmas, I thought it might be constructive for you, and psychologically assuaging to me, for me to sit down and make a list for Santa. You know, a kind of “Technology Gifts For The Geek Who Already Has (Almost) Everything.” In so doing, I decided to identify those gadgets, thingamabobs, widgets, and other tech wizardry that, were I not to have to worry about price constraints, would inevitably wind their way into my gadget portfolio. Which, being nicknamed “Turbo,” I can assure you, is already vast and expansive. I could also open a small personal technology history museum with devices gathering dust in my various closets, but hey, this is about the future, not the past! Stop dwelling on dollars spent previously in the great expense of being an early adopter and look into the holiday electronics abyss for the next new thing! 1) Video glasses. I’m not yet sold on which brand or SKU, as there’s still some controversy, it seems, in the area of video glasses, as to whether they’re worth the investment or not. iTV Googles new WideViewXL model provides a 72" virtual display, so while all the other suckers in coach are watching that runty TV, you're back in the exit row watching "Avatar" in full steroscopical, HD bliss -- and looking like the geek you truly are while you're watching it! But, remembering this is a wish list of stuff I don’t necessarily need but would like to have, and assuming the moolah’s not coming from my pocket, it seems to me no self-respecting technology geek in the 2010s should be without a good pair of video glasses so that I can ignore people on airplanes while I watch the latest version of “Jackass” in 3D or play “Call of Duty: Modern Warfare” all up close and personal. And I mean REALLY up close. So for now, I’m going with the ITG-WideView XL Edition. Amazon cost: $369.99 2) Kindle Fire. Let’s face it: I don’t need anything else to read. I subscribe to more print magazines than I care to admit to (yes, me, “Dr. Digital,” still traffics in parchment), I have an iPad with more books I’ve downloaded than I can read, and my MacBook Air serves in a pinch for watching content on the road as well. But hey, you can’t ignore how big that frickin’ Amazon Cloud is, and there’s a reason they’re selling the Fire for a mere $199 (and apparently at a loss). What they lose in volume they expect to make up in razor blade margins — content razor blades, I mean to say. And with 19 million movies, TV shows, magazines, and books, with the Kindle Fire, the flames won’t go out in Amazon’s content cloud anytime soon! Amazon cost: $199 According to Panasonic "the VIERA ST Series Full HD 3D Plasmas create an all new viewing experience by putting you inside the action and creating a new world of TV viewing realism." The really cool fish are sold separately. 3) An Internet-Ready TV. It’s pretty obvious to me where TV-land is headed: Straight for an interstellar crash with all things IP. Which means the more Internet-ready my next TV is, the more TV-ready I’ll be for the coming Internet content wars. Not that I need a new big TV, mind you: My 6-year old Sony Bravia 55”-inch is still working just fine, and with the recent addition of a Roku box, combined with an Apple TV, a WII, cable, and a Sony Playstation hooked to the thing, I’ve got more content than I can keep up with. But this is about conspicuous-consumption, and the next big thing is Internet-ready TV, and I’m simply not ready! So, enter the Panasonic Viera TC-P50S30 50-inch 1080p plasma HDTV. When I get bored with that Kindle Fire small fry screen, I can rev the Viera up on the Panasonic and grab me a content smorgasbord, built-in, including Amazon Prime, Netflix, Pandora, Napster, and Facebook integration. Could the Panasonic be my next new computer?? At $799.99, it could be the TV-top deal of the century! Amazon cost: $799.99 4) A Portable Hard Drive. I cannot tell a lie: I have too much digital stuff. And it’s all over the place. On multiple computers. Multiple clouds. In multiple universes. Or was that meta-verses? In any case, I’m well into digital overload, particularly now that I’ve learned how to make iMovies on my MacBook Air. I need an overflow