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Which British newspaper closed down in July 2011 after several allegations of phone-hacking by journalists? | Murdoch Closing Tabloid Linked to British Hacking - The New York Times
The New York Times
Europe |Scandal Shifts Britain’s Media and Political Landscape
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Members of the media around Rupert Murdoch, chief executive of News Corp., in Sun Valley, Idaho, on Thursday. Credit Matthew Staver/Bloomberg News
LONDON — Britain ’s media and political landscape shifted Thursday as the powerful Murdoch family summarily announced plans to shut down the disgraced mass-circulation tabloid at the center of a deepening scandal over journalistic malfeasance, and arrest seemed imminent for the paper’s once politically influential former editor.
The decision by Rupert Murdoch ’s media conglomerate, the News Corporation , to close the paper, The News of the World , seemed to be a calculated move to help protect Mr. Murdoch’s proposed $12 billion takeover of the pay-television company British Sky Broadcasting. But it hardly put an end to the uproar, or to Mr. Murdoch’s connection to it.
The scandal exposes a web of relationships between the Murdochs’ empire on the one hand and the police and politicians on the other. And it poses new challenges for Mr. Murdoch, a media tycoon who has at times seemed to hold much of Britain’s political establishment in thrall, cultivating connections to both Labour and Conservative governments and using the prospect of his support — or its withdrawal — to help drive his political agenda.
In a statement of strikingly self-critical apology, Mr. Murdoch’s son and heir apparent, James Murdoch, admitted that News International, the company’s British subsidiary, had “failed to get to the bottom of repeated wrongdoings that occurred without conscience or legitimate purpose.” The company’s repeated assertions that the scandal was “confined to one reporter,” had proven untrue, he said, “and those who acted wrongly will have to face the consequences.”
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Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain spoke in the House of Commons on Wednesday. At right is Liam Fox, the defense secretary. Credit Press Association, via Associated Press
According to several people who have been briefed on the matter, it appeared increasingly likely that Andy Coulson , a former News of the World editor who most recently worked as the chief spokesman for Prime Minister David Cameron ’s government, would be arrested Friday on suspicion of illegally paying the police for information during his editorship. His arrest, if it does take place, would be a huge blow not just to Mr. Murdoch, but to the government and to Mr. Cameron’s Conservative Party.
The prime minister has always vouched for Mr. Coulson’s integrity and said he believed Mr. Coulson’s assurances that he had done nothing wrong.
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By closing the weekly News of the World, which is 168 years old and its circulation is the largest for a Sunday newspaper in Britain, Mr. Murdoch seems determined to try to limit damage from the scandal and remove a possible obstacle to the takeover of British Sky Broadcasting, known as BSkyB.
According to a person close to Mr. Murdoch, the move also gives him an excuse to do something he had planned to do anyway: turn his flagship Sun tabloid into a seven-day operation, preserving his lucrative share in the Sunday newspaper market while decontaminating the brand by removing its association with The News of the World.
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Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain, with a member of his security detail, left 10 Downing Street on Wednesday. Credit Ben Stansall/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Critics of Mr. Murdoch said the move was more expedient than remorseful. “This seems like a cynical rebranding exercise,” said Jeremy Reed, a lawyer for several public figures who have sued The News of the World over allegations that the paper had hacked into, or intercepted, their cellphone messages.
The unfolding scandal also raises new questions about the close relationship between the police and the tabloid news media in Britain.
According to another person familiar with the possible charges, e-mails recently turned over to the police from The News of the World linked Mr. Coulson and half a dozen other people, including high-ranking editors, to payments to the police “in the six figures.”
The payments were said to be not just for news tips, a standard tabloid practice despite its illegality, but also for substantial information, including confidential documents held by the police. Not only would any arrests be a blow to News International, the News Corporation’s British subsidiary, but the company also faces the awkward prospect that any current or former News of the World employee facing prison might be tempted to argue, with specific examples, that wrongdoing was widespread at the paper.
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Rebekah Brooks, chief executive of News International and former editor of News of the World, at Wimbledon on July 1. Credit Stefan Wermuth/Reuters
Accusations of illegal behavior at The News of the World have swirled for some time at no obvious cost to the newspaper, whose salacious focus on frothy sex scandals and show-business gossip helps it sell some 2.7 million copies every Sunday. But public revulsion spilled over this week at new allegations — separate from those linked to Mr. Coulson — that the paper hacked into the phones of a 13-year-old murder victim, Milly Dowler, the families of slain soldiers and victims of the 2005 subway bombings.
The wave of indignation, expressed also by members of Parliament in an extraordinary session in the House of Commons on Wednesday, in turn helped scare off advertisers, who began hastily pulling their business, and cast a cloud over the bid to take over BSkyB. Mr. Murdoch already owns a controlling 39.1 percent stake in it; the deal would allow him to own it outright.
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The British government was set to approve the BSkyB takeover this week and will most likely still allow it to go ahead on the ground that it does not hamper media competition in Britain. But in the meantime, so many people have written to the government to express their objections to the deal that the final decision looks likely to be delayed until the end of the summer.
“They are sacrificing News of the World in order to get the BSkyB deal through,” said George Brock, the head of the journalism department at City University in London. “It’s, in a way, symbolic of the demise of newspapers in print.”
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Milly Dowler in a photo made available Monday by Surrey Police. Credit Surrey Police PA, via Associated Press
The leader of the opposition Labour Party, Ed Miliband, told the BBC that only the resignation of Rebekah Brooks , chief executive of News International, would show that the organization was taking responsibility for its actions. “Some people are losing their jobs, but one person who is keeping her job is the person who was editor of The News of the World at the time of the Milly Dowler episode,” Mr. Miliband said.
He was referring to the hacking of the murder victim’s phone after she was abducted but before her body was found, adding to the distress of her family and confusing the police investigation by deleting some messages to make room for more.
Ms. Brooks was the paper’s editor at the time, though she has said she knew nothing about the matter. Despite repeated calls for her resignation, she has retained the confidence of the Murdoch family and of Rupert Murdoch, to whom she is particularly close. Speaking to the BBC on Thursday, James Murdoch said he was convinced that Ms. Brooks’s leadership was “the right thing” for the company and “absolutely crucial right now.”
Rupert Murdoch, who began his media career when he took over his father’s business, has long been partial to his stable of newspapers and is said to have particular affection for The News of the World, a constant irritant to the British establishment whose foibles — especially sexual ones — it has delighted in exposing. But newspapers are a dwindling asset in an increasingly digital world, and James Murdoch is said not to share his father’s attachment to print.
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The family of Milly Dowler, left to right: her father, Bob, her sister, Gemma, and her mother, Sally, outside the Old Bailey courthouse in London in June. Credit Paul Hackett/Reuters
According to Hoovers, a company that tracks business information, the annual revenues for News Group Newspapers amount to $985 million a year, roughly a ninth the size of BSkyB’s $8.9 billion in revenues. And, analysts say, advertisers’ rush from the newspaper, as well as calls of a boycott by readers on Twitter and on Facebook, would probably have done irreparable damage to an already tarnished brand.
“It’s almost impossible to see how The News of the World would have regained favor with advertisers, implying growing irreversible losses,” said Steve Malcolm, an analyst at Evolution Securities in London. “Without significant funding from News International, it would very probably have been forced to close anyway.”
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A person close to Mr. Murdoch said that would fit into his plans, anyway. Company executives had discussed earlier this year whether to merge some of the two papers’ operations to save money, and on Tuesday someone registered the Web domain name thesunonsunday.co.uk .
A spokeswoman for News International said she could not comment on the possibility that The Sun would move to a seven-day operation. “There is no comment beyond the statement today, which does not mention any future plans,” she said.
The person close to Mr. Murdoch predicted that after six months or so, News International would reopen The News of the World as the Sunday edition of its daily Sun tabloid. Some of the 200 people who lost their jobs as a result of The News of the World’s tabloid could then be rehired at the new Sunday paper. It would be a “rebadging exercise, rather than a shutting down,” the person said, meaning that the company could put a new badge, or nametag, on the old product.
But that provided little solace to the staff of The News of the World. Many said they had no idea that their paper was being closed and indeed had assumed Ms. Brooks was announcing her own resignation when she addressed their newsroom. Instead, she announced that she was to stay and they were to go.
Correction: July 19, 2011
An article on July 8 about the Murdoch family’s decision to shut down The News of the World, the newspaper at the heart of the hacking scandal in Britain, erroneously attributed a distinction to the newspaper. Before the paper stopped publishing, its circulation was the largest for a Sunday newspaper in Britain — not the largest circulation of all the country’s newspapers, including dailies. (That distinction is held by The Sun, another Murdoch newspaper.) The article also quoted incorrectly from a report on newspaper revenues. Hoovers, a company that tracks business information, said that annual revenues for News Group Newspapers — not for The News of the World — totaled $985 million. (The News of the World was part of that group.)
Reporting was contributed by Jo Becker, Julia Werdigier and Ravi Somaiya from London, Jeremy Peters and Brian Stelter from New York, and Tim Arango from Baghdad.
A version of this article appears in print on July 8, 2011, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Murdoch Closing Tabloid Linked to British Hacking. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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An ‘E coli’ outbreak, said to be caused by bean sprouts, killed over 30 people in which European country in June 2011? | British police make 16th phone hacking arrest - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
British police make 16th phone hacking arrest
Updated September 08, 2011 08:11:06
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British police investigating phone hacking at the News of the World tabloid have made a fresh arrest, while the Guardian newspaper say one of its journalists has been quizzed over leaks in the case.
A 35-year-old man was arrested at his home shortly before 6:00am (local time) before being taken to a police station in north London, Scotland Yard said.
The BBC reports the man arrested was sports journalist Raoul Simons who used to work at London's Evening Standard before moving to the Times in 2009.
He is the 16th person arrested this year as part of the inquiry into phone hacking at the Rupert Murdoch-owned News of the World, which was closed down in July after it emerged that a murdered girl was among those targeted.
The weekly newspaper's royal editor and a private detective were jailed for hacking in 2007 but a flood of allegations suggesting that the practice was widespread prompted the police to reopen their investigation in January.
In another development, The Guardian newspaper, which had published many of the allegations, revealed that one of its journalists had been questioned over the alleged leaking of police information in the case.
"We can confirm Amelia Hill has been questioned in connection with an investigation into alleged leaks," said a statement published on the newspaper's website, which reported she had been quizzed under caution several days ago.
The paper raised concerns that the case could have lasting repercussions for the way journalists deal with police officers.
"On a broader point, journalists would no doubt be concerned if the police sought to criminalise conversations between off-record sources and reporters," the statement said.
Last month, a 51-year-old detective working on the police investigation into phone hacking was arrested, reportedly for leaking information to The Guardian.
The hacking scandal has led to the resignation of two of Murdoch's top aides and two senior police officers, and dragged in prime minister David Cameron after his ex-media chief, former News of the World editor Andy Coulson, was arrested.
AFP
First posted September 07, 2011 20:55:38
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What is the title of the novel which won the 2011 Man Booker Prize for Fiction for Julian Barnes? | Booker prize 2011: Julian Barnes triumphs at last | Books | The Guardian
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Booker prize 2011: Julian Barnes triumphs at last
Fourth time lucky for Julian Barnes, who wins the Man Booker prize 2011 for his novel The Sense of an Ending after missing out on three previous occasions
Author Julian Barnes smiles after winning the 2011 Man Booker Prize for Fiction with his book The Sense of an Ending at the Guildhall in London. Photograph: Luke Macgregor/Reuters
Tuesday 18 October 2011 19.15 EDT
First published on Tuesday 18 October 2011 19.15 EDT
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Julian Barnes finally won the literary prize that has eluded him on three previous occasions when he was tonight presented with the Man Booker prize for his short novel, The Sense of an Ending .
His victory came after one of the most bitter and vituperative run-ups to the prize in living memory - not among the shortlisted writers, but from dismayed and bemused commentators who accused judges of putting populism above genuine quality .
But few of those critics could claim Barnes' novel is not of the highest quality. The chair of this year's judges, former MI5 director general Stella Rimington, said it had "the markings of a classic of English Literature. It is exquisitely written, subtly plotted and reveals new depths with each reading."
Much of the row over the shortlist has stemmed from Rimington's own prioritisation of "readability" in the judging criteria. But tonight, she said quality had always been just as important.
"It is a very readable book, if I may use that word, but readable not only once but twice and even three times," she said. "It is incredibly concentrated. Crammed into this short space is a great deal of information which you don't get out of a first read."
Accepting the prize, Barnes thanked the judges for their wisdom and the sponsors for their cheque. He also offered some advice to publishers: "Those of you who have seen my book, whatever you think of its contents, will probably agree it is a beautiful object. And if the physical book, as we've come to call it, is to resist the challenge of the ebook, it has to look like something worth buying, worth keeping."
Afterwards Barnes admitted a sense of relief at finally winning. "I didn't want to go to my grave and get a Beryl," he said referring to Bainbridge, who was shortlisted five times, never won and received a posthumous Best of Beryl Booker prize .
He said the "readability" row had been "a false hare" to which he had paid little attention, adding: "Most great books are readable. Any shortlist of the last ten years that I've read has contained nothing but what you would call readable books."
Barnes once called the prize "posh bingo" and he said he had not changed his view – it simply depended on who the judges were and what they liked. "The Booker prize has a tendency to drive people a bit mad," he said, not least writers with "hope and lust and greed and expectation" so the best way to stay sane, he said, was by treating it as a lottery until you win "when you realise that the judges are the wisest heads in literary Christendom". Asked what he would spend the £50,000 prize money on he said a new watch strap was first on his list. "I could buy a whole new watch."
The book, at 150 pages, is undoubtedly short, but not the shortest to ever win the prize – that record belongs to Penelope Fitzgerald's Offshore , which won in 1979 and is shorter by a few hundred words.
The Sense of an Ending, Barnes' 11th novel, explores memory: how fuzzy it can be and how we amend the past to suit our own wellbeing. It tells the story through the apparently insignificant and dull life of arts administrator Tony Webster.
"One of the things that the book does is talk about the human kind," said Rimington. "None of us really knows who we are. We present ourselves in all sorts of ways, but maybe the ways we present ourselves are not how we really are."
Rimington said the question of whether Barnes was overdue to win the £50,000 prize never entered her mind or figured in the debate. "We really were, and I know you find it very boring of me to say so, looking at the books that we had in front of us," she said.
Despite the sometimes hostile reaction to the shortlist, Rimington said she had enjoyed the process of judging. "I've been through many crises at one time or another in which this one pales, I must say. We've been very interested by the discussion. We've followed it sometimes with great glee and amusement. The fact that it has been in the headlines is very gratifying."
It took the judges (Rimington, MP Chris Mullin, author Susan Hill, the Daily Telegraph's head of books Gaby Wood and the former Spectator editor Matthew d'Ancona) just 31 minutes to decide on the winner, after what Rimington called "an interesting debate." They had been divided 3-2 at the beginning of the judging meeting, but were all agreed by the end.
"There was no blood on the carpet, nobody went off in a huff and we all ended up firm friends and happy with the result," she said.
Barnes, 65, had been shortlisted for the prize three times previously; in 1984 with Flaubert's Parrot , when he lost out to Anita Brookner; win 1998 with England, England , losing to Ian McEwan; and with Arthur & George in 2005, when he lost to John Banville.
What was particularly striking this year was that Barnes was the only seriously big hitter on the shortlist, and the only author to have been shortlisted previously.
The others on the shortlist were Carol Birch for her much-admired Jamrach's Menagerie , a historical high seas adventure; two Canadian writers - Patrick deWitt for The Sisters Brothers , a picaresque western, and Esi Edugyan for Half Blood Blues , which mixes the raw beauty of jazz and the terror of Nazism; and two debut novels – Stephen Kelman for Pigeon English , which tells the story of a Ghanaian boy who turns detective on a south London housing estate; and AD Miller for Snowdrops , a Moscow-set tale of corruption and moral decline.
The shortlist undoubtedly prompted a livelier debate about what makes a great novel with many commentators annoyed by judge Chris Mullin's belief that a book had to "zip along" to be worthy of being considered. Last year's Booker chairman Andrew Motion also weighed in , accusing the judges of creating a "false divde" between what is high end and what is readable, and questioning the absence of authors such as Alan Hollinghurst, Edward St Aubyn and Ali Smith.
The row has also led to a group of writers, publishers and agents announcing plans to set up a rival literary prize that would reward the artistic achievement of a writer above 'readability.'
Full details of the Literature Prize have yet to be announced but the agent Andrew Kidd said they felt "a space has opened for a new prize which is unequivocally about excellence." However, not everyone condemned the shortlist. Book sellers, in particular, were happy with a list that resulted in record Booker sales. A spokesman for Waterstones, Jon Howell, called the critical reaction "ungracious sniping" and said Barnes was a worthy winner.
If anyone is upset at the win, it may well be the bookies. William Hill said more than half of all bets had been for Barnes, a 6/4 favourite.
• This article was amended on 19 October 2011. The original described Matthew d'Ancona as editor of the Spectator. This has been corrected to former editor.
As you may have heard, Julian Barnes won the Booker prize last night with his novel The Sense of an Ending. The Booker judges are clearly fans - are you? Take our quiz and find out
Published: 19 Oct 2011
| The Sense of an Ending |
What was the name of the hurricane which hit the East Coast of America in August 2011? | Julian Barnes: Books
Julian Barnes
The Noise of Time
In May 1937 a man in his early thirties waits by the lift of a Leningrad apartment block. He waits all through the night, expecting to be taken away to the Big House. Any celebrity he has known in the previous decade is no use to him now. And few who are taken to the Big House ever return.
So begins Julian Barnes's first novel since his Booker-winning The Sense of an Ending. A story about the collision of Art and Power, about human compromise, human cowardice and human courage, it is the work of a true master.
Scheduled for publication in January 2016 in the UK and later in the US and Canada.
Keeping an Eye Open
'Flaubert believed that it was impossible to explain one art form in terms of another, and that great paintings required no words of explanation.'
Julian Barnes began writing about art with a chapter on Géricault’s The Raft of the Medusa in his 1989 novel A History of the World in 10½ Chapters. Since then he has written a series of remarkable essays, chiefly about French artists, which trace the story of how art made its way from Romanticism to Realism and into Modernism.
Levels of Life
'You put together two things that have not been put together before. And the world is changed.'
Julian Barnes's new book is about ballooning, photography, love and grief; about putting two things, and two people, together, and about tearing them apart. One of the judges who awarded him the 2011 Man Booker Prize described him as 'an unparalleled magus of the heart'. This book confirms that opinion. Read More
Through the Window
Seventeen essays (and one short story)
As he writes in his preface, 'Novels tell us the most truth about life: what it is, how we live it, what it might be for, how we enjoy and value it, and how we lose it.' Read More
The Sense of an Ending
Winner of the Man Booker Prize 2011
Tony Webster and his clique first met Adrian Finn at school. Sex-hungry and book-hungry, they navigated the girl drought of gawky adolescence together, trading in affectations, in-jokes, rumour and wit.
Now Tony is in middle age. He's had a career and a marriage, a calm divorce. Memory, though, is imperfect. It can always throw up surprises, as a lawyer's letter is about to prove. Read More
Pulse
Ranging from the domestic to the extraordinary, from the vineyards of Italy to the English seaside in winter, the stories in Pulse resonate and spark.
The stories in Julian Barnes' long-awaited third collection are attuned to rhythms and currents: of the body, of love and sex, illness and death, connections and conversations. Each character is bent to a pulse, propelled on by success and loss, by new beginnings and endings. Read More
Nothing to be Frightened of
'I don't believe in God, but I miss him.'
Julian Barnes' new book is, among many things, a family memoir, an exchange with his brother (a philosopher), a meditation on mortality and the fear of death, a celebration of art, an argument with and about God, and a homage to the French writer Jules Renard. Though he warns us that 'this is not my autobiography', the result is like a tour of the mind of one of our most brilliant writers. Read More
Arthur & George
Shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize for Fiction
Arthur & George is a novel in which the events of a hundred years ago constantly set off contemporary echoes. It is a novel about low crime and high spirituality; guilt and innocence; identity, nationality and race; and thwarted passion. Read More
The Lemon Table
A collection of short stories on the nuances of life and its insurmountable end.
From the hairdressing salon where an old man measures out his life in haircuts, to the concert hall where a music lover carries out an obsessive campaign against those who cough in concerts; from the woman who reads elaborate recipes to her sick husband as a substitute for sex, to the woman 'incarcerated' in an old people's home beginning a correspondence with an author that enriches both their lives - all Barnes' characters, in their different ways, square up to death and rage against the dying light. Read More
The Pedant in the Kitchen
A witty and practical account of Julian Barnes' search for gastronomic precision.
It is a quest that leaves him seduced by Jane Grigson, infuriated by Nigel Slater, and reassured by Mrs Beeton's Victorian virtues. The Pedant in the Kitchen is perfect comfort for anyone who has ever been defeated by a cookbook and is something that none of Julian Barnes' legion of admirers will want to miss. Read More
A collection of essays on the subject of France and French culture written by Barnes over the previous twenty years.
Subjects include the Tour de France, French food, and, of course, Gustave Flaubert. Read More
Love, etc
In Talking It Over , Stuart and Oliver fought for the love of Gillian. One of them won, but what happened next?
Love, etc catches up with this trio after ten years only to find more chaos and confusion. Written in the same style as the prequel, Barnes takes the form a few steps further as the characters plead for the reader's attention. Read More
England, England
Shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize for Fiction
One of Barnes's finest and funniest novels, England, England calls into question the idea of replicas, truth vs. fiction, reality vs. art, nationhood, myth-making, and self-exploration.
As every schoolboy knows, you can fit the whole of England on the Isle of Wight. Grotesque, visionary tycoon Sir Jack Pitman takes the saying literally and does exactly that. Read More
Cross Channel
A collection of short stories that explore the connections, similarities, and differences between England and France.
Clever, wise, reflective and imaginative, these stories are permeated with understanding of what it has meant for generations from these islands to cross the Channel. Read More
Letters from London
Barnes's first published book of non-fiction.
Barnes served as London correspondent for the New Yorker between 1990-1995, writing a series of essays under the collective title of Letters from London. Gathered here, along with a few essays published elsewhere, this collection constitutes Barnes's first published book of non-fiction. Read More
The Porcupine
A startling look at the fallout from the recent transformation of Eastern Europe.
Powerful and unsettling, The Porcupine is a novel about the fall of Communism and the hold it retains on its successors; about the particular uncertainties of politics in our time; and about the stubborn, disturbingly grey areas hidden in any black-and-white vision of the world. Read More
Talking It Over
Bright and funny "he said/she said/he said" novel.
Talking it Over is a brilliant and intimate account of love's vicissitudes. It begins as a comedy of misunderstanding, then slowly darkens and deepens, drawing us compellingly into the quagmires of the heart. Read More
A History of the World in 10½ Chapters
Connecting themes of voyage and discovery.
The mixture of fictional and historical narratives provides Barnes the opportunity to question our ideas of history, our interpretation of facts, and our search for answers to explain our interaction and placement within the grand scope of history. Read More
Staring at the Sun
The life of Jean Serjeant.
Barnes examines the ordinary life of Jean Serjeant from her childhood in the 1920s through her adulthood to the year 2021. Throughout her life, Jean learns to question the world's idea of truth while she explores the beauty and miracles of everyday life. Read More
Flaubert's Parrot
Shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize for Fiction
Barnes's "breakthrough" novel about an English doctor's obsession with Gustave Flaubert and his use of Flaubert's writings to make sense of his own life. Read More
Before She Met Me
The novel is gritty, shocking, and quite moving in its portrayal of the slow deterioration of its central character.
Barnes's second book under his own name. Graham Hendrick divorces, remarries, and finds himself consumed with jealousy as he investigates his new wife's former love affairs. Read More
Metroland
Winner Somerset Maugham Award for a First Novel
Metroland was Julian Barnes's first novel. It took between 7-8 years to write and draws heavily on his personal experiences growing up in the suburbs of London. Read More
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Which English singer/songwriter was found dead in her apartment on 23rd July 2011? | BBC News - Amy Winehouse Found Dead In Her Home - 23/7/2011 - RIP - YouTube
BBC News - Amy Winehouse Found Dead In Her Home - 23/7/2011 - RIP
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Uploaded on Jul 23, 2011
R.I.P Amy Winehouse she was booed off stage in her last show in Poland, and today Saturday 23rd of July Amy was found dead in her north London apartment. It is a terrible loss - She was a very good singer waste of talent!!
Amy Winehouse was found dead in her home today. A press release from the Metropolitan Police, which doesn't specifically name Winehouse, says:
"Police were called by London Ambulance Service to an address in Camden Square NW1 shortly before 16.05hrs today, Saturday 23 July, following reports of a woman found deceased.
On arrival officers found the body of a 27-year-old female who was pronounced dead at the scene.
Enquiries continue into the circumstances of the death. At this early stage it is being treated as unexplained."
Winehouse famously battled addiction to drugs and alcohol and was in and out of rehab several times throughout the years.
Last month, Winehouse canceled her European tour after a performance in Serbia where she seemed completely out of it
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| Amy Winehouse |
Which national team won the 2011 Rugby Union World Cup? | Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer, Dies at 27 - The New York Times
The New York Times
Music |Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27
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Amy Winehouse at a music festival near Madrid in 2008. Credit Juan Medina/Reuters
Amy Winehouse , the British singer who found worldwide fame with a sassy, hip-hop-inflected take on retro soul, yet became a tabloid fixture as her problems with drugs and alcohol led to a strikingly public career collapse, was found dead on Saturday in her apartment in London, the police said. She was 27.
The cause was not immediately known. The police said that they were investigating the circumstances of the death, but that “at this early stage it is being treated as unexplained.”
With a husky, tart voice and a style that drew equally from the sounds of Motown and the stark storytelling of rap, Ms. Winehouse became one of the most acclaimed young singers of the past decade, selling millions of albums, winning five Grammy Awards and starting a British retro-R&B trend that continues today.
Yet, almost from the moment she arrived on the international pop scene in early 2007, Ms. Winehouse appeared to flirt with self-destruction. She sang of an alcohol-soaked demimonde in songs like “ Rehab ” — whose refrain, “They tried to make me go to rehab/I said, ‘No, no, no,’ ” crystallized Ms. Winehouse’s persona — and before long it seemed to spill over into her personal life and fuel lurid headlines.
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The interplay between Ms. Winehouse’s life and art made her one of the most fascinating figures in pop music since Kurt Cobain, whose demise in 1994 — also at age 27 — was preceded by drug abuse and a frustration with fame as something that could never be escaped. Yet in time, the notoriety from Ms. Winehouse’s various drug arrests, public meltdowns and ruined concerts overshadowed her talent as a musician, and her career never recovered.
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On Saturday, as the news of Ms. Winehouse’s death spread, many musicians took to Twitter with deep sadness but no surprise. Lily Allen, who rose through the British pop scene shortly after Ms. Winehouse, called her “such a lost soul.” The singer Josh Groban wrote : “Drugs took her gift, her soul, her light, long before they took her life. RIP Amy.”
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Ms. Winehouse in 2007. Her album “Back to Black” established her as a fresh voice in music. Credit Matt Dunham/Associated Press
As much as her misfortunes eventually took on a sense of predictability, when Ms. Winehouse arrived with her breakthrough second album “Back to Black,” which was released in Britain in late 2006 and in the United States the next year, she was a fresh voice with a novel take on pop history. She spoke of her love for Frank Sinatra, Thelonious Monk and Motown, as well as Nas, the hard-core New York rapper with a sharp eye for narrative detail.
Her greatest love, however, was the 1960s girl groups, something that was evident from the instantly recognizable beehive hairdo and Cleopatra makeup that she borrowed from the Ronettes. In an interview with The Los Angeles Times in 2007, Ms. Winehouse explained how a breakup had inspired the songs on “Back to Black,” and described her state of mind in terms of music and alcohol.
“I didn’t want to just wake up drinking, and crying, and listening to Shangri-Las, and go to sleep, and wake up drinking, and listening to the Shangri-Las,” she said. “So I turned it into songs, and that’s how I got through it.”
Amy Jade Winehouse was born in Southgate, London, on Sept. 14, 1983. Her mother, Janis, was a pharmacist, and her father, Mitch, was a cab driver who nursed a love for music. They both survive her, along with a brother, Alex.
Ms. Winehouse showed an early talent for performing, as well as an eclecticism that would characterize her later work. She loved her father’s Sinatra records, but she also liked hip-hop; at age 10 she and a friend formed a rap group called Sweet ’n’ Sour that Ms. Winehouse later described as “the little white Jewish Salt-N-Pepa.” (Ms. Winehouse was the “sour” half.)
She attended the Sylvia Young Theater School in London and later went to the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology, a free performing arts school there that counts several other recent female pop stars among its alumnae, including Ms. Allen and Adele, another young singer who is sometimes seen as picking up the neo-soul mantle from Ms. Winehouse.
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Amy Winehouse with Blake Fielder-Civil in 2007. Credit Michael Buckner/Getty Images
In 2003, at age 19, Ms. Winehouse released her first album, “Frank.” Influenced by jazz, it established her as a rising star in Britain. But “Back to Black,” recorded with the producers Mark Ronson and Salaam Remi, and the Brooklyn retro-soul band the Dap-Kings, made her an international sensation. With thick horns and club-ready hip-hop beats, the album was a darkly stylish update of classic 1960s R&B, and it was adored by critics and the public alike.
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According to Nielsen SoundScan, which tracks music sales, Ms. Winehouse has sold 2.7 million albums and 3.4 million tracks in the United States.
Yet, while “Rehab” was still climbing the charts, Ms. Winehouse made headlines for drug binges and arrests that left her hospitalized and forced her to cancel concert dates.
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In October 2007, Ms. Winehouse and her husband at the time, Blake Fielder-Civil, were arrested in Norway on charges of marijuana possession. A month later, Mr. Fielder-Civil was arrested and accused of perverting the course of justice by trying to bribe the victim in a bar fight not to testify against him. (Ms. Winehouse and Mr. Fielder-Civil divorced in 2009.)
Perhaps the peak of Ms. Winehouse’s career was the 2008 Grammy Awards. She was nominated for six prizes and took home five, including Best New Artist. Yet even days before the show, her appearance there was uncertain because of visa problems. In the end, she performed by satellite from London.
Although Ms. Winehouse has not made an album since “Back to Black,” she tried to revive her career several times. In a recent interview with The New York Times, Ms. Winehouse’s father, who released a jazz album this year , said she had been in good health lately. (Mr. Winehouse was scheduled to perform at the Blue Note jazz club in New York on Monday, but canceled after learning of his daughter’s death.)
Yet Ms. Winehouse’s most recent comeback attempt faltered badly. Last month, she canceled a European tour after a performance in Belgrade on the first night, during which she appeared to be too intoxicated to perform properly.
James C. McKinley Jr., Ravi Somaiya and Julia Werdigier contributed reporting.
A version of this article appears in print on July 24, 2011, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: British Retro Soul Singer With Troubled History. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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The Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival was held in which country in January 2011? | Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival 2011 | Amusing Planet
Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival 2011
Kaushik Thursday, January 05, 2012 2 comments
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The 28th Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival opened on January 5 in China, featuring works of some of the country's best ice sculptors. The festival's amazing sculptures are seen illuminated from the inside after night has fallen - with visitors meandering in between the impressive works. Those who attend the event can navigate the ice cities on foot or via the festival's horse and carriage rides, zip down snowy slides or climb up the staircases of ice castles.
Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang province of China, is one of the sources of ice and snow culture in the world. Geographically, it is located in Northeast China under the direct influence of the cold winter wind from Siberia. The average temperature in summer is 21.2 degrees Celsius and winters can be bitterly cold with temperatures plummeting to -16.8 degrees Celsius and more.
The annual Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival has been held since 1963. It had been interrupted for a number of years during the Cultural Revolution until it was resumed in 1985.
Officially, the festival starts January 5th and lasts one month. However the exhibits often open earlier and stay longer if weather permits. Ice sculpture decoration technology ranges from the modern (using lasers) to traditional (with ice lanterns). There are ice lantern park touring activities held in many parks in the city. Winter activities in the festival include Yabuli alpine skiing, winter-swimming in the Songhua River, and the ice-lantern exhibition in Zhaolin Garden.
The Harbin festival is one of the world's four largest ice and snow festivals, along with Japan's Sapporo Snow Festival , Canada's Quebec City Winter Carnival, and Norway's Ski Festival.
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In September 2011, which two countries signed a pact to end a 40 year border demarcation dispute? | In China's Icy North, Outfitting Buildings to Save Energy
A Rare Look at the Disappearing World of Antarctica's Whales
Jin-Xing Ma's apartment has a new hat, and a five-layered coat. Standing in her living room, her trim frame ensconced in a purple sweater, Ma is effusive about her home's new wardrobe.
Here in the China’s northeast, where winter temperatures plummet to -40ºF (-40º C), cities are getting serious about giving old, drafty buildings a face-lift. Last year, Harbin ( map ) spent $1.1 million to retrofit 21 million square feet (2 million square meters) of residential buildings—adding five new layers of wall insulation, as well as better windows and roofing that tenants like Ma affectionately describe as the building's new "winter clothes."
“Before, the temperature in this room was 12 degrees [Celsius, or 53ºF]. Now it’s 18 degrees [Celsius, or 64ºF],” said Ma, 76, surveying the apartment with pleasure. For Ma, who runs a small Chinese medicine shop with her husband out of their front room, the change has meant fewer chilly days for both herself and her customers.
The Challenge to Keep Warm
Beijing’s snarled traffic and the smokestacks smoldering over the Pearl River Delta may be the most iconic images of China’s environmental woes.
(Related: “ On China’s Roads (And Rails), a Move Toward Greener Transit ”)
But these days, policymakers are increasingly turning their attention to the buildings of China’s industrial northeast, as well. This is the country’s frigid rust belt, where cold fronts roll in directly from Siberia’s frozen tundra to the north, and residences need to be heated six months out of the year.
After all, in the developed world, fully 40 percent of carbon dioxide emissions come from heating, cooling, and powering buildings. Already in China, nearly 30 percent of the country’s energy is absorbed by its building sector—a figure that has tripled within three decades, and growing.
(Related: “ The Carbon Bathtub ”)
In 2006, as part of the country’s most recent five-year plan, China pledged to reduce overall energy intensity by 20 percent. It’s an ambitious goal, one that local officials were scrambling to meet by the end of 2010—shuttering factories and even briefly powering down hospitals in a last-ditch scramble to reach their quotas.
But if China does hit its 20 percent target, it won’t be thanks to improvements to the building sector, said Mark Levine, head of the China Energy Group at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “Efforts in this area have been terrible,” said Levine. National subsidies, he noted, have been too slim to inspire much effort at the municipal level, where cities have typically used the funds to install meters instead of embarking on more costly retrofits.
But there have been a few notable exceptions, including Harbin, the largest city and capital of Heilongjiang province, with a population of nearly 10 million, a place often known as “Ice City.” Officials in Harbin project that the retrofitting drive of 2010 will increase energy efficiency in affected areas by 50 percent. Other cities also have embarked on efforts to make buildings more energy efficient, like Qingdao ( map ) in the eastern Shandong province and Lanzhou ( map ), capital of Gansu province in the northwest. And across China, there has been one improvement that officials are quick to note: compliance with existing building codes has increased to at least 98 percent, according to government figure.
Still, such progress might not “necessarily result in energy savings, because living standards are increasing as well,” said Ping Yowargana, Beijing-based energy analyst with Azure International . China is adding new buildings at a clip of 22 billion new square feet (2 billion new square meters) a year—which means more concrete being poured, more steel being manufactured, and additional mass consumption of energy. At the same time, residents these days expect more air conditioning, lighting, and heat than ever before. Accordingly, even a building at code today can still use energy in excess of its leaky, poorly insulated predecessors.
Then there’s the fact that China’s heating sector is riddled with inefficiencies, including pricing systems that create no incentive to conserve. For example, Ma pays a flat sum of 200 renminbi ($30) per year to supply her heat—a fee charged according to the size of her residence, not her energy use. Which is why Ma won’t be turning down the thermostat anytime soon.
“It’s warm and cozy inside now,” she said. “The government takes good care of us.”
A Need for Deeper Change
Heating price reform—already under way in certain regions—and better funding for retrofitting efforts will likely be a priority in the next five-year plan, said Levine. What’s less clear, he said, is whether China’s central planners can effectively push the country beyond the heavy, energy-intensive industry that’s propelled it forward. “They have to make structural change in the economy,” he said. “And so far, that hasn’t happened.”
Back in Harbin, some residents continue to eye retrofitting programs with suspicion. Although the effort was government-financed, a number of Ma’s neighbors complain bitterly that the construction was slapdash, and that the material won’t weather the years well. Meanwhile in Shanghai, after a blaze took 58 lives in a building undergoing renovations, sparking local furor, all other retrofitting projects were temporarily halted.
“Right now, the government wants to complete goals faster, Chinese-style. There are big targets,” said Ruidong Jin, building energy efficiency expert with the Natural Resources Defense Council . China’s national energy efficiency goals are ambitious, he says, and municipalities just focus on keeping pace.
“There’s not much time to talk to people and make them understand,” said Jin. “Local governments have to keep moving, faster.”
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Which actress won the 2011 Best Actress Oscar for her role in the film ‘Black Swan’? | Oscars 2011: Natalie Portman wins Best Actress for 'Black Swan' | NJ.com
Oscars 2011: Natalie Portman wins Best Actress for 'Black Swan'
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FOX SEARCHLIGHTFresh off her Independent Spirit Award on Saturday, Natalie Portman has won the Best Actress Academy Award for her role in "Black Swan."
Fresh off her Independent Spirit Award on Saturday, Natalie Portman has won the Best Actress Academy Award for her role in "Black Swan."
She was previously nominated in 2005 for her supporting role in "Closer." She lost to Cate Blanchett who played Katharine Hepburn in "The Aviator."
In January, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.
Portman's breakout role was in 1994's "The Professional." She starred as an orphan adopted by a gentle hit man. By the '90s, Portman had major roles in such ensemble films as "Beautiful Girls" and "Anywhere but Here" She was eventually cast in 1999 as Padmé Amidala in the long-anticipated "Star Wars" prequel trilogy.
"Black Swan" is a psychological thriller directed by Darren Aronofsky ("The Wrestler"). Co-starring Vincent Cassel and Mila Kunis, it delves into the lives of two dancers (Kunis is the other) who is performing in a production of Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake."
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| Natalie Portman |
Which English football team won the 2011 FA Cup? | Natalie Portman - Film Actress - Biography.com
Natalie Portman
Actress Natalie Portman won the 2010 Academy Award for her portrayal of a troubled ballerina in Black Swan.
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Famous People Born on June 9
Natalie Portman - Mini Biography (TV-14; 3:42) A short biography of Natalie Portman who made her screen debut in "The Professional" and became a household name when she starred as Queen Amidala in the "Star Wars" prequels. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress in "Black Swan."
Synopsis
Born in Israel in 1981, actress Natalie Portman grew up on Long Island, New York, and began modeling at age 11. Her film debut was in The Professional (1994), and she was cast as Queen Amidala in the Star Wars prequels. While continuing her career, Portman earned a degree in psychology from Harvard University. She won the 2010 Best Actress Oscar for her portrayal of a troubled ballerina in Black Swan. In 2012, she married dancer Benjamin Millepied. The couple has a son, Aleph.
Early Life
Natalie Portman was born on June 9, 1981 in Jerusalem, Israel. While she was a toddler, Portman's parents immigrated to the United States. They first lived in Washington D.C., and then settled in Long Island, New York, where Natalie attended Syosset High School.
While at a local pizza parlor, Portman was discovered by a representative of Revlon cosmetics, who encouraged the 11-year-old to pursue a modeling career. However, Portman found modeling mundane, and decided to direct her efforts toward acting. Shortly after, she began working with the Usdan Theatre Arts Camp, where she appeared in a number of local productions.
Portman made her film debut in Luc Besson's memorable 1994 feature, The Professional. The demanding role, which featured her as hitman's apprentice, caught the attention of critics and audiences. The following year, her fame grew with a brief but captivating performance as Al Pacino 's troubled daughter in Heat (1995).
Career Breakthrough
In her subsequent film projects, Portman held her own alongside Hollywood's A-list actors and directors. Ted Demme 's heartwarming film Beautiful Girls (1996) featured Portman in a pivotal role as a coming-of-age pre-teen. She was noted for her charming performance, opposite an impressive cast, including Matt Dillon , Timothy Hutton , Uma Thurman , and Lauren Holly. Later that year, she took on lighter parts in Woody Allen 's musical Everyone Says I Love You, with Drew Barrymore and Julia Roberts ; and in Tim Burton 's sci-fi comedy Mars Attacks!, with Jack Nicholson and Glenn Close .
After turning down the controversial role of Lolita, Portman took a brief sabbatical from the big screen. In 1997, she spent a year on Broadway in the title role of The Diary of Anne Frank. The play was a critical success, and Portman was credited with delivering a fresh interpretation of Anne Frank 's character.
She returned to film in 1999, gaining international recognition playing Queen Amidala in George Lucas ' eagerly anticipated prequel Star Wars I: The Phantom Menace. Later that same year, she was cast opposite Susan Sarandon in the film version of Mona Simpson 's novel Anwhere But Here. In Where the Heart Is (2000), Portman took on a more mature role, in which her character ages five years during the course of the film.
Film Roles
In spite of her burgeoning film career, Portman remained adamant about her education, graduating with honors from Harvard University in June 2003.
Portman reprised her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (2005). Portman starred in the romantic comedy Garden State in 2004. In 2005, she won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Closer, directed by Mike Nichols and co-starring Clive Owen , Julia Roberts and Jude Law .
Portman won critical praise for her role in 2006's dystopian fantasy V for Vendetta. In 2008 she starred in historical drama The Other Boleyn Girl alongside Scarlett Johansson .
Portman's next big role came in 2010, when she portrayed a ballerina who is obsessed with her art in Darren Aronofsky's Black Swan. Portman reportedly lost 20 pounds and went through rigorous dance training for the film, which was a critical success. She won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Actress for the role.
After her Oscar win, she appeared in the drama Hesher (2010), the romantic comedy No Strings Attached (2011), the period comedy Your Highness (2011), and the superhero action films Thor (2011) and Thor: The Dark World (2013). In 2015 she starred in Terrence Malick ’s Knight of Cups, and the following year she appeared in Jane Got a Gun and the biopic Jackie, in which she portrayed First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy following the assassination of her husband president John F. Kennedy . In December 2016, Portman received a Golden Globe nomination for her role in Jackie.
Personal Life
Portman started dating ballet dancer Benjamin Millepied in 2009, after meeting on the set of Black Swan. In 2010 the couple announced their engagement, and in June 2011 Portman gave birth to her first child, Aleph Portman-Millepied. Portman and Millepied wed in August 2012. According to People magazine, the wedding was attended by several celebrities, including Ivanka Trump , Jared Kushner and Macaulay Culkin .
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What is the name of the Space Shuttle launched into orbit for the last time from the Kennedy Space Station in July 2011? | The Last Space Shuttle Launches Safely Into Orbit | WIRED
The Last Space Shuttle Launches Safely Into Orbit
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Author: Dave Mosher. Dave Mosher Science
Date of Publication: 07.08.11.
Time of Publication: 11:38 am.
11:38 am
The Last Space Shuttle Launches Safely Into Orbit
CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida — The last mission in NASA’s decades-long space shuttle program is now underway.
Atlantis rocketed into orbit today at 11:29 a.m. EDT and is flying at 17,500 mph around the Earth. The mission, STS-135, will catch up with the International Space Station in two days.
The space shuttle launch marks the last in NASA’s history, closing out a government-funded space program that lasted 30 years.
“The shuttle’s always going to be a reflection of what a great nation can do when it commits to be bold and follow through,” said astronaut Chris Ferguson, commander of the mission, from the cockpit of Atlantis just before pushing into space atop a billowing cloud of fumes. “We’re completing a chapter of a journey that will never end. Let’s light this fire one more time, and witness this great nation at its best.”
During their 12-day mission, Ferguson and his three crewmembers — veteran astronauts Doug Hurley, Sandra Magnus and Rex Walheim — plan to wrap up construction of the space station. They’ll deliver a new room crammed with a year’s worth of food, water and other supplies and perform a suite of experiments in orbit, including the test of a bag able to recycle urine and a space-based iPhone application . They expect to land July 20 at 7:06 a.m. EDT.
NASA’s space shuttle program has encountered both glowing support and heated opposition throughout its history.
The space shuttle’s designers intended to make human spaceflight routine, safe and relatively inexpensive by launching the reusable spaceship 64 times per year at a cost of roughly $54 million (inflation-adjusted) per launch. In reality, the program averaged fewer than five launches a year and $1.5 billion per launch.
“It’s a tough technical challenge to build a reusable spacecraft, and the president’s Office of Management … drew a line on how much money would be spent,” said Wayne Hale , a former NASA mission manager who now works as a director of human spaceflight for Special Aerospace Services.
Early on, Hale said, the program never got the roughly $5 billion it needed to build a robust launch system that could handle 64 launches a year, so it was forced to make costly compromises. “If we really wanted to have something that would have flown as frequently, we would have spent more,” he said.
But space-policy expert John Logsdon of George Washington University thinks the shuttle was the wrong spacecraft altogether.
“Rather than lowering the costs of access to space and making it routine, the space shuttle turned out to be an experimental vehicle with multiple inherent risks, requiring extreme care and high costs to operate safely,” he wrote in an op-ed published Wednesday by MIT Technology Review .
The space agency ultimately launched 135 space shuttle missions since 1981 at a total cost of about $209 billion. Two of the missions — Challenger‘s last in 1986 and Columbia’s in 2003 — ended catastrophically and claimed the lives of 14 astronauts.
For all its setbacks, however, the program is on schedule to complete the most ambitious orbital laboratory ever conceived. It also delivered (and repaired) the Hubble Space Telescope , as well as an army of other artificial satellites.
The future of U.S. human spaceflight won’t end with the conclusion of Atlantis‘ mission. But the shape of things to come is uncertain.
No American spacecraft is ready to ferry astronauts to the space station during its anticipated 10-year lifespan. NASA is seeding money to commercial spaceflight companies to develop a human-ready spaceship, but the space agency expects a viable spacecraft to emerge no earlier than five years from now. Until then, the United States will purchase flights on board Russia’s Soyuz system for its astronaut corps.
NASA is dreaming up missions beyond low-Earth orbit, however, and awaiting Apollo-era-like clarity from the president.
“I think we as a species need to be thinking about living off this planet long-term, very long-term. We need to learn to live on another body” like the moon, said space shuttle launch director Michael Leinbach in a pre-launch press briefing. “But I’m not the policy-maker, I’m the implementer. I need to be told what to do.”
Lisa Grossman contributed to this report.
Images: Space shuttle Atlantis lifts off Launch Pad 39A for the last time. (Dave Mosher/Wired.com)
| Atlantis |
Which British singer’s wife gave birth to their son Aiden on 16th February 2011? | Photos of NASA's Last Space Shuttle Launch
Photos of NASA's Last Space Shuttle Launch
By SPACE.com Staff |
July 8, 2011 11:30am ET
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STS-135 Launch Spectators on the A. Max Brewer Bridge in Titusville, Florida
Credit: NASA/Frank Michaux
After 30 years and 135 missions, residents and visitors to Florida's Space Coast crowd the new A. Max Brewer Bridge in Titusville to see the rocket's red glare of NASA's Space Shuttle Program soar for the last time on July 8, 2011.
Guests Line NASA Causeway for Atlantis Launch
Credit: NASA/Frank Michaux
After 30 years and 135 missions, invited guests congregate along the NASA Causeway to see the rocket's red glare of NASA's Space Shuttle Program soar for the last time, on July 8, 2011
Spectators in Boats View the Atlantis Launch
Credit: NASA/Frank Michaux
After 30 years and 135 missions, residents and visitors to Florida's Space Coast traverse the waters near Port Canaveral to see the rocket's red glare of NASA's Space Shuttle Program soar for the last time, July 8, 2011.
Atlantis Lifts Off
Credit: Roger Guillemette for SPACE.com
Shuttle Atlantis is seen a few moments into its final flight on July 8, 2011.
Last Shuttle Crew Waves Farewell
Credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Dressed in their bright-orange launch-and-entry suits, the final four astronauts to launch aboard a space shuttle wave to media and employees cheering them on in front of the Astronaut Crew Quarters in the Operations and Checkout Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on July 8, 2011. From left, are STS-135 Mission Specialists Rex Walheim and Sandy Magnus, Pilot Doug Hurley, and Commander Chris Ferguson.
A View from Above
Credit: NASA Kennedy (via Twitter)
The space shuttle Atlantis' last launch on July 8, 2011 is seen from above through the window of a Shuttle Training Aircraft.
Close-up of Atlantis' Launch
Credit: Roger Guillemette for SPACE.com
Atlantis just clears the tower in this closer view of the launch on July 8, 2011.
Shuttle Atlantis Launches on Mission STS-135
Credit: NASA
Shuttle Atlantis launched on mission STS-135 July 8, 2011.
Atlantis Clears the Tower
Shuttle Atlantis clears the tower, July 8, 2011.
Elmo Talks with NASA Astronaut Mike Massimino
Credit: NASA/Paul E. Alers
NASA astronaut Mike Massimino, left, and Sesame Street's Elmo speak at the STS-135 Tweetup on July 7, 2011 at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. Elmo asked the astronauts questions about living and working in space.
Don't Burn that Flag!
Credit: NASA Kennedy (via Twitter)
Atlantis appears to fly past flags at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 8, 2011.
Watching Atlantis Launch
Credit: Roger Guillemette for SPACE.com
Spectators in the foreground watch as Atlantis launches on its final flight, July 8, 2011.
Heads-down, That's How Atlantis Rolls
Credit: NASA TV
Shuttle Atlantis rolls into the heads-down position after launch, July 8, 2011.
Atlantis Smokin'
Shuttle Atlantis climbs to space on a column of smoke, July 8, 2011.
Atlantis Flies into Clouds
Credit: NASA (via Facebook)
With the International Space Station flying 220 miles high & east of Christchurch, New Zealand, space shuttle Atlantis launched at 11:29 a.m. EDT, July 8, 2011.
Atlantis' External Tank Camera's View of Launch
Credit: NASA TV
The camera mounted on Atlantis' external tank shows a unique view looking back towards the ground as Atlantis launches.
Close-out Crews Shares Message Before Last Launch
Credit: NASA TV
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Which member of Take That replaced Simon Cowell as a judge on the British ‘X Factor’? | 'X Factor' U.K. Reviewing Panel of Judges Amid Simon Cowell Return | Hollywood Reporter
'X Factor' U.K. Reviewing Panel of Judges Amid Simon Cowell Return
4:59 AM PST 2/14/2014 by Georg Szalai
AP Images
Simon Cowell
Gary Barlow has already announced his departure, and former Pussycat Dolls member Nicole Scherzinger is also expected to leave, while Cheryl Cole may return to the ITV show.
The U.K. version of Simon Cowell's X Factor is reviewing the panel of judges for its upcoming 11th season, which is set to air on ITV later this year, with Nicole Scherzinger the latest star rumored to depart.
Cowell has announced his on-air return to the show this year after the cancellation of the U.S. version of the music competition.
Without Cowell as a judge, the ITV show has typically brought in a smaller audience than BBC rival Strictly Come Dancing, whose U.S. version is Dancing With the Stars.
PHOTOS: From Gwyneth Paltrow to Simon Cowell: How 8 Stars Are Trying to Halt the Aging Process
The last time Cowell had an on-air role on the ITV version, the final episode drew 17.2 million viewers. The most recent season finale reached only 9.11 million.
The Guardian and others late in the week reported that former Pussycat Dolls star Scherzinger, who has been on the judging panel since 2012, is expected to leave the X Factor U.K. and focus on her musical career.
A spokesman for the show told THR that no decisions on judges have been made beyond Cowell's return.
However, two other judges, former Take That star Gary Barlow and music manager Louis Walsh, have previously said that they would be leaving after the 10th season, which ended late last year. Walsh has since, however, said that he was excited about Cowell's return, hinting he could be up for a continued role.
PHOTOS: Behind the Scenes With Simon Cowell's Right-Hand Woman
Former X Factor U.K. judge Cheryl Cole has been mentioned by British media as possibly returning to the show. The Girls Aloud star was a judge on the U.K. show through 2010 before briefly serving as a judge on the U.S. version.
"It's about whether she wants to do it and deal with it again," Cowell recently said when asked about a possible Cole return. Cole herself on Thursday tweeted an old picture of herself and Cowell on the U.K. show, which some fans took as a sign that she was interested in a return.
Robbie Williams and former X Factor U.K. finalist Olly Murs are also among the various names that U.K. media have mentioned as possible contenders.
Cowell last week said that he was "absolutely thrilled" to return to the X Factor U.K. in an on-air role, something that ITV executives have long hoped for. Late in 2013, ITV renewed X Factor and Cowell's Britain's Got Talent, on which he has remained a judge, for three more years. The new deal included a clause saying Cowell may appear on both shows.
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On 11th March 2011 a 9.1 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of which country? | New X Factor panel confirmed - Telegraph
X Factor
New X Factor panel confirmed
The judging line-up for this year's X Factor has been confirmed - and there is no place for Cheryl Cole.
Image 1 of 3
(Clockwise from top left) Louis Walsh will be joined by pop singer Kelly Rowland, Take That's Gary Barlow and Tulisa Contostavlos of urban hip-hop band N-Dubz
Cheryl Cole as a judge on the UK X Factor Photo: Rex
Image 1 of 3
Cheryl Cole was given an offer by the British X Factor camp but refused to pick up her phone around the time of the deadline that was given to her Photo: PA
3:38AM BST 31 May 2011
Pop mogul Louis Walsh will be joined by Take That's Gary Barlow, pop singer Kelly Rowland and Tulisa Contostavlos of urban hip-hop band N-Dubz.
It means Walsh is the only remaining judge from last year's show after Cowell left to launch the American version, taking Cole with him. Dannii Minogue, 39, has also left the line-up.
Cole, who has been axed from the American version of the show because of fears audiences would not understand her Geordie accent, is back in the UK trying to piece her career back together.
According to reports, the 27-year-old was given an offer by the British X Factor camp but refused to pick up her phone around the time of the deadline that was given to her.
Friends have claimed she is furious about her treatment and newspaper reports have suggested she is angry with X Factor supremo Simon Cowell for not giving her a chance to prove herself.
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Is the new X Factor panel too bland?
31 May 2011
There was no reference to Cole in the judging panel announcement and an ITV spokesman declined to discuss whether there would be any non-judging role for her on the show.
In a statement Cowell praised the new line-up saying: ''These four are totally up for it, each of them bring a different attitude.
''They have had a tonne of hits between them and they are all committed to finding a star.
''I have a feeling Louis and Tulisa will have slightly different points of view as to what the next star should look and sound like.''
Barlow said: ''I'm extremely excited about working on The X Factor. I've always been a fan of the show and always enjoyed performing on it too.
''My one goal is to find a global superstar. If I don't find one, I won't have done my job.''
Tulisa, 22, said she looked forward to bringing ''something fresh'' to the panel.
She added: ''I'm not going to be afraid to speak my mind and mix things up a little.
''I am hoping to find some hot new talent and mentor a winning category. It is also going to be great to get to know and work alongside the other judges. Let the fireworks begin.''
Rowland added that she was thrilled to be heading to one of her ''favourite places in the world''.
She said: ''The music coming out of the UK right now is incredible, with artists like Adele, Jessie J and James Blake, so I'm confident this season of The X Factor will give me opportunity to hear a few diamonds in the rough.
''Being a judge is never easy but I promise to be as sternly honest as I can and also encourage everyone who crosses the stage. I can't wait to meet the world's next superstar.''
Walsh, a veteran of the talent show scene, said: ''I'm delighted to be back for my eighth series of The X Factor, it's my favourite job in the world and I'm really excited this year to work with Gary Barlow and the rest of the new panel.
''I'm the last original judge standing and I'm determined to find an act that can win this year and show the others how it's done.''
The new panel begins its quest to uncover the best in singing talent with the first audition in Birmingham on Wednesday, continuing to Glasgow, Manchester, Cardiff, London and Liverpool.
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Which British model married Jamie Hince in July 2011? | Kate Moss & Jamie Hince: Just Married! | Jamie Hince, Kate Moss, Wedding Pictures : Just Jared
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Kate Moss & Jamie Hince: Just Married!
Kate Moss shares a kiss with her new husband, rocker Jamie Hince , after tying the knot at St. Peter’s Church on Friday (July 1) in Southrop, England.
The 37-year-old British model wore a dress designed by her long-time friend, John Galliano , while the groom, 42, suited up in Yves Saint Laurent, according to WWD .
“It was a wham bam rock n’ roll marriage,” a source told Us Weekly about the ceremony.
Kate and Jamie, a guitarist for The Kills, announced their engagement in February.
Congrats to the newlyweds!!!
Fifth Harmony makes a statement with their first performance as a foursome - TMZ
Did Jennifer Garner give Ben Affleck an ultimatum? - Gossip Cop
Tyler Posey steps out after a leaked video of him surfaces online - Just Jared Jr
Is there trouble in paradise for Khloe Kardashian and Tristan Thompson? - Radar
Bella Hadid thinks Selena Gomez is using The Weeknd - Lainey Gossip
Paul McCartney sues Sony for rights to Beatles songs - The Hollywood Reporter
me
She looks so cute and happy! =)
Jen
and?
Sienna
I LOVE HER DRESS. I’m literally obsessed. John Galliano may be crazy but he is a great designer. They dressed the flower girls so cute too. Love their style. Congrats!
blair
Too bad (the very talented) John Galliano had to ruin his career.
Kyle
The dress certainly is lovely in parts, but looking at pics from other sites and this one, I would say that it is remarkably unflattering through the stomach and hips. If this dress makes her look like she has a little pouch stomach, imagine what it would do for other people.
I am digging is glasses and the pegged legs of his suit – very rock & roll indeed.
laverdadduele
She’s a disgusting coke-head. They will end up divorced, why even bother?
Anne laure bernard
LOVE Kate ! Beautiful couple <3
anon2
@ Kyle :
I completely agree…I don’t like the part around her pelvic area where the darker material turns sheer and makes a “w”. If they found a way to make the material blend better, it would be perfect. Otherwise, I like that it is a little different with the details on the bottom of the dress and the veil. The color is great too.
gross
she has coke bloat and rotten teeth. yuck. looking old and wrinkly too.
Dede
Why is this woman who made it “chic” to look like a drugged up anorexic so idolized? smh.
CCrider
Love her! She looks so happy! And her daughter is such a cutie!!!!
Neoon
bloated stomach….we know what that’s from..too much booze and…
shoegal
virgule
They both look radiant, congrats to them!
Major dress and ring envy!!! The dress is understated and yet very stylished and elegant. And I love the idea of a flower-girls-only bridal party.
Ruth
Neoon @ 07/01/2011 at 4:16 pm 0
bloated stomach….we know what that’s from..too much booze and…
————————————————
Perhaps she is just pregnant.
Wish them all the best and I hope that she will find true happiness this time.
Frida
She looks gorgeous and so happy, love her dress!
longchamp
gorgeous, gorgeous Kate! great look for the wedding, all girls in ivory, and she looks stunning.
Bella
she nasty
violain
Whaaaaaat? that’s a John Galliano’s dress??? So even the very immensely gifted Galliano did have an off-day.
Annie
She looks hungover to hell and like she just rolled out of bed. Geeze, couldn’t she even brush her hair for the big day? I do like the dress, but not on her.
My eyes!!!
I love the veil. Not sure how I feel about the dress. Although the detailing is beautiful, I just am not a fan of dresses that are cut on the bias. I think they tend to look like nightgowns/lingerie and not formalwear.
She looks so happy. I hope with this relationship that she is finally able to put her demons behind her.
| Kate Moss |
The day following Thanksgiving in the US, traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season, is called ‘What’ Friday? | Kate Moss and Jamie Hince | Best Celebrity Weddings of 2011 | Us Weekly
Best Celebrity Weddings of 2011
November 28, 2011
See which couples swapped vows this year
Kate Moss and Jamie Hince
The model married rocker Hince July 1 in Southrop, England. "I wanted it to be kind of dreamy and 1920s, when everything is soft-focus," she told Vogue of her big day. "The code name was GG for a while. That light and that kind of fun decadence. It's rock-'n'-roll Great Gatsby!"
Credit: RAMEY PHOTO
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Which team won the 2011 US Super Bowl? | What team will win the 2011 Super Bowl? - Quora
Quora
As of Jan 03, 2011 (with the playoffs set), the Patriots are (unsurprisingly) the Vegas favorite, with most sportsbooks paying only 2 to 1 on them. By contrast, the Seahawks are the biggest long-shot, paying 100 to 1.
UPDATE (2011-01-17):
As of the conclusion of the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Packers are the Vegas favorite to win the Super Bowl. The Bears are considered the biggest long-shot.
1) Packers to win pays 1.4 to 1
2) Steelers to win pays 2 to 1
3) Jets to win pays 3 to 1
4) Bears to win pays 5 to 1
UPDATE (2011-02-06):
As you all probably know, the Packers are favored by 3 points over the Steelers in the Super Bowl. With regard to the simple "odds of winning" that we have been citing here, Vegas says:
Steelers to win pays 1.15 to 1
Packers to win pays 0.74 to 1.
| Green Bay Packers |
During which month in 2011 was the 100th annual International Women’s Day? | Super Bowl Winners and Results - Super Bowl History - National Football League - ESPN
Super Bowl Winners and Results
NO.
Green Bay 35, Kansas City 10
II
Green Bay 33, Oakland 14
III
New York Jets 16, Baltimore 7
IV
Kansas City 23, Minnesota 7
V
Pittsburgh 31, Los Angeles 19
XV
San Francisco 26, Cincinnati 21
XVII
Los Angeles 38, Washington 9
XIX
San Francisco 38, Miami 16
XX
Chicago 46, New England 10
XXI
New York Giants 39, Denver 20
XXII
Jack Murphy Stadium (San Diego)
Washington 42, Denver 10
San Francisco 20, Cincinnati 16
XXIV
San Francisco 55, Denver 10
XXV
New York Giants 20, Buffalo 19
XXVI
San Francisco 49, San Diego 26
XXX
Sun Devil Stadium (Tempe, Ariz.)
Dallas 27, Pittsburgh 17
Green Bay 35, New England 21
XXXII
Denver 31, Green Bay 24
XXXIII
St. Louis 23, Tennessee 16
XXXV
Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Fla.)
Baltimore 34, New York Giants 7
XXXVI
New England 20, St. Louis 17
XXXVII
Tampa Bay 48, Oakland 21
XXXVIII
New England 32, Carolina 29
XXXIX
New England 24, Philadelphia 21
XL
University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Ariz.)
New York Giants 17, New England 14
XLIII
Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Fla.)
Pittsburgh Steelers 27, Arizona Cardinals 23
XLIV
New Orleans Saints 31, Indianapolis Colts 17
XLV
Green Bay Packers 31, Pittsburgh Steelers 25
XLVI
New York Giants 21, New England Patriots 17
XLVII
Baltimore Ravens 34, San Francisco 49ers 31
XLVIII
MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, N.J.)
Seattle Seahawks 43, Denver Broncos 8
XLIX
University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Ariz.)
New England Patriots 28, Seattle Seahawks 24
50
Levi's Stadium (Santa Clara, Calif.)
Denver Broncos 24, Carolina Panthers 10
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Which Glasgow-based sculptor, whose works include artificial trees and a leaning litter bin, won the 2011 Turner Prize? | CBC News - Glasgow sculptor Martin Boyce wins Turner Prize
1
Glasgow sculptor Martin Boyce wins Turner Prize
Sculptor Martin Boyce, whose works include artificial trees and a leaning litter bin, has won Britain's Turner Prize.
Glasgow sculptor Martin Boyce wins Turner Prize
Posted:Dec 05, 2011 5:49 PM ET
Last Updated:Dec 05, 2011 5:48 PM ET
Martin Boyce poses with his work Do Words Have Voices after winning Britain's Turner Prize at the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead, northern England on Monday. Nigel Roddis/Reuters
Related
Sculptor Martin Boyce, whose works include artificial trees and a leaning litter bin, has won Britain’s Turner Prize.
Glasgow-based Boyce accepted the modern art award at the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead, northern U.K., on Monday, with photographer Mario Testino presenting him with a £25,000 ($39,770 Cdn) cheque.
Boyce’s sculptural installations have reimagined fences, chairs, garbage bins and other items normally found in public spaces.
The judges said his work "uses his knowledge of historic design to create distinctive sculptural installations while opening up a new sense of poetry."
The prestigious and frequently controversial Turner Prize has been awarded since 1984 to a British artist under age 50. Past winners have included Damien Hirst’s pickled cow and sound artist Susan Philipsz's tapes of her own voice.
Boyce turned three large white gallery pillars into trees, topped by canopies of uniform white leaves, with brown leaves scattered on the ground.
"You can generate a sort of mood or atmosphere, a psychological presence by placing an object within a space," the 43-year-old artist said.
The other nominees were installation sculptor Karla Black, video artist Hilary Lloyd and painter George Shaw. This year's artists attracted less controversy than some years — the Turner Prize frequently sparks a public debate about the value of contemporary art.
The exhibition of Turner nominees' art was held at the Baltic, the first time it has been held away from the Tate museums, but it drew the usual crowds eager to see what the fuss was about. In future years, the exhibition will travel to different U.K. cities.
| Martin Boyce |
Which US boxer died on 7th November 2011? | ArtsJournal: Daily Arts News
Sculptor Martin Boyce Wins The Turner Prize
"Boyce, whose works include artificial trees and a leaning litter bin, has won the Turner Prize. Glasgow-based Boyce accepted the modern art award at the Baltic gallery in Gateshead - the first time the ceremony has been held outside a Tate venue." BBC 12/05/11
Posted December 6, 2011 09:31 AM
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Which 2011 Nobel Prize was jointly awarded to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman? | The Nobel Peace Prize 2011
The Nobel Peace Prize 2011
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, Tawakkol Karman
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The Nobel Peace Prize 2011
Photo: K. Opprann
Tawakkol Karman
Prize share: 1/3
The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 was awarded jointly to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work".
Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation
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MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 18 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/>
| Nobel Peace Prize |
Which tennis player won the 2011 Wimbledon Men’s Singles Championship? | Tawakkol Karman, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee win Nobel Peace Prize - The Washington Post
Tawakkol Karman, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee win Nobel Peace Prize
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By Sudarsan Raghavan and Michael Birnbaum By Sudarsan Raghavan and Michael Birnbaum October 7, 2011 Follow @raghavanWaPo Follow @michaelbirnbaum
The Nobel Peace Prize for 2011 was awarded Friday to three influential women from Africa and the Middle East, a decision intended to draw attention to the suppression of women’s rights around the world and spur their fight for greater equality in male-dominated societies.
The winners were Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first elected female president in post-colonial Africa, peace activist Leymah Gbowee, also from Liberia, and Tawakkol Karman, a leading figure in Yemen’s populist revolt this year who inspired thousands of women to rise up in a region where women are considered second-class citizens.
This year’s award arrives as women in Africa and the Middle East find themselves at a crossroads of sorts, trying to break away from a history of restrictions fueled by culture and traditions. While women have become more visible in government and social activism, deep challenges remain in many areas, including education, employment and access to health care.
“We still have a long way to go,” said Nana Asantewa Afadzinu, executive director of the West Africa Civil Society Institute in Accra, Ghana, who has worked with Gbowee. “Women have a challenge in being part of the decision-making process in our countries.”
And although women have played crucial roles in the protests still rocking the Arab world, a conservative backlash in places such as Egypt has prompted efforts in some instances to push them out of the spotlight.
The Oslo-based committee described the award as an important siren call for women the world over. In its citation, read by its head, Thorbjorn Jagland, a former Norwegian prime minister, the committee said that “we cannot achieve democracy and lasting peace in the world unless women obtain the same opportunities as men to influence developments at all levels of society.”
Men have overwhelmingly won the award in its 110-year history; only 12 other women have been honored, including Mother Teresa, American philanthropist Jane Addams and Kenyan environmental activist Wangari Maathai, the 2004 winner, who died last month .
Before Friday’s Nobel committee announcement, online speculation had centered on whether the peace prize would go to leaders of the protests that have toppled long-entrenched rulers in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. The deadline for nominations was Feb. 1, when protests in Egypt and Libya were still in their early stages.
“I very much appreciate the bloggers,” Jagland said when asked why Karman and not others involved in the protests had received the prize. But Karman’s “courage was long before the world media was there and reporting,” he said.
Karman called the award “a victory for our revolution, for our methods, for our struggle, for all Yemeni youth, and all the youth in the Arab world — in Tunisia, in Egypt, everywhere.”
“This will give the people more strength, and to recognize that peace is the only way, that making a new Yemen must come without violence,” she said, speaking by telephone in broken English from inside her tent in Change Square, the focal point of the uprising in the Yemeni capital, Sanaa.
Wearing her trademark pink floral head scarf and using text messages, Facebook and other social media, Karman was among the first activists to galvanize Yemeni youth when protests against President Ali Abdullah Saleh’s 33-year rule began in January.
A vocal critic of Saleh’s government since 2007, when she ran a human rights group called Women Journalists Without Chains, Karman was detained briefly in January, but protests forced authorities to release her. She has also been attacked by a mob carrying knives and sticks; in recent weeks, she has been unable to move about freely because of concerns that she might be kidnapped.
Her activism is all the more unusual because it is happening in patriarchal, deeply conservative Yemen, where women face restrictions and are often treated violently. Their courtroom testimonies, for example, are worth half those of men. Many young women on Friday said Karman had motivated them to leave their homes and take to the streets.
“The head of every Yemeni woman is raised high in pride,” said Hajar al-Hizyazi, 18, who recently graduated from high school.
Johnson Sirleaf has been involved in Liberian politics for more than 30 years. A Harvard-trained economist, she was briefly the country’s finance minister in 1979. As president, she worked fervently to promote development in Liberia and the rights of women and girls.
“We are now going into our ninth year of peace, and every Liberian has contributed to it,” Johnson Sirleaf told reporters at her home in the Liberian capital, Monrovia, on Friday. “We particularly give this credit to Liberian women, who have consistently led the struggle for peace, even under conditions of neglect.”
The prize announcement dropped right into the last days of an intensely polarized presidential campaign in Liberia. Supporters of Johnson Sirleaf cheered the news, but the opposition condemned it.
Asked by reporters after the announcement whether the Nobel committee was interfering in politics, Jagland said the committee’s decision had nothing to do with the upcoming election or Liberia’s domestic affairs.
Although she persuaded creditors around the world to forgive $4 billion in debts last year and has attracted foreign investment to the country, Liberia remains mired in crippling poverty, with unemployment at around 50 percent.
“Many people are saying that the achievements that she has boasted of outside of the country have not transferred into people's everyday lives,” said Othello Garblah, editor of the New Dawn, a newspaper in Monrovia. “They don’t see it, they don’t feel it. But people have lived for six years and have not heard a gunshot.”
Gbowee, the other Liberian laureate, organized Muslim and Christian women who, wearing white T-shirts, demonstrated together in large numbers. They were instrumental in bringing an end to Liberia’s civil war in 2003. Now living in Ghana, Gbowee heads the Women Peace and Security Network Africa.
“I’m shocked, I’m numb, I’m still really feeling like it’s all a dream to me,” said Gbowee, speaking by telephone from New York, where she is on a book tour. “There is no way we can negotiate peace and security if we leave out the women of the world.”
Campaigners for women’s political rights in West Africa say the role of women in Liberia sparked a continent-wide movement.
“Liberia created a kind of domino effect, where women saw that we can really do something,” said Thelma Ekiyor, who heads the T.Y. Danjuma Foundation, a Nigerian grantmaking organization, and has worked with Gbowee. Women in Ivory Coast and Zimbabwe, inspired in part by what happened in Liberia, have put pressure on their governments, she said.
But Gbowee said many challenges remain in Liberia and around the world, including reproductive rights and rape.
“But there’s acknowledgment now,” she said. “We can only succeed.”
Special correspondent Ali Almujahed in Sanaa and staff writer Debbi Wilgoren in Washington contributed to this report.
world
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On January 1st 2011, which country became the 17th Eurozone country, when it adopted the Euro as its currency? | Estonia Enters Euro - ECJ
Estonia enters euro
16th of March 2011
On January 1 Estonia became the 17th country to join the eurozone when it adopted the currency, the first former Soviet republic to do so. With GDP of 14 billion euros it is the second smallest euro economy after Malta.
The country is likely to be the last addition to the eurozone for several years. Lithuania and Latvia are next in line and aiming for 2014, with bigger countries in eastern Europe being reluctant to set target dates.
Despite being the poorest nation in the bloc and having a population of only 1.3 million people, its low levels of public debts make Estonia the fiscally soundest country.
| Estonia |
On 7th July 2011, the world’s first artificial organ transplant was achieved, using which artificial part of the body coated with stem cells? | articles
Articles - Non-Academic: about monetary unions, single global currency and related subjects. For the older articles see SGC Links: Articles, Non-Academic (Previous)
5 January 2014 Article "Global governance should recognise global citizenship" supports Single Global Currency. Article by R. Seetharaman, CEO of the Doha Bank Group, in the Gulf Times.
Excerpt from the article...
A single world will have a single global currency. The single global currency would be managed by a single global central bank, with representative governing boards for the people, governments and financial institutions of the world.
The Global Central Bank will be financed by benefits, which come from the printing of money and seigniorage. Any surplus monetary benefits coming to the bank would be allocated to the agreed-upon goals. The conditions based on which the countries will participate and the goals to be achieved should be agreed to develop a single global currency.
1 January 2014. "Latvia becomes 18th state to join the eurozone " (from the BBC).
The article begins...
Latvia has begun the new year by joining the eurozone, becoming the 18th member of the group of EU states which uses the euro as its currency. The former Soviet republic on the Baltic Sea recently emerged from the financial crisis to become the EU's fastest-growing economy....
8 December 2013. Barry Eichengreen gives support to development of Australia/New Zealand monetary union. See Business Week/Bloomberg article, "Australia-N.Z. Currency Union Worth Examining, Eichengreen Says"
The article begins...
Australia and New Zealand could consider a common currency to address concern their exchange rates are overvalued, said U.S. economics professor Barry Eichengreen.
2 December 2013. Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda have signed a protocol to establish a monetary union within 10 years. See "East African trade bloc approves monetary union deal"
The article begins...
The leaders of five East African countries signed a protocol on Saturday laying the groundwork for a monetary union within 10 years that they expect will expand regional trade.
18 July 2013 African Union urges all-Africa Monetary Union. "Tanzania: Bank Chiefs Meet in Arusha Over African Monetary Union" from the Tanzania Daily News.
Excerpts from the article...
"The African Union (AU) heads of state have directed the continent's central bank governors to start efforts in creating an African Monetary Union which should lead to the region's single central bank as well as one currency," explained Prof Benno Ndulu, the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) governor....
AACB intends to both study and harmonise monetary policies that must be put in place before an African Central Bank and a single currency can be created, with initial focus being sometime in 2020 or thereabout.
The move, according to the governor, would enable most African countries to trade freely and help to reduce the exchange rate-related losses incurred by most African traders.
The East African Community (EAC) headquartered at Arusha is so far the continent's promising regional bloc, which brings together five economies of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi into one.
"We hope that the four African trading blocs of EAC, SADC, COMESA and ECOWAS will spearhead single currency efforts to make it easier for us to join the four monetary unions in forming a single currency than working on the more than 60 currencies being used on the continent," the governors had pointed out.
3. Latvia given EU and EMU OK to adopt euro on January 1, 2014, pending further approvals. See New York Times article, "Latvia Is Endorsed to Adopt the Euro" .
The article begins...
FRANKFURT — The tiny Baltic nation of Latvia received official endorsement for membership in the euro currency union Wednesday, in a move that European leaders clearly hoped would demonstrate the endurance of the euro zone despite its dismal economic performance and damaged reputation.
[This is another step toward a Single Global Currency.]
10 December 2012. Theory Productions has produced a 13-minute video, "Single Global Currency" for its program,"One Hour Economy."
The featured participants are: Kevin Landwehr, Tyler Kidwell, Andrea Eastes, Maddie Lockridge.
The project arose from the course WRD 111 ( Writing, Rhetoric and Digital Media ) at the University of Kentucky.
See EMAIL from Andrea Eastes about their project.
30 July 2012. " The World Needs a New Currency " by Robert Pringle, in the Christian Science Monitor.
Excerpt from the article...
....In my new book, “ The Money Trap ,” I propose that the global monetary unit – which I call the ikon - be expressed as a fraction of the global portfolio of all productive assets. The closest proxy for this is a diversified basket of global common stock (equity shares). Banks would compete with each other to produce money defined to these standards.
....The dollar and other national currencies would continue to circulate, but they would be linked by a silken thread, as they would have a common reference or benchmark. Gradually, this would become the new ‘gold standard’ – the modern, respectable, monetary standard for the 21st century....
[See Also Robert Pringle's website: www.themoneytrap.com .]
25 July 2012 Erik Hare posted the blog, "Is the world ready for a global currency?" at the Minnesota "Blog Cabin."
Excerpts from the article...
Imagine a single currency, all around the world. No more converting between Dollars and Euros and Pounds, the money in your wallet is your ticket to ride anywhere....
But we’re a global society now, with total worldwide trade taking up nearly $8T of the global product of $52T. Is it time for a new global currency that isn’t subject to the needs and politics of one nation? More and more, the answer is “yes”. But getting there, as with anything international, is the hard part....
12 February 2012 "The Case for a Global Currency - Would it make more sense to have one currency for the entire world?" by David Wolman in Salon.
Excerpts from the article....
...On the one-world money front, there are scattered dreamers out there, outfits like the Single Global Currency Association, and supporters of something called the Terra TRC (for Trade Reference Currency). In the 1940s, the legendary John Maynard Keynes conceived of a supranational currency that he called the Bancor.
... Backers of a single Earth currency envision a great smoothing of transactions, an end to damaging currency speculation, and less economic turmoil, which could mean greater prosperity for all.
... One idea is for this new currency to be an expanded version of something that already exists: Special Drawing Rights. SDR is really a crossbreed of four of the world’s most significant currencies, and it’s used for particular kinds of settlements at the IMF. Perhaps the SDR is the embryo of a new global currency....
[The article was adapted from David Wolman's new book, The End of Money. from DaCapo Press, published on Feb. 14, 2012.]
23 January 2012 "Why the Euro Will Survive and Thrive" by John Maxfield at "The Motley Fool"
Excerpts from the article....
And Berkeley professor Barry Eichengreen postulated in his book Exorbitant Privilege that the euro will not only survive the crisis but thereafter thrive due to the world's longing for a currency to rival the American dollar....
What this history demonstrates is that the European powers see the euro as more than a common currency. To them, it's the price of peace. As a result, the union and its currency are likely much more resilient than modern-day political and financial pundits recognize.... In addition to the historical and political ties to the euro, fragmenting into individual currencies simply isn't a palatable alternative. Today's currency market is akin to a dark alley in an unfriendly neighborhood -- it's not somewhere you want to go alone. And the looming presence of an omnipotent dollar makes the situation even worse. ...
If I were a betting man, I'd wager that the euro will not only emerge from the continent's current economic woes intact, but that it will come out stronger, being backed by the fiscal authority of a more integrated union.
22 January 2012. "Can a Single Global Currency Work ?" by V. Kumar
The article concludes....
If you have doubts, take the example of something like paypal - suppose it manages the account in a basket of currencies, instead of US dollar, and gives it a name, and that currency basket becomes acceptable by financial institutions, it will become acceptable by international traders too - a situation not very different from single global currency.
The future of single global currency is definitely there, and that future is not too distant from today.
20 January 2012. "Russia Presidential Candidate Prokhorov Calls For Single Global Currency" By Ira Iosebashvili, Dow Jones Newswires
MOSCOW (Dow Jones)--Russian billionaire and presidential hopeful Mikhail Prokhorov Friday called for the creation of a single global currency based on the ruble and euro, one of a long list of demands that included deep cuts in the number of bureaucrats and privatization of state-owned television channels.
The demands were part of Prokhorov's election program, which was published on Friday. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir is expected to handily win elections set for March 4, with the latest poll showing that he would collect more than 50% of the vote if elections were held Sunday.
27 December 2011. David Wolman writes in WIRED Magazine, "Dream of Universal Currency Just Won't Die"
Excerpt from the article....
... Step back from the current crisis to consider the long view, and currency unions—or even a single global currency—have a fair share of appeal. A universal medium of exchange could eliminate currency risk and jack up trade. It would mean speculators couldn’t short an individual country’s currency. Exporters wouldn’t have to fret over the gap between a price on a contract and the value of the payment. A single currency could halt spastic swings in prices and end conversion fees, leaving more of the pie for little stuff like R&D and employee health insurance. Oh—and it could put an end to international disputes over currency manipulation. Hello? China?...
12 December 2011. "Nobel economist calls for global currency backed by dollar, euro, yuan" by Achara Deboonme in The Nation - Thailand.
The article begins...
Amid the global financial crisis, Nobel laureate Robert Mundell is calling for the creation of a world currency - anchored by the US dollar and euro with backing from the Chinese yuan - to restore stability to the Bretton Woods level.
He said this would help prevent huge exchange rate instabilities which prompted major debt and financial crises in recent decades.
Then the International Monetary Fund could truly serve as the world's central bank, he said in a lecture hosted yesterday by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (Unescap).
A lecture by the Nobel Economic Laureate on the topic "Global Currency: Dollar, Euro, Renminbi" was part of the ESCAP Distinguished Person Lecture Series.
[See also, "Single world currency 'inevitable' " by Parista Yuthamanop in the Bangkok Post.]
13 November 2011. Single Global Currency is noted approvingly on blog, http://dravida-peravai.blogspot.com by SGCA member, Nandhi Varman. See specific article: "SINGLE GLOBAL COMMON CURRENCY - GLOBAL MARKET NEEDS COMMON CURRENCY"
Excerpt from the blog...
A Single Global currency acceptable to developed and developing countries will alone integrate the world economy.
2 June 2011 Article: "Will a Single Global Currency boost worlwide business" Interview by Ted di Stefano. in E-Commerce Times.
Excerpts from the article...
"In a world with a single global currency, managed by a Global Central Bank within a Global Monetary Union, there will be no foreign exchange and no multi-currency fluctuations, just as there are now no such fluctuations between Finland and France or between Maine and Michigan," said Morrison Bonpasse, president of the Single Global Currency Association.
7 April 2011 Article: "Is the world headed toward a Single Global Currency?" Interview of Morrison Bonpasse, President of Single Global Currency Assn. by Ted di Stefano in E-Commerce Times.
Excerpts from the article...
"The world would implement a single global currency by expanding existing monetary unions, by folding them into a single global currency. The Single Global Currency can be said to exist when these currency consolidation trends create one currency for countries representing approximately 40-50 percent of the world's GDP. After that, we will have passed a "tipping point," and the remaining countries will clamor to join."
4 March 2011. Essay "The Uncertain Future: The World in 2111 (Part II) by Former Polish Deputy Prime Minister, Grzegorz Kolodko, excerpted in "The Globalist" from his book. Truth, Errors, and Lies: Politics and economics in a Volatile World.
Excerpt from the article....
[In 2111]...The American currency will be the world’s third choice. The main reserve currency will be the yuan, which will also circulate in several other Asian and African countries. The euro will be in second place. Not only will it last out the century, but it will circulate in more than 50 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.
The "global," our world currency, will still be on the drawing board because the world economy won’t yet be rational enough for it. That day may never come, for the same reason that Esperanto never really caught on....
[Note by SGCA: Although currency can be said to be a language, there is no similarity between the fate of Esperanto and the Single Global Currency. The use of the euro across 17 countries and languages, shows that money "talks" beyond language.]
15 February 2011. "Why world needs three global currencies" by C. Fred Bergsten, in the Financial Times.
Excerpts from the Op-Ed. the title of which is valuable...
Many nations have long regarded the dominant international role of the dollar as bestowing an "exorbitant privilege" on the United States. But the privilege has now become a burden. It is time for the United States to anticipate, and begin to build, an era in which there will be several global currencies to rival its own.... The rise of China implies the renminbi will qualify for global currency status whenever it achieves full convertibility and sheds its protective capital controls. In short, the international monetary system is already becoming bipolar, and may soon be tripolar....
The United States should accept this and even promote its acceleration. The goal should be roughly to equate the international positions of the dollar and the euro in the next decade or so, and subsequently to bring the renminbi into the mix along with steady creation of special drawing rights (SDRs)....
These changes would not resolve all the problems of the international monetary system. They would certainly not absolve the United States of the need to get its fiscal house in order. But they would speed up needed rebalancing of the world economy and reduce the risk of future crises.
[Moving to three currencies would be a step in the right direction - toward a Single Global Currency. Each of the three currencies could provide a curency for its respective region. Then, the final merger of currencies could occur.]
4 February 2011 "Here Is The IMF Report Making The Case For A Single Global Currency" at www.minyanville.com by the Minyanville Staff.
Excerpts from the online article...
While global currency news over the past week has largely been focused on China pushing the yuan as a potential global reserve currency replacement for the U.S. dollar, the elephant in the room, always lurking just off to the side in the corner, is the seemingly inevitable move toward a single world currency. The idea is not a new one. Proposals for a single world currency are as old as the 1500s when paper money was very limited in supply.
But the question of a global currency, often posed without answer as a component of hysterical conspiracy theories, is an interesting one. The International Monetary Fund last April provided an in-depth look at why a transition to a global currency might make sense, and the steps necessary to achieve it.
Also, check out the site, singleglobalcurrency.org, which is, as the name implies, dedicated to moving toward a single world currency: "The Single Global Currency Association was incorporated in June, 2003 in the U.S. State of Maine.
30 January 2011 Letter to the Economist by ghaliban supports Single Global Currency, in comment to article: "The rise of the redback - China will have to open its financial market if it wants the yuan to rival the dollar"
The letter begins...
Tthe only rational long-term solution for the world is to have a single global currency, minted by the IMF (which is owned equally by countries) with a strict mandate for notes and coins to increase only at the rate of global nominal GDP, and with 100% reserve banking with current accounts (which should be non-interest bearing) fully backed up by reserves. Anyone wishing to earn interest or dividend on their savings should be required to invest through financial mutual funds, which play the role of financial intermediation.
16 January 2011. SGCA Comment to Paul Krugman critique of the euro in the NY Times Magazine, "Can Europe Be Saved?"
The SGCA comment by Morrison Bonpasse begins...
The euro is now the currency for 17 countries, and more countries are in the application process. Isn't that a vote of confidence in the euro?
Paul Krugman cites Iceland's economic difficulties as a support for his gloom about the euro, but Iceland's crash began with currency and interest rate problems. Krugman does well to compare Iceland to Brooklyn, but he should have concluded that just as Brooklyn doesn't need its own currency, Iceland doesn't either. In my book, "The Single Global Currency, Common Cents for the World," I compared Iceland to Pittsburgh for the same reason. In fact, Iceland is exploring an application to join the eurozone, which makes a lot of cents.
It was a matter of time before the markets determined that bond prices should vary for countries according to the risk of repayment by individual countries. Greece and others are higher risks, so they are paying higher interest rates. This is not a sign of failure for the euro; it's a sign of maturity.
The euro points the way toward the best solution for global currency woes, and the U.S. dollar is a key part of the problem, and that best solution is a Single Global Currency. If 17 countries can use the same currency, why not 193?
1 January 2011 Estonia beomes the 17th eurozone country.
See ABC online article, "Estonia takes on euro" By Europe correspondent Emma Alberici
See article in its entirety....
Estonia has adopted the euro, taking the single currency into the former Soviet Union for the first time.
With a budget deficit representing less than 1 per cent of gross domestic product, Estonia is the most economically sound of all the Eurozone's countries.
Its population of just 1.3 million began using the single currency as economists predicted the euro would fall to parity with the US dollar by the end of the new year.
Estonia, wedged between Russia and Latvia on the Baltic Sea, is the 17th country to adopt the euro.
The country's GDP is worth $18 billion, making it the second smallest euro economy after Malta.
2 October 2010. Estonia to be 17th EMU member on 1 January 2011.
See beginning of related AP article "EU financial bosses praise Estonia" ....
TALLINN, Estonia — European Union officials praised Estonia's budget discipline and said its quick spending crackdown in response to the economic crisis could serve as an example to the wider euro area — a currency bloc it will join in January.
Estonia will become the 17th member of the eurozone and the first from the former Soviet Union. And though it will be the bloc's poorest country, its government has earned respect for tough financial measures.
20 Sept. 2010 "Waking Up To A New Currency" by Alex Newman in the New American.
Excerpts from the article...
If all the advocates of a world fiat currency (a currency not backed by a precious commodity like gold) were to scream at once, workers in world capitals, business centers, colleges, and news media may be deafened. And if global financial elites have their way, America will move quickly toward accepting a planetary fiat currency issued by a world central bank.
Other prominent advocates agree with the Mundell strategy for achieving a world currency managed by a global central bank. “We’ll probably get there by the merger of monetary unions,” explained Morrison Bonpasse, founder and president of the Single Global Currency Association and author of The Single Global Currency: Common Cents for the World, in an interview with The New American. “But there are several possible routes. One is to continue the current regionalization of currencies, to include North America, and creation, expansion and merger of monetary unions; and then combine those currencies into one. Another is for smaller countries to continue to ‘ize’ their nations’ legal tender, as in ‘dollarize’ and ‘euroize.’ … Once the ‘tipping point’ is reached where one currency supports approximately 40-50 percent of the world’s GDP, the movement will accelerate to anoint that currency as the single global currency.” The organization’s target date: 2024....
22 June 2010. "Public sees a future full of promise and peril - 41% foresee a Single Global Currency in 40 years" by the Pew Research Center.
According to the Pew Research Centers recent poll, most Americans (51%) do not expect the adoption of a single global currency in the next 40 years. However, 41% DO expect such a Single Global Currency, and that's good news. One goal for the Campaign for a Single Global Currency is simply to persuade the people of the world that a Single Global Currency is feasible. After that hurdle is crossed, the easy-to-understand benefits will speak for themselves.
28 February 2010. "Head of IMF proposes new reserve currency" by Harry Dunphy, Associated Press in the News Tribune, Tacoma, Washington. See same article at the New York Times
The article begins....
WASHINGTON –
Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the head of the International Monetary Fund, suggested Friday that the organization one day might be called upon to provide countries with a global reserve currency that would serve as an alternative to the U.S. dollar.
"That day has not yet come, but I think it is intellectually healthy to explore these kinds of ideas now," he said in a speech on the future mandate of the 186-nation Washington-based lending organization.
Strauss-Kahn said such an asset could be similar to but distinctly different from the IMF's special drawing rights, or SDRs, the accounting unit that countries use to hold funds within the IMF. It is based on a basket of major currencies.
He said having other alternatives to the dollar "would limit the extent to which the international monetary system as a whole depends on the policies and conditions of a single, albeit dominant, country."
[For the full text of his remarks to the Bretton Woods Committee on 26 February 2010, see "An IMF for the 21st Century" ]
12 January 2010. "How Many Currencies?" by Paul Krugman, in the New York Times.
Excerpts from the article....
The basic idea is that there’s a tradeoff. Having your own currency makes it easier to make necessary adjustments in prices and wages, an argument that goes back to none other than Milton Friedman. As opposed to this, having multiple currencies raises the costs of doing business across national borders.
What determines which side of this tradeoff you should take? Clearly, countries that do a lot of trade with each other have more incentive to adopt a common currency: the euro makes more sense than a currency union between, say, Malaysia and Ecuador....
16 November 2009. "EU States Emerge from the Shelter of a Common Currency" by Peter Wilson in The Australian (13 October)
Excerpts from the article....
" [Milton] Friedman was adamant Europe's common currency could never survive something like the global economic trauma of the past two years.
"When the global economy hits a real bump," he warned, "Europe's internal contradictions will tear (the euro) apart."
The biggest bump in 60 years came not too long after Friedman's death in 2006 and it has not even dented the euro's standing on the continent, instead leaving policymakers and economists across Europe wondering what would have become of countries such as Ireland and Greece if they had still been relying on the Irish punt and the Greek drachma.
The governments in Athens and Dublin concede they would have been in dire shape without the common currency."
3 November 2009. E-Commerce Times published interview by Ted di Stefano with Morrison Bonpasse, "Folding the US Into a Single Global Currency"
An excerpt from the interview:
di Stefano: "What should replace the U.S. dollar?"
Bonpasse: "Very simply, a single global currency, managed by a Global Central Bank within a Global Monetary Union, should succeed the dollar. Such a currency should incorporate the U.S. dollar and not just push it aside, as the dollar did to the UK pound in the 20th century. The model for the dollar's future incorporation into a monetary union was the role of the Deutschmark in the formation of the European Monetary Union.
We do not need yet another global currency, whether reserve or not. What we need is a global monetary system which will provide monetary stability, and that stability cannot be achieved in a multicurrency system. By definition, in a multicurrency system there are unpredictable currency fluctuations and risky global imbalances."
21 September 2009. Chinese bestselling novel includes Single Global Currency by 2024.
The Reuters article, China bestseller sees plots and profit in financial crisis , by Chris Buckley, begins....
BEIJING (Reuters) - A disaster worse than the financial crisis will engulf the world, predicts China's latest financial bestseller, and its author is preparing to profit from the turmoil. But that profit will not be in U.S. dollars.
In "Currency Wars 2", Song Hongbing claims a shadowy global elite will introduce a single world currency around 2024, tossing the dollar into the dustbin, condemned by loose-spending Washington policies and the waning dominance of the West....
14 September 2009. UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) calls for new global currency. See UNCTAD 2009 Trade and Development Report
The Bloomberg article by Jonathan Tirone begins...
The dollar's role in international trade should be reduced by establishing a new currency to protect emerging markets from the �confidence game� of financial speculation, the United Nations said.
UN countries should agree on the creation of a global reserve bank to issue the currency and to monitor the national exchange rates of its members, the Geneva-based UN Conference on Trade and Development said today in a report.
6 September 2009. In the Bloomberg article "Stiglitz Says U.S. Economic Recovery May Not Be �Sustainable� " , Michael McKee wrote:
Stiglitz, who is a member of a United Nations commission that will study the global financial system and currency regimes, said �the logic is compelling� for a new global currency.
The current system creates instability, weakens global confidence, and is fundamentally unfair to developing countries that are in essence lending the U.S. trillions of dollars and bearing the risk, he said.
�In most quarters, there is a feeling we should move away from the dollar system. The question is do we do it in an orderly way, or a chaotic way,� Stiglitz said. �The size of the deficit and the size of the balance sheet of the Fed have just increased the anxiety and the desire that something be done.�
While some think it would hurt the U.S. to no longer be able to borrow cheaply in dollars, �that era is over,� he said. �We're moving to a more multi-polar world.�
10 July 2009. "Russian President Dmitry Medvedev pulls new world currency from his pocket" in the Telegraph, UK.
The article begins...
Russia's President, Dmitry Medvedev, pulled the world's new currency from his pocket at the meeting of G8 leaders in the Italian city of Aquila.
Mr Medvedev, who has been seeking ways to displace the dollar as the world's dominant reserve currency, produced a sample coin of what he described as a 'united future world currency'."Here it is," Mr Medvedev said, according to Bloomberg. "You can see it and touch it." The coin, which was minted in Belgium, was presented to all the G8 leaders attending the summit and bears the words 'unity in diversity.'
[The coin was produced by the United Future World Currency organization. See the enlarged image .]
1 July 2009. Kimberly Amadeo reviews The Single Global Currency - Common Cents for the World (2009 Edition) in www.about.com:US Economy
Excerpts from the review:
"A clearly-written and thorough overview of all issues related to foreign exchange, history of money, and the need for a single global currency.
Pros
Provides a detailed argument for a global currency.
Describes clearly how the foreign exchange market works.
Recounts the history of money and foreign exchange.
Well documented with many helpful reference resources.
Easy to read.
At 500 pages, is probably intimidating to many readers.
Biased towards a single global currency.
Guide Review - Book Review
This is a thorough explanation of the history of the multicurrency system and the costs of maintaining a multiple exchange rate system. First on the list are currency speculators, who impact the value of money for their own personal profit. Second are the costs of currency transactions, for businesses, governments and individuals, especially travelers. It is well-researched and provides useful resources for additional reading. This book also covers the current conversation by economists around the single global currency debate.
It is, however, biased. Readers who are looking for a thorough discussion of why a single global currency should not be instituted will need to look elsewhere."
30 June 2009. Laurence Brahm column in South China Morning Post, "Fellow Bric road" mentions Single Global Currency Assn.
Excerpt from the column....
"While it may be premature to adopt a gloal currency, as suggested by some economists such as Joseph Stiglitz, the idea does seem to have some momentum. 'The Bric countries can lead the world toward global monetary stability by supporting the researching and planning for the next global currency to replace the US dollar,' said Morrison Bonpasse, president of the Single Global Currency Association, a US think tank. Mr. Bonpasse believes that 'when such a single global currency supports a number of countries with 40-50 percent of the world's GDP, the 'tipping point' will have been reached and other countries will join quickly' ."
12 June 2009. "Let us roll out the euro to the whole Union" by Marcin Piatkowski and Krzysztof Rybinski in the Financial Times.
Excerpts from the column...
"The big bang eurozone expansion would not complicate monetary management in the eurozone, since the combined GDP of all eurozone candidate countries in central and eastern Europe amounts to less than 10 per cent of the eurozone's GDP. Equality of treatment would also be adhered to; after all, many of the original eurozone members have not fully met the entry criteria, in letter or in spirit.
Expansion would strengthen the eurozone, as new members would provide impetus for reforms such as strengthening fiscal co-ordination, integrating financial markets and creating the world's largest, most liquid bond market. Candidate countries do not just want to enter the eurozone; they want to become part of the most successful global currency area...."
11 June 2009. "Volcker says US growth possible this year but strong recovery unlikely; 'long slog' in store" by Joe McDonald, AP, in Los Angeles Times.
Excerpt from the article...
"Volcker expressed support for a global currency, which he called "the ultimate logic of a globalized financial system." China and Russia have called for such a currency to replace the dominant dollar, but Volcker gave no opinion on any individual proposal...."
8 June 2009. "IMF Says New Reserve Currency to Replace Dollar Is Possible" by Alexander Nicholson in Bloomberg.
The article begins....
The International Monetary Fund said it's possible to take the �revolutionary� step of creating a new global reserve currency to replace the dollar over time.
The IMF's so-called special drawing rights could be used as the basis for a new currency, First Deputy Managing Director John Lipsky told a panel discussing reserve currencies at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum today.
�There are many, many attractions in the long run to such an outcome,� Lipsky told a panel discussing reserve currencies at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum today. �But this is not a quick, short or easy decision,� he said, adding that it would be �quite revolutionary.�
The SDRs would have to be delinked from other currencies and issued by an international organization with equivalent authority to a central bank in order to become liquid enough to be used as a reserve, he said.
As much as 70 percent of the world's currency reserves are held in dollars, according to the IMF, leading to calls for nations to diversify their cashpiles to avoid excessive exposure to the U.S. economy as it quadruples its budget deficit in a bid to counter the worst recession since the Great Depression.
16 May 2009. New Brunswick Business Journal columnist, Colin Dodds, terms the Single Global Currency a "bolder initiative" in article, "Can China Save the World Economy?"
Dodds is the president of St. Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and he wrote....
"A bolder initiative is that advanced by the Single Global Currency
Association for a monetary union of the world and a global central bank by 2024. This concept for a single global currency has received a lot of support from eminent economists and readers may wish to check out the Association's website at www.singleglobalcurrency.org .
11 May 2009. Michael Grunwald writes in Time Magazine, "With his dramatic plans to restructure Wall Street and Detroit, overhaul health care and create a clean-energy economy, Obama is certainly taking political risks, even if he hasn't gotten around to replacing the almighty dollar with some new, one-world currency the black-helicopter crowd keeps warning about." [emphasis added here]
Article: "Republicans in Distress: Is the Party Over?"
[Has the Single Global Currency now become so inevitable that it's a project that President Obama "hasn't gottten around to?"]
6 May 2009. Fox commentator, Sean Hannity, presents idea of Single Global Currency in "Obama Plucking Tree of Liberty Bare"
An excerpt from his statement....
"And their free trade agreements with Colombia and South Korea. When China reportedly considered pushing for a single global currency, the president said he opposed it. Only to have his own treasury secretary leave that door open, sending our dollar into a freefall in one afternoon." [emphasis added here]
14 April 2009. Citizen and Attorney Grayson Brown writes letter to the Advocate in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US: "A possible solution to meltdown":
An excerpt from the letter....
"World currency accounts must balance out. Thus, if all countries (other than the United States) run a currency account surplus, then the United States, as the country of the reserve currency, must have a deficit of equal amount. There lies the problem.
The Internet bubble of the 1990s and the housing boom of the 2000s allowed the United States to maintain full employment demand in the face of a staggering trade deficit. That trend, unfortunately, is played out. What is the solution? Consideration should be given to transforming the International Monetary Fund into a global central bank (such as the Federal Reserve System is for the United States)." (emphasis added here.)
24 March 2009. "Obama dismisses idea of a Single Global Currency" from Reuters by Lesley Wroughton and David Lawder.
The article begins....
WASHINGTON, March 24 (Reuters) - U.S. President Barack Obama and his top two economic officials on Tuesday dismissed suggestions by emerging economic powers that the world move away from using the dollar as the world's main reserve currency.
"I don't believe that there's a need for a global currency," Obama told a prime-time televised news conference, adding that the dollar is "extraordinarily strong right now".
24 March 2009. CHINA SUPPORTS NEW GLOBAL CURRENCY
Many articles....
New York Times, by David Barboza, "China Urges New Money Reserve to Replace Dollar"
Excerpts...
the head of its central bank has called for the eventual creation of a new international currency reserve to replace the dollar .
In a paper released Monday, Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the People's Bank of China, said a new currency reserve system controlled by the International Monetary Fund could prove more stable and economically viable....
Mr. Zhou said the goal of reforming the international monetary system was to "create an international reserve currency that is disconnected from individual nations and is able to remain stable in the long run."
27 February 2009. "Would a Single Global Currency Have Helped Cool the Meltdown?" in E-Commerce Times by Ted di Stefano, in interview with Morrison Bonpasse.
Di Stefano introduces the interview...
"The financial world is looking for ways rebuild people's trust and confidence in markets, and Morrison Bonpasse sees a future for a single global currency. "The movement of vast amounts of money around the world to avoid currency risk is not productive," he told E-Commerce Times columnist Theodore F. di Stefano."
The article was republished in:
6 February 2009. Professor Hossein Askari of George Washington University writes in Asia Times, "Wanted - a world central bank"
Excerpts from the article...
The only sure way to stabilize the world economy is to create a world central bank and a return to a single reserve currency....
The single reserve currency would circulate along with other currencies as a mean of payments. The world central bank should have a strict and primary obligation to follow a fixed rule and would not be allowed to adopt discretionary policies. Its role would be only to provide a safe and stable reserve currency, and not the achievement of full employment for the world economy.
26 January 2009. Professor Michael Boskin of Stanford and the Hoover Institution asks the right question, "Why not create a single global currency...?" in his article in the Guatamala Times, "The Euro at Ten"
The article begins...
When a group of individual currencies is replaced by a single currency, as the Deutsche mark, French franc, Italian lira, Spanish peseta, and others were by the euro, there are two primary benefits: lower transaction costs and greater transparency.
And then asks the question...
What, then, of the costs? Why don't all nations join currency areas, or why not create a single global currency, as Nobel laureate Robert Mundell suggests?
[After looking at some costs, and not all the benefits, Prof. Boskin concludes that the world is not yet ready for a Single Global currency - but what about starting the resarch and planning NOW?]
24 January 2009. Jeremy Warner writes in The Independent (UK) that "The only long term solution is a world currency...", in article, "Exchange Rates Reignite Fears of Protectionism"
The column begins...
Outlook: Exchange rate worries swept back on to the international agenda this week with a leading financier opining that the pound was "finished", various eurozone nations expressing concern over sterling's dramatic devaluation, the new US Treasury Secretary accusing the Chinese of "manipulating" their currency to prevent it appreciating against the dollar, and the Japanese hinting at renewed currency intervention to stop the yen rising any further.
Then, Warner concludes:
The only long-term solution is a world currency, but given that nations cannot yet agree even on climate change and trade, let alone war and peace, a global currency would seem rather a long way off.
[See COMMENT by the Single Global Currency Assn.]
1 January 2009. "Slovakia becomes 16th country to adopt the euro" from the Associated Press.
The article begins...
BRATISLAVA, Slovakia (AP) � Slovak banks did brisk business as they opened on New Year's Day for a very special occasion � issuing euros to citizens eager to get their hands on the country's new currency.
The small alpine nation on Thursday became the 16th country to adopt the European Union's euro � a currency that also celebrated its 10th birthday this New Year's Day. With the addition of Slovakia, the euro currency will be used by 330 million people with an annual gross domestic product of more than 4 trillion euros ($5.6 trillion).
The decision by this country of 5.4 million people to join the eurozone and abandon the Slovak koruna appears even wiser now amid the global financial crisis, as other European countries have seen their currencies severely buffeted....
30 December 2008. Wall Street Journal Editorial "The Euro Decade and its Lessons"
About a Single Global Currency, the Journal said....
"For Mr. Mundell -- and former Fed Chairman Paul Volcker -- the lessons point to the eventual need for a single global currency. That may be a political leap too far. But the world could still harness the benefits of exchange-rate stability if its political and economic leaders began to discuss how better to coordinate monetary policy. Mr. Mundell suggests, for starters, a mechanism for close coordination among the Fed, the ECB, and the Banks of England, China and Japan....
The decade of the euro has demonstrated that there is an alternative to the instability and volatility of the era of floating exchange rates that began with the collapse of Bretton Woods in 1971. It's time to build on that lesson for the good of free markets and global prosperity."
[To this editorial, the Single Global Currency Assn. added this COMMENT observed, "If 16 countries can use the sme currency, whiy not 192?"]
3 December. "Spur pluralistic monetary system steadily" from the Peoples Daily Online, China.
Excerpts from the article...
...As a matter of course, the settlement mechanism with the adjustment of a single world currency cannot be accomplished overnight, but has to be materialized gradually and steadily with an incessant rise in the strength of these new-emerging economics and along with an active support from of the U.S. and other developed nations
3 December. Charles Scaliger in the New American, "Looking Beyond the Global Economic Summit" with critical reference to the Single Global Currency
Excerpts from the article...
It's a safe bet that all of the parties are in substantial agreement on the need for a global central bank, a new global currency beholden to no one national government or central bank, and a global financial regulatory body or bodies.
The most radical proposal likely to emerge at future summits - once the public worldwide, and especially in the United States, has been sufficiently conditioned - is a new global currency, possibly only for use in international transactions, at least at first. A single world currency was a major unmet goal at Bretton Woods, with the dollar becoming the global money standard instead.
1 December 2008. "Several Countries are Rethinking the Euro" by Carter Dougherty in the New York Times.
Excerpts from the article...
COPENHAGEN: The deepest financial crisis since the Great Depression has prompted countries that had snubbed the euro to take a fresh look at the virtues of the common European currency....
At its core, the convulsions in financial markets encompass a "flight to quality," the term investors use to describe a sudden shift of money out of potentially risky assets into the safest possible assets, one of which has been the euro, and investments denominated in euros.
This dynamic has played out quickly...."
[There was no mention of the how a Single Global Currency will SOLVE this problem, permanently.]
20 November 2008. Katherine Austin Fitts writes of the G20 conference at Solari.com. Statement From G-20 Summit: In English
She wrote, inter alia:
"We will continue the move toward one world government and one world currency."
In response, Morrison Bonpasse of the Single Global currency Assn., wrote,
"As one part of the solution to the current and longstanding global financial instability, the world is moving to a Single Global Currency, managed by a Global Central Bank within a Global Monetary Union. Ms. Fitts may disagree with that trend, but the world will be better and less risky for it."
30 October 2008. Iain Macwhirter supports new currency options in "Europe's Looming Crisis" the New Statesman.
Macwhirter wrote, " Ultimately, what is needed is an international central bank with the resources to provide liquidity guarantees, recapitalise banks and regulate international financial flows. This is an immense task, and the world may not yet be ready for it. But it is not a new idea: John Maynard Keynes argued for precisely this during the Bretton Woods negotiations in 1944. He even suggested a world reserve currency 'bancor'. This is the kind of thinking we need today."
25 October 2008. Jeffrey Garten of the Yale School of Management, calls for Global Central Bank in article in Newsweek, "We Need a Bank of the World"
He wrote, " In the future, a global central bank is needed to oversee the rudderless global financial system....
A new institution could have influence over key exchange rates, and might lead a new monetary conference to realign the dollar and the yuan, for example, for one of its first missions would be to deal with the great financial imbalances that hang like a sword over the world economy."
8 October 2008. "Calls grow for a new model for global trade" in the Boston Globe, by Robert Weisman.
Excerpt from the article...
"It also could mark the start of an effort to overhaul the global financial system conceived at the 1944 summit in Bretton Woods, N.H., which set the rules of international commerce for industrial countries.
That model, developed in an era of slower communications and simpler financial transactions, has proved inadequate to govern today's rapid flow of capital across borders. The World Bank's president, Robert Zoellick, this week called for a "new multilateralism."
"We're going to have to build new international financial institutions," said Joseph L. Bower, a professor at Harvard Business School. "Bretton Woods was relatively primitive. We live in a world where trillions of dollars are moved around the globe daily. No one at Bretton Woods imagined that."....
26 August 2008. "Nobel Laureate Mundell Predicts Dollar to Reach $1.30 Per Euro" by Simon Kennedy at Bloomberg.
Excerpts from the article....
Aug. 22 (Bloomberg) -- Nobel economics laureate Robert Mundell predicted the dollar will climb to about $1.30 per euro in the next year as the U.S. economy rebounds....
In a presentation to a conference of Nobel winners and young researchers, Mundell today said the dollar's long-term trend remains down as U.S. indebtedness grows and more dollars are held abroad. The U.S. currency's next decline will push it below this year's record low, he said.
As the dollar falls, it may eventually be replaced as the world's chief currency, paving the way toward a single global currency, he said.
"The dollar era will last until the U.S. is replaced by the next superpower,'' he said, noting China's economy could surpass the U.S. in size by 2030. "My hope, if not my expectation, is that the beginnings of a new international monetary system could be made at the time of the World Fair in Shanghai in 2010.''
25 August 2008. The International Economy publishes its Spring 2008 issue, "The Dollar Issue," with the significant article, "The Next Great Global Currency"
The article presented the responses of 55+ prominent political people and economists to the question: "Ten years from now, what will be the next great global currency?"
Most predicted the dollar, and some the euro and even a few the yuan. However, the most accurate two respondents were:
HANNES ANDROSCH, Former Austrian Finance Minister and Head of Creditanstalt-Bankverein, who said, "I suspect questions about currency blocs or lead currencies will naturally resolve into the emergence of a world currency."
ALLEN SINAI, Chief Global Economist and President, Decision Economics, said, "Markets will first identify those currencies and commodities most favored that will be part of the 'next great global currency,' not a single currency such as the dollar has been, but a basket reflecting the new and emerging realities of global economic wealth and power. A defined currency bloc would follow."
23 August 2008. "One World, One Money," by Carl Teichrib at the website for "Forcing Change" , a monthly intelligence journal and a division of Globalization International in Manitoba, Canada.
Teichrib reviewed the progress toward a Single Global Currency, including the work of the Single Global Currency Assn., and shares his concern of excessive concentrated power in a Global Central Bank.
20 August 2008. "Slovak mint starts production of euro coins" by Lucia Kubosova in Eu Observer.
The article begins.....
Slovakia's mint has started manufacturing euro coins as the country prepares to join the 15-strong monetary union on 1 January 2009.
Some 500 million coins weighing 2,406 tonnes began to be produced at a speed of 750 coins per minute at the Mint in Kremnica on Tuesday (19 August) in a run to last till the end of the year, the state company's spokesman, Jaroslav Setnicky, told reporters....
19 August 2008. In The New Nation, "The dollar's reign coming to an end." by Chandra Muzaffar.
Excerpts from the article....
One of the most significant trends in the global economy in recent years has been the decline of the US dollar. It is a trend that has far reaching consequences for all the inhabitants of this planet....
Shouldn't we start working now - even if it takes a few decades - towards a common world currency which is not linked to any particular nation or region that can be used for international trade? Why shouldn't we let our imagination run ahead of reality at a time like this? [emphasis added here.]
17 August 2008. "Southern African countries launch free trade zone" from the AFP, online.
Excerpts from the article....
Southern African countries launched a regional trade zone at a summit on Sunday that aims to eliminate import tariffs, with plans for a common currency by 2018.
Eleven of the 14 countries that are part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) will participate in the free trade area...
The free trade area precedes a customs union planned by 2010, a common market by 2015, monetary union by 2016, and a single currency by 2018.
11 August 2008. In Interview in Broker Deal Journa l, Former Federal Reserve Chair, Alan Grenspan, stated his view of the Single Global Currency.
He was asked, �Do you believe we will go to one global currency in five decades?� and Mr. Greenspan responded, �No, I doubt it.�
In response, SGCA President Morrison Bonpasse an online "Comment" that began,"His answer, �No, I doubt it," is most certainly wrong. He joins the ranks of national economists who doubted the euro would be established and then doubted that it would succeed. Rather than settling for doubt, he could help advance the cause of worldwide monetary stability by urging that research and planning be initiated for the Single Global Currency. For starters, there should be a comprehensive study of the Costs and Benefits of a Single Global Currency."
21 June 2008. "An Economist Who Matters - The weekend interview: with Robert Mundell" by Kyle Wingfield in the Wall Street Journal.
Excerpts from the article....
...As for the euro's overvalued status, he forecasts deflation in Europe, along with a slowdown and an end to its housing boom. The answer, he suggests, is for the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank to cooperate in putting a floor and a ceiling on both the euro and the dollar. "You have to grope" to the appropriate range, he maintains, but a good starting point would be to keep the euro between 90 cents and $1.30.
Even better, in his mind - and now we're really talking long term - would be to have a global currency. This could take the form of a new money or a dominant existing one to which all others are fixed - probably the dollar. "As Paul Volcker says," Mr. Mundell relates, "the global economy needs a global currency."
To get there, he proposes holding a new, Bretton Woods-type meeting in 2010 at the Shanghai World's Fair. Mr. Mundell, who has been spending "a lot of time" in China advising the government, says reviving an international system of fixed exchange rates would be a tremendous help to Beijing as it tries to fend off demands from U.S. and European politicians that it appreciate or float its currency. ...
Another part of his solution is for Asian countries to form their own currency bloc. If they did so, he says, "it'd be comparable in size to the European and the American bloc. And then it would not be so much the question of . . . the U.S. and Europe bashing China" or other rising economies.
These three currency blocs, he predicts, would be large enough to weather wide swings in their exchange rates. But the swings would still do economic damage, so "the best thing you could do is to stabilize them, and that's where the global currency comes in."
Could it happen? Mr. Mundell allows that three decades may pass, but predicts that like the euro and the Reagan revolution before it, the global currency's time, too, will come. Any skeptics might want to review the last few decades before betting against him.
18 June 2008. "Experts embrace a currency union" from AME, about the GCC 08 Conference, with presentation by Single Global Currency Assn.
Excerpts from the article...
In a joint presentation, Mr. Russell Krueger, on leave from the International Monetary Fund, and Mr. Erwin Nierop, Senior Official from the European Central Bank, focused on the efforts in many regions to create currency unions. They spoke about how the economies of the countries joining the union could be affected, the legal framework, and the process of changeover.
'An impressive line up of speakers at the GCC Currency Forum 08 raised expert debate about the economic and banking developments required to converge the currencies' said, Allard Marx, Managing Director INCIDE, the consulting firm that registered a world currency sign in 2002. He emphasised on the implementation and acceptance of such a major change and to show how the process could be helped by visualising an outcome ahead of time.
(See also, "Latest News" "Latest news" on this website.)
17 June 2008. "Despite Irish Vote, the Euro Remains Strong" by Mark Landler in the New York Times
Excerpts from the article...
But the angst has not spilled into the currency markets, where the euro � perhaps the most tangible symbol of European unity � rose against the dollar Monday, the first full day of trading since the results of the Irish vote were announced.
That is a marked change from three years ago, when the rejection of a proposed European constitution by France and the Netherlands deeply rattled the euro. At that time, some experts questioned whether the currency could survive without a more unified Europe.
Few people are saying that today, a testimony not only to the resilience of the euro but also to a widening belief that the European monetary union can function without an accompanying political union.
�Any poll in Ireland would show massive support for the euro, but not for political integration,� said Philip R. Lane, professor of international macroeconomics at Trinity College in Dublin. �The question is, do you need political integration for a functioning monetary union?�
The answer, for the most part, is no, said Professor Lane, adding that �monetary policy is essentially a technical exercise, when delegated to an independent central bank.�
10 June 2008. "Time Overdue for a World Curency" by Hossein Askari and Noureddine Krichene in Asia Times.
Excerpts from this groundbreaking article...
A world central bank is becoming a necessity in a global economy. Such an independent central bank, not subject to the political whims of a particular government, would be more likely to apply orthodox and safe central banking. Contrary to any country's central bank, a world central bank would have no obligation to accommodate budgetary deficits, war spending, domestic wage and price rigidities, speculative asset bubbles, or rescue ailing domestic banks. Its law should be as meticulously applied as any constitutional law of a Western democracy....
The world currency note will circulate along with national currencies, serve as a reserve asset, and become part of the international payments system.
By becoming a full-fledged reserve asset, a world currency would cushion the real value of international reserves against inflationary policies of reserve currency centers and wide fluctuations in exchange rates....
3 June 2008. "Dollar crisis looms, China ponders reform-Mundell" by Jason Webb, Reuters.
Excerpt from the article....
"What you need to have is an International Monetary Fund that's going to take some of these excess dollars, put them into a substitution account inside the IMF or some other institution and then use that and create what is a new international currency," said Mundell.
"This kind of proposal would be very acceptable inside China. The Chinese are thinking in terms of this," he said.
1 June 2008. Ezine article by Hans Bool, "Towards a Single Global Currency?"
The article begins...
Some initiatives or ideas count on direct acceptance. Then the problem is: how do we do it, is the project feasible? Other ideas might be feasible but count on resistance from the day they get announced. To me, a single global currency would fall in the second category.
I was just imagining how the financial crises would evolve when there was only one global currency and one central bank. It could have been better, but it also could have been worse.
In my opinion a single global currency is both not feasible nor desirable.
[Hans Bool gets credit for at least thinking about the idea of a Single Global Currency even if his conclusions are short sighted.]
26 May 2008. "South America eyes common currency" from Thomson Financial News at Forbes online.
The article begins....
BRASILIA (Thomson Financial) - South America is thinking of creating a common currency and a central bank along the lines of those in the European Union's euro-zone, Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said Monday.
The idea is a logical next step following the signing last Friday of a teaty creating a Union of South American States that aims to promote joint regional customs and defense policies, Lula said during his weekly radio broadcast.
8 May 2008. "Slovakia gets the go-ahead to adopt the euro" by Carter Dougherty, International Herald Tribune.
The article begins....
The European Commission on Wednesday approved the application of Slovakia to adopt the euro as its currency on Jan. 1, 2009, completing a fast and furious transformation that brought the small country from dictatorship to thriving market economy in less than a decade.
Slovakia will become the 16th country using the euro.
8 April 2008. Harvard Professor and former IMF Chief Economist Kenneth Rogoff writes article in the Lebanon Daily Star, "Has the moment come to replace the U.S. dollar?"
Excerpts from the article...
Of course, if the dollar were to fall off its perch as the world's dominant currency any time soon, the euro would be the only serious alternative. The yuan may well supplant the dollar in the second half of this century....
As central bankers and finance ministers ponder how to intervene to prop up the dollar, they should also start thinking about what to do when the time comes to pull the plug.
3 April 2008. "The Fed's Revolution" Article in BusinessWeek by Peter Coy and Michael Mandel contains Paul Volcker comment re: Single Global Currency.
Excerpt from the article......
The possibility that a primarily domestic crisis could quickly become global highlights the need for international cooperation. Former Fed Chairman Paul A. Volcker, who broke the back of high inflation in the early 1980s, told BusinessWeek on Mar. 19: "If you have a closely integrated world economy with free trade and free movements of capital, the logical complement of that is a global currency."
21 March 2008. See COMMENTING ARTICLES (PRO AND CON) at www.helium.com on Barry marcus's article below (17 March 2008).
17 March 2008. E-Article by Barry Marcus at Helium.com "Could a single global currency work?"
The article begins...
"A single global currency has a few advantages over the current system of 190 separate currencies in circulation in the world. The first of these is that it would eliminate huge volumes of global currency trading and the considerable costs associated with this. Currency speculation which has at times resulted in quite spectacular currency fluctuations would become a thing of the past. Of course it follows that currency fluctuations would end. It can also be expected to bring about greater stability to world trading conditions.... "
[See Barry Marcus's blog for more articles and thoughts about currency and the Single Global Currency.]
25 January 2008. In "The Dollar's Decline: An Expert Speaks Out" Ted di Stefano interviews Morrison Bonpasse in E-Commerce Times.
The interview begins with two questions....
Ted di Stefano: Why do you and others support the creation of a single global currency?
Morrison Bonpasse: Briefly, it will save the world the equivalent of trillions of dollars and greatly reduce the risks to the international economy currently posed by the existing multi-currency system.
di Stefano: How would it save the world trillions of dollars?
Bonpasse: The most straightforward savings would come from the elimination of foreign exchange trading. Currently, the equivalent of US$4.2 trillion per working day is traded. This costs the world approximately $400 billion per year. Other savings would come from the elimination of the need to maintain low-return foreign exchange reserves....
December 2007. Cover Story in Global Finance: "Universal Currency Could Hold Key To Stability And Growth" by Gordon Platt.
The article begins....
The success of the euro has fueled interest in a plan for global monetary union that could end currency crises and boost world trade.
For decades there has been a groundswell of opinion developing in support of a single global currency. With the success of the euro, a project that many observers expected to end in embarrassing and costly failure, the pressure to create a global currency is only increasing.
The benefits from a universal currency would be enormous, its proponents say. An estimated $400 billion a year in foreign-exchange transaction costs would be eliminated. There would be no currency fluctuations or currency crises. There would be no need for central banks to hold foreign currency reserves, which hang like a sword of Damocles over the markets as central banks and sovereign wealth funds shift their massive holdings.
With a single global currency, prices worldwide would be denominated in the same unit and could be easily compared....
13 November 2007. Speech by Nicholas Garganas, Governor of the Bank of Greece, "Does One Size Fit All?" The speech was given at the Central Bank of Chile on 12 October 2007.
He concluded....
"To conclude, the euro area has indeed come a long way. The success of the single currency has demonstrated that one size can fit all. Such has been the success of the euro area that it has given rise to considerations, still at an early stage, of regional currency arrangements in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Nevertheless, much more needs to be done to ensure that the euro area becomes a more dynamic force for growth in the global economy on a sustainable basis. It is my view that the experience of the euro area to date only serves to highlight the fact that a currency union requires more flexibility in factor and product markets, and greater competition than do independent monetary areas. Flexible markets and strict fiscal rules are not just superfluous conditions for members of a monetary union. They are necessities that make monetary union work by providing the adjustment mechanisms that the one size fits all monetary policy cannot." [emphasis added here]
9 November 2007. Canadian party advocates common currency with U.S. from Reuters.
The article begins....
OTTAWA, Nov 7 (Reuters) - A political party that advocates the separation of Quebec from Canada pushed on Wednesday for a union of the two North American dollars as a way of easing the pressure on exporters from the surging Canadian currency.
Paul Crete, the lead finance spokesman for the separatist Bloc Quebecois, which elects members to Canada's Parliament only from Quebec, said the manufacturing and forestry sectors were already struggling with an economic crisis and did not need big swings in the Canadian-U.S. exchange rate to add to their woes.
"Adoption of a common currency would make the life of our exporters a lot easier," he said.
Morrison Bonpasse of the Single Global Currency Assn. attempted to post the comment below on the version of the story appearing on Canada YAHOO!
Instead of monetary union with the U.S., Canada would do more for itself and the world by supporting a Single Global Currency, managed by a Global Central Bank within a Global Monetary Union. (See www.singleglobalcurrency.org )
The implementation of a Single Global Currency will save the world approximately $400 billion in foreign exchange transaction costs, and will eliminate currency crises and balance of payment problems and eliminate all currency fluctuations.
It's Common Cents.
19 September 2007. According to Poll, "Majority of Poles Want Euro" from www.thenews.pl.
The entire article...
The latest opinion poll conducted by GfK Polonia shows that 59 per cent of Poles are for the replacement of the Polish currency � the zloty - with the Euro and 27 per cent are against.
Seven per cent had no opinion on Poland's accession to the Euro Zone.
More than half of respondents (51 per cent) believe that Euro should be introduced within 4-5 years.
Poles can see the following positive consequences of the introduction of the common currency: easier travel within the Euro Zone (58 per cent), closer association with Europe (28 per cent) and an increase in the number of foreign investments in Poland (27 per cent).
Poles are mainly afraid of an increase in prices in the initial stage (61 per cent), deterioration of families' welfare (47 per cent) and difficulties in getting used to the new currency (46 per cent).
But there was indication that Poles have more to learn about the single currency.
Twenty two per cent do not know what institution is in charge of monetary policy in the Euro Zone and 43 per cent do not know how many states have adopted the common currency.
The opinion poll was conducted among a sample of one thousand respondents above 15 years of age across Poland.
10 September 2007. Ratnam Alagiah, member of the SGCA Board of Directors, writes REVIEW of The Single Global Currency - Common Cents for the World, in the Australian journal, JAMAR, Vol. 5 Number 1, Winter 2007, p. 69. JAMAR is the Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research.
Excerpts from the review...
"... a refreshing approach to the problem in accounting [of fluctuating international currency values] is the introduction of a common currency across the globe. Clearly, the solution lies in not inventing yet other methods in accounting for inflation but to change the very basis of the measurement of transactions. That is, to change the currency. With the implementation of a common currency across the globe, all companies in all countries will use the same currency, and therefore the same measure in recording transactions, based on the same accounting standards...
I recommend the book to all accountants, and challenge accountants to help implement what is the next generation of accounting."
11 August 2007. "Europe Offers Strong Case for Single N. American Currency" by J. Collin Dodds, Halifax News
The article begins....
The concept of a single currency for North America has reared its head again. There is no doubt that a single currency would be more efficient for Canada , as we have close trade and investment relationships with the U.S.
Those engaged in the movement of goods, services and capital cross border would not have to worry as they do now about the short- and long-term volatility of the currencies and the costs of hedging the currency exposure. As we know from recent experience, the Canadian dollar can move sharply on a day-to-day basis and over time, the movement can be very significant, particularly against the U.S. dollar.
27 July 2007. IMF Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato speech: "Capital Flows in an Interconnected World"
He said in his paragraph #5:
Of course, financial globalization also has risks, for investors and for the countries in which they invest. Over the last few months I have on several occasions cautioned about some of these risks: stemming from global imbalances and from increased protectionist sentiment; from carry trades across various currencies; and from the lack of information about the exposure of financial institutions, including hedge funds, in the U.S. sub-prime mortgage market. My aim in drawing attention to these risks is not to predict disruption in global financial markets, but to forestall it. By taking timely action, governments and regulatory authorities in industrial countries can protect their investors and markets. And countries which are the recipients of large capital inflows can protect their economies from the consequences of market disruptions.
[What he didn't say in his presentation is that the best long term way to avoid many international risks is to move to a Single Global Currency managed by a Global Central Bank within a Global Monetary Union. See email to Mr. de Rato from the Single Global Currency Assn. Sergio Cardenas, of the Public Affairs Division of the IMF responded on 6 August 2007. "Dear Mr. Bonpasse,
Thank you for your recent e-mail to Rodrigo de Rato. It has been circulated to the offices of the Managing Director and Deputy Managing Directors, and also to the Monetary and Capital Markets (MCM) and Policy Development and Review (PDR) Departments.
Best regards, Sergio.]
21 July 2007. Ted di Stefano writes "A Single Global Currency" in E-Commerce Times .
Excerpts from the Article...
Of course, no one can predict if or when a worldwide currency consolidation will happen. Presently, we are seeing gathering strength in currency zones such as the dollar, euro and yen. There certainly is consolidation going on because it makes international trade a lot more efficient and seamless.
My best guess is that we'll see more consolidation of currencies, but I wouldn't dare guess when or if we'll see a single global currency. I'll leave that to the mavens like Mr. Morrison Bonpasse. Even if his goal of a single world currency by the year 2024 is optimistic, the prospective benefits warrant further research and planning now, rather than later.
[Ted di Stefano is a member of the Board of Directors of the Single Global Currency Assn, which he fully disclosed in his column.]
19 July 2007. "Mirror of the Boom" Editorial from the New York Sun.
Beginning and ending paragraphs...
These columns are ever ready to raise a cheer at the milestones of American prosperity. New highs in the Dow or in the Manhattan real-estate market are, to us, markers of the progress of the age. Quibbles, we leave to others � though, there is one thing. The yardstick by which these triumphs are measured is getting shorter. The dollar is setting 15-year lows in the world's currency markets....
So while we glory in the soaring New York real estate market and the Dow nipping over 14,000 on intra-day trading, let us not forget the mirror image � the shrinking Bush dollar.
[In response, the Single Global Currency Assn wrote a letter "The Single Global Currency - The long term solution to currency fluctuations" The letter begins, " The long term solution to many of the world's financial problems and risks is to implement a Single Global Currency, within a Global Monetary Union where there will be no such currency fluctuations and no current account imbalances and no currency crises...."]
11 July 2007. National Public Radio (U.S.) interviews Benn Steil for segment, "Is a World Currency Realistic?" (audio file)
The NPR summary:
Morning Edition , July 11, 2007 · In a recent article in Foreign Affairs magazine, economist Benn Steil says most national currencies should be eliminated because they end up being manipulated by politicians, and do more economic harm than good.
The interview begins...
JOHN YDSTIE, host: This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm John Ydstie.
RENEE MONTAGNE, host: And I'm Renee Montagne. Politicians often accuse China of keeping its currency, the yuan, deliberately weak. Sounds like a case for burgernomics. For 20 years, The Economist magazine has published a Big Mac index. Since Big Macs are sold in about 120 countries, the hamburger can be used as a yardstick to compare currency values.
YDSTIE: The undervalued yuan in...
[See SGCA Comment which was sent to NPR through its website utility. Also, the remainder of the 787 word transcript can be purchased from NPR .]
10 July 2007. "Cyprus, Malta to join euro" By AOIFE WHITE in Business Week.
Excerpts from the article...
The European Union gave Cyprus and Malta final approval Tuesday to start using the euro next year, taking to 15 the number of nations sharing the currency.
Diplomats said finance ministers had voted to allow the two tiny Mediterranean nations to join the currency zone on Jan. 1. They were also to set the exchange rate for the Cypriot pound and Maltese lira as the two currencies are swapped for the euro, but details were not immediately available.
Cyprus and Malta will bring just over 1 million people to the 318 million who now use the euro. Their economies account for only 0.2 percent of euro-zone gross domestic product.
Cyprus and Malta worked hard to meet the strict EU economic standards for euro nations, with Cypriot workers agreeing to calm wage demands that could hike inflation while Malta paid off debt to cut its budget deficit below the EU maximum of 3 percent of gross domestic product.
Both entered the European Union in May 2004. Only one other country that joined the EU at the same time -- Slovenia -- has so far adopted the euro.
The largest of the EU newcomers -- Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Romania and Bulgaria -- have yet to set a date. Estonia had originally planned to join next year but will delay membership as its growing economy sees inflation surge, a problem that has also slowed Latvian and Lithuanian plans. Slovakia is scheduled to join in 2009.
To keep their shared currency stable, euro nations are also supposed to keep overall public debt below 60 percent.
2 July 2007. Former U.S. Presidential candidate, Jesse Jackson, urges common currency for Africa. from "A US of Africa must exert moral authority: Jesse Jackson" at www.rawstory.com.
Excerpts from the article...
A United States of Africa which is being debated by the continent's leaders must exert moral authority and address the problems on its doorstep, former US presidential hopeful, Jesse Jackson, said Monday....
Jackson also called on Africa to consider the creation of a common currency as part of any moves to forge closer unity which could carry weight outside the continent.
"They need a common currency. With the exception of the (South African) rand, no African currency has value in the north," he said.
29 June 2007. "IMF managing director De Rato to step down in October" by Peter Kasperowicz, from AFX News, in Forbes.
Excerpts from the article...
WASHINGTON (Thomson Financial) - International Monetary Fund Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato will not serve the full length of his term, and will resign in October, he said in a statement today....
De Rato oversaw a change in IMF policy on currency monitoring that was announced last week, although many critics in the US said he was not aggressive enough in policing undervalued currencies.
[Hopefully, the new Managing Director will want to focus on the long term strategy for the IMF, including the Single Global Currency.]
27 June 2007. Rodrigo de Rato, Managing Director of the IMF, "Expanding world economy is risky business" in the Globe and Mail on 20 June.
Excerpts from the Op-Ed....
The world economy is set to grow again for a historic sixth year, spurred on in no small measure by financial markets and cross-border movements of capital in recent years. But recently risks have been on the rise, particularly in financial markets...
One of our central objectives at the International Monetary Fund is to promote international financial stability. Working with other international bodies, the organization plays a key role in international discussions on these issues, and is deepening its work on them....
As financial globalization grows deeper, so do the risks that turbulence in one country's markets might spill over to others. The IMF is focusing increasingly on mitigating these risks. At the same time, it is also helping to integrate developments in financial markets and the financial sector into economic analysis, with the aim of reducing the frequency and severity of financial crises....
[Mr. de Rato's concern about international financial risk is well-placed, but he has said nothing about a long term plan to reduce that risk - with a Single Global Currency.]
25 June 2007. "Time for a single Caribbean dollar" by Sir Ronald Sanders in the Jamaica Observer.
Excerpts from the column...
Serious attention has to be given to the creation of a single currency by the countries of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom) that earlier this year signed an agreement to establish a single market...
A monetary union and a single currency in the countries of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom) would be a boon to commercial operations in the region from the smallest trader to the largest corporation.
It would also be a delight to multi-destination tourists and to the ordinary Caricom citizen travelling from one country to another.
Caricom countries need look no further than within their seven smaller member states, the countries that comprise the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), to witness some of the benefits of a currency union and single currency.
In the OECS countries, cross-border investment has increased; the currency is the strongest in the region, transaction costs for business is less than they are with other Caricom countries, and the people of the area are able to travel without the burden of having to change their money...
21 June 2007. Bloomberg Columnist, Mark Gilbert, writes of hypothetical move to Single Global Currency, "Granddad, Did You Believe in Central Banks Once?: "
After world financial crises, the boy asked his Granddad ...
"I've been meaning to ask you, Granddad; what are all those funny little rectangles of green paper in that big frame on the wall next to your desk?''
"They're called dollars,'' Granddad said. "We used them to buy things in the olden days. In 2015, a group called the Single Global Currency Association convinced the Bank for International Settlements, which by then was running the world's financial systems, that everyone should switch to one type of money.''
"And they didn't choose the dollar, Granddad?''
"No, Joel. There was a global referendum to make the decision on which currency people wanted. Which is why we now use the yuan all around the world. Anyway, it's getting late. Back to your Mandarin homework, young Master Bernanke.''
19 June 2007. "Rwanda, Burundi sign East African Community deal" by Tim Cocks, Reuters, Africa
The article begins...
KAMPALA (Reuters) - Rwanda and Burundi officially joined the East African Community (EAC) on Monday, signing accession treaties that will expand the regional economic bloc to five nations and boost trade.
Officials said their entry into the EAC, alongside Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, would be effective from July 1.
"I would like to welcome the two new members of the East African Community. We hope to make this combination of five countries a big success," said Kenya's president and outgoing EAC chairman Mwai Kibaki at the signing ceremony.
Rwanda and Burundi hope to benefit from an EAC customs union, which began setting common external tariffs for goods entering the region in January 2005.
The move would also allow the tiny central African neighbours to join a planned political federation, including a common market for the region's combined population of 110 million, a monetary union and a common president and parliament by 2010....
13 June 2007. Indian political party has long supported Single Global Currency. (Now is supports new global calendar, too: See "Uniform global calendar : Dravida Peravai supports uniform global calendar" in Asian Tribune.
Dravida Peravai's party manifesto registered with Election Commission of India advocates single global currency to end the supremacy of dollar.People laughed at it when it was mooted in an article by Nandhivarman in an English weekly New Times Observer in the year 1994.
Europe started with different currencies but today with single currency Euro, Europe has reached a common market, whereas in India we started with single currency namely rupee but we have not become one common market, lamented India's former Finance Minister Yaswant Sinha in a personal meeting with him.
Euro had challenged the might of the dollar regime and the day for single global currency to end economics of speculation is not far off. The next logical step would be to begin with single Asian currency....
13 June 2007. New British Petroleum (BP) Chair mentions "Single Global Currency" in article, "BP chief backs carbon trading"
In an article about a global carbon emissions market, Mr. Tony Hayward said, "Nobody can doubt that financial markets are now global and that there is a global market in equities, commodities, futures, options, foreign exchange and bonds. Yet all these markets started off in individual countries, sometimes just in small localities, and grew up without the need for a single global currency" he said.
[However, he was partially wrong. Even if it is true that finanical globalization is ongoing, there still IS a need for a single global currency. It would make thje world financally safer and more prosperous.]
1 June 2007. "71% of Maltese feel informed about euro" from Maltamedia news.
The article begins....
71% of citizens feel they are "rather well" or "very well-informed" about Malta's changeover to the euro currency. The result emerged from a Eurobarometer survey on the introduction of the euro in the new European Union states.
In the last similar survey held by the European Commission, only 38% felt they were rather well or very well-informed about the currency. The Maltese's increase in self-perceived euro-related knowledge is believed to have come about through the campaign tied to the introduction of the common currency.
However, the self-reported level of information does not necessarily coincide with actual levels of knowledge. Although 71% of Maltese said they were well informed about the euro only a minority at 28%, was able to correctly say how many countries there are in the eurozone . This indicates that citizens appear to be less interested in the global aspects of the European Monetary Union (EMU), though they seem to be content if they are well informed about the changeover scenario.
The survey also found that 98% of Maltese believed the country would adopt the euro currency by 2008....
1 June 2007. Support for Single Global Currency from Investors Daily Edge by Dr. Russell McDougal.
"Sooner or later, I believe we will see a global currency, likely a conglomerate of the dollar, euro, and Asian currencies. It may or may not be backed by anything of substance. Central banks no longer hold silver and their gold holdings are beyond suspect. Power is typically consolidated out of chaos."
31 May 2007. MSNBC "How the little guy can score playing currencies - Foreign-exchange trading is risky; consider trying a mutual fund" by Jeff Brown.
The article begins...
Vacation in Europe this summer and you'll be shocked at what things cost. Today a dollar is worth about 0.74 euros, down sharply from about 1 euro four years ago. The fall has virtually unbroken since early 2006. In fact, the dollar has been losing value against many major currencies since early in the decade.
Most experts blame the U.S. trade and budget deficits, which cause Americans to send dollars overseas, increasing the amount of money in circulation that drives down the price.
The rate at which one currency is exchanged for another is governed by supply and demand in the 24/7 global currency markets, where an estimated $3 trillion changes hands every day through forwards, futures, spot trades and other transactions....
[emphasis added here.]
22 May 2007. "Dodge says single currency 'possible' " by Barrie McKenna in the Globe and Mail.
The article begins...
WASHINGTON -- Bank of Canada Governor David Dodge says North America could one day embrace a euro-style single currency.
But to get there, Canada, the United States and Mexico must first tear down barriers to the free flow of labour, which he pointed out yesterday have "gotten a bit thicker" in recent years.
Answering questions from the audience after a speech in Chicago, Mr. Dodge said a single currency was "possible."
The idea of a common currency has long been a subject of curiosity, particularly among Canadian academics, who see it as a way to escape sharp gyrations in the exchange rate....
16 May 2007. from the Christian Science Monitor: "Many Countries - One Currency For kids: It's common 'cents' � these countries share the same currency." by Wendy Watson.
The article in "kidspace" begins...
Have any Euros in your pocket � coins, that is? If you have traveled recently to Europe, to any of the 13 member countries of the European Union or a few smaller states that have adopted the currency, perhaps you do. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain.
All these nations except Slovenia, which adopted the euro earlier this year, have used the euro as their currency for about five years. It was introduced into circulation Jan. 1, 2002. Instead of all countries having their own coins and bank notes, as they used to, they now share a common currency.
9 May 2007. "Goodbye U.S. dollar, hello global currency" by Jerome R. Corsi in WordNetDaily.
The article, mostly about Benn Stei's article in Foreign Affairs, begins...
The director of international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations has launched a scathing attack on sovereignty and national currencies.
Benn Steil , writing in the current issue of CFR's influential Foreign Affairs magazine, says "the world needs to abandon unwanted currencies, replacing them with dollars, euros, and multinational currencies as yet unborn."
3 May 2007. "Split Over Fees Hampers Move To Modernize Currency Trade" by Katie Martin in the Wall Street Journal.
The article begins...
LONDON -- The foreign-exchange market is still suffering from data overload after the board of currency-settlement network CLS Bank International couldn't agree on how to change its fee structure if it moves to consolidate users' trades.
The New York-based firm, which acts as the plumbing behind the $2.5 trillion-a-day global currency markets, has come under pressure from ...
[Thus the WSJ has seconded the $2.5 trillion estimate for daily foreign exchange trading as was published in 2006 in The Single Global Currency - Common Cents for the World.]
29 April 2007. "The End of National Currency" by Benn Steil in Foreign Affairs magazine, April/May 2007.
Summary [from FA magazine]: Global financial instability has sparked a surge in "monetary nationalism" -- the idea that countries must make and control their own currencies. But globalization and monetary nationalism are a dangerous combination, a cause of financial crises and geopolitical tension. The world needs to abandon unwanted currencies, replacing them with dollars, euros, and multinational currencies as yet unborn. [emphasis added on this website.]
Other excerpts...
Governments must let go of the fatal notion that nationhood requires them to make and control the money used in their territory. National currencies and global markets simply do not mix; together they make a deadly brew of currency crises and geopolitical tension and create ready pretexts for damaging protectionism. In order to globalize safely, countries should abandon monetary nationalism and abolish unwanted currencies, the source of much of today's instability...
Since economic development outside the process of globalization is no longer possible, countries should abandon monetary nationalism. Governments should replace national currencies with the dollar or the euro or, in the case of Asia, collaborate to produce a new multinational currency over a comparably large and economically diversified area.
[See 17 July 2007 letter to Foreign Affairs from SGCA members, John Edmunds and John Marthinsen which states that the vast increase in European and worldwide asset values is a major reason to encourage currency unification.]
24 April 2007. "UNESCO Ambassador welcomes common currency proposal " in the Sri Lanka Daily News.
COLOMBO: Madanjeet Singh, UNESCO's Goodwill Ambassador and founder of the South Asia Foundation has welcomed President Mahinda Rajapaksa proposal to establish a common currency for South Asia.
In a letter to President Rajapaksa, Ambassador Madanjeet Singh has congratulated him for his proposal for a common currency for South Asia made at the recently concluded 14th SARRC Summit held in New Delhi.
Ambassador Singh's letter states the Governing Council of the South Asia Foundation is happy at this proposal, because at their annual general meeting at UNESCO House, Paris, held recently, �they too had recommended a common currency called the �Sasia', with a hope that it will become the anchor of economic stability and regional cooperation like the Euro.
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Which country was named ‘The World’s Happiest Country’ in 2011? | World's happiest countries named - CNN.com
MUST WATCH
And the secret to happiness is... 01:59
"Indeed the goals themselves embody the very idea that human well-being should be nurtured through a holistic approach that combines economic, social and environmental objectives," Sachs said. "Rather than taking a narrow approach focused solely on economic growth,we should promote societies that are prosperous, just, and environmentally sustainable."
Not just about the money
Iceland and Ireland both suffered through banking crises that dramatically affected their economies but didn't greatly affect their happiness, according to the report. What both countries have is a high degree of social support, enough to put Iceland in third place and Ireland in 19th place this year, according to the report.
Strictly focusing on financial well-being can obscure the larger picture, according to the University of British Columbia's John Helliwell.
"In Norway, it's quite common for people to paint each other's houses even though they can all afford to pay to have their houses painted," said Helliwell, a report co-editor and co-director of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.
"They go out of their way to help each other, and it becomes a social event, and those events are enormously supportive of well-being," Helliwell said. "In the commercialization of activity -- when people are more likely to buy things than to do them for themselves and each other -- we lose something along the way."
Inequality of happiness
It turns out that people are also happier in countries where there's less inequality of well-being, the report found. And happiness inequality has increased significantly "in most countries and regions of the world," said Helliwell, comparing 2012-15 data with 2005-11 data.
The country of Bhutan, a tiny country famous for measuring the "Gross National Happiness" of its people, ranked No. 1 in happiness equality, followed by Comoros and the Netherlands. South Sudan, Sierra Leone and Liberia had the highest happiness inequality.
A country may have really rich and really poor people, and the poor people don't have enough money to construct a good life for themselves, he said. Or people may have money but have no social support or friends, or live in an area where there's government corruption or lack of freedom to make their own life choices.
The birth of 'Gross National Happiness'
It's no surprise that Bhutan would come out on top, despite not being a world economic power: Its Prime Minister proposed a World Happiness Day to the United Nations in 2011 and launched this international focus on happiness.
Following in Bhutan's footsteps, the U.N. General Assembly declared March 20 as World Happiness Day in 2012 , recognizing "happiness and well-being as universal goals and aspirations in the lives of human beings around the world."
In recent years, other countries have made happiness a public policy goal of their governments. Bhutan, Ecuador and the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela have all appointed "Minsters of Happiness" to focus on the happiness of their people.
| Norway |
Which US singer topped Forbes magazine’s annual Celebrity 100 List in May 2011? | The 10 Happiest Countries In The World | Co.Exist | ideas + impact
The 10 Happiest Countries In The World
The lessons for making a country (like the U.S.) more happy are quite simple.
01 /10
The 10 happiest countries on Earth.
1: Switzerland
[Cover Photo: Jekaterina Nikitina/Getty Images. Flags: via Shutterstock ]
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While Europe may not be the best economically these days, it remains the happiest region in the world. Surveys of national happiness routinely place countries like Norway and Sweden at the head of the global well-being stakes . And it's a similar story with the latest World Happiness Report , published by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network .
The 10 happiest countries:
9: New Zealand
10: Australia
The index is based on a global Gallup poll that asks people to think of themselves on a ladder journeying either upwards towards complete happiness (a 10 score) or down towards misery (a possible 0 score). Gallup surveyed up to 3,000 people in each country over three years, with resulting scores averaging between 7.5 at the top of the rankings to less than 3 at the bottom end.
Switzerland comes out on top followed by Iceland, Denmark and Norway (all have scores between 7.5 and 7.6). Next comes Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Sweden, New Zealand, and Australia, all with average scores of at least 7.28. The United States is 15th, behind Mexico in 14th.
Nine of the top 10 nations in the latest ranking were in the top 10 in 2013 . There's more movement at the bottom, which tends towards sub-Saharan African countries, plus Middle East war-zones like Afghanistan and Syria. Burundi and Togo come last.
The ranking is only part of the report which is written by John Helliwell, Lord Richard Layard, and Jeffrey Sachs, three leading lights in the field of happiness economics. The academics run the surveys through a model that shows the importance of factors such as levels of gross domestic product, life expectancy, generosity, social support, freedom, and lack of corruption, which make up the colored bars in the charts. The first three factors—social support, incomes, and healthy life expectancy—are the most important in explaining the differences between countries, the academics say.
The 5 least happy countries:
Togo
Benin
Rwanda
The rankings show the effect of the global recession on happiness. When the researchers compared numbers for the 2005-7 period with 2012-14, they found that Nicaragua, Zimbabwe and Ecuador were the greatest positive movers, while Greece, Egypt and Italy were the biggest negative movers. The U.S. was also a relatively strong negative mover, with its average score dropping 0.2 points over that time.
In general, across the world, women's evaluations of happiness are higher than for men, and younger people tend to be happier than middle-aged people (which is perhaps not surprising). Happiness tends to improve as people get through middle-life.
The larger goal of the research is to provide an alternative to purely economic measures of national performance like GDP. And, indeed, the authors are confident that a shift is taking place, with governments in Britain, the United Arab Emirates and elsewhere all embracing happiness metrics. "Happiness is increasingly considered a proper measure of social progress and a goal of public policy," the authors say.
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Which English rock band released and album in March 2011 entitled ‘Build a Rocket Boys’? | build a rocket boys! - YouTube
build a rocket boys!
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Published on Mar 6, 2012
Build a Rocket Boys! is the fifth studio album by the indie rock/alternative rock band Elbow, released on 4 March 2011 in the UK. Coinciding with the UK release, the album was available digitally in the United States on 8 March and released in the physical format on 12 April. It is the follow-up to the highly successful The Seldom Seen Kid, and like its predecessor, was self-produced by the band in Blueprint Studios, Manchester. The album was nominated for the 2011 Mercury Prize.[3]
The first single, "Neat Little Rows", was released on 27 February 2011. The song received its first radio airplay on 13 January 2011. The video for the single was produced by The Soup Collective and filmed at Blueprint Studios where the album was recorded. It premiered on 31 January 2011.[4]
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| Elbow |
A contestant from which South American country won the 2011 ‘Miss World Contest’? | Download Elbow - Build a Rocket Boys (2011) [FLAC] Free Torrent file on our site-TorrentsLand.com
Albums Biography Picture
Elbow is an alternative rock band which formed in Bury, Greater Manchester, England in 1990 while at sixth-form college. The band consists of Guy Garvey (vocals, guitar), Mark Potter (guitar, vocals), Pete Turner (bass), Craig Potter (keyboards) and Richard Jupp (drums). Over the band’s 19 year career, it has released four studio albums, four EPs and ten top fifty singles in the UK.
The band is named after a line in the BBC TV mini-series The Singing Detective which says that the word “elbow” is the most sensuous word in the English language, not for its definition, but for how it feels to say it.
Elbow began specializing in “chilled funk”, but changed the direction of its music after unanimously deciding that they were “shit.” The new songs got notice from both Island Records and Universal, but the band was dropped before anything was released after it signed with both labels. The band then released two critically acclaimed EP’s on the independent Ugly Man Record label which caught the attention of V2 Records.
V2 released Elbow’s debut album: “Asleep In The Back.” The album was a surprisignly moderate success, gaining substantial critical acclaim and, ultimately, a nomination for the mercury music prize in 2001. The single “newborn” received attention after being banned by radio 1 for the lyric, “I’ll be the corpse in your bathtub.”
Word of mouth then began to work in Elbow’s favor. Its 2003 album, “Cast Of Thousands,” entered the UK Charts at #7 to critical acclaim. The lead single, “Fallen Angel,” charted at #19.
In 2004, Elbow became the first British band to ever play a concert in Havana during an unofficial Cuban tour. The tour was made into a short film by British documentary maker Irshad Ashraf.
Elbow released its third album in 2005: “Leaders Of The Free World.” Despite a continued lack of commercial notice, “Leaders Of The Free World” charted at #12, with its lead single, “Forget Myself” achieving #22 in the charts. That autumn, Elbow headlined the first of two sell-out tours.
March 17, 2008, saw the release of Elbow’s fourth album, entitled “The Seldom Seen Kid.” Released through Fiction, it entered the UK album chart at #5, and went on to win the 2008 mercury music award. “The Fix,” features guest vocals and lead guitar by Richard Hawley. April 2009 saw the release of The Seldom Seen Kid Live at Abbey Road, recorded with The BBC Concert Orchestra and Chantage. This album, recorded in Studio One of the world famous Abbey Road Studios on Saturday, January 17, 2008, is a complete run-through of the Mercury winning album. It features the band, a 52-piece orchestra, and a 20-member choir.
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Which horse won the 2011 Grand National at Aintree? | Grand National 2011: Ballabriggs wins in a day of drama at Aintree | Daily Mail Online
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22-year-old Irish jockey taken to hospital with head injuries in pre-Grand National race
Two horses fatally injured in falls which led to just 28 fences being jumped for the first time
BBC responds to criticism by saying presenters handled deaths 'sensitively'
Critical condition: Peter Toole was injured in a race preceding yesterday's Grand National
Jockey Peter Toole is in a critical condition in hospital after being hurt in a heavy fall at Aintree on Grand National Day.
Toole was injured when his mount, the outsider Classic Fly, crashed to the ground in the early stages of the John Smith's Maghull Novices' Chase, the 2.15pm race on the card yesterday.
The 22-year-old has been put in a medically-induced coma after he suffered bleeding on the right side of his brain and a dislocated shoulder.
His fall came before two horses died during yesterday’s Grand National in one of the most ‘distressing’ races in recent history.
The 22-year-old Irishman was taken to the nearby Fazakerley Hospital then later transferred to the hospital's Walton Centre For Neurology & Neuro Surgery.
Trainer Charlie Mann, to whom Mr Toole is attached as a conditional jockey, said: 'He's in an induced coma and he won't be brought out until Monday at the earliest.