valve, so-to-speak. And the Western Digital My Passport Essential SE 1 TB USB 3.0 Portable External Hard Drive could be a step in the right storage direction for helping me pack away all those exciting skateboarding bulldog videos. The upside: It has up to 3X transfer rates via USB 3.0 The downside: It’s saying it only supports USB 2.0 on Snow Leopard (nothing about Lion!). And that’s assuming the floods in Thailand haven’t put a damper on supply. Amazon cost: $169.00 5) A Gaming Laptop. Let’s face it, with a nickname like “Turbo,” I can’t ever have TOO much processing power in any of my computing devices. The more horsepower, the better, I say. The Battalion 101 X7200 from iBuypower says it will "give you an absolutely amazing gaming experience every time. The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 560M graphics card, 6GB of DDR3 memory and Intel Core i7 760QM processor give this computer plenty of power to handle even the most demanding games on the market. " Yes, I know, you're just waiting to ask: It will handle any variety of "Angry Birds" just fine! And now that I’m trying to learn to fly via my computer, just any old laptop won’t do. My poor Dell laptop is chugging along, and I fear I may crash into somebody else’s airplane in virtual space due to limited computing horsepower. I did a little checking, and the Battaliion 101 X7200 seems to be a very highly rated, and somewhat affordable (remembering we don’t care about money in this list!) portable gaming maachine. It comes with an NVIDIA GeForce GTX 560M graphics card, 6GB of DDR3 memory, and an Intel Core i7 760QM processor — all of which ought to get me off the ground from the virtual Austin Bergstrom International and off to Charles DeGaulle for evening cocktails at Harry’s New York Bar in no time at all. iBuypower cost: $1,959 Of course, it took some serious restraint not for this list to go on and on and on and on. There are so many gadgets across so many galaxies far, far away that I could have included, and yet, so little time. And, even affording myself the luxury of no cap on spending for my gift list, it still feels wrong, like we’re having ourselves a very merry but still austere holiday season. So, Mr. Klaus, I hereby respectfully request that you deliver my coal this year in the form of some multi-carat eco-diamonds — manmade, no labor issues, easy to transact. If I’m going to take my coal, I’m going to take it in style, thank you very much. But I also wouldn’t argue if you just dropped me off an iPad 2, Santa. I’ll even sit on your lap, if I must. I’m already a generation behind with this first run iPad and I’m starting to get paranoid that I won’t be able to keep up with the virtual Joneses! Share this:	i don't know
The Puyehue volcano erupted in which South American country in June 2011?	Volcano erupts in Chile - Photos - The Big Picture - Boston.com Volcano erupts in Chile The eruption of the Puyehue volcano in the Andes mountains of southern Chile last weekend provided some spectacular images of the force of nature. Ash covers the landscape and thousands of people were evacuated from the surrounding rural communities. The volcano, which hasn't been active since 1960 when it erupted after an earthquake, sent its plume of ash 6 miles high across Argentina and toward the Atlantic Ocean. -- Lloyd Young ( 33 photos total ) A plume of ash, estimated six miles (10km) high and three mile wide is seen after a volcano erupted in the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic chain, about 575 miles (920 km) south of the capital, Santiago June 4. (Ivan Alvarado/Reuters) 2 A boy wearing a protective mask, walks along an ash-covered street near San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina, on June 7 three days after the eruption of Chile's Puyehue volcano. Dozens of South American flights had to be scrapped Tuesday because of the huge cloud of volcanic ash spewing from a Chile an volcano, as fears grew of possible landslides near the eruption. So far 4,000 people have been evacuated from 22 rural Chile an communities surrounding the Puyehue volcano, which rumbled to life on Saturday after showing no activity since 1960, when it erupted following a magnitude 9.5 earthquake.