'He has bleeding on the right-hand side of his brain. He also dislocated a shoulder which has since been put back in place.
'He's on a ventilator, and it's not great - but we won't know any more until Monday.'
Weighing-room colleague David Crosse added: 'Ive spoken to Peter's dad who said he remains stable, but with no improvement.
'He's going to be sedated for 24 hours.'
During the Grand National, millions of TV viewers saw Ornais fall at the fourth fence, breaking his neck, while Dooneys Gate broke his back minutes later at Becher’s Brook.
It meant that for the first time in the race’s history the two fences were bypassed during the second circuit of the Aintree track – as the horses were hastily screened off with tarpaulins.
But the BBC was accused of a ‘cover-up’ after commentator Mick Fitzgerald described the dead horses as ‘obstacles’.
Distressing sight: Runners and riders lie in a tangle on the ground after jumping the notorious Becher's Brook where Dooneys Gate died today
The former Grand National winner made the remark while discussing how chequered flags were waved as jockeys approached the 20th and 22nd fences, which they were required to bypass because the dead bodies had not been removed.
Mr Fitzgerald said: ‘The thing is, you know there is an obstacle ahead, that’s what these chequered flags tell you.’
One viewer wrote on the corporation’s own website: ‘I’m amazed that the BBC coverage pans over the tarpaulins on the re-run and the commentators just talk about “obstacles”.’
Another said: ‘And the BBC – shame on you. No mention of what’s happened, even when there’s 2 dead covered horses on screen.’
On The Mail on Sunday website, commenters also expressed outrage. ‘Jax’ branded the race ‘disgusting and cruel’, adding: ‘It’s not the Grand National, it’s a national disgrace.’
Covered up: A dead horse is hidden by tarpaulin as the race continues over on the far side of the Aintree course
Another, ‘Phoenix’, said: ‘I cannot believe in this day and age that this kind of public cruelty still goes on. Two animals died today but nobody cares, we’ll do it all again next year.’
Of the main race, Andrew Tyler of Animal Aid described the gruelling four-and-a-half-mile marathon as one of the most ‘distressing’ races he could recall and echoed criticisms of the BBC, saying: ‘It is particularly callous and disgusting that a member of the commentary team should describe the dead horses as they lay on the course as an “obstacle”.’
Aintree said the bypassing practice became possible two years ago for the first time as part of ‘ongoing safety improvements’. More than half the 40 runners failed to make the finish line.
Tragedy: Dooneys Gate, in the centre of the picture one of the race's two fatalities ridden by Paul Mullins, falls at Becher's Brook
Over: Grand Slam Hero and Aidan Coleman at the 13th fence. Just 19 of the field of 40 finished the race
Tony Moore, chairman of Fight Against Animal Cruelty in Europe, led a group of around 40 people demonstrating outside the racecourse. He said: ‘If they really care about horses, why do the owners, jockeys and trainers put them through this ordeal?’
On average, three horses a year are fatally injured over the three-day Aintree meeting. Ornais, ridden by Nick Scholfield, came to grief at the fourth fence.The nine-year-old was one of four horses in the race trained by Paul Nicholls, who said: ‘He was a very good novice chaser in his early days. It is bad luck and very sad to lose a horse in this way.’
Dooneys Gate came down two fences later at Becher’s Brook. Irish trainer Willie Mullins, whose son Patrick was having his first National ride on the horse, said: ‘He was a good servant to us. It’s very unfortunate and Patrick is devastated.’
Going ...Mark Walsh and Quolibet
Going ... The rider knows he's in deep trouble
Gone ... The pair crash to the ground at the 11th
Viewers could clearly see the dead horses being covered with tarpaulins from an aerial camera. The BBC’s Grand National presenter Clare Balding later tweeted: ‘Very sorry to report two fatalities at the Grand National – thoughts with all those connected with Ornais & Dooneys Gate.’
Julian Thick, managing director of Aintree Racecourse, said: ‘We are desperately sad at the accidents and our thoughts go out to the connections of Ornais and Dooneys Gate. When a horse gets hurt, everyone is deeply upset. Safety is the first priority for the organisers of the Grand National meeting and we will redouble our efforts to make sure that everyone involved in the event is able to participate in safety and comfort. Horseracing is a carefully regulated and monitored sport. All horses and riders in the Grand National have to meet very high standards set by an independent panel of experts.’
Responding to Animal Aid’s criticism, a BBC spokesman said: ‘We were aware of the unfortunate events of the two fatalities. During the race and the re-run this was covered with as much sensitivity as possible.
‘Clare [Balding] was also most sensitive in her reporting of the incidents and even touched on it in her closing links to the programme.’
Watched by 600 million people worldwide, the race was won by Ballabriggs, which finished ahead of Oscar Time ridden by Kate Middleton’s friend Sam Waley-Cohen.
Bookmakers William Hill said more than £250 million was gambled yesterday.
33 tragedies at course in just 11 years
By JO MACFARLANE
In all 33 horses have died during three-day Grand National meetings at Aintree since 2000 – and it is unusual for no horse to be killed as a result of the main race itself.
In 2000 five horses died over the three days. The high death toll prompted animal rights activists to describe it as a ‘blood bath’ and call for an investigation.
Strong Promise, Rossell Island and Architect all suffered fatal falls on the first day of the meeting while Lake Kariba had a heart attack at the end of a race. Toni’s Tip sustained fatal spinal injuries during a race the following day.
Close up: Horses attempting the notoriously difficult Becher's Brook at the Grand National
In 2001, The Outback Way also died from spinal injuries. Of the four deaths in 2002, two – The Last Fling and Manx Magic – happened during the Grand National race itself. Desert Mountain and Anubis Quercus died in earlier races at the meeting.
Goguenard had to be put down after the 2003 Grand National and Coolnagorna was also put down after breaking a hind leg. Unusually, there were no deaths in 2004.
But Lilium de Cotte died after suffering a haemorrhage on the middle day of the 2005 meeting, and two horses – Terivic and Tyneandthyneagain – were killed in 2006. Tyneandthyneagain perished after falling at the first fence in the main race.
The 2007 meeting saw the deaths of three horses.
Lord Rodney and Into The Shadows were killed in races before the main event.
Falling: Riders and horses fall in the melee at Becher's Brook
Dramatic: Several horses fall at Becher's, captured here in dramatic close up
Meanwhile, Graphic Approach died a month after sustaining injuries at the notorious Becher’s Brook fence during the Grand National.
Another three horses were killed in 2008: Time To Sell, The High Grass and McKelvey. McKelvey had become something of a star after featuring on BBC1’s The One Show as he was treated for a tendon injury and prepared for the iconic race.
But 2009 was an even worse year, with five deaths – the worst toll since 2000.
Hear The Echo collapsed and died at the end of the big race on the Saturday, while Exotic Dancer, Mel In Blue, Moscow Catch and Lilla Sophia died earlier during the meeting.
A further four died last year, 2010, although none of them during the main Grand National race. Pagan Starprincess, Prudent Honour, Plaisir D’Estraval and Schindlers Hunt all fell during previous races.
This year, one of the bloodiest for the Grand National itself, two horses, Ornais and Dooneys Gate, died during the main race. Inventor fell on Thursday.
Animal Aid claims 162 horses have died on race courses in Britain over the past 12 months.
The organisation’s website carries a feature called Race Horse Death Watch, which keeps a running record of racing tragedies up and down the country.
And they're off! The horses make their way down to the first fence in the John Smith's Grand National
On his way: Ballabriggs ridden by Jason Maguire in green and yellow silks leaps over the water jump on his way to winning the Grand National
Winner: Jockey Jason Maguire celebrating after romping home by two and a quarter lengths on Ballabriggs
| Ballabriggs |
British actress Susannah York, who died in January 2011, was nominated for an Oscar for her portrayal of Alice LeBlanc in which 1969 film? | Grand National 2011: runners and riders named for Aintree race - Telegraph
Horse Racing
Grand National 2011: runners and riders named for Aintree race
Last year's winner Don't Push It heads a maximum field of 40 runners in the John Smith's Grand National at Aintree on Saturday.
9:30AM BST 08 Apr 2011
The 11 year-old gave multiple champion jockey Tony McCoy an emotional first victory in the world's most famous steeplechase 12 months ago, and bids to repeat the dose under top weight.
Ante-post favourite The Midnight Club strives to provide Irish champion trainer Willie Mullins with his second taste of National glory, with his jockey Ruby Walsh seeking a third success.
British champion Paul Nicholls is still winless in the marathon contest but has a strong hand this year, headed by Gold Cup fourth What A Friend, part-owned by Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson.
Oscar Time is bidding to give owner Robert Waley-Cohen and jockey Sam Waley-Cohen a huge double following the Gold Cup triumph of Long Run.
Backstage, Silver By Nature, Donald McCain's Ballabriggs and Big Fella Thanks are other major contenders, while three horses in the field proper have been removed at the declaration stage.
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Northern Alliance, Roll Along and Our Monty will not face the starter, meaning Royal Rosa, Skippers Brig and Golden Kite are now guaranteed a run.
Runners and riders guide to 2011 Grand National:
DON'T PUSH IT (Jonjo O'Neill) - odds 14/1
Bidding to become the first horse since Red Rum in 1974 to land back-to-back victories but faces a stiff task off top weight. Nevertheless, he loves Aintree and shaped well on his prep run a Cheltenham.
TIDAL BAY (Howard Johnson) - 40/1
As quirky as he is talented, it is impossible to predict how he will react to the unique fences and the extreme distance. If he takes to the course then he could be in the shake-up - it's quite a big 'if' though.
WHAT A FRIEND (Paul Nicholls) - 12/1
His fourth in the Gold Cup gives him every chance and he is sure to attract plenty of support. Co-owned by Manchester United boss Sir Alex Ferguson, this smart chaser would be a major player if he rises to the occasion and is 'well in' at the weights.
VIC VENTURI (Dessie Hughes) - 50-1
Unlucky in the race last year when he was hampered at the 20th fence and unseated his rider. Has won the Becher Chase over these obstacles and has been trained for another crack.
MAJESTIC CONCORDE (Dermot Weld) - 33/1
A fascinating Irish contender, whose trainer went close with Greasepaint in 1983 and 1984. A winner on the Flat, over hurdles and over fences, he certainly has plenty of class and has been lightly raced over the last couple of years. 8.
OR NOIR DE SOMOZA (David Pipe) - 50/1
This purchase from France, where he was a prolific winner, has yet to run in Britain but connections have won the National in the past and are clearly excited by the nine-year-old. Hard to assess, however.
DOONEYS GATE (Willie Mullins) - 100/1
May not be the stable's first string, but a decent performer. His form stands up well and he was fourth in the Topham over these fences last April.
BIG FELLA THANKS (Ferdy Murphy) - 18/1
Having his third attempt after finishing sixth and fourth in the last two years for Paul Nicholls and has since changed stables. Sure to have his supporters and he has been trained with just this day in mind.
THE TOTHER ONE (Paul Nicholls) - 66/1
Very useful on his day and not that many miles on the clock. However, his jumping could be a big issue here as he does make the odd mistake.
BALLABRIGGS (Donald McCain) - 14/1
Has been a big fancy for some time to continue the McCain family's amazing record in this great race. Did not have his first run of the season until January and after two spins over hurdles shaped well when second back over fences at Kelso.
THE MIDNIGHT CLUB (Willie Mullins) - 10/1
Went on many people's short list when winning the Bobbyjo Chase, a traditional trial for the National, at Fairyhouse in February. The trainer struck with Hedgehunter in 2005 and this is his number one hope this time round.
NICHE MARKET (Paul Nicholls) - 20/1
The Irish National winner in 2009, he was pulled up here 12 months ago after losing touch when making a bad mistake. He has since been switched from Bob Buckler's stable and his new trainer has been focusing on getting him 100% for the big day.
SILVER BY NATURE (Lucinda Russell) - 14/1
No grey has won since Nicolaus Silver 50 years ago but few have arrived on Merseyside with his credentials. Second in the 2009 Welsh National, he put up a terrific performance when scoring at Haydock last month for the second year running. Any rain would help his cause.
BACKSTAGE (Gordon Elliott) - 12/1
Quietly fancied last year only to unseat his rider at the 20th fence. Has been given an unorthodox preparation with two runs in point-to-points which he won both. Trainer won with Silver Birch in 2007.
CHIEF DAN GEORGE (Jimmy Moffatt) - 40/1
Missed the cut for the race last year but has safely got in this time. Usually prominent from the start in his races but fell at Cheltenham on his latest outing.
CALGARY BAY (Henrietta Knight) - 33/1
Has an interesting profile for a National horse and could run a big race if he takes to the course. The stable is not known for its runners in this, but he is normally a good jumper and should be suited by the galloping nature of Aintree.
KILLYGLEN (Stuart Crawford) - 66/1
Although a winner on the Mildmay course as a novice, he has not quite lived up to expectations and has plenty of weight for what he has achieved of late.
OSCAR TIME (Martin Lynch) - 12/1
Would be a fairytale triumph for connections of Cheltenham Gold Cup winner Long Run. He was bought after finishing second in last year's Irish National with Aintree as the objective. Ran a fine trial last time out and could well deliver.
QUINZ (Philip Hobbs) - 18/1
Has been mixing it in top novice company this season and stepped up to win the ever-competitive Racing Post Chase at Kempton recently. Remains open to huge improvement and is at the right end of the weights. Inexperience the worry.
BECAUSEICOULDNTSEE (Noel Glynn) - 25/1
Yet another of a strong Irish contingent. Unexposed yet has shown a good level of form in staying chases, finishing runner-up in the Cheltenham four-miler last year and second to Majestic Concorde on his last start in December.
COMPLY OR DIE (David Pipe) - 50/1
The winner in 2008 and runner-up in 2009, age appeared to catch up with him when he was 12th last year and hard to fancy to strike again, although he could get round in his own time.
QUOLIBET (Jonjo O'Neill) - 150/1
Has some fair form to his name from his days in France but was pulled up on his British debut in Cheltenham's cross-country event. Not up to a task like this.
GRAND SLAM HERO (Nigel Twiston-Davies) - 100/1
Won last year's Summer Plate at Market Rasen and will have ground to suit, but still difficult to seeing making much impact.
STATE OF PLAY (Evan Williams) - 25/1
Was fourth in this a couple of seasons ago and ran similarly well to grab third last year. Those experiences should stand him in good stead and he may pick up minor honours again, but difficult to see him winning.
KING FONTAINE (Malcolm Jefferson) - 66/1
Progressive chaser who has won twice at Haydock this season and was not disgraced in finishing fifth in a hot handicap at the Cheltenham Festival. Looks the sort to do well in this race if taking to the fences, but this might be a year too soon.
IN COMPLIANCE (Dessie Hughes) - 66/1
Has lost a gear or two since since winning a Grade One back in 2006, but has done well to come back from numerous injury problems. A winner at Thurles earlier this season and might go well for a way, but huge question marks over his stamina.
HELLO BUD (Nigel Twiston-Davies) - 33/1
Highly creditable fifth in last year's renewal and has since won the Becher Chase over these giant fences. Looks badly handicapped as a result, however, and no 13-year-old has won this since the 1920s.
WEST END ROCKER (Alan King) - 33/1
Enjoying a fine campaign, winning on decent ground at Newbury before ploughing through the mud to win a competitive Classic Chase at Warwick. Ran no sort of race last time but has an each-way squeak if forgiven that and the rain comes in bucket loads.
SANTA'S SON (Howard Johnson) - 150/1
A nine-time winner but this a different league to what he has been competing in for most of the season. No chance unless the rest fail to complete.
BLUESEA CRACKER (James Motherway) - 25/1
Won a heavy ground Irish Grand National last spring and this has been the plan since. But she was well beaten by the Midnight Club last time and hard to see her reversing that form. Snapped up recently by last year's winning owner JP McManus.
THAT'S RHYTHM (Martin Todhunter) - 150/1
Not a bad sort at his level - but this isn't it. Might improve for this extreme distance, but surely not enough to make his presence felt.
SURFACE TO AIR (Chris Bealby) - 66/1
Won three on the spin in 2008 but then spent almost three years on the sidelines. Last of 10 on his belated comeback and it seems injuries have wrecked a promising career.
PIRAYA (David Pipe) - 150/1
Arrived from France with a big reputation a while back but has managed just one win and was beaten out of sight in this 12 months ago. Might get round again but will be nearer last than first.
CAN'T BUY TIME (Jonjo O'Neill) - 66/1
Has looked the sort to run well in this for a while but he has failed to complete the last two years. Fair effort at Cheltenham on New Year's Day and would have place claims if completing, but that is no given.
CHARACTER BUILDING (John Quinn) - 25/1
Was well fancied 12 months ago but could only finish a never-nearer seventh. Has been largely disappointing since and if he could not do it last year, he surely won't this time.
ORNAIS (Paul Nicholls) - 100/1
Has not had much racing over the past few years but showed he retains some sort of ability when second in a Newbury hunter chase last time. This is a different kettle of fish and impossible to fancy.
ARBOR SUPREME (Willie Mullins) - 20/1
Parted company with his jockey at halfway last year but recent second to stablemate The Midnight Club, finishing in front of Oscar Time and Vic Venturi, reads well. Definite each-way chance.
ROYAL ROSA (Howard Johnson) - 100/1
Was well beaten off when unseating his rider last year, but has since filled the runner-up spot in the Becher. Disappointed since in the Welsh National but a return to these fences might light him up. One of the more appealing 100-1 shots but not getting any younger.
SKIPPERS BRIG (Nicky Richards) - 40/1
Very smart horse who beat fellow National hope Ballabriggs at Kelso recently. Of some interest off a featherweight but quick ground would be a big blow to his chances.
GOLDEN KITE (Adrian Maguire) - 80/1
Won a thrilling Munster National in October and a recent spin over hurdles should have him spot-on fitness-wise. Lack of course experience the main concern.
Reserves:
ALWAYS WAINING (Peter Bowen)
Ran away with the Topham 12 months ago and was not disgraced in finishing sixth in the Becher on ground softer than ideal. Has been campaigned over hurdles since to protect his mark and can be given an each-way squeak.
FAASEL (David Pipe)
Talented but quirky individual, who was second in the Kim Muir for the second year in succession at Cheltenham. Anyone's guess how he'll take to this and he's not betting material.
LE BEAU BAI (Richard Lee)
Will definitely stay but lacks the pace to threaten on this quicker ground. Pulled up in the Midlands National last time too, so too many negatives to make a case for him.
GILES CROSS (Victor Dartnall)
Second in the Welsh National but they are going to go too quick for him on this ground.
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Who won the 2011 Formula One Grand Prix Championship? | 2011 Formula 1 British Grand Prix Results: Fernando Alonso won
2011 Formula 1 British Grand Prix Results: Fernando Alonso won
in Ferrari , Motorsport , Motorsport Results , News
Ferrari’s Fernando Alonso has won the British Grand Prix ahead of Red Bull team-mates Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber – landing his 27th career victory.
The Spaniard, who won at Silverstone in 2006, took advantage of a costly pit-stop from championship leader Sebastian Vettel, who surrendered his commanding early race lead in the 27th lap due to a wheel-nut problem and finished behind Alonso in second.
Vettel had to fight off team-mate Mark Webber, the 2010 Silverstone winner, before he was instructed to break off the attack, while Lewis Hamilton in a McLaren was fourth in a race to the line ahead of Ferrari’s Felipe Massa.
Vettel, who had led from the start until a faulty wheelnut slowed him at his second pitstop, extended his overall lead over Webber to 80 points from a previous 77.
Hamilton provided most of the initial action, making very rapid progress from his disappointing 10th on the grid to attack Felipe Massa’s Ferrari for fourth within a handful of laps.
Michael Schumacher triggered the move to slicks tyres somewhat accidentally when he slithered into Kamui Kobayashi’s Sauber on lap 10 and had to pit for a new front wing on his Mercedes, taking on dry rubber at the same time.
Paul di Resta was let down by his pit crew and finished his first British Grand Prix down in fifteenth place and Jenson Button had to retire from the race after one of his tyres was not fitted properly during a pit stop.
| Sebastian Vettel |
A third wedding anniversary is traditionally represented by which material? | Nico Rosberg clinches European Grand Prix win in Baku to extend Formula One championship lead as his Mercedes team-mate Lewis Hamilton is hindered by team radio ban | Daily Mail Online
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Nico Rosberg clinches European Grand Prix win in Baku to extend Formula One championship lead as his Mercedes team-mate Lewis Hamilton is hindered by team radio ban
Nico Rosberg claimed his fifth victory of the Formula One season with a comfortable European Grand Prix win
Lewis Hamilton endured a frustrating afternoon at the Baku City Circuit after disastrous qualifying session
Sebastian Vettel of Ferrari finished second while Sergio Perez, the Force India driver, came third on Sunday
German Rosberg extended his championship lead over reigning world champions Hamilton to 24 points
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Kurt Waldheim, U Thant, Trygvie Lie and Boutros Boutros Ghali have all held which post? | Timeline: UN Secretary-Generals - Council on Foreign Relations
Council on Foreign Relations
Trygve Lie, Norway
Ban Ki-moon, Korea
(2007 – Present) Ban Ki-moon 's tenure has featured a new emphasis on climate change policy, efforts to mitigate the surging prices of both energy and food in the developing world, and an inherited portfolio of issues including nuclear nonproliferation negotiations with Iran and continued efforts to solidify the United Nations' role in Sudan's Darfur conflict. Prior to serving as secretary-general, Ban was South Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He joined the Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1970, and served in a variety of diplomatic roles inside and outside of Korea during the next twenty-five years, including posts at embassies in the United States, Austria, and India. In 2001, Ban started work at the United Nations as chief of staff to Han Seung-soo, the president of the General Assembly. Ban returned to Korea after his term and served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade from 2004 until 2006. He has been actively involved in issues relating to inter-Korean relations. In September of 2005, he helped bring about a landmark agreement aimed at promoting peace and stability between North and South Korea through Six-Party Talks . Since becoming Secretary-General, Ban has spoken out on several issues including the North Korean and Iranian nuclear threats, the humanitarian crisis in the Darfur region, and administrative reform of UN operations.
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Kofi Annan, Ghana
(1997-2006) Kofi Annan began his career as a budget officer with the World Health Organization (WHO) and rose through the ranks to become UN under-secretary-general at a time of record increases in peacekeeping operations. In 1995 he was appointed the secretary-general's special representative to the former Yugoslavia. Since his election in 1997, Annan's goals as secretary-general have included implementing management and budget reforms, addressing ever-growing costs and demands for UN peacekeeping operations, and better meeting the needs of poorer nations. Under his leadership, the United Nations executed contemporary platforms aimed at sustainable development in Africa and the utilization of global capitalism to benefit socioeconomic needs. His "Millennium Report" advocates initiatives to eradicate poverty, combat HIV/AIDS, and protect the environment.
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt
(1992-1996) Boutros-Ghali served one term as secretary-general, suspending his candidacy for a second term after conflicts with U.S. foreign-policy leaders. He has an extensive international relations background as a scholar, diplomat, and jurist. Boutros-Ghali's term in office was marked by increased operating costs and ineffective peacekeeping efforts that proved burdensome to the UN. Unsuccessful U.S. participation in Somali peacekeeping operations, inability to curb fighting in Bosnia and Croatia, and subsequent reluctance from the international community to act against genocide in Rwanda, all precipitated U.S. support to transition the leadership position of secretary-general.
Javier Perez de Cuellar, Peru
(1982-1991) Before assuming office, Perez de Cuellar was Peru's ambassador to Switzerland, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Venezuela; served as his nation's permanent representative to the United Nations; and represented Peru on the Security Council, even serving as the Council's president. In 1979, he was appointed under-secretary-general for special political affairs. While in office, the UN leader oversaw negotiations for the release of American hostages in Lebanon, facilitated the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, negotiated the ceasefire ending the Iran-Iraq War, and developed the 1991 UN-backed peace pact in Cambodia.
Kurt Waldheim, Austria
(1971-1982) Before he was elected secretary-general, Waldheim was the permanent representative of Austria to the United Nations. During his two-term leadership of the UN, Waldheim participated in the Paris International Conference on Vietnam and presided over the first phase of the Geneva Peace Conference on the Middle East. Five years after his second term ended, Waldheim was elected President of Austria, a post he held until 1992; however, during the campaign his service in the German Army came to light. Though he declared no personal involvement, Waldheim was implicated in Nazi atrocities in the Balkans during World War II and was subsequently barred from entering the United States by the Justice Department.
U Thant, Myanmar (formerly known as Burma)
(1961-1971) U Thant served as acting secretary-general after Dag Hammarskjöld's death. Just over a year later, the General Assembly voted unanimously to make him secretary-general. At the time of his appointment, U Thant was the permanent representative of Burma to the United Nations, and had previously chaired the UN Congo Conciliation Commission and the Committee on a UN Capital Development Fund. Under his leadership, the United Nations facilitated the end of the Cuban missile crisis and allayed civil war in the Congo.
Dag Hammarskjöld, Sweden
(1953-1961) Dag Hammarskjöld was unanimously elected to two terms as secretary-general and served until September 18, 1961, when he died in a plane crash en route to a peace mission in the Congo. Mr. Hammarskjöld's most significant contributions to the United Nations' mission include promotion of Armistice Agreements between Israel and the Arab States; the 1956 establishment of the UN Emergency Force (UNEF); and multiple visits to countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas, and the Middle East to acquaint himself with officials of member governments and problems in specific areas.
Trygve Lie, Norway
(1946-1952) Prior to his election as the first secretary-general of the United Nations, Lie led the Norwegian delegation to the UN Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, April 1945; chaired Commission III, which drafted the Security Council provisions of the UN charter; and in 1946 he led the Norwegian delegation to the UN General Assembly in London. While in office, Lie supported UN intervention in the Korean War and the foundation of Israel and Indonesia. He also advocated UN recognition of People's Republic of China upon the exile of the Nationalist government.
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| Secretary-General of the United Nations |
What type of animal is a Lhasa Apso? | Trygve Lie synonyms, Trygve Lie antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Trygve Lie synonyms, Trygve Lie antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
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Norwegian diplomat who was the first Secretary General of the United Nations (1896-1968)
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References in periodicals archive ?
2010); see also Memorandum, Trygve Lie, supra note 1, at 6 (stating that member governments must be "able and willing to carry out the obligations of membership," which "can be carried out only by governments which in fact possess the power to do so"); infra Part III.
Towards a declaratory school of government recognition
The very first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie of Norway, tried to assume a political role and got his wrist slapped.
What difference can a UN Secretary-General make?--Address to the students of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou Nov. 12, 2008
Ki-moon's seven predecessors, all men, were Trygve Lie of Norway, Dag Hammarskjold of Sweden, U Thant of Burma, Kurt Waldheim of Austria, Javier Perez de Cuellar of Peru, Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt, and Kofi Annan of Ghana whose term of office ended at the beginning of this year.
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In which year was Alaska admitted as the 49th US state? | Alaska admitted into Union - Jan 03, 1959 - HISTORY.com
Alaska admitted into Union
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A+E Networks
On January 3, 1959, President Eisenhower signs a special proclamation admitting the territory of Alaska into the Union as the 49th and largest state.
The European discovery of Alaska came in 1741, when a Russian expedition led by Danish navigator Vitus Bering sighted the Alaskan mainland. Russian hunters were soon making incursions into Alaska, and the native Aleut population suffered greatly after being exposed to foreign diseases. In 1784, Grigory Shelikhov established the first permanent Russian colony in Alaska on Kodiak Island. In the early 19th century, Russian settlements spread down the west coast of North America, with the southernmost fort located near Bodega Bay in California.
Russian activity in the New World declined in the 1820s, and the British and Americans were granted trading rights in Alaska after a few minor diplomatic conflicts. In the 1860s, a nearly bankrupt Russia decided to offer Alaska for sale to the United States, which earlier had expressed interest in such a purchase. On March 30, 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward signed a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million. Despite the bargain price of roughly two cents an acre, the Alaskan purchase was ridiculed in Congress and in the press as “Seward’s folly,” “Seward’s icebox,” and President Andrew Johnson’s “polar bear garden.” Nevertheless, the Senate ratified purchase of the tremendous landmass, one-fifth the size of the rest of the United States.
Despite a slow start in settlement by Americans from the continental United States, the discovery of gold in 1898 brought a rapid influx of people to the territory. Alaska, rich in natural resources, has been contributing to American prosperity ever since.
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| 1959 |
In humans, the atlas and axis bones are found in which part of the body? | The 49th State
Author: Eric Gislason
Introduction
The one hundred years between "Seward's Folly" (1867) and statehood (1959) comprise an intriguing though often ignored narrative about the importance of the "great land" to United States history. The following brief history of Alaska statehood considers the region in the political and imaginative contexts of (contiguous) United States history and emphasizes certain themes revealed in this effort. First, throughout the late-19th and early 20th century, Alaska serves as an advertisement for American colonialism. A colonial economy developed in which much of the territory's natural wealth (minerals, furs, salmon, timber) was extracted from the region and used elsewhere for the profit of absentee business interests. Second, Alaska served as an extension of the American frontier, a "great northern and western citadel," in the words of one observer. This notion received a new resonance in the Cold War Years when Alaska represented the edge of American interests menaced by the Soviet Union.
A third theme, which may be surprising to some readers, is Alaska's centrality in numerous national political disputes. The Ballinger-Pinchot affair of 1910--covered in more detail below--fractured the Republican party and had far-reaching consequences for the political course of the U. S. Discriminatory national legislation such as the Jones and White Acts demonstrated the extent of U. S. imperial control over the region. And the machinations of the conservative coalition of Taft Republicans and "Dixiecrats" during the Eisenhower years delayed Alaska statehood in the interest of maintaining a tenuous Republican majority in Congress.
Finally, the issue of self-determination is at the heart of the issue of statehood: The early federal denial of self-rule and the practice of taxation without representation in Congress should be familiar echoes of the injustice suffered by colonists' of the prior century. The eventual response to these policies is a stirring chapter in the history of concerted democratic effort: the populist vigor of the Constitutional Convention and the adoption of the aggressive "Tennessee Plan" for statehood combine with national efforts from individuals like Bob Bartlett and Ernest Gruening to achieve statehood for Alaska.
Beginnings: "Seward's Folly" and the First Organic Act of 1884
On March 30, 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward signed an agreement with Baron Edouard Stoeckl, the Russian Minister to the United States. The agreement, widely referred to as "Seward's Folly" (and "Seward's Icebox") ceded possession of the vast territory of Alaska to the United States for the sum of $7.2 million. Few citizens of the U. S. could fathom what possible use or interest the 586,000 square miles of land would have for their country. In a speech given at Sitka on August 12, 1868, however, Secretary Seward claimed he did not doubt "that the political society to be constituted here, first as a Territory, and ultimately as a state or many States, will prove a worthy constituency of the Republic." 1 President Andrew Johnson sent General Jefferson C. Davis to command a military force of about 500 men to maintain peace and order, and expected that Congress would establish the civil organization of the territory.
The 40th Congress (1867-1869) passed a law which made Alaska a customs district of the U. S. but made no other efforts to establish the civil infrastructure that President Johnson had hinted at. The relations between settlers and natives of Alaska were tense and the Navy forces of Commander L. A. Beardslee were called upon to maintain order. From 1879-1884, the Navy governed Alaska, as most of its inhabitants were located in the coastal southeastern "panhandle" of the state. The passage of the First Organic Act (1884) made Alaska a civil and judicial district and provided the territory with judges, clerks, and marshals. Curiously enough, the general legal code of the state of Oregon was adopted. A total of thirteen officials were made responsible for a population of 32,000 people, of which only 430 were white settlers.
Many settlers came to Alaska with the expectation that the territory would follow the path of the Western states to official state status. The First Organic Act did not provide for eventual representative government, however, and Alaska was consigned to a territorial status much like that of the Newfoundland fisheries of the 17th-century British Empire. 2 The U. S. government asserted imperial administrative control over the noncontiguous territory, but due to the overriding late-19th century concerns of Reconstruction and rapid incorporation of the contiguous states demonstrated little interest in Alaska. Although some reports had been circulated about the wealth of furs, seals, fish, and minerals to be found in Alaska, the conventional wisdom about the territory was summed up in the New York Herald by James Gordon Bennett, who suggested that any impoverished European monarchs who wanted to sell worthless territory should apply to "W. H. Seward, State Department, Washington, D. C." Alaska was just too remote to inspire much interest.
The Klondike Gold Rush and the Second Organic Act
The Klondike Gold Rush of 1897-98 was the first event to garner significant exposure for the great, white North. During the decade of 1890-1900, more than 30, 000 people surged into the Yukon Territory and Alaska when gold was discovered in places like Dawson, Fairbanks, and Ester. Mining, fishing, trapping, and mineral production flourished and a true "colonial economy" developed, in which outside interests exploited the material resources of Alaska and took the profits elsewhere. In an article for the Atlantic Monthly called "Colonial Lessons of Alaska," journalist David S. Jordan declared that the disarray in Alaska could be attributed to four sources: "lack of centralization of power and authority, lack of scientific knowledge, lack of personal and public interest, and the use of offices as political patronage." 3 Could the U. S. in good conscience hoist its flag over a colony if it was not prepared to care for it? Surveying the situation, President McKinley acknowledged the urgent need for further civil organization in Alaska and called for legislative relief which would address Alaska's bulky backlog of civil and criminal cases. In 1900 Congress passed an official code of civil and criminal procedure, appointed more judges, and put in place a system of taxation. Furthermore, the duty-free exchange of goods with Canada was established and construction was approved for a railroad between the port city of Seward and the city of Fairbanks, in the Interior, to aid in the distribution of goods.
Efforts toward self-government were complicated by the influence in Washingon of the "Alaska Syndicate," formed in 1906 by the fortunes of J. P. Morgan and Guggenheim. The Syndicate had purchased the large Kennicott-Bonanza copper mine and controlled much of Alaskan steamship and rail transportation, as well as a major part of the salmon canning industry. The Syndicate lobby in Washingon had successfully opposed any further extension of Alaskan home rule. James Wickersham, who had been appointed to an Alaskan judgeship in 1900 by President McKinley, became alarmed by the potential influence of incorporated interests in the territory and took up the struggle for Alaskan self-government. Wickersham argued that Alaska's resources should be used for the good of the entire country rather than exploited a select group of large, absentee-controlled interests--home rule, he claimed, would assure more just utilization of the territory's natural wealth. The 1910 Ballinger-Pinchot affair, which involved the illegal distribution of thirty-three federal government Alaskan coal land claims to the Guggenheim interests, culminated in a Congressional investigation and brought Alaska directly into the national headlines. Wickersham, surveying the fallout of the affair, determined that it
destroyed the friendship between Theodore Roosevelt and President Taft; split the Republican party into two great factions; defeated President Taft for re-election in 1912; elected Woodrow Wilson President of the United States; and changed the course of history of our country. 4
A chastened President Taft, in a special message to Congress on February 2, 1912, urged the enactment of legislation which would help Alaska develop its resources along the lines that Wickersham had urged.
The Second Organic Act, passed by the U. S. Congress in April 1912, conferred official territory status upon Alaska and provided for an elected legislature of eight senators and sixteen house members. 5 Congress refused to give significant power to this legislature, however, or make the position of governor of the Territory a popularly elected one. Everything the local legislature did was subject to the (dis)approval of Congress. The federal government retained the power to regulate the territory's fish, game, and fur resources, a function no organized territory had thus far been denied. These restrictions would chafe Alaskans and eventually lead to efforts to amend and change the Second Organic Act. Nonetheless, this official act of incorporation by Congress did bind the region more firmly to the United States.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had provided the framework for the territorial system and had, for over a century, served well the purposes of expansion. The last two contiguous U. S. territories, New Mexico and Arizona, had become states in 1912. But Alaska (like Hawaii and Puerto Rico) was non-contiguous and sparsely populated. These two factors, as well as Congress' uncertainty about Alaska's indigenous non-white population of Aleuts, Indians, and Eskimos complicated Alaska statehood. To be sure, political considerations had often been part of statehood questions: the 1864 elevation of Nevada from territory to state (though it only had a population of 20,000 at the time) gave Abraham Lincoln needed votes for re-election and also helped ratify the 13th Amendment. 6
Absentee Interests and Colonial Exploitation
Alaska had a population of about 58,000 in 1916 when Wickersham, now Delegate to Congress, introduced Alaska's first statehood bill. It failed due to lack of interest on the part of Alaskans; not even President Harding's 1923 visit to the Territory could create sustained widespread interest in statehood. Efforts to amend the Second Organic Act, which had not quite extricated Alaska's fishing industry from the influences of the "Fish Trust," took up much time yet proved fruitless. In fact, some Congressional legislation was overtly discriminatory to the Territory. The U. S. Maritime Act of 1920--commonly referred to as the Jones Act, after its sponsor, Senator Wesley Jones of Seattle--stipulated that all commercial ships travelling between American ports had to be American-owned and American-built. Thus, all merchandise entering or leaving Alaska had to be transported by American carriers, which meant that all shipping had to go through Seattle. The Supreme Court ruled that, because Alaska was not officially a state, the Constitution's provision that one state should not hold sway over the commerce of another did not protect Alaska. Routing ships through the Canadian ports of Vancouver and Prince Rupert would have been much cheaper for Alaskans; nevertheless, under the Court's ruling, the Jones Act allowed Seattle business interests to charge much higher than average prices for shipping. This in turn raised the cost of living in Alaska and funnelled Alaskan dollars out of the territory and into the pockets of Washington businessmen. Another piece of discriminatory legislation, the White Act of 1924, was referred to as the "Magna Carta of fishery conservation" by both federal officials and industry spokesmen. In fact, the White Act favored the big companies' fish traps and worked against the development of small operators in Alaska. 7
National discrimination was compounded by regional conflicts among the territory's judicial divisions and these squabbles further blurred the focus on statehood. Under the conditions of the Second Organic Act, Alaska had been divided into the four divisions, each with a capitol city: the First Judicial division (southeastern Alaska) at Juneau; the Second Division (northwestern Alaska) at Nome; the Third Division (southcentral Alaska) at Valdez, and later at Anchorage; and the Fourth Division (the interior) at Fairbanks. The Southeastern division, or "Panhandle" region, had by far the largest population and began to wonder if perhaps it could become a state separate from the other three less-populated divisions. Government control over Alaska was the primary concern, as over 52 federal agencies had a hand in the daily workings of Alaska! Exasperated, Wickersham declared "there actually exists today a congressional government in Alaska more offensively bureaucratic in its basic principles and practices than that which existed here during the seventy years of Russian rule under the Czar." 8 Federal attempts in the 1920s to streamline administration had little success changing either the bureaucratic control over Alaska's development or the unfair Congressional legislation, and the exploitative resource industries of the contiguous states still had the power to completely withdraw the sources of many Alaskans' livelihood.
The Depression hit Alaska hard as prices paid for fish and copper, the territory's two chief commodities, declined. Between 1929 and 1932, the work force decreased by more than half, and wages dropped. Help came from New Deal programs such as the National Reforestation Act of 1933 and various Public Works Administration construction efforts. Most famous among government efforts in Alaska during the Depression is the 1935 Matanuska Valley colonization scheme. President Franklin D. Roosevelt imagined that Americans from depressed agricultural areas could be transplanted to Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna region and given a fresh chance at agricultural self-sustainment. Around 1,000 colonists were selected from some 15,000 applicants, largely from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota--on the assumption that the similar climate of these areas to Alaska would best suit settlers for life in the North. A related but completely ill-fated idea was Dr. Joe Thomas' "Alaska Colonization Branch of the United Congo Improvement Association," which proclaimed that "Alaska offers the American Negro full political rights." 9 The UCIA asked that President Roosevelt settle some 400 Negro farmers in Alaska, but existing racial prejudices and prevailing beliefs that only people from northern lands were suited for life in Alaska doomed the proposal.
The War Years: A Decade of Growth
While the New Deal aided Alaska, it took an event of much greater scale and purpose to truly bring the Territory onto the national stage. As early as 1933, Delegate Anthony J. Dimond had recognized Japan as a threat to America's security and asked Congress for military airfields and planes, a highway to link the territory with the United States, and army garrisons. Telling his colleagues in the House of Representatives that Japanese fishermen off Alaska's coast were actually disguised military personnel scouting out information on Alaska's harbors, Dimond pleaded that Alaska was as much a key to the Pacific as Hawaii and must be defended. In 1940, Congress appropriated money for military installations, but it took the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the 1942 occupation by Japan of Attu and Kiska islands on the Aleutian Chain for military mobilization to begin in earnest. Billions of dollars in defense spending came into the state in the construction of the Alaska Highway, the capture and eventual fortification of the Aleutian islands, and the construction of military bases throughout the state.
The Alaska Highway stretches 1,500 miles from
Fairbanks, Alaska to Dawson Creek, British Columbia.
Left: 341st Army Engineers working near Tok, AK, 1942.
Right: Completed road near Muncho Lake, YT, 1943.
Secretary of Alaska Bob Bartlett (center) cuts the ribbon upon the highway's completion in 1943.
The construction took only eight months and twelve days!
In 1940, about 1,000 of Alaska's 75,000 residents were military. By 1943, 152,000 out of 233,000 belonged to the armed forces stationed in Alaska. And even though there was a post-war drop in population to about 99,000 in 1946, Cold War military expenditures pushed it back up to around 138,000 by 1950. The war years irrevocably changed Alaska.
Attention in the national press increasingly raised awareness about Alaska's situation, described by Richard L. Neuberger in Newsweek as a "feudal barony" where the absentee-owned mining and fishing corporations took out millions in natural resources and left next to nothing behind in the form of social and economic benefits--a "looted land." 10 It became increasingly obvious that keeping territorial government and tax structures to a minimum benefitted Seattle-area interests such as the Alaska Steamship Company and the Northland Transportation Company, who enjoyed an effective monopoly on steamship travel and shipping and charged unusually high rates. Alaskan businessmen such as Austin E. "Cap" Lathrop--Alaska's premier "capitalist"--were able to benefit greatly from the minimal taxes and argued against statehood for fear that its' stricter tax laws might diminish their position. The anti-statehood faction had a powerful hold in the Territory, and might have quelled the issue were it not for two especially vigorous pro-statehood advocates, Ernest Gruening and E. L. "Bob" Bartlett.
Ernest Gruening, an Easterner with a history of progressive politics, had served as publicity director for Senator Robert M. LaFollette's presidential candidacy in 1924 when LaFollette polled five million votes but lost the race. Gruening traveled and worked in Mexico and Europe before serving as editor of the Nation until he was appointed by F. D. Roosevelt in 1934 to run the fledgling Division of Territories and Island Possessions. In 1939, FDR appointed Gruening to the governorship of Alaska. Edward Lewis "Bob" Bartlett , with whom Gruening was to work closely for the next quarter-century, had served as secretary to Congressional delegate Anthony J. Dimond, remaining in Washington until 1934. Bartlett operated a placer gold mine for a while before President Roosevelt appointed him secretary of Alaska in January 1939. In 1944, Bartlett ran for and won the position which Wickersham and Dimond had held--Territorial Delegate to Congress. Beginning in 1945, Delegate Bartlett acted as Alaska's only representative in the halls of Congress.
The Drive Toward Statehood: Legislative and Populist Efforts
Historian Claus Naske divides the statehood movement in Alaska into two phases. 11 First, between 1943 and 1953, Alaska's governor (Gruening), the delegate to Congress (Bartlett), and a cross-section of the territory's established business and professional men and women engineered numerous legislative efforts to achieve statehood for Alaska. Gruening was frustrated by the fact that after three decades under the American flag, Alaska was still without adequate roads, airfields, tuberculosis hospitals, and dependable shipping at reasonable cost. What was more, the aboriginal rights issue had not yet been settled, and homesteaders were not yet legally able to acquire land from the federal government. He felt that the only tools by which Alaskans could amend their plight were two United States senators and a Representative in the House, each with a vote.
The 3:2 passage of a 1946 referendum in favor of statehood led to the formation of the Alaska Statehood Association--an ad hoc group of concerned citizens--later that year. Meanwhile, Gruening lobbied hard in Washington with the members of the influential Senate Public Lands Committee, especially Senator Hugh Butler of Nebraska. Delegate Bartlett introduced a statehood bill in April, 1948 which was corralled in the Rules Committee by Senator Butler. It never came up for debate, but many Alaskans had testified to their desire for statehood and the interest of numerous others was aroused as the possibility of statehood became more plausible. Furthermore, Alaskan voters decided that year to reform the territory's tax structure to loosen the hold of the special interests.
The Alaska Statehood Committee was formed in 1949 to intensify efforts toward statehood, calling on national and labor organizations, newspaper editors, and state governors to support and publicize Alaska's situation. Gruening himself compiled a "committee of one-hundred" prominent Americans who supported Alaska's aspirations, including Eleanor Roosevelt, actor James Cagney, Pearl S. Buck, John Gunther, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. 1949 was a watershed year for the statehood movement, as it received growing attention both in Alaska and in the nation at large. A bill for statehood passed the House by a vote of 186-146 early in 1950, but was killed in the Senate by a coalition of conservative Republicans and southern Democrats, backed tacitly by President Eisenhower. This coalition wanted to preserve the tenuous Republican majority in Congress, and opposed Alaska's entry into the Union for fear that its congressional voice would be Democratic. The Korean War, which began in June of 1950 and lasted into 1952, effectively put concerns about Alaska statehood on the back burner.
The second, or "populist" phase in Naske's analysis, involved the efforts of thousands of regular Alaskans to foment popular interest in the statehood drive. The New York Journal-American put the situation dramatically:
Alaska wants statehood with the fervor men and women give to a transcendent cause. An overwhelming number of men and women voters in the United States want statehood for Alaska. This Nation needs Alaskan statehood to advance her defense, sustain her security, and discharge her deep moral obligation. 12
Such enthusiasm served as a counterweight to the typical arguments made against Alaska statehood: noncontiguity with the rest of the country, lack of population, inadequate political maturity, and meager financial resources. Senator Butler and five members of the Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee decided to hold hearings in Alaska on a statehood bill; they wanted to hear the "reaction of the "little people" of Alaska. The Butler committee heard testimony in Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau and Ketchikan. The visit of Butler's committee brought together many Alaskans sympathetic to the statehood cause, and popular publicity movements such as "Operation Statehood" put increased pressure on Congress for Alaska statehood. Women in the committee, for example, made artificial bouquets out of the Forget-me-Not, Alaska's official flower, and mailed them to members of Congress prior to the consideration of statehood legislation. The citizens of Alaska sent Christmas cards to friends in the contiguous U. S. which urged: "Make [Alaskans] future bright/Ask your Senator for statehood/And start the New Year right." 13 Members of Congress could no longer invoke "lack of public interest" as an argument against Alaska Statehood.
President Eisenhower, in his 1954 State of the Union address, requested the immediate admission of Hawaii into the Union but did not mention Alaska. The editor of the Washington Post wrote of a "murky cloud of politics" surrounding such a position, as it was becoming evident that the Republican administration thought Hawaii would come into the Union as a Republican state, while Alaska would come in favoring the Democrats. Eventually the Senate put together a combination statehood bill, which provided for the admission first of Hawaii and then of Alaska. This bill immediately became the centerpiece of Congressional partisan wrangling. Operation Statehood swamped the White House with telegrams asking for "statehood now." A delegation of Operation Statehood's members flew to Washington, D. C. to meet with President Eisenhower, and they made a dramatic impression. John Butrovich, a Fairbanks insurance agent and senior Republican in the territorial legislature, told Eisenhower:
We feel that you are a great American. But we are shocked to come down here and find that a bill which concerns the rights of American citizens is bottled up in a committee when you have the power to bring it out on the House floor. 14
Eisenhower reddened as Butrovich banged his fists on the Chief Executive's desk to emphasize his dissatisfaction. The President denied that any partisanship played a role in the Alaska statehood issue and assured the members that Alaska statehood posed many problems which needed attention. He was most likely concerned, however, with preserving the narrow Republican margin in Congress.
The next effort to derail the statehood cause came in the form of a Senate proposal to make Alaska and Hawaii "commonwealths" of the U. S., with elective governorships. National columnists such as Walter Lippmann and Richard Strout favored this step, but the interest of the people of Alaska was not swayed from statehood. No one savored the prospect of paying federal taxes yet remaining, in effect, a stranger to the Union. Another series of Congressional hearings about Alaska's situation instilled in many Alaskans an interest in more aggressive action. Such enthusiasm ultimately brought about the 1955 Constitutional Convention, held in the newly appointed "Constitution Hall" on the grounds of the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. It was here that Senator Ernest Gruening delivered his galvanizing "Let Us End American Colonialism" address. The convention received phenomenal national exposure and was praised by numerous journalists for its idealistic attention to "the good of Alaska" rather than partisan politics. The convention was an intensely emotional event for all involved, as passions about the future of Alaska ran strong and deep among convention members. In 1956, the resulting Constitution--which the National Municipal League called "one of the best, if not the best, state constitutions ever written"--was overwhelmingly accepted by Alaskans. 15
Another crucial maneuver toward statehood was the adoption of the Tennessee Plan, proposed by George H. Lehleitner, an ex-Navy commander. The plan, which had been used successfully by Tennessee, Michigan, California, Oregon, Kansas, and Iowa, involved electing a Congressional delegation without waiting for an enabling act from Congress. In the spring of 1956, Alaskans elected Ernest Gruening and William Egan as Senators-elect and Ralph J. Rivers as House Representative-elect. With support for statehood firmly established in Alaska, the stage was now set for reinvigorated efforts in the nation's Congress. Egan, Gruening, and Rivers were received with much fanfare, but were not officially seated or recognized by Congress.
Working together with Delegate Bob Bartlett, the Tennessee Plan delegation lobbied hard in the Senate and the House. Influential House Speaker Sam Rayburn of Texas, until the summer of 1957 a foe of statehood, changed his mind and promised to give the territory a chance to be heard. Rayburn, when asked about his change in view, answered "I can tell you in two words, 'Bob Bartlett'." 16
Statehood Achieved
With sectional conflicts breaking down and the power of the "Dixiecrats" diminishing, Congress reconvened in January 1958 to the sounds of President Eisenhower fully endorsing Alaska statehood for the first time. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson assured Bartlett that the southern Senators would not filibuster the Alaska bill. Johnson's was an important commitment, yet Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia, Chairman of the powerful Rules Committee, stepped in to obstruct the statehood bill. Life magazine tartly characterized Smith as a "Virginia gentleman whose impeccable manners include little real respect for either free enterprise or democracy." 17 Additionally, Representative Thomas Pelly of Washington state demanded the right for his constituents to fish Alaskan waters on the same basis as residents. An amendment was subsequently drafted seeking retention of federal jurisdiction over Alaska's fish and game resources until the secretary of the interior certified to Congress that the state met provisions for their conservation and nonresident access. The Fairbanks Daily News-Miner responded to Pelly's petulance by printing excerpts from Edna Ferber's impassioned novel Ice Palace . The passages featured the character of Thor Storm, the grizzled Nordic pioneer, informing his granddaughter, Christine, about the legacy of Seattle and San Francisco cannery operators' unmerciful exploitation of Alaska's fisheries. Ferber's book had sold well and widely. Ice Palace had such an educative effect on the nation's populace that one critic was moved to refer to it as "the Uncle Tom's Cabin of Alaska Statehood."
After some maneuvering, the effort to bypass Representative Smith's Rules Committee succeeded when the statehood bill was brought up on "privileged status" by a roll-call vote of 217-172. The Senate, which had before it both its own version of the statehood bill and the House version, passed the House version at the urging of Delegate Bartlett by a 64-20 margin. The House then passed the bill by a vote of 210-166. New York Representative Leo W. O' Brien, when asked about the almost miraculous materialization of needed Congressional support for the statehood bill, considered a key factor to be the friendship so many lawmakers felt for Bob Bartlett.
Through the combined efforts of Ernest Gruening, Bob Bartlett, and many other unacknowledged Alaskans, the statehood cause was finally victorious. On January 3, 1959, President Eisenhower signed the official declaration which made Alaska the 49th state. The new American flag featured seven rows of seven stars each.
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In cookery, what are ‘albondigas’? | Albondigas – Spanish Meatballs – What's Cooking
by Amanda 2 Comments
Albondigas
Spain was one of my many destinations this past year and the trip was an inspiration. These albondigas are one of my all-time favorite dishes. It showcases all of the layers of smoked paprika, cilantro, red onions, bread crumbs, garlic and tomatoes. I use turkey instead of meat for the meatballs yet the spices make poultry taste like smoked meat. I love this dish because it’s healthy, I use very little salt, and it’s baked, but the flavor is powerful. I always serve albondigas as tapas, usually with olives, pulpo, fish, a vegetable and whatever else I’m in the mood for. Although these are more typical tapas, anything you make, served as a small portion, could qualify as tapas.
The word tapas is derived from the word verb tapar, which means to cover. Legend has it that tapas were originally the slices of bread or meat which sherry drinkers in Andalusian taverns used to cover their glasses between sips to keep the fruit flies away. Often the meat used to cover the drink was cured and salty so the patrons of the tavern would order more alcohol to quench their thirst.
Another practical theory posits that the fine, bar-hopping citizens of Spain often had to stand due to crowds in the bars and thus placed plates on top of their drinks in order to eat, making it a top and a table.
Historical folklore that says the idea of tapas originated with decrees from various Spanish kings, Alfonso XI, Alfonso XIII or Felipe III, passing the idea of the tapa into law for various societal reasons for slowing down inebriation of the masses with food, curing illnesses, or just personal preference.
To this day, it is still the law in Spain that any alcohol must be served with some form of tapas.
Cured Tapas in Madrid’s Central Market
Abiding by Spanish law (in Manhattan) I made these albondigas to cover plenty of imbibing for the evening. The spices and heat bring an earthy kick to any party. Buen provecho!
LA RECETA:
1 pound each of ground turkey
1 red onion finely chopped
3-5 cloves garlicchopped finely
1 handful of fresh cilantro plus more for garnish
1 tablespoon ground cumin
Freshly cracked black pepper, to taste
1 egg, lightly beaten
1/4 cup crumbs from stale bread
2 teaspoons pimenton (Spanish smoked paprika)
1 cup tomato sauce (either homemade with crushed tomatoes and red/white wine or store bought to save time)
Directions
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F.
In a large bowl, mix together the ground turkey, grated onion, chopped garlic, cilantro, cumin, smoked paprika, 1 tablespoon salt, and the black pepper. Add the egg and combine. Add the bread crumbs and combine. Begin to form meatballs to desired size, putting them in an oven-safe dish. I like mine a little smaller, yielding about 20. Cover with tomato sauce then cover dish so it doesn’t dry out while cooking. Bake for about 40 mins then garnish with cilantro.
Two Spanish ladies conversing outside a tapas bar in Segovia -taken on our trip to Spain this past May
| Meatball |
School Master Thomas Gradgrind is a character in which Charles Dickens novel? | Cooking Albondigas (Mexican Meatballs) - YouTube
Cooking Albondigas (Mexican Meatballs)
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Published on Dec 15, 2012
Today Albondigas For Lunch
Albondigas or Mexican style meatballs are perfect to enjoy during the fall and the winter. Albondigas are meatballs made with grounded sirloin beef or the beef of your choice, garlic, oregano and black pepper. The meatballs are first grilled and cooked in tomato sauce with added potatoes carrots, celery, onions and tomatoes. To add more spice and flavor; I added chipotle peppers to the meatballs.
This video will show you how to make albondigas.
Enjoy!
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Campolina, Gidran and Monchino are breeds of which animal? | 1000+ images about Random breeds on Pinterest | Coloring, It is and Donkeys
Gidran, or Hungarian Anglo-Arab. A breed developed in Hungary from bloodstock that included the Arabian horse. All members of the breed are chestnut in color. It is an endangered breed today, with only about 200 living representatives worldwide
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What is the name of the US writer and lecturer who wrote ‘How to Win Friends and Influence People’? | Learn and talk about Horse breeds, Horse breeding and studs, Horses, Mammal breeds, Types of horse
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In the Bible, what sign did God give Noah that the earth would not be flooded again? | Genesis 9:11 I establish my covenant with you: Never again will all life be destroyed by the waters of a flood; never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth."
Matthew Henry Commentary
9:8-17 As the old world was ruined, to be a monument of justice, so this world remains to this day a monument of mercy. But sin, that drowned the old world, will burn this. Articles of agreement among men are sealed, that what is promised may be the more solemn, and the doing of what is covenanted the more sure to mutual satisfaction. The seal of this covenant was the rainbow, which, it is likely, was seen in the clouds before, but was never a seal of the covenant till now it was made so. The rainbow appears when we have most reason to fear the rain prevailing; God then shows this seal of the promise, that it shall not prevail. The thicker the cloud, the brighter the bow in the cloud. Thus, as threatening afflictions abound, encouraging consolations much more abound. The rainbow is the reflection of the beams of the sun shining upon or through the drops of rain: all the glory of the seals of the covenant are derived from Christ, the Sun of righteousness. And he will shed a glory on the tears of his saints. A bow speaks terror, but this has neither string nor arrow; and a bow alone will do little hurt. It is a bow, but it is directed upward, not toward the earth; for the seals of the covenant were intended to comfort, not to terrify. As God looks upon the bow, that he may remember the covenant, so should we, that we may be mindful of the covenant with faith and thankfulness. Without revelation this gracious assurance could not be known; and without faith it can be of no use to us; and thus it is as to the still greater dangers to which all are exposed, and as to the new covenant with its blessings.
The Covenant of the Rainbow
…10and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you; of all that comes out of the ark, even every beast of the earth. 11 "I establish My covenant with you; and all flesh shall never again be cut off by the water of the flood, neither shall there again be a flood to destroy the earth." 12God said, "This is the sign of the covenant which I am making between Me and you and every living creature that is with you, for all successive generations;…
| Rainbow |
In which US state is the port of Galveston? | Genesis 9 CEV - God’s Promise to Noah - God said to - Bible Gateway
Genesis 9Contemporary English Version (CEV)
God’s Promise to Noah
9 God said to Noah and his sons:
I am giving you my blessing. Have a lot of children and grandchildren, so people will live everywhere on this earth. 2 All animals, birds, reptiles, and fish will be afraid of you. I have placed them under your control, 3 and I have given them to you for food. From now on, you may eat them, as well as the green plants that you have always eaten. 4 But life is in the blood, and you must not eat any meat that still has blood in it. 5-6 I created humans to be like me, and I will punish any animal or person that takes a human life. If an animal kills someone, that animal must die. And if a person takes the life of another, that person must be put to death.
7 I want you and your descendants to have many children, so people will live everywhere on earth.
8 Again, God said to Noah and his sons:
9 I am going to make a solemn promise to you and to everyone who will live after you. 10 This includes the birds and the animals that came out of the boat. 11 I promise every living creature that the earth and those living on it will never again be destroyed by a flood.
12-13 The rainbow that I have put in the sky will be my sign to you and to every living creature on earth. It will remind you that I will keep this promise forever. 14 When I send clouds over the earth, and a rainbow appears in the sky, 15 I will remember my promise to you and to all other living creatures. Never again will I let floodwaters destroy all life. 16 When I see the rainbow in the sky, I will always remember the promise that I have made to every living creature. 17 The rainbow will be the sign of that solemn promise.
Noah and His Family
18 Noah and his sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, came out of the boat. Ham later had a son named Canaan. 19 All people on earth are descendants of Noah’s three sons.
20 Noah farmed the land and was the first to plant a vineyard. 21 One day he got drunk and was lying naked in his tent. 22 Ham entered the tent and saw him naked, then went back outside and told his brothers. 23 Shem and Japheth put a robe over their shoulders and walked backwards into the tent. Without looking at their father, they placed it over his body.
24 When Noah woke up and learned what his youngest son had done, 25 he said,
“I now put a curse on Canaan!
He will be the lowest slave
of his brothers.
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Which 1945 film was adapted from Noel Coward’s play ‘Still Life’? | Noel Coward's Brief Encounter: Theater Review | Hollywood Reporter
Noel Coward's Brief Encounter: Theater Review
4:28 PM PST 2/21/2014 by Myron Meisel
The enduring sentiment of Noel Coward’s paean to the stiff upper lip still triumphs despite this rather spurious production’s determination to neuter its repressed passions. TWITTER
This English import, a classic romance of decent married lovers resolutely resisting adultery, arrives in Beverly Hills.
Possibly his most recognized work, Noel Coward’s screenplay for David Lean’s 1945 British film Brief Encounter, with its proper and decent married lovers resolutely resisting adultery, was indubitably the adult romance of its time, with the swells of Rachmaninov’s Second Piano Concerto counterpointing the personal sacrifice of ardor for order and honor. What could be more archaic or ripe for ridicule in an era characterized by hookups on the one hand, and the puritanical concept of an “emotional affair” on the other, making a hash of moral distinctions based on actual behavior?
This Kneehigh adaptation by director Emma Rice, based both on the screenplay and Coward’s original 40-minute Still Life, one of 10 one-acts comprising Tonight at 8:30, originated in its Cornwall home in 2007 and has since enjoyed enthusiastic acclaim in major houses in London, San Francisco, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Minneapolis and comes to Beverly Hills after an Australian tour en route to Washington, D.C.
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Considering the story ultimately ennobles fidelity, one must certainly note this rendition takes considerable liberties. Less a vision of the original than an occasion to tinker fussily with it, Rice deploys an array of mannered distancing devices, mostly pushed for bald comic effect, nearly all of which were commonplace when Brief Encounter was new and like most avant-garde tactics date rather more relentlessly than the admittedly old-fashioned virtues of Coward’s themes.
Coward was the sort of master magician who could appear to be effortlessly doing little at all while somehow succeeding at exploring a wide social array of different kinds of romantic love: young, old, middle-aged, bourgeois, privileged or working class. Having been himself a parvenu, Coward understood snobbery but was too cultivated to countenance it. Instead this show seems to revel in pandering, mocking the expression of intense suppressed emotions by encouraging a post-modern and rather shallow irony while shamelessly milking lowbrow laughs at the expense of everyone else but the central lovers, whose stolid fervor is parodied with self-conscious removal from identification. As so often the style, attitude prevails over sincerity, as if genuine depth of feeling must be gingerly approached with a detachment that reassures the audience that it may only partake of ingenuous passion with suspicion and skepticism.
Certainly Brief Encounter is amenable to criticism as an unalloyed apologia for the hidebound English temperament and its obeisance to a conventional, inevitably hypocritical, morality, but not only is that easier to preach at removed hindsight, but Coward understood all that perfectly well and set himself the most difficult task of finding the admirable and sublime in the necessity to hide and repress one’s deepest longings and urges. Soldiering on despite all was essential in the wartime environment in which the film was made, and it is not without relevance still as an exemplary lesson in finding priorities in the world higher than oneself. Rather than examining these values honestly at face value, this rendition offers us tricks and a smug satisfaction at our superiority to such benighted souls from a simpler time.
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As has quickly become the custom at this congenial new venue, production perquisites are handsome and well appointed. Nevertheless, projections of splashing waves for roiling instincts were already risible by From Here to Eternity, and the Buster Keaton coup from Sherlock Jr. of walking from stage into screen may have been profound in 1924, yet even then wasn’t particularly innovative. The movie clips tend toward nickelodeon knockoffs of Maya Deren, so feeble next to related work being done nowadays by the likes of Guy Maddin and others.
Perhaps the most promising of added wrinkles involve the interpolation of Coward songs in counterpoint to the action, although from the very first, “Every Little Fish,” it becomes clear that the intent will be laden with camp condescension. Curiously though, all this patronizing ultimately doesn’t diminish the poignancy inherent in Coward’s sustained appreciation for thwarted love: it survives all the heartily applied stagecraft in the touching moments between Jim Sturgeon and Hannah Yelland, each a delicate study in frustration and authentic openheartedness. Nevertheless, they are inevitably at a disadvantage when measured against the ineffable Celia Johnson and Trevor Howard, so immortalized by their incomparably measured reaction shots in close-up. Call me an old fart who prefers one’s sentiment straight up, without winking or nudging, but I far preferred the unadorned Antaeus production of the original Still Life mounted locally in 2007, even as this theatrical juggernaut was being launched.
Venue: Bram Goldsmith Theater at the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts, Beverly Hills (through Mar. 23)
Cast: Jim Sturgeon, Hannah Yelland, Annette McLaughlin, Joe Alessi, Dorothy Atkinson, Damon Daunno, David Brown, James Gow
Director: Emma Rice
Writer: Adapted by Emma Rice from Noel Coward’s 1936 play Still Life and his 1945 screenplay Brief Encounter, with additional verse and lyrics by Coward
Original Music: Stu Barker
| Brief Encounter |
Grace Anna Goodhue was the wife of which US President? | Welcome to the Noël Coward Society
Noël & Gertie (Revue) Libretto
Play compilations
Play Parade Vols. 1 - 6 - produced from 1933 onwards These are the earliest compilations published by Heinemann.
Methuen Plays series - (the ‘Black’ series) books of collected plays that were first published as a series in 1983 in both hardback and paperback (5 volumes). Since then reissued in paperback (‘Black & Blue’ series) with an introduction by Sheridan Morley in 1994 and again in 1999, in eight paperback volumes, as part of the Centenary publications series by Methuen (Terracotta & Gold), with additional volumes for Sketches & Parodies and Verse and a revised introduction and chronology. (The latter are listed below).
PLAYS 1: Hay Fever, The Vortex, Fallen Angels, Easy Virtue.
PLAYS 2: Private Lives, Bitter-Sweet, The Marquise, Post-Mortem.
PLAYS 3: Design For Living, Cavalcade, Conversation Piece, and from Tonight At 8.30 (Pt. I) Hands Across The Sea, Still Life, Fumed Oak.
PLAYS 4: Blithe Spirit, Present Laughter, This Happy Breed, and from Tonight At 8.30 (Pt. II) Ways And Means, The Astonished Heart, “Red Peppers.”
PLAYS 5: Relative Values, Look After Lulu, Waiting in the Wings, Suite in Three Keys.
PLAYS 6: Semi-Monde, Point Valaine, South Sea Bubble, Nude With Violin.
PLAYS 7: Quadrille, Peace In Our Time, and from Tonight at 8.30 (Pt. III) We Were Dancing, Shadow Play, Family Album, Star Chamber.
PLAYS 8: I’ll Leave It To You, The Young Idea, This Was A Man.
Ida Collaborates - 1917 by Coward and Esmé Wynne.
Women and Whisky - 1918 by Coward and Esmé Wynne.
The Rat Trap - 1918. The first performance at the Everyman Theatre and starred George Carr, Raymond Massey & Allan Wade
I'll Leave It To You - 1919. First production at the Gaiety Theatre, Manchester, actors included Kate Cutler, Noël Coward as Bobbie and Esmé Wynne.
The Young Idea - Sep 25 1922 Opened at the Prince's Theatre, Bristol - actors included Herbert Marshall, Kate Cutler and Noël Coward as Sholto. went on to the Savoy Theatre, London on Feb 1 1923.
Sirocco 1921 - (Revised in 1927). First presented at Daly's Theatre, London and included Ada King, Margaret Watson and Ivor Novello.
The Better Half May 311922. A one act play first seen in the Eighth Series of London's Grand Guignol at the Little Theatre, London. Starred Auriol Lee, Ivy Williams and Ian Fleming.
The Queen Was In The Parlour 1922. First seen at the St. Martin's Theatre, London and included Herbert Marshall and Madge Titheradge in the cast.
Mild Oats - 1922. A one act play that was never produced. Published in 'Collected Sketches and Lyrics'
Weatherwise -1923 Presented by the Noël Coward Company at the Festival Theatre, Malvern with James Mason in an early role.
Fallen Angels - 1923. First seen at the Globe Theatre, London. Comment from John Gielgud's 'Notes From The Gods' - "Brilliantly clever - and brilliant performance by Miss Bankhead. Rest not so good. Last act the best - second act very amusing - first rather gabbled and less well rounded off. The set and theatre both slightly too big for so very light a play, but it was delightfully entertaining all the same."
The Vortex - 1923. First produced at the Everyman
Theatre, Hampstead and after 'overnight success' transferred to Royalty Theatre, London. Kenneth Tynan said in 'Curtains'; " The Vortex, a jeremiad against narcotics with dialogue that sounds not so much stilted as high-heeled, was described by Beverley Nicholls as "immortal." Others, whom it shocked, were encouraged in their heresy by an unfortunate photograph for which Coward posed supine on a knobbly brass bedstead, wearing a dressing-gown and "looking", as he said, "like a heavily-doped Chinese illusionist." From this sprang the myth that he wrote all his plays in an absinthe-drenched coma; in fact, as he has been patiently explaining for nearly thirty years, he drinks little and usually starts punishing his typewriter at seven a.m.
Hay Fever - 1924. Opened at the Ambassador's Theatre, London with Marie Tempest as Judith Bliss. Comedy by Noël Coward.
Easy Virtue - 1924. First presented in the USA at the Broad Theatre, Newark. Joyce Carey was in the cast.
This Was a Man - 1926. First seen at the Klaw Theatre, New York with Terence Neill and A. E. Matthews amongst the cast.
The Marquise - 1926. Produced at the Criterion Theatre, London starring W. Graham Browne, Eileen Sharp and Robert Harris.
Home Chat - 1927. First seen at the Duke of York's Theatre, London.
Bitter-Sweet - 1928-29. An operette presented by Charles Cochran at the Palace Theatre, Manchester with a large cast and featuring the songs 'I'll See You Again' and 'If Love Were All'. The complete score dedicated to Miss Elsie April thus ' My Dear Elsie, I am dedicating this score to you in gratitude for all the unfailing help and encouragement you have given me in music.'
Private Lives - 1929. First seen at the King's Theatre , Edinburgh and starring Noël Coward, Gertrude Lawrence, Laurence Oliver and Adrianne Allen.
Post-Mortem - 1930. First published 1931 Coward was inspired to write this play after performing in 'Journey's End' with The Quaints, who included John Mills, in Singapore. Although written in 1930 it did not receive its first professional stage premier until 1992 at The King's Head Theatre in London directed by Richard Stirling with some of the great actor names of the past four decades, such as Avril Angers and Sylvia Syms, taking part.
Some Other Private Lives - 1930. This parody sketch of 'Private Lives' was written and directed by Coward and played near the end of the first run of the original play. It featured the cast of the original version and changed the two leads into Fred and Flossie - cockney characters. Also performed later by 'The Noël Coward Company' on tour in Britain.
Cavalcade - 1930-31. Produced by Charles Cochran and using the Drury Lane stage to the full, this spectacular cavalcade of British history from 1899 to 1931 (Coward's life time to that date) inspired with its patriotic themes, icons and fervour.
Design for Living - 1932. Written for Coward, Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne.
Conversation Piece - 1933. Romantic comedy with music. Period piece set in Regency Brighton.
Point Valaine - 1934. A dark comment on the fickleness of love and how we are all made fools by it - even unto death. Set in a hotel on a secluded Island near Trinidad.
Tonight at 8.30 parts I, II & III - 1935 Designed as three evenings of one-act plays and became a treasure-trove for later theatre productions, film and television adaptations. Highlights are: The Astonished Heart, Red Peppers, Still Life (later filmed as 'Brief Encounter',) Fumed Oak and Shadow Play. Originally entitled on tour Tonight at 7.30 and Today at 2.30 (for matinee performances).
Operette - 1937. A musical comedy with a plot that shows the triumph of the head over the heart. Contains the song 'The Stately Home of England' (also used in 'Set to Music'). With musical parodies of the waltz. To some Bitter-Sweet revisited. Noël Coward thought it his least successful musical play.
Present Laughter - 1939. Of the first London production The Daily Telegraph said, " a production gleaming with polish like a lacquer cabinet' Noël as Gary Essendine or as some, less kindly, say, himself, playing a very theatrical actor about to set off on a theatrical tour of Africa. Love plays him for a fool but he returns to all that is dear!
This Happy Breed 1939 Depicts the heroism of ordinary folk as they cope with war, death, love, denial and survival.
Blithe Spirit - 1941. First produced with Cecil Parker in the Charles Condomine role and Margaret Rutherford as Madame Arcati a role she repeated in the film adaptation.
Pacific 1860 - 1946. Samolo is the setting for this musical romance between a visiting diva (Mary Martin) and a planter's son (Graham Payn). Age difference causes problems but love conquers all.
Peace In Our Time - 1946. What life in England might have been like under the Nazis. The original production at the Lyric was directed by Alan Webb under Coward's supervision. and starred amongst many, Helen Horsey, Kenneth More, Bernard Lee, Elspeth March and Maureen Pryor.
Island Fling - 1951. (South Sea Bubble 1956) 1949 Started life as 'Home and Colonial' then 'Island Fling' and finally 'South Sea Bubble'. A light comedy that ran for 8 performances in Westport, USA and did not last long under its final name and first production in London. Written for Gertrude Lawrence who never played it.
Ace of Clubs - 1949. A complex gangster plot set in the Soho of 1949 in the 'Ace of Clubs' a nightclub, (providing the excuse for every type of song and dance) and environs. Most of the plot twists involve a lost vital package in a mackintosh some jewels and male female tension. The police get their man or men, the girl gets her man and everyone sings their socks off!
Relative Values - 1951. Above and below stairs sisters meet following the marriage of one (film star from Hollywood) to the son of the other's Countess mistress. Newly married sister's murky past is revealed by her servant sister and she then scuttles back to America and the class system status quo resumes.
Quadrille - 1951-52. A comedy in which a Marquess runs away with wife of a rail magnate. Their spouses follow and fall in love. A four hander in 'Private Lives' vein. Alfred starred in performance at the Phoenix Theatre, London.
After the Ball - 1953. Musical play based on Oscar Wilde's 'Lady Windermere's Fan'. Morality and the appearance of morality are not the same thing - Lady Windermere in a family intrigue involving husband 'seeing' a 'tarnished' woman she later discovers is her mother. This prompts her to run of with an Earl. Her mother helps her see the light!
Nude With Violin - 1954. A light comedy about a famous modern painter who hasn't - painted that is. After his demise it is revealed that his work has been done by anyone including a small child. Coward's barbed attack on 'Modern Art' and the 'values' placed on such paintings.
Volcano - 1956. A previously unproduced play produced at Westcliff, England in 2001 and set in the same island of Samolo as in the novel 'Pomp & Circumstance', and play 'South Sea Bubble'. Philip Hoare in 'Noël Coward a Biography' says that it was inspired by Blanche Blackwell's affair with Ian Fleming. Sweat and sex work through the volcano analogy.
Look After Lulu - 1958. A farce based on "Occupe-toi d'Amelie" by Feydeau. An attractive tart is entrusted to a friend by her lover Phillipe when he goes into the army. The friend tricks her into a mock wedding and then all is farce. Originally staged at the Henry Miller Theatre, New York with Tammy Grimes as the eponymous, deceived, heroine who gets her Phillipe in the end.
London Morning - 1959. Coward's only ballet - he wrote the music.
Waiting In The Wings - 1959. The Wings a home for retired actresses experiences all kinds of luvvie excess and star studded politics in getting a new solarium. Funny and sad. Produced by Michael Redgrave after Coward failed to get Binkie Beaumont to produce it.
Sail Away - 1961. A popular vehicle for song and dance and the American actress, Elaine Stricht. A recent concert version with Miss Stricht that took place during the Centenary year was well received.
Suite In Three Keys - (In the USA Noël Coward In Two Keys) 1965. Includes three short plays: 'A Song at Twilight' (was produced recently at the Gielgud Theatre in the West End), 'Shadows of the Evening', and 'Come Into the Garden Maud'.
Star Quality - (stage version) 1966.
Revues with dates and notes
London Calling - Sep 4 1923. A review first seen at the Duke of York's Theatre, London.
On With The Dance - 1924-25. Presented by Charles Cochran at the Palace, Manchester with Douglas Byng and Hermione Baddeley amongst the cast.
This Year of Grace! - 1927-28. A Charles Cochran produced review at the Palace, Manchester and later at the London Pavilion.
Words and Music - 1932. Coward at the peak of his career. A very successful revue.
Set to Music - 1932-38.
Sigh No More - 1945. Opened at the Piccadilly Theatre, London, starred, Cyril Richard, Madge Elliott, Joyce Grenfell and Graham Payn who sang 'Matelot'. Songs included 'Nina' and 'Indian Army Officer'. Item 19. Blithe Spirit was a ballet in this Coward revue choreographed by Wendy Toye and written by Richard Addinsell for nothing!
Revues to which Coward contributed
Tails Up! -1918.
The Co-optimists - 1922-23. At the Palace Theatre, London. Coward contributed two items to the third edition of the revue: 'The Co-communists' and 'Down with the Damn Lot!'.
Charlot's Revue -1924-25. Times Square Theatre, New York. Coward contributed 'There's Life In The Old Girl Yet', 'Parisian Pierrot' and 'Sentiment' (lyrics).
Yoiks! - June 11 1924. Contained two items by Coward: 'I'd Like to See You Try' and 'Its The Peach' used later in the film 'Star' with Julie Andrews and Daniel Massey.
Whitebirds - 1927. A Lew Leslie revue to which Coward contributed one song 'What's Going to Become of the Children' - sung by Maisie Gay. The song was rewritten for 'Together With Music as 'What's Going to Become of the Tots'.
Charles B. Cochran's 1931 Revue - 1931 London Pavilion, London. Coward contributed the following songs: 'Opening Chorus', 'City', 'Any Little Fish', 'Bright Young People', 'Half Caste Woman'. The song 'Foolish Virgins' was only used for the try out performance at Manchester on 18 Feb, 1931.
The Third Little Show - 1931. Music Box Theatre, New York. Coward wrote, 'Mad Dogs and Englishmen' sung by Beatrice Lillie and a sketch called 'Cat's Cradle' performed by Ernest Truex who also sang 'Any Little Fish' at they tryout at the Shubert Theatre, New Haven, CT on 4 May, 1931
All Clear 1939 Queens Theatre, London. Coward's offerings were: 'Cat's Cradle' sung by Beatrice Lillie and Bobby Howes, a sketch called 'Secret Service', Marvellous Party sung by Beatrice Lillie and 'Weary Of It All' sung by Lillie and Moya Nugent.
Up and Doing - 1940. Saville Theatre, London. Coward provided, 'London Pride' sung by Binnie Hale.
The Lyric Revue - 1951. Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. Coward contributed one quartet, 'Don't Make Fun of the Festival' sung by Graham Payn, Dora Bryan, Robert Huby and Ian Carmichael.
The Globe Revue - 1952. Coward wrote 'There Are Bad Times Just Around the Corner'.
Copyright - The Noël Coward Society - May 2001
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The ‘Order of the Sun’ is the highest award bestowed by which South American country for notable civil and military merit? | 2015
2015
Jul 14, 2016 5:14 PM: Portraits of Perspectives
BGSU students in the Community Projects in Photography Class taught by School of Art Professor Lynn Whitney partnered with individuals served through Wood Lane, to capture photography of their lives from work and relaxation to sports and music. The photos are on display at Toledo Museum of Art's Community Gallery through July 24.
Dec 26, 2015 12:00 AM: The GM/Wayne State University Supply Chain Case Competition
The General Motors / Wayne State University Supply Chain Case Competition was held on Oct 8 - 11, 2015 at the Marriott Hotel in Detroit's Renaissance Center. BGSU had a team of four attend the GM/Wayne State Supply Chain Case Competition. Nineteen universities from all over the US as well as three international universities (China, Mexico, and Poland) participated in the competition.
Dec 22, 2015 10:26 AM: Focus on today
BGSU alumnus Emanuele Conti offered some words of wisdom to BGSU’s most recent graduates during commencement ceremonies Dec. 18. Conti, who received a bachelor’s degree in finance in 1989, is now an operating partner for Providence, a premiere global asset management firm with over $40 billion in assets under management across complementary private equity and credit businesses.
Dec 21, 2015 8:48 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: The teacher-student connection
As an educator, Carol Puder flipped the proverbial script in 2014 when she decided to enhance her education by enrolling in BGSU’s master’s degree program in education for classroom technology. The teacher became the student and Puder found herself studying right alongside her respiratory care students.
Dec 21, 2015 8:40 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Long distance diploma
On his first day at BGSU, Derrick Loy got an extensive tour of campus usually reserved for prospective students, followed by a reminder to not be late for his graduation. That’s right, Loy received his degree on Dec. 18, the same day he stepped foot on the Bowling Green State University campus for the first time.
Dec 21, 2015 8:33 AM: A gas-powered sled
Mike Hartman ’78 scored 114 goals and handed out 83 assists during his hockey career at Bowling Green State University. These days, Hartman scores in a different way. Every holiday season, the former Falcon standout dresses up as Santa Claus and hands out candy canes to children and other passersby as he cruises around Farmington Hills, Mich., and other Detroit area towns on his Rudolph-red Harley-Davidson.
Dec 18, 2015 2:54 PM: Combatting the masquerade parties of clandestine drugs
Dr. Jon Sprague and undergraduate neuroscience student Greg Grecco are part of a crusade to protect the public from the harmful effects of synthetic drugs produced in clandestine labs. Their work is not on the street fighting drug crime, but in the laboratory working to understand how the chemical changes made to drugs in clandestine labs change how they affect the body.
Dec 16, 2015 3:51 PM: BGSU receives grant for teacher training, College Credit Plus instruction
Bowling Green State University, in partnership with Owens Community College, has been awarded a grant that will enable over 80 high school teachers to get their master’s degrees and teach college courses at their high schools as part of the College Credit Plus program. The courses will be offered starting in January 2016.
Dec 16, 2015 3:30 PM: Clark helps open door to the worlds of puppetry
There were several things that took Bradford Clark by surprise upon his final walk-through before festivities for the Nov. 14 opening of the Center for Puppetry Arts' Worlds of Puppetry Museum, in Atlanta. One was the sheer size of the bright green new addition to the center, and the other was visitors’ emotional reaction to the Henson puppets — familiar characters like Miss Piggy and Elmo.
Dec 16, 2015 10:54 AM: Accounting Professor “Flips” His Classroom with Technology
Today’s lecturing environment is no longer a blackboard, lectern, and a teacher standing at the front of a classroom with PowerPoints. It is a video camera on a tripod, a green screen, and bright photography lights because faculty are capturing their lectures through video and posting the recordings online for students to watch as homework.
Dec 16, 2015 10:54 AM: Class Assignment Promotes Team Building and Benefits Charities in Service Learning Project
A management class project this semester not only provided a real-world application that taught team work and business planning, but it also taught social responsibility and giving back to one’s community by raising money for charities. Dr. Sherry Sullivan, who teaches the MGMT 4700 - Leading for Success class, says this is not a typical team project. “It has real-life impact on people who need assistance. It is an opportunity to use business training and experience to benefit others and to showcase student talents and abilities.”
Dec 16, 2015 10:54 AM: Employers Seek ISAC Students from one of Few Programs in the World
As the world of business becomes more and more reliant on technology, the fields within information technology (IT) are growing and prospering. BGSU’s College of Business is keeping up with this trend by providing students with a number of specializations related to business information systems and also encouraging students to get involved in the IT-related professional organization.
Dec 14, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: All Smiles
Sarah Jasinski has not let adversity or poverty deter her from reaching her goals. The Vermilion, Ohio, native graduates Dec. 19 despite being told almost four years ago that she might not be successful in college. Not only did she finish in three and a half years, she also recently was accepted into dental school at The Ohio State University.
Dec 14, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Tackling the future
Kayla Tesmer is no stranger to adversity. The Barberton, Ohio, native has overcome multiple hardships in her short 23 years, giving her a level of maturity and balance well beyond her years. As a first generation college student and the first of her siblings to traditionally graduate from high school (one of her sister's received her GED), she came to Bowling Green State University on a mission to succeed.
Dec 14, 2015 7:00 AM: Navy SEAL to pilot
What do you do after serving as a United States Navy SEAL? You become a Bowling Green State University nontraditional student to start a third career, of course. After years of protecting dignitaries, instructing soldiers and conducting anti-piracy operations, Chris Kronovich decided it was time to settle down with his family and focus on his next career as a pilot.
Dec 11, 2015 4:40 PM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Executive Master of Organization Development
A unique component of the Executive Master of Organization Development (EMOD) program at BGSU is the semester-long client project, which is part of the capstone Mastering Change course. The program seeks field experience projects typically from the nonprofit or public sector. These projects support the community and augment the client’s often limited resources by providing specialized expertise that might otherwise be unavailable.
Dec 9, 2015 3:30 PM: Employee Assistance Program provides range of free services
Today’s employees are faced with managing much more than their jobs, whether it’s caring for an elderly relative or deciding on the best financial plan for their family. BGSU offers a variety of helpful, free and confidential services through Impact Solutions’ Employee Assistance Program (EAP) — a valuable but often overlooked resource, said Lisa Dubose, manager of employee relations and training and development in the Office of Human Resources.
Dec 9, 2015 3:30 PM: New research delves into perception of life expectancy among adolescents
A new study of young people by Dr. Raymond Swisher, sociology, and Dr. Tara Warner, a recent BGSU graduate and assistant professor of sociology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, finds that African-American and Hispanic youth (particularly those born in Mexico) are considerably less optimistic about their chances of surviving to age 35 than are white youth.
Dec 7, 2015 10:08 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Research and leadership lead to success
At a young age, Lauren Yacapraro’s parents took a proactive approach when they had her visit a dietitian for a predisposed medical condition. Years later, when Yacapraro determined she wanted to work in the health care field, she looked into becoming a dietitian or a physician assistant (PA). She couldn’t pick one, so decided on both.
Dec 7, 2015 9:44 AM: BGSU, Owens Community College create Falcon Express
Incoming college students now have an express track to a four-year degree from Bowling Green State University, starting from Owens Community College. BGSU and Owens are partnering to create the Falcon Express Dual Admission Program, in which students apply once and then chart their course straight through to their bachelor’s degree.
Dec 7, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Power Play
Reid Mankowski’s day begins early and ends late. In fact, you might wonder when he finds time to sleep. Mankowski manages to fit classes, several jobs, student activities and coaching youth hockey into his day. Despite a schedule that often exceeds 80 hours per week, Mankowski will graduate summa cum laude Dec. 18 with his business administration degree and a specialization in accounting. And if that isn’t impressive enough, he is graduating a semester early and funding his college education.
Dec 7, 2015 7:00 AM: Everyone has a story
That life-changing moment doesn’t always arrive riding on a bolt of lightning. It is not necessarily delivered from the mountaintop, or at the end of the rainbow. For Steve Hartman ’85, it was just another day at college as he was sitting on the steps of the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity house. Inside the house phone rang. It was a call letting Hartman know that he had landed an internship at a television station in Toledo.
Dec 4, 2015 3:26 PM: Lee to study tourism in U.S., China
National and global tourism are on the rise, and according to the World Travel and Tourism Council, are expected to contribute $11.3 trillion to the Gross Domestic Product over the next 10 years, and create more than 300 million jobs worldwide.
Dec 4, 2015 3:23 PM: BGSU to offer new degrees in allied health, forensic sciences
BGSU is responding to today's workforce needs with two new degree programs that will prepare graduates for additional career opportunities. Approved by the board of trustees Dec. 3 were a bachelor of science in allied health and a master of science in forensic science. In addition, the trustees approved an innovative support program for students with learning differences and attention challenges, named the Falcon Learning Your Way (FLY) Program.
Dec 2, 2015 1:45 PM: BGSU faculty teaching, support have positive impact
What do students think of their experience in college? How many are participating in high-impact teaching and learning practices? The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) asks students around the country to reflect on their learning activities, then correlates their responses to research on student success.
Dec 2, 2015 1:45 PM: BGSU kinesiology graduate program ranked 10th
Graduateprograms.com ranked BGSU’s graduate program in kinesiology 10th on its list of the top 25 kinesiology/exercise science graduate programs in the U.S. Rankings are based on 15 categories and cover a variety of topics from campus safety to return on investment.
Dec 2, 2015 8:00 AM: Giving Tuesday
BGSU students benefited from the generosity of Giving Tuesday supporters — a global day of philanthropy following Black Friday and Cyber Monday. 341 donors showed their Falcon pride and gave $105,474.23 within 24 hours. This was BGSU’s second year participating in the annual event. Last year, 164 donors participated raising a total of $31,346.97.
Nov 30, 2015 7:30 AM: Finding light in the dark
Brenda Hollis ’68 has seen the most wicked acts of mankind, often in graphic detail too hideous to repeat. Her work as an international prosecutor has brought her face-to-face with individuals involved in war crimes, genocide and a litany of heinous crimes against humanity.
Nov 30, 2015 7:30 AM: Learn, earn and return
In a 60-minute talk at Homecoming 2015, alumnus Derek Eiler ’93 brought a message to students to “learn, earn and return,” a message he clearly takes to heart. He urged young professionals to spend the first third of their career learning, the second earning and the third returning the good fortune by mentoring young professionals, lecturing at your alma mater and giving back to your profession.
Nov 23, 2015 7:00 AM: Beyond Bombshells
The modern day action heroine is being redefined in movies, comic books, television and literature says a BGSU popular culture faculty member. In his new book “Beyond Bombshells: The New Action Heroine In Popular Culture,” Dr. Jeffrey A. Brown looks at action heroines and addresses the shift in how female characters are portrayed in popular culture today.
Nov 23, 2015 7:00 AM: Fashion Forward
Last summer, six apparel merchandising and product development (AMPD) students took the advice of faculty and explored the world of high fashion resulting in experiences they will never forget. These students interned at notable brands such as Michael Kors, Elie Tahari, Tommy Hilfiger, Calvin Klein, Sephora, and up-and-comers Aluma Klein (Israel) and Shoshanna Lee (Chicago).
Nov 20, 2015 1:45 PM: Schneider captures team, town spirit that led to 1984 hockey championship
Many hockey fans believe the 1984 NCAA Division I hockey national championship game is the greatest game ever played. The lucky fans who were at the game between BGSU and Minnesota Duluth on that March day persevered through seven periods of action before the Falcons’ Gino Cavallini bested Duluth goalie Rick Kosti for the winning goal.
Nov 19, 2015 1:29 PM: Students “Sell” Their Way to Advance to National Sales Competition
The winners of the BGSU Sales Competition were announced at the Sales Awards Banquet held in the Bowen-Thompson Student Union. Historically, the BGSU Sales Competition has been highly competitive because the top two winners earn an automatic berth to the National Collegiate Sales Competition where BGSU has a long tradition of excellence.
Nov 18, 2015 3:45 PM: Family Is Forever
The weather was perfect. There were calm winds and sunny skies Oct. 10 when the 1985 MAC Championship football team gathered for a day of memories, camaraderie, love and football. The crowd was filled with smiles, warm embraces, handshakes, and pats on the back. Many of these "Falcon brothers" had not seen each other in 30 years, but to any outsider it appeared time had stopped. These teammates have always been much more than a football team—they're a Falcon family.
Nov 18, 2015 3:00 PM: Vice President and Vice Provost for Student Affairs search launched
The University has launched a search for the next Vice President and Vice Provost for Student Affairs, President Mary Ellen Mazey announced Nov. 16. A University-wide committee has been named to assist with the process, chaired by Cecilia Castellano, vice provost for strategic enrollment and planning. The executive search firm of Baker and Associates LLC, of Winston-Salem, N.C., will be helping to manage the search.
Nov 16, 2015 4:31 PM: Chinese Visiting Faculty Learn Our Teaching Methods by Taking Classes
Four faculty members from Tianjin Polytechnic University (TPU) in China are here at BGSU learning how we teach our statistics, operations research, and MIS classes so they can return to their country and adopt similar teaching methods and materials in their classrooms. BGSU’s College of Business and TPU established a partnership that includes a new 3 + 1 educational program and an exchange of faculty members.
Nov 16, 2015 4:27 PM: Symposium Provides Career Info About High Job Growth in Insurance Industry
It is estimated there will be 50,000 insurance job openings, including the health care sector, over the next five years. Students had the chance to learn more about these career opportunities at the first annual Insurance and Risk Management Symposium, hosted by the finance department. The event’s theme was “Industry Trends & Career Opportunities” which featured a panel of seven insurance professionals who shared their career insights with students.
Nov 16, 2015 4:27 PM: Two Highly Successful Alums Share Experiences with Graduate Students
Business graduate students get a unique opportunity once a month to learn from already successful business people through the Graduate and Executive Programs in Business Leadership Lecture Series featuring different alumni. In October, the College of Business had alumnus John J. Riedl participate in the Leadership Series.
Nov 16, 2015 4:05 PM: BGSU Alumnus and His Company “Make Noise” on NASDAQ Stock Market
BGSU College of Business alumni are continuing to make things happen!” Those are the words of Brad Seaman, a 1982 alumnus who is now chairman of the board of directors at CPI Card Group (“CPI”). Seaman and the CPI’s management team celebrated the company’s initial public offering (IPO) on October 9th by ringing the Opening Bell on the Nasdaq in Times Square.
Nov 16, 2015 4:01 PM: Culture of Engagement Provides Educational Experiences that Go Beyond Business As Usual
The College of Business is creating a culture of engagement where students develop and sharpen essential business skills such as critical thinking, communication, presentation, collaboration and teamwork inside and outside the classroom. We continue to go beyond business as usual compared to other traditional business programs.
Nov 16, 2015 3:54 PM: Economics Alumnus Credits BGSU for Successful Career Journey; Wants to Bring Electric Buses to Alma Mater
Greg Davis’s undergraduate and graduate college education did not take a typical path as most students. He credits Bowling Green State University for helping to give him the fortitude to complete his education. “I would describe my educational journey at BGSU as a long one,” states Davis, who graduated with an undergraduate degree in economics in 2008 and a master’s in economics five years later.
Nov 16, 2015 9:15 AM: Befuddled lovers and wedding day antics make for ‘A Perfect Wedding’
The welcome and unwelcome guests at a wedding set in a mystical forest are at the heart of “A Perfect Wedding,” by playwright Charles Mee. Their humorous antics carry the play, the second production of the season for Bowling Green State University’s Department of Theatre and Film.
Nov 16, 2015 8:58 AM: A Career Pit Stop
Paul Swan is once again sitting in a darkened room and studying film. After his long football career ended following his senior season with the Falcons in 2013, Swan thought the hours of meticulously reviewing style, technique and the tiniest nuances of his movements had ended.
Nov 13, 2015 3:15 PM: Friday Night Lights reduces costs, carbon use
Juniors Miranda (Mandi) Forsythe and Mitchell Peebles have a standing date for Friday evenings, but it’s nothing romantic or even for dinner. Instead, the two are committed to helping make sure BGSU is not wasting energy or increasing its carbon footprint by leaving lights on in empty classrooms.
Nov 13, 2015 3:15 PM: The Economist ranks BGSU No. 1 of Ohio public universities for return on education
BGSU ranks first among public universities in Ohio for boosting former students’ earnings 10 years after college, according to a national ranking by The Economist magazine. The college ranking is the first of its kind the magazine has conducted, and focuses on how much the colleges help their students succeed economically. In a review of 1,275 four-year, non-vocational colleges and universities, the ranking measures how much attendees earn compared to their peers from other schools.
Nov 13, 2015 8:50 AM: BGSU kinesiology graduate program ranked 10th in student poll
Graduateprograms.com ranked Bowling Green State University’s graduate program in kinesiology 10th on its list of the top 25 kinesiology/exercise science graduate programs in the U.S. Rankings are based on 15 categories and cover a variety of topics from campus safety to return on investment.
Nov 13, 2015 8:39 AM: UT and BGSU presidents wager on rivalry
Bowling Green State University President Mary Ellen Mazey and University of Toledo President Sharon L. Gaber will have more than bragging rights on the line when the Falcons and the Rockets take the field for the Battle of I-75 on Tuesday, Nov. 17.
Nov 10, 2015 2:42 PM: 'Communication for Development'
The world has changed dramatically since the first edition of Drs. Srinivas Melkote and Leslie Steeves' book on communication for development was published in 1991. Since then, globalization has revolutionized the basic way in which we conceptually divide the world, according to Melkote, School of Media and Communication, and Steeves, School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon.
Nov 9, 2015 2:21 PM: Recognized with prestigious PGA award
Bill Hughes left Bowling Green State University in 1979 to chase his dream of playing on the PGA TOUR. While he didn’t make the tour as a player, he is going on 10 years as the general manager at one of the PGA TOUR's premier courses, TPC Sawgrass, in Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla. And he wouldn’t have it any other way.
Nov 9, 2015 7:00 AM: Butterfly buffet
In a small, warm room in the Life Sciences Building, rows of white mesh tepees housing monarch butterflies are lined up on tables. The fabled, orange and black insects are carefully tended and monitored by BGSU conservation biology students Paige Arnold, a second-year graduate student from Temperance, Mich., and Matthew Zach, a junior from Fairview Park, Ohio.
Nov 9, 2015 7:00 AM: Cavallini From Kane
Many hockey fans believe the 1984 NCAA Division I hockey national championship game is the greatest game ever played. The lucky fans that were at the game between Bowling Green State University and Minnesota Duluth on that March day persevered through seven periods of action before the Falcon’s Gino Cavillini bested Duluth goalie Rick Kosti for the winning goal.
Nov 9, 2015 7:00 AM: The popular culture shock
Amira Hassnaoui prepared for the final exams for her bachelor’s degree while listening to the sounds of gunshots. Her country, Tunisia, was the in the midst of a revolution that would lead to the ousting of its longtime president and the democratization of the government.
Nov 6, 2015 2:45 PM: 'Winter Wheat' sows seeds of writing
“Winter Wheat: The Mid-American Review Festival of Writing” celebrates its 15th anniversary Nov. 12-14. “Winter Wheat” is a celebration of literary camaraderie among writers and readers, and remains the only festival/conference of its kind in the region. The festival will draw 300 students, faculty, alumni, community members, and other writers from Ohio and beyond.
Nov 6, 2015 2:45 PM: Master of Public Administration program aces accreditation
BGSU’s Master of Public Administration program has achieved accreditation by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs and Administration (NASPAA), recognized as the “gold standard” in graduate programs in public affairs accreditation. A Washington, D.C.-based, international nonprofit organization, NASPAA is the commission on peer review and accreditation.
Nov 6, 2015 2:45 PM: Undergraduates embrace global education
The second undergraduate research conference “Embracing Global Engagement: Internships, Service- and Experiential Learning in BGSU Education-Abroad Programs” on Oct. 7 was an opportunity to hear from BGSU students who “chose last year to leave their linguistic and cultural comfort zones here in Ohio in order to take advantage of BGSU’s education abroad programs,” said Dr. Christina Guenther, a faculty member in German, in her introduction.
Nov 4, 2015 3:15 PM: BGSU materials showcase excellence
The University continues to make its mark in higher education with its marketing and advancement materials. BGSU was well represented in the 2015 Pride of CASE (Council for the Advancement and Support of Education) District V Awards. The awards are a platform to celebrate the hard work and successes of colleagues in higher education. District V comprises Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. BGSU was recognized for photography, the BGSU Magazine, case statement/cultivation materials, the Admissions Viewbook and for special events materials, all produced by the Office of Marketing and Communications.
Nov 4, 2015 3:15 PM: Senior named to national It’s On Us student committee
BGSU undergraduate Mary Toth has taken the University’s It’s On Us campaign commitment to preventing sexual assaults on campus to the next level. She was chosen as one of 17 students nationally to serve on the inaugural It’s On Us Student Advisory Committee. Toth was selected from a pool of 100 applicants for the national committee. It’s On Us is part of Generation Progress's 2014 partnership with the White House to reduce sexual violence on college campuses by encouraging personal responsibility and taking an active stand. The advisory committee will work to bring the campaign to more campuses in an effort to bring about positive cultural change.
Nov 3, 2015 11:18 AM: Culture of Engagement Provides Educational Experiences that Go Beyond Business As Usual
The College of Business is creating a culture of engagement where students develop and sharpen essential business skills such as critical thinking, communication, presentation, collaboration and teamwork inside and outside the classroom. We continue to go beyond business as usual compared to other traditional business programs.
Nov 2, 2015 5:00 AM: Alumna finds career happiness
As she headed toward graduation and her future post-college, alumna Corrie Jones knew who she wanted to be her first employer—Owens Corning. Jones had done an internship there and appreciated the company's values and how they shared a passion for her favorite cause—Habitat for Humanity.
Nov 2, 2015 5:00 AM: Fishing and Fine Art
When the season is right, she ties tiny fishing flies on to angel hair thin line and helps her clients cast them about the cool, clear streams that drain the Rocky Mountains. Detail is crucial—the selection, the presentation, the movement—in order to fool the wary rainbow trout that live in those pristine waters.
Oct 30, 2015 3:00 PM: BGSU engages with Native American Heritage Month
Native American culture past and present will be explored at BGSU throughout November during Native American Heritage Month. Discussions, film screenings, traditional arts and a Native American lunch are planned by the Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) in collaboration with other campus areas.
Oct 30, 2015 3:00 PM: Community joins to ‘Live United’
With a population the size of many towns, the University can be a powerful force for good when all community members join together. The 2015 United Way Campaign with Northwest Ohio Community Shares is the opportunity to harness our resources in support of those in need.
Oct 30, 2015 3:00 PM: Natvig helps carry on 100-year family tradition of church music
In many larger communities and cities, church organists move locations frequently. But the small hamlet of Caro, Mich., is celebrating 100 years of organ playing by only two organists — one of whom was the grandfather of Dr. Mary Natvig, assistant dean and professor of musicology, composition and theory in the College of Musical Arts.
Oct 30, 2015 3:00 PM: Toledo Symphony Orchestra featured in BGSU’s composer reading session
Orchestral compositions written by Bowling Green State University College of Musical Arts students will be read, rehearsed and recorded by Toledo Symphony Orchestra (TSO) musicians on Tuesday, Nov. 10, from 3:30-6 p.m. in BGSU’s Kobacker Hall. Michael Lewanski, a prominent figure on the international contemporary music scene, will lead the orchestra while acclaimed composer, conductor author and educator Samuel Adler will be present to observe the session and give comments in an evening masterclass.
Oct 26, 2015 7:00 AM: One Grey Dress, 30 days
Imagine being challenged to wear the same article of clothing for 30 days in a row. That is exactly what 140 women in the BGSU Panhellenic community have been doing since Sept. 24 by participating in The One Grey Dress Project. By making the promise to wear the same grey dress for 30 days, the women are committing to raising awareness about the realities of sex trafficking and oppression that many women and children in the world are facing today.
Oct 26, 2015 7:00 AM: The frozen volcanoes
Before she receives her bachelor’s degree, Jenna Reindel will visit a place that few people will ever see in their lifetime. The senior from Maumee, who is majoring in geology, is part of a National Science Foundation-funded research trip going to Antarctica to study two remote volcanoes. The team will try and figure out why they’re there, as well as study the changing dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet.
Oct 23, 2015 4:34 PM: Living the Life of a Market Analyst
When I first met Kevin Fowler, I was fairly new as department chair, worried about making mistakes, but loving one part of the job, advising all of the economics majors. Kevin was one of those individuals I started to advise early on. He was a bit on the quiet side, but I could tell immediately that here was a person who was interested in learning. After graduating from BGSU with a BS-Economics degree in May of 2014, Kevin has certainly used the skills developed as an economics major to find a job that suits him very well.
Oct 23, 2015 4:18 PM: Erik Dupont and the BAT: SMOKIN’!
If you go to the Bloomberg Institute website and look at their Hall of Fame for the Bloomberg Aptitude Test (BAT) for February 2015, you will see Erik Dupont as the third place finisher, IN-THE-WORLD. For those of you who know Erik, it should come as no surprise. Razor-sharp intelligence and a deep understanding of economics and finance are what Erik brings to any arena, but especially when he dons his finance hat.
Oct 23, 2015 4:11 PM: Ben Zauski Win’s the Karl Vogt Award
The Karl E. Vogt Award is presented to the student who is considered THE outstanding graduating senior in the College, demonstrating superior scholarship and participation, leadership, and excellence in campus and/or community activities. This award was named in honor of a former dean of the College of Business Administration.
Oct 23, 2015 4:00 PM: Economics Professors Retire
Dr. Mary Ellen Benedict retired from BGSU on June 30, 2015 and was granted Emeritus status upon retirement. Mary Ellen joined the Economics Department in 1991 as an assistant professor, was promoted to full professor in 2002, and served as department chair from 2011-2015. Dr. Kyoo Kim, retired from BGSU on June 30, 2015 and was granted Emeritus status upon retirement. Dr. Kim joined the Economics Department in 1978 as an assistant professor and was promoted to full professor in 1989.
Oct 23, 2015 10:50 AM: Dr. Kevin Quinn Promoted to Full Professor
Kevin Quinn has been with the Department of Economics for twenty-five years. Most of you tell the “Quinn” stories about how he continually gets chalk on his back or how interesting his office is decorated. However, as most of you know, Dr. Quinn is so much more: highly intellectual, immensely funny, and highly engaging as a professor and colleague. He recently advanced to full professor, a promotion well-deserved due to his service to the University, his research, which includes articles on history of thought and teaching economics, and teaching a variety of courses for the Department.
Oct 21, 2015 3:15 PM: Musical celebrates hopes foibles of young spellers
Everyone remembers the emotions of being in a spelling bee at some point in their schooling. Those memories of laughter, tension and competitiveness abound as the Department of Theatre and Film kicks off the 2015-16 theater season with “The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee” at 8 p.m. tonight (Oct. 22).
Oct 21, 2015 3:15 PM: Student researchers seek optimal diet for monarchs
In a small, warm room in the Life Sciences Building, rows of white mesh tepees housing monarch butterflies are lined up on tables. The fabled, orange and black insects are carefully tended and monitored by BGSU conservation biology students Paige Arnold, a second-year graduate student from Temperance, Mich., and Matthew Zach, a junior from Fairview Park, Ohio.
Oct 20, 2015 3:22 PM: BG Memories
Most college students start their first months after graduation creating the next path in their lives. From first jobs, to starting fresh in a new city, to starting a family… that time spent in college helps to prepare graduates for what’s next. But they never forget the special memories made during their time on campus. That is especially true for Ryan Fowler and Kevin Goldner, who graduated in 2003 and have created an online t-shirt business called BG Memories to keep their college memories alive.
Oct 19, 2015 2:42 PM: Dr. Gremler Travels Around the Globe Sharing Research Experience with Young Scholars
He has been honored for his research and teaching expertise and his contributions to the service marketing field by international marketing associations. Now the BGSU service marketing professor is assisting up-and-coming scholars globally to succeed in their research endeavors by sharing his own experiences.
Oct 19, 2015 2:28 PM: New members initiated into Phi Kappa Phi
Twenty-two BGSU students and three faculty members were inducted into Phi Kappa Phi, the nation’s oldest and most selective honor society, Oct. 18. Founded in 1897 at the University of Maine, the society’s mission is to recognize and promote academic excellence in all fields of higher education and to engage the community of scholars in service to others.
Oct 19, 2015 7:00 AM: 2015 Academy of Distinguished Alumni
The Academy of Distinguished Alumni was created in 2011 by Bowling Green State University and its Alumni Association. The award is the highest honor bestowed by the University and was established to recognize the extraordinary accomplishments of alumni who have made significant contributions to their chosen professional field and/or through their community involvement. The University is proud to honor those alumni who have inspired their country, state, community and BGSU.
Oct 19, 2015 7:00 AM: BG Alternative Breaks
Picking up garbage, cooking meals, raking leaves and organizing food pantries. Instead of spending their fall break at the beach or with family, some BGSU students traveled to Indianapolis and Detroit to do community service as part of BG Alternative Breaks (bGAB). In Detroit, students worked with two different service groups: Cass Community Social Services and Motor City Blight Busters.
Oct 19, 2015 7:00 AM: From LA to BG
Maurice Gregory knew he wanted to return to his Los Angeles roots once he completed his degree from BGSU. He found an internship at STARS (Strength Training and Rehabilitation Services) in Anaheim, Calif,. and worked diligently to impress his colleagues. Now, three months after completing his internship, he is a full-time employee at the strength training and rehabilitation center and working with professional athletes.
Oct 16, 2015 3:30 PM: Calligraphy scrolls exhibition opens at Fine Arts Center
“Shodo/Brush Writing: Calligraphy Scrolls from the BGSU Asian Studies Collection” opens today (Oct. 18) and will be on display through Nov. 15 in the Willard Wankelman Gallery in the Fine Arts Center. The exhibition features 30 calligraphy scrolls by contemporary Japanese masters of the traditional art.
Oct 15, 2015 2:00 PM: MSA ranked high by TFE Times
Bowling Green State University’s Master of Business in Analytics (MSA) was ranked 23rd in the country by the TFE Times (formerly The Financial Engineer). The MSA rankings were based on GMAT scores, starting salary and bonus, undergraduate GPA, acceptance rate and full time graduates employed at graduate and three months after graduation.
Oct 15, 2015 2:00 PM: Master of Financial Economics ranked 6th in country
Bowling Green State University’s Master of Business in Analytics (MSA) was ranked 23rd in the country by the TFE Times (formerly The Financial Engineer). The MSA rankings were based on GMAT scores, starting salary and bonus, undergraduate GPA, acceptance rate and full time graduates employed at graduate and three months after graduation.
Oct 14, 2015 3:45 PM: College of Business hosts ‘Demystifying the Flipped Classroom’
Every day is “opposite day” in a number of BGSU College of Business classrooms. Students are doing their homework in class after viewing their lessons at home. And their homework does not look anything like the traditional sort. Instead, they are working in teams to solve problems based on what they learned at home, with assessment activities built in and educational technology on hand for sharing their solutions.
Oct 14, 2015 3:45 PM: Students get up-close view of science at Kids’ Tech U
Registration is open for the 2016 Kids' Tech University (KTU) program at BGSU. The novel science-outreach program brings children between the ages of 9 and 12 together with nationally and internationally recognized scientists who present exciting, interactive sessions — including BGSU’s Dr. Bob Midden, chemistry faculty and associate vice provost for experiential and innovative learning, and Dr. Vern Bingman, Distinguished Research Professor of Psychology.
Oct 12, 2015 4:17 PM: 2015 Hall Of Fame Class Inducted
Five individuals were inducted into the Bowling Green Athletics Hall of Fame on Friday, October 9, in a ceremony at the Stroh Center. Dan Bylsma ’92 (Hockey), Kelly Hunt ’14 (Baseball), Bill Jones ’66 and ’68 (Athletic Training), Jim Lessig ’57 and ’67 (Administration) and Marcia Saneholtz ’64 (Basketball, Administration) were honored for their tremendous contributions to Falcon Athletics over the years.
Oct 12, 2015 8:41 AM: A global business perspective
Sarah Zibbel, director of human resources for global manufacturing at Owens-Illinois, has a lot of stamps on her passport thanks to the travel required by her job. But, she said the trip to South America required for graduation from Bowling Green State University’s Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) program, still opened her eyes.
Oct 12, 2015 8:41 AM: The evolution of technology
The journey that brought Seshadri Tangutur ’87 to BGSU was more than transoceanic and lengthy, it was transformational. He arrived on campus in 1985 after a marathon international flight from his native India to John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City, and then an additional leg to Detroit, and finally an airport shuttle ride an hour-and-a-half south to Bowling Green, reaching town in the wee hours of the morning.
Oct 8, 2015 10:07 AM: An accidental activist
What do I stand for? What’s important to me? What am I willing to fight for? For most of his life, Jim Obergefell never considered those questions. This “accidental” activist discovered the answers when he became the face of marriage equality in America. They were simple—love, marriage and honor.
Oct 7, 2015 3:00 PM: Moore book reveals wonders of our sense of smell
Our noses are trying to tell us something — a lot of things, in fact, says Dr. Paul Moore, biology. The problem is that we often aren’t getting the message because, as humans, we don’t process smell the way we do sight and sound. Nevertheless, smells are having a powerful, unconscious influence on us every day.
Oct 7, 2015 3:00 PM: Students illustrations enhance Moore book
It was an exciting day when the package containing Katie Wilson’s copy of “The Hidden Power of Smell: How Chemicals Influence Our Lives and Behavior” arrived in her mailbox. “My parents and other family and friends came over to watch me unwrap it,” she said, “and we had a little celebration of my first published illustrations.”
Oct 6, 2015 11:12 AM: BGSU to welcome Hall of Fame coach Bobby Bowden
Bobby Bowden, longtime coach of Florida State University football and College Football Hall of Fame inductee, will speak at Bowling Green State University as part of the Setting the Pace Lecture Series hosted by the College of Education and Human Development.
Oct 5, 2015 7:00 AM: #FALCONFAMILY
The brothers of Bowling Green State University’s Kappa Sigma have lived up to their family moniker. Eight years ago, fraternity alumni from 1971-76 got together for a golf tournament and a barbecue in the Cleveland area. It was so much fun it turned into a yearly tradition, meeting on the third Saturday in July.
Oct 5, 2015 7:00 AM: A Dictionary for the Modern Conductor
How did Dr. Emily Freeman Brown, professor and director of orchestral activities, conducting and ensembles, approach writing her recent book, "A Dictionary for the Modern Conductor?" “My thought was simple: if something is not interesting for me to research and write, it wouldn’t be interesting for anyone to read,” said Freeman Brown. “And if it wasn’t going to be interesting, I wasn’t going to do it!”
Oct 5, 2015 7:00 AM: Supply Chain Management student wins international award
Robert Everard, a senior majoring in supply chain management and applied economics, was honored with one of the most esteemed awards from the American Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS), a leading professional association for supply chain and operations management in the world.
Oct 2, 2015 3:15 PM: BGSU Alumnus Donates Polka Collection
BGSU alumnus Steven Harris ’71 has an affinity for polka music. He grew up in northwest Ohio listening to the music and playing it in his family’s band. His interest in the central European-born music was further ingrained during his BGSU study abroad experience in Salzburg, Austria, over 40 years ago.
Oct 2, 2015 3:15 PM: October is the time to think Sustainability
BGSU has joined other universities nationwide to designated October as Sustainability Month. A number of events and opportunities are planned for students and the University community to learn about the issues and participate in helping BGSU meet its goal of carbon neutrality by 2040.
Oct 1, 2015 7:00 AM: Sport Management students experience game day in a whole new way
The sport management program at BGSU has a long-standing tradition of excellence. The program is the largest and most diverse in the country, and students come from all over the United States to study at BGSU. Faculty are further enhancing classroom learning by finding new ways to offer additional field experience for their students, making them more attractive candidates to employers.
Sep 30, 2015 4:00 PM: Fall Events Engage Students, Faculty, Staff and Alumni
The academic year kicked off with a series of exciting events hosted by the College of Business and the Dean. Students, faculty and staff enjoyed the Dean’s Picnic on the Green with hot dogs and hamburgers while participating in outdoor games in a festive atmosphere.
Sep 28, 2015 7:00 AM: Saving regional airports
When it comes to attracting and retaining airline service to a community, offering incentives to carriers is not enough, a study by Bowling Green State University researchers has found. A strong, united community commitment is necessary to not only entice carriers but to create sustainable service. And even then, regional airports are at the mercy of the economy and the airlines’ overall plans.
Sep 25, 2015 2:15 PM: Alumnus, faculty achieve first look at biochemical process
Dr. Dennis Stuehr knew he had received an unusually strong undergraduate education in chemistry at BGSU when he got to graduate school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and found himself more than prepared. Almost 35 years later, his faith in his alma mater was reconfirmed when he found at Bowling Green just the expert he needed to continue his research into the critical biological process of nitric oxide (NO) production.
Sep 25, 2015 8:00 AM: Special forces
Dr. Dennis Stuehr knew he had received an unusually strong undergraduate education in chemistry at BGSU when he got to graduate school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and found himself more than prepared. Almost 35 years later, his faith in his alma mater was reconfirmed when he found at Bowling Green just the expert he needed to continue his research into the critical biological process of nitric oxide (NO) production.
Sep 23, 2015 3:15 PM: Coates captures California past and present in two new works
Two books by Dr. Lawrence Coates, chair of the English department, are being published this fall to acclaim. One a full-length novel and the other a novella, both are set in his native California, and both reveal veiled aspects of the Golden State, though in very different times and places.
Sep 22, 2015 2:31 PM: Weekend of Philanthropy
More than 300 members of the Falcon Family joined BGSU for the 2015 Celebration of Philanthropy weekend on Sept. 18 and 19. On Friday evening, the University welcomed members of The Presidents Club, which recognizes donors with lifetime giving of $15,000 or more. A highlight of the evening was a tribute to nine generous BGSU supporters who have provided more than $1 million in lifetime giving to the University.
Sep 21, 2015 3:00 PM: College Welcomes New Board Members
The College of Business is pleased to announce the appointment of five new members to the College’s Leadership Council and Young Alumni Board. The Leadership Council is comprised of successful alumni who advise the dean on curricula, alumni affairs, student mentorship, internships and co-ops, job placement and faculty engagement with industry.
Sep 21, 2015 2:57 PM: Women in Business Leadership Student Organization “Growing” Beyond Business As Usual
Women in Business Leadership (WBL) was established as a student organization in 2013 with the mission of providing a forum for educating, engaging, connecting and promoting women to become successful leaders. Since its inception, WBL has grown from 20 to 50 members with the goal of reaching 100 members by the end of the 2015-16 academic year.
Sep 21, 2015 10:12 AM: 2015 Falcon Family of the Year
Being a mother of three, a full-time employee and a full-time student makes for a demanding schedule. To juggle this type of constant motion requires a very supportive and loving family. That is why the Yarger family was chosen as the 2015 Falcon Family of the Year, an honor presented to them at the Sept. 19 home football game, during Falcon Family Weekend.
Sep 21, 2015 7:00 AM: An Ambassador of Math
If you suspect Alyssa Lustgarten sees the world through brown and orange colored glasses, she will happily admit that is indeed the case. For her, mascots, fight songs, school colors, history and traditions are as much an essential part of BGSU as the classrooms, office buildings and dormitories.
Sep 21, 2015 7:00 AM: Taking a World View
Shelby Eng is a big picture person, and one who is keenly aware that it is the small pieces that ultimately make the masterpiece. As she assembles her career foundation at Bowling Green State University, she looks well beyond the horizon and dreams about connecting with the rest of the planet.
Sep 21, 2015 6:00 AM: Decision made on WBGU, capital projects
After months of study and consultation with constituents and advisers, the BGSU Board of Trustees took action at the Sept. 18 meeting on WBGU-TV and the upcoming FCC auction of broadcast spectrum, initiated by the commission to increase the airwaves available for wireless communications.
Sep 16, 2015 2:00 PM: BGSU team pinpoints steps to save regional airports
When it comes to attracting and retaining airline service to a community, offering incentives to carriers is not enough, a study by BGSU researchers has found. A strong, united community commitment is necessary to not only entice carriers but to create sustainable service. And even then, regional airports are at the mercy of the economy and the airlines’ overall plans.
Sep 16, 2015 2:00 PM: Battle of the Decades to benefit University
In conjunction with its Homecoming celebration, the University has launched a “Battle of the Decades” alumni participation challenge. The challenge, which pits graduates from the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s against one another, runs through Oct. 15. The winning decade will be recognized at a Homecoming celebration event based on highest alumni participation, measured through BGSU’s new “Falcon Funded” website. The winning decade will also have the opportunity to participate in a long-standing BGSU tradition: painting the spirit rock.
Sep 14, 2015 3:30 PM: A little literacy
In July, the four graduates – Erin Morley ‘10, Jen Brandt ‘99, ‘01, Patrick Hansford ‘83 and Nick Hansford ‘15 – were on a committee responsible for the installation of a Little Free Library at School House Park, just outside of the Dayton suburb of Centerville in Montgomery County.
Sep 11, 2015 10:00 AM: Albert honored with professional award
Dr. James Albert, mathematics and statistics, has received the prestigious Founders Award from the American Statistical Association (ASA). Albert was among three people honored with the award last month at the association’s presidential awards ceremony at the 2015 Joint Statistical Meetings, held in Seattle.
Sep 11, 2015 10:00 AM: Nardone works to make solar energy more reliable, cost efficient
Energy from the sun —it sounds so abundant, clean and sustainable. However, actually translating solar energy into electrical power is a fairly complicated and expensive process. Dr. Marco Nardone, a theoretical physicist in the School of Earth, Environment and Society, is working with the U.S. Department of Energy to make materials used in solar electricity technology more durable and less costly.
Sep 7, 2015 7:00 AM: I interned at Big Cricket Farms
In the fall of 2014, I had just returned from studying abroad in Nantes, France. During my international experience I found a multitude of American companies struggling to do business with other countries. I returned to the United States determined to focus my studies towards aiding American businesses in the international market.
Sep 7, 2015 7:00 AM: I was an RA for Columbia University’s summer high school program
Simply visiting New York has been a dream of mine for as long as I can remember, so when I was offered the summer internship position at Columbia, I was overwhelmed with excitement knowing that I was finally getting the chance to travel, explore, and experience the city that never sleeps.
Sep 2, 2015 2:02 PM: Alumnus brings Chinese art and technique home to BGSU
Internationally acclaimed artist Xinle Ma has curated an exhibition of established Chinese painters whose work weaves a graceful thread between modern Western and traditional Chinese influences. The exhibit, “Fluent Expression: Modern and Traditional Chinese Painting,” will be on display from Sept. 4-30 in the Willard Wankelman Gallery in the Fine Arts Center at Bowling Green State University.
Sep 1, 2015 10:09 AM: The numbers are in: BGSU education grads among top earners
Bowling Green State University’s College of Education and Human Development has a long-standing reputation of producing some of the nation’s best teachers — and now a recent survey shows they are also among the best paid. In its 2015-16 Education Salary Report, PayScale, a compensation data firm based in Seattle, ranked BGSU seventh on its list of highest paid education majors, and first in the state of Ohio. On average, BGSU graduates earn an average of $32,000 starting out and climb to an average salary of $56,000 later in their careers.
Aug 31, 2015 7:00 AM: A Falcon Legacy
If you visit Mount Blanchard, Ohio, and mention the name Lucille Burrell to anyone in town, there is a good chance he or she was taught by this longtime educator. In the 1930s Burrell headed to Bowling Green to earn a teaching certificate from the Normal College. A trailblazer in her day, Burrell earned her degree at a time when most women managed households instead of heading to college.
Aug 26, 2015 3:00 PM: BGSU recognized for excellence in utility management
BGSU has been recognized as a leader in the measurement, allocation and management of utility costs. The Central Association of College and University Business Officers (CACUBO) has awarded the University and Bob Swanson, associate controller, first place in the organization’s Best Practices competition for 2015.
Aug 26, 2015 3:00 PM: Peña learns leadership lessons for women in higher ed
Dr. Susana Peña understands the role of faculty administrators. As director of the School of Cultural and Critical Studies and a faculty member in the Department of Ethnic Studies, Peña has experienced the progression from faculty to administrator and admits this transformation at colleges and universities across the globe often occurs without sufficient training.
Aug 26, 2015 2:45 PM: Is fat the sixth taste?
High-fat foods are known for their textures—the smooth, creamy feel of ice cream or the crunch of a crispy French fry. The fatty acids in high-fat foods may also possess a taste. If so, is the ability to detect fatty acids in foods associated with weight problems? As obesity levels around the world continue to rise, researchers are looking for causes. Dr. Robin Tucker-Falconer is part of a team that explored whether people’s ability to taste fatty acids was related to their weight status.
Aug 24, 2015 7:00 AM: From Firelands to the Far East
Is there a route that will take you from the tiny Ohio community of Willard and the Firelands campus of BGSU to Japan, China, Singapore and the rest of the world and beyond? The answer is profoundly in the positive from Mike Crawford’s perspective.
Aug 24, 2015 7:00 AM: I participated in a Summer Science Fellowship
Over the summer, I was selected to participate in the Summer Science Fellowship with the American Psychological Association (APA). I stayed six weeks on George Mason University’s campus in Fairfax, Va. I was a mere metro ride outside of Washington D.C. and took full advantage of this! Not only was I challenged as a researcher and future graduate student, I was given many opportunities to think outside the realm of the career path of the “expected” psych students, and also afforded the opportunity to explore a culturally rich area.
Aug 20, 2015 8:27 AM: BGSU welcomes larger, academically strong freshman class
On Thursday, Aug. 20, over 3,300 new freshmen will move into their Bowling Green State University residence halls. This is an increase of more than 300 over last year’s incoming class. And for the third straight year, the group of new students is one of the strongest academically in BGSU’s history.
Aug 19, 2015 3:16 PM: Awards Presented to Faculty and Staff During Opening Day; O-I Professor Named
The College is proud to have such outstanding faculty and staff who are dedicated to student learning, to the College of Business, and to their fields of study. Each year faculty and staff are nominated for awards and the winners are announced at the Opening Day Luncheon held prior to the start of fall semester classes.
Aug 17, 2015 10:12 AM: College Announces Two Department Chairs and Welcomes New Faculty Members
With the new academic year comes some changes to the College of Business with two new chairs and several full-time faculty. Dr. Peter VanderHart, professor, was appointed chair of the economics department, replacing Dr. Mary Ellen Benedict who retired in the spring. Dr. Susan Kleine was named the interim chair of the marketing department, replacing Dr. Bob Wu who also retired. Dr. Kleine is an associate professor and has been serving as the Associate Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education at the University.
Aug 17, 2015 9:49 AM: High School Teachers Can Earn Professional Development Credits through College of Business
BGSU’s College of Business continues going beyond business as usual. We have initiated many programs and activities that differentiate us from other business schools. One of these new programs allows high school business teachers to earn two professional development units by attending a workshop being offered at locations around the state on the topic of financial literacy. This initiative is in collaboration with the BGSU College of Education which will oversee the workshop content.
Aug 17, 2015 9:35 AM: The Hatch™ Takes Flight Across the Globe
With the huge success of BGSU’s unique entrepreneurial program The Hatch™, other universities across the globe have contacted our Dallas-Hamilton Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership about assistance in starting up a similar program at their institutions. As a result of the high interest, the Dallas-Hamilton Center is beta testing a Hatch licensing program with ten other universities - two in Asia, two in Europe, four in the U.S. and two local community colleges.
Aug 17, 2015 9:30 AM: Insurance Specialization Added to Business Program
Due to a projected strong job growth in the insurance industry, the Department of Finance is now offering a new specialization in insurance, along with a minor in insurance. At the national level, more than half of insurance professionals are projected to retire by 2025, creating ample opportunities for entry and career advancement for insurance graduates. According to a recent workforce study by Regionomics, based in Columbus, the insurance industry in the state of Ohio alone will require approximately 26,000 new workers to fill positions open between now and 2020. The state of Ohio ranks seventh in the nation with over 250 insurance companies and 100,000 employees.
Aug 17, 2015 7:00 AM: Beautiful Music
The strings of Charles Gorsuch ’52 went silent about a year ago when the 84-year-old former music teacher and violinist with the Anchorage Symphony passed away in Alaska, where he had lived, performed and taught for nearly 50 years. But those beautiful, whimsical and hypnotic notes Gorsuch coaxed from the thread-like strands will entertain audiences once again
Aug 17, 2015 7:00 AM: Falcon family welcomes incoming freshmen early
Incoming students consistently remark on the welcoming atmosphere at BGSU and say feeling at home on campus is one of the reasons they chose to become part of the Falcon family. Getting students involved early in their academics is critical to their success. Several programs on campus have established summer bridge initiatives to accomplish this goal.
Aug 17, 2015 7:00 AM: Lights, Camera, Action!
It’s all about networking. Just ask Emily Dick, a senior majoring in theatre and film, who has had serious work experiences in her chosen field even before graduating. “I met an assistant director, working in the industry for 20 years now, who was friends with the mom of my friend who I met here at BGSU on the Quidditch team,” said Dick. “As you see, connections can come from the strangest of places.”
Aug 10, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Co-op to Coordinator
Brooke Mobilian always knew she wanted to be in the health care field, so when she decided she didn’t want to be a doctor or nurse, her interests quickly turned to health care administration. Mobilian is thrilled with her career choice. On Aug. 8, she received a degree in applied health science with a specialization in health care administration. She already has a job as program coordinator with Canton Mercy Medical Center in Canton, Ohio.
Aug 10, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Double major builds collaborations
Douglas Furia from West Chester, Ohio, near Cincinnati, knew he wanted to study architectural engineering, but when it came to deciding between Bowling Green State University or the University of Cincinnati, he chose BGSU. Even though BGSU didn’t specially offer architectural engineering, it did offer architecture and environmental design, and construction management programs. BGSU also provided Furia more scholarship support than Cincinnati, so he decided to take double majors. He would learn the artistic and design background from architecture and the technical background from construction management.
Aug 3, 2015 8:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Have Tuba Will Travel
It doesn’t matter that BGSU was 2,360 miles from his hometown of Portland, Ore.; Joseph Ready knew it was a good fit to continue his tuba studies. Ready will receive his master’s of music in performance during the University’s historic 100th commencement ceremony on Aug. 8.
Aug 3, 2015 6:30 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Building A Life
David Neely ’14, ’15 came to BGSU in the fall of 2010 to develop his leadership skills and receive an education that could help him for the rest of his life. Originally from Perrysburg, Ohio, he was very familiar with Bowling Green and the northwest Ohio community. But, graduating for the second time in five years, he could not have predicted the impact the University would have on him.
Aug 3, 2015 6:30 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Executive Master of Organization Development
The Executive Master of Organization Development (EMOD) program at BGSU is among the top programs in the country. Since the inaugural class graduation in 1976, College of Business faculty members have spent nearly four decades cultivating and perfecting a curriculum designed to help individuals effectively lead and manage organization development and change efforts.
Aug 3, 2015 6:30 AM: Goal Getter
Phil Schoen ’87 loved soccer long before it was cool to love soccer. Growing up in south Florida, Schoen discovered the sport that has defined his professional life by watching, of all things, public television. It was there, on PBS, that Schoen stumbled across two weekly highlight shows—“Soccer Made in Germany” and “Star Soccer”—that introduced him to the beauty, passion and intricacies of the global game.
Jul 30, 2015 2:46 PM: BGSU announces Bowling Green public forums on FCC Incentive Auction/WBGU-TV
Bowling Green State University has scheduled additional forums on WBGU-TV and the upcoming FCC Broadcast Spectrum Incentive Auction. The University is seeking public input as it weighs if, and how, it may participate in the auction, which is slated to be held in early 2016.
Jul 27, 2015 5:00 AM: BGSU donors provide the gift of opportunity
Members of the Falcon Family provided more than $21 million to the University in fiscal year 2015 which ended on June 30, 2015. More than 13,808 individuals (including alumni, friends, current and former students and groups) and 648 corporations and foundations strengthened BGSU with their philanthropic support.
Jul 24, 2015 9:19 AM: Creative Peaceful Resistance
Dr. Lorna Gonsalves has lived in the United States for more than 40 years, but she still holds a special place in her heart for her birthplace, Mangalore, India. Gonsalves, who earned her doctorate in social psychology from Bowling Green State University, recently spent six weeks as a Fulbright specialist at the School of Social Work Roshni Nilaya in Mangalore utilizing her signature Creative Peaceful Resistance (CPR) approach to help initiate participatory education, equal justice and social transformation.
Jul 20, 2015 2:43 PM: College of Business Hatches Entrepreneur
Jerrod Witt was destined to become an entrepreneur. “Jerrod was the little kid who got into everything!” exclaimed his mother. “He was always taking things apart and putting them back together in an unusual way but with a purpose. I knew from the time Jerrod was very young that he was going to become an entrepreneur,” she added.
Jul 20, 2015 2:40 PM: Dr. Sullivan Selected for 2015 Award for Excellence
Management Professor, Dr. Sherry Sullivan, has again been honored for her scholarly contributions. She has been chosen as an Outstanding Reviewer for Career Development International in the Emerald Literati Network 2015 Awards for Excellence. Only two reviewers were chosen for this honor.
Jul 20, 2015 2:28 PM: Organization Development Executive Students Learn Important Life Lessons from Trip to France
One of the great experiences students have in the Executive Master of Organization Development (EMOD) program is an international field study tour. An intensive one-week study abroad program was added in 2014 to provide a global perspective to the program. Similar to last year, the cohort of executive graduate students was impressed with what they saw and learned from this unique experience.
Jul 20, 2015 2:14 PM: College Helps Organize Business Analytics Symposium in China; Educational Program Created
BGSU’s business analytics program is being recognized internationally as a U.S. leader in this data driven field of study because of its annual business analytics symposium and the specialization the College of Business offers. Tianjin Polytechnic University (TPU) in China asked BGSU professor and chair of the Department of Applied Statistics and Operations Research, Dr. Arthur Yeh, to assist that university in organizing a business analytics symposium similar to ours as well as present as a speaker.
Jul 17, 2015 12:07 PM: BG Falcon Family
No way! But this is what the algae-choked water from Lake Erie looked like in August 2014. Scientists from around the world recently gathered at BGSU in a race to mitigate the algae bloom crisis that threatens Lake Erie, which contains 20 percent of the world’s surface freshwater, as well as other vulnerable global water sources.
Jul 17, 2015 12:07 PM: Building Bridges
Concepts that may be difficult to grasp in the classroom are sometimes easier to understand in a real-world setting. According to the National Survey of Student Engagement, BGSU is a national leader in providing opportunities in service-learning and experiential education, plus BGSU is the first institution in Ohio to offer an internship guarantee to incoming students.
Jul 14, 2015 8:00 AM: BGSU announces public forums on FCC Incentive Auction/WBGU-TV
Bowling Green State University has scheduled two forums on WBGU-TV and the upcoming FCC Broadcast Spectrum Incentive Auction. The University is seeking public input as it weighs if, and how, it may participate in the auction, which is slated to be held in early 2016.
Jul 13, 2015 6:30 AM: Blue Brides
Planning a wedding can be exciting, joyful and especially stressful. But what happens when the wedding is over and the marriage begins? Dr. Laura Stafford, director of the School of Media and Communication at Bowling Green State University, conducted a study that takes a closer look at the experience of postnuptial depression.
Jul 13, 2015 6:30 AM: Brewed for success
Taylor Rees majored in pop culture at Bowling Green State University, but he also had an unofficial minor: home brewing. His brewing hobby got him in the door at one of the premier breweries in the country, but it was his knowledge of subcultures that helped him successfully open his own brewery this spring.
Jul 9, 2015 7:00 AM: Beneath the surface
Denzel Washington is more than 1996’s “Sexiest Man Alive” or a pretty face on the screen. Ask Dr. Cynthia Baron, theatre and film. Baron’s latest book, “Denzel Washington,” takes an in-depth look at the actor and his impact on both art and society.
Jun 29, 2015 3:30 PM: University mourns the loss of prominent alumnus, longtime supporter
William Primrose Jr., director emeritus of the BGSU Foundation Board of Directors, passed away June 28. He was 94. Primrose was the retired chairman of The Dickey-Grabler Company, a full-service metal stamping facility in Cleveland. He received his bachelor’s degree in marketing research from BGSU in 1942.
Jun 29, 2015 7:00 AM: Sports and stocks
Financial adviser or pro rugby player? Most students won’t face the “What should I be when I grow up?” question with two such different career paths in mind. But for Mitch Sora, both options seem equally appealing. Both seem quite possible for the 20-year-old BGSU junior, too.
Jun 29, 2015 7:00 AM: Sprechen sie Englisch?
When recent Bowling Green State University graduate Rebekah Nelson of Wapakoneta arrives in Berlin later this summer as a Fulbright English Teaching Assistant, she will bring with her an unusual wealth of experience for someone her age, along with a great deal of enthusiasm. Nelson is one of three BGSU students chosen for the Fulbright program this year.
Jun 25, 2015 2:55 PM: New bike racks sport green roofs
Dozens of bikes around campus can now rest comfortably beneath a sustainable roof. Two green-roofed bike shelters have been fully installed outside the Student Recreation Center and the Wolfe Center for the Arts. The shelters are topped with a canopy of living plants.
Jun 16, 2015 2:06 PM: Buckeye Boys State back at BGSU
Over 1,200 of the most outstanding young scholars in Ohio are at Bowling Green State University this week for Buckeye Boys State. The American Legion hosts the event. Students taking part learn about city, county and state government by creating a mock government.
Jun 16, 2015 2:05 PM: Real Crime Scene Investigators
The complex and critical world of solving crimes gets a boost with BGSU’s new academic programming in forensic biology, forensic chemistry and forensic criminal investigation and collaboration with the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation facility that opened on campus in fall 2014.
Jun 15, 2015 2:00 PM: Arts/ESHP
What will I do after graduation? It’s a big question faced by every student. It’s a particularly pressing question for art students, who after completing their studies often don't have well-defined career paths available to them. Tim Smith, President of the Medici Circle, a group that has long supported School of Art students and programs, recognized the problem and decided to do something about it.
Jun 15, 2015 7:00 AM: Being a servant leader
While many of her fellow students spent spring break vacationing in tropical climates, Allison Palmer spent her time brushing children’s teeth in Peru. The 19-year-old BGSU sophomore traveled to the South American country through the group MEDLIFE to help set up mobile clinics, where Peruvians could access health services that are typically out of reach.
Jun 11, 2015 10:14 AM: Building a business
What Michael Dustman ’73 saw in the Alpha Tau Omega house more than 40 years ago was not just the fraternity’s chapter president. His close friend Rick DeSilva ’74 was a leader who could organize groups of people with a variety of talents and get things done. DeSilva had that unique ability to energize the room.
Jun 9, 2015 7:00 AM: Conference looks at history of alcohol and drug use
History often teaches lessons that help us understand the present and think about the future. Lessons about alcohol and drug use will be discussed, dissected and debated when the University hosts “Borders, Boundaries and Contexts: Defining Spaces in the History of Alcohol and Drugs” June 18-21.
Jun 9, 2015 7:00 AM: WBGU-TV addiction series features Karen Kasich
As part of the WBGU-TV series “Addiction: Heroin and Pills,” Producer/Director Marcus Harrison sat down with Karen Kasich, wife of Ohio Gov. John Kasich, to talk about education’s role in prevention of prescription drug abuse and its importance in combatting the opiate/heroin addiction epidemic in Ohio.
Jun 8, 2015 7:00 AM: Givens Fellowship Provides Perspective
As an officer in the Air Force with broad-based training and education, Jessica Gregor had a good grasp of military strategy and tactics, and the basic elements of conflict, but she struggled to process what took place in the Vietnam War. Her grandfather had served during that war, but had shared very little about his experiences, piquing her interest even more and compounding her curiosity.
Jun 8, 2015 7:00 AM: World-class research experience
Learning is second nature to Paul Husband. He makes databases and spreadsheets for fun and admittedly will read and do anything that intrigues him. Husband recently graduated from BGSU with a degree in physics and is staying at the University to earn his graduate degree in the same field, with more of a focus on astrophysics.
Jun 3, 2015 7:00 AM: Chemical weapons
Of all the weapons of war, toxic chemicals are in some ways the most frightening and the least well known among the general public in the United States, said Dr. Walter Grunden, a history faculty member and expert on military history. From mustard gas to napalm to Agent Orange, many countries have used them at some point or are still using them, and there remains a disturbing number of them still sitting in storage today.
Jun 3, 2015 7:00 AM: Muir novel named finalist for national award
The accolades continue for Dr. Sharona Muir’s 2014 novel, “Invisible Beasts: Tales of the Animals That Go Unseen Among Us.” It has been named a finalist for the 2015 Orion Book Award for fiction. Conferred by Orion Magazine since 2007, the annual award is “presented to books that deepen the reader’s connection to the natural world through fresh ideas and excellence in writing,” according to the publisher.
Jun 3, 2015 7:00 AM: The Power of One
BGSU faculty and staff embrace their role in preparing students for meaningful futures. They are accessible, willing to share their time and knowledge, and eager to work in partnership with students. Faculty and staff challenge students with tough questions, open doors to internship and international opportunities, and guide them through research and publishing processes. Sometimes it is simply a helping hand or sympathetic ear that makes a difference for students.
Jun 1, 2015 7:00 AM: Aim High
Jacksonville, Fla. – Bowling Green State University senior Brooke Pleger will return to the NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field National Championships for the third time after setting meet and stadium records to earn a bid Saturday at the NCAA East Region Preliminary Round at the University of North Florida.
Jun 1, 2015 7:00 AM: Healing with Horses
Tracy Rusch set out last year hoping to explore and discover, and possibly open a few doors along the way during a lengthy healing exercise. She and her horse Leroy would compete against some of the best barrel racers in the country in a series of equestrian events that Rusch believed could help her shake off a bout of social anxiety that had troubled her for years.
Jun 1, 2015 7:00 AM: Thinking Globally
Thinking globally is a big part of Ebonee Johnson’s life. But acting locally is just as important. From the mission trip she took to the Dominican Republic at the age of 16, to the semester she spent studying abroad at the Institut Catholique de Paris last year, Johnson takes seriously her role of acquainting herself with the world.
May 26, 2015 12:00 PM: E-Week Celebrated Innovation and Passion
The spirit of entrepreneurship was evident during Entrepreneurship Week (E-Week) as thousands gathered for a variety of outstanding events. The week kicked off with a breakfast featuring Jamie Zulch, owner of Jamie's Seams to Fit & The Formal Detail, who discussed her small business startup.
May 25, 2015 7:00 AM: Bikers for BGSU
The question posed to Karen Hoffert is a logical one. While following the Falcon hockey team to distant rinks across the continent with her husband, and all decked out in her orange-on-orange ensemble, she is often asked which one of the players is her son. “All of them,” Karen replies.
May 25, 2015 7:00 AM: Outstanding Service Award
“BGSU is a better place to work because of Steve Lashaway!” wrote one of Lashaway’s colleagues in nominating him for the Classified Staff Outstanding Service Award. Lashaway was honored both for his service to the University as lead electrician and his advocacy in behalf of classified staff.
May 19, 2015 2:00 PM: Summer Faculty Research Awards Announced
The College of Business sees how critical it is for faculty to conduct scholarly research, so each year the College, along with the Supply Chain Management Institute, financially supports projects through Summer Research Awards. Members of the College’s Faculty Achievement Committee and Dean Raymond Braun are pleased to announce the following 2015 award winners and their research project titles:
May 18, 2015 1:45 PM: Departments Honor Their Top Graduating Seniors
This spring, three departments in the College of Business honored their top graduating seniors. The Department of Management recognized the year’s outstanding graduating senior for each specialization. Recipients of the award are based on overall GPA, leadership in student professional organizations, campus or community organizations, co-op/internship experience and positive contributions to the respective programs. The 2015 winners include the following:
May 18, 2015 1:45 PM: Seniors Attend Class Luncheon; Karl Vogt Winner Announced
Graduating seniors gathered for their Graduation Luncheon and Time Capsule Ceremony with one last opportunity to enjoy conversations with their classmates. The seniors heard their “Last Lectures” from two professors they selected – Dr. Dan Klein, finance, and Dr. Mary Ellen Benedict, economics.
May 18, 2015 1:45 PM: Supply Chain Institute Welcomes New Member Companies
The Supply Chain Management Institute (SCMI) at BGSU has a tradition of engaging the business community and cultivating strong relationships with supply chain professionals to enhance the field of supply chain and to connect BGSU students with supply chain recruiters. SCMI membership for 2015-2016 has grown to include 20 companies, including three new companies - Worthington Industries, Dana Holding Corporation, and United Technologies Aerospace Systems.
May 18, 2015 11:00 AM: Faculty Honored for Excellence by Leadership Council
The College of Business Leadership Council created Faculty Excellence Awards to recognize outstanding faculty accomplishments in teaching, engaging with industry to provide experiential learning, and using technology to improve learning outcomes. This was the second year for the Leadership Council to honor the outstanding contributions made by faculty to achieve the Council’s vision. The award selections were made by a committee from the Leadership Council.
May 18, 2015 7:00 AM: A global perspective
Since 2008, over 45 Returned Peace Corps Volunteers (RPCVs) have attended BGSU as Paul D. Coverdell Fellows. These students have brought geographical diversity to the BGSU campus, representing the East and West Coasts, the Midwest and even Hawaii. Additionally, their combined Peace Corps experiences as educators, health workers, community organizers and small business developers overseas have enriched BGSU’s classrooms with a global perspective.
May 18, 2015 7:00 AM: Supporting Student Success
When Dr. Paul Stiffler started BGSU as a freshman in 1961 he knew it was a turning point in his life. Even as an undergraduate student, Stiffler understood the value of education, hard work and learning resources offered by the University.
May 13, 2015 4:17 PM: Teen Mentors Program earns A&S Diversity Award
Dr. Sherona Garrett-Ruffin, psychology, and a number of BGSU students spend many Saturday mornings each semester at the Juvenile Residential Center (JRC) of Northwest Ohio. Garrett-Ruffin has developed a service-learning project for first-year students that takes them into the facility to serve as peer mentors for male youth offenders between 12 and 18 years of age.
May 11, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: True Grit
When Tanya Schardt accepted her diploma from Bowling Green State University on Saturday (May 9), she defied many odds. The Army veteran from Fremont, Ohio, who was critically injured in 2008 while deployed in Iraq, wasn’t expected to live, let alone graduate from college.
May 11, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Using Art to Bridge Cultures
When Federico “Rico” Cuatlacuatl left his home in a tiny Mexican town at age seven, he had no idea what lay ahead of him. He had not even seen his father for over a year. “My father left one year for America. My mother left to join him later and finally my brother and I came,” said Cuatlacuatl. “When we landed and saw New York, it was complete cultural shock!”
May 8, 2015 10:29 AM: Trustees green light Moseley redevelopment, student fees, new degree program
The BGSU Board of Trustees at its May 9 meeting gave the go-ahead to an important part of the transformation of the Academic Core identified in the Campus Master Plan. Moseley Hall, BGSU’s original science and agriculture building, will be restored to its original role — although in a form that would probably be unrecognizable to Dr. Edwin Moseley for whom it was named, and without the agricultural component.
May 8, 2015 2:00 AM: Alumnus takes on world's toughest endurance bicycle race
Former Falcon Baseball player Terry Bork ’70 recently visited campus at the end of a 120-mile training ride in preparation for the 878-mile Race Across the West in mid-June. He rode in from Hudson, Ohio, where he and his wife Kay had been visiting their son after another training ride from Cincinnati during which the endurance bicyclist had covered 221 miles in just over 12 hours.
May 5, 2015 1:15 PM: Best Wishes to Retiring Faculty
The College of Business is saying goodbye to nine faculty at the end of this academic year due to changes in the State Teachers Retirement System’s structure. This is the third and last article in a series spotlighting faculty who are retiring from BGSU.
May 4, 2015 8:55 AM: Greek Housing Project underway
The landscape is changing at Bowling Green State University with the addition of the Greek Housing project. A groundbreaking will be held to celebrate the construction at 10 a.m. Thursday, May 7, at the building site south of Conklin Hall. The units are expected to open in August 2016.
May 4, 2015 7:30 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: A dedication to those in need
Adriana Darris is not one to sit back and let others take the lead. The senior is graduating from Bowling Green State University with degrees in biology and Spanish and a lengthy list of accomplishments that span leadership positions to community volunteering.
May 4, 2015 7:30 AM: Undergraduate students show research prowess
From medical research to investigations of literary theory, undergraduate students are conducting serious scholarly work with faculty mentors. On May 6, President Mary Ellen Mazey presented awards to some of the top presenters from the recent Northwest Ohio Undergraduate Symposium for Research and Scholarship.
May 4, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: An Educational Journey
Rokya Miller earned an associate degree in business management from the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, a bachelor’s degree in business and communication from Pigier Ivory Coast, and a master’s degree in marketing from Pigier Ivory Coast—schools in Africa.
May 4, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: From Brazil to BG
For graduating senior Pedro Petribu, no distance is ever too far to travel toward his dreams. The Recife, Brazil, native has never been shy about seeking out success. Luckily for both him and BGSU, his personal success has gone hand in hand with that of the organizations with which he has become involved.
May 4, 2015 7:00 AM: Class of 2015 Success Stories: Google Grad
Ever curious about the digital world, Rita DeRaedt discovered the fun of playing with computer programs at a young age. By 14 she owned her own copy of Photoshop and by 15, after teaching herself how to design and code websites, she was taking on freelance projects for both local and international companies.
Apr 29, 2015 12:15 PM: Employers Impressed with Student Performance at Speed Interviews
Business students at BGSU get workforce ready by preparing for job interviews as part of the marketing curriculum. Each semester students enrolled in the Introduction to Marketing (MKT 2010) course learn how to “sell” themselves with a two-minute “elevator pitch” to business employers in an event called Speed Interviews. This event is the highlight of the course which teaches students how to “package” themselves much like the concepts they learn through the course in marketing a product. They move from employer to employer after their two-minute pitch and three-minute employer feedback.
Apr 28, 2015 4:12 PM: BGSU unveils new electronic campus map
BGSU has launched a new, interactive campus map in an effort to improve mobile accessibility and navigation for students and visitors. The new design includes a search tool, a detailed list of campus buildings and amenities, transportation services, construction notifications and a directions feature for mapping the quickest route to your destination.
Apr 27, 2015 4:20 PM: Hitting all the high notes
Graduating theatre and film student Mariah Burks is finishing her acting career at BGSU on a high note. Burks won the national Irene Ryan Acting Scholarship at the 47th annual Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival (KCACTF), which was held April 13-18 in Washington, D.C.
Apr 27, 2015 10:45 AM: Sales Education Foundation Names BGSU Among Top Sales Programs in U.S.
In the upcoming 2015 edition of its annual publication, BGSU is named a “Top University Sales Program” by the Sales Education Foundation. According to the Foundation, these university programs are recognized for preparing students for careers in professional selling and helping to elevate the sales profession.
Apr 27, 2015 7:30 AM: From head, to hands, to glass
Adam Goldberg ’11 welcomes guests at the Toledo art gallery he owns with a couple of friends. Some are here for classes in glass blowing, while others inquire about purchasing the affordable contemporary glass pieces created by Goldberg and his colleagues.
Apr 27, 2015 7:15 AM: Designing for prosperity
Dr. Diane Frey never thought she would visit East Africa, much less become involved in educational partnerships with Kenyan schools for girls and women with HIV-AIDS. But a Christmas visit to her sister in Nairobi, Kenya, several years ago led first to a personal passion and now professional engagement with support organizations, plus mutually beneficial relationships between Kenyan and BGSU students.
Apr 24, 2015 3:16 PM: Campus infrastructure project to begin in May
Brace yourselves. The interior of campus will become quite the noisy construction zone as soon as commencement is over next month, according to Brian Swope, assistant director of the Office of Design and Construction. Some parking lots will be temporarily closed and pedestrian routes diverted.
Apr 24, 2015 10:39 AM: Stinson appears on national TV, major newspapers
It’s been a whirlwind last few weeks for Dr. Phil Stinson, criminal justice. Stinson’s research into police who commit crimes has made him a sought-after commentator by media outlets worldwide, particularly after the recent rash of police-involved shooting deaths caught on tape.
Apr 23, 2015 9:09 AM: Once a Falcon, Always a Falcon
The deep bonds shared by Bowling Green State University alumni were honored at the inaugural Golden Falcons induction ceremony April 22. Golden Falcons are alumni who have been graduates for 50 or more years. BGSU welcomed 44 Golden Falcons to campus and inducted them as Golden Falcons with a medallion crafted exclusively for this group of esteemed alumni.
Apr 20, 2015 1:30 PM: Fraternity Leadership Paves the Way to Success
What Michael Dustman ’73 saw in the Alpha Tau Omega house more than 40 years ago was not just the fraternity’s chapter president. His close friend Rick DeSilva ’74 was a leader who could organize groups of people with a variety of talents, and get things done. DeSilva had that unique ability to energize the room.
Apr 20, 2015 8:58 AM: Toxic Water
In freshwater lakes around the world, a blue-green slick is often seen floating on the water. These algae blooms often result from an overabundance of what's known as cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, which may be toxic to humans and other animals.
Apr 20, 2015 7:00 AM: Student takes time to help kids struggling in school
For Kelly Largent, the Alumni Laureate Scholarship program means she can spend less time worrying about finances and more time doing what she loves — working with children. Thanks to the full-tuition scholarship, the BGSU sophomore doesn't need to spend all her hours outside of class working a part-time job, allowing her time to tutor.
Apr 17, 2015 4:39 PM: BG Best bring positivity, innovation to their workplaces
Administrative Staff Council (ASC) recognized three outstanding members of the BGSU community April 16 with the BG Best Award. The recipients were Jeremy Joseph, math and statistics coordinator at The Learning Commons; Jason Janusziewicz, associate director of the BGSU Facilities and Operations areas; and Brigitte Green- Churchwell, interim director of Student Academic Enrichment and coordinator of disability services at BGSU Firelands.
Apr 17, 2015 4:37 PM: Rookie Award winner Brewer was key to new program
The Administrative Staff Rookie of the Year Award recognizes an employee who has been with BGSU between one and three years and who has played a key role in implementing a new idea, program or procedure designed to enhance student recruitment, retention or engagement. That description could have been written to describe this year's winner, Centennial Residence Hall Director Kristen Brewer.
Apr 17, 2015 4:35 PM: Waddell makes diversity everyone's job
Whether they have worked with Barbara Waddell for four years or 20, her colleagues are unanimous: she embodies the qualities celebrated by the Michael R. Ferrari Award: innovation and initiative, superlative performance, and strong relationship with the University community. Further, she has been a true change agent in transforming the campus climate.
Apr 17, 2015 10:30 AM: Experts Advise How to Be a “Disruptive Force in Business” and Create Change
With the largest audience since its inception twelve years ago, the Sebo Series in Entrepreneurship featured experts who presented their insights on how to challenge the status quo and be a disrupter that results in changing the way business is done.