(Francisco Ramos Mejia/AFP/Getty Images) # 4 A helicopter flies over smoke and ash rising from the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic chain near Osorno city in south-central Chile June 5. A volcano dormant for decades erupted in the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic chain in south-central Chile on Saturday, belching an ash cloud more than 6 miles (10 km) high that blew over the Andes and carpeted a popular ski resort in neighboring Argentina. (Ivan Alvarado/Reuters) # 6 This NASA Earth Observatory natural-color satellite image obtained June 7, 2011 was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomter on the Aqua satellite shortly after the eruption began on June. The brown ash plume reaches high above the clouds covering much of the scene, and casts a dark shadow towards the southeast. Along the leading edge of the plume, it appears heavier material is falling out of the ash cloud, while finer particles remain suspended in the atmosphere. (NASA) # 7 A plume of light-coloured ash stretches along the edge of the Andes in this natural-color satellite image acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aboard Terra on the morning of June 6 as the eruption at the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcano chain continues. (NASA) # 8 A cloud of ash billowing from Puyehue volcano near Osorno in southern Chile, 870 km south of Santiago June 5. Puyehue volcano erupted for the first time in half a century on June 4 prompting evacuations for 3,500 people as it sent a cloud of ash that reached Argentina. The National Service of Geology and Mining said the explosion that sparked the eruption also produced a column of gas 10 kilometers (six miles) high, hours after warning of strong seismic activity in the area. (Claudio Santana/AFP/Getty Images) #	Chile
The President of which African country resigned in February 2011 after widespread protests calling for his departure?	Chile volcano eruption - in pictures \| World news \| The Guardian Chile volcano eruption - in pictures Chile volcano eruption - in pictures Close This article is 5 years old Ash from the Puyehue volcano in Chile covers a ski resort in Argentina and spectacular electrical storms light up the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle range after the long-dormant volcano erupted at the weekend, belching an ash cloud more than six miles high over the Andes Sunday 5 June 2011 18.52 EDT First published on Sunday 5 June 2011 18.52 EDT A lightning storm over the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle range a day after the volcano, which had lain dormant for half a century, erupted Photograph: Francisco Negroni, AgenciaUno/AP A policeman walks along a road on the Cardenal Samore border pass between Argentina and Chile, now covered with pumice from the volcano Photograph: Ivan Alvarado/Reuters The ninth hole at the Llao Llao hotel golf course in Bariloche, Argentina, covered in ash from Chile's Puyehue volcano Photograph: Francisco Ramos Mejia/AFP/Getty Images The ash plume at sunset above the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle chain, seen near Entre Lagos Photograph: Carlos Gutierrez /Reuters A cowherd goes about his business near the village of Rininahue against the dramatic backdrop of the volcano's ash cloud Photograph: Claudio Santana/AFP/Getty Images Argentinian workers use bulldozers to remove ash from the streets of San Carlos de Bariloche, more than 60 miles away from the volcano Photograph: Alfredo Leiva/AP A vast plume of ash rises above the clouds after the volcano erupted, hours after strong seismic activity in the area Photograph: Ian Salas/EPA Birds fly near the plume of ash rising from the volcano Photograph: Ian Salas/EPA Locals turn their back on the erupting volcano in Chile as the wind begins to break up the ash plume. The eruption prompted the evacuation of thousands of people as it sent a cloud of ash as far as Argentina Photograph: Ian Salas/EPA Ash from the eruption is dispersed by the wind Photograph: Claudio Santana/AFP/Getty Images Sunlight is reflected off the volcano's ash