Apr 16, 2015 11:00 AM: Student Marketing Chapter Among Best in the World Once Again
They have done it again! For the second consecutive year, the BGSU chapter of the American Marketing Association has earned the Bronze Chapter Award. The Bronze status places our chapter in the top 5% of all chapters in the world (more than 350 chapters). This is also the tenth consecutive year the BGSU organization has been honored as an Outstanding AMA Chapter.
Apr 16, 2015 10:45 AM: High School Business Teacher Has Passion for BGSU Business Program; One Reason is The Hatch
Even though he is not a BGSU alum, high school business teacher Phil Forshey knows the quality of the business program at BGSU and encourages all of his students to enroll here, even his own daughters. Forshey teaches at Canton South High School in northeast Ohio, and “practices what he preaches.” His oldest daughter, Alivia, is currently a student at BGSU and his younger daughter, Savanna (“Vanni”), has been admitted to BGSU to study business in the fall.
Apr 16, 2015 9:30 AM: Students “Hatch” a Deal with Investors to Launch Startups
The Stroh Center was packed with 3,500 cheering fans anxious to see which of the nine student entrepreneurs would convince Falcon Alumni Investors to fund their business ideas at The Hatch™. After presenting their business ideas “Shark Tank-” style, two of the Hatchlings were successful in obtaining investments and four others received investor support to “hatch” their proposed business venture.
Apr 16, 2015 7:00 AM: Earth Week
The University will recognize Earth Week 2015 (April 20-25) with free events and films intended to raise awareness of environmental matters and offer opportunities to help decrease the University’s carbon footprint. A highlight on Earth Day itself, April 22, is the annual Eco-Fair, from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. in the Union Oval, featuring organizations, both on-campus and within the community, that deal with the environment and sustainability.
Apr 15, 2015 2:36 PM: Brown traces the changing American family
Dr. Susan Brown, chair of the Bowling Green State University Department of Sociology, has been an exceptionally productive research scholar, helping to shape the national discourse on the contemporary American family. Her work in the sociology department and as founding co-director of the National Center for Family and Marriage Research (NCFMR) has shed new light on how demographic trends affect American families and earned her a national reputation for cutting-edge, high-quality research in the areas of family demography, sociology and gerontology.
Apr 15, 2015 2:34 PM: Gremler engages students in scholarship, professional development
Dr. Dwayne Gremler joined the Bowling Green State University College of Business Administration as an associate professor in 2000, charged with developing the marketing department’s emphasis in services marketing. He “hit the ground running” and has not stopped since, raising BGSU’s profile nationally and internationally, helping students prepare for careers in a growing area, and in the process becoming a sought-after expert teacher and lecturer on the subject. BGSU is now one of the few schools in the U.S. with a dedicated specialization in sales and services marketing.
Apr 15, 2015 2:32 PM: Brahier ignites love of math, math education
Dr. Daniel Brahier’s passion for teaching math and for preparing the next generation of math teachers has earned him the title Professor of Teaching Excellence, designated for Bowling Green State University faculty members who hold the rank of full professor and whose extraordinary achievements as effective teachers in their discipline or in interdisciplinary fields deserve special recognition. Brahier will hold the title for three years. The honor was conferred at the 2015 Faculty Excellence Awards on April 14.
Apr 15, 2015 2:30 PM: Rainey receives President’s Award for Academic Advising
Dr. Sarah Smith Rainey has a reputation for being a creative, proactive and generous adviser in Bowling Green State University’s School of Cultural and Critical Studies. Her work with nearly 175 students who major and minor in the school’s programs earned her the President’s Award for Academic Advising.
Apr 15, 2015 2:27 PM: President’s Award for Academic Advising – Sally Walker
When Sally Walker meets with students as the academic adviser for Bowling Green State University’s College of Technology, Architecture and Applied Engineering, she takes time to learn about and appreciate each student’s talents and backgrounds. Her connection to the students and her expertise at helping students through the advising process were among the reasons she earned the President’s Award for Academic Advising this spring.
Apr 15, 2015 2:26 PM: Sung-Yeon Park earns Faculty Senate Distinguished Service Award
Dr. Sung-Yeon Park, an associate professor and graduate coordinator in the School of Media and Communication (SMC) at Bowling Green State University, has distinguished herself as a focused, dedicated professional who demonstrates the utmost integrity in everything she does. Her efforts have earned her the Faculty Senate Distinguished Service Award, presented as part of the BGSU Faculty Excellence ceremony Tuesday (April 14).
Apr 15, 2015 2:24 PM: Faulkner brings energy, expertise to BGSU mentorship
As a communication studies faculty member and director of the Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Bowling Green State University, Dr. Sandra Faulkner generously shares her insight, guidance, and scholarly pursuits with her colleagues and students. She received the Faculty Mentor Recognition at the Faculty Excellence Awards on April 14.
Apr 15, 2015 12:47 PM: Biologist recognized for research success and innovation
After a toxic algal bloom rendered much of northwest Ohio’s drinking water unusable last summer, the study of algae in our region’s waterways has taken on new importance. Dr. Robert Michael (Mike) McKay, Ryan Professor of Biological Sciences and winner of the 2015 Olscamp Research Award, is a regional and national leader in the study of toxic algal blooms and on microbial communities in frozen lakes and the open sea.
Apr 15, 2015 12:21 PM: Book explores tradition of ineffective Nigerian leaders
Nigeria has a history of inept and corrupt leadership exacerbated by ethnic, religious and sectional biases. As the country’s recent election has come to a close ushering in a new leadership, a book co-edited by Dr. Apollos O. Nwauwa, chair of BGSU’s Africana studies, examines 50-plus years of the country’s leaders.
Apr 15, 2015 10:45 AM: Students “Sell” Their Way to National Sales Competition; Ludwig Finishes in the Top 12
BGSU has a long tradition of excellence when competing against the best sales talent in the country at the National Collegiate Sales Competition (NCSC). The top two winners of the BGSU Sales Competition, Andrew Ludwig and Amy Wolf, competed at Kennesaw State University in Georgia April 7-10 and performed very well again this year. In fact, Ludwig earned his way into the semifinal round and placed in the top 12 out of 147 students who competed for the national title.
Apr 14, 2015 1:45 PM: Retiring Faculty Provided Years of Teaching Excellence
The College of Business will say farewell to nine faculty at the end of this academic year due to changes in the State Teachers Retirement System’s structure. This is the second article in a series spotlighting faculty who are retiring from BGSU.
Apr 14, 2015 12:45 PM: Marketing Alumni Return to Campus to Reconnect and Network
Marketing Alumni Day started three years ago with a one-day event for marketing department alumni to return to campus and network with fellow alums as well as current students. It has been such a success that it expanded to a two-day event and includes more networking opportunities.
Apr 14, 2015 12:00 PM: MOD Program Contributes to Professional’s Career Success
Ben Blanquera, Vice President of Growth Hacking for Pillar Technology, is a business and community leader in Columbus, Ohio. He has spent decades being a change agent and accelerator in roles such as: Vice President of Information Services, curator of Columbus Startup Digest, and founder of TechLife Ohio.
Apr 14, 2015 11:45 AM: BGSU College of Business Maintains Prestigious AACSB Business Accreditation
The College of Business at Bowling Green State University has maintained its business accreditation by AACSB International—The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. Founded in 1916, AACSB International is the longest serving global accrediting body for business schools that offer undergraduate, masters, and doctoral degrees in business and accounting.
Apr 14, 2015 11:45 AM: First Two Annual National Investor Awards Go to BGSU Finance Alumni
Another BGSU finance alumnus has won a prestigious national award that honors the most outstanding and innovative Corporate Plan Sponsors in North America. Neil Roache ‘96, Vice President, Investment Strategy and Private Markets for Exelon Corp. in Chicago, was the winner of the 2nd Annual Investor Intelligence Award for Alpha Generation. The first year’s winner of this award was BGSU alumnus Leo Svoboda ’08, senior portfolio manager, UPS Group Trust.
Apr 13, 2015 8:58 AM: From Broadway to the Small Screen
Theatre alumnus Christopher Moeller ’08 is a production electrician who works on major live television shows. Those shows include the NBC productions of “The Sound of Music” and “Peter Pan,” as well as the New Year’s Eve celebrations in Times Square.
Apr 13, 2015 7:00 AM: Newman Civic Fellows Award
When in March about 50 BGSU students chose to spend their spring break helping others across the country instead of going on holiday, the fact that those trips were available to them is largely due to senior Madison (Maddi) Georgoff. Georgoff is the founder of bGAB, the alternative break program that this year sponsored four trips with six community partners, the most yet for BGSU.
Apr 9, 2015 7:00 AM: Public forum Tuesday
In August 2014, the city of Toledo issued a “do not drink” advisory on its water supply that directly affected over 500,000 people throughout northwest Ohio. A toxic algal bloom had polluted the water near the city’s intake in Lake Erie.
Apr 6, 2015 7:00 AM: BG Learning Communities
As the Greek writer Euripides once said, “Learning is more effective when it is an active rather than a passive process.” Here at Bowling Green State University, students are offered myriad opportunities to participate in engaging academic environments within residential learning communities that are located in various residence halls. Students experience the many facets of college life alongside individuals with similar interests within a community setting that fosters success in their personal, professional and academic lives.
Apr 6, 2015 7:00 AM: Celebrating Sisterhood
It wasn’t just another day on the campus of Bowling Green State University—it felt a little different. There was a sense of celebration in the air. A group of women had a spring in their step as they found their way back to campus, the place where they grew into mature, talented and capable adults.
Apr 2, 2015 10:33 AM: BGSU College of Business maintains AACSB accreditation
The College of Business at Bowling Green State University has maintained its business accreditation by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). AACSB International is the longest-serving global accrediting body for business schools that offer undergraduate, master’s and doctoral degrees in business and accounting.
Apr 2, 2015 10:12 AM: Aggression and Addiction
BGSU neuroscientist Dr. Robert Huber will be sharing his expertise with colleagues at Harvard University next year as a Fellow of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies. Best known at BGSU for his research into the neurochemistry of behavioral phenomena such as aggression and addiction in crayfish, Huber also has specialized experience in computer vision, which he will apply to Harvard’s quantitative behavioral study of Drosophila, or fruit flies.
Apr 2, 2015 10:12 AM: Digital Humanities Lab
Python, Ruby, Ruby on Rails and Mallet are some of the new names introduced recently at the University Libraries’ Digital Humanities Lab. The lab, now offered through the Student Technology Assistance Center (STAC) in 122 Jerome Library, has expanded its offerings to include a wide variety of technology tools for faculty and students working on digital humanities projects at BGSU.
Apr 2, 2015 10:12 AM: Literacy in the Park
Children’s author Laura Numeroff, best known for her "If You Give a Mouse a Cookie," "If You Give A Pig a Pancake" and "If You Give a Moose a Muffin" series, is the featured presenter at the 2015 Literacy in the Park event on Saturday (April 11) at the Stroh Center.
Apr 2, 2015 10:12 AM: Model European Union
BGSU students successfully participated in the 2015 Model European Union (EU) simulation, hosted annually by the University of Pittsburgh’s European Union Center of Excellence, on Feb. 27 and 28. During the two-day simulation at the 20th Century Club, the BGSU students (representing the U.K., Luxembourg and Latvia) had to discuss and negotiate subjects ranging from the EU’s handling of the Ukraine crisis to Great Britain’s possible retreat from the EU as well as the growing rise of right-wing parties across Europe. The team returned home with a top award for its performances.
Apr 1, 2015 10:12 AM: Bravo! BGSU
More than 200 people filled the internationally recognized Wolfe Center for the Arts on March 28 to raise scholarship funds for students in Bowling Green State University’s arts programs. “Bravo! BGSU” celebrated the quality and vibrancy of all the University’s arts areas. The event raised about $60,000.
Mar 31, 2015 2:57 PM: Award-winning activist to speak on protecting global water
“Blue Future: Protecting Water for People and the Planet Forever” is the topic of author and activist Maude Barlow’s Lamb Peace Lecture at Bowling Green State University. Her lecture will focus on topics from her recently released book by the same name, including water as a human right and the dangers to our water from farming and other sources.
Mar 30, 2015 7:00 AM: Freshman thrives on busy schedule
Amanda Pack has crammed more experiences into her first semester of college than many of her fellow freshmen will their entire four years at a university. The 18-year-old Harrison native is a talented trumpet player who was just as likely to be found on the football field with the BGSU Falcon Marching Band as she was in class or doing homework. Just a few days before Christmas, she traveled hundreds of miles to play a bowl game at the University of South Alabama.
Mar 30, 2015 7:00 AM: Teaching with passion
Dedication. Enthusiasm. Passion. When asked to describe what Kathleen McGrady ’81 is like as a mentor and teacher, these are the three words most used by her students and colleagues. Her passion for teaching music is one of the many reasons McGrady was named Ohio Music Education Association’s (OMEA) Music Educator of the Year.
Mar 23, 2015 7:00 AM: Bringing history to life
When students decide they don’t want history class to end, their teacher must be doing something right. That’s the case at Waynesfield-Goshen Schools, a small K-12 school system in rural Ohio where Joe Foster teachers American History, World History, Government and Economics, Civil War, and Defining Moments in History. With a total enrollment of just 550 students, every high school student has Foster for at least one class and often leaves wanting more.
Mar 23, 2015 7:00 AM: Experimental Design
Bullying, murals, fast food, hammers, the graphic expression of Toledo—it’s a group of seemingly unrelated items. But for the students who have participated in a summer workshop run by graphic design faculty members Jenn Stucker and Amy Fidler, they are the topics that have allowed them to delve deep into experimental design work.
Mar 23, 2015 7:00 AM: Student explores all BGSU has to offer
Friends may come and go, but family is forever — and always there when you need a little help with your laundry. At least, that’s the case for freshman Lydia Emch, who says her grandmother has been a lifesaver in times of stress during her first busy year at BGSU.
Mar 18, 2015 7:00 AM: Conference to explore significance of improvisation
Improvisation is not only central to music and art, in a world where the only constant is change, it has become a necessary tool to deal with society’s daily uncertainties. As rules, guidelines and planning becoming increasingly obsolete, qualities such as spontaneity, inventiveness and creativity become important to our lives.
Mar 18, 2015 7:00 AM: Kenya-BGSU partnership connects learning with economic empowerment
Dr. Diane Frey never thought she would visit East Africa, much less become involved in educational partnerships with Kenyan schools for girls and women with HIV-AIDS. But a Christmas visit to her sister in Nairobi, Kenya, several years ago led first to a personal passion and now professional engagement with support organizations, plus mutually beneficial relationships between Kenyan and BGSU students.
Mar 18, 2015 7:00 AM: Taking a stand to be (carbon) neutral
When President Mary Ellen Mazey signed the American Colleges and Universities Presidents' Climate Commitment in 2012, it set in motion a formal plan to move the University toward carbon neutrality. This built upon BGSU’s longtime efforts at becoming a more sustainable campus, from individual responsibility for conserving energy to institution-wide projects.
Mar 17, 2015 3:30 PM: Michael McGranaghan Honored by University For Outstanding Achievements
Bowling Green State University honored one accomplished graduate from each of the seven colleges at the 2015 BGSU College Alumni Awards held March 7. Michael McGranaghan, a 1980 business graduate, was the alumnus recognized for the College of Business. In a career at Johnson and Johnson spanning more than 32 years, McGranaghan made significant contributions to the enterprise, including senior finance leadership roles in each segment of the business as well as procurement.
Mar 17, 2015 3:30 PM: New Peer Leaders Chosen to Transition Incoming Freshman Class
After its inaugural year, the College of Business Peer Leader Program is a huge success. Twenty-five Peer Leaders went through four hours of training and made contact with incoming freshmen over the summer and continued their mentoring role throughout the academic year.
Mar 17, 2015 3:15 PM: College of Business Has Several Faculty Members Retiring; Three in Marketing
With changes to the State Teachers Retirement System’s benefit structure, the College of Business will see nine faculty retire this year. Over the next three issues of Biz News, we will provide brief summaries about these dedicated and inspirational teachers who have had a positive impact on the students.
Mar 17, 2015 3:00 PM: BGSU Finance Team Finishes Third in National Competition
BGSU has another team of students that finished among the top colleges and universities. Business students Alex Batt and James Knippen represented BGSU in the Foundation for Financial Service Professionals (FSP) 2015 Industry Issues Competition. The competition offers colleges and universities the chance to explore important hot topics in the financial services profession. The critical issue of this year’s competition was “Career Evolution…How Did You Begin, Where Are You Now, and Where Do You Expect to Wind Up?” The finalists were selected from written submissions exploring three professional career paths and the top teams presented at the FSP Annual Conference in Phoenix, Arizona.
Mar 17, 2015 11:58 AM: Falcon Forensics and Debate Team wins a national championship
The 20 members of the Falcon Forensics and Debate Team spent their spring break winning a national championship. The team beat out 127 other universities to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Tournament held March 4-8 at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio.
Mar 17, 2015 10:00 AM: New Theme Community Created for Business Students
Coming to college can be a stressful time by leaving friends and family behind and finding new friends that have similar interests. BGSU has established a number of Learning Communities in residence halls to help in the transition and build a sense of “community” amongst the residents. Now freshmen and sophomores who are interested in studying business have the opportunity to live with other business students in a new theme community called The Business District.
Mar 16, 2015 4:00 PM: Fourteen Students Chosen to Become Student Ambassadors
The College of Business Student Ambassador Program utilizes a select group of knowledgeable, motivated, and enthusiastic student leaders to assist the dean and the College with engaging business alumni, current students, and prospective students. Student Ambassadors represent the College at events both on- and off-campus.
Mar 16, 2015 7:00 AM: Commitment to Community
It put BGSU at the forefront of an emerging trend in higher education and brought the University national recognition, but 15 years ago it was just an idea – enhancing learning by bringing students with similar interests together under one roof in “learning communities.”
Mar 9, 2015 2:30 PM: College Loses Retired Economics Professor
The College lost a retired faculty member and former chair of the economics department last month. J. David Reed, professor of economics, taught at BGSU for 37 years and served as chair for 8 years. He was hired in 1968 and appointed a full professor of economics in 1978. Dr. Reed retired from the University in 2005. During his tenure at BGSU, he traveled overseas where he helped to establish the environmental economic policy in Estonia.
Mar 9, 2015 9:25 AM: BWC funding workplace safety research at BGSU
Bowling Green State University has been awarded a $250,000 research grant from The Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (BWC) and Ohio Board of Regents to improve workplace safety in nursing homes. BGSU is one of six higher education institutions in Ohio selected for $2 million in total funding for nine research proposals.
Mar 9, 2015 7:30 AM: Blended for success
Jodi Berg ’88 took her great-grandfather’s kitchen product company he founded in 1921 and fast-tracked the Vitamix Corporation into a market leader. Because of her innovative success, she was named a 2014 Ernst and Young Entrepreneur Of the Year Award for Family Business. Entrepreneur Of The Year is one of the nation’s most prestigious business awards and it goes to a leader and innovator who has grown a company without compromising values and tradition.
Mar 5, 2015 7:30 AM: Walls book chronicles U.S. individualism
Of the many ideas that inspired and shaped the American Founding Fathers' thought, individualism and a commitment to individual rights were primary among them. However, the concept of individualism that inspired the founders has transformed over time to reflect the changing economic and social landscape in the United States, according to Dr. Stephanie Walls, BGSU Firelands political science.
Mar 2, 2015 7:00 AM: Practical Science
At first glance it looks like your typical biochemistry lab. Groups of students are dressed in lab coats and safety glasses and are huddled around test tubes, notebooks and large pieces of scientific equipment. But, this wasn’t your average textbook lab. These undergraduates were working on genuine research where the outcomes were uncertain, and their results were forging new territory.
Mar 2, 2015 7:00 AM: UAO president thrives on campus involvement
Megan Largent knows how to make things happen. If there was an event planned at her Strongsville high school, most likely, Largent was involved. She helped organize a variety of activities, from the service-oriented, like blood drives, to fun, festive gatherings such as homecoming and prom.
Feb 26, 2015 10:16 AM: Trio to present next concert in Music at the Forefront series
Composer Neil Rolnick, violinist Jennifer Choi and pianist Kathleen Supové will perform at 8 p.m. March 2 at the Clazel Theater, 127 N. Main St., Bowling Green, as part of the Music at the Forefront concert series. Sponsored by BGSU’s MidAmerican Center for Contemporary Music, the concert is free and open to the public.
Feb 26, 2015 10:16 AM: Women’s History Month
BGSU takes “girl culture” international this year for its celebration of Women’s History Month. “Global Girls” is the theme for the month’s events, which include girls and women from around the world. The month culminates March 30 with a research symposium, guest speaker and presentation of awards and scholarships.
Feb 23, 2015 10:16 AM: More women choosing living together over marriage
If it seems like more women are choosing to live with a partner instead of get married, you’re right. According to researchers at the National Center for Family and Marriage Research at Bowling Green State University, the percentage of women who have cohabitated with someone has almost doubled over the past 25 years.
Feb 23, 2015 7:30 AM: Embracing Spanish culture
Stacey Dickerson is anxiously awaiting her last semester to begin at BGSU. Instead of beginning classes on campus, she’ll be studying abroad in Spain for a second time. Studying overseas is not an easy decision to make, but being in the Spanish learning community, La Comunidad, has helped her to better prepare.
Feb 23, 2015 7:00 AM: Scholarship winner finds career path in art
While many high school students flip burgers or fold sweaters at their first after-school jobs, Brooke Breckenridge was flexing her creative muscle as an apprentice for The Arts Commission in Toledo. She was just 16 years old when she, along with a few dozen other students, was chosen for the Young Artists at Work apprenticeship program. Now, four years later, Breckenridge has returned to the Arts Commission as an intern this semester.
Feb 19, 2015 7:00 AM: BGSU faculty receive grants to advance STEM teaching
Area math and science teachers will learn new ways to improve student learning and add excitement to class thanks to grants issued by the Ohio Board of Regents to faculty in the Bowling Green State University Colleges of Education and Human Development and Arts and Sciences.
Feb 18, 2015 8:30 AM: Business Career Day Prepares Students to Find Their Dream Job
Students came away with valuable resume and interviewing advice after attending the Business Career Accelerator’s Business Career Day, held the day before BGSU’s Spring EXPO Job and Internship Fair. Business Career Day kicked off with a panel of six employers answering student questions regarding what they look for when recruiting employees.
Feb 18, 2015 7:15 AM: Falcon Flames Tell Newlyweds’ Wedding Stories with Style
For Ben Hartley, his oil painting background has provided a tremendous advantage to being a photographer. “My oil paintings were figure paintings; on top of it, they were photorealistic figure paintings. In order to make a really great painting, I had to take a really great photo because I based all of my work off of photographs. That’s really how my photography blossomed. I’ve always been fascinated with people. People are the most interesting things… the most important things on this world. To paint anything else but a person, I’ve always struggled with. I feel like photographing anything else besides a person is a struggle, too. I think that people in general – the connections we have – inspires me to keep taking pictures,” said Hartley, 28, who graduated from BGSU in 2009 with a BFA in 2-Dimensional Studies.
Feb 17, 2015 10:30 AM: Corporate Executives to Present at Alma Mater’s Women in Leadership Event
Some of the thousands of Bowling Green State University graduates take a career path that leads them to executive roles in high-profile corporations, and they drive these companies to success. These highly motivated business executives often return to campus and share their valuable insights with students, faculty, and the business community. This year’s Women in Leadership event on March 27 is an opportunity to learn from our outstanding alums.
Feb 16, 2015 1:15 PM: Hundreds Attend Supply Chain Management Spring Networking Dinner
More than 300 students, faculty, staff, and supply chain professionals attended the Spring Supply Chain Management Institute (SCMI) Networking Dinner, held jointly with the Institute for Supply Management NAPM - Toledo. The University’s SCMI hosts a networking dinner for member companies and students the evening prior to BGSU’s EXPO Job and Internship Fair.
Feb 16, 2015 12:30 PM: Alumnus Uses Business Expertise to Launch Nonprofit For Advanced Cancer Patients
We usually think of entrepreneurs as business school graduates that launch for-profit businesses, but a 1997 BGSU marketing graduate was faced with a profound, life-changing experience that led him to use his business expertise, marketing savvy, and passion to launch a nonprofit organization in 2012. Troy Haslinger founded a nonprofit called Life Is Good No Matter What to honor his 39-year-old sister, Holly, who died from colon cancer, leaving behind a husband and three children.
Feb 16, 2015 7:15 AM: Teaching conference looks into future of education
With online classes and new technology, the future of education presents a “Prism of Possibility” for teaching and learning. BGSU is hosting a conference by that name for faculty to explore these new resources, network and hear from leaders in the field of educational technology and active learning.
Feb 13, 2015 7:15 AM: Winning Ways
Dan DeSalvo sensed the expectations the first time he entered the BGSU Ice Arena as a Falcon, but he also was comfortable in a place where mediocrity is not part of the vernacular, where his role would be to help put the luster back on one of the University’s most decorated programs.
Feb 13, 2015 7:00 AM: Injury recovery inspires career path
For many young athletes, a dislocated shoulder or a broken leg could be the beginning of the end of a promising future in sports. For Aaron Flores, however, those exact injuries were the beginning of a new career path. The 18-year-old BGSU freshman is an applied health science major, studying to one day become a physical therapist.
Feb 9, 2015 7:00 AM: Married Mascots
One couple’s story has another BGSU connection as they were the University’s beloved mascots, Freddie and Frieda. Alex ’06 and Kristen ’07 Wright are two out of only three Falcon mascot marriages. Alex was Freddie his senior year after completing a term as student body president the previous year. When asked what prompted him to become the mascot, he said, “My earliest memories and pictures of Bowling Green are with ‘the birds’. It looked like fun, a different way to give back, and a way to spread my childhood Falcon spirit to my fellow students.”
Feb 2, 2015 7:00 AM: Adolescent lives
A new study by BGSU researchers is providing a rare look into the lives of adolescents throughout their high school years. College of Education and Human Development faculty Drs. Margaret Zoller Booth, also associate dean of the Graduate College; Christopher Frey, leadership and policy studies; and Jean Gerard, human development and family studies, surveyed a thousand Fremont, Ohio, students in grades 7-10 twice a year for four years, beginning in fall 2009.
Feb 2, 2015 7:00 AM: Eunice Kennedy Shriver grant
A new study by BGSU researchers is providing a rare look into the lives of adolescents throughout their high school years. College of Education and Human Development faculty Drs. Margaret Zoller Booth, also associate dean of the Graduate College; Christopher Frey, leadership and policy studies; and Jean Gerard, human development and family studies, surveyed a thousand Fremont, Ohio, students in grades 7-10 twice a year for four years, beginning in fall 2009.
Feb 2, 2015 7:00 AM: You snooze, you lose
There's a popular saying that boils down the typical college student's top three priorities, then asks them to make an important decision. “Good grades, a social life or enough sleep,” the saying goes. “Pick two.” For Benjamin Zauski, the choice was an easy one. For him, a “good night's sleep” is about five hours. More often, however, the Alumni Laureate Scholar slumbers just two hours a night.
Jan 27, 2015 8:45 AM: Management Professor Elected to Lead International Business Organization in Midwest
Dr. Man Zhang , associate professor of international business in the Department of Management, was elected president of the Academy of International Business (AIB)-U.S. Midwest Chapter. Dr. Zhang has been involved with AIB-Midwest since 2008. She served in different executive positions in this chapter, including secretary and program chair.
Jan 26, 2015 1:00 PM: Innovation Celebrated During Global Entrepreneurship Week
Agribusiness is one of the largest industries in northwest Ohio and it has a positive impact that stretches across the globe. Innovation in agribusiness as well as supply chain and logistics topics were part of the day’s celebration in conjunction with Global Entrepreneurship Week.
Jan 26, 2015 6:00 AM: Constructing a future
Look up the Twitter hashtag #SelfieswithStanley and you'll find plenty of photos of BGSU students posing with Amey Hewitt's baby miniature pig. “He's blowing up on social media,” the Alumni Laureate Scholar said, laughing. “He's the cutest thing. People have been donating money to our service project to take a picture with him.”
Jan 26, 2015 6:00 AM: Giving back
For the last eight years, BGSU students, faculty and staff have spent the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday out in the community making a difference for the Day of Service challenge. This year, for the first time, BGSU Firelands also accepted the challenge. A group of 19 volunteered at the Victory Kitchen in Sandusky.
Jan 20, 2015 2:00 PM: University Honors 1982 Business Graduate for Distinguished Achievements
Alicia Fernandez-Mott did not take the traditional route to becoming successful. As a mono-lingual Spanish speaking first grader in a Texas school district that only spoke English, Fernandez-Mott dropped out of school in the 10th grade, traveling around the country as a migrant agricultural worker. She later received her general equivalency diploma at age 30 and enrolled and graduated from BGSU with a business degree at the age of 38.
Jan 20, 2015 12:30 PM: Recruitment for Fall Enrollment Shows Strong Results; College of Business Day is January 23
With strong recruitment efforts continuing, the College is seeing an increased number of applications for fall 2015 with high school students who are performing academically higher. Applications from prospective students, and housing deposits are up in the College of Business compared to 2014.
Jan 20, 2015 10:00 AM: 2014 Best Practices in Business Analytics Symposium
Companies learned how they can transform their organizations into data science-driven enterprises at the Business Analytics Symposium hosted by the College of Business Center for Business Analytics on October 17 in Olscamp Hall 101. “Big Data” has become an important buzz word for business executives who are taking data and learning how to utilize it so they can make better decisions.
Jan 19, 2015 7:00 AM: Wanted: Data science professionals
Bowling Green State University is offering students with math and computer aptitude a new undergraduate program in data science. A limited number of $5,000 renewable scholarships are still available to help incoming freshmen get started on their degrees. The deadline to apply for the scholarship is March 31.
Jan 16, 2015 1:30 PM: BGSU Alumnus to Lead California’s Business Development Efforts in China
Ken Petrilla’s renowned international banking experience has led to California Governor Jerry Brown selecting him to lead his state’s business development efforts with China. Petrilla was recently named the executive director of the California-China Office of Trade and Investment, an agency Governor Brown created in conjunction with the Bay Area Council in 2013 to serve as a central office for California companies interested in entering or expanding in China as well as promoting and facilitating Chinese investment into California. According to a statement, the governor’s senior jobs advisor says Petrilla is “one of the most experienced international banking executives in California.”
Jan 16, 2015 1:15 PM: CBA Rewards Point Program Continues to Engage Students; New Top Prize Added
The intent of the College of Business Rewards Point Program is to motivate students to engage with the College through participating in designated activities and rewarding students with a prize depending on the number of points accumulated. After two and a half years, the results of the CBA Rewards Point Program continue to be highly successful.
Jan 16, 2015 1:00 PM: President at Nationwide’s Property and Casualty Division is 1986 BGSU Grad
Graduates from Bowling Green State University’s business program continue to go beyond business as usual and successfully lead highly notable companies. Their keen business expertise and strong leadership abilities have led to promotions to executive roles. Amy Shore is one of those BGSU graduates with nearly three decades of senior leadership experience and was recently promoted to president of Nationwide Insurance Property and Casualty Distribution – Exclusive.
Jan 16, 2015 1:00 PM: Sultz Honored with Financial Executive International Award
Chad Sultz is a senior finance and accounting student who was selected to receive the Toledo Chapter’s Financial Executive International (FEI) Award. Sultz is a 4.0 student from Fremont, Ohio, who is working this semester as a tax intern with Rehmann and will work at Cooper Tire this summer. After receiving his bachelor’s degree in August, Sultz will enter the BGSU Master of Accountancy program in the fall.
Jan 13, 2015 2:00 PM: Hatchlings Selected for The Hatch 2015
Eighty student applications were narrowed to ten of the best business ideas to compete for investor funding in The Hatch™ 2015. The Dallas-Hamilton Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership announced the 10 Hatchlings at the Global Entrepreneurship Week event on November 20. These Hatchlings are paired with an Alumni Mentor to make a business presentation in April to a panel of Falcon Investors in an event similar to the hit television show “Shark Tank.”
Jan 12, 2015 7:00 AM: #MACtion
As the new assistant commissioner for communications and social media of the Mid-American Conference (MAC), Jeremy Guy ’03 has spent countless hours contributing to the front office operations. He graduated from BGSU with a degree in sport management, communications and marketing and has instantly made an impact on the collegiate sport industry.
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Which fictional character has a 12-cylinder 1927 Daimler which he calls ‘Mrs Merdle’? | AGBU Magazine October by Bryon - issuu
issuu
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ARMENIAN GENERAL BENEVOLENT UNION FA\KAKAN BAR;GOR‘AKAN ENDFANOUR MIOUJIUN Established in 1906
MISSION
To preserve and promote the Armenian heritage through worldwide educational, cultural and humanitarian programs.
CENTRAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT - BERGE SETRAKIAN
ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL BUDGET
Thirty-six million dollars.
25 Primary, Secondary, Preparatory and Saturday Schools. International Scholarships. American University of Armenia. Armenian Virtual College (AVC).
EDUCATION
CULTURAL, HUMANITARIAN AND RELIGIOUS AGBU News Magazine, athletics; camps; concerts; dance; films; lectures; mentorship; publications; radio; scouts; summer internships; theater. ARMENIA: American University of Armenia; Nork, Arapkir and Malatya Children’s Centers; Holy Etchmiadzin; Nork, Arapkir and Malatya Senior Dining Centers; Sevan Theological Seminary; Ultrasound Center. KARABAKH: Chamber Orchestra, AUA Extension - AGBU NKR program. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Córdoba; ARMENIA: Yerevan; AUSTRALIA: Sydney, Melbourne; AUSTRIA: Vienna; BELGIUM: Brussels; BRAZIL: São Paulo; BULGARIA: Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna; CANADA: Montreal, Toronto; CYPRUS: Larnaca, Nicosia; EGYPT: Alexandria, Cairo, Heliopolis; ETHIOPIA: Addis Ababa; FRANCE: Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Paris, St. Chamond-St. Étienne, Valence, Vienne; GERMANY: Hamburg; GREECE: Athens, Thessaloniki; IRAN: Tehran; IRAQ: Baghdad; ITALY: Milan; LEBANON: Beirut, Zahlé; THE NETHERLANDS: Almelo; SOUTH AFRICA: Johannesburg; SWITZERLAND: Geneva; SYRIA: Aleppo, Damascus, Kamishli, Kessab, Latakia, Yacoubieh; URUGUAY: Montevideo; UAE: Dubai, Sharjah; UNITED KINGDOM: London; UNITED STATES: Boston, Canoga Park, Chicago, Cleveland, Costa Mesa, Detroit, Fresno, Glendale, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Pasadena, Philadelphia, Providence, San Diego, San Fernando Valley, San Francisco, Silicon Valley, Washington, DC.
CENTERS, OFFICES, SCHOOLS, CHAPTERS & YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
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AGBU - October 2013
VICE PRESIDENT - SAM SIMONIAN, SINAN SINANIAN. TREASURER - YERVANT DEMIRJIAN SECRETARY - BERGE PAPAZIAN HONORARY MEMBER - HIS HOLINESS KAREKIN II, Catholicos of All Armenians MEMBERS - United States: NOUBAR AFEYAN, M. MICHAEL ANSOUR, CAROL BAGDASARIAN ASLANIAN, JOSEPH L. BASRALIAN, YERVANT DEMIRJIAN, NAZARETH FESTEKJIAN, ARDA HARATUNIAN, SARKIS JEBEJIAN, LEVON NAZARIAN, DICKRAN TEVRIZIAN, YERVANT ZORIAN. Argentina: RUBEN KECHICHIAN. France: ARIS ATAMIAN. Switzerland: VAHE GABRACHE. Syria and Armenia: VASKEN YACOUBIAN. United Kingdom: JOSEPH OUGHOURLIAN. COUNCIL OF TRUSTEES - SARKIS DEMIRDJIAN, RICHARD MANOOGIAN, NAZAR NAZARIAN, LOUISE MANOOGIAN SIMONE, KARNIG YACOUBIAN. IN MEMORIAM - BOGHOS NUBAR, Founder; ALEX MANOOGIAN, Honorary Life President.
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EDITORIAL
T
he scope and complexity of the problems we face today, both in our homeland and in the Diaspora, are daunting. Concerns for national security, a prosperous economy, and a thriving civil society are etched into our communal mindset.
The challenges we face in preserving our identity, in a geographically and generationally complex diaspora, are formidable. Successful members of the young generation are drifting away from the community, in part because of a failure to adapt our traditional ways and institutional habits to our times. We are quick to argue, pass judgment, and impose our advice, yet not willing to be involved, take our share of responsibility and contribute to the efforts for our collective well being.
As an organization involved in the lives of Armenians worldwide, we can chronicle and understand the impact of economic, socio-political and regional changes, as they shape the everyday lives and struggles of our people. We are sensitized to the needs and challenges we face as a nation and as a state. We know first-hand the plight of those who are caught in the midst of hardship; they continue to struggle day after day, investing their beliefs and talents in a better tomorrow, drawing strength from the bedrock of our cultural endurance. While we wish for a strong and prosperous state and a strong national church that will make us feel proud of our nation and heritage, smaller victories are being realized on a daily basis, often going unnoticed. We need to see, understand, and appreciate these achievements, as they offer much to be proud of in our daily lives. This issue of the AGBU News Magazine touches upon the painful realities of emigration in Armenia in a harsh economic climate. It examines an emerging trend of repatriation, as with the plight of Syrian Armenians finding a new home in Artsakh. There, the AGBU, partnered with the American University of Armenia and the Tumo Center for Creative Technologies, has launched career and skill-building extension programs. They eventually will be housed in a complex now in its execution stages, one that will also include a performing arts academy. We also feature educational and cultural events, as well as creative initiatives in Armenia that capitalize on the abundance of bright talents in our country. As a nation, we pride ourselves on being at the crossroads of civilization and power struggles. We survive, triumphant against all odds, because of an enduring spirit and ingenuity that have led us to spiritual heights, enshrined in a national church and an endemic language that has preserved us through the ages. As a vast, growing and potentially powerful diaspora we now have the added advantage of being on the axis of global advancements in technology, communications, financial and intellectual wealth, with a talented, successful young generation advancing our banner. It is time for us to act responsibly, time to create opportunities for our talented youth to connect across Armenia and the Diaspora. Only then can they take on our shared challenges and address the imminent issues through healthy dialogue, free from old mindsets that no longer serve us, and unshackled by hindrances that hold us down in our old ways.
Berge Setrakian President
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AGBU
VOLUME 23. No. 2. OCTOBER 2013
To connect with us online, visit our website at: www.agbu.org
AGBU News Magazine is published by the Central Board of the Armenian General Benevolent Union: 55 East 59th Street, New York, NY 10022-1112. Tel: 212 319-6383 - Fax: 212 319-6507/08. E-Mail: [email protected]. POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to above. Printed in U.S.A.
3 Editorial
5 MIGRATION & SOCIETY 5 MOTHER ARMENIA As Men Leave for Russia, Women Adapt at Home
12 FROM WAR TO FROZEN CONFLICT Syrian Armenians Find Home in Artsakh
14 AGAINST THE TIDE Armenians Repatriate to Live and Give
17 MAKING CHANGE Armenian Youth Start with Bus Fare
20 EDUCTION 20 EDUCATION FOR ALL Education Extension Expands in Karabakh
23 SPEAKING IDENTITY Language Schools Spark Controversy in Armenia
25 ARTISTIC ARMENIA 25 ARMENIA'S KOMITAS CONSERVATORY Link to Heritage, Gateway to Europe
29 GOLDEN APRICOT, TAKE 10 The Filmmakers Behind the Festival
40 AGBU ENDOWMENTS 1910 - 2013 Donor Articles: 42 Karen Toufayan Nargizian, Kristine Toufayan Casali & Greg Toufayan 44 Hagop and Zaruhi Keledjian 46 Garabed Fattal, Drs. Garabed & Peter Fattal, Nora Gibbs & Corinne Farrell 48 Nishan & Elizabeth Apelian 50 Jack & Carol Margossian 52 Norma Der Mugrdechian
59 IN MEMORIAM Edouard Jakhian
60 AGBU 60 64 67 71 80 84 84 85
HIGHLIGHTS CAMP NUBAR FOCUS YOUTH PROGRAMS YOUNG PROFESSIONALS SPOTLIGHT Katherine Sarafian Hrag Hamalian
86 AGBU CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS 102 AGBU BOOKSTORE
32 SHAGHIG KAZANJIAN A Diasporan Finds her Musical Homeland
34 IN YEREVAN THE BLIND SING WITH VISION
AGBU NEWS MAGAZINE Contributing Editor: Alison Tahmizian Meuse. Editorial Staff: Randa Akda, Anita Anserian, Alex Basmagian, Artoun Hamalian, Hrant Kamalyan, Karen Papazian, Arpi Vartanian. AGBU Sections: Talia Jebejian Bouldoukian, Avedis Hadjian. Contributors: Gohar Abrahamyan, Siranuysh Gevorgyan, Julia Hakobyan, Alison Tahmizian Meuse. Photographs: AGBU Chapters, Nazik Armenakyan, V. Balevska, Alison Tahmizian Meuse, Artur Petrosyan, Photolure, Tina Tcholakian, Western Diocese of the Armenian Church of North America, www.purpletree.ca. Art Direction, Design and Production: Armen Garabedian, Tadeh-Barth Publications. NOTE: Credit for the preparation of the AGBU Financial Reports published in the last issue of our magazine was inadvertently omitted. It was prepared by Vahe Kiljian. This publication of the Armenian General Benevolent Union is mailed free of charge to members and donors of the organization. If you are not a regular contributor and wish to continue receiving the AGBU News Magazine, please send a minimum contribution of $25 in the envelope enclosed in this issue. AGBU News Magazine is circulated in twenty-eight countries around the world.
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For women, it is painful to see husbands and sons leave for work abroad. Susanna Hovannisyan embraces her son—now the sole breadwinner and migrant worker in the family. His father was stabbed in Russia last year.
Mother Armenia As Men Leave for Russia, Women Adapt at Home
BY JULIA HAKOBYAN PHOTOS BY NAZIK ARMENAKYAN
n a tough economic climate, emigration is a daily reality for the thousands of Armenian families who have at least one male relative working abroad. Left behind are the children, the elderly and the women, the latter of whom must assume the greatest responsibility. In some rural villages, the gender disparity is staggering, with 90 percent of men absent. The husbands are in Russia, working to get ahead for their families and sending home remittances. But the newfound mobility comes at a price. The modern Armenian family leaves women with more duties—now in charge of the family decisions and caring for the homestead, while struggling to balance the traditional expectations of the past. ➔
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otted ottedacross acrossthe thehilly hillyslopes slopesand andscattered scatteredacross acrossthe thefertile fertile plains, plains, the the southern southern villages villages of of Armenia’s Armenia’s eastern eastern Gegharkunik Gegharkunik region region appear appear as as aa bucolic bucolic wonderland wonderland to to visitors. visitors.Linens Linensare areline-dried line-driedin inthe thefresh freshbreeze breezeand andeven even the themanure, manure,known knownhere hereas asnature’s nature’sfuel, fuel,isisstacked stackedin inneat neat cones conesor orsquare squareslabs, slabs,left leftto toharden hardenunder underthe thesun sunfor forheating heatingcome come winter. winter. But Butbeyond beyondthe theidyllic idyllicscene sceneisisaapainful painfulreality. reality.GegharkuGegharkunik nik province province has has become become known known for for its its “women’s “women’s villages”, villages”, in in which which up up to to 90 90 percent percent of of the the male male population population leaves leaves each each year year for for seasonal seasonal work work abroad. abroad. The The province province also also has has the the highest highest labor labor migration migration rate rate in in the the country, country, with with some some 10 10 percent percent of of its its population populationsetting settingoff offfor forRussia Russiaand andother othercountries countrieseach eachyear. year. In Inthe thevillage villageof ofVerin VerinGetashen, Getashen,the theArzunyan Arzunyanfamily familymemmembers bers are are gathering gathering for for supper supper in in their their large, large, recently recently renovated renovated dining dining room. room. The The new new furniture furniture contrasts contrasts with with aa reminder reminder of of aa simpler simpler past—a past—a china china set set on on the the sideboard, sideboard, part part of of the the dowry dowry that that Armine Armine Arzunyan Arzunyan brought brought to to the the house house 20 20 years years ago ago as as aa bride. bride. On On the the table, table, homemade homemade salty salty cheese cheese and and plump plump bread bread are arelaid laidout outalongside alongsidearomatic aromaticgreens greenscut cutfresh freshfrom fromthe thegarden. garden. Arzunyan Arzunyan has has prepared prepared fish, fish, pasta pasta and and vegetable vegetable salads salads for for her her
daughters Taguhi and Narine and her toddler Smbat. The family seems at once joyful and serene in their farmhouse. But the mother confides that they take little comfort in their daily routine when her husband is gone. It is the sixth consecutive year that her husband Vardan has left home for seasonal construction work in Bashkiria, Russia. Each month he sends home $500-1,000, a sufficient amount for a family of four in a small mountain mountain village. village. The The family was able to renovate the house and buy a washing machine and computer with the money. Individual remittances like Vardan’s—averaging around $500 per month—are a major component of the economy in Armenia, where the average monthly salary is $150. The annual sum of international transfers is around 2 billion USD. With a state budget of $2.8 billion (the lowest in the South Caucasus), the transfers provide a critical bandage for the cash-strapped government and stem social upheaval. “We live a secure life thanks to Vardan’s work. We can buy food and other things we could not afford before,” said Arzunyan, 39. “But this life is empty for my children and
me. My husband’s absence is especially painful, because he does not get to see our long-awaited son growing up.” When Arzunyan gave birth to Smbat, she was 37 years old—an anomaly in rural Armenia where most people are grandparents by their forties. One of her three daughters had already moved out of the house, and her husband was already in the rhythm of working abroad. “It is such a pity that my husband sees his children only a few months out of the year. year. I don’t worry for my daughters, since he was a good father for them when they were little. But what will our son remember from his father’s parenting?” “There is nothing we can do about it,” she sighed. “How else can we raise children when there is no work in the village?” Arzunyan’s husband is one of 1,500 men from Verin Getashen, a village of 5,000 people, who are currently abroad. Their decision to work outside Armenia, especially in countries like Russia, does not come without risks for the country and the individual. ➔
MIGRATION & SOCIETY Sociologist Gevorg Poghosyan, a member of the National Academy of Science, says that such a high migration rate is considered “depopulation” and should be treated as a threat to the country’s national security. “In Armenia, one-third of the population has left the country since 1990. This is 10 times higher than the global average. To continue labeling such a hazardous trend as migration is to ignore the issue,” said Poghosyan, Director of the Armenian Sociological Association. The sociologist warns that the problem is especially pressing with Armenia’s unresolved conflict with Azerbaijan. “Our border villages are emptying and some of their schools are attended by only a few students. The populations of entire villages migrate because they do not have the means to live, or any hope for the future.” Economist Ani Kalashyan says individual migrants are likely to face exploitation. “The main risk migrants face is the threat of human trafficking,” said Kalashyan, who estimates that 77 percent of Armenian families have at least one migrant worker. Last June, the brutal beating of two Armenian migrant workers in Russia dominated Armenian headlines. Armenian national Martiros Demerchyan, 38, and Abkhazia native Sergei Krbashyan, 25, were working on a construction site near Sochi (host city of the 2014 Winter Olympics) when they were severely tor-
tured by local police for demanding their unpaid salaries. This incident was only notable for its publicity; in the majority of cases, undocumented workers keep quiet about human rights violations for fear of deportation. Despite the dangers, the lack of jobs in remote villages and the limited income from agriculture drive many men to take the same path each year. Like Vardan, most head to Russia, while others go to Ukraine or Kazakhstan, to work on construction sites. They often return for the New Year to spend a few months with their families before packing up to leave again in March. “Our life is nothing but waiting,” Arzunyan said. Her youngest daughter, 16-year-old Narine says it is very hard to live without her father at home. “Our brother is too little to remember him or realize that dad isn’t home, but we feel his absence very deeply. When dad comes home in the winter, life is totally different,” Narine said. "I don’t want to live like my mom." Despite the painful family separation, the advantage of having a family member working in Russia is clear. The added income allows women like Arzunyan and her daughters to forgo debilitating work in the fields. Taguhi is a typical 19-year-old. She enjoys listening to music and watching American
movies, but her real statement is her stylish manicure. She says she is lucky she doesn’t have to farm vegetables. She dreams of the day the village will have at least one karaoke club or cinema, because there is no place where young people can gather. “Our relatives keep telling me it’s high time for marriage but I don’t want to live like my mom and all the other women in the village, with my husband away,” said Taguhi. Labor migration has changed the image of the patriarchal village, but the absence of the men has left its mark on the hands and faces of the women left behind. It is these mothers who have taken responsibility not only for the family, but also the house and farms. In the “women’s villages”, where females now sow, plough, chop firewood and even organize funerals, the traditional family stereotypes are still deeply rooted and survive. The older generation of in-laws carefully watches over their sons’ wives during their long absences. The women are discouraged from visiting their own parents and trips to the homes of friends are unwelcome. With their lives virtually controlled by the parents of their husbands, there is little relief from the daily work of raising a family. While the old generation guards the young fiancées and wives, their sons find not only work in Russia, but often a separate private life.
With their husbands working in Russia, many women have found themselves taking on the tough manual tasks once reserved for men alongside their traditional duties to family.
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Women left behind in the village share concerns about losing their husbands to other women in Russia, anxiously listening to stories of men who made another family and never returned. “Once a man in the neighboring village told his wife he was divorcing her via Skype and never returned,” said Gayane Hakobyan, another resident of Verin Getashen. “All of the women worry about their husbands. Russian girls are pretty and cunning, and most of them would like to have an Armenian husband since our men are hardworking and don’t drink vodka like the Russian men.” Hakobyan says she worries for her husband Tovmas, who has been working in Ukraine since 2000, and keeps in touch with him daily. “I talk to him in the morning around 7 a.m. before he goes to work, then in the evening when he finishes work. When he is late, I get exhausted—I won’t go to sleep until I hear from him. “My generation grew up at a time when the man was not only the bread-winner, but also the decision maker. Now all the responsibility for the family is on the woman’s shoulders. It’s a heavy burden,” she said. “When something goes wrong with the children, our husbands accuse us of being the cause. We know their work is hard in Russia, but they don’t know anything about how hard
it can be with teenagers. And there are no men in our extended family to go to for help. “We agree to be alone, but at least we need our husbands to come back to us,” said Hakobyan. There are also acute health risks. Garen Nazarian, the permanent representative of Armenia to the United Nations last June noted that 50 percent of HIV cases in Armenia are found among circular migrants. According to the Armenian National Center for AIDS Prevention, which has tracked HIV infection since 1988, last year Aremnia hit an all time high with 228 cases, 70 percent of them men. In response, the European Union Delegation and UNICEF have partnered with the Ministries of Labor & Social Issues and Territorial Administration on a project aiming at mitigating social consequences of labor migration for families and communities. For some women in Verin Getashen, a visit to churchwarden Srbuhi Petrosyan is what helps bring solace. Petrosyan, 44, does not like to be called a fortune teller. In pre-Soviet times, beginning in 1838, it was her forefathers who served as priests of the St. Hakob village church. Under the USSR, the church was destroyed and plundered. But its priest managed to rescue one of the church walls by enclosing it with stones during the night.
The rescued wall—decorated with images of saints and crosses—and the remaining khachkars (cross stones) are known today as the Holy Place. It is here that Petrosyan holds court as the village “healer”, whose power comes from the salvaged wall. According to Petrosyan, the holy place is known beyond the small village, attracting people from across the region in search of health, luck or love. But most of the visitors are women praying for their husbands to come home. “I am full of faith and believe that one day the situation will change. Fathers will return to their children; husbands to their wives; and sons to their mothers,” said Petrosyan, who is single. Meanwhile, the harsh realities of the present demand more than faith from most men. As the years pass, more and more men consider leaving their scarcely populated villages permanently and taking their families with them. Since Armenia declared its independence in 1991, the country has experienced a net outflow of people. It is speculated that every citizen now has at least one relative living abroad. According to official data collected by the National Statistical Service, the Armenian population dropped from approximately 3.8 million people in 2002 to 3.27 million in 2012. The majority who leave at the beginning of the year are the labor migrants who seek sea-
Skype is a lifeline for Armenian families living apart. Financial decisions are made, family issues discussed and even holidays are celebrated via Internet.
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MIGRATION & SOCIETY
Church warden Srbuhi Petrosyan has become known as a healer. She seeks to bring solace to women raising families on their own, and she prays for the day the men will return.
sonal work abroad and return by winter. But the mass outflow is not limited to circular migration, as the number leaving the country for permanent residence abroad is steadily growing. Haikanush Chobanyan of the Armenian State Migration Service points out that these statistics should not be taken as the literal emigration rate, since some people leave one year and return the next. Nevertheless, the statistics reveal a trend of emigration when viewed over the long term. The State Migration Service counted an overall negative balance of migration of 200,000 from the year 2000 to 2013. In the past several years, the number has been climbing. A 2013 Gallup World poll shows Armenia as having the highest number of potential migrants among countries of the former Soviet Union, with 40 percent of Armenian respondents expressing a desire to leave. Khachik Hovannisyan has already been traveling back and forth to Russia. The young man was scheduled to come home in December, but he returned early to Verin Getashen village this summer to visit his sick father who was stabbed last year in Russia, where he had been working on a construction site.
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Now Hovannisyan is the only breadwinner for the family of four. He works on a construction site 12 hours per day and sends home at least $500 each month. The hardened 23year-old, who started working in Russia as soon as he completed his military service three years ago, looks far older than his age. On a midsummer afternoon, Hovannisyan’s parents are anxiously awaiting his arrival with the neighbors in the street. It has only been a few months since they saw each other, but events have taken their toll. His mother cannot hide her tears when she greets him and Khachik tries to bury his emotions. “Every time my son leaves the village, my heart goes to pieces,” said 43-year-old Susanna Hovannisyan. “I’m so sorry for my son. When I compare his youth and ours, I think about how harsh his young years are compared to how we lived.” Khachik does not hide his intentions to move to Russia. “If it weren’t for my father’s illness, I would not have come home, since I’ve lost my income for this period. I hope that in a few years I can earn enough money to take my parents from the village.”
His mother says that life is getting more expensive each year, while their income from agriculture has decreased. Two years ago, a bag of flour sufficient to make bread for one or two months cost $20; now it costs $30. On the other hand, the price of potatoes, the family’s only crop, has dropped. A kilo today is worth the price of an egg—just 10-15 cents. “If we sell an entire ton of potatoes, we barely make $150. And potatoes are our only income. We would starve if our son did not send money,” said Susanna. During Soviet times, the regional industrial hub of Gavar boasted dozens of factories and plants, which closed with the collapse of the centralized economy. Growing potatoes and cabbage, practically the only cultivated vegetables in the region, could not replace the lost income. The regional authorities are considering two major economic boosters for Gegharkunik. One is to reopen three garment factories to employ 100-150 people each. The second is an agricultural project to cultivate and process Jerusalem artichokes used for insulin production. Gegharkunik Governor Rafik Grigoryan emphasizes that everyone has the right to free-
men who remained in Litchq, says that some of the houses actually date back to Soviet times when labor migration became a tradition in their village. “In the 1970s, one of the men from our village, Gagik Abrahamyan, left for Moscow, where he became a very successful businessman,” said Ter Mesropyan, 50, the owner of a local grocery store. “Over the years, he invited many locals to Moscow. By Armine Arzunyan says that her three daughters grew up the time Abrahamyan died, with her husband at home, but she worries for her toddler many village men had their son Smbat (pictured), whose formative years will be marked by his father's absence. own enterprises in Moscow and were taking other villagers for labor.” Ter-Mesropyan worked in Moscow for dom of movement. “Labor migration does not mean emigra- more than 25 years. Two years ago he decided tion. People leave for seasonal work, then bring to come back to raise his children. “When my youngest was born, my wife dethe earned money and invest in the homeland. livered me an ultimatum—either I stay in the vilAnd I welcome it,” the governor said. Grigoryan said the major problem is the lage, or we all go to Moscow. She says she can’t absence of raw materials in the region, which— raise four children alone, but I think it is her jealaside from the economic activities associated ously that made her say this,” he said wryly. Most of the newly-constructed houses in with Lake Sevan and the local craft of khachkar making—offers little to investors in the short- Putinovan are empty, as entire families now live abroad. term aside from cheap labor. “Whoever has even the slightest opportunity will leave the village,” said Susanna Putin’s Town Mneyan, who lives with her in-laws while her espite being the poorest region in Armenia, husband and one of her sons are in Russia. Her labor migration and remittances have youngest son is doing his military service in changed the landscape of some villages in Karabakh. “For those who stay, keeping the family Gegharkunik over the past decade, with newlytogether means communicating via Skype. I built mansions dwarfing ramshackle houses. The abundance of such mansions even use it to talk to my husband, son and sister. changed (unofficially) the name of one of the God bless the man who invented Skype,” said villages. Litchq is now known as Putinovan, Mneyan laughing. “I can’t move to Russia, bewhich translates to “Putin’s town”. The village cause we can’t leave my in-laws alone.” In the neighboring village of Yeranos, took its nickname from Russian President Vladimir Putin, since the money earned by mi- many of the new houses also stand vacant. Only some homes have the lights on, with pargrants in Russia is building the houses here. Hakop Ter-Mesropyan, one of the few ents waiting for their children’s summer visits.
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Many rural Armenian towns have seen luxury mansions spring in recent years--the fruits of husbands toiling on construction sites abroad. But their cost not only monetary--it is the void left by an absent father, husband or son.
In one of the houses, Sirvard and Khachatur Karapetyan discuss the upcoming wedding of their only son, which will take place in the fall. The husband and wife have five children and 14 grandchildren, all of whom live abroad. The four daughters are already married, and all of them live in Russia. In the summer, the daughters come back with their children for visits. “Our children all ended up in different places,” said Khachatur, 57. “They live in Ufa, Murmansk, Tolyati, Saratov and Moscow. Our computer is always turned on and we always wait to see them on Skype.” Karapetyan was a migrant laborer in Moscow for over 20 years, finally retiring in 2000. His only son lives in the Russian port city of Murmanks, where he owns a sausage production plant and a chain of stores. His business is flourishing and he takes in $10,000-$20,000 per month, $2,000 of which he sends back to his parents. Today, their elegant home stands out in Yeranos. The couple spends most of their evenings in front of the computer, their portal to Russia. In their quiet moments in the richly decorated house, they reflect on their own youth, often feeling regret for missed opportunities. “When I married Khachatur, we did not have one percent of what we have today,” said Sirvard. “There was no shower in our tiny home and I used to have to wash in the barn." Today, the couple owns apartments in Yerevan, two cars, and the days of showering in the barn are only a dim memory of the past. “Now we can afford things that most Armenian families in the capital cannot even buy,” reflects Sirvard. “We lived most of our married life separately and now we feel it is high time to reap the fruits of our labor. But our big house is too empty to enjoy it. “The only thing we can’t have back is our youth.” ■ AGBU - October 2013
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From War to Frozen Conflict
ARTICLE AND PHOTOS BY ALISON TAHMIZIAN MEUSE
Syrian Armenians Find Home in Artsakh
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housands of ethnic Armenians are among the 2 million Syrian nationals who are now refugees of the devastating 2.5 year uprising-turned-civil war. Most Syrian Armenians, accustomed to city life in Damascus and Aleppo, have relocated to other urban centers like Beirut and Yerevan. But for those hailing from far-flung provinces like Hasakeh, the possibility of farming in Nagorno Karabakh Republic (NKR) resonates more deeply. Many fellow Syrian Armenians pray for a political resolution and safe return home, but these families hope to stay and carve out a future in their homeland.
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he apartment building of the Syrian Armenian families looks like a mansion from afar, set atop a majestic peak in the Lachin Corridor. The mountainous passageway linking Armenia to Nagorno Karabakh has been a lifeline for the people of Karabakh since the conflict with Azerbaijan began in 1988. But for these newcomers, who have seen devastating clashes firsthand, the prospect of conflict is not a deterrent. A step into the former guesthouse reveals the true circumstances of these families. Inside, the building is divided into sunlit bedrooms— one for each family—and a large common room on both floors. While some of the families are cramped together, the enormous balcony with sweeping panoramic views of the countryside offers a relief from communal living. There are currently some 30 Armenian families spread out in several locations in Karabakh. Local authorities are working to help these families with the scarce resources they have: the government provides rent-free accommodations and land for planting. Like all Karabakh residents, their children have access to public schools. Many of the Syrian Armenians now in Karabakh are farmers. Some equipment is hard to come by or too expensive to rent, and AGBU plans to purchase three tractors to make farming easier. Last year, Syrian Armenians planted over 1,200 hectares of land, and they are hoping to match or surpass that harvest in the coming year to survive. Many of the families hail from Kamishli, Hasakeh and Ras al-Ayn, located in the largely Kurdish-populated northeast region of Syria. Today, they are starting anew in a homeland most had never seen, motivated by promises of
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aid and a patriotic dream. Milad, 30, hardly makes eye contact when he talks to a strange woman. He speaks broken Armenian, having lived his entire life in the northeastern Syrian province of Hasakeh. Moving to the land of his forefathers has been both an opportunity and a struggle. It was a long and complex journey for Milad, his wife and two children to reach Karabakh. In 2011, when the conflict was beginning to militarize, he travelled to Istanbul in search of work. But the cost of life was exorbitant and his application for a visa to Sweden to join his cousin was unsuccessful. Upon his return to Hasakeh, Milad found that the conditions in Syria had deteriorated even further.When a massive bombing hit the Damascus security headquarters in July 2012, killing the Minister of Defense and other top officials, Milad felt things would take a turn for the worse and the family prepared to depart once again, this time on a flight to Yerevan. Like his fellow Syrian Armenians in their new home, he headed straight to Karabakh, after learning that conditions were better there for families without substantial financial reserves. “I told all the Armenians I know to come,” chimes in Savo, a graying father of two young children living in the apartment. The 58-year-old has a different story. He had been living between Ras al-Ayn, located on the Syria-Turkey border, and Lachin since 2004, when he started a mechanic shop in Karabakh. But when fighting intensified in Ras al-Ayn, he decided it was time to move his family to safety, permanently. “I started my business here in 2004 and since then I’ve wanted to live here. Then we heard they
were going to start giving housing and agricultural land for free.” He remarks dispassionately, “All the Armenians left Ras al-Ayn.” Life is not perfect in Karabakh. He and his wife Vera live in a cramped room with their children, mattresses lying on the floor next to their twin-sized bed. They long for a home of their own. But like the other families, they agree that conditions are better than they would have had in Armenia. “I talked to Syrian Armenians in Yerevan and they want to come here. The only problem is we need a house of our own,” said Vera. In this building, five families, with nine children between them, share the washroom and kitchen on a rotating basis. It can be stressful at times, they admit, but they also feel it provides a family atmosphere in a new land. Nelly, who arrived in June from Aleppo with her three children and husband, admits that it can be challenging to share the same kitchen with four other mothers. But she says that the sense of community is also important so far from home. “We’re the Arabic house in Armenia,” laughs Nelly, originally from Syria’s northern province of Raqqa. “We came to Karabakh because…in Yerevan rent costs at least $300 a month. It’s far too expensive for us.” Nelly smiles as she hangs the laundry on the large terrace. After the grueling two-day car ride from northern Syria to Turkey, to Georgia, then to Armenia and finally to Lachin, she is relieved to have a secure place to stay. Nelly says that her neighbors back in Aleppo felt a twinge of jealousy when they learned she was leaving for her motherland. “Especially the Assyrians,” she said, speaking of the
ancient Christian community. “They remark on how lucky we are to have a homeland. They say you have a country to go back to—we don’t.” Perhaps the living situation is most challenging for the young adults, who have little to do in their new home. Raffi, 22, took his computer with him on the long journey from Hasakeh to Kamishli, the flight to Damascus, then to Aleppo and finally to Yerevan. He has been living in Lachin for six months, working as a security guard for the apartment building, but he is still not sure if he will stay. He spends his days with 17-year-old Christian, the closest to his age. Christian is eager to move to Yerevan for university in the fall, bored in the mountains with few transport options available even to go to Stepanakert, the NKR capital. For the adult men, the main challenge is to secure a steady income. “In Syria, we lived on $100 a month; here, a prescription costs $15. If I can’t find work by the end of the year, we’ll have to leave,” Milad said. “I don’t want to stay until I run out of money.” The Syrian Armenians are getting by largely due to free housing. Those benefits are not available to the locals who also survived a brutal war and whose economy remains hampered by closed borders and the instability of a precarious truce. Nonetheless, the Syrian Armenians say they have not encountered hostility. And they say they are catching on to the local Karabakh dialect. “Sometimes you might hear people comment about us receiving aid, but this is just small talk. In general, people are very happy that we are here as Armenians coming back to live in the homeland,” said Vartan Boghoss,
who has become a community leader for the Syrian Armenians. Vartan lives in a nearby two-story building, formerly a home for priests and repurposed for the Syrian Armenian refugees. Like the other building, it is somewhat isolated, perched on a dramatic overlook alongside a stone church. He sets up a plastic table and chairs on the gravel outside and proceeds to pour traditional Arabic coffee. “With cardamom,” he beams with pride. The spice was
Christian stands on the balcony of the communal Syrian Armenian house in Lachin, holding his nephew. The 17-year-old is eager to attend university in Yerevan.
one of the precious items the family packed from home. When asked how he felt about being resettling in a frozen conflict zone after escaping a war, Vartan said: “This is the land of my grandfathers. If war comes, I’m ready to pick up a weapon to defend it.” ■
Vartan Boghoss, originally from Kamishli, has become the community leader of the Syrian Armenians in Karabakh. At home in Lachin, he pours traditional coffee for guests.
AGBU - October 2013
Armenians Repatriate to Live and Give
BY SIRANUYSH GEVORGYAN & ALISON TAHMIZIAN MEUSE PHOTOS BY NAZIK ARMENAKYAN
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t is rare today to meet an Armenian without at least one family member seeking opportunity abroad. In this context, it is easy to overlook the reverse trend: a small but noteworthy current of Diasporans and Hayastantsis repatriating to their homeland. Their numbers may be few, but their decision should be encouraged, as they possess skills to share and the passion to create a better future.
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hen Shushan Avagyan left Arme- agyan left—presented a perfect way to take her nia on a plane bound for the education home. Avagyan hit the ground running, joining United States in 1999, she thought she would never return. But after AUA in September 2012 and founding the unimore than a decade of living, versity’s first Graduate Certificate in Translalearning and working abroad, the 37-year-old tion program. There, she has the opportunity to decided it was time to bring her translation do what she loves most—teaching translation skills and dedication to teaching back to her courses to the younger generation. “Students at AUA are very eager to learn birthplace. Today, Avagyan is a translator of Armen- and are very receptive. They don’t take educaian literature and a professor in her field at the tion for granted. That is imporAmerican University of Armenia (AUA), tant for a teacher, for an where her students eagerly anticipate her lec- educator,” she said. Avagyan reflects that she tures. Avagyan’s reasons for leaving and return- had several opportunities to ing were the same: education. After an aca- obtain a Green Card and evendemic year at the Institute of National tual U.S. citizenship, but she is Economy in Yerevan, she was not satisfied with happy with her status as an Arthe academic quality and felt the learning en- menian national and even happier to be back and engaged in vironment was lacking. Her quest for a better education took her the profession she loves. Today, she is the proud to Cedar Crest College in Allentown, PA, where she studied Book Arts. By that time, she had al- owner of an apartment in Yereready started translating a number of Armen- van, which gives her a literal ian literary works into English, as a way to sense of commitment to her maintain her identity outside her country. She chosen home. “I have a huge debt and I continued on to Illinois State University, earning her M.A. and Ph.D. through her income don’t know how I am going to get out of that, but I decided I from a local publishing house and teaching. At Dalkey Archive Press, she recalls: “There were no Armenians around me and I was the only repre“Students at AUA are very eager to learn and sentative.” are very receptive. They don’t take education Avagyan was eager to translate Armenian literature for the publish– Shushan Avagyan for granted.” ing house, but instead found her niche translating Russian works, notably three books by theoretician Viktor Shklovsky that have been used in various need to have a nest, which I American universities. didn’t make anywhere else. I While she found success in her career, Av- wanted to have my first home agyan felt the calling to return home after earn- in Armenia... I really feel coning her Ph.D. The American University of tent at this point,” she said. When Avagyan was Armenia—still a nascent institution when Av-
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preparing to leave Armenia in the late 1990s, she was often angered or saddened by the realities of society and the economy. Today, she encounters many of the same frustrations, including low salaries. “It is a cultural shock you go through and it has been going on for a long time for me— even today I am still going through this shock,” she said, signaling a disregard for the environment and destruction of heritage as some of her
“The park shows what biggest concerns. “When I was leaving Armenia I was see- ‘people power’ can do,” said ing corruption. Now I am seeing even more Elliott, who believes that Dicorruption and that’s really disheartening for asporans coming from counme. But simultaneously I am also seeing a new tries with strong civil generation of young people who are very con- societies have important work to do in Armenia. scious and politically active. “These people inspire me. I want to participate in this “My grandfather was forced to leave this land and I civic life, which was very dead in the came back. It’s my duty as an Armenian to transfer place I was living in my values and pick up the values that people here the U.S.,” she said. For Avagyan, – Raffi Elliott preserved as well.” the issues Armenians must address are not only related to Born in Canada to an Arthe economy and infrastructure, but also tied to menian mother and Irish faa negative mentality. “We are so not constructive, we are con- ther, the activist speaks stantly criticizing instead of trying to put some- near-fluent Armenian and thing—a brick, a chip—into the new developing uses a playful twist on his surname—Elliottyan—for his identity of this republic,” she said. For Avagyan, the most important personal Facebook account. Back contribution she can make is to encourage and home, he attended an Armenian school, participated in inspire fellow Armenians. She admits while returning to Armenia community events and was the most difficult decision she made, it has marched for recognition of the Armenian Genocide. But also proven the most rewarding. “There are a few positive changes and see- when it comes to preserving ing those, appreciating those, emphasizing identity, he knows there is no those is very important…finding like-minded substitue for living in Armepeople and creating coalitions, communities, nia. The young man’s first working towards change. “I am not the only person doing this, I experience in Armenia was in 2003, when he know a lot of people are coming back. We are accompanied his mother on a humanitarian not just repatriating, but also returning to the mission to Gyumri, still struggling to rebuild from the 1988 earthquake. The trip left an imland in which a lot of us had lost faith.” Avagyan reflects: “I was born in 1976. Our pression, and he would return in 2011—this generation is this transitional generation when time as a permanent resident. Elliott does not we had the end of Soviet period and then we gloss over the negative aspects of life in Armeembarked into this new republic and we lost a nia, but he has no regrets. “One of the ironic positives of the tragedy lot of years while the schools were trying to figure out how to switch to the new system. This was that Genocide survivors had access to edgeneration has a lot to give back to the post-in- ucation and countries formed on the basis of a social contract, where people understand the dependent generation.” basic ideas of personal freedom. The Armenians of the modern Republic of Armenia did not From Ontario to Gyumri get those opportunities. “My grandfather was forced to leave this n a hot summer day in Yerevan, Canadian national Raffi Elliott is perched on a bench land and I came back. It’s my duty as an Arin Yerevan’s landmark Mashtots Park. menian to transfer my values and pick up the Only one year ago, the pristine oasis in the cap- values that people here preserved as well,” he ital was no more than a rundown plot of land said. In this pursuit, Elliott and an Americanon the chopping block for development. It was hardly a random meeting point for Elliott, 24, Armenian friend recently founded the Transwho took part in the 2012 standoff against the parency Resource Center, which aims to promote transparency and efficiency in the park’s conversion into a shopping area. Two years after his move to Armenia, El- booming NGO field. “The biggest industry in Armenia is the liott proudly surveys his verdant surroundings, saved after months of protests by his fellow Ar- NGO sector. They get the grants but we never menian environmental and civil activists. Lo- know if the money is used efficiently, if they’re cated just off Yerevan’s central Mesrop actually helping their beneficiaries.” In response, the Transparency Resource Mashtots Boulevard, many feel this piece of greenery is the best example of a civil society Center formulated a methodology on auditing NGOs. They also offer recommendations on victory in Armenia.
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how to do a better job and gain access to grant money and use the money properly. “The flip side of the idea is to give independent analyses of the real NGO world in Armenia to Diaspora donors and international organizations so they get an idea of who is worth donating money to, and who isn’t,” he said. Elliott has also returned to Gyumri, Armenia’s second largest city. Unlike a decade before, his visit was not for humanitarian relief but to invest in the econmy. There, he founded Nest Innovation, a four-employee tech company. “It is an outsourcing company. We do web development and maintenance for small and medium businesses around the world, generally owned by Armenian professionals,” said Elliott. He even considers moving to Gyumri one day, whose earthquake survivors he describes as “hard-working, honest and reliable.” Elliott’s current goal is to convince some of his family members to move to Armenia. He thinks his younger brother will join him in the future and hopes his parents will retire here. “A lot of people in the Diaspora live in a paradox. On the one hand, they seem to be obsessed with the idea of preserving a sense of ‘Armenianness’. On the other hand, they are not making the connection with that and being involved with Armenia—which is a living, AGBU - October 2013
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MIGRATION & SOCIETY breathing country.” Elliott hopes his fellow Disasporans will gain a more open and nuanced understanding of Armenia and to be “personally involved” in making change for the better. “When there is an actual political will for change, it can be done extremely quickly. [Armenia] can be a great place. I would like to be here when that happens, and I like the idea that I can help build that reality.”
Living the Dream
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hant Petrossian, born in Iran and raised in Southern California, usually shuns discussing his reasons for moving to Armenia. When he first decided to repatriate at age 26, fellow Diasporans viewed him as a “martyr” for giving up a comfortable life in the United States. The truth, he stresses, is far from the perception. “I had to deal with peoples' constant questioning of why I was going, and with their warnings of how terrible a decision it would be, which was based on their experiences from the immediate post-independence period and negative stereotypes propagated by Armenian citizens abroad,” he said. For Petrossian, who had never been to Armenia in his life, there was no better time to test the waters for himself. The inspiration came from an instructor during his undergraduate years at the University of California Los Angeles. “Diasporans need to slowly introduce them“I had had a teacher selves into the country and (view it) as a real who had gone to Yerevan State University [for his place and not a vacation spot or myth. ” master’s degree] before – Shant Petrossian going to UCLA for his Ph.D. That sparked an idea of doing the same thing,” said Petrossian. Such a course would allow him to imme- subsidized certificate courses throughout Ardiately integrate in the local society by meeting menia and in Nagorno Karabakh. fellow students his own age. The American On the eve of graduation, he was deUniversity of Armenia, with its United States lighted to find a job posting in his field: manaccreditation, seemed like the perfect fit. ager of the Extension program’s regional “I had no plan other than immersing my- offices. self as much as possible while at AUA, learning For Petrossian, who had discovered his as much as I could and being open to any- passion for development over the course of his thing,” he said. studies in Armenia, it was the ideal next step. Petrossian enrolled in the Political Science The Extension administration agreed. and International Affairs master’s program. He “I do not exaggerate when I say my job at hit the ground running, starting classes one AUA Extension is a dream job,” said Petrossweek after touching down at Yerevan’s Zvart- ian. “We are taking education to those who nots International Airport. need it and cannot get to it. The course offer“The entire class quickly became a unit, ings and structure are based on the needs of a both in terms of academia and social lives. I particular community, defined by both its resinever felt like I was alone or had no one to talk dents and us.” to or relate to,” he said. Petrossian firmly believes education is The two-year program also allowed him the key to success, both for individuals and to collaborate with professors on projects and nations. Through his work, he has put that becarry out his thesis on rural development. He lief into action, enthusiastically taking on digained real world experience as a research as- verse roles and initiatives for the program. So sistant for the AUA Extension program, an far, his most fulfilling project was directing a AGBU supported outreach initiative offering weeklong summer leadership camp offered in
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the village of Mets Tagher in Nagorno-Karabakh. “I got to work with young, driven people and give them an introduction to a very important subject while being able to socialize with them, as well as the people of the village. It was truly an amazing and unforgettable experience,” he said. At home in Yerevan, 28year-old Petrossian enjoys the company of his old university friends, most of who are local Armenians. The few Diasporans are those who have adapted to life in Armenia and—like Petrossian—are committed to staying. He is optimistic about his generation. “Society is definitely becoming more open. Young people, especially in Yerevan, are very worldly. There are still many social issues that need to be addressed, like the secondary place of women in a male dominated society, but I feel that these are changing over time,” he said. Petrossian believes that Diasporans can also help spur positive change. “Armenians in the diaspora are versed in virtually every field in virtually every country. That experience—localized in Armenia, channeled through appropriate mechanisms and disseminated through local Armenians—is a potential force that is immeasurable.” As a development expert, Petrossian is conscious that mass repatriation will not happen spontaneously—it will start from the ground up. “Diasporans need to slowly introduce themselves into the country and (view it) as a real place and not a vacation spot or myth. Then they should seek opportunities to apply themselves in their professions,” he said. Most importantly, he emphasized, repatriates must share the positive side of Armenia to combat the “negative propaganda” spread by Armenians themselves. Looking back on his own decision to move to Armenia, Petrossian has no regrets: “My peers are wonderful people—helpful, intelligent, friendly and caring. Aside from the comfort this gave me, it gave me hope for the future of the country, since hopelessness is the biggest problem. “I do not feel like I gave anything up. On the contrary, I feel that I have gained more in Armenia than I could have anywhere else.” ■
Armenian activists took to the streets on July 20 to protest a 50% bus fare hike in the capital. In a small but sweet victory, Yerevan's mayor suspended the increase only six days later.