cloud Photograph: Claudio Santana/AFP/Getty Images Smoke billows into the sky during an electrical storm after the eruption of the Puyehue volcano in the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle chain in Chile, about 500 miles south of the capital, Santiago Photograph: Daniel Basualto/EPA Lightning bolts emanate from the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcano's ash cloud. The area around the volcano had been on alert after a flurry of earthquakes Photograph: Ivan Alvarado/Reuters An electrical storm accompanies the volcanic eruption Photograph: Ian Salas/EPA Ash from the Chilean volcano chain Puyehue-Cordon Caulle has devastated parts of Argentina Published: 17 Jun 2011 Passengers in South America, Australia and New Zealand face ongoing disruption after Cordon Caulle eruption Published: 13 Jun 2011 Flights in Australia have been disrupted for days as smoke continues to billow from the Chilean volcano chain Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Published: 15 Jun 2011 At least six international carriers suspend flights between Buenos Aires and cities in US, Europe and South America Published: 7 Jun 2011	i don't know
Which film won the 2011 Oscar for Best Animated Feature Film?	Oscars 2011: full list of winners \| Film \| The Guardian Oscars 2011: full list of winners A full list of winners and nominees for the Oscars 2011 It's not the winning... the nominees for the best actor Oscar 2011: Javier Bardem (Biutiful), James Franco (127 Hours) Colin Firth (The King's Speech),Jesse Eisenberg (The Social Network), Jeff Bridges (True Grit) Sunday 27 February 2011 20.47 EST First published on Sunday 27 February 2011 20.47 EST Jesse Eisenberg (The Social Network) James Franco (127 Hours) Performance by an actress in a leading role WINNER: Natalie Portman (Black Swan) Annette Bening (The Kids Are All Right) Art direction WINNER: Alice in Wonderland - Robert Stromberg (production design), Karen O'Hara (set decoration) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 - Stuart Craig (production design), Stephenie McMillan (set decoration) Inception - Guy Hendrix Dyas (production design), Larry Dias and Doug Mowat (set decoration) The King's Speech - Eve Stewart (production design), Judy Farr (set decoration) True Grit - Jess Gonchor (production design), Nancy Haigh (set decoration) Achievement in cinematography Danny Cohen (The King's Speech) Jeff Cronenweth (The Social Network) Roger Deakins (True Grit) Performance by an actress in a supporting role WINNER: Melissa Leo (The Fighter) Amy Adams (The Fighter) Helena Bonham Carter (The King's Speech) Hailee Steinfeld (True Grit) WINNER: The Lost Thing (Nick Batzias, Shaun Tan and Andrew Ruhemann) Day & Night (Teddy Newton) The Gruffalo (Jakob Schuh and Max Lang) Let's Pollute (Geefwee Boedoe) Madagascar, carnet de voyage (Madagascar, a Journey Diary) (Bastien Dubois) Best animated feature film of the year WINNER: The Social Network - Aaron Sorkin 127 Hours - Danny Boyle & Simon Beaufoy Toy Story 3 - Michael Arndt (screenplay); John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich (story) True Grit - Joel Coen and Ethan Coen Winter's Bone - Debra Granik & Anne Rosellini Original screenplay The Kids Are All Right - Lisa Cholodenko and Stuart Blumberg Best foreign language film of the year WINNER: In a Better World (Denmark) Biutiful (Mexico) WINNER: Christian Bale (The Fighter) John Hawkes (Winter's Bone) Mark Ruffalo (The Kids Are All Right) Geoffrey Rush (The King's Speech) Achievement in music written for motion pictures (original score) WINNER: Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross (The Social Network) John Powell (How to Train Your Dragon) Hans Zimmer (Inception) Alexandre Desplat (The King's Speech) AR Rahman (127 Hours) WINNER: Inception (Lora Hirschberg, Gary A Rizzo and Ed Novick) The King's Speech (Paul Hamblin, Martin Jensen and John Midgley) Salt (Jeffrey J Haboush, Greg P Russell, Scott Millan and William Sarokin) The Social Network (Ren Klyce, David Parker, Michael Semanick and Mark Weingarten) True Grit (Skip Lievsay, Craig Berkey, Greg Orloff and Peter F Kurland) Achievement in sound editing Toy