Making Change
Armenian Youth Start with a Bus Fare
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BY GOHAR ABRAHAMYAN PHOTOS BY NAZIK ARMENAKYAN
he new generation of independent Armenia has proven anew that a civil standoff can yield results, something that was hard to imagine and even seemed futile as little as two years ago. ➔
MIGRATION & SOCIETY The success of the movement was possible largely due to methods that kept infighting among activists at a minimum, according to Mamyan. Everyone was allowed their say, and dictatorial approaches were not tolerated. “The principle right from the beginning was this: if you have a suggestion, do it. If others share your idea, make up a group and do it together. There was no such thing that everybody had to agree over one idea and only then would we start implementing it. This tangibly cut the chances for disagreement,” he said. For Mamyan, the hard-won victories are only one small step. “A few thousand people were celebrating their triumph after the Mayor’s statement on the suspension, but for my friends and I, the struggle is not over yet. The final goal is to achieve total improvement of the public transport system and strengthen civic responsibility.”
A Seed Planted in Mashtots Park
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n a hot summer evening in Yerevan, swelling crowds were jubilant with chants of “Hagh-ta-nak!” (Victory), smiling broadly after the battle they had won. But those gathered on July 25 were not celebrating the victory of the national football team in a European championship. Nor were they congratulating Armenia’s chess masters for winning yet another title. Instead, the victors were common citizens whose unified six-day campaign forced Yerevan’s mayor to suspend a decree (already in effect) raising public bus fares by 50 percent. The hike, according to economists, would have had a detrimental financial impact on two-thirds of public transport riders. Its passage set the stage for a new civil movement.
Dram Disobedience
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uring the week following the July 20 decree, enthusiastic protesters rallied at bus stops with posters, flyers and appeals: “Do not pay 150 drams! Boycott!” “Have you paid 100 drams? Let me hug you,” they cheered, encouraging riders to pay the old rate. The actions of this bold, young generation broke with the old norm of remaining silent and passive, and the trend spread like wildfire across
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the city. Hundreds of residents expressed their objection by boycotting public transport in favor of walking or riding a bicycle to work. Dozens of activists and supporters offered free rides to random people at bus stops. The dynamic movement caught the attention of the highest levels of government, leading Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan to voice his support during a Cabinet meeting. “A strong civil society is being shaped in Armenia and it is our duty to consider that reality while making state decisions,” he said. Sevak Mamyan, 21, who participated on the frontlines of the civil standoff, said that everything started in the virtual realm—on Facebook. Protest groups were initiated days before the actual price increase was imposed, and members made their demands a reality by taking their protest to the streets. “Many participants expected rallies and marches when they joined, but in our first meeting we laid the foundations for a more organized approach. We formed four groups in the park next to City Hall, one assigned for each area of the city. By dusk, when the crowds had grown larger, it was this decentralized approach that yielded results,” he explained. As opposed to previous demonstrations, Mamyan pointed out that this one was “positive and joyful—hence, attractive.”
uring the hot July protest days, activists chose a familiar venue to hold their heated debates and make key decisions. The place was Mashtots Park, which had been saved less than two years earlier thanks to the determination and united efforts of Armenian activists. During the cold winter of 2012, at an old and rubbish-strewn park in the heart of Yerevan, a group of young Armenians launched a new preservation movement in Armenia. For more than three months, environmentalists and concerned citizens braved freezing temperatures, snow and rain, to spend nights in what became known as Mashtots Park. They were there to prevent what they believed was the illegal construction of trading stalls in the area. That campaign was a success, as the municipality-approved construction of boutiques was stopped and the area was cleared of metal structures with the President’s intervention. The more significant success of the park’s “liberation” was the realization that the fear and conformism that had reigned over Armenia for decades, clouding the nation’s future, could be overcome. Since then, Mashtots has become synonymous with a collective effort to stand up for one’s rights in Armenia. The Mashtots protest movement—termed a “Youth Revolution” at the time—did not necessarily change the attitudes of the authorities, but it did manage to leave a lasting impact on civil society strategies, according to ethnographer Hranush Kharatian.
“At Mashtots Park it was hard to explain to people that it was more than a physical area—that their rights were at stake. But during the transport standoff, there was a clear-cut social issue—the price was being raised and it had to be prevented. So it was easier to mobilize people,” said Mamyan. Underlining this point, he points out that the size of the rallies for Mashtots were in the hundreds, while the bus fare protests united people in the thousands. Mamyan, who hails from northern Armenia’s Tavush region, hopes that the activists’ recent victory in the capital will inspire youth in his hometown and other rural areas become more involved in their communities. “It is mostly the youth that take part in these civil standoffs. With Mashtots Park, it was the youth, then the older people who joined. What matters most is that the older generation comes to cooperate, rather than dictate,” he said. According to Mamyan, Mashtots Park was like an open air university that educated a new generation in how to become more active in civil society. It was this generation that later played a decisive role in the protests against the fare hikes.
From Park to Politics
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mong the “graduates” of the Mashtots Park movement is rising politician Eva Tovmasyan, who ran for office on Yerevan’s Municipal Council at only 22 years of age. Tovmasyan was only a high school senior in February 2008, when Armenia was plunged into political turmoil in the wake of what the opposition claimed was a fraudulent presidential vote. During those frigid days, she would finish class and head to the protest rallies in the heart of the capital, where street clashes between protesters and riot police would leave ten people killed. Undaunted by the violence and more resolved than ever to make political change, Tovmasyan continued her activism in the months and years that followed. She joined her friends in the successful 2012 campaign to save Mashtots Park. Last May, at the age of 22, Tovmasyan took her drive for change a step further, boldly running for office on the Yerevan Municipal Council on the ticket of the opposition Armenian National Congress (ANC). When the election results came in, her party was not voted onto the council, but the budding politician did not lose heart. Today, Tovmasyan continues her activism by working for an opposition-leaning media outlet. “I have been raised not as a resident of Armenia, but as a citizen of Armenia and I bear responsibility for its environment,” she said. “As soon as I was old enough to enter a polling station I was there— first as an observer, then as a journalist and later as an election committee member. By going to the polls, I am working to change the environment of bribery and lawlessness,” she added. Tovmasyan, who earned her degree from Yerevan’s Brusov State Linguistic University, believes that her peers are also eager to stake their claim in their political future. “Young people are starting to examine what is going on in the country and what role they can play in the process,” said Tovmasyan. “Young people should be able to distinguish between the state and the government. These are not an interrelated bunch of privileged people who sit somewhere and make decisions, but rather, a group of people to whom we, as citizens, have delegated our power to organize things and ensure the general rules of the game,” she said. The young activist is not naïve to the problems that exist in Armenia, but she takes a tough line against those who go abroad to build their lives, equating emigration to running away. “I have thought about studying abroad to introduce a new culture into my country, but emigration is out of the question for me,” said Tovmasyan. “If there is something that you want to change, you yourself should become this change.” ■ AGBU - October 2013
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EDUCATION Education in Armenia is on the move, grounded on its established institutions with an eye on developing strategies for the future. The first graduating class of the American University of Armenia (AUA) recently celebrated its 20th anniversary; meanwhile, the university is reaching out to Armenians off-campus with its Extension program. In Education for All, we get an in-depth look at the Extension courses and activities expanding in Nagorno Karabakh. Meanwhile, a language debate is heating up in Armenia, with the reauthorization of language schools and growing demand for Russian and English. In Speaking Identity, we hear from opponents and supporters of the new schools, the former concerned about preserving national identity and the latter eager to offer their children a competitive edge with a second or third language.
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Education for All AUA Extension Expands in Karabakh ARTICLE AND PHOTOS BY ALISON TAHMIZIAN MEUSE
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he American University of Armenia (AUA) Extension — AGBU NKR Program, aimed at bringing flexible certificate programs to off-campus professionals, has seen steady growth since its launch in April 2013. Courses in business, human resources, English and other practical skill-sets are offered at a nominal fee, enabling a diverse range of applicants to take advantage. To accommodate the burgeoning number of students, the program will soon be housed in AGBU NKR Campus, currently in the planning stages. AGBU and AUA hope it will not only promote higher education, but also teach new ways of thinking and succeeding in the post-Soviet republic.
(left page) AUA Extension students sit for an English exam in Stepanakert. The courses have opened up new possibilities for residents to improve their skills and prepare for American University of Armenia. (below) Armenian youth learned leadership and teamwork at a pilot summer camp, sponsored by the Nagorno Karabakh Ministry of Culture and carried out by AUA Extension.
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n the village of Mets Tagher, in the Nagorno Karabakh Republic (NKR), a group of young men and women stood under the hot summer sun, ready to learn how to play an ancient game. Before them was their fortress, a wide circle in the dirt, which half the group was to defend against the others, who were armed with ropes. The traditional folk competition was first invented as defensive training for villagers lacking weapons in past ages. Skeptical at first, the participants quickly dug in, forgetting their inhibitions and engaging in the “unfriendly game.” It was the last day of the Mets Tagher Summer Leadership Camp, a pilot program sponsored by the Nagorno Karabakh Ministry of Culture and carried out by the AUA Extension—AGBU NKR Program. The experimental program offered participants, ranging in age from their late teens to mid-twenties, the chance to spend a week away from home and learn valuable skills for the workplace. The participants had travelled from across Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh to stay in the remote village in NKR’s Hadrut region, and they were intent on enjoying their last day. The young women, who had first arrived with heels—de rigeur in the capital, had long since abandoned them in the dorm. The first noticeable aspect about the camp was that the women outnumbered the men by a staggering ratio. The camp leader, Tehranborn and California-raised Shant Petrossian, was intent on dragging the participants out of their cultural comfort zones. “Our girls are really tough,” he said, watching the group. “But there is still this patriarchal culture in Armenia. Yes, they outnumber the guys, but one of these guys can order around a whole pack of girls,” he said watching the group listening to the instructions of the warm, burly camp coordinator, who hailed from Mets Tagher. Throughout the week, the campers had participated in a series of lectures and games aimed at teaching teamwork and confidence. In one competition, the group broke into two teams; members took turns being blindfolded and directing their teammates on how best to form the assigned geometric shapes. But It was the traditional Karabakh game that brought out the competitive edge for the female participants. Far from the rigid conventions of the city, the young women took on their male counterparts, and beamed broadly when they won control of the fortress. Perhaps even more significant was that the village children got into the spirit, watching the “big kids” compete and emulating them with their own sports. Petrossian, who was running the camp for the first time, explained that the goals went beyond simply giving the participants a certificate. “We’re teaching leadership, but at the same time we want to engage the people in the village and bring life here. We also want to get AGBU - October 2013
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Language Schools Spark Controversy in Armenia
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hree years after a government bill paved the way for foreign language schools to open their doors in Armenia, the issue remains a matter of heated debate. Opponents view non-Armenian education as detrimental to national identity. Supporters counter that Russian, the language of the regional powerhouse, and English, the international language, are essential for future generations. Since then, 11 private language schools have gained government authorization, though none have opened thus far. As a staunch group of opponents continue to protest the schools, many parents quietly hope they will open by the time their children reach school age.
people used to the idea of camping and give them a chance to be independent away from home,” he said. The lively village was buzzing with excitement, with women preparing warm spicy meals of meat, potatoes and fresh bread at the nearby dining hall and men offering samples of the potent local mulberry vodka, now sold in smartly-labeled bottles. As the week wrapped up, no one wanted to leave the rolling green mountains for home.
The International Language
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ack in the NKR capital of Stepanakert, the AUA Extension—AGBU NKR Program was in full swing. A classroom of eager students did not take their eyes off Dr. Arpie Balian, the director of the AUA Extension. Balian, a former U.S. government official who earned the nickname “Iron Lady” for her poise and drive in expanding the burgeoning program, teaches back-to-back courses from dawn until dusk. She oversees the Stepanakert campus as well as rural Armenia programs, like the Mets Tagher camp. For the coiffed professor, with decades of experience in the public and private sectors, the program is an exciting way to contribute to local development. But she is based in Yerevan and deflects credit to her staff in NKR as the
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driving force on the ground. Nonna Poghosyan, the coordinator of AUA Extension in Stepanakert, proudly presents the lively classrooms in Stepanakert School No. 3—the program’s temporary home before the AGBU NKR Campus is completed nearby. She points to a room of computers where a TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language) center is slated to open early next year, and which will save students the grueling sixhour journey to Yerevan. The Continuing Education Program offers courses including Public Policy & Administration, Tourism & Hospitality Management, and preparatory classes for standardized tests like TOEFL. From May through July, 437 students earned certificates through the Extension. With six levels of English language courses, the program offers great promise to Armenians who appreciate the value of mastering this international language. According to Poghosyan, dozens of prospective students have eagerly signed up for the waiting list. For many Karabakh Armenians, their end goal is to attend AUA or apply to institutions of higher education in the United States. “The certificate courses definitely make a person more competitive in the job market. There are currently only two courses in English, but we are preparing two English courses to be taught in villages,” said Poghosyan.
Young Armenian women, eager to develop their professional and leadership skills, outnumbered their male peers at the Mets Tagher summer camp in Karabakh.
“I feel English is replacing Russian as the most popular language, especially for families that speak only Armenian and for young schoolchildren,” she added. Courses are subsidized through the financial support of AGBU, and the lowered cost makes a world of difference for Karabakh residents. The fee for the English courses is only 10,000 Drams (about $25, at the current exchange rate), while in Yerevan it would cost about four times as much. For AGBU Nagorno Karabakh Project Coordinator Sassoun Baghdassarian, the AUA Extension—AGBU NKR Program holds more promise for the future of the republic than any other initiative. The attraction of this program, for most Armenians, is to earn a certificate in a concrete skill set or English. At first, Baghdassarian admitted, he was curious about the value of a leadership camp. But after a day in Mets Tagher, witnessing the spirit of cooperation and leadership instilled in the young adults and the lessons transferred between the campers and the villagers, he was convinced. “For me, education is the most important thing we can support in Karabakh. This is the best way to improve our future,” he said. ■
BY JULIA HAKOBYAN PHOTOS BY NAZIK ARMENAKYAN
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rmenian citizens are today staunchly divided over the reintroduction of foreign language education in their country. Underlying the debate is the longstanding antagonism between those who grew up speaking Armenian versus Russian under the Soviet system. In 2010, Armenian lawmakers removed a two-decade ban on foreign language education, passing amendments that would allow citizens to choose a “priority language” for their children. The historic ban was the product of a swell of patriotism during Armenia’s early days of independence from the Soviet Union. At that time, many felt their country needed to go back to its linguistic roots, and the removal of the ban has been met with a wide range of reactions, ranging from anger to relief. Today, critics view the sanctioning of foreign language schools as a veiled attempt to restore the supremacy of Russian education in Armenia, still living under the dominance of its powerful ally. A number of the proposed schools will teach in English, which opponents view as similarly problematic, also placing the national language second. The amendments to the language and education laws sparked a civil movement. One pressure group—Against the Reopening of Foreign Language Schools—staged a series of
protests, first to fight the legislative amendments and then against the presidential ratification of the changes. Posters were plastered across the capital at the time, warning passersby: “Keep your genes and your language” and “No, to colonization.” The group failed to prevent the ratification of the bill, but it did make an impact: instead of approving 32 foreign schools in the bill as proposed, the number was reduced to eleven. In Soviet Armenia, Russian education was
considered a guarantee for a successful career. Roughly one-quarter percent of the population attended “Russian schools”, where the entire curriculum—including Armenian history— was taught in the national language of the USSR. Armenian language classes began only in the second grade. While many graduates of Russian schools successfully became bilingual, a sizeable chunk entered the job market with very poor knowledge of Armenian. Anna Harutyunyan recalls that she could barely read Armenian when she graduated from her Russian-language high school in 1986. “I never realized how poor my Armenian was until my own children went to school. Starting from the fifth grade, I could hardly help them with lessons, as I would come across too many words I did not understand,” said the 44-year-old, who ended up learning Armenian from scratch alongside her children.
Russian in the Balance
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n the early 1990s, amid a push for nation building in Armenia, Russian-language schools were transformed into Armenian. However, the reform could neither erase a language that had become ingrained in society, nor mitigate its importance in the region. While Armenian is the official language of the
Yerevan residents protest the lifting of a long-standing ban on language schools. They view the reinstatement of such institutions as a return to Russian cultural dominance.
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EDUCATION Many parents support the idea of language schools, eager for their children to learn Russian and English in the classroom, while speaking their mother tongue at home.
country, the need for and influence of Russian endures, reinforced by the largest Diaspora community of nearly two million Armenians in Russia. Russian language classes are required for all Armenian students starting from the second grade, with English added the following year. Some schools also offer parents the option to pay for additional English and Russian courses as part of a ministry-approved program. Zara Arzumanyan chose Nairi Zaryan School No. 130 for her son, as children learn both Russian and English starting in the first grade. “I would never think of sending my son to a non-Armenian school. But I want him to start learning foreign languages from childhood,” said Arzumanyan. Gayane Azizyan, 39, a Russian language teacher, believes that Armenians need to learn a global language to succeed. “Armenian language should be a priority, but for such a small country, the knowledge of any foreign language—Russian, in particular— is essential,” said Azizyan, who teaches Russian at Yerevan School No. 19. “There are ties with Russia, at all levels and in all sectors, which one cannot ignore,” she said. Among Armenia’s 1,400 schools, 42 offer Russian language classes for children of foreign citizens. Georgian national Nune Mazmanyan enrolled her daughter Vivyen in one such class. “This controversy over foreign language schools seems illogical to me,” said Mazmanyan. “I attended Russian school and I am bilingual. We speak Armenian in our home. What is wrong with us?” she demanded. Mazmanyan, 44, lived in Moscow during Armenia’s energy crisis in the early 1990s, but she returned to Yerevan in 2000. “We came back to Armenia and found a whole generation of half-educated people, who knew neither Armenian nor Russian well. One of the mistakes of the education system in Armenia was the closure of the Russian schools, as the education material was not properly translated into Armenian or published on a sufficient scale. “I wonder if the country got a generation of patriots who can’t spell their names in their
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native language without mistakes.” Mazmanyan says she sees her family’s future in Armenia and enrolling her daughter at a Russian school does not reflect any intention to leave. “It only means she will know Russian as well as Armenian. I put my daughter in a Russian class so as not to deprive her the opportunity to learn a wonderful language and literature.”
Dilijan in the Spotlight
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he recent debate over changes to Armenia’s language law began soon after the announcement of a $100-million project for the construction of the Dilijan International School (DIS), scheduled to open in fall 2014. Classes will be held in English and students will graduate with an international baccalaureate degree—a globally recognized high school diploma. The boarding school will accept up to 650 students from around the world, with onethird of the places reserved for Armenian nationals. Tuition is estimated at $30,000, though scholarships will be available. The enormity of the investment—unprecedented in Armenia’s education sector— raised eyebrows among the local population and led many to assume that the 2010 amendments were made to allow its construction. Public criticism reached a head in June, when the Armenian parliament endorsed tax and custom privileges for the elite institution. The movement against foreign schools demanded that the government require DIS to translate into and teach its program in the Armenian language. “Foreign schools are founded in Armenia, are granted privileges, then enroll the best Armenian students, who in turn study in a foreign language,” said Aram Apatyan, one of the members of the pressure group against the language schools. “All this will produce an elite in Armenia that speaks and thinks in a foreign language, and which eventually will widen the gap between the elite and the rest of society,” he said. A key victory for the movement came when Armenian Education Minister Armen Ashotyan gained permission from the International Baccalaureate Organization to translate the DIS curriculum into Armenian. Apatyan worries that without consistent pressure, this
translation will never be put into practice at the school.
Parents Look to the Future
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lthough DIS and other planned language schools have faced criticism, many parents say they would be happy to enroll their children. Nonna Gulkanyan, a 35-year-old ophthalmologist in Yerevan, said that concerns of losing national identity while studying in a foreign language are groundless. “Identity is not only a language, but something that is ingrained in a child from birth, at least in our society. I don’t believe a child will feel non-Armenian if he studies at Dilijan School,” said Gulkanyan, a mother of two. As a graduate of a Russian school, Gulkanyan feels the criticisms against the schools are equally targeted at people like her. “My Russian education did not spoil my being Armenian at all. I took advantage of knowing Russian during my career by attending professional training courses in Russia. “It’s natural that children having the Dilijan diploma will be granted privileges and be in demand in the labor market. But just think of the advantages the country will gain by having such professionals,” she said. Gulkanyan’s son is a first grader at Yerevan School No. 8, which is named after Alexander Pushkin, the renowned poet and founder of modern Russian literature. Her daughter Maria, six, joined him this year. “There are those who believe that foreign language education is bad for Armenians, but I think the opposite. This tiny, homogenous, landlocked country needs to provide the younger generation the proper tools to discover the world and seek the best knowledge out there,” Gulkanyan said. Engineer Anna Grigoryan, a mother of two boys, shares Gulkanyan’s views. “Of course, I would like my children to study at the Dilijan School—the only thing that would hold me back is the high tuition fee,” she said. Grigoryan’s seven-year-old son David has studied English with a tutor for the past year. Many parents view English as a desirable skill to teach their children in a globalized world and to round off a repertoire that already includes Russian. “English is more important for us today. David already has a good command of Russian, and I want him to continue his education at a foreign school here or abroad,” said Grigoryan, 31. Grigoryan is doubtful that the language of instruction has any definitive bearing on a child’s national identity. “All of us know people whose children grew up in a completely foreign environment, but it did not stop them from maintaining their Armenian identity. And we have seen many examples to the contrary,” she said. “Just because a student graduates from an Armenian school does not guarantee he will be a real patriot.” ■
Armenian culture is at once unique and interconnected to its surroundings. The location of the first Christian nation along the ancient Silk Road connecting Asia to the Mediterranean, East and West, provided both challenges and opportunities, and the ability to adapt to a changing region. Today, Armenia draws on its rich heritage as it embarks on new initiatives, from restoring ancient manuscripts to presenting contemporary art to the world. AGBU News Magazine is pleased to present Artistic Armenia, the first of a regular series that aims to provide readers with an insight into the thriving Armenian art scene in all of its diversity—from music to fine arts, film to dance, literature and more.
Armenia’s Komitas Conservatory Link to Heritage, Gateway to Europe BY GOHAR ABRAHAMYAN PHOTOS BY NAZIK ARMENAKYAN
ARTISTIC ARMENIA
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n the heart of Yerevan, the statue of Armenian composer Komitas stands tall alongside the State Conservatory named in his honor. Sounds of music float from every window of the historic building, mixing with the sounds of the noisy city below. During the Soviet era, musicians would travel to the Russian cultural centers of Moscow and St. Petersburg for training, faithfully returning home to contribute to Yerevan Conservatory’s development. “Our Conservatory became a well-established institution because it was modeled after the schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg… the world’s finest in terms of performing and creative arts,” said Conservatory Rector Shahen Shahinyan. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Conservatory retains strong ties with Russian conservatories. The arts flourished in Armenia during the Soviet years, Shahinyan recalls, with the Komitas Conservatory established alongside the Opera Theater, the Philharmonic Orchestra and numerous other musical groups. “During Soviet times, in Armenia, there were six symphony orchestras of different sizes and for different purposes,” said Shahinyan.
This year marks the 90th anniversary of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory, originally established as a studio in 1921 and two years later transformed into an institute of higher education. Its alumni include prolific names like Arno Babajanyan, Edward Mirzoyan and Anahit Tsitsikyan. But today the conservatory faces a paradox: a resurgence of interest in Armenian musicial education amid an outflow of its talented masters to Europe, leaving the education of the next generation in the balance.
After Armenia’s independence in 1991, the Conservatory chose to integrate into the European educational system, so that its graduates would be recognized abroad as holders of master’s degrees. This equivalency with the European higher educational system went into effect with the joining of the Bologna Process for higher education in 2005. The Conservatory’s emergence from the Soviet system, like that of the country, has not been easy amid the current tough economy. The windows of the Conservatory, dating from the mid-1950s, were recently changed and bathrooms were renovated. But the building still needs major repairs. Most pressing is its lack of a concert hall, which makes planning performances a struggle.
Rejuvenating Tradition
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espite the ongoing challenges, the conservatory has recently experienced a revival of interest among the country’s youth, Diasporans and international students. While the conservatory had around 500 students enrolled at a time during the best Soviet years, today it is attended by about 1,000 students. Fifteen percent of the student body is from abroad, the majority ethnic Iranians and others from Armenian Diaspora communities. Conscious of the thirst for musical education in the country’s northern regions, the conservatory opened a branch in Gyumri—the historic cultural capital of Armenia—in the year 2000, which is now attended by over 150 students. The most popular courses are those in the Armenian Folk Music Department, a testament to the enduring interest in Armenia’s rich musical heritage. But the 90-year-old landmark is not just a building filled with classrooms. Annually, hundreds of talented musicians from around the
world flock to Armenia to participate in the many festivals, such as the Aram Khachaturian International Competition. The conservatory’s 50-year-old rector, who has served the institution for three decades, says interest in the arts today is even greater than what was seen during Soviet times. “Armenia has become such a musical country. Over the past year, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra came to perform and conservatory students were able to interact with famous artists performing on Armenian stages,” said Shahinyan. In turn, conservatory students have performed on prestigious stages abroad and become prize-winning laureates at 22 international competitions in the past year alone. But the resurgence of interest in Armenian musical education is not without obstacles. Unlike in Soviet times, when specialists trained abroad and returned home, many talented artists now permanently live overseas. The growing trend of the most talented graduates emigrating to Europe has many worried In recent years, the that there will Komitas Conservatory has soon be a shortseen a resurgence of age of profesinterest in Armenian folk music among local and international students.
sors left to educate future generations.
Parting Notes
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he majestic voice of Narine Ojakhyan, a 2003 graduate of the Komitas Conservatory, captivated audiences at New York’s Carnegie Hall in April of this year. The popular soprano, got her first big break at age 14, when she won the gold medal at the Golden Gate International Children’s and Youth Choral Festival in San Francisco in 1995. She would go on to attend the Komitas Conservatory on a full scholarship, and later enroll at the Royal College of Music in London and with the financial support of Londonbased philanthropist Rafi Manoukian. “It is important to study abroad, but I cannot say that I learned many more things after my vocal arts studies in Yerevan,” said the singer, now 32. She remembers her first year in the UK: going from being a big fish in a small pond to a relative nobody was a difficult adjustment: “I had become used to being known to many people in Armenia. In London no one recognized me at first. But by the time I was a second-year student, I had again gained notice.” After graduating, Ojakhyan travelled to
Los Angeles and then to New York to pursue her musical career. But the life of a musician in the West has not been a walk in the park. In addition to her musical career, Ojakhyan must also work in a bank to pay the bills in the Big Apple. Ojakhyan’s journey is the logical path for many new graduates, like 22-year-old violinist Mary Khojayan. “I had gone to Belgium to perform and, by chance, my current professor noticed me and invited me to his class. It is already four years that I’ve been living in Holland,” said Mary. This petite girl skillfully commands the violin that obeys every motion of her hand. She relishes attending concerts and interacting with prominent musicians in the Netherlands, and says it would be hard to give that up and return home. “In terms of professors, the difference is not so great. My professor in Armenia and the one here actually studied together at the Moscow Conservatory. But, unfortunately, I see my future here in the Netherlands,” said Khojayan. Nerses Ohanyan, 23, earned his master’s degree at the Komitas Conservatory, and later began a four-year program at the Folkwang University of the Arts in Essen, Germany. He feels the conservatory provides a solid base for
The old and young generations pass in the halls of Yerevan’s Komitas State Conservatory, which celebrates 90 years of music this year.
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From top: Conservatory Rector Shahen Shahinyan says that interest in the arts in Armenia is stronger than ever, and he hopes the institution and country will be able to retain its talent. Accomplished soprano Narine Ojakhyan says that working abroad is no easy task, but it is the path she was compelled to take. Conservatory graduate Nerses Ohanyan believes that most of his peers abroad would prefer to be in Armenia, and that they will return if the economic situation improves.
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students to succeed abroad, but it falls short in terms of the latest technologies used in European classrooms. “I decided that I should continue my education abroad. It’s very difficult here, both living and integrating, but as time passes you learn everything,” said the musician. Along with studying, Ohanyan also teaches and performs across Europe. But he remembers the Armenian audience with nostalgia. “They always received me very warmly, which is very inspiring. In Europe, they can be somewhat cold,” said Ohanyan. But the musician could not justify the financial tradeoff for returning home. While an artist is paid 10,000-15,000 drams (about $24$36) on average for a private performance in Yerevan, a similar concert abroad can earn him some 100-150 Euros (about $130-200). “We all want to return to Armenia…Armenia is our home, but the prospects there are not so promising, and that’s why we try to prove our worth abroad. But if the situation in Armenia improves, I am sure that at least half of them—if not most—will return,” he said. Most graduates, however, will stay in Armenia, finding a combination of steady jobs, private students and gigs that allow them to make a living in their field. One of them is Marina Galstyan, a 2010 graduate of the conservatory and the two-time winner of Armenia’s Best Conductor award. “I know this is my soil, my water, my motherland, so it is my priority to give my small part to Armenian choir, and to introduce the European style to the Armenian public,” she said. She teaches at Yerevan’s Ananya Shirakatsi seminary and at the Sayat Nova Music School. At the 2013 Gyumri Renaissance International Song Festival, one of her choirs took home silver. The accomplished 27-year-old says she earns only 30,000 drams (about $70) per month. “If not for the love of children, one could easily get disappointed and give up this profession,” said Galstyan. Like many of her peers, she is determined to stay in Armenia. Galstyan concedes there are many challenges that come with this path: “Our conditions are quite dire, and without financial support from the outside it is impossible to survive on your own,” she said. “Unfortunately, Armenia’s financial resources and its professional capabilities do not match.” For the Rector of the Conservatory, the stories and sentiments of alumni leaving or struggling is all too familiar. “Unfortunately, many of those who leave do not come back, even though they bring great honor and recognition to our country. In the future, we are going to have a shortage of talented professonials,” said Shahinyan. “Let’s hope that in the near future we will be able to pay our artists enough so that they prefer to live and work in their homeland,” he said. ■
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he Golden Apricot International Film Festival has transitioned from a project of four visionary friends to a globally recognized crossroads of culture in just one decade. Each year, for one week in July, Armenians and foreign guests gather in the capital to view a diverse selection of films. Renowned filmmakers Atom Egoyan and Harutyun Khachatryan, the Honorary Chairman and General Director of the festival, respectively, spoke to AGBU News Magazine about the mission of Yerevan’s premier summer cultural event.
Golden Apricot, Take 10 The Filmmakers Behind the Festival
Atom Egoyan
Harutyun Khachatryan silhouetted with his signature hat by the Moscow Theatre fountain.
INTERVIEW BY ALISON TAHMIZIAN MEUSE PHOTOS BY NAZIK ARMENAKYAN AGBU:
What drove you to start the festival?
HK: It was fear that made me start the festival. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, everyone became business people and the film industry began to vanish. People were watching cheap Latin American soap operas and the tradition of going to the theatre was dying out. I only trusted three close friends to help me. No
one supported us in the beginning…back then I felt I was only giving, but now I feel I am receiving. AGBU: What has changed since the festival was launched ten years ago? AE: At the beginning we were not sure if we’d be able to make it from one year to the next. Now the festival is self-sustaining. We have an incredible group of people that keeps coming back year after year. They love the sense of friendship, the film selection and being in Armenia…We’re offering a way of seeing new films as well as a portal for people to get to
know the country. AGBU: How has the festival impacted the local film industry? HK: The initial idea was to support the Armenian film industry and attract interest from international audiences. During the first three years of the festival, there were only two or three films submitted by local directors—this year there were 46 Armenian films presented. A selection of Armenian films will also be screened later at Golden Apricot programs in different cities around the world. AGBU - October 2013
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Dignitaries gather for the opening of the festival and walk down the red carpet.
AGBU:
Does the festival have a niche?
HK: At the moment, we are considered to be one of the best festivals for art house films. We are not showing commercial films. For directors making art house films, Armenia is the ideal place for them to screen. AGBU:
Who is the desired audience?
AE: We have three [target audiences]: local, regional and international. There was a workshop where we invited young filmmakers from Georgia, Iran and Russia, using Yerevan as a crossroads. Historically, Armenia has been at a crossroads. In some ways, this has been our curse, but culturally we are at a huge advantage. As Armenians we’ve had to be open, otherwise we wouldn’t have survived. I think it’s the premier cultural event in the country for non-Armenians. AGBU:
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This year many Turkish films were AGBU - October 2013
featured, including The Swing of the Coffin Maker, set in Azerbaijan. Do such submissions cause controversy? HK: I’m happy that we are confident enough to include an Azeri film in our program. The selection is based on aesthetics. If it’s a good film, we include it. Of course there are people who are intolerant, but I believe that what our festival accomplishes is more patriotic than small-minded nationalism. This is why we always invite people from Turkey. They take back their good impressions about Armenians. We are absolutely open to the world. AE: It doesn’t cause controversy to invite the films, though we certainly had controversy a few years ago when a Turkish film won. But in a way it also shows how open we are. Anyone who deserves a prize should get that prize. One of my strongest experiences at the fes-
tival was a few years ago when Nuri Bilge Ceylan was showing Once Upon a Time in Anatolia. I thought it was one of the most amazing pieces I had seen. I called him and we embraced here in this lobby and I said ‘Thank you for making this film.’ I was quite emotional that I was thanking a Turkish filmmaker in Yerevan for bringing his work here. I have a very complex relationship with the politics with which we have to live. Maybe I have a harder line than most people in being vigilant about this history, but at the same time, artistically I support the idea of openness and moving beyond these situations. It is a delicate negotiation. AGBU: How do you engage the young generation? AE: Tumo for me was the biggest revelation of this trip. We had a lengthy conversation at Tumo about trans-media, so we were making connections to the festival. What’s exciting
about Tumo is that you see that there are all different kinds of technology becoming available. Not just about traditional filmmaking, but also through transmedia and gaming. AGBU:What is your advice to young filmmakers?
Yerevan's centrallylocated Moscow Theater served as a viewing venue as well as festival headquarters. Charles Aznavour cuts the ribbon to mark the opening of the Golden Apricot International Film Festival, now in its 10th year.
AE: Filmmakers have to be absolutely true to themselves. Don’t make films that you think others would like to see. Make the films you feel are most personal to you because those are the only films that have a chance of finding an audience. Find a way of using the camera to tell your own story. AGBU: What are your plans for the upcoming years? AE: The big question is whether we will start inviting more producers and distributors…we know that will be the next stage of this growth. HK: Our main ambition is to develop the Armenian film industry for the next 10 years and do everything possible to create the unique character of the Armenian film industry. For small nations and small countries, film is the most important tool to show your country to the world. Years ago, I went to the Antalya Film Festival where I won a prize. While I was there, (Prime Minister Recep Tayyip) Erdogan gave a speech and said that Turkey and Azerbaijan no longer needed weapons; the film industry is their biggest weapon. Armenian cinema can be a powerful weapon and it should be supported. ■ AGBU - October 2013
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Shaghig Kazandjian A Diasporan Finds Her Musical Homeland
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his summer, seven young Diasporans travelled to Armenia to participate in AGBU’s Musical Armenia Program (MAP) where they studied under master musicians and learned about their musical heritage. For most of the participants, who hailed from Bulgaria, Canada and the United States, the trip was their first to Armenia. For 22-year-old Shaghig Kazandjian, the trip ended in an unexpected opportunity—a chance to perform with the Orchestra of the National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre of Armenia, and a job offer to stay. The French horn player speaks about her big break and why she wants to make Armenia home.
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ARTICLE AND PHOTOS BY ALISON TAHMIZIAN MEUSE
his trip exceeded all my expectations,” Kazandjian said emotionally as she watched the sun set over the green, hilly terrain outside Dilijan.
She had just been offered a job with the prestigious orchestra and invited to play at the opening performance of the National Ballet’s performance of Romeo and Juliet. It all started with her own initiative, and a program that complemented her dreams. “I had been planning for five months to come to Armenia by myself. My intention was to contact people at the philharmonic to look into lessons with members of the orchestra…all I wanted was to be mentored by them, see Armenia and have that experience,” she said. When a friend told her about MAP, it seemed like the perfect fit. “It was one part cultural and one part historical in terms of music lessons. It’s really like a pure conservatory
(left page) Toronto native Shaghig Kazandjian travelled to Armenia for the first time in July as part of AGBU’s Musical Armenia Program. (below) Shaghig’s trip ended in success—a chance to play with the Orchestra of the National Academic Opera, and then a job offer enabling her to return.
setting but it just means so much more because it’s about my roots,” she said. For the young Toronto native with curly dark brown hair, that decision was itself a journey. As a young girl, she took little interest and even avoided her heritage. Despite never seeing Armenia with her own eyes, she had a change of heart as she transitioned from high school to university. “I actually started thinking about my future and how I want to live. I realized that this is a special identity, that I want to keep my culture…and I decided I had to go to Armenia,” she said. MAP, an AGBU initiative launched in 2012, gave Shaghig the chance to experience Armenia firsthand with access to the best of the country’s musical institutions and programs for the participants. The days were filled with lessons tailored for each participant, and the evenings with trips to performances. “What’s amazing is we’re consistently surrounded by live music,” Kazandjian said. While at the Yerevan Opera to attend the performance of Spartacus, Shaghig was so impressed by the music, she stayed to talk to the musicians. “I went backstage, found one of the musicians and talked to him for about 10 minutes. Within that time, he introduced me to another horn player. He hadn’t even
heard me play and just said, ‘be here tomorrow at 11 o’clock; there’s a rehearsal for Romeo and Juliet.’” “I said, ‘are you serious?’ ” Kazandjian brought her French horn and joined the orchestra’s first rehearsal the next day. “They asked me to come back to the second rehearsal and had me play first horn. It was very trusting… they wanted me to get that experience,” she said. During the break, the manager made Kazandjian a proposal she could not refuse: a six-month trial with the orchestra. And of course she would play on opening night. “I said that would be a khentanalik (crazy) opportunity!” On opening night, Kazandjian played first chair. “This never would have happened so fast in Toronto,” she said. Back in Canada, the competition among musicians is cutthroat, and for Kazandjian, the missing piece was the camaraderie. Today, Kazandjian is apartment hunting in Yerevan—her new home. Although she has some concerns about her financial future, the decision to repatriate comes above all. “I wanted to live in Armenia from the first day I arrived. It was just a question of finding out how,” she said beaming. ■
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In Yerevan, the Blind Sing with Vision
H BY ALISON TAHMIZIAN MEUSE PHOTOS BY NAZIK ARMENAKYAN
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idden away in a Soviet-era building frozen in time, the Choir of the Armenian Union for the Blind meets in Yerevan for rehearsal. Since 1976, their director has fought to keep his talented, tight-knit group in operation. They play alongside a folk ensemble of fellow blind musicians and perform a wide repertoire of classical and folk, foreign and Armenian works. In better times, they travelled to perform in Russia, picked up awards in Belarus, and participated in festivals in Georgia. Salaries are low, and sometimes nonexistent, but as professional musicians, they wouldn’t trade their jobs for the world.
Simon Hovhannisyan, 73, and his wife, Marianna. Simon is a composer. The creation of the Association’s choir in 1976 was his initiative.
On On aa scorching scorching July July day, day, the the choir choir members members mount mount the the grand grand stairway stairway leading leading to to the the third third floor of their second home. Most are partially or fully blind, but they hardly need the floor of their second home. Most are partially or fully blind, but they hardly need the firm firm wooden wooden railing railing for for support—they support—they know know these these marble marble steps steps by by heart. heart. Laughter Laughter rings rings out out from from the the dressing dressing room. room. The The women women are are wearing wearing floor-length floor-length sapphire sapphire gowns gowns made made from from an an oppressively oppressively hot hot fabric, fabric, but but their their hair hair and and makeup makeup are are nevertheless nevertheless immaculate. immaculate. The The men men wear wear neatly neatly pressed pressed white white shirts shirts and and aa variety variety of of retro retro sunglasses. sunglasses. The The musicians musicians remove remove their their instruments instruments from from their their time-worn time-worn cases, cases, warming warming up up for for the the show. show. For For them, them, every every performance performance is is to to be be treated treated with with the the utmost utmost seriousness. seriousness. This This is is not not aa stage stage in in St. St. Petersburg, Petersburg, nor nor is is itit aa competition competition in in Tbilisi. Tbilisi. It It is is simply simply aa chance chance to to display display their their talent talent in in hopes hopes of of raising raising funds funds and and earning earning state state recognition. recognition. AGBU - October 2013
35
ARTISTIC ARMENIA
Love is Blind As a fresh university graduate in Tbilisi, Georgia, Marianna Hovhannisyan went on a hunger strike before her parents allowed her to marry her husband, Simon. They objected to her union with a blind man. The young woman nevertheless saw a bright future ahead with the aspiring composer. Over sixty years later, the couple has no regrets, lovingly teasing one another despite the challenging circumstances surrounding them. On this day, the retired German teacher with bright red lipstick sits alongside her husband, listening to the choir with pride. Some of the works are national or folk songs composed by Simon himself. Others are European classics or parts of the Armenian Church liturgy. The instruments range from the accordion to the kanon, a trapezoidal-shaped stringed instrument that is placed on the lap. The concert showcases the choir’s range of voices too, with soloists stepping out for their diligently rehearsed numbers. The auditorium is not air conditioned, and one young woman nearly faints from the heat during the show. But the group carries on as two members calmly walk her down the perilously small side steps. Even on hot summer days, it is a great pleasure to sing and perform.
The group toured extensively during Soviet times, but after the collapse of the USSR, the choir never received official state status. Today, the group struggles to make ends meet financially, and cannot even provide regular transportation for the members to travel back and forth for practices and concerts. Despite the challenges, the singers and musicians haven’t left the group, a ray of light in a world of darkness. “The most important achievement for them is to have a job in their profession. Although the salaries are very low, they are devoted and come to work with pleasure,” said Choir Director and Composer, Simon Hovhannisyan. Ruzanna Papikyan, who has been singing with the choir for 28 years, agrees: “Here, I can work in my field and do what I studied. It is better for me to earn a low salary doing what I love, than to work in a shop.” 36
AGBU - October 2013
Hakob Grigoryan, 54, has been the accordionist in the instrument musical group since 2008. Narine Davtyan, 34. She has been the choir conductor for 4 years.
After the show, black coffee and biscuits are served and the magic of the stage gives way to the fading Russian concert bills on the wall. Marianna shuffles through heavy drawers and glass cabinets to show the he awards the group has won over the years. “The main goal at this point is to get state status for the choir and folk ensemble. Once we get it, we can receive funding from the government,” said Hovhannisyan, adding: “In the Baltic countries, such orchestras already receive state subsidies.” The director thoughtfully puffs his cigarette from behind his desk, as timeworn and sturdy as he. “We don’t want you to think we’re complaining,” he reflects quietly. “We live for our work.” AGBU - October 2013
37
AGBU An Investment in the Future AGBU
’s ’s global global reach reach isis only only possible possible with with the the support of its donors. Thanks to the support of its donors. Thanks to the generosity of thousands generosity of thousands of of individuals, individuals, foundations, foundations, and and corporations, corporations, we we can can continue continue to to fund fund AGBU’s AGBU’s longlongstanding standing programs, programs, introduce introduce new new and and innovative innovative initiatives, initiatives, and and deepen deepen our our commitment commitment to to future future generations. generations. The The collective collective support support of of our our hundreds hundreds of of thousands thousands of of donors donors over over the the years years translates translates into into AGBU’s AGBU’s various various educational, educational, cultural cultural and and humanitarian humanitarian programs programs that that have have aa direct direct and and powerful powerful impact impact on on individuals individuals throughout Armenia and the Diaspora. throughout Armenia and the Diaspora. The The financial financial commitment commitment of of our our benefactors benefactors isis aa true true testament to AGBU’s mission and the preservation testament to AGBU’s mission and the preservation of of our our legacy. legacy. Together, Together, we we are are investing investing in in the the future. future.
THE IMPACT OF YOUR DONATIONS 2013 HIGHLIGHTS •• AGBU AGBU DONORS DONORS CONTRIBUTED CONTRIBUTED OVER OVER $1 $1 MILLION MILLION IN IN SUPPORT SUPPORT OF OF AGBU’S AGBU’S SYRIAN SYRIAN ARMENIAN ARMENIAN RELIEF RELIEF EFFORTS. EFFORTS.
WAYS OF GIVING: GENERAL CONTRIBUTIONS:
General contributions are essential in providing AGBU’s annual funding for various educational, cultural and humanitarian programs across the globe.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC FUNDING:
Gifts of any size can be designated to any of AGBU’s programs and initiatives. To learn more about AGBU’s various projects, please visit www.agbu.org.
MATCHING GIFTS, VOLUNTEER GRANTS, PAYROLL DEDUCTIONS:
Many companies match employee, retiree and board member contributions to charitable organizations. Some provide volunteer grants in recognition of employee’s volunteer work. To find out if you work for a matching gift company, search our corporate matching gift database at www1.matchinggifts.com/agbu and inquire with your employer about volunteer grants. Payroll deductions are another easy way to show your support of AGBU and can be set-up through your employer.
•• CAMP CAMP NUBAR’S NUBAR’S FAMILY FAMILY AND AND FRIENDS FRIENDS DONATED DONATED AA TOTAL TOTAL OF OF $400,000 $400,000 IN IN CELEBRATION CELEBRATION OF OF ITS ITS 50TH 50TH ANNIVERSARY. ANNIVERSARY.
IN MEMORY/IN HONOR GIFTS:
•• AGBU AGBU FOCUS FOCUS 2013 2013 FUNDRAISING FUNDRAISING EFFORTS EFFORTS GENERATED GENERATED $80,000 $80,000 IN IN SUPPORT SUPPORT OF OF THE THE GENERATION GENERATION NEXT NEXT MENTORSHIP MENTORSHIP PROGRAM. PROGRAM.
ENDOWMENT FUNDS:
•• ARMÉNIE ARMÉNIE TERRE TERRE DE DE VIE VIE (YOUTH (YOUTH VOLUNTEER VOLUNTEER GROUP GROUP IN IN FRANCE) FRANCE) RAISED RAISED 35,000 35,000 EUROS EUROS FOR FOR ITS ITS TRIP TRIP TO TO ARMENIA ARMENIA TO TO RENOVATE RENOVATE THE THE AGBU AGBU MALATYA MALATYA CHILDREN’S CHILDREN’S CENTER, CENTER, AMONG AMONG OTHER OTHER PROJECTS. PROJECTS.
PLANNED GIVING:
•• TO TO DATE DATE THIS THIS YEAR, YEAR, WORLDWIDE WORLDWIDE YP YP GROUPS GROUPS DONATED DONATED COLLECTIVELY COLLECTIVELY AA TOTAL TOTAL OF OF $33,000 $33,000 IN IN SUPPORT SUPPORT OF OF AGBU AGBU PROGRAMS PROGRAMS IN IN ARMENIA ARMENIA AND AND THE THE DIASPORA. DIASPORA. •• 72 72 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS STUDENTS COMPLETED COMPLETED UNPAID UNPAID SUMMER SUMMER WORK WORK PLACEMENTS PLACEMENTS THROUGH THROUGH AGBU’S AGBU’S NEW NEW YORK YORK AND AND YEREVAN YEREVAN SUMMER SUMMER INTERNSHIP INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS, PROGRAMS, AND AND MUSICAL MUSICAL ARMENIA ARMENIA PROGRAM. PROGRAM. •• 170 170 STUDENTS STUDENTS FROM FROM GLOBAL GLOBAL AGBU AGBU SCHOOLS SCHOOLS VISITED VISITED ARMENIA ARMENIA IN IN SUMMER SUMMER 2013. 2013. •• CLOSE CLOSE TO TO 800 800 STUDENTS STUDENTS ATTENDED ATTENDED AGBU AGBU CAMPS CAMPS AROUND AROUND THE THE WORLD WORLD FROM FROM NEW NEW YORK YORK TO TO BULGARIA BULGARIA TO TO LEBANON. LEBANON. •• 1,800 1,800 CHILDREN CHILDREN AND AND YOUNG YOUNG ADULTS, ADULTS, AGES AGES 4-25, 4-25, ATTENDED ATTENDED THE THE ARAPKIR, ARAPKIR, MALATYA MALATYA AND AND NORK NORK CHILDREN’S CHILDREN’S CENTERS CENTERS IN IN ARMENIA ARMENIA FOR FOR AFTER AFTER SCHOOL SCHOOL AND AND SUMMER SUMMER EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND AND CULTURAL CULTURAL PROGRAMMING. PROGRAMMING. •• 600 600 PENSIONERS PENSIONERS BENEFITTED BENEFITTED FROM FROM AA HOT HOT MEAL, MEAL, ALONG ALONG WITH WITH FRESH FRESH FRUITS FRUITS AND AND VEGETABLES, VEGETABLES, FIVE FIVE DAYS DAYS AA WEEK WEEK AT AT THE THE ARAPKIR, ARAPKIR, MALATYA MALATYA AND AND NORK NORK SENIOR SENIOR DINING DINING CENTERS. CENTERS. •• THE THE LATEST LATEST HYE HYE GEEN GEEN PREGNANT PREGNANT WOMEN’S WOMEN’S CENTER CENTER OPENED OPENED IN IN YEREVAN YEREVAN AND, AND, ALONG ALONG WITH WITH THE THE OTHER OTHER CENTERS CENTERS IN IN TALIN, TALIN, VANADZOR VANADZOR AND AND YEGHVART, YEGHVART, SERVED SERVED NEW NEW AND AND EXPECTANT EXPECTANT MOTHERS MOTHERS WITH WITH FREE, FREE, HIGH-QUALITY HIGH-QUALITY PREPRE- AND AND POST-NATAL POST-NATAL CARE. CARE.
In Memory and In Honor gifts are a thoughtful way to honor, pay tribute to or celebrate a loved one. A minimum gift of $10,000 establishes a permanent fund in the name of the donor or in memory/honor of a loved one. Donors may designate their gift towards a specific program which will benefit from the yearly income, in perpetuity. No matter what your age or income, there are various ways in which you can support AGBU and its programs as part of your overall financial and/or estate planning. The options are endless and include planned giving opportunities such as:
TATE REAL ES
TS REEMEN G A E M O LIFE INC INSURANCE I L & FE
TS & BEQUES RUSTS ABLE T CHARIT
IRAs TIES & SECURI
ONLINE GIVING: To make an easy and secure online gift, please visit www.agbu.org/donate. DONATE BY MAIL OR PHONE: Send your check (payable to AGBU) to Armenian General Benevolent Union 55 East 59th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA. Or call: 212-319-6383; Toll Free 1-855-243-2428
FOR MORE INFORMATION: Please call the Development Office at 212-319-6383 or email [email protected].
“Going to school, I always wondered what it would be like to go into the business world and put all my knowledge into practice. Thanks to AGBU and the support of its generous donors, I had the opportunity to participate in the New York Summer Internship Program, gaining hands-on experience that complemented the knowledge and tools I had learned in university. An investment in AGBU’s Summer Internship Program is an investment in tomorrow’s business leaders. I’m fortunate to have received that kind of encouragement.” Andres Arslanian, NYSIP 2011 Credit Analyst, JP Morgan Buenos Aires
AGBU - October 2013
AGBU ENDOWMENTS 1910-2013
W
We express our deep gratitude to the many donors from around the world who have very generously established endowments at AGBU. Our donors are the heart and soul of the organization. Beginning in 1910, the growing endowments today permanently secure the funding of ongoing and new AGBU projects. Many of our endowments have been established through individual bequests or donations, or from gifts made in memory of loved ones. Most of our current contributors continue to add to their established endowments regularly. The annual income generated from these funds supports and expands educational, cultural, religious and humanitarian programs serving an estimated 400,000 Armenians in over thirty-five countries. AGBU endowments fund the annual programs of the organization or are specified for scholarships; schools in Armenia, Canada, Greece, Lebanon and the United States (California, Michigan); Camp Nubar; summer internships; and international athletic games. In Armenia, endowments have been established for the American University of Armenia, three Children’s Centers, three Senior Dining Centers, Sevan Seminary, Yerevan State University and the Holy See of Etchmiadzin, along with allocations to special projects and various institutions. Designated dates denote inception of each fund. New or additional donations since our last printing in December 31, 2012 are designated in red. The following list does not include accrued interest, only original gifts.
Endowment donors as of August 31, 2013. 1910
Egypt
1964 1964 1964 1964 1964
USA USA USA USA USA
Melkon and Negdar Aijian Mem. Stepan Hagop Astardjian Mem. Agop Ohan Couyoumdjian Mem. Setrak & Azniv Der Bagdasarian Memorial Avedis Garabedian Memorial Setrak Iskenderian Memorial Mourad M. Kazarian Memorial Diran & Eugenie Patapanian Mem. Khatchig H. Tertsagian Memorial
1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965
Switzerland France USA USA USA USA
Leon Handjian Memorial 148,988 Souren Hanessian Memorial 724,541 Haig N. & Haigouhi Kashian Mem. 20,000 Krikor H. Koutnouyan Memorial 309,595 John Mooradian Memorial 21,000 Raymont Paul 26,801
1966 1966 1966 1966
Steven Avyan Memorial Haik Demir Memorial Araxie Dilsizian Memorial Azniv & Astra Funduklian Mem.
121,906 39,927 10,123 53,653
1967 1967 1967 1967 1967
USA Italy USA England Greece
Andon Andonian Memorial Siran Dilsizian Memorial Aghavni Soghikian Memorial Levon Tashdjian Memorial Hagop & Madeleine Tchavouchian Memorial Zkon Tchavouchian Memorial
15,801 6,000 28,895 551,085
M. H. Aram Memorial Nishan & Victoria Asadourian Memorial Violet Jebejian Memorial Armen R. Manougian Memorial Ourfa Ladies Union of Aleppo Maksoud Sarkissian Memorial Mardiros Yorganjian Memorial
151,000
Dikran & Ardem Atamian Mem. Richard K. Gregory & Alice Karakashian Memorial Makrouhie Jedidian Memorial Aram Jerahian Memorial Aram N. Karagheusian Memorial Sam Saroyan Memorial Arshague & Evelyn Toprahanian Memorial Ghazar Yesseian Memorial
26,450
Puzant Beshgeturian Memorial Aghaeg & Elizabeth Dagavarian Memorial Kevork Nalbandian Memorial Vosgian Zegelian Memorial
1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971
USA Greece USA USA USA USA
Gaidzag & Mihran Chapian Mem. Hagop Jamjian Memorial Arshavir Nersessian Memorial Massis N. Thomason Memorial Leon Toutgallian Memorial Nvart Zahimen Memorial
1972 1972 1972 1972
$ 11,164 190,700 21,700 15,400 251,416 20,000 10,432 7,270 48,976 8,745
1972
Suren & Virginia Fesjian Memorial 428,552 Mike Garabedian Memorial 4,500 Harry Katcherian Memorial 41,785 Missak & Arpine Kouyoumdjian Memorial 1,085,405 USA Eliza Melkon Memorial 196,790 USA Aram & Rose Mendikian Memorial 10,000 USA/Lebanon Levon & Satenig Nazarian Mem. 1,936,526 USA Armen & Vartanoush Soultanian Memorial 82,325 USA Hovnan & Edward N. Tashian Memorial 448,009 USA Yenofkian Brothers Memorial 455,011
1973 1973
Hagop & Mariam Arzoumanian Memorial Garabed Avedikian Memorial
1972 1972 1972 1972 1972
42
Anonymous “MM” Elizabeth and Mourad Bedrosian & Egoian Memorials Nicholas & Berj Der Manuelian Memorial Harry Hairabedian Memorial Yervant Hussissian Memorial Gadarine Kulhanjian Memorial Sarkis Melikian Memorial Mard & Rose Peloian Memorial Hovannes Telian Memorial Kissak Vrouyr Memorial Grant V. Athanas Memorial Hrant Bardoony Memorial Haig Berberian Memorial Nishan & Mildred Dagavarian Memorial Alan M. Fenner Memorial Nazar D. Funduklian Memorial Krikor Hurmuzian Memorial Nazareth Jedidian Memorial Zabel & Elmast Movsessian Memorial Minni Pap Papazian Memorial Edward H. Touloukian Foundation
AGBU - October 2013
KAREN TOUFAYAN NARGIZIAN, KRISTINE TOUFAYAN CASALI & GREG TOUFAYAN Donate $75,000 in honor of their parents
New Pavilion to be constructed at AGBU Camp Nubar
P
ita bread is a staple in most Armenian homes, often on the table during any meal. Hratch (Harry) Toufayan of New Jersey has played an instrumental role in introducing pita bread to non-Armenian homes across America for the past several decades. His parents, Haroutiun (b. 1900 in Yozgat, central
95,589 11,845 12,151 20,678 500,000 18,795 25,000 200,000 52,700 20,012 20,000 108,325 258,520 317,385 125,868 56,155 23,400 57,826 74,656 17,045 571,814 17,082 29,444 10,580 8,488 35,044 18,986 54,314 261,600 1,601,163 54,650
The Toufayan family (l. to r.): Sevan,
Turkey) and Siranoush Meliné, Sirahn, Artin and Greg (b. 1906 in Izmir, western Toufayan; Hratch & Suzanne Toufayan; Turkey), were both Geno- Joseph, Sophia, Joseph Jr. and cide survivors who met Kristine Casali; Michael, Karen, and married in Heliopo- Alexander, Gregory and Steve lis (suburb of Cairo). Nargizian. They had four children: Krikor, Armine, Hratch (b. 1940) and Maro. In 1926, Haroutiun opened a bread bakery and it became his passion. Hratch shared that love for the chewy, round, baked dough—a cornerstone of Middle Eastern cuisine—and opened Toufayan Bakery in West New York, New Jersey, in 1968, five years after the family had immigrated to the United States. Hratch's vision went far beyond baking pitas for only the local neighborhood. Through diligence, hard work and ethical practices, his bread business expanded to the point where the pitas were no longer made by hand and truckloads of packages were delivered to numerous states every day. Toufayan Bakeries now operates plants in New Jersey and Florida and his diverse product line is found in many national supermarkets and specialty stores. Meanwhile, he met Suzanne Von Jaglinsky, a nurse at Mount Sinai Hospital of German and French Canadian descent, and they married in 1969. Their three children—Karen, Kristine and Greg— work in the family business and are married with children of their own. Haroutiun, who worked until the age of 94, and Siranoush continued to live with them, and all three siblings remember them with fondness and love. Kristine said, “They were a second set of parents to us and taught us the Armenian language. They played a large part in shaping who we are today.” Harry and Suzanne wanted their children to have a solid Armenian upbringing, and devoted considerable energy to ensuring
that “we were immersed in Armenian schools, churches, and camps, and felt enriched by our Armenian culture,” said Karen. During their youth, Karen, Kristine and Greg attended AGBU Camp Nubar and share cherished memories of their time there. So when Camp Nubar announced plans to celebrate its 50th anniversary in 2013, they knew it was time to pay tribute to both the camp and their parents, who have been longtime benefactors of AGBU, the Armenian Church and community-at-large. Each donated $25,000 for a combined gift of $75,000 to fund the building of the Hratch & Suzanne Toufayan Pavilion. The completely new structure will serve as an all-purpose unit where campers can participate in classes and activities “rain or shine.” Naming the facility in honor of their parents was a natural choice. Greg said, “The hard work and dedication of our parents to their children, the family business and the Armenian nation have all brought forth the blessings we have. Above all, they set the example for us to give back.” “Our family is especially grateful to Camp Nubar,” said Karen. “It has helped us, and now our kids fully embrace our rich Armenian culture on our own terms. This is why we felt that one of the best ways to thank our parents was by giving a donation to Camp Nubar for its 50th anniversary, so that this wonderful institution can continue to encourage Armenian children to be proud of their heritage.” “Camp Nubar is a place that helped us grow and mature in our Armenian identity. As a result, it gives us great pleasure to build a pavilion in honor of our parents, since they encouraged us to go to camp. We are also happy that our children will have the same opportunity to enjoy it and feel proud to have their grandparents’ names on it,” said Kristine. DONOR ARTICLES BY TALIA JEBEJIAN BOULDOUKIAN
1976 1976 1976 1976
1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979
USA USA Turkey USA France USA USA USA
1979
1979 1979 1979 1979 1979
France Uruguay Monaco USA USA
1980 1980 1980 1980
Lebanon USA USA USA
Haigaz Mekhalian Memorial Manoog & Mary Aharonian Savajian Edward & Marguerite Shabazian Memorial Charles & Arshalous Shukloian Memorial Stephen G. Svajian & Haroutun Najarian Tashjian & Lamson Memorial Haigaz Tomboulian Memorial
$ 5,000
Vahan Beloian Memorial Avedis Casparian Zareh & Koharig Davuloglu Mem. Dickran K. Deyrmanjian Mem. Mannig Ghazarossian Memorial Haroutune K. Goekjian Memorial Vahan & Srpouhi Jirian Memorial Panos & Katherine Killabian Memorial Stephen Hakemian Mathews Memorial Nevart Mavian Memorial Manuel Melikian Memorial Arsene Papazian Memorial John & Araxie Samelian Memorial Mihran & Parantzem Sherbetian Memorial
16,076 819,982 15,000 398,310 28,000 85,671 5,000
1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980
Vahram Abdalian Memorial Gregory H. Adamian Clark Dinjian Avedis Don & Armine Donelian Memorial France Haroutiun Gasparian Memorial Monaco Haig Ghazarossian Memorial USA Beatrice Krikorian Memorial USA Harry & Ethel Mangurian Mem. USA Edward & Helen Mardigian South Africa Minas Missak Memorial USA Dikran Missirlian Foundation USA Alice & George Philibosian
1981 1981 1981 1981
USA USA USA USA
AGBU Alumni “Sanoutz” 61,365 Anonymous “V” 1,683,952 Michael & Marion Avsharian 11,000 Mihran Exerjian Memorial 10,000 Mathew O. Najarian Memorial 5,200 Satenik & Adom K. Ourian Mem. 43,500 Nerses Papazian Memorial 57,783 Victoria Tchertchian Memorial 39,787
1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981
USA USA USA USA USA USA USA Austria
Hagop & Mary Booloozian Mem. Marderos Chebolian Memorial Edward & Larry Egavian Garabed Ehikian Sarkis Fereshetian Memorial Garabed & Ara Hodaghian Mem. Gulbenk & Nver Juknavorian Memorial Hovannes & Hnazant Khashkhashian Memorial
1982
1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982
USA USA USA USA USA USA USA
Karnig & Sirarpi Babayan $ 12,000 Sirouhi Benlian Memorial 19,141 Kazar Chutjian Memorial 54,200 Hovannes & Yeghisapet Doudouyan Memorial 60,000 Mardiros & Haiganoush Hagopian Memorial 26,742 Gabriel Hamparzoumian Mem. 109,700 Ardashes Lajikian Memorial 4,052 Louis Mugerdichian Memorial 512,913 Mary A. Negohosian Memorial 38,247 Edward G. Nishan Memorial 50,000 Mariam Baltaian Sarkissian Memorial 10,250
481,177 13,815 20,000 8,411 5,000 47,900 17,412 20,000
Krikor Aivazian Arthur & Eliza Avedian Memorial Anita Bishop Thomas O. & Alice Dakessian Memorial Esther Eksouzian Memorial Charles Garjian Memorial Harry Kurkian Mihran & Mary Melikian Mem. Krikor N. Roupenian Memorial Hmayak & Mayda Semerjian Mem. David & Lois Shakarian Nerses Zohrab Memorial AGBU Friends of Alex & Marie Manoogian School AGBU Friends of Camp Nubar Aintab Union Napoleon S. Alajaian Memorial Arsen Artinian Memorial Harry V. Babaian Silas Bozigian Memorial Aznive Georgian & Hagop Kaprielian Memorial AGBU - October 2013
40,200 8,825 5,000 16,697 111,048 71,455
26,318 145,138 58,800 14,143 377,000 14,879 110,195 88,550 21,862 11,100 21,680 47,600 725,000 10,568 93,981 270,000 994,100 17,792 20,000 11,988 13,059 3,900 557,370 6,000 33,361 5,000 29,284 583,849 113,555 263,365 61,283 17,559 222,165 53,145 306,614 25,481 50,250 50,000 8,200
43
AGBU ENDOWMENTS 1982 1982 1982
USA France Cyprus
1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982
USA England USA USA England USA Cyprus USA Canada USA
1982
1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983
USA Lebanon USA USA Lebanon Lebanon USA
1983
USA
1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984
Hirair & Anna Hovnanian $ 110,000 Mourad Karaguesian Memorial 7,500 Hovhannes, Zartar, Hagop & Makrouhi Koushian 60,526 Marie Kupelian Memorial 6,813 Norma Kurkjian Memorial 341,032 Paul C. Manoogian Memorial 5,000 Marshall H. Medzorian Memorial 10,000 Maryam Moutafian Memorial 134,566 Zabelle Aram Panosian Memorial 756,939 Hovhannes Sheohmelian 137,340 Joseph Tahmazian Memorial 27,000 Sone Torosian Memorial 4,770 Armenouhi Boyajian Yeretzian Memorial 87,712 Lucy & Garabed Zartarian Memorial 120,000 AGBU District of France Garabed Ohanes Berberian Memorial Cayane Boyajian Memorial Gabriel & Eugenie Chakarian Memorial Chunkoosh Compatriotic Union Yervant & Alice Demirdjian Memorial Garabed & Eugenie Der Stepanian Memorial Vahe G. Funduklian Memorial Rev. Nushan & Mrs. Gladys Hachian Memorial Takvor & Zabelle Kafesjian Manuel Khatchadourian Memorial Nishan M. Minassian Memorial Hagop Mukhjian Memorial Vahan Jacques Pascal Memorial Nigoghos & Mary Tekian Harutune & Kohar Topalian Memorial Sisag Varjabedian Memorial
1984 1984 1984 1984
Edward N. Alexanian Memorial Haig & Syrvart Artan John Ayvazian Memorial Martin & Newart Baloyan Mem. Peter Marcus Boghosian Memorial Sarkis M. Casparian Memorial Leon & Matilda Giridlian Memorial USA Edward & Mary Jerjian USA Krikor Kasabian Memorial USA Sarkis & Vava Katchadourian Memorial New Zealand Nevart & Hasmig Krikorian Memorial USA Garabed Ovanessian Memorial USA Harry Papelian Memorial USA Hrand Vakilian Memorial USA Arshag Vassilian Memorial
1985 1985
44
USA England USA USA USA USA USA
AGBU Detroit Men’s Chapter Garabed, Hagop, Artine Agopian Memorial Mr. & Mrs. Souren Aprahamian Memorial Madeleine Cashian Memorial Margaret Gayzagian Memorial
AGBU - October 2013
Benefactors HAGOP & ZARUHI KELEDJIAN Bequeath $1.5 million to AGBU Alex Manoogian School in Montreal
School inaugurates commemorative wing with landmark donation
C
anada saw its first significant wave of Armenians immigrants from the Middle East in the 1960s. Hagop Keledjian arrived from Cairo in 1966, and one year later, Zaruhi Vardanyan left Istanbul. Both settled in Montreal. Like most Armenians, they wanted to stay close to their heritage and attended community
413,544 40,604 34,458 69,300 11,899 57,571 4,745 513,150 52,071 20,575 3,894 22,618 44,078 42,711 36,710 12,949 33,307 25,000 13,035 40,500 36,444 50,000 250,783 15,417 25,177 109,662 102,170 307,920 40,959 20,792 13,569 28,837 13,050 100,000 5,000 9,435 196,398
events regularly. They Present at the inauguration of the would meet and marry Keledjian-Vardanyan Wing were: School soon enough. Hagop Board Member Harry Dikranian; former AGBU Montreal Chapter Chair Boghos took a job in the print- Kichian; Vice Principal Chahe Tanachian; ing industry and School Board Chair Armen Bechakjian; Zaruhi worked as a Principal Sebastien Stasse; Imasduhi private seamstress. Vardanyan-Nigoghosian; school Founder As the Keledjians Dr. Arshavir Gundjian; Vrej Nigoghosian; laid down their roots, Bishop Bagrat Galstanian, former Primate they remained focused of Canada; Father Vazken Boyadjian; and on one goal: promoting AGBU Montreal Chapter Chair Aram Armenian culture and Yacoubian. education, values they held dear to their hearts. In 1970, thanks to benefactor Alex Manoogian, AGBU opened the first Armenian school in Montreal, Canada to serve a growing community. Hagop and Zaruhi will always be remembered for the love and faith they had in the institution over the years. Hagop passed away in 2010, followed by Zaruhi in 2011. With great kindness in their hearts, they bequeathed $1.5 million to the AGBU Alex Manoogian School, reinforcing their legacy as staunch advocates of Armenian education. In appreciation of this gift, the school proudly named its upperclassmen wing in honor of their longtime support. The school’s Keledjian-Vardanyan Wing was inaugurated in February 2013 in the presence of founders, former and current principals, AGBU leadership, clergy, teachers, parents and students. The facility houses the school’s fifth to eighth grade classrooms, and eighth grade students expressed their gratitude to the benefactors, vowing to remember their dedication to the Alex Manoogian School and the ways their education has shaped their Armenian identity. Zaruhi’s sister Imasduhi Vardanyan-Nigoghosian unveiled a special plaque in honor of the benefactors with School Board chairman Armen Bechakjian.
The Keledjians’ magnanimous $1.5 million donation will allow the AGBU Alex Manoogian School to continue offering high quality education to more than 300 students. Most recently, the school received national attention for its pioneering programs that couple new technologies with an emphasis on cultural heritage. Its One iPad Per Student initiative has ensured that every eighth grade pupil has access to his or her own personal device in the classroom. In addition, over 50 iPads and laptops are in use ninety-five percent of the school day, fully engaging students who are proficient in software tools for design, programming, word processing and multimedia, all of which enhance their studies. School Founder and former AGBU Central Board Member Dr. Arshavir Gundjian, remarked, “I remember the first days where it was nearly impossible to think of creating an Armenian school in this community and now we stand here, some 43 years later, with much pride, having prepared–and still preparing–so many generations of Armenians to strive in different spheres of the community. We will remember forever the unwavering support and generosity displayed by Hagop and Zaruhi Keledjian. It is thanks to people like them that our school can grow and sustain itself for the current and future generations.”
1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985
England USA USA Switzerland USA USA USA USA USA
1985 1985
1986 1986 1986 1986 1986
USA USA England France USA
1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986
USA USA Lebanon USA Austria USA Austria USA
1987 1987
1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987
USA USA USA Turkey England England USA
Lucas & Rose Gregory $ 20,928 Mardiros & Margaret Hatcherian 10,000 Mihran & Rosemary Hoplamazian 52,350 Dikran Kelekian Foundation 329,100 Alice Krikorian Memorial 189,316 Dikranouhi Maronian Memorial 44,500 Mr. & Mrs. Albert Papoyans 5,000 Sahag & Satenig Sahagian Mem. 100,561 Mushegh & Arshalooys Shamalian Memorial 181,302 George & Ivy Sharigian Memorial 12,000 Takouhi Torigian Memorial 9,576 Anonymous “BP” Kevork & Verjin Arslanian Ashod Badmakrian Memorial Caeserian Benevolent Association, Inc. Sarkis and Beatrice Chekerdjian Memorial Aram Hejinian Memorial Dikranouhi Hoplamazian Serope Kardash Memorial Sarkis Kassabian Memorial Kegham Y. & Dikranouhi M. Koltoukdjian Memorial Parantzem Margosian Memorial Hemayak & Rahan Mateosian Matilda Nakkashian Memorial Nigoghos A. Nigosian Memorial Garbis Papazian Mihran Toumajian Memorial Noubar Vartian Memorial Zakeyan & Dumanian Family Memorial AGBU Friends of Ararat Magazine Ghevont & Siranoush Bakalian Memorial Vartkess & Rita Balian Dicran Berberian Memorial Arthur Dadian Memorial Bedros Hintlian Memorial Boghos P. Jelebjian Memorial Ena Berjouhi Kenadjian Memorial Arthur Kradjian
96,702 15,000 33,127 18,489 354,525 2,444 5,103 5,596 70,600 436,300 14,010 30,000 24,890 194,148 56,920 24,427 50,000 101,424 52,534 347,235 450,000 40,220 130,000 10,000 698,905 23,545 10,000
1987 1987
1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987
USA USA USA USA USA USA England
1988 1988 1988 1988
1990 1990
USA Greece
Hagop Krikorian Memorial Vartouhi, Asadour, Armen & Aram Mirjanian Memorial Parsek K. Parsekian Memorial Louise Salverian Memorial Rose Shafer Mihran M. Simidian Memorial Wilhelmina Suren Memorial Haroutun Tchertchian Memorial Levon Tashdjian Memorial
$ 130,000 14,000 387,933 53,006 6,050 643,018 259,976 14,050 482,119
AGBU Athletic Games AGBU Chicago Chapter AGBU Detroit Women’s Chapter AGBU Hovagimian/Manougian School/Ara Topdjian Mildred Dagavarian Memorial Hovannes Gulbenkian Memorial Karnig & Dikranouhi Hajinlian Memorial Sam Hakemian Memorial Rouben & Achkhen Iguidbashian Memorial Arthur Janigian Memorial Kevork Keklikian Janjigian Mem.