Story 3 (Tom Myers and Michael Silvers) Tron: Legacy (Gwendolyn Yates Whittle and Addison Teague) True Grit (Skip Lievsay and Craig Berkey) Unstoppable (Mark P Stoeckinger) Edouard F Henriques, Gregory Funk and Yolanda Toussieng ( The Way Back ) Achievement in costume design Jenny Beavan (The King's Speech) Sandy Powell (The Tempest) WINNER: Strangers No More (Karen Goodman and Kirk Simon) Killing in the Name (Nominees to be determined) Poster Girl (Nominees to be determined) Sun Come Up (Jennifer Redfearn and Tim Metzger) The Warriors of Qiugang (Ruby Yang and Thomas Lennon) Best live action short film WINNER: God of Love (Luke Matheny) The Confession (Tanel Toom) Wish 143 (Ian Barnes and Samantha Waite) Best documentary feature Exit Through the Gift Shop (Banksy and Jaimie D'Cruz) Gasland (Josh Fox and Trish Adlesic) Restrepo (Tim Hetherington and Sebastian Junger) Waste Land (Lucy Walker and Angus Aynsley) Achievement in visual effects WINNER: Inception (Paul Franklin, Chris Corbould, Andrew Lockley and Peter Bebb) Alice in Wonderland (Ken Ralston, David Schaub, Carey Villegas and Sean Phillips) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 (Tim Burke, John Richardson, Christian Manz and Nicolas Aithadi) Hereafter (Michael Owens, Bryan Grill, Stephan Trojanski and Joe Farrell) Iron Man 2 (Janek Sirrs, Ben Snow, Ged Wright and Daniel Sudick) Achievement in film editing WINNER: Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter (The Social Network) Andrew Weisblum (Black Swan) Tariq Anwar (The King's Speech) Jon Harris (127 Hours) Achievement in music written for motion pictures (original song) WINNER: We Belong Together (from Toy Story 3, music and lyrics by Randy Newman) Coming Home (from Country Strong, music and lyrics by Tom Douglas, Troy Verges and Hillary Lindsey) I See the Light (from Tangled, music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Glenn Slater) If I Rise (from 127 Hours, music by AR Rahman, lyrics by Dido and Rollo Armstrong) Topics Will the success of The King's Speech help our film industry? Well, if it manages to get older people out to the cinema, that's a start . . . Published: 1 Mar 2011 Anne Hathaway's endless woops of excitement; Gwyneth Paltrow's 'singing'; those inept pauses. Surely it could have been done better? Hadley Freeman suggests how Published: 28 Feb 2011 My short film Wish 143 was nominated for an Oscar. This is a diary of my trip to the ceremony: Danny Boyle, paparazzi, ceramic frogs and all Published: 28 Feb 2011 Hadley Freeman spends a surreal week in LA, bumping into her teenage heroines, sampling the gifting suites, and getting to hold Colin Firth's Oscar Published: 1 Mar 2011	Toy Story 3
The restored tomb of which dramatist was unveiled in Paris in November 2011, after being ruined by lipstick smears left by thousands of kisses?	2015 Oscar Predictions: Best Animated Feature \| IndieWire 2015 Oscar Predictions: Best Animated Feature 2015 Oscar Predictions: Best Animated Feature Feb 2, 2015 12:48 pm Share This Article Indiewire will provide updates of our predictions for the 87th Academy Awards through February 22nd, when the winners are announced. When the Oscars pulled what was arguably the biggest shocker of this year’s nominations — snubbing "The LEGO Movie" for Best Animated Feature — we lost a frontrunner. Left in that wake is the suggestion that this Oscar is heading the way of Golden Globe winner "How To Train Your Dragon 2," but some history does work against that. Only one sequel has ever won this trophy when "Toy Story 3" did so in 2010, and that film was the culmination of one of the most critically and commercially successful animated franchises ever. "Dragon 2" definitely has fans, but it was only a modest hit. Which could leave the door open for one of two foreign animated features — Tomm Moore’s "Song of the Sea" and Isao Takahata’s "The Tale of the Princess Kaguya" — to pull off a surprise win. Whichever film does win, however, should take a moment to thank "The LEGO Movie" for not being nominated. Check out our predictions in other categories here . The Nominees:	i don't know

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.