75,000 343,335 50,000
Martin & Varsenig Apkarian Agop Azarian Mr. & Mrs. Karnig Bahadurian Memorial Henry Bahlavooni Memorial Walter Baronian Memorial Avedis O. Boyajian & Rev. Arsen A. Georgizian Memorials Christopher Costa Memorial & Rose Yessaian Anna Der Vartanian Memorial Levon Hagopian Memorial Ronald Jameson Memorial Haig Kasbarian Memorial Krikor & Neouver Keldjian Mirjan Kirian Memorial Leon Kirk Charles H. Kouzoujian Sarkis Mekjian Memorial Melkonian Fund Memorial Krikor Meutemedian Memorial Gula & George Mutevalian Memorial Michael Nazarian Memorial Mihran Nazarian Memorial Alice Pakrad Memorial Antranik & Angele Poladian Memorial Dorothy A. Poladian Memorial Oksin Sinamian Memorial Karl & Emma Sogoian Onnig and Peruze Tabibian Memorial Yesayan Foundation Victoria Zamanigian Memorial
17,150 10,000
AGBU Women’s Central Committee Anonymous “HAG” Anonymous “KI”
AGBU - October 2013
65,046 95,030 66,800 149,158 75,000 35,090 25,000 10,000
10,000 84,500 20,000 2,257 14,953 21,224 41,087 7,525 127,686 179,861 20,020 15,000 20,000 37,898 119,444 1,561 23,277 30,300 51,781 165,650 259,900 41,971 45,011 15,000 13,000 1,340 25,033 13,000 653,309 323,984
45
Lebanon USA USA
46
Baidzar & Harout Arootian Memorial $ 12,511 Yenova Betian 7,603 Harry Demerjian Memorial 25,000 Vahe Nerses & Mary Gulesserian Memorial 498,264 Gabriel Injejikian 100,000 Onnig & Hrant Isbenjian Memorial 1,005,327 Krikor Kasarjian 1,200 Lucille Kasbarian Memorial 120,235 Arshag & Azniv Kirazian Memorial 591,586 George & John Kurkjian 4,709 G. and K. Melkonian Memorial 197,868 Arthur Moorad Memorial 72,351 Esther K. Parseghian Memorial 96,321 Nishan & Mary Shimshirian Mem. 56,495 Saruhi Vartian 10,000 Stephen & Chouchane Yeghiayan Memorial 50,000
Mihran & Elizabeth Agbabian AGBU Melkonian Alumni Yervant Minas & Patricia Aghajanian Memorial France Arsilia Akian Memorial USA Fimi Avedisyan Memorial USA Astghig Nassibian Balikian Memorial France Antranik Demirdjian Memorial France Simon Derderian Memorial USA Armen & Nelly Der Kiureghian USA Keghanoush Douzaklian & Leon Bedighian Memorial Lebanon Armen & Salpie Haroutunian USA Arshalouis Tavrejian Hartune Memorial USA Dick & Mary Horigian Memorial USA Artemis Karagheusian Memorial USA Albert H. Mouradian USA Barkev Nalbandian Memorial Switzerland Simon Arman & Pinna Papazian Memorial France Margaret Simonian USA Ara Solickian Memorial USA Armen L. Tertsakian Memorial USA Helen & Hagop Zakarian Memorial
1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992
A Life of Service: GARABED
AGBU Lebanon - AYA David Asher Memorial Edmond Azadian Michel Baghdassarian Memorial Yvonne Kashian Banks Memorial Nevart Couyoumjian Memorial Sarkis & Seta Demirdjian Hagop S. Derderian Memorial Levon Donigian Flora & Diane Galoostian Memorial Karakashian Family Adrine A. Kenadjian Memorial Kegham & Haigouhi Kradjian Memorial Haig Mardirian Memorial Hrant Melikian Memorial Nazar & Artemis Nazarian
AGBU - October 2013
55,000 112,660 715,389 654,786 10,712 25,000 35,549 14,795 12,000 69,182 54,296 320,277 99,155 20,457 7,409 10,185 1,000,000 32,740 11,334 10,000 6,500 176,134 54,387 10,000 91,149 17,648 45,000 253,147 100,000 5,370 45,000 892,447 10,000 27,870 57,535 10,000 100,000
FATTAL. DRS. GARABED & PETER FATTAL, NORA GIBBS & CORINNE FARRELL Endowment
totals $42,320 Years ago, Garabed Fattal found a meaningful quote and kept it in his wallet: “I slept and dreamt that life was joy, I awoke and saw that life was service. I served and behold, I found that service was joy.” For him, service to others was one of the three tenets of life. The second was the pursuit of knowledge and excellence, and the third was a love for family. Garabed (b. 1927 in Aleppo, Syria) cherished his childhood memories of his parents, Abdallah and Marie Fattal, and his five siblings, Anahid, Avedis, Jean, Laurice and Loucine. Growing up in a home where time spent together was the norm and family conversations focused on politics, life and everything in between, the children idolized their parents. Garabed went to Beirut to study medicine before Garabed Fattal with his granddaughter immigrating to Remy Farell. America in the mid 1950s. After completing his pathology training, Garabed moved to Canada and practiced there for a decade. He finally settled in Binghamton, New York in 1969. For the next 25 years, he would find a stimulating scientific environment through his role as Laboratory Director at UHS Hospitals, during which time he was responsible for consolidating the labs of two hospitals after the hospitals merged. Garabed chaired many committees; he also served on both the hospital’s board of directors for several years and on the admissions committee at Upstate Medical University for over two decades. He demonstrated a passion for teaching—both as an instructor and administrator—at the SUNY HSC Clinical Campus. Following retirement, Garabed had more time to do what he loved best: serving others. With the help of many individuals who shared his concern over the plight of local residents with no access to quality medical care, he established the Community Free Clinic and took great pride in the work that was carried out there. Years later, in his honor, it was renamed The Garabed A. Fattal Community Free Clinic. Corinne Farrell, Garabed’s youngest child, recalled that he never imposed his ideals on her or her siblings Peter Fattal and Nora Gibbs. Rather, he led quietly by example “for us to see on our own that we are all citizens of the world and should conduct ourselves responsibly to become positive contributors in making a better world.” A family friend once said, “He was the finest teacher of humanity I ever met.” In his perpetual quest for knowledge and drive for excel-
lence, Garabed was always reading and loved to share what he learned with others. The walls in his study were filled with quotes, articles, pictures and anything that moved him. In addition to being a Francophile, he spoke five languages and flowed seamlessly from one to the other in conversation. His hobbies included biking, sailing, skiing and tennis. Above all, his favorite pastime was traveling. He looked forward to planning and embarking on his adventures all over the world. It was his one indulgence in life. His children remember how he loved taking pictures on trips and would present slide shows upon returning. They would often complain that all the photos were just scenery shots, pleading with him to include people next time. “I see now, though, that Dad loved the simple beauty of the world around him, and did everything he could to capture it and bring it home with him,” said Corinne. While much in Garabed’s life had significance, nothing mattered more than his family and friends. He had unconditional love for his children and 10 grandchildren, his siblings and their families, and his friends. He was also grateful to his companion, Ursula Findikyan, during the last stages of his life. If a family member—immediate or extended, near or far—was celebrating a monumental or milestone event, he could always be counted on to attend. Spending time with his grandchildren was very important to Garabed, whether it was picking them up from school, going out for ice cream, heading to the symphony or attending church. Given his great love for travel, he delighted in taking them on a “trip” through the National Geographic Atlas to look at the maps and learn the geography and history of a country. This made a lasting impact on them. As his grandchildren grew older, they would speak with him to confirm facts for projects they were working on in school. Later, in college, they would call him often to chat about classes, politics, history or life in general. Proud of his Armenian heritage, Garabed was a very active member of his local Armenian church, St. Gregory the Illuminator, and for several decades served on its parish council. He also encouraged his children to go to AGBU Camp Nubar. Corinne attended for ten summers, but perhaps Garabed was even happier when her daughter Remy decided to follow in her mother’s footsteps and remain close to her Armenian identity. She has spent the last five summers there. Garabed’s generosity was defined best by his beliefs and the way he lived. The most important takeaway everyone had from his long talks was “be good and do good.” “Dad was such a tolerant man, always patient and kind… a quiet gentleman. He really put an emphasis on love and family, and offered unbelievable devotion to all of us with our every need, our every concern, our every dream,” said Corinne. “He believed that raising your children well was the most important thing a person could do.” Garabed Fattal passed away in 2012. During his life, he had always sought to give his money away to others, feeling certain that he did not need more than what was necessary. He bequeathed $20,000 to AGBU to be added to his existing endowment fund named for himself and his children, which now totals $42,320. Corinne remarked, “My dad lived simply, but shared all that he had for the betterment of the world around him. He stood by AGBU’s mission and was proud of the good work it carried out.”
1992 1992
1995
England
Ruben & Marion Barsamian $ 6,100 Krikor & Sylvia Galbedian Memorial 68,224 Nerses Galbedian Memorial 34,112 Aram Hashashian Memorial 11,241 Stepan & Haiganoush Kabasakalian Memorial 28,651 Haig Kanjian Memorial 100,000 Alice Nemzar Khashmanian Memorial 80,409 Dr. Levon Kurkjian Memorial 16,025 Marie Manoogian Memorial 257,622 Leon S. Peters Foundation 205,000 Rev. Toros Sahagian Memorial 10,000 Osep & Nadya Sarafian 30,000 Garabed Sarian Memorial 11,696 Mannig Simidian Memorial 10,000 James B. & Mary Sinclair 26,400 Abraham Soghigian Memorial 226,411 Nerses Tamamian Memorial 58,193 Hagop Dirane Topalian Mem. 12,305,902 Ovsanna K. Vartivarian Memorial 3,189 Ohanes Vekilian Memorial 23,500 Haig B. Yardumian Memorial 10,000 Satenig Yardumian Memorial 10,000 AGBU President’s Club Summer Intern Program Garabed Andonian Memorial Armenag Arabian Memorial Harold A. Arsenian Memorial Susan Avakian Memorial Mary Aydenian Memorial Dickranouhi & Armen P. Baltian Memorial Dickran S. Chobanian Memorial Choulian & Zovickian Memorial Gregory M. Gargarian Memorial Gaspar A. Goshgarian George Gurdjian Memorial Seda Voskanian Haroutunian Memorial Vicki & Raffy Hovanessian Peter Hiak Jacobson Memorial Albert H. Jamentz Memorial Loosazine Kazanjian Memorial Gerald A. Kearns Manoogian Manor Manoogian Simone Foundation Valentine Mazloumian Memorial George Mekinasian John C. Nicholls Jr. Mgrditch Papazian Memorial
402,895 474,873 95,450 55,488 10,575 257,778 120,790 10,000 10,000 25,500 100,100 350,000 59,158 20,000 100,000 50,000 11,690 449,677 1,000,000 2,950,000 10,000 76,427 50,949 143,769
Krikor Aghekian Memorial François S. & Suzy Antounian John Aranosian Family Armenouhi Bagdasarian Memorial Leo & Elaine Bakalian Memorial Dickran Barsam Melkon & Soorpoohi Chiefgian Memorial Sarkis & Nora Dadourian Memorial Digranagerd Reconstruction Union Epram & Alice Djirdjirian Mem.
59,112 17,040 47,500
USA
48
George K. & Lucy L. Eguinlian Memorial $ 358,696 Arthur K. & Araxse Enjaian Memorial 49,080 Eugene A. Gargaro, Jr. 84,000 Dr. & Mrs. Samuel Haig Jameson 151,287 Nishan & Arshalous Janigian Memorial 3,000 Haigouhi & Dickran Kashian Memorial 85,402 Khachadourian Brothers Memorial 746,811 Anthony Kushigian Memorial 3,203,776 Dolores Zohrab Liebmann Memorial 457,727 Wayne B. Lyon 150,000 Khosrof & Varsene Mansourian Memorial 25,000 Puzant & Marie Markarian Mem. 76,940 Victor Menayan 100,000 Merrill Lynch & Co. Foundation 20,000 Richard G. Mosteller 150,000 Gregory M. & Maritza M. Mugar 12,000 Nevart R. Najarian Memorial 10,000 Agop Jirair Ovanessian Family 56,000 Rouben & Nina Terzian 25,000 Jack S. Torosian 125,000 Samuel Valenti III 150,000 Mr. & Mrs. Hagop Vanerian 8,786 Esteban & Sada Zarikian 125,500 Zartarian Foundation 9,500 Mr. & Mrs. Sarkis Acopian 2,045,000 AGBU Manoogian Demirdjian School 183,527 Amar Murad Andranigian Mem. 384,042 Antranig Berberian 132,000 Zaven P. Berberian 85,045 Artine & Rose Boyajian Memorial 9,905 Nelly Boyajian Memorial 7,733 Leon Chahinian 83,000 Shavarsh Demirdjian 25,000 Donchian, Hajeian & Chirkinian Memorial 85,500 Peter B. Gabrielian Memorial 487,250 Richard H. & Beatrice Hagopian Memorial 100,000 Christophe H. Hatchikoff Memorial 250,000 Melkiset & Isgouhi Jamgotch Family 160,694 Dirouhi Jingozian Memorial 244,305 Girar K. & Hasmig Kaprelian 34,151 Alice Kashian Memorial 10,000 Mac John Lucas Memorial 302,428 Alex Manoogian Memorial 1,026,300 Masco Corporation 60,000 Richard Nalbandian Memorial 28,035 Noubar Nazarian Memorial 95,533 Vahe Nishanian Memorial 50,125 Astrid Papazian 15,000 Elizabeth Phillian Memorial 6,358 Aram Sander Memorial 35,000 Boghos & Arusiag Sanoian Memorial 10,000 Henry P. Sanoian & Nancy Manoogian 25,000 Sam & Sylva Simonian 112,000
AGBU - October 2013
NISHAN & ELIZABETH APELIAN Support AGBU Camp Nubar with $30,000 donation
N
ishan (Pete) Apelian’s great uncle Bedros (b. in Bingol, Turkey) was a professional wrestler throughout Europe and came to the United States in the late 19th century to join the Buffalo Bill Cody Circus. His nephew Garabed—Nishan’s father—obtained safe passage to America via Ellis Island in 1914 by posing as his son, and married Ovsanna TopalTorosian, an Armenian Genocide survivor from Gurun (central Turkey) some years later. Settling in New York City on East 25th Street with Uncle
Nishan and Elizabeth Apelian (seated)
Bedros (known profes- flanked by their grandson Antoine van sionally as Pehlevan Veen, His Eminence Archbishop Khajag and in the family as Ba- Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese of the book), the newlyweds Armenian Church of America (Eastern), had two children— and their daughter Denise van Veen. Yepraxie (Rose) and Nishan (b. 1925)—and became active members of the local Armenian church. Meanwhile, the Boyajians, who hailed from Sivas (eastern Turkey), also took an apartment in the same East Side neighborhood where many of the Armenian immigrants lived. Setrak Boyajian had fought in World War I with the U.S. Army and Zaghig (née Apkarian) was a Genocide survivor; together, they had four children: Jack, Melkon, Elizabeth and Mary. The neighborhood’s youth, including Nishan and Elizabeth, sang in the choir at St. Gregory the Illuminator Church, which functioned as the local club for young Armenians. As time went by, many of the members married each other, and Nishan asked for Elizabeth’s hand in 1950. Living in the Bronx, they raised three children: Chuck, Pat and Denise. Grandma Zaghig would often take her grandchildren to St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Church with her on Sundays, riding three subways to make the trip. Eventually, Nishan and Elizabeth bought a home in Queens and the family became very involved at Holy Martyrs Armenian Church. The couple learned the value of education and heritage from their parents, and wanted to instill the same Armenian spirit in their children. All three went to Saturday school for language and Sunday school for religion, and they spoke Armenian with their parents and grandparents. One day, Chuck and Pat heard about AGBU Camp Nubar.
The Apelian children started attending in 1968 (Chuck and Pat) and 1970 (Denise). Chuck was a senior counselor for two years and taught camp crafts; Denise attended for ten years, eventually becoming a junior counselor and teaching ceramics and karate. Pat was the most involved—after attending as a camper for two years, she was a staff member for five years and became the girls’ head counselor in 1976. She ran the camp’s newspaper with a mimeograph machine donated by her father. Her college application essay was about Camp Nubar, and after graduating she joined the camp committee for the next ten years, serving as a member and treasurer. Two of Pat’s children–Kate and Jenny Aitken–have also attended camp. “Camp Nubar was a wonderful opportunity for young people to develop [their] Armenian identity. In fact, it was the only opportunity for many Armenian children and young adults to connect with their heritage. During those two months of summer, we grew up more than we did the other ten months of the year,” recalled Pat. She, like thousands of other campers, met fellow Armenians whom they would call friends for life. Once he saw how happy his children were at Camp Nubar, Nishan dedicated a full decade as a camp committee member beginning in the early 1970s; during two of those years, he served as treasurer. He was also very involved in the establishment of a local AGBU all-star basketball team that would compete in North and South America, which was the result of his instrumental role in the founding of the Armenian Church Sports Association (ACSA). Nishan believed that supporting Armenian youth was the best way to preserve and perpetuate his heritage, and that the camp was the ideal venue for young Armenian Americans to interact, relate with one another and share their cultural values in a fun environment. In July 2013, AGBU Camp Nubar celebrated its 50th anniversary. To commemorate the milestone, Nishan knew that he wanted to make a donation that would last through the years, and the replacement of the lakefront docks seemed just right. The new docks, made possible with the Apelians’ generous $30,000 gift, were blessed during the rededication ceremony that took place during the anniversary edition of Open House. Speaking on behalf of Elizabeth and himself, Nishan said, “Our four parents came to the United States with a dream to freely and safely live their lives, raise a family and practice their Armenian faith. Over the past 50 years, AGBU’s Camp Nubar has played a significant role in providing opportunities for our youth and keeping alive their Armenian cultural identity and heritage. Elizabeth and I are grateful for the close friendships and fond memories that our children and grandchildren have from their summers at camp, and sincerely hope that our donation ensures that Camp Nubar will continue to thrive for many future generations of Armenians.”
1996 1996 1996
Leon & Shake Tokatlian Charles G. Uligian G.S. Ani Vapurciyan
1997 1997
1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
USA USA USA Switzerland USA USA USA USA USA
AGBU Detroit Chapter AGBU Friends of American University of Armenia AGBU Orange County Chapter Grace Alexanian Memorial Mable V. Altoonjian Memorial Anonymous “SS” Arabkir Union, Inc. AUA Mihran Agbabian John J. Bandeian Memorial Johnny O. Barber Memorial Joseph L. & Jacqueline S. Basralian
$ 10,000 75,294 11,766 6,000 466,425 3,000 25,000 20,000 3,128,365 487,314 311,300 263,266 70,000 120,200
1997 1997 1997
1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA Egypt USA USA
1997 1997
1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
USA USA Cyprus USA USA USA
1997 1997
1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
USA USA USA USA USA USA
1997
1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997
USA USA USA USA USA USA
1998 1998 1998
1998 1998 1998
USA USA USA
Akhayeg Bedrosian Memorial $ 11,000 Antranik & Sheny Bobelian 22,850 Eli Y. & Zavart Demirdjian Bogosian Memorial 8,745 Budakian Family 20,919 Cafesjian Family Foundation 635,000 Harry T. Chouljian Memorial 80,000 Vahé & Aline Donikian Memorial 7,625 Kevork B. Garmirian Memorial 37,300 Assadour Gulvartian Memorial 11,152 Roxie Hagopian Memorial 261,216 Rev. Fr. Carnig Hallajian 319,582 Sarkis Hovagimian Memorial 255,139 Col. Manuel Hovnanian Memorial 17,900 Avedis V. & Yerchanig Janjigian Memorial 27,110 Noubar & Anita Jessourian Mem. 237,537 Garabed & Tourvanda Jooharigian Memorial 5,000 Mark & Rose Kandarian Memorial 99,837 Kazazian Family 73,589 Boghos Kerbeykian 36,340 Varujan & Sirpuhi Kesenci 2,500 Elizabeth Kondazian Memorial 664,159 Hagopos & Imasd Kurkjian Memorial 10,822 Yeranouhie Mamourian Memorial 15,000 Hagop & Takouhy Mangerian Memorial 122,075 George & Marge Manoogian 69,521 Meghrigian Family 100,000 Hagop Mendikian & Rose Mendik Meschke Memorial 412,120 Anush Nazarian & Suzanne Toufayan 28,400 Satenig Ouzounian Memorial 54,653 Soukias & Koogas Ovagimian, Kachadour N. Magarian Mem. 10,000 Avedis H. & Azadouhie Piandarian Memorial 19,000 Grace & Charles Pinajian 123,969 John S. & Mariam Rahanian 10,000 Dorothy Sahroian Robinson Memorial 112,600 Elmas M. Saraf Memorial 9,587 Dr. & Mrs. Sarkis M. Shaghalian 50,000 Iva Shaljian Memorial 2,904,766 Queen P. Essayan Silva Memorial 10,000 David & Louise Simone 72,500 Zabel & Tavit S. Soultanian & Zallakian Family Memorial 18,978 Leon & Zarmig Surmelian Memorial 3,558,109 Berge Tatian 24,500 Kevork & Pamela Toroyan 5,200 Loussentak Vartanian Memorial 22,490 Vartkes Yegiyayan Memorial 4,008 Zeronian Family Memorial 148,488 Israel & Vartouhi Zokian Memorial 13,815 Daniel H. & Anush Abdulian AGBU General Fund Norair M. & Elizabeth M. Ajamian Memorial Yervant & Marie Akian Nvart H. Alexanian Memorial Hrant Altunian AGBU - October 2013
28,500 477,187 198,908 10,000 174,494 10,000
49
USA USA USA
50
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Apelian Kaspar, Soultan, Paul & Johann Apkarian Armand P. Avakian Aram & Berjouhi Balekjian Dr. & Mrs. George Bannayan Mr. & Mrs. Sarkis Bedevian Rev. Fr. & Mrs. Bob J. Bethoney Sarkis Bogosian Memorial Jack O. Charshafian Memorial Hagop & Hranoush Dabanian Memorial Mr. & Mrs. Zaven Dadekian Fredrick Danelian Vagharshag Danielian Memorial Art Darian Memorial Kerop & Amalia Der Avedisian Kevork & Nazeni Deukmedjian Garo N. Dorian Arshalouys Goudian Memorial Goodian Family Memorial Ashod Hadjian Michael & Katherine Halebian Norair Hovaghimian Memorial Mr. & Mrs. Krikor Istanboulli Maria Jinishian Memorial Charley Kademian Memorial Hagop & Anna Kalaydjian Memorial Shahan Karakash Memorial Dr. & Mrs. Artine Kokshanian John & Theresa Korenian Terenik & Rita Koujakian Kurdian - Manoukian Azniv A. Malootian Memorial Ruby Markarian Hagop Maxian Jeffery & Mary Parsigian Danie Saglamian Mr. & Mrs. Antranig Sarkissian Sarkis Soultanian Memorial Sarkis Spanjian Memorial Vartan G. Telian Hagop Tellalian Memorial Arshag & Isgouhi Barsamian Topalian Memorial Marie Valedian AGBU Manoogian Demirdjian Student Council Noubar & Maro Agopian Jane M. Alexanian Zauvart Alexanian Anonymous “K” Marie K. Ansourian Memorial Noubar & Anna Ashjian Memorial Haratune & Avedis Avedisian Bedros & Nvat Ayvazian Memorial Aram & Arpine Aznavorian Mem. Osky Balderian Memorial Albert & Tove Boyajian Fred R. & Hazel W. Carstensen Memorial Mr. & Mrs. Levon Cepkinian Armenette A. Christie Memorial Gesaria Compatriotic Benevolent Association
AGBU - October 2013
Dedication to Heritage $ 27,000 50,000 5,000 10,775 42,500 1,220,500 2,000 206,067 11,935 10,000 20,000 35,922 38,000 144,035 10,000 9,855 5,390 2,000,000 1,623,481 70,000 105,000 25,000 55,000 10,000 50,641 6,798 50,000 13,950 20,056 12,000 33,640 57,534 10,000 26,000 60,000 222,636 9,000 14,815 40,000 40,000 315,200 12,850 175,320 5,000 29,094 74,931 20,000 47,579 20,730 130,068 5,000 184,867 335,777 58,096 110,000 13,000 5,000 105,609 5,000
JACK & CAROL MARGOSSIAN donate $20,000 to Camp Nubar
J
ack and Carol Margossian are second generation Armenian Americans who value their heritage. Growing up in New Jersey surrounded by a loving family and the Armenian Church, they always felt close to their community. But it was their summers at AGBU Camp Nubar that cemented their connection for life. They have their parents to thank for that. Each had a different story of coming to or being born in America, but they all shared a love for their culture. Jack’s maternal grandfather, Gulbenk Keshishian, fought in World War I with the U.S. Navy under Admiral Byrd and married a picture bride, Araksi Costanian from Konya, Turkey. Their daughter Vivian, Jack’s mother, was born in New York City in 1923 and married Krikor Margossian (b. 1925 in Jerusalem) in Cyprus, in 1950. The newlyweds started life in New York and then New Jersey and had three children: Jack, Jan and Joyce. Krikor, a master in the darkroom, opened Studio X, a custom photographic printing shop, but his life was cut short tragically by an automobile accident in 1966. Jack would later receive scholarship funding from AGBU to attend Jack & Carol Margossian. college. Carol’s father was Jimmy Melcon (b. Hagop Lulejian in 1912, in Kharpert). His family was spared certain death during the Armenian Genocide because his father Melkon Lulejian—a pharmacist educated at the American School of Medicine in Beirut—had cured the imam of Kharpert of chronic eye disease. Eternally grateful, the imam put a sign on the door of the Lulejian home indicating, “Leave This House Alone.” They survived and were deported to Aleppo in 1922 and sailed to Ellis Island four years later. At first, the Statue of Liberty did not turn out to be the beacon of hope Jimmy had imagined; he was detained for ten months because the quota for Syrian immigrants had been exhausted. Instead, he found a way to Mexico for a year until his father was naturalized. After finally reaching New York, he also chose to become a pharmacist and operated Melcon’s Pharmacy in Hawthorne, New Jersey, for 50 years. He married Queenie Amerkhanian (b. 1921 in Fresno), the daughter of Rupen and Selvi Amerkhanian (survivors from Kars of the 1894-1896 Hamidian Massacres), and they had four children: Carol, James, Charles, and Steven. Jimmy’s story has been archived at Ellis Island and the interview ends with him saying he believes the United States is the greatest country in the world and always wants his children to know that. Carol recalled that many Armenian families never mentioned their horrific experiences during the Genocide, but her father always spoke very openly about it, and that is part of why
she feels such a connection to Armenia and being Armenian. She said, “Jack and I enjoyed being around the Armenian community, but we found a different kind of bond at Camp Nubar—one that blended Armenian and American culture in a special way.” They both went to camp from the late 1960s to the mid 1970s as counselors, though they never attended at the same time. But Camp Nubar was still destined to bring them together—they met some years later at a camp fundraiser and were married in 1984. They feel fortunate that the camp has remained part of their lives. Jack’s two sisters, Jan Herdemian and Joice Ishkanian (and their families), attended for several years, as did Carol’s brother Steven. Over the years, Jack remained involved as a committee member. Their children, Sarah and Ted Partin, surely felt that same connection from an early age—they too went to camp for a decade each, beginning in 1983 (Sarah) and 1984 (Ted). “For many people, friends come and go. Perhaps it’s because they have never spent a summer at Camp Nubar. To say that the bonds formed there last a lifetime is far from an exaggeration. I felt this so deeply at the recent 50th anniversary celebration. Seeing the different generations together made it feel like none of us ever left,” said Ted. Sarah commented, “My grandfather [Jimmy] always told us to be proud of where we came from and to have pride in our culture. The strongest connection I have to my Armenian culture is Camp Nubar. For us, it was like an extension of our family—my parents, their siblings, cousins…everyone went. All the other elements of our Armenian upbringing are important, too, but there was just something about putting together a group of young Armenians in a serene natural landscape—we created our own family.” Sarah remains very involved as the camp committee chair. Today, her children, Armen and Jamie—who are fourth generation Armenian Americans—attend Camp Nubar. When Camp Nubar celebrated its 50th anniversary in July 2013, Jack and Carol made a $20,000 donation toward overall camp improvement. Touching on the inspiration for their generous gift, Carol said, “We feel that camp encourages a sense of Armenian identity better than any other Armenian youth program, and we want that experience for our grandchildren. It is our pleasure to support Camp Nubar as an investment toward its future. It has lovingly nurtured in us and our children the seed of Armenian pride planted by our parents.”
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
USA France USA USA USA
1999 1999 1999
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA France
Dr. & Mrs. Vicken Gulvartian Edouard Yervant Gureghian Kaspar & Kohar Hagopian Family Raymond & Mildred Hagopian Arshavir & Arpik Jagaspanian Memorial Dr. Aram Janigian Memorial Haroutune Kenadjian Memorial Richard & Jane Manoogian Foundation Hagop & Iroula Manuelian Margos, Elizabeth & Andranic Margossian Memorial Serop & Vartoohie Mashikian Memorial Mr. & Mrs. Varto Mazmanian Dr. Diran O. Mikaelian Suzy Minassian Memorial Arthur Musurlian Mr. & Mrs. Edward Nahabet Harry Orbelian Lucy J. Parsek Memorial Mr. & Mrs. Edward Peters Togo Pachaian
1999 1999 1999
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
USA USA USA USA USA
1999 1999
2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
USA USA USA USA USA USA USA
2000 2000 2000
USA USA USA
120,000 25,000 7,838 47,149 5,120 4,523 5,000 2,000 10,000 12,000 111,976
Vera Roopenian Memorial Nubar Sayarman Memorial Leon & Victoria Shaldjian Foundation Minas Shirvanian Memorial Sislian Family Krikor Soghikian Nishan Tamezian Avedis & Loussazine Tcheurekdjian Berj Topjian Memorial Sarkis & Zarouhi Touloukian, Arsine Selian Memorials Astine Vartanian Memorial Haiganoush Agnes & Haig R. Yazijian Memorial Suren, Ara, Tzolak Yeramian Memorial Krikor Youredjian AGBU Friends of Children’s Centers AGBU S. California Youth Programs Mr. & Mrs. Daniel Ajamian Adrienne G. Alexanian Araxie C. Anjoorian Memorial Anonymous “OC” Hoseb & Lilly Arathoon Trust Ardemis, Arpy & Armenoohy Arsenian Memorial Yervantouhi, Khoren & Michael Asdoorian Mr. & Mrs. Jim Avakian Nourhan Balian Ara & Georgette Boyajian Dickran Bozajian Memorial Gosdan Bozajian Kevork Cachaznouni Memorial Aram & Sarkis Chapian Memorial Ara & Valerie Cherchian N. Dedeyan Nazaret & Melanie Demirjian Memorial John & Stella Eshkonian, Krikor & Mariam Eshkonian, Mary Eshkon Magmer Memorial Drs. Garabed & Peter Fattal, Nora Gibbs, Corinne Farrell Loulou Fermanian Memorial Sarkis Gabrellian Memorial Flora & Valarshak Mackertich Galoostian Memorial Murad Guchigian Memorial Kaspar & Kohar Hagopian Family Beatrice A. & Burgess Charles Harpoot Memorial Isabelle Aranosian Hodgson Clara Ignatius Memorial Hagop Daniel Janoyan Memorial Dikranouhi Jernukian Memorial Berj B. Kalaidjian Arpcase Kilerjian Memorial Thomas A. Kooyumjian Family Foundation Bartloff Khosrofian Memorial Novart & Arsen Markarian Mem. John & Paris Minosion Memorial AGBU - October 2013
$ 121,484 53,610 1,892,576 7,095 22,000 25,000 27,000 22,300 29,034 197,718 10,975 1,006,921 360,300 6,224 354,587 69,505 55,422 25,000 10,000 10,000 205,146 79,141 112,199 97,285 2,000 16,123 25,000 25,000 112,633 51,100 47,350 11,205 42,000 50,000 42,519 10,250 10,000 50,000 24,500 55,000 10,000 5,000 10,000 10,400 5,000 7,000 71,842 67,600 348,071 10,267 83,591
51
USA France
52
Noubar & Dikranouhi Mkhsi-Kevorkian Dertad Y. Mooradian Leon A. Najarian Memorial Ohannes & Zabel Najarian Memorial James & Servart (Guregian) Parechanian Memorial Asdine & Barkev Sagatelian Memorial Linda Shahinian
NORMA DER MUGRDECHIAN $ 10,000 25,000 7,500 21,000 55,755 642,086 5,000
AGBU Montreal Educ-Aid Anonymous Armenag Aprahamian Memorial Vartan A. Arkanian Memorial Azniv Arslanian Sarkis & Susan Arzoumanian Mr. & Mrs. Ara Barmakian Norma Der Mugrdechian Memorial Dr. & Mrs. Heratch Doumanian Educational Society of Malatia Seroon Egavian Memorial Paris, Garbis, George & Jerry Essayan, Rose B. Vereen, Agnes B. Solinne Memorial Katherina Ghazarian Memorial Armenak & Iskoohi Andrias Ghoukassian Memorial Toros & Zabelle Gosyan Memorial David M. Horne Memorial Buck Hovsepian Memorial Howard Family Philanthropic Fund Mardo & Seta Kaprealian Sculptor Bruce Sanoian Kueffer Memorial Madeline Manoogian Memorial Andre Manoukian Katherine & Avedis Miridjanian Memorial Hagop J. Nazerian Memorial John & Grace Brady Nicoll Memorial Angelina Ohanian Memorial Arpeen Mangerian Sullivan Jorge Tchinnosian Aspet & Zevart Vartenissian Memorial Christina & Araxie Zorian Mem.
6,540 23,700 143,633 163,929 7,412 10,000 19,000 15,200 25,000 50,403 52,454
AGBU YP Jack & Ani Anserian Yertvart Arzumanyan Memorial Alexan Attarian Memorial Hratchia & Adrine Chamlian Memorial Simon A. Cholakian Memorial Mr. & Mrs. Vartan Hartounian Jeffrey S. Kerbeykian Memorial Boghos Mekhedjian Memorial Maritza Parechanian Mousaian Memorial Narthooe Nahigian Poloshian Memorial George H. Shahbazian Anahid & Kourkin Stepanian Memorial
179,349 32,650 727,171 5,490
AGBU - October 2013
80,744 336,250 10,000 376,563 5,000 775,477 15,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 659,415 36,000 20,215 36,702 5,000 51,434 5,000 512,311 32,632
10,000 115,921 11,000 10,052 7,400 10,200 14,500 4,000 177,054
$15,200 endowment supports AGBU Armenia Children's Centers
I
t was a bright summer day in 1948. Bob Der Mugrdechian was at a church picnic in Fresno when he saw a beautiful young woman named Norma umpiring the baseball game. “I went over and we hit it off just right. I knew her family and felt she had a lot of fine virtues. She was the one,” recalled Bob. Bob was not supposed to be born in Fresno. His father, Anooshavan (b. 1879 in Van, historic Armenia), had planned to settle in Boston. He was a handsome, honorable and intrepid man who survived the 1896 Hamidian Massacres, fought to defend Van, escaped from captivity, was imprisoned twice and shot at, endured solitary confinement and eventually ended up in Urmi, Iran (just past the Turk- Bob & Norma Der Mugrdechian. ish border). There he met a fellow Armenian from Van—a remarkable beauty named Rakel Sahagian— and married her in 1908; he was 29 and she was 16. After the birth of their first child, Lucy, in 1909, they returned to Van, where he was incarcerated for a third time due to his involvement with the Armenian Ramgavar political party. The rival Armenian Tashnag party was making trouble for him, so in 1911 he made a long and perilous journey in near secrecy to Boston to escape death once again. Then came the Armenian Genocide in 1915—the Ramgavars formed a volunteer unit to fight in the Caucasus and Anooshavan was designated its captain. He returned to Eastern Armenia, but the army had begun retreating, so he took Rakel and Lucy to Krasnodar (southern Russia, close to the Black Sea); a second child, Anahid (Anne), was born in 1916. Anooshavan was advised to return to America that same year and made another arduous voyage. From Krasnodar he went to Moscow, traversed across Russia on the Trans-Siberian Railway all the way to Vladivostok and boarded a boat to Japan. He waited there for 40 days and finally set sail on the Pacific Ocean for the two-week journey to San Francisco. He wrote to a friend in Fowler (suburb of Fresno), who insisted that Anooshavan visit him before making the cross-country trip to Boston. Upon arrival, he decided that Fresno would be his new home. He continued working as a Ramgavar organizer, and his party friends each lent him $50 to bring his entire family to Fowler on the condition that his father, Reverend Father Melkeset, would serve as the pastor of the local St. Gregory Armenian Apostolic Church. They were reunited the following year. Anooshavan and Rakel were blessed with a third daughter, Armen, in 1918, and then had three sons—Bob (b. 1920, christened Melkeset Babig), Charles (Vahak, b. 1921) and Barr (Baruer, b. 1926). Anooshavan continued his dedicated involvement in the Armenian community and was the driving force in
the establishment of the AGBU Bowles-Oleander Chapter in Fresno. Bob worked on the family farm from an early age, performing now obsolete jobs: picking figs from the ground by hand and raking hay with a team of horses. After graduating from Fresno Technical High School in 1938, he obtained hard labor jobs, but worked diligently and helped the family buy its first radio and refrigerator, and eventually a 1936 Ford V-8 sedan. By 1941, the United States was starting to draft young men for the war; Bob volunteered for the Army Air Corps. He rose to the rank of Second Lieutenant and graduated from advanced flying school piloting Martin B-26s, ending his military career in Texas as a test pilot for AT-6s in 1945. Three years later, he went to that church picnic with the beautiful umpire. Norma Tavookjian (b. 1928 in Fresno) was the daughter of Garabed and Siranoosh, immigrants from Tokat (north central Turkey) who had five children. She felt the same way about Bob, and they were married by October. Four children would be born into their union of true love: Zaroohi, Van, Bob Jr. and Barlow. Always active in church, civic and cultural life, Bob served as St. Paul Armenian Church Sunday School Superintendent and President of the Federal Toastmasters Club, among many other posts. He was also the AGBU Fresno Chapter Chair and, along with Norma, devoted much time and energy as officers and volunteers at many events. Their youngest child, Barlow, said, “I learned many things from both of my parents, among which are a strong Christian faith, and an appreciation for the Armenian language and culture. They were dedicated to providing the best for their family—a love of education, a commitment to hard work, and participation in community service, both Armenian and non-Armenian. They persevered through difficult times, always overcoming obstacles they faced, steadfast in the midst of challenges.” Zaroohi added, “We just did everything together as a family and were exposed to many learning experiences. They showed great leadership and understanding of what parents are supposed to do.” Norma devoted her life to serving the Armenian Church, AGBU and, of course, her family. As a child, she attended the local Saturday school and became proficient in reading, writing and speaking Armenian. She graduated from California State University, Fresno with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Education, and opened a day care in her home after her children were grown. Norma’s “students,” which also included her grandchildren, were well prepared for kindergarten after spending their early formative years with her. Bob Jr. remembered the special gift his mother had to connect with children and young adults, saying, “They kept her youthful in appearance and manner. Our mother was very selfless and generous, and spent her entire life giving to others.” Norma’s energy and talents—as a teacher, cook, runner and more—had no limits. She taught Sunday school at St. Paul Armenian Church for over 50 years, language classes at the AGBU Armenian Evening School and Armenian cooking classes at California State University, Fresno and elsewhere. Norma was an avid runner and ran the Big Fresno Fair marathons, winning numerous trophies and medals. She loved gardening and pets, most notably her pot-bellied pig, Shooshig. In an environment of assimilation, Norma ensured that her children, and their children, carried on their heritage: Zaroohi is currently the AGBU Fresno chair and principal of the Charlie Keyan Armenian Community School. Van is Superintendent of the St. Paul Sunday School and a deacon. Bob Jr. is active in the community, as are all her grandchildren. Barlow, also a deacon, is Professor and Coordinator of the Armenian Studies Program at California State University, Fresno,
and said, “I feel that I am part of the rich history of the Armenians, and that my family, as other Armenian families, has strived to maintain the Armenian culture, even here in the Diaspora. I want to continue that tradition and that legacy by teaching others about Armenian culture.” He said, “AGBU has played a major role in my family, on both my parents’ sides. My grandparents and parents were always actively involved and believed strongly in its principles.” Given Norma’s immense love for children and her devotion to AGBU and her Armenian heritage, Bob knew that the best way to honor her memory when she died in 1999 would be to establish an endowment benefitting the AGBU Children’s Centers in Yerevan, which currently totals $15,200. NOTE: Bob Der Mugrdechian published his father’s memoirs in 1995 under the title, Anooshavan: The Intrepid Survivor, with a foreword by Barlow Der Mugrdechian.
2002 2002
Vartkes & Berjouhi Tamzarian Bishop Papken Varjabedian Memorial Jacqueline Yedibalian Victor Zarougian & Judith A. Saryan
$ 50,000 60,033 5,000 109,050
Marie-Louise Le Roy Agabekian 2,135,643 AGBU Friends of Armenia Education 82,102 Souren Aghajanian Memorial 3,919 Anonymous “AK”, NY 3,000 Nevart Balekjian Memorial 10,000 Raffi H. & Zela K. Balouzian 18,500 Bart G. Baron 2,250 Zadour Berberian 44,555 Arshalouys Chakrian Memorial 10,000 Enkrid Chemkerten 3,560 Chomaklou Compatriotic Society, Inc. 60,000 Simone Djarikian 179,414 Leah Garabedian Memorial 25,000 Paul & Rose Hachigian 100,380 Hairapetian & Hairapetian 50,000 Dr. Leo Hamalian Memorial 6,075 Armen & Gloria Hampar Family 55,000 Arsen B. Haroutunian Memorial 5,000 Mardiros Iskenderian Memorial 20,045 Puzant Jeryan Memorial 6,241,428 George V. & Aznive Kaplan Mem. 20,000 Roupen & Vergine Karakhanian Memorial 26,000 Krikor & Nevart Kiladjian Memorial 2,215 Harry & Suzanne Mangoian 11,566 George Mekjian 20,000 Karekin Melidonian Memorial 10,530 Mike Partayan 144,000 Mugerditch & Marie Selvian Mem. 25,000 Stephan Ter-Poghossian Memorial 30,000 Peter G. & Elizabeth Torosian Foundation 10,000 Drs. Yervant & Rita Zorian 11,500 AGBU District Committee of France AGBU - October 2013
103,504
USA USA USA
54
Haiganoosh Mengushian Ajemian Memorial $ 594,333 Dorothy B. Avakian 20,000 Ohannes & Veron Aznavoorian Memorial 11,000 John Basmajian Memorial 357,888 Parsegh Balekdjian 107,220 Carl B. & Gladys L. Dockmejian Memorial 97,998 Greta M. & Drs. John H. & Leo R. Doumanian 8,000 George & Mary Esajian Memorial 10,000 Krikor & Aghavni Geogerian Memorial 5,000 Raffi George Memorial 13,000 B. Hekimian & Melkonian Memorial 137,000 Kirkor Imirzian Memorial 7.595 Roy G. Kelegian Memorial 5,995 Richard R. Markarian Memorial 100,000 Andon & Vartanoush Noraian Memorial 5,000 Vicki, Gary & Nora Noraian 5,000 Garnik & Hilda Ohanian 9,500 Mary Mangerian Onanian & George Mangerian Memorials 70,000 Mary Mangerian Onanian Mem. 91,597 Hampartzum & Turvanda Kurkjian Parechanian Memorial 5,555 Sahin Satin 30,157 Olympia Jamgochian Shahbaz Memorial 5,000 Anahid & Tony Diran Tevrizian Memorial 60,060 Earl & Charlotte Van Hise, Albert French Memorial 12,500 Daniff Yazijian Memorial 32,794
2005
2006 2006 2006 2006 2006
USA USA France USA USA
Rose Agajan Memorial 10,200 AGBU Friends of Armenia & Karabakh 50,288 Anonymous “AM” 351,858 Anonymous “A&T” 10,000 Anonymous “BG” 100,000 John & Rose Apalakian Memorial 16,363 Paul & Grace Arslanian Memorial 104,815 Ervand & Dshkhui Arutunian Memorial 50,000 Helen Arutunian Memorial 50,000 Kazaros Arutunian & Nina Kazaroff Memorial 50,000 Sevan Aslanyan 6,000 Alexander Jirayr & Isabella Lori Balikian 5,575 Ari Balouzian 11,950 Shoghig Bardakjian Memorial 27,265 Harold R. & Betty G. Battersby 25,000 Jeffrey Stephen & Karen Shahbazian Berliner 5,250 Haig Milton Boyajohn & Frances Boyajohn Cuniberti Family Memorial 1,084,366 Karekin & Arousiag Demirjian Memorial 5,000 Louise Doumanian Memorial 10,000 Armen, Ann & Arden Giligian 31,612 John & Bessie Kazanjian Guregian & Gerald Guregian Memorial 13,161
2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006
USA USA USA France USA USA USA
2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006
USA USA USA USA USA USA USA
2006
2008 2008 2008
2008
France AGBU France 500,000 Switzerland Anonymous “HN” 1,352,228 USA AGBU Focus 2007 NYSIP Scholarship 55,000 USA Margaret Ajemian Ahnert 37,000 USA Michael & Rose Assarian 5,000 USA Garo & Margaret Gazurian Memorial 7,418 USA Green & Gedigian Family 10,000 USA Florence Lee Hampartz Memorial 27,212 France Chavarche Aida & Andre Hartounians Memorial 5,492,989 Turkey Kalfayan Orphanage Foundation 254,693 Canada Delemak & Eugenie Kurkjian Memorial 811,223 USA Hovanes Lalikian Memorial 10,100 USA Toros & Gacia Mangassarian 136,000 USA Donald S. & Carolyn C. Michaelian 5,750 USA Ned J. & Corinne Parsekian & Family 9,000 USA Nishan & Lucy Paul Memorial 91,750 France Onnig Torossian Memorial 494,000 USA Dr. Nubar & Ida Sethian 10,000 USA Agnes Tarpinian Memorial 10,627 USA Carnig & Virginia Tususian Memorial 50,000 France Helena & Mikael Yadegaroff 408,133
2009 2009 2009 2009
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
USA Canada USA USA USA USA USA
2009
H. Hrant & Alidz Agbabian
$ 195,811 25,000 10,000 29,000 14,780 40,450 29,394 25,300 5,000 212,866 25,000 51,973
AAIC Endowment Fund 2,000,000 AGBU Nork Children’s Center 110,067 Mr. & Mrs. Manoog Altoonjian Memorial 213,041 George & Sybille Aprahamian 25,000 Maral Ani Avakian Memorial 6,570 Tokmun & Lucy Bakalian, Leo & Elaine Bakalian Memorial 136,271 Hasmig Barsoumian 18,855 Elise Basmadjian 55,000 Takoohie (Queenie) J. & Delemak A. Basmajian Memorial 12,780 Gordon & Virginia (Kazanjian) Bedrosian & Kazanjian Families Memorial 35,644 Viken & Nora Bedrossian 12,000 Joseph Chalmers Memorial 13,217 Ohannes Donelian 38,132 Ethel J. Duffett Memorial 399,600 Haton & Hachadoor Erganian Family 123,033 Daniel Janeves Memorial 179,500 Peter & Clare G. Kalustian 7,950 Ashot Kazaroff Memorial 50,000 Keuleyan/Miguian 267,799 Berdj & Margaret Kiladjian 13,000 Jerry Kouyoumjian Memorial 2,535,113 The Harry T. Mangurian, Jr. Foundation 360,000 Berj & Lusine Mikaelian 7,025 Ann Mooradian Memorial 830,237 Mullian Family Memorial 6,043,067 Robert M. Nalbandian Memorial 6,100 Joseph & Jenny Oughourlian 62,500 Varsenig Z. Pasternak Memorial 523,537 Armine Simon & Hagop Elmayan Memorials 5,000 Meguerditch Miguel Tchavouchian Memorial 20,000 Artin & Yeghisapet Toorinjian Memorial 10,000 Turpanjian Family 250,000 Harry Zekian Memorial 8,000 Z. Paul & Sonia Akian Anais Bagdassarian Sarkis Chakardjian Dr. Peter H. Darpin & Joachim K. Yesek Arsen & Varteni Diran Family Memorial
10,000 81,332 117,600
2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
George Hovanesian Memorial Garo Hussenjian Memorial Dikran & Marie Iskenderian George Manavian Memorial Haik Mangerian Memorial Oscar & Irene Mazmanian Memorial Gerald McKay Sukias N. & Haigouhi Mooradian Memorial Berge & Evelyn Papazian Anahid Ann Pridjian Memorial Michel Khandjian Sabbagh Shnorhig (Grace) Tahmazian Memorial Hratch & Suzanne Toufayan Gary & Nina Turpanjian
$ 10,000 11,500 6,900 17,500 5,656 10,000 12,250 10,000 16,300 90,000 36,750 569,408 978,525 10,750
50,000
2010 2010 2010 2010
USA USA USA USA
Puzant & Zartouhi Ajemian Memorial Dr. Ellie Andreassian Harry Haroutioun Artinian Memorial Yervant & Seran Shamlian Bajakian Memorial Haig Barigian Albert & Terry Bezjian Ohaness Dellakian Memorial Levon & Angele Dermenjian Memorial Robert K. & Agnes Devejian Memorial Helen Hajinian Memorial Jerry Jemelyan Memorial Carl B. Melikian Memorial John & Patricia W. Merchant Memorial Anthony Mooradian Memorial Agnes Odjakjian Memorial Margaret Ohanian Memorial Stephan Tatusian
2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011
Switzerland USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA
Anonymous “PAP” Walter V. Abbey Memorial Dr. Gerard Balakian Memorial Rose Eliazarian Memorial Lucia Kalfaian Family Hratch & Carolyn Kouyoumdjian Mary M. Mast Memorial Alice & Stefan Ourlian Harry S. Sarkisian Memorial Haig & Nounia Sirooni Memorial Ani Vapurciyan Memorial Giragos Vapurciyan Memorial
801,070 215,770 50,000 12,000 100,000 30,000 179,025 15,100 12,477 279,116 236,387 709,161
2012 2012 2012
2013 2013
USA USA
$ 15,000 9,515 100,500 10,000 74,596 5,000 10,000 15,000 700,000 12,149 27,745 35,646 20,000 3,000 10,000 115,591 14,000
11,260 69,016 5,000 17,212 17,280 50,000 46,336 47,154 50,000 24,419 786,196
Gladys Z. Ashjian Memorial 947,277 Khosrov & Siranoosh Dabbaghian Memorial 25,000 Peter Kayajanian Memorial 100,000 Shmavon & Seranoosh Manoogian Memorial 28,000 Haroutioun Nerses Ohanian Memorial 70,000 Aram A. & Luz Papasian Memorial 1,442,542 Vera & Berge Setrakian 50,000 Adrienne Simonian Memorial 12,362
AGBU - October 2013
55
AGBU - New England District, USA. 2012-2013 M/M Nazar Nazarian-Nazarian Family Foundation, Inc.$10,000 Dr/M Jirayr Balikian 7,000 Joyce Kolligian 5,950 Noubar & Anna Afeyan Foundation 5,000 Carolyn Mugar 5,000 M/M Raffi Festekjian 3,500 A&A Industries, Inc. - Aurelian and Anahid Mardiros 2,500 Dr/M Berdj Kiladjian 2,500 M/M Ara Balikian 2,000 Knights of Vartan Ararat Lodge 1,750 Dr/M Nishan Goudsouzian 1,500 M/M Harry Parsekian 1,500
Chake & Salpie Tokadjian Harry Glorikian & Katrina Menzigian Dr/M Philip Balikian Belmont Savings Bank M/M Michael Boodakian Nishan & Margrit Atinizian Family Foundation
1,500
Anonymous, 500; Dr. Osep Armagon, 500; Dr. Richard V. Balikian, 500; Dr/M Zareh Demirjian, 500; M/M Edward Juskalian, 500; M/M Peter Onanian, 500; State Street 1,200 Corporation, 500; M/M Raffi Yeghiayan, 500; M/M Hagop Ucucian, 350; Martin S. 1,000 Madancy, 300; M/M Charlie Minasian, 300; Paul Boghosian, 250; Dr. Alicia Demir1,000 jian, 250; Talinn Demirjian, 250; Alik Eleyjian, 250; Karen Oganezov and Gayne 1,000 Goltukhchyan, 250; M/M Richard O'Reilly, 250; Marianne M. Papoyans, 250; William Aznavourian, 200; M/M Nageeb Diarbakerly, 200; Sarven Ipek, 200; Dr/M 1,000 Kevork Keshishian, 200; Lilith Kibarian, 200; Ozcan Jewelers, Inc., 200; Dr/M Aram Demirjian, 150; M/M Antranik Aghdamlian, 100; Paul Airasian, 100; M/M Nigoghos Atinizian, 100; Vasken K. Babigian, 100; Anoush Balian, 100; Dr. Ernest M. Barsamian, 100; M/M Jack Bejakian, 100; M/M John Davagian, 100; M/M Haig Deranian, 100; Dr/M Shahe Fereshetian, 100; M/M Setrag Iskandarian, 100; Justin St. James, 100; Gregory J. Kechejian, 100; M/M Levon Kurkjian, 100; M/M William Martin, 100; Helen V. Mosesian, 100; M/M Nelson Stepanian, 100; Arlen Avakian, 50; Dr. Lucy Der Manuelian, 50; Silva Lorensian, 50; McLane, Graf, Raulerson & Middleton, PA, 50; Harding M. Ounanian, 50; J.J. Donovan, 25; George W. Haroutunian, 25; Catherine Bazarian, 20; Dorothea S. Piranian, 20.
TOTAL $64,990
The list of donations below was inadvertently omitted from the last issue of AGBU News Magazine. We apologize for the omission.
$51-$99
Mike Afarian, Canada, 99; Lucy Buchkazanian, Canada, 99; Levon Camgozlu, Canada, 99; Rita Chemilian, Canada, 99; M/M Hampar Davidian, Canada, 99; Lora Garabedian, Canada, 99; Alice Gulesserian, Canada, 99; Zohrab Kazandjian, Canada, 99; Dennis W. Kizerian, AZ, 99; Hasmik Kurdian, Canada, 99; Nyree Nalbandian, Canada, 99; Murat Parnakoglu, Canada, 99; Robert Semerdjian, Canada, 99; Verginie Shemavonian, Canada, 99; Arshavir Telliyan, Canada, 99; Mihran Yegavian, Canada, 99; Nancy Nadya Hamparian, Canada, 98; John Atmajian, CA, 95; Adolf Vartanian, CA, 90; Renita Esayian, PA, 88; M/M Lazarus M. Surabian, MI, 88; M/M Jack Arisian, CT, 85; Ceda Cocking, Canada, 80; Hi Star Auto Center LLC, NV, 80; Harry M. Manoogian, MA, 80; Marguerite Tarjan, NY, 80; Dikran Tascioglu, CA, 80; Dikran Aprahamian, Canada, 76; Jirayr Tutunjian, Canada, 76; Arpcase Kilerjian Estate, MA, 76; Andranik Arzumanian, CA, 76; H. Aharonian, NY, 75; Laura Akgulian, DC, 75; Tom Amerian, CA, 75; Anonymous "KJ", NY, 75; Anonymous "GN", CA, 75; M/M Van Aroian, MA, 75; Daniel Asadoorian, NC, 75; M/M Edward Asadorian, IL, 75; Alis Asadurian, DC, 75; Leona Asher, MI, 75; Peter Bebirian, NH, 75; Jean Bedrosian, MA, 75; Raffi R. Berberian, MA, 75; Mark Bohigian, CA, 75; Jack Derovanesian, FL, 75; Jeremiah J. Donovan, MA, 75; M/M Edward A. Essayan, FL, 75; George Fattal, CA, 75; M/M Levon Ganajian, AZ, 75; Adrineh Toroosian Hanzel, CA, 75; Diane Hirst, NH, 75; Richard Kachadurian, FL, 75; Shahan Kavafian, MI, 75; M/M Wahan Koshkerian, CA, 75; Sarah Kramedjian, NJ, 75; M/M Garabed Melkonian, IL, 75; Bertha Mugurdichian, RI, 75; Steven Noroian, MA, 75; George Samuelian, IL, 75; M/M Harry Saroyan, CA, 75; Noune Sarvazyan, TX, 75; Rose Sherestanian, RI, 75; Leo M. Stepanian, II, PA, 75; M/M Khatchig K. Tashjian, CA, 75; M/M Gary Tavitian, MA, 75; Mary A. Tutunjian, NJ, 75; George Yazejian, CA, 75; M/M George Yogurtian, CA, 75; M/M Nicholas P. Alexanian, MA, 70; Lou Aronian, CA, 70; Kachadour Avedisian, RI, 70; James H. Kuzirian, KY, 70; Harry E. Mamassian, MI, 70; Millis, MA High School's Class of 1942, MA, 70; Annette C. Nurnberger, NJ, 70; Victor Papakhian, MI, 70; Zella Bridi, Lebanon, $67; M/M Charles Bourghol, NY, 65; Louise Hadidian, CA, 65; M/M Albert M. Hovnanian, CT, 65; M/M Berc Ketli, RI, 65; IBM Employee Services Center, NY, 64; Oksen E. Babakhanian, CA, 60; M/M Michael G. Casey, MA, 60; Leonard Dadukian, CT, 60; James G. Davis, NC, 60; Lucy Kalajyan, CA, 60; Alice Karabian, PA, 60; M/M Arthur Kashian, WI, 60; Ron Krikorian, CA, 60; Stan Panosian, NY, 60; Martha Pashoian, MA, 60; M/M Kenneth Sarajian, NJ, 60; M/M Hermes Shahbazian, WA, 60; Gary P. Snoonian, MA, 60; Dr/M John A. C. Greppin, OH, 55; John E. Martin, CA, 55; Aram Serverian, AZ, 55; Meher Babian, CA, 51.
IRA Charitable Rollover is back...but only until the end of 2013. If you are age 701/2 or older, as much as $100,000 can be transferred from an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) directly to AGBU without counting the transfer as taxable income. With the IRA Charitable Rollover deadline extended through to the end of 2013, donating a portion of your IRA is a tax-smart way of investing in AGBU. Whatever the amount, your contribution will provide critical support to AGBU's educational and humanitarian programs. Please speak with your financial advisor or attorney for more details. 56
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COMPANIES MATCHING AGBU DONOR GIFTS 3Com Corporation All State Giving Campaign American Express Charitable Fund American Securities Ameritech Foundation Angus Chemical Company Art Technology Group Bank Boston Bank Of The West Beckman Coulter Foundation Boeing Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, Inc. Chevron Humankind Christie's Chubb Life America Citicorp Foundation Computer Associates International, Inc. Cooper Industries Foundation Dain Rauscher Foundation Deutsche Bank Americas Foundation Digital Equipment Corporation Eaton Vance Management eBay Matching Gift Program ExxonMobil Foundation FactSet Research Systems Inc. Fannie Mae Foundation Federated Department Stores Foundation Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund Fifth Pacific Foundation Gap Foundation Gift Match Program Good Search Google Matching Gift Program Houghton Mifflin JP Morgan Chase Foundation Jefferson-Pilot Corporation John Hancock Insurance Company Johnson & Johnson Just Give Levi Strauss Foundation Lilly Endowment Inc. Liz Claiborne Foundation Lyondell Chemical Company McDonnell Douglas Foundation
Merck Partnership for Giving Merrill Lynch & Co. Foundation, Inc. Microsoft Matching Gifts Program Morgan Stanley Morris Alper, Inc. Motorola Foundation Nestlé Newsweek Northrop Grumman Nuveen Investments Oracle Corporation Pearson Inc. Pfizer Foundation Matching Gifts Program Polaroid Foundation Qualcomm Charitable Foundation Radian Group Inc. Soros Fund Charitable Foundation State Street Foundation, Inc. Sun Microsystems, Inc. The Arthur J. Gallagher Foundation The Bank of America Foundation The Capital Group Cos. Charitable Fnd. The Ford Foundation The GE Foundation The Home Depot Foundation The May Department Stores Company Fnd. The McGraw-Hill Companies The Millipore Foundation The Nixon Company Inc. The Prudential Foundation Matching Gifts The Times Mirror Foundation Transamerica Foundation UBS Matching Gift Program Unilever United States Foundation, Inc. Union Bank of California Foundation United Technologies U.S. Bancorp Foundation Verizon Foundation WellPoint Foundation William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Winston & Strawn Foundation Yahoo!
PAYROLL DEDUCTION COMPANIES All State Giving Campaign America's Charities American Express Company Employee Giving Program Bergen County United Way Constellation Energy Group Employee Fund Edison International IBM Employee Services Center Johnson & Johnson JP Morgan Chase & Co. Just Give Macy’s West G.I.F.T. Merck Partnership for Giving Microsoft Morgan Stanley Nestlé Network for Good Pfizer Foundation Rockwell Collins Employees United Fund TRUIST/Deloitte United Way United Way California Capital Region United Way of Bergen County United Way of Central Maryland United Way of Chester County United Way of Delaware United Way of Eastern Fairfield County United Way of Greater Los Angeles United Way of Greater Philadelphia & SNJ United Way of New York City United Way of Orange County United Way of Santa Clara United Way of Southeastern Pennsylvania United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania United Way of Tri-State United Way/UNO WellPoint Foundation Wells Fargo Community Support Campaign Woodland United Way World Reach, Inc. Yahoo!
DOUBLE OR TRIPLE THE IMPACT OF YOUR GIFT Over 15,000 companies match employee donations. Does yours? Many companies match the charitable contributions of their employees, employees' spouses, retirees and board members. Your employer may also have a volunteer grant program providing donations in recognition of its employees' volunteer work. Visit our HR department for more information. To find out if your employer is a matching gift company, search online at: www1.matchinggifts.com/agbu. Increase the impact of your gift today!
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IN MEMORIAM
EDOUARD JAKHIAN AGBU mourned the passing of former AGBU Central Board of Directors Member Edouard Jakhian on May 21, 2013, in Brussels, Belgium. He was 78 years old. Jakhian served on the Board from 1996 to 2004. Dedicated to his Armenian heritage, Jakhian was the honorary president of the Armenian Community of Belgium, president of the Association for the Armenian Church in Belgium and former president of the Nubar Pasha Foundation. He was also the president of the Bernheim Foundation and President of the Bar Association of Brussels. As legal counsel for the Belgian government, for over 20 years he defended the interests of Belgium before the European Convention on Human Rights in Strasbourg Court. He will be remembered with fondness as a devoted member of the AGBU Central Board and one of the most prominent members of the Armenian community in Belgium, as well as a relentless and eloquent advocate of the Armenian cause. Jakhian is survived by his wife Sylvie and two children GrĂŠgoire and Isabelle.
TRIBUTE FROM AGBU PRESIDENT We will always remember Edouard Jakhian as a committed Armenian, a devoted community leader, a caring husband and father, a prominent lawyer and a sincere friend concerned by the plight of other people. Personally, I will always remember his keynote speech at the AGBU General Assembly in Athens in 1994. He elegantly compared AGBU to a spoon which feeds the needy, the oppressed, the community and the nation. He always addressed an audience with artful eloquence, knowing how to touch people’s hearts and minds. I had the pleasure of first meeting Edouard in the 1970s, and had the privilege of maintaining a personal friendship with him through the years. He was a wonderful travel companion. We often shared many common concerns about the future of our nation. That thoughtful nature and care for others shall mark his legacy, one that makes his wife and his children very proud. He will always be remembered for his good deeds and vigorous spirit, and as one of the leading Diasporan visionaries in modern times.
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AGBU HIGHLIGHTS A LIFETIME OF PHILANTHROPY Nazar & Artemis Nazarian Honored at Plaza Hotel
The Nazarian family: (Standing): Dr. Levon Nazarian, Nicholas Nazarian, Seta Nazarian, William Nazarian, Gregory Nazarian. (Seated): Claudia Nazarian, Artemis Nazarian, Nazar Nazarian, Daniela Nazarian.
A Lifetime of Philanthropy was the theme for the gala banquet at New York’s Plaza Hotel in honor of Nazar and Artemis Nazarian of New Jersey for their decades of service and generosity to the Armenian nation at large. Close to 400 people applauded as His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians, bestowed upon them the Knight of Holy Etchmiadzin Pontifical Medal—the highest honor of the Armenian Church. “The Nazarians exemplify the Armenian treasures of family, nation and church,” said the Catholicos. “[They] were able to see their dream of a free and independent Armenia come true. Armenia progresses through the kind work of our people. Let God’s blessings always be on us and on the Nazarians, and may they continue their kind service to Armenia.” Sponsored by AGBU and the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern), the evening brought together dignitaries, AGBU and Diocesan leadership, Nazarian family members, major donors and friends. Special guests included Vice Prime Minister of Armenia Armen Gevorgyan; United Nations Security Council Director Dr. Movses Abelian; Armenian Ambassador to the United States Tatoul Markarian; Ambassador Garen Nazarian, Permanent Representative of Armenia to the U.N; U.S. Congressman Frank Pallone, the co-chair of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian issues; AGBU President Berge Setrakian; Archbishop Vicken Aykazian, the Diocesan Legate in Washington, D.C.; Archbishop Yeghishe Gizirian; and Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern). In her welcome address, Gala Banquet Chair Nila Festekjian underscored how the Nazarians are a loved, cherished and respected couple among all, and Archbishop Barsamian noted that “Nazar and Artemis are influential forces in the worldwide Armenian community, whose ethic of philanthropy has inspired our homeland to grow in the educational, cultural, national and spiritual fields.” AGBU Treasurer and Master of Ceremonies Yervant Demirjian introduced the Nazarians’ children— Levon and Seta—to share the lessons they had learned over the years.
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Seta Nazarian, a philanthropist, recollected two important adages— one from each of her parents. From her mother, she shared this: “We are blessed with many gifts. Share them.” She also recalled one from her father: “Our focus is not on ourselves, but on the needs of others.” She added, “If we follow my parents’ example, our community, church and culture will not only survive…we will thrive.” Dr. Levon Nazarian, a respected radiologist and academic, presented a more humorous side of his parents with anecdotes from his upbringing. He also portrayed a loving image of his mother as “kind, trusting and generous; a philanthropist, patron Primate of the Diocese of the Armenian Church of the arts, caring wife, mother and of America (Eastern) Khajag Barsamian, Dr. grandmother.” Levon Nazarian, Seta Nazarian, honoree Nazar Nazarian, His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of A brief film screening All Armenians, and honoree Artemis Nazarian. presented vignettes of the honorees’ life together, as recounted by Nazarian family members and friends, including the couple’s five grandchildren: William, Nicholas, Matthew, Daniela, and Gregory. Musical interludes during the evening included performances by a string quartet. In addition, Armenia’s Vice Prime Minister Armen Gevorgyan read a message of appreciation from Armenia’s President Serzh Sargsyan, thanking them for their service and contributions to Armenia and Artsakh. With an unwavering commitment to diasporan Armenian communities, Nazar and Artemis Nazarian’s countless acts of benevolence include the AGBU Levon G. Nazarian Elementary School in Beirut; the AGBU Noubar Nazarian Building, which houses the Armenian Embassy in Beirut; the AGBU Artemis Nazarian Preschool in Canoga Park, California; Yerevan State Medical University’s Levon and Claudia Nazarian Radiology Center; and the new AGBU Yerevan Center, currently under construction in Armenia. Additional beneficiaries of their generosity are AGBU Camp Nubar and countless AGBU academic scholarships. With equal devotion to the Armenian Church, Nazar and Artemis have upheld Christian virtues of charity and faithful leadership, always loyal to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. They undertook the funding for the construction of the chancellery at Holy Etchmiadzin, which houses the administrative offices and the secretariat. In 2001, in anticipation of the 1700th anniversary of Armenia’s conversion to Christianity, they sponsored the construction of the Drtad Chapel of the St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral in Yerevan. Decades ago, Nazar was one of the godfathers of St. Vartan Cathedral in New York City and co-Chair of the St. Thomas Church building committee in New Jersey. The couple AGBU President Berge Setrakian, Artemis continues to support major religious projects, including St. Nersess Nazarian, Vera Setrakian, Nazar Nazarian. Armenian Seminary in New York.
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AGBU Treasurer and Master of Ceremonies Yervant Demirjian.
AGBU President Berge Setrakian, His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians, AGBU Vice President Sam Simonian, Sylva Simonian, and Armenia’s Vice Prime Minister Armen Gevorgyan.
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AGBU HIGHLIGHTS BEIRUT, LEBANON LEVON G. NAZARIAN SCHOOL 50TH ANNIVERSARY
AGBU President Berge Setrakian, who has served on the AGBU Central Board of Directors with Nazar Nazarian for 35 years, spoke with high praise about the Nazarian family spirit. “They give with humility and dignity,” said Setrakian in his tributary remarks. “They are heroes and role models, who symbolize the best traits of the AGBU founders…I have seen very few individuals who care as much about AGBU, the Armenian Church, and the Armenian nation as Nazar and Artemis.” Nazar Nazarian served on the AGBU Central Board of Directors from 1978 to 2007 as a member, treasurer and vice president. Since then, he remains a member of the Council of Trustees, ever committed to AGBU.
Congressman Frank Pallone, Jr. (NJ-06) (seated center) with AGBU donors and friends of the Nazarian family.
His Excellency Garen Nazarian, Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations, AGBU Council of Trustees member Sarkis Demirdjian and Seta Demirdjian.
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Family Honored for Tradition of Giving
Nazarian tribute banquet committee. (Standing): Maral Hajjar, Seta Nazarian, Claudia Nazarian, Maral Jebejian, Anita Anserian, Ruby Gulian, Sossy Setrakian and Hilda Hartounian. (Seated): Vesna Markarian, Betty Cherkezian, Nila Festekjian (Chair), Ani Kasparian, Kristine Casali and Lynn Beylerian. (Not pictured): Sandra Balouzian, Arda Haratunian, Lynn Jamie, Ani Manoukian and Alice Yigitkurt.
Over the past 50 years, the Levon G. Nazarian School in Beirut, Lebanon, has stood as a safe and nurturing educational environment and played a substantial role in the fulfillment of AGBU’s mission, cultivating a sense of identity and awareness of national heritage. Hundreds of dignitaries, benefactors, alumni, students and friends, as well as devoted faculty and staff, gathered at the AGBU Demirdjian Center in Antelias, Lebanon, to celebrate the school’s milestone anniversary. Guests included members of the Nazarian family including Vera Nazarian Lebanese MP Arthur Nazarian, AGBU Lebanon District Chairman Setrakian, daughter of benefactor Noubar Nazarian and wife of AGBU Gerard Tufenkjian, Lara Setrakian, Tamar Nazarian, Michele Nazarian, President Berge Setrakian, who travelled from the United States particularly Sonia Krouchian, Vera Setrakian, Levon Nazarian, AGBU Lebanon for the occasion, and their daughter Lara Setrakian, co-founder and executive Education Committee Chair Silva Libaridian and AGBU Lebanon Schools Principal Ara Vasilian. editor of News Deeply. The children of benefactor Garbis Nazarian of Lebanon also attended—Lebanese Parliament member Arthur Nazarian and his wife Tamar, Levon Nazarian (USA) and Sonia Nazarian Krouchian (USA)—as did his grandson Gary Nazarian and his wife Michele. Dignitaries and AGBU officials present at AGBU Lebanon the gala that followed included Armenia’s District Chair Ambassador to Lebanon Ashot Kocharyan, Gerard Lebanon’s Industry Minister Vrej Sabounjian, Tufenkjian, Lebanese Parliament Members Jean Lebanon’s Oghassapian and Shant Chinchinian, AGBU Minister of Industry Vrej Lebanon District Chair Gerard Tufenkjian and Sabounjian, his wife Pascale, as well as AGBU Education Levon Nazarian, Director Artoun Hamalian, from New York. former AGBU Remarks by AGBU Lebanon Lebanon District Education Committee Chair and District Chair Avedis Secretary Silva Libaridian paid tribute to Demirdjan and founders Satenig Nazarian and her three Lebanese sons—Garbis, Noubar and Nazar—for MP Jean fulfilling the vision and legacy of husband and Oghassapian. father Levon G. Nazarian. An artistic program featured performances by school alumni. As a token of remembrance, Tufenkjian and Libaridian presented Levon Nazarian, Vera Nazarian Setrakian and Lara Setrakian with commemorative souvenirs made by Lebanese Armenian sculptor Raffi Tokatlian. Additionally, a short film screening, prepared by AGBU Lebanon Schools Principal Ara Vasilian, provided a glimpse into the life of an institution that today boasts over 1,500 graduates. “In order to fully understand the significance of the founding of the AGBU Nazarian School in 1962, we have to remember that it was the product of AGBU’s progressive educational work in the then-flourishing communities of Syria and Lebanon,” said AGBU President Berge Setrakian in a written message, highlighting the importance of Levon G. Nazarian’s wish of founding a school under the patronage of AGBU. Benefactor Nazar Nazarian of New Jersey, son of the school’s namesake, sent a commemorative message indicating, “I rejoice, and am also moved this house erected in memory of my father and my mother has already turned 50, and that for fifty continuous years the Nazarian School has served the children in our birth nation of Lebanon in the best possible way, justifying the national mission with which it has been entrusted.” Members of the AGBU Lebanon Education Committee, Vasken Ayvazian, Aida Yanikian, Lisa Telvizian, Sylva Libaridian (Chair), Cynthia Mendilian and Mike Giritian.
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AGBU CAMP NUBAR NEW YORK, NEW YORK CAMP NUBAR MARKS 50 YEARS $400,000 Raised at Anniversary Weekend Generations of AGBU Camp Nubar alumni and supporters gathered in New York this July to celebrate the camp’s 50th anniversary. The weekend of events marked the close of a year of fundraising and special activities that generated a record $400,000, ensuring that countless youth will enjoy Camp Nubar for years to come. Over 600 guests travelled from as far as Canada, Holland, Switzerland and several U.S. cities to attend both the festive reunion gala in New York City and the traditional Open House day at Camp Nubar. Upon the launch of the 50th anniversary fundraising campaign, an anonymous pledge was made to match the first $100,000 raised. Donations of every size came in steadily with an outpouring of support alumni, Alumni from the first years of Camp Nubar parents and friends. Sarah Partin, at the reunion. Camp Nubar Committee Chair, took time during the Friday night program
Dr. Barry Halejian, Camp Nubar alumnus.
Global alumni gather to
celebrate the milestone to graciously thank the countless anniversary. donors and revealed that longtime AGBU benefactors Nazar and Artemis Nazarian were responsible for the anonymous matching gift. Their donation will be used to establish an endowment for Camp Nubar’s Nazarian Center. AGBU President Berge Setrakian and his wife Vera, present that evening, also established an endowment of $50,000 to maintain the Director’s Cabin, which was rebuilt with their funding in 1999. The endowments were among the many significant contributions to Camp Nubar this year. Additional donations from the Toufayan, Apelian and Margossian families will help ensure that Armenian youth will continue to benefit from a truly priceless experience. (See AGBU Donor Section for stories on these families).
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The reunion evening was made all the more vibrant with a replica of the Camp Nubar Buddy Board, a mainstay at Lake Arax for decades, welcoming guests at the door. The genial spirit conveyed by Masters of Ceremony, Armen Mirakian and Greg Yazujian (both campers and head counselors in the late 1970s and early 1980s) set the tone for the evening. They encouraged everyone to wear Masters of Ceremony Armen their “buddy tags,” led the crowd in favorite camp songs, Mirakian and Greg Yazujian. presented slideshows, and introduced the alumni speakers— Sarah Partin, Dr. Barry Halejian and Christina Lalama. AGBU President Berge Setrakian, addressed the crowd that evening stating, “The world can change, but the pleasure of being at camp will always be there. That is why AGBU stands behind Camp Nubar and each of our camps around the world with this philosophy: that by strengthening the character of all youth at camp, we will create good citizens of the world.” The special 50th anniversary edition of Open House included activities for all ages, including live music performed by alumni, Armenian dance performances by campers and hiking tours on camp grounds. The highlight of the day was the blessing ceremony and rededication of Lake Arax, presided over by His Eminence Khajag Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern), on the great lawn overlooking the lake. Two very familiar faces greeted alumni that day: Reverend Father Vertanes and Yeretsgin Anahid Kalayjian, who devoted a combined 20 years to Camp Nubar as director and nurse Camp Nubar 50th Anniversary Committee members (Standing): Aline Markarian, Salpi respectively. Both spoke with pride and emotion about their Mekhjian, Jenna Ishkanian Goman, Houri Geudelekian, Ani Manoukian, Sarah Partin, affection for the time spent with the children over the years. Nancy Zoraian, Danielle Dafniotis, Jill Karagezian and Mona Y.A. Khorozian; (Seated): Current Camp Director Jennifer Omartian presented them with Siroun Meguerditchian, Jan Herdemian, Jane Majian Bowen, Christine Chakmakian tokens of gratitude for their decades of service and announced Badach, Andrea Tilbian Halejian, Alexis Halejian, Maria Stepanian and Sharis the dedication of the examination room in the Infirmary Boghossian. (Not pictured): Dan Antreasyan, Jacqueline DiStasi, Christine building in honor of Yn. Kalayjian and her loving care for all the Garabedian-Azeri, Taleen Gergerian, Tina Hagopian, Sheila Kahyaoglu, William campers over the years. Nazarian and Lori Varjabedian. For Ani Manoukian, the 50th Anniversary Committee Chair, the blessing ceremony was a moment of reflection. Having spent a decade as a camper and a counselor, seeing everyone return to Open House was a particularly gratifying experience. “Our committee’s vision was to bring together different generations to the place that bonds us in a way that no other can,” she stated. “When the weekend finally arrived, we could not help but feel emotional as we saw beloved past directors, camp leaders, former caretakers and countless alumni with their families. Watching them all standing alongside one another, locking hands and joining in traditional songs, just like the old days around the campfire, was a moment that will last a lifetime—like Camp Nubar itself.” ➔ Camp Nubar Committee Chair and alumna Sarah Partin.
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FOCUS
CAMP NUBAR
Current campers welcome the guests at the special 50th edition of Open House with traditional Armenian dances.
AGBU Camp Nubar, one of the first Armenian overnight camps, has maintained a focus on Armenian culture by offering regular classes in language, history and the arts; and diverse activities such as arts & crafts, ceramics, basketball, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horseback Camp Director Jennifer Omartian presents a riding, rowing, photography, soccer, tennis token gift to Reverend Father Vertanes & and volleyball. With thousands of young Yeretsgin Anahid Kalayjian for their decades Armenians as alumni, it has also earned a of service to Camp Nubar. renowned reputation among families all over the world as a safe haven for their children to enjoy the leisurely summer months in a fun, structured and interactive Armenian environment. To learn more about Camp Nubar and view photographs from the anniversary events and summer season, visit: www.campnubar.org.
SAN FRANCISCO, CA FOCUS UNITES GLOBAL PROFESSIONALS $80,000 Raised for Mentorship Program
Since 2001, AGBU FOCUS has served as a unique platform to bring together young Armenian professionals from around the world to a new city where they share their ideas and expand their networks—in addition to raising awareness about an AGBU program. Close to 400 guests gathered in San Francisco at the latest biennial weekend to both connect with global peers and pay tribute to the AGBU Generation Next Mentorship Program (GenNext), which pairs at-risk youth with positive mentors in Greater Los Angeles. Pre-event fundraising garnered $80,000 for the program.
Perspectives tackles Diasporan Diversity
Perspectives is a key FOCUS event, designed to shed light on a critical issue affecting Armenian youth today. AGBU Central Board Member and Silicon Valley Chapter Chair Dr. Yervant Zorian was present to deliver opening remarks, after which the discussion began with moderator Lara Setrakian (NYSIP and Camp Nubar alumna). Setrakian—along with panelists Gabriel Armas-Cardona (USA), Sarine Karajerjian (YP Lebanon coordinator), Rose Nemet (YP Northern California board member) and Ara Yeromian (YP London Coordinator)—engaged over 160 participants in an open and stimulating conversation on what it means to be an Armenian. Throughout the event, audience members circled back to one vital point: How can the Diaspora can preserve culture and traditions in today’s rapidly changing world?
Gala Celebrates GenNext
Camp & camp committee alumna Pat Apelian with her father, Nishan Apelian, a former camp committee member & 50th Anniversary donor.
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GenNext aims to produce a new generation of young Armenians who will become active participants in the Diaspora. YP Northern California Chair Greg Nemet, who co-chaired FOCUS with fellow YPNC Co-Chair Steven Cherezian, underscored that goal and the ways it can be achieved in his welcome speech to enthusiastic guests at the Gala Evening, held in San Francisco’s historic City Hall. GenNext Program Director Saro Ayvazians thanked donors and all those present for their resounding show of support for the future of their program and the youth they serve. Modeled after the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America program, Generation Next was founded by a subcommittee of AGBU YP Los Angeles (YPLA) in 1997. It quickly took off, becoming its own program and connecting hundreds of troubled AGBU FOCUS 2013 co-Chairs Steven Cherezian (left) and Greg Nemet (right).
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FOCUS YP GROUPS CONVENE teens with positive mentors.
YPs Explore San Francisco Arts, Culture
Another highly anticipated event during the weekend, FOCUS on Art featured William Saroyan and celebrated Armenian American artists Leslie Terzian Markoff, Haig Patigian, Nadine Takvorian and Jacques Terzian. The exhibit, comprised of sculpture, sketches and tapestry designs, was curated exclusively for FOCUS, and included GenNext alumna and rising talent, 19-year-old Arpine Shirvanyan. Years ago, as a middle school student enrolled in GenNext, Shirvanyan’s men“These bonds we have created with people from tor helped foster her around the world are what we will remember and love for drawing. Now an artist in her nurture until we all meet again in two years.” own right, Shir—YP London Coordinator Ara Yeromian vanyan plans to become a GenNext mentor to give back to the program that provided her with personal growth and opportunities. Together, guests also explored Sonoma Wine Country, danced the night away at Club Night, experienced the beauty of San Francisco during a guided tour, and said goodbye for now to friends old and new at the farewell brunch. The seventh biennial FOCUS weekend was one of the most diverse to date, with guests flying to San Francisco from as far as Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Monaco, Russia, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and 115 U.S. cities—19 countries in total. Since its inception in 2001 to date, FOCUS has united close to 2,500 Armenians in: New York (2001, 2007), Montreal (2003), Miami (2005), Chicago (2009), Paris (2011) and San Francisco (2013). Guests enjoy an array of events showcasing both the culture of the host city and their shared Armenian heritage. Pre-event fundraising efforts for all seven FOCUS weekends have raised a combined $330,000 for AGBU programs focused on education, women’s health and youth. To learn more about the AGBU Generation Next Mentorship Program, visit: www.agbugennext.org.
FOCUS ON ART WINE TOUR
The worldwide network of AGBU Young Professionals (YP) Groups held its Biennial Assembly during FOCUS. The Assembly provided a forum for the YP Network to convene, brainstorm, and exchange ideas, as well as discuss areas of opportunity for cross-cooperation and collaboration. Over 30 international YP leaders met to discuss new ways to help build capacity for the global
organization and strengthen connections with the Armenian community-at-large. They also took the opportunity to award YP Northern California, the local host of FOCUS, with a Teamwork Award. Additionally, through fundraising and promotional activities, the YP Network helped support FOCUS and GenNext by building momentum in the months preceding the weekend.
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA AGBU GRANTS $1 MILLION TO THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging and Treatment Program to Benefit Funded by an anonymous benefactor, AGBU made a $1 million donation to Thomas Jefferson University’s Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging and Treatment Program. The university’s hospital ranks 17th in the United States on the prestigious U.S. News & World Report’s Best Hospital Honor Roll. The gift will help the institution treat more patients, hire additional staff and train a new cadre of professionals in the field. As a token of appreciation, the university unveiled a plaque bearing AGBU’s name in the lobby of the department’s building. The ceremony took place in the presence of AGBU leadership and university officials, including Dr. Vijay M. Rao, the David C. Levin Professor and chair of the Radiology Department, and Dr. Levon N. Nazarian, director of the Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging and Treatment Program.
NEW YORK, NEW YORK PANOS TITIZIAN AWARDED KHORENATSI MEDAL AGBU Life Member Honored for Achievements and Service
Mrs. Claudia Nazarian, Dr. Levon Nazarian, Dr. Vijay M. Rao, AGBU Central Board Member Carol Aslanian and AGBU Director of Central Board Programs Anita Anserian. His Excellency Ambassador Garen Nazarian, Permanent Representative of Armenia to the U.N.; His Eminence Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern); AGBU Honor Member Panos Titizian; and AGBU President Berge Setrakian.
AGBU Honor & Life Member Panos Titizian was bestowed with the Movses Khorenatsi Medal of Armenia for his significant creative achievements in the spheres of Armenian culture, art, literature, education, humanity sciences and notable public activities. Ambassador Garen Nazarian, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Armenia to the United Nations, bestowed the award at St. Vartan Cathedral in New York City in the presence of AGBU President Berge Setrakian, AGBU Vice President Sam Simonian, AGBU Council of Trustees Member Nazar Nazarian, His Eminence Khajag Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern), Titizian’s wife Anahid, as well as family members and friends. The Movses Khorenatsi Medal is the highest cultural honor conferred by Armenia’s President. A pharmacist by profession, Titizian has also received the Outstanding AGBU Volunteer Medal. He has been an active AGBU member for more than eight decades, and continues to remain vigorously involved in service to his nation and community. In addition, he was a longtime member of the Board of Armenian Studies at UCLA.
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FOCUS PARIS, FRANCE FRENCH LEADERSHIP INITIATIVE RECRUITS FORMER YP CHAIR Harout Chitilian Participates in Personnalité d’Avenir Program
LOS ANGELES, CA AGBU HYE GEEN MARKS 20TH ANNIVERSARY Hye Geen Founder Sona Yacoubian Receives St. Nerses Shnorhali Medal
Former YP Montreal Chair and current Montreal City Council Speaker Harout Chitilian was invited to Paris by the Foreign Ministry of France to participate in the Personnalité d’Avenir (Personality of the Future) program. The initiative brings a select number of promising leaders from a variety of countries to participate in meetings and discussions with elected representatives at all levels, as well as senior government officials and civil society leaders. Chitilian had the opportunity to talk about numerous policy issues with his French counterparts and examine the administration of cities and local governments. Elected in 2009 in the District of Bordeaux-Cartierville at the age of 28, Chitilian became the youngest Speaker of the City Council in the history of Montreal. Despite his young age, he has demonstrated a remarkable ability to unite people around key issues through fairness, thereby earning the respect of all his colleagues. An engineer by trade, he studied at the Polytechnique Institute of Montreal. He is a graduate of the AGBU Alex Manoogian School and an active member of AGBU Montreal.
Twenty years ago, AGBU Honor Member Sona Yacoubian founded AGBU Hye Geen in Greater LA to promote the rights and well-being of Armenian women. The group has organized countless events since and launched the Hye Geen Pregnant Women’s Centers in Armenia in 2002. Over 400 supporters gathered in Burbank to celebrate the group’s 20th anniversary at St. Leon Armenian AGBU Hye Geen Founding Member Arshaguhi Tavitian, AGBU Hye Cathedral in the presence of Archbishop Hovnan Derderian, Geen Founder and Chair Sona Yacoubian, Founding Member Mary Primate of the Western Diocese of the Armenian Church of America. Mouradian and Coordinator Stella Talverdi. In recognition of her invaluable service to promote the role of Armenian women in society, Sona Yacoubian was bestowed with the St. Nerses Shnorhali Medal and the accompanying Pontifical Encyclical from His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians. The order is presented to those who have rendered outstanding service to the Armenian Church and nation. Hye Geen established the first of its centers in Gyumri, followed by four others in Talin, Vanadzor, Yeghvart and Yerevan in response to rising infant mortality rates and the country’s general decline in maternal health. To date, the program has helped deliver over 1,555 healthy babies. In addition to its Armenia-based initiatives, Hye Geen’s local activities raise awareness of a host of issues that affect the broader Armenian community.
Harout Chitilian (right) stands with Jean-Claude Carle, French Senate Member from the Haute-Savoie department.
LOS ANGELES, CA AWARD-WINNING EDUCATOR HONORED
SUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS
Centenarian Yervant Babayan Receives AGBU Silver Medal More than 450 family members and supporters united in Burbank to celebrate the 100th birthday of AGBU member Yervant Babayan and pay tribute to his notable career as an educator, writer and community leader. His many past honors include the Teacher’s Medal of Honor from the Lebanese Education Ministry and an honorary professorship at Mashdots College in Glendale. The event took place at St. Leon Armenian Cathedral in the presence of Archbishop Hovnan Derderian, Primate of the Western Diocese of the Armenian Church of America. In an encyclical message from His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians, the Patriarch congratulated the honoree on his centenary Yervant Babayan receives the AGBU Silver birthday and reflected on his vital role in the education of generations of Medal from AGBU Vice President Sinan young Armenians. Sinanian as Rosine Babayan looks on. On behalf of AGBU, Vice President Sinan Sinanian bestowed the AGBU Silver Medal to Babayan in recognition of his vast contributions to Armenian education and culture. Armenia’s Consul General in California, Grigor Hovhannissian, awarded Babayan a gold medal on behalf of Armenia’s Minister of Diaspora Hranush Hakobyan. As a lasting tribute, the Saturday School of the Armenian Church of Crescenta Valley was renamed in honor of Yervant Babayan.
LOS ANGELES, CA RENOWNED DIRECTOR HONORED WITH GOLD
Professor Yervant Ghazanchyan (left) and Krikor Satamian.
Armenia Theater Companies Recognize Krikor Satamian With an already stellar list of achievements, Krikor Satamian was honored by three cultural institutions in Armenia: the Armenian Singart Union NGO (Kohar Kasparian Medal), the Fridtjof Nansen Foundation of Armenia (gold medal), and the Union of Theater Practitioners of Armenia (gold medal and Ardavazt Competition Prize). Yervant Ghazanchyan, Artistic Director of Yerevan’s Hagop Baronian State Theater of Musical Comedy, travelled from the Armenian capital to bestow Satamian with the medals in the presence of AGBU Western District Chair Krekor Karageuzian and Theater Group Chair Krikor Simonian. Organized by the AGBU Western District, the event took place at the AGBU Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Center. Most recently, in recognition of Satamian’s decades of service to the organization, the Ardavazt Theater Company’s name was changed to the AGBU Krikor Satamian Theater Group. With a film and theater career spanning 53 years, Satamian is a cultural icon in Armenia and the Diaspora. First joining Lebanon’s AGBU Vahram Papazian Theater Group in 1960, Satamian came to New York in 1978 as the AGBU National Artistic Director and went on to become the AGBU Ardavazt Theater Group a decade later. He has directed 79 plays and three operettas and performed in 86 plays and several American films and sitcoms.
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AGBU GLOBAL YOUTH PROGRAMS OFFER DIVERSE ARRAY OF ACTIVITIES Whether learning scouting skills in the mountains of Armenia, forging a friendship with a fellow Diasporan or gaining critical job exposure in New York City, youth who participated in any of AGBU’s numerous youth programs this summer returned home enriched with knowledge, memories made with new friends and positive experiences that helped them grow. Above all, they felt closer to their Armenian heritage.
ANDES, NEW YORK CAMP NUBAR State-of-the-art facilities and an energetic, dedicated staff are part of the reason so many youth return summer after summer to Camp Nubar. Celebrating its 50th anniversary (coverage in AGBU Highlights section) this summer, the camp welcomed almost 275 campers from Canada, France, Russia and 14 U.S. states to bond with their peers and engage in outdoor activities, like basketball, horseback riding, rowing, swimming, tennis and much more. Additional activities, such as Armenian history and language classes, arts and crafts, performing arts and photography ensure that all campers can create the optimal schedule for themselves and make the most of their sessions. Visit www.campnubar.org for more information and to view more photos. AGBU - October 2013
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YOUTH PROGRAMS HAUTE-SAVOIE, FRANCE COLONIE DE VACANCES
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA PASADENA SUMMER DAY CAMP
Campers at the France District’s Colonie de Vacances will all attest that sunny skies, fresh air and the beauty of the southern French mountainside make the perfect combination for a summer retreat with their global Armenian peers. As always, every camper and counselor opening was filled months in advance, and over 120 youth from Armenia, France, Reunion Island, Russia, Switzerland and Turkey enjoyed activities like handball, rafting, soccer, tennis, and plenty of Armenian songs Learning a traditional and dances around their nightly bonfire. Armenian dance. A notable aspect of Colonie de Vacances is how alumni often return to serve as counselors over the years. The camp celebrated its 30th anniversary at the open house day, during which parents and friends visited to applaud the accomplishments of the campers following a cultural performance.
The Pasadena Summer Day Camp attracted 140 youth in its second year, more than twice the number who registered for the inaugural session. For six fun-filled weeks, campers made new friends, played sports, created crafts, prepared kid-friendly recipes, mastered computer skills and much more. Activities took place at the Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Center under the leadership of experienced counselors. Participants explored some of Southern California’s most popular destinations through weekly field trips, including the La Brea Tar Pits—the site of ongoing fossil excavations. Chess and martial arts were introduced due to popular demand, as was a specialized program for toddlers. The day camp also promoted a sense of community— many of the counselors and activity leaders were local AGBU school and program alumni.
Visit http://ugabcoloniedevacances.wordpress.com/ to view more photos.
Celebrating the camp’s 30th anniversary.
LERMONTOVO, ARMENIA ANTRANIK SCOUT CAMP
ANTELIAS, LEBANON DEMIRDJIAN CENTER SUMMER DAY CAMP With the goal of instilling cultural pride in Lebanese Armenian youth, the Demirdjian Center Summer Day Camp chose the theme Back to Our Roots. Youngsters learned about six cities in historic Western Armenia—Adana, Aintab, Hadjin, Marash, Sis and Zeitoun—and the different cuisines, songs and traditions maintained by each. Weekly presentations dubbed Knowledge is Power exposed campers to a host of important topics presented by guest speakers. Two new programs were met with great enthusiasm: Soccer Camp and Dance Academy. Special instructors were brought in to provide the best possible training for those with a talent in either field. Participants enjoyed many other activities, such as basketball, cooking and hiking, and had the opportunity to join the AGBU AYA Lebanon scouts at their campsite and be a scout for the day. The first Armenian summer camp in all of Lebanon, the Demirdjian Center Summer Day Camp hosted about 140 children this year and ended its season with the traditional Fiesta Night, showcasing a performance by the campers.
Three hundred scouts from various AGBU-AYA Chapters in Armenia, Iran, Lebanon and Syria, as well as new AGBU-associated Scout groups from Georgia (Akhalkalaki, Batumi and Tbilisi), participated in the annual Antranik Scout Camp. In addition to morning exercises, hiking, skill-building, competitions, sightseeing and more, the program hosted two popular bonfire nights, attracting over 400 family members, friends and supporters. Scouts ventured to the Tumo Center for Creative Technologies (founded by AGBU Vice President Sam Simonian) in Yerevan for a day of digital exploration workshops. At the Dilijan Army Base, Armenian soldiers demonstrated the maneuvering of heavy artillery and tanks to the scouts. With a goal of uniting worldwide AGBU scouting groups, 1,500 boy and girl scouts from nine countries have converged at Antranik Scout Camp since its establishment in 2008. The camp grounds stretch across a lush 60,000 square meters of the green forests of Tej Ler (located between Dilijan and Vanadzor).
Capture this code to watch coverage of the camp by Armenia’s Fortuna TV.
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YEREVAN, ARMENIA DISCOVER ARMENIA
YEREVAN, ARMENIA ARMÉNIE – TERRE DE VIE
Celebrating its 10th anniversary, Discover Armenia brought together 28 teenagers from Canada, France, Switzerland, the U.K. and the U.S. for an opportunity to establish ties with their ancestral homeland. Over a span of three weeks, participants engaged in meaningful community service projects, one of which was to help build a home for a family in the village of Ujan (west of Yerevan). The endeavor was realized through AGBU Armenia’s longstanding partnership with the Fuller Center for Housing, a U.S.based non-profit, ecumenical Christian housing ministry. Participants took a three-day journey to Karabakh, where they donated books to a children’s library and toured national landmarks throughout Armenia and Karabakh. While in Armenia, they took Armenian folk dance and singing courses at the AGBU Nork Children’s Center in Yerevan, in preparation for their end-of-the-program concert with the children at the center. Discover Armenia places an emphasis on interaction between Diasporan teenagers and Armenian citizens of all ages: teens spent an afternoon at one of the AGBU Senior Dining Centers where they served hot meals to pensioners and conversed with them. Participants visited the Terchoonian Home Orphanage and School in Gyumri, where they played with the young residents and presented small gifts. Philippe Tarjan of New York raised $3,000 in donations prior to his arrival to help heat the orphanage during the cold winter. The goal of the trip is for youth, ages 15-18 to form lifelong bonds and return home forever transformed, with a new appreciation for their heritage and a greater sense of responsibility toward their community.
Education, health and the environment: the AGBU France District’s youth volunteer group, Arménie – Terre de Vie (ATV), focused on these three elements during its biennial trip to Armenia. Hailing from the French cities of Bordeaux, Lyon, Paris and Valence, as well as Brussels, Belgium, 26 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 27— some of whom were non-Armenian— devoted a full month to renovating the AGBU Malatya Children’s Center and several other humanitarian projects. To make their goals a reality, ATV members raised 35,000 Euros prior to their arrival through a number of fundraising endeavors. With logistical support provided by the AGBU Yerevan Office, ATV’s largest accomplishment was the work carried out for the Malatya Center. The group refurbished several rooms of the building, installing new flooring, doors, windows, radiators, toilets and sinks; connecting gas and water lines to the center; and painting the walls. As a result of ATV’s efforts, the children who benefit from the Malatya Center will now have running water and enjoy heating during the winter. Accompanied by AGBU Armenia Director Arpi Vartanian, Jean-Michel Kasbarian—the advisor on Culture and Cooperation Issues at the French Embassy in Armenia—paid a visit to the volunteers while they were at work in the center and spent several hours with them. The volunteers also donated school supplies, clothing and other gifts to the children who attend afterschool classes at the center. A few dentists within the group distributed dental kits and offered oral health workshops, demonstrating proper dental hygiene techniques. These dental care workshops were also offered to young children in Karabakh when ATV spent time in the republic. In addition to other volunteer projects, the group donated a collection of French language books to the local library. Through the enthusiastic cooperation of the mayor of Sevan, two large Do Not Litter signs have been posted on the banks of Lake Sevan to remind both citizens and tourists about the importance of protecting the environment around Armenia’s largest body of water. The residents, who recognize the detrimental effects of pollution, have already expressed appreciation for ATV’s efforts. This project was a follow up to their initial endeavor of waste collection and ecological advocacy around Lake Sevan in 2011. The ATV volunteers also spent time with other AGBU youth during the trip—they travelled to the Antranik Scout Camp and met with YSIP, MAP and Discover Armenia participants. ATV was grateful to the major sponsors who supported its mission: CGHS, the Bullukian Foundation, International Complex, Czech Airlines, and other private donors. The group leaders were Diane Der Agopian, Alexia Kazandjian and Vahe Kazandjian.
To view additional photos, visit: www.discoverarmenia.org/
Capture this code to watch coverage of the program from ArmNews.
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Spending time with a pensioner at the AGBU Senior Dining Center.
Building a home in the village of Ujan.
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YOUTH PROGRAMS YEREVAN, ARMENIA MUSICAL ARMENIA PROGRAM For the second consecutive year, the Musical Armenia Program (MAP) connected talented composers, instrumentalists and vocalists with their cultural heritage. French horn, harp, percussion, viola and violin players as well as vocalists hailing from Bulgaria, Canada and the U.S. came together in Armenia for the unique learning experience. Several world-famous performers—mezzo-soprano Anna Mayilyan and music historians Gagik Ginosyan, Mher Navoyan, Araxy Saryan and Arthur Shakhnazaryan—taught instrumental and vocal lessons and presented lectures on a wide spectrum of genres and eras, including medieval spiritual, 18th century Armenian minstrel, 19th century Armenian classical, and Armenian folk and jazz music. On a special trip to the Talin Music School with members of El Sistema Armenia, part of El Sistema’s worldwide music education program, MAP participants joined Talin students in an interactive class focused on the works of Komitas and then presented a joint concert with the school’s students. Artists visited the house-museums of cultural icons for an intimate look at their lives and work. At Yerevan’s Charents Museum of Literature and Art, they saw the manuscripts and instruments owned by Armenia’s earliest musicians, including Sayat Nova and Jivani. At the MAP Gala Concert in the salon of Aram Khachaturian’s house-museum, the young artists performed pieces that dated from as early as the fourth century. They also showcased their own work: the entire MAP ensemble, together with their instructors, performed an original piece composed by Michigan-based percussionist and composer Andrea Godoshian. The program opened doors to exciting opportunities: Godoshian played alongside celebrated jazz musician Armen “Chico” Tutunjian and his band in a live show at a popular local jazz club; and French horn player Shaghig Amy Kazandjian of Canada, was offered a spot in the Yerevan State Opera and Ballet orchestra for the fall season after joining the ensemble in two summer concerts (Romeo & Juliet and La Traviata). Interested applicants between the ages of 19 and 26 should visit: www.agbu.org/musicalarmenia.
YEREVAN SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
Professor Bagrat Vardanyan teaching a master class to Alec Ohanian. (top) Renowned mezzo-soprano Anna Mayilyan (center) invited MAP student Eliz Gagosian (far right) to perform with her a cappella group during the MAP Gala Concert. (above)
Close to 30 Armenian students from Australia, Lebanon, Russia, the U.K. and the U.S. return to their universities with new knowledge and skills gained through weeks of hands-on, international work experience in their homeland during the Yerevan Summer Internship Program (YSIP). Working alongside leaders in institutions and companies like Golden Apricot International Film Festival/Directors Across Borders, the National Gallery of Armenia, Grant Thorton, the United Nations, and more, they gained a critical understanding of their preferred field of interest and connected with Armenian citizens making a difference in their industry. In the evenings and on weekends, interns attended AGBU AVC language classes and cooking demonstrations, visited museums and important landmarks, toured the Ministry of Defense and its academy, travelled to Karabakh, participated in the AGBU Antranik Scout Camp’s bonfire night, and took Armenian dance lessons at the AGBU Nork Children’s Center. At the end of their sessions, they joined the children at the center in a performance, generating rousing applause from audience members. Living together in a house helped interns solidify their sense of identity, better understand Armenia’s rich history and bright future, and create lifelong memories—all while forging their career paths. For more information on YSIP and to apply, visit: www.agbu-internship.org.
MAP students and their instructors gather after the Gala Concert with AGBU Yerevan staff, AGBU Performing Arts Department Director Hayk Arsenyan (3rd from right) and AGBU Central Board Member Vasken Yacoubian (4th from right).
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NEW YORK SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROGRAM In today’s challenging job market, internship experience on a college graduate’s resume is imperative. AGBU has provided these priceless opportunities for the past 26 years through the New York Summer Internship Program (NYSIP). During the most recent session, students worked at diverse companies to get a head-start on their career choice in one of the most dynamic and energetic cities in the world. Following the workday, participants attended a professional lecture series to gain practical skills: how to create a resume, social media etiquette and more. After group discussions, interns received valuable one-on-one time with leaders in various fields to discuss strategies for job-hunting and ways to advance themselves following graduation. They even gained behind-the-scenes knowledge of how to establish a start-up company. As in years past, NYSIP alumni returned to volunteer as supervisors, a testament to their appreciation for the program. Hovan Agopian (NYSIP 2011) served as a supervisor for the company AXA Advisors. Participants hailed from Armenia, Canada, France, Lebanon, Russia, Turkey, the U.K. and 10 states in the U.S. and were placed in firms and institutions that included Deutsche Bank, Komar Sleepwear, Massey Knakal (diversified real estate), the NYU NYSIP alumnus Serge Kassardjian during a Bioengineering and Psychology presentation on social media etiquette. Departments, and more.
Interns with NYSIP Co-Chair Raffi Balian (center).
YOUNG PROFESSIONALS PARTNERSHIP
The AGBU Young Professionals of Greater New York (YPGNY) partners with NYSIP annually to organize two key initiatives: Sunshine for Seniors and the Mentoring Program. During the former, interns spent an entire day at the Armenian Home for the Aged in Queens. They had meaningful conversations with the residents and performed a talent show. The Mentoring Program paired interns with established professionals in their fields of interest. The mentor provided guidance throughout the summer. The program included a Meet & Greet and the traditional Mentoring Night.
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YOUNG PROFESSIONALS BAREKAMAVAN, ARMENIA GREENHOUSE PROJECT FOR BORDER VILLAGE The AGBU Young Professionals (YP), the only Armenian network of its kind spanning four continents, is making a real difference for the residents of Barekamavan, a small village in Armenia. Treacherously close to the ArmeniaAzerbaijan border, Barekamavan is home to 400 at-risk villagers with limited to no incomegenerating opportunities. Despite the daily threats inherent with the Azeri border less than two miles away, residents refuse to abandon their homes and lands on this strategically vital outpost. Even though Barekamavan is economically and geographically marginalized, its most promising asset is its fertile land. This advantage inspired the YP Network to build greenhouses for two families in Barekamavan to promote economic self-sufficiency and sustainability, and to help ensure the survival and sovereignty of Armenia’s borders. The greenhouses assure each household a steady source of income, and thus deter the families from abandoning their village in search of better opportunities elsewhere. Sixteen YP Groups and YP Partners from the following locations took part in the global pan-YP initiative by pooling their resources in one unified effort for Barekamavan: Athens, Boston, Buenos Aires, Greater New York, Lebanon, London, Los Angeles, Marseille, Montreal, Northern California, Philadelphia, Sofia, Tehran, Toronto and Yerevan, as well as HAIK in Frankfurt. In recent years, the YP Network has focused its global initiatives on environmentally-friendly green projects. The Barekamavan Greenhouse Project is the second collective initiative launched by the YP Network, following the development of a new park in Khachik, Armenia in 2010. For more information, visit www.agbu.org/ypsgogreen.
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BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS & NEW YORK, NEW YORK YP REACHES OUT TO BOSTON MARATHON VICTIMS YP Boston members held a 5K run/walk through Watertown, Massachusetts, to benefit The One Fund, created to assist Boston Marathon bombing victims and families. In a show of solidarity, the Young Professionals of Greater New York (YPGNY) organized a simultaneous run/walk on the same day in Manhattan. All proceeds, along with a donation from YP Los Angeles, were earmarked for The One Fund. The goals of this joint effort were not only to raise funds for the victims and families, but for YP Groups to come together as Armenians, Americans and citizens of the world, standing together against violence.
Members of YP Boston.
NEW YORK, NEW YORK BOOK SIGNING, FILM SCREENING ENGAGE COMMUNITY Author Matthew Karanian. Engaging its local community, YPGNY presented two events honoring Armenia’s vibrant present and dramatic past. YPGNY— along with the NY Armenian Students’ Association and the Zohrab Center—invited Matthew Karanian to discuss his and co-author Robert Kurkjian’s third edition of Armenia and Karabakh: The Stone Mountain Travel Guide. The book, recognized as the most comprehensive guide to Armenia and Karabakh, is now updated to include new places for travelers to discover. YPGNY and the Armenian National Committee of New York co-sponsored a screening of Orphans of the Genocide, the brainchild of four-time regional Emmy award-winning filmmaker Bared Maronian. The groundbreaking 90-minute documentary takes viewers through never-before-seen archival footage and discovered memoirs of orphans who lived through the Armenian Genocide. YPGNY played a key role in making the production a reality. More than a decade ago, a concerned Armenian stumbled upon a collection of photos that belonged to Ellen Mary Gerard, a Near East Relief nurse who had served in Lebanon and Syria, and YPGNY committee members and friends took the initiative to purchase the pictures utilized in the film. Also included in the documentary are archival photos and documents from the AGBU Nubarian Library in Paris. The YPGNY Gerard Archive can be viewed at: www.flickr.com/photos/agbu/sets.
MONTREAL, CANADA VOLUNTEERS SHARE BUSINESS EXPERIENCE Always ready to give back to the next generation, YP Montreal members participated in a Junior Achievement (JA) volunteering program at the AGBU Alex Manoogian School. JA, the largest youth business education organization in Canada, allows students to experience and understand the fundamentals of business, while developing essential leadership skills and enhancing their financial literacy, employability and entrepreneurship potential. In collaboration with the school’s administration and faculty, YP Montreal members presented an interactive educational program to seventh and eighth grade students.
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YOUNG PROFESSIONALS TORONTO, CANADA LINKEDIN MANAGER OFFERS BRANDING TIPS
ATHENS, GREECE YPs MEET DIPLOMATS, FUNDRAISE FOR ARMENIA
With more than 200 million members, seven million of whom are Canadians, LinkedIn has become the quintessential global hub for career networking and professional growth. To make the most of this increasingly powerful and popular tool, YP Toronto hosted a seminar attended by over 60 people with LinkedIn Canada’s Marketing Manager, Steve Watt. Armed with “insider” knowledge, Watt delved into the essentials of savvy branding, personal profiles and networking with a dynamic presentation entitled, LinkedIn: Where Talent Meets Opportunity.
During a meeting with Armenia’s Ambassador to Greece, Gagik Ghalatchyan, and his deputy, Minas Martikyan, YP Athens Steering Committee members discussed various community issues and brainstormed ways that the YP Group can provide support to the embassy. In addition, the YP Athens leadership informed the diplomats about the global AGBU Young Professionals Network and its activities, as well as the work carried out by YP Athens. As part of its ongoing commitment to Armenia, YP Athens raised funds for the pan-YP Greenhouse project for Barekamavan with a Go Green social event.
Steve Watts flanked by YP Toronto leadership and AGBU Toronto staff.
Recognizing the importance of team building and bonding among peers, YP Athens organized a weekend trip to the mountains of Arcadia. Activities included archery, hiking and rafting.
BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA YP GROUP CONNECTS MEMBERS WITH HOMELAND As part of the ongoing YP Buenos Aires series entitled What I Did in Armenia, AGBU Marie Manoogian School alumni Tamara Balyan and Agustin Tashdjian were invited to share their recent volunteer experiences in the homeland. Balyan, an architecture student at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA), worked with Research on Armenian Architecture (RAA). Tashdjian, who is studying Chemistry at UBA, worked at the American University of Armenia’s Acopian Center for the Environment. The active YP Group also organized a fundraising event in celebration of Friend Day for the AGBU Pan-YP Greenhouse Project in Barekamavan, Armenia. More than 100 young professionals enjoyed the gathering at the local AGBU Center.
PLOVDIV, BULGARIA YPs NETWORK WITH ACCOMPLISHED BULGARIAN ARMENIANS For the first time, YP Plovdiv hosted a networking reception at the Schwarzkopf Conference Hall for its membership to meet and mingle with well-known Bulgarian Armenians. Among other professionals and entrepreneurs, guests included former Plovdiv Mayor Garabed Tomasyan and Dr. Dimitar Shishkov, manager of the city’s largest hospital and one of the leading urologists in Bulgaria. The main objectives of the reception were to have young Armenians learn about various industries, meet mentors and discover AGBU youth programs.
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Professor Jean-Marc Meyer (center).
BEIRUT, LEBANON LECTURE FOCUSES ON 1915 AND AFTERMATH At the invitation of YP Lebanon, Professor Jean-Marc Meyer delivered a presentation on the events surrounding the 1915 Armenian Genocide in the Armenian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Meyer, a Swiss national, captivated the more than 100 attendees at the AGBU Demirdjian Center with his in-depth lecture on the developments leading up to the Genocide and its aftermath, richly illustrating his talk with a slide show. Although Meyer is a lecturer at Geneva University’s Dentistry School, his wide ranging interests span from the Lebanese civil war to conflict in the Caucasus and the former Soviet Union. He first became intrigued by the 1915 Genocide upon coming into contact with the Armenian community of Beirut.
YEREVAN, ARMENIA YP YEREVAN GOES FULL STEAM AHEAD It has been a busy season for AGBU Young Professionals in the homeland. YP Yerevan rolled out an array of educational, cultural and diplomatic activities keeping its community engaged and increasing its membership. Those in the banking and finance sector built on their skills and knowledge during a three-month seminar Following the screening of the documentary Bavakan. offered by YP Yerevan on the subject; 25 participants studied financial systems, how central banks operate and the causes of the global financial crisis, among other topics. YP Yerevan also devoted efforts to raising awareness about diplomacy and conflict resolution, organizing a meeting with Karen Bekaryan, Chairman of European Integration NGO. Bekaryan addressed issues including the Nagorno Karabakh conflict settlement and Armenia’s links with the European Union. In an effort to examine social issues in a cultural context, the group hosted a special screening of Bavakan (Enough), which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival to critical acclaim. The documentary tackles the taboo subject of gender selective abortions in Armenia, with women often interrupting pregnancies of female babies as they seek to deliver a male heir to the family. The screening was followed by a lively discussion with director and producer Adrineh Gregoryan and co-producer Diana Chobanyan. AGBU - October 2013
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SPOTLIGHT HRAG HAMALIAN
AGBU’s vast array of programs and initiatives directly impact thousands of young Armenians around the world.
These AGBU alumni make up an important part of our past and are key to the organization’s future. We are proud to recognize their achievements and present their stories of success in our new feature, ALUMNI SPOTLIGHT.
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rag Hamalian (AGBU New York Summer Internship Program alumnus, 2004) founded Valor Academy as a middle school in 2009 in the San Fernando Valley area in California to prepare low-income students for college, and with the ultimate mission of creating a successful model for other public middle schools. The school serves 480 students in the fifth to eighth grades and just added a ninth grade class, with a goal of adding one grade level per year until reaching twelfth grade. Valor Academy was bestowed with the California Distinguished School Award in 2012, the highest honor bestowed on California Public Schools. Later that year, Hrag was presented with the Gold Award for the Alumnus of the Decade by Boston College as a result of his work with and commitment to Valor Academy Charter School. Hrag graduated from Boston College with a double-major in Biology and Honors English, and went on to earn a Master's in Secondary Education from Loyola Marymount University. He is now pursuing an MBA from the UCLA Anderson School of Management. He joined Teach for America after graduating from Boston College, beginning his professional work in urban education teaching high school biology and honors biology at Locke High School in Watts, Los Angeles, where he helped found the School of Math and Science and became head of the Biology Department. To design the charter school Valor Academy, Hamalian completed a year-long fellowship with Building Excellent Schools, a nationally recognized charter-development organization, and a leadership residency at KIPP: Academy of Opportunity, a high-performing Charter Middle School in the Los Angeles area.
KATHERINE SARAFIAN
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n AGBU member since the age of nine, Katherine Sarafian is a producer at Pixar Animation Studios in California. She recalls that her dearest friends and happiest memories come from her time with AGBU—whether it was during an AGBU World Games in Buenos Aires, Los Angeles or Sydney, or while she helped found the AGBU Young Professionals of Northern California group. Katherine has been an integral part of the success and growth of Pixar, holding a variety of key leadership positions that have culminated in her role as producer on Disney Pixar’s Academy Award-winning feature film Brave. Sarafian joined Pixar in 1994 as a production coordinator on the studio’s first full-length feature film, Toy Story. From there, she continued to develop her film production experience as production manager in Pixar’s short film department, and as art department manager on the studio’s second feature film, A Bug’s Life. Some years later, she acted as production manager on the Academy Award-winning feature The Incredibles. She next took on the role of producer for the Academy Awardnominated short film Lifted, which screened in theaters worldwide with Oscar-winner Ratatouille in 2007. Sarafian holds a Master of Arts degree in Film and Television Critical Studies from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has taught undergraduate film and television courses and has represented Pixar at a variety of film festivals throughout Europe, Japan and the United States.
When did you know you wanted to be a part of the entertainment industry?
“I’m proud to count fellow AGBU members and participants among my trusted professional colleagues, collaborators and mentors. In the future, I know that it will be AGBU that remains at the forefront of philanthropy, culture, and humanity in Armenia and throughout the diaspora with its countless charitable works.” – Katherine Sarafian
I knew from a very early age. I didn’t necessarily know if I wanted to be directly involved in film, but I always had a natural affinity for the arts. When I was a child, my mom would save up money and take us to go see Broadway shows. I remember the first production I saw was Annie. In high school, I was very involved in theater, and I always wanted to be a part of every aspect of the productions. What is something you wish someone had told you when you first started out? How do you guide your junior colleagues? Trust your instincts. I was told this many years ago while working at Pixar, and I wish someone had said it to me at the very beginning of my career here. If you have a funny feeling about something, or it just doesn’t feel right, trust that feeling and make your decision based on your gut rather than what others are telling you. I would have been much more confident early in my career had I listened to my inner voice. There is so much going on when you are making a film, and specifically so many technical factors in the process, but the reality is that so much
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of it is about instincts, feelings, and the emotions of the characters and of the audience. And listening to your own instincts and what you believe to be true, and reacting to the feelings that are being emoted around you—that is huge.
Which film of yours are you most proud of, and why? I am genuinely proud of each of our films. You spend a great deal of time on these movies and put so much energy in, and I have been fortunate to learn so much from every one of them. With Brave, however, it was the first time that I really called on every part of myself. The film took six years to make, and the whole team had to use everything we had ever learned and experienced in our lives throughout the making of this feature. The whole journey was incredibly rewarding and I was sad to see it end. So many warm and deep connections had been formed. I was equally excited and proud of the ultimate film that Brave turned out to be and the strong work relationships and collaboration we fostered. The crew was amazing, brilliant, and brave. Visit: www.agbu.org/news-item/katherine-sarafian/ to read the full interview.
“The AGBU NYSIP experience was one of the best summers of my life. I had the opportunity to spend over a month reflecting on my Armenian spirit, experimenting with different career paths, exploring an exciting city, and making lifelong friends.” – Hrag Hamalian
Why did you choose your field? What led you to it? After college, I was planning to eventually go to medical school, but education had always been important to me and I had many educators in my family. Throughout my childhood and in college I taught and volunteered in different educational settings without fully realizing how much I enjoyed it. When I was accepted to the Teach for America program after college, I thought it was a great way for me to jump into a profession that was very appealing to me, and to serve the students and demographic I was passionate about. I was placed in South Central Los Angeles, in one of the lowest performing and violent public high schools in the country. I was shocked by the extreme discrepancy between the public education I had received as a child and the public education system under which I was currently teaching and operating. The experience solidified my conviction that every child deserves an excellent public education and motivated me to make a larger impact in the education world. What is your ultimate goal? I intend to establish Valor Academy into a premiere model of K-12 public education by launching more schools in more communities. In addition, I intend on creating innovative educational businesses and products focused on improving the quality of education in different contexts and settings. Name someone—a role model—who has had an impact on your life and the decisions you have made, and why. I would have to say my family. Two generations of my family, really, but especially my parents, who both gave up a lot—and even sacrificed what they could have done for themselves and their careers—to make sure that my sister and I would have the best education and opportunities growing up. There has always been an entrepreneurial spirit in my family, including examples like my grandfather, an Armenian Genocide survivor, who launched a textile business with only a second grade education. I have always felt very fortunate to have such great role models in my life and to have had such wonderful experiences that have shaped who I am. I hope to provide the same level of support and education to students who come from impoverished backgrounds. My success so far has been because I’ve been relentless. That comes directly from my family members. The success of this school was predicated on the values I learned from them. Visit: www.agbu.org/news-item/hrag-hamalian/ to read the full interview. AGBU - October 2013
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CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS Second Annual Concert Raises $16,000 for Programs
NEW YORK, NEW YORK BOHJALIAN DISCUSSES ‘THE LIGHT IN THE RUINS’
The Charles River Industrial and Innovation Museum was the setting for the second annual AGBU Performing Artists in Concert series in Boston. Sponsored by the New England District, the event attracted over 100 music aficionados to hear award-winning AGBU scholarship recipients perform with visual artist Kevork Mourad, who accompanied the music with live artwork. A reception followed to provide audience members the opportunity to meet the artists. The concert raised over $16,000 for the New England District’s programs.
Bestselling Author Discusses Newest Novel in NYC New York Times bestselling author Chris Bohjalian’s readers enjoyed the opportunity to learn from the writer himself about the making of The Light in the Ruins, his latest novel set in wartime and post-war Italy. At an event co-hosted by AGBU Ararat and Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society’s New York Chapter at the AGBU Central Office, Bohjalian shared stories from his experiences in writing the book, including a trip to Tuscany to become familiar with Italian detective work in the 1950s. The author also shared photographs from his recent trip to historic Armenia, which was part of his research for his previous bestseller The Sandcastle Girls, a love story that unfolds during the Armenian Genocide.
DETROIT, MICHIGAN AGBU HIGH SCHOOL RANKS AMONG TOP IN U.S.
NEW YORK, NEW YORK RARE WORKS OF OTTOMAN ARMENIAN COMPOSERS PERFORMED
AGBU Manoogian School Earns Bronze
Groundbreaking Concert Held by AGBU Performing Arts Department More than 200 guests packed the Italian Academy at Columbia University for a musical tribute to Armenian composers of the Ottoman Empire presented by the AGBU Performing Arts Department. Some of the rarely-performed compositions were introduced to a New York City audience for the very first time, and the program featured music by Alemshah, Elmas, Kanachyan, Komitas, Manas, Sinanian and Tchouhajian. The concert was co-sponsored with AGBU University Outreach, the Armenian Society of Columbia University and the Armenian Performers receive a standing ovation. AGBU Performing Arts Center at Columbia University.
Department Director Hayk Arsenyan stands second from right.
NEW YORK, NEW YORK HOLLYWOOD SPECIAL EFFECTS ARTIST THRILLS FANS Special effects artist Roger Kupelian thrilled an audience of over 100 at the AGBU Central Office during an event hosted by AGBU University Outreach and the New York Summer Internship Program (NYSIP) with a talk about his graphic novel War Gods, an Armenian saga set in the Byzantine era. Kupelian described the experiences and obstacles that he and his team faced over the past few years in producing the publication, as well as his efforts to bring the story to the silver screen. Besides The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Kupelian has also worked on blockbusters such as 21 Jump Street, Alice in Wonderland, Avatar, Green Lantern, Men in Black 3 and X-Men: First Class. AGBU - October 2013
For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report has ranked the AGBU Alex and Marie Manoogian School in Southfield, Michigan, as “among the best in the nation,” awarding it a Bronze Medal in the 2013 Best High Schools category. More than 21,000 public high schools in 49 states and the District of Columbia were evaluated. A total of 4,805 schools were awarded gold, silver or bronze medals based on state proficiency standards and how well they prepare students for college. This achievement is a testament to the dedicated and sustained efforts of the school’s board, administration and faculty to provide a strong learning environment for its bright and talented students.
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA L.A. HOSTS MENTORSHIP PROGRAM
Assembly Member Adrin Nazarian, Los Angeles City Council Member Paul Krekorian, former GenNext Treasurer Maida Tchaprazian, Western District Executive Director Yasmin Alpay, former GenNext Chair Hagop Jazmadarian and GenNext Case Manager Alfred Bedrossian.
GenNext Connects At-Risk Students with Mentors
Roger Kupelian Discusses New Graphic Novel
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BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS NEW ENGLAND HOSTS ARTISTS IN CONCERT
In recognition of its outstanding contributions to both the Armenian and the greater communities of Los Angeles, the Generation Next Mentorship Program (GenNext) was honored by the City of Los Angeles at the Los Angeles City Council Chamber. Council Members Paul Krekorian and Eric Garcetti, a former City Council president, presented the award to GenNext volunteers and AGBU staff. Council Member Krekorian shared memories of the genesis of GenNext and his role as a founding member. GenNext reaches out to at-risk students in Southern California by providing caring mentors and positive role models.
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CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS CANOGA PARK, CALIFORNIA AREK SHIRVANIAN RECEIVES EAGLE SCOUT AWARD
ANGELUS OAKS, CALIFORNIA BOY SCOUTS LEARN WILDERNESS SURVIVAL
Rank Earned through Building AGBU School Athletic Room
Glendale-Pasadena Scouts Spend Week at Camp
For his exemplary efforts in executing a community service project, AGBU Scout Arek Shirvanian received the rank of Eagle Scout—the highest award in American scouting. He earned the honor by fundraising for and building the Boys’ Athletic Room at the AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School’s Nazarian Gym. By requesting in-kind donations from Home Depot and other vendors, as well as raising funds personally, Arek, a former MDS student, obtained the materials necessary to build 12 custom-made locker stalls with furniture-grade wood and storage closets, and to paint the room in school colors with four teams of volunteers.
The annual Glendale-Pasadena Chapter Scouts’ camping trip culminated with the awards ceremony and bonfire night in the presence of family and friends. During the week, the Boy Scouts attained survival goals required for promotions, and three of the troop members took steps toward earning their Eagle Scout Award by completing wilderness survival. Required to build adequate shelter and light a fire, they surpassed expectations and did so using only ten essentials and whatever they found in the woods. Part of the mission of the AGBU scouting program is not only to instill a love of Armenian culture in youth, but also to promote engagement with the community and environment.
AGBU Vice President and AGBU California Schools Chair Sinan Sinanian congratulates AGBU Scout Arek Shirvanian during the ribbon cutting ceremony for the new locker room at the school as Reverend Father Shnork Demirjian, Principal Hagop Hagopian, MDS Board of Trustees Member Dr. Silva Karayan and His Eminence Archbishop Hovnan Derderian, Primate of the Western Diocese of the Armenian Church of America look on.
CANOGA PARK, CALIFORNIA NEW TURF FOR AGBU SCHOOL
CANOGA PARK, CALIFORNIA AYA DANCE ENSEMBLE RELAUNCHED
Students to Benefit from $120,000 project
Youth Hold Sold-Out Performance Twenty-eight Armenian youth, ages five to 14, made their debut with the Los Angeles (San Fernando Valley) Chapter Dance Ensemble during a sold-out performance. Over 230 guests inside the AGBU MDS Agajanian Auditorium applauded each dance choreographed by dance instructor Sona Gevorgyan.
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA SAN FERNANDO SCOUTS STRENGTHEN BONDS
Nearly 1,000 members of the ManoogianDemirdjian School community—board members, faculty, staff, students, alumni and parents—gathered on campus to witness the ribbon cutting ceremony for the new soccer field turf. The $120,000 initiative was made possible through the fundraising efforts of the MDS Soccer Field Task Force, Booster Club, PTO, Alumni Association and generous contributions from parents and friends. Present that day among special guests were AGBU Vice President and AGBU California Schools chair Sinan Sinanian and AGBU Treasurer and school benefactor Yervant Demirjian and his wife Melissa. The school, now in its 38th year, serves some 700 students.
Members of the MDS PTO and Booster Club.
Scan this code to watch media coverage of the inauguration of the new turf and locker room.
Participants Learn Leadership, Survival Archery, hiking, shooting and swimming, as well as classes on survival, natural habitat protection and scouting discipline were just some of the activities in store for the Los Angeles (San Fernando Valley) Scouts during their annual summer camp. The week unfolded at Camp Josepho in Pacific Palisades and concluded with a closing ceremony around the bonfire on parents’ visitation day. Scouts within different patrols performed their skits and were presented with badges, pins and ranks. Leadership is cultivated within each AGBU scout through teamwork and peers guidance.
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SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA HISTORIAN GEORGE BOURNOUTIAN PRESENTS RUSSIAN SURVEY ON KARABAKH Demographic Data Shows Armenian Majority in Early 19th Century Historian George Bournoutian introduced Silicon Valley readers to his latest book, The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabakh Province: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of Karabakh in the Early 19th Century. Around 80 people attended the presentation of the volume, a key contribution to demonstrating that Armenians comprised the majority of the region’s population at the time, contrary to existing misconceptions and inaccurate literature on the subject. The event, part of AGBU’s global book tour for this publication, was organized jointly by the AGBU Silicon Valley Chapter, AGBU Young Professionals of Northern California (YPNC), the ARF Outreach Committee and the UC Berkeley Armenian Studies Program. AGBU - October 2013
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CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS TORONTO, CANADA SPOTLIGHT ON YOUTH AT ANNUAL TALENT SHOW
Members of the Fine Arts Committee with artist Bedros Aslanian (third from right).
MONTREAL, CANADA AGOP HACIKYAN PRESENTS NEW NOVEL
Young Musicians, Singers and Dancers Take the Stage
Bedros Aslanian Displays Paintings Montreal’s Armenian community had the opportunity to witness a dialogue between renowned author Agop Hacikyan and writer and professor John Asfour during an evening organized by the AGBU Montreal Chapter, Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society, Tekeyan Cultural Association and the Cultural Society of Armenians from Istanbul. Hacikyan then introduced to his growing readership his newest oeuvre, The Young Man in the Grey Suit, a sequel to his bestseller A Summer Without Dawn. Loyal fans returned to attend a second talk focused on My Ethnic Quest, the author’s autobiographical exploration of national identity issues growing up as a member of a minority in Turkey. Hacikyan’s translation of poet Hambardzum Galstyan’s Unmailed Letters was presented as well. The chapter rewarded art lovers with an exhibition of Bedros Aslanian’s oil paintings at the AGBU Dervishian Hall. For three days, the public had the opportunity to admire Aslanian’s haunting landscapes, including Vieux Montreal and Morin-Heights, as well as the four seasons that his brush brought to life. AGBU Toronto Chair Knar Basmadjian, AGBU YP Toronto Board member Lori Sroujian, author Nancy Kricorian, AGBU Toronto Executive Director Salpi Der Ghazarian and AGBU Central Board member Berge Papazian.
TORONTO, CANADA KRICORIAN PRESENTS ‘ALL THE LIGHT THERE WAS’ Novel Tells Story of Genocide Survivors in Occupied Paris Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, All the Light There Was is Armenian American novelist Nancy Kricorian’s latest novel. During a book presentation event hosted by the Toronto Chapter, she spoke at length about her research process in writing the book, which chronicles the story of an Armenian family of Genocide survivors struggling to live through the dark days of Nazi-occupied Paris. Special guests included director Atom Egoyan and his wife, actress Arsinée Khanjian.
Always ready to involve the next generation, the Toronto Chapter presented its annual youth talent show. Nineteen participants, ages six to eight, shared the stage, playing instruments, singing and dancing. Each performer received a certificate for his/her participation.
SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL CHAPTER HONORS MEMBERS, COUNCILMAN Funds Raised for Syria Emergency Relief Fund The São Paulo Chapter takes pride in the achievements and dedication of its members and recently recognized three individuals for their service. Professor Nelly Nalbandian, co-founder and former principal of the AGBU Paren and Regina Bazarian School, was honored for her for 21 years of service. Funds were raised for the AGBU Syria Emergency Relief Fund that same day. The chapter paid homage to Armagan Karay on another occasion for his continuous involvement with the Armenian community. A reception was held at the local AGBU Center as a tribute to São Paulo Honoree Armagan Karay and his wife (right) stand with São Paulo Chapter Councilman Celso Jatene for his bill recognizing the Chair Helio Balukian and his wife. Armenian Genocide. April 24 will be observed each year by the Town Council and added to the official municipal calendar.
TORONTO, CANADA ALINA SAHAKYAN ART ON DISPLAY Artist’s Work Showcases Ancient Techniques, Armenian Identity Art enthusiasts flocked to the AGBU Alex Manoogian Cultural Center to view an exhibit featuring the works of Alina Sahakyan. Her art education, identity as an Armenian and present life in Canada were all reflected in her compositions, which present traces of the influence classical masters have on her. The highlight of the exhibit was Sahakyan’s unique use of the ancient method of felting, an elaborate procedure utilizing needles and wool.
The artist with her creations.
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SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL SOUTH AMERICAN AGBU GAMES EXPAND Players Welcomed from Rosario, Argentina The annual South American Olympic Games celebrated its 33rd year by welcoming a new group of athletes to the court—a girls volleyball team from Rosario, Argentina. The players joined over 100 AGBU youth from Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Montevideo and São Paulo in Brazil to compete in a variety of games, from basketball to backgammon. Friends and family from across South America filled the stands of the AGBU Alex Manoogian Center in support of the young athletes. The host city for the games rotates each year among the four South American AGBU chapters to provide second, third and even fourth generation Armenians with an opportunity to connect with peers from neighboring countries and stay close to their heritage. AGBU - October 2013
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CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA AGBU COMPLEX GETS MAKEOVER Renovations Unveiled at Manoogian Institute The Marie Manoogian Institute unveiled five brand new classrooms, part of an ambitious renovation project of the AGBU Complex. Students made the atmosphere festive with Armenian dance performances, delighting the attendees of the ribbon cutting ceremony. The entire kindergarten was remodeled, elementary school classrooms doubled in size, and the school entrance was refurbished. Classrooms are now equipped with air conditioners and audiovisual equipment integrated into the school’s computer network, enabling teachers to complement traditional teaching methods with modern multimedia resources, including the AGBU Armenian Virtual College (AVC). The new pre-K for four-year-old children is named after benefactor Hermin Malkassian; the new kindergarten for five-year-old children bears the name of benefactors Bedros Majian, Agavni Zemelian Majian, Levonig Demirdjian Majian and Aram Majian. The three new elementary school classrooms are named after benefactors Aram Emirian; Sarkis and Lucia Kadarian and Mihran Andonian. The inauguration concluded at the lobby entrance, with the unveiling of a plaque in memory of benefactors Agop and Anush Yogurtian.
CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA LOCAL COMMUNITY LEARNS ABOUT AVC AGBU’s Armenian Virtual College (AVC) Founder and Central Board Member Dr. Yervant Zorian was received by an eager audience of former and prospective students in Córdoba, Argentina’s second largest city. Founded in 2009, AVC now boasts over 2,700 students from 63 countries, offering classes in Eastern and Western Armenian, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Turkish. Dr. Zorian’s weekend in Córdoba began at the local AGBU Center, where he met with Chapter and youth group members. Pointing to the success of the AGBU Marie Manoogian School in Buenos Aires, which has incorporated AVC into its current curriculum, Dr. Zorian discussed the possibility of doing the same with Armenian students in Córdoba. AVC Founder and Central Board member Dr. Yervant Zorian (standing center), Central Board member Ruben Kechichian (standing sixth from right) and Córdoba Chapter Chair Javier Petenian (standing, far right) with members of the Córdoba Chapter.
MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY CHAPTER MARKS 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF SCHOOL
BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA DIPLOMATS GET A TASTE OF ARMENIA
Uruguayan Government Issues Stamp in School’s Honor
20th Armenian Cuisine Week Hosted in Capital U.S. Consul in Argentina Daniel Perrone, along with fellow members of the local diplomatic corps and their spouses, got a taste of Armenia during the 20th annual Armenian Cuisine Week held at the AGBU Nazarian Hall in Buenos Aires. U.S. Embassy protocol officials joined the Consul in savoring the Armenian food that has turned AGBU into a must-go locale for gourmands in the Argentinean capital. Cuisine Week was an opportunity for Armenian Ambassador Vahagn Melikian (photo on right, center) to host Mr. Leivaditou, Greek Ambassador Eleni Leivaditou, (Ambassador Melikian), Ambassador Melikian’s daughter, Russian Ambassador Viktor Koronelli, Mrs. Armine Melikian, and French Ambassador Jean-Pierre Asvazadourian. Other high officials hosted by AGBU included Belgian Ambassador Thomas Antoine, Argentine Foreign Ministry’s Eastern Europe Division Deputy Director Ricardo Forrester and Ceremonial Deputy Director Alberto Trueba, as well as Buenos Aires Province Ombudsman Carlos Bonicatto, who was joined by his office’s Disability Assistance Division Head Sergio Nahabetian (also Director of the Argentinean Armenian weekly publication Sardarabad). For decades, the Women’s Auxiliary Committee has been an ambassador for Armenian cuisine in the South American country, with around 400 guests filling the Nazarian Hall each Friday and Saturday night for the traditional dinners. Known locally as Cena de los Viernes y los Sábados, (Weekend Dinners) these dinners serve as fundraisers for the AGBU Marie Manoogian School’s annual student trips to Armenia. AGBU Buenos Aires Secretary Antonio Sarafian, U.S. Consul in Argentina Daniel Perrone, Mrs. Lola Perrone, Mrs. Mirta Sarafian, Mrs. Susana Nahabetian, and Buenos Aires Province Disability Assistance Division Head Sergio Nahabetian.
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The Montevideo Chapter celebrated AGBU’s 107th birthday and the 40th anniversary of its Noubarian-Manoogian School with an event featuring a performance by AGBU’s Grung Choir and NoubarianManoogian students. A time capsule, with pictures, letters from alumni and other memorabilia, was sealed and will be unlocked in 40 years. The highlight of the evening was the presentation of a mural-size photo of a postage stamp issued by the Uruguayan government in homage to the AGBU school. A standing room only concert by Armenian singer Harout Hagopian crowned the joint anniversary celebrations. Hagopian, invited from Los Angeles for the occasion, presented a diverse selection of Armenian songs, bringing children to join him on stage and the enthusiastic audience to its feet in the aisles of Teatro El Galpón.
PARIS, FRANCE AGBU HOSTS KARABAKH PRESIDENT IN PARIS Leader Meets Armenian Organizations, French Officials Nagorno Karabakh Republic President Bako Sahakyan met with AGBU President Berge Setrakian, as well as French officials and Armenian community leaders, during a state visit to France. During a meeting with representatives of the Coordination Council of Armenian Organizations of France at the AGBU Alex Manoogian Cultural Center in Paris, attendees discussed with President Sahakyan a wide range of topics, including Karabakh’s security issues, economy and development, social concerns and alliances to be cultivated. President Setrakian hosted a private dinner in honor of the Karabakh leader at the Cercle de l’Union Interalliée, attended by His Eminence Archbishop Yezras Nersisyan, Primate of the Russian Diocese of the Armenian Church; Armenian Ambassador to France Vigen Chitechian; Nagorno Karabakh Permanent Representative in France Hovhannes Gevorgyan; Cesar Academy President Alain Terzian; and AGBU Europe District Chair Alexis Govciyan, among others. In his address, President Sahakyan thanked AGBU for its unfailing support to the republic since independence.
Karabakh benefactor Hayk Maghakelian, AGBU President Berge Setrakian, Armenian Ambassador to France Vigen Chitechian and Nagorno Karabakh President Bako Sahakyan.
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CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS LYON, PARIS AND VALENCE, FRANCE ARMENIAN STUDENTS INTERN IN FRANCE
SOFIA, BULGARIA AGBU ORCHESTRA PARTNERS WITH JAZZ MASTERS
AGBU Sponsors French University in Armenia Students
Armenian Community, Fellow Bulgarians Attend Sofia Concert
Eleven fourth year students from the French University in Armenia (UFAR) conducted one-month internships at different companies in Lyon, Paris and Valence, thanks to the support of the AGBU France District and Lyon chapter. The Armenian interns embraced the opportunity for professional immersion in French companies and institutions. Their internships are part of the institution’s academic curriculum and match the three major fields of study at UFAR: law, management and marketing. The partnership between AGBU France and UFAR dates back to 2004, when AGBU France District arranged the first contingent of UFAR interns in Paris. Since then, 73 of the best students have conducted four to six-week internships in Grenoble, Interns with former Lyon Chapter Vice Chair Lyon, Paris and Valence, thanks to AGBU’s complete Jacques Garabedian, who played an important financial support.
The AGBU Sofia Chamber Orchestra collaborated with renowned Bulgarian jazz musicians to close the 2012-2013 concert season in a sold-out performance at the National Music Academy Hall marked by ovations and encore requests. Since 2007, the orchestra has enjoyed the full support of not only the Armenian community in the Bulgarian capital, but music aficionados from all over the city. Maestro Bedros Papazian conducts the concert with vocalist Militsa Gladnishka, trumpeter Michael Jossifov, pianist Vasil Spasov and bassist Boris Taslev in their joint performance with the AGBU Sofia Chamber Orchestra.
role in establishing the AGBU-UFAR partnership.
MARSEILLE, FRANCE CHAPTER PAYS TRIBUTE TO PLAYWRIGHT VERNEUIL
MOSCOW, RUSSIA KARABAKH ORCHESTRA PERFORMS IN MOSCOW
Marseille Chapter Hosts 'Mayrig' Co-Stars at Gala
AGBU, NKR Ministry of Culture Sponsor Tour
The Marseille Chapter honored Golden Globe-winning actor Omar Sharif and French actor Jacky Nercessian at a gala attended by over 180 people at the Pharaoh Palace during French Armenian Week. The stars attended the opening of an exhibit on celebrated French Armenian playwright and filmmaker Henri Verneuil, who was born as Achod Malakian. A Golden Globe winner, Verneuil is perhaps best known for his 1991 film Mayrig (Mother), which included Sharif and Nercessian in leading roles. Marseille Chapter Chairman Patrick Malakian, Verneuil’s son, delivered a moving Actors Jacky Nercessian and tribute to his father.
Omar Sharif at the AGBU gala.
PLOVDIV, BULGARIA $5,000 RAISED FOR YOUTH TRIPS TO ARMENIA Chapter Celebrates 103 Years with Gala Celebrating its 103rd anniversary, the Plovdiv Chapter and YP Plovdiv together organized the Children and Youth—Our Future Charity Gala. The evening raised over $5,000, earmarked for the participation of local Armenian youth in summer programs administered by AGBU and Armenia’s Ministry of Diaspora. Guests gathered at the city’s renowned Viennese Pavilion to bid on auction items and enjoy a program by the AGBU Erebouni Band (pictured), among other cultural groups.
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At the invitation of the Aram Khachaturian Foundation, the 16-member Karabakh Chamber Orchestra performed at the Central House of Literature in Moscow. The Union of Armenians of Russia and the Permanent Representation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in Moscow organized the evening. Addressing the audience, Artistic Director and Principal Conductor Gevorg Muradyan thanked AGBU President Berge Setrakian and NKR Minister of Culture Narine Aghabalyan for making the tour possible. The Karabakh Chamber Orchestra was established in 2004 through the initiative of then-NKR President Arkady Ghukassian and AGBU’s financial support, which continues to this day.
BEIRUT, LEBANON FULL HOUSE FOR AYA THEATER GROUP Over 2,000 Attend ‘Aesop’ Performance The AYA Vahram Papazian Theater Group captivated 2,200 audience members with its four performances of Aesop (Yezovpos) at Beirut’s H. Der Melkonian Hall. Under the guidance of veteran director Yervant Ghazanchyan from Armenia, the cast brought to life the story of the enslaved Greek fabulist and his yearning for freedom. This was the first time the company staged the popular drama written by Brazilian playwright Guilherme Figueiredo.
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CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS YEREVAN, ARMENIA AUA 1ST GRADUATING CLASS MARKS 20 YEARS
BEIRUT, LEBANON CROWD OF 4,000 APPLAUDS ARINE DANCERS
Reunion Attendees Raise $35,000 for Endowment Fund
Ensemble Performs Armenian Folk Dances, Classic Ballets Offering a celebration of Armenian folklore and classical ballet, the AYA Arine Dance Ensemble debuted its most recent production, The Call of the Mountains, at the Emile Lahoud Hall in Beirut. Choreographed by Artistic Director Gayane Madzounian with the assistance of renowned artist Gagik Ginosyan, from Armenia and Vartan Megerdichian, the 160-member group presented 25 dances, garnering applause from 4,000 audience members during four performances. The first part of the spectacle comprised selections from the rich repertoire of Armenian folk dances, while the second paid tribute to the 110th birthday of Aram Khachaturian.
YEREVAN, ARMENIA UFAR STUDENTS GRANTED FULL-TUITION AGBU Provides Merit Scholarships to 22 Students
AGBU Europe District Chair Alexis Govciyan discusses the organization’s support of the university as AGBU Central Board Member Vasken Yacoubian, UFAR Rector Jean-Jacques Montois, French Ambassador to Armenia Henri Reynaud, and Armenia’s National Security Council Secretary and UFAR Board of Trustees Chair Artur Baghdasaryan look on.
and Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 University. He also remarked that AGBU is a unique bridge between UFAR and the rest of the world, referring to AGBU’s support for an internship program in France for UFAR students. AGBU and UFAR cooperation spans the past decade.
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AGBU granted $30,000 in merit-based scholarships covering full tuition to 22 students of the French University of Armenia (UFAR), at an award ceremony that took place at the Royal Tulip Grand Hotel Yerevan. The students were selected as UFAR’s best and received certificates of excellence at the event. In his address to the audience, UFAR Rector Jean-Jacques Montois thanked the university’s sponsors and supporters, in particular AGBU, ACBA-Credit Agricole Bank
The first graduating class of the American University of Armenia (AUA) celebrated its 20th anniversary with an on-campus reunion that included meetings with university leadership and the launching of a precedent-setting endowment fund. In his welcoming remarks, AUA President Bruce Boghosian thanked the Class of 1993, many of whom still reside in the homeland, for its leadership and vision. Special tributary remarks were made in honor of Louise Manoogian Simone, then AGBU’s President, for her unwavering commitment to making the university a reality after the idea was circulated among philanthropic organizations. The Alumni Endowment Fund was established with an initial goal of $20,000. However, enthusiasm for the endeavor had spread and the total soon reached $35,000. “For our 20th reunion, we decided to launch this fund to help future students receive the education we were so fortunate to receive,” said 1993 alumna Anahit Ordyan, who helped organize the reunion.
AUA’s first graduating class gathers with AUA President Bruce Boghosian (center), Vice President of Operations Ashot Ghazaryan (behind Boghosian, right), Vice President of Finance Gevorg Goyunyan (behind Boghosian, left), Director of Administration Anahit Ordyan (center).
YEREVAN, ARMENIA DANCERS TAKE OVER CASCADE Coordinated Performance Celebrates Composer Khachaturian To commemorate the 110th birthday of renowned composer Aram Khachaturian, AGBU, in partnership with the Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra (APO) and Emporium, presented Sabre Dance on the Street at the Cascade Complex and Cafesjian Sculpture Garden. Sabre Dance, Khachaturian’s classical yet universally popular piece from the ballet Gayane, was celebrated in the heart of Yerevan, with a deftly orchestrated tribute to the composer. The unique spectacle included the participation of APO and the Armenia State Dance Ensemble Barekamutyun. Capture this code to watch Sabre Dance on the Street in its entirety.
GYUMRI, ARMENIA SCHOOL FOR SPECIAL NEEDS RENOVATED Plaque Unveiled in Honor of AGBU Contributions A plaque unveiled at Gyumri’s Special School No. 3 recognizes the AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School in Southern California and the AGBU Friends in Wisconsin for underwriting critical renovations at the institution. With the combined $23,000 raised, the special education school refurbished an adjacent building where the boilers were housed, replacing them with new and more powerful ones that will supply hot water not only to the bathhouse, but to the entire school. AGBU donated an additional $1,500 to install thermo-insulated tin roofing that will prevent leaking, especially during Armenia’s harsh winters. Over the years, AGBU has supported School No. 3, which has educated and cared for children with special needs since its founding in 1956. AGBU - October 2013
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CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS YEREVAN, ARMENIA ‘SYRIA IN MY MEMORIES’
TALIN, ARMENIA U.S. AMBASSADOR VISITS HYE GEEN CENTER
Charity Exhibition-Sale of Syrian Armenian Photographer Vahe Shahinian Opens in Yerevan
20 Mothers-to-Be Meet with Diplomat United States Ambassador to Armenia John Heffern and his wife Libby joined former AGBU U.S. Western District Chair Haig Messerlian and AGBU Armenia Director Arpi Vartanian on a visit to the AGBU Hye Geen Pregnant Women’s Center in Talin. Ani Aslanyan, Project Coordinator in Talin described the Center’s activities, accomplishments and challenges. The 20 mothers-to-be were delighted to share their impressions and have a frank discussion about their everyday challenges. Ambassador and Mrs. Heffern, who have five children and one grandchild, welcomed the opportunity to interact with the women, learn about their concerns and share their experience and ideas.
TSAGHKADZOR, ARMENIA ARTASHAT TEAM WINS INTERSCHOOL CHESS TOURNAMENT 5,000 Youth From Armenia, Nagorno Karabakh and Georgia Compete The 7th AGBU-sponsored Republican Interschool Chess Tournament, the initiative of the Armenian Chess Federation and under the auspices of the Republic of Armenia’s Ministry of Education and Science, ended in victory for the Artashat High School Team, following eight months of intense competition. The finalists—72 schoolchildren grouped in 18 teams of four participants each— gathered at the Writers’ House Resort in Tsaghkadzor. The competition commenced with 5,000 students from all over Armenia, Nagorno Karabakh and Georgia. Members of the winning team received mini-iPads, and teams from Yerevan Schools #2 and #54, which placed second and third respectively, were awarded monetary prizes. Since 2007, AGBU has been a tournament sponsor, providing prizes to winners at the local, regional and national levels.
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Beneficiaries of the AGBU Hye Geen Pregnant Women’s Center in Talin with U.S. Ambassador John Heffern (center), Mrs. Libby Heffern (kneeling, right), AGBU Armenia Director Arpi Vartanian (standing, 3rd from right), Project Coordinator Ani Aslanyan (far right), and former AGBU U.S. Western District Chair Haig Messerlian (kneeling, left).
Organized and sponsored by the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU), Syria in My Memories, a charity exhibition-sale of well-known Syrian Armenian photographer Vahe Shahinian opened at the Hovhannes Tumanyan Museum on September 30, with over 300 people in attendance. All proceeds from the sale will be used for programs assisting Syrian-Armenians who have moved to Armenia as a result of the conflict. Syria, confronted with war and desolation today, was presented in all its previous charm and beauty. Through more than 150 photographs, the artist presented a selection of his work over the last 30 years. He confessed that, because of the war, he has not even touched a camera in the last three years. Vasken Yacoubian (right) presenting Shahinian unveiled his portrait of Karakin II, which he the portrait of the Catholicos by Vahe presented to the Catholicos in gratitude for his pontifical care Shahinian (left) to His Holiness. and enormous help towards Syrian Armenians. The artist then toured the exhibit and described the photographs to His Holiness. With his opening speech, AGBU Central Board member Vasken Yacoubian noted, ”Our country of birth, now in the claws of war and destruction and being drowned in blood, is reflected in Vahe Shahinian’s exceptional art and beautiful photographs presented in this exhibition. In our memories, Syria will again be resurrected as one of the world’s cradles of civilization with its rich historic monuments, beautiful Christian and Islamic holy places, but especially with its peaceful way of life.” Vahe Shahinian, born in 1956 in Damascus, completed his elementary education at AGBU Sahakian-Gullabi Gulbenkian School, before continuing his studies at local state colleges. As early as the age of eight, Shahinian was fascinated with the world of photography. In 1981, Shahinian co-founded the Syrian Photography Club, of which he has been a member since. He has held many personal exhibitions in Armenia, Russia, Syria, the United States, and throughout Europe. He has been awarded with numerous certificates and prizes. For many years, Shahinian has been a committed and active member of various committees of AGBU Damascus and AGBU-AYA. For many years, he has also been an active trustee of both the AGBU Sahakian-Gullabi Gulbenkian School and the Damascus Holy Translator School.
AGBU - October 2013
CHAPTERS, SCHOOLS, PEOPLE & EVENTS
TSAGHKADZOR, ARMENIA AVC LAUNCHES ONLINE CHESS COURSE
Grandmaster and Vice President of the Armenian Chess Federation Smbat Lputyan introduces the new AVC Chess program to Armenia’s President Serzh Sargsyan (center) and World Chess Federation (FIDE) President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov (center left).
Armenian Chess Federation to Aid in Instruction In collaboration with the Armenian Chess Federation, the AGBU Armenian Virtual College (AVC) has launched a chess program, an initiative that will allow chess lovers anywhere in the world to learn the game at basic, intermediate or advanced levels. The program aims to develop students’ concentration, creativity and strategic thinking. Through its chess program, AVC will play a unique role in developing chess culture in Armenia and worldwide. “AVC’s online experience in multimedia techniques has been utilized to make the chess classes visually attractive to grab the learner’s attention and make the learning process fun and enjoyable,” said AVC Founder and President Dr. Yervant Zorian. The AVC Chess Program complements mandatory chess classes recently incorporated into Armenia’s elementary school curriculum. AVC continues to expand its programs through new initiatives in an effort to keep up with present-day advancements in technology and e-learning practices. Keeping up with the highest international standards in online learning, the school caters to the educational needs of Armenia as defined by the Republic of Armenia’s Ministry of Education and Science. To learn more about AVC’s Chess Program and enroll, visit www.avc-agbu.org/home.php.
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A LEGACY OF ARMENIAN TREASURES: TESTIMONY TO A PEOPLE
My Mother’s Voice
NEW
Documentary filmmaker, Kay Mouradian marshals her vast powers of and largest the holds Michigan Southfield, in Museum The Alex and Marie Manoogian expression to spin the most representative gathering of Armenian art and artifacts outside Armenia, including moving tale of the long early printed books, ceramics, coins, illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, paintings, march forced on a young rugs and carpets, textiles and embroigirl and the rest of her NEW dery, sacred vessels, vestments and nation. objects from the ancient kingdom of Like the overwhelming Urartu. A Legacy of Armenian majority of the Armenians Treasures transports every art lover to in the Ottoman Empire, this trove of timeless creations from Flora Munushian had to the comfort of home. This coffee abandon her home in 1915 to cross the Syrian desert, table book features more than 160 of into a future of uncertainty and fear. It is more than a the museum’s most remarkable and Genocide story. Through the eyes of Flora, who left beautiful pieces, each reproduced in behind in Hadjin her parents and her dreams, Mouradian full color and accompanied by a not only brings back to life the ordeal Armenians went detailed entry. through, but also the deadly upheavals of the world in Essays by nine scholars of Armenian the early 20th century. Her forceful prose keeps the art and artifacts shed light not only reader glued to the pages with this tribute to Armenians on the artistic significance of these and Flora, Genocide survivor and her mother. objects, but on their cultural context, as well. Balboa Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2013. Paperback, 225 pages. . ITEM 326 - $17 The Alex and Marie Manoogian Foundation, 335 pages. Hardcover. ITEM 325 - $75
Stories from the Armenian Social Club in Old Shanghai NEW By E.G. Sergoyan
The upheavals of the early 20th century scattered Armenians literally in every direction. Very few thought they would settle in places as far as Shanghai. E.G. Sergoyan, an aeronautical engineer, has come to fill the gap with this fastpaced non-fiction volume chronicling the fascinating life of the small community of Armenian Shanghai. They are the “two percenters,” a small minority of people who abandon their country and families for exotic destinations. Illustrated with photographs of the characters that made up this remote Armenian outpost—those who witnessed the first RussoJapanese war, Armenian pogroms in Baku, the Genocide, the Russian Revolution and the Japanese invasion of China, followed by the Kuomintang regime and Mao’s Revolution. The reader is amply rewarded with the stories that make up the book, which are extraordinary in their own right. Coffeetown Press, Seattle, 2012, paperback, 204 pages.
ITEM 324 - $14 102
The Armenian Genocide in Literature
By Hambardzum Galstyan, translated and edited by Agop J. Hacikyan
By Kay Mouradian
BY EDMOND Y. AZADIAN, SYLVIE L. MERIAN AND LUCY ARDASH
The Gathering Place
UNMAILED Crows of the LETTERS Desert
NEW
NEW
Perceptions of Those Who Lived Through the Years of Calamity By Rubina Peroomian The Armenian Genocide of 1915 is still yielding literary responses, long after the generation of writers who witnessed and survived the massacres and deportations has been superseded by those born in the Diaspora. In this academic volume, Rubina Peroomian surveys the first generation of writers, those who saw their lives shattered to pieces and devoted their efforts to recreating the lost world in their literature. As Peroomian explains, however, literary responses to the Genocide predate 1915. They were prefigured by poems and novels published in the aftermath of the massacres of 1894-96 and 1909, which are “the first echoes of the topical subgenre that we recognize today as Armenian Genocide literature.” These massacres, Peroomian writes, resonated in the creations of writers including Zabel Yesayan, Vahan Tekeyan and Arpiar Arpiarian. Peroomian analyzes the anguished search for the literary cohesion of a nation torn by dispersion. The author holds a Ph.D. in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures from UCLA. Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute, Yerevan, 2012. Hardcover, 464 pages. ITEM 323 - $35
With the fall of the Soviet Union came the rise of a select few bold leaders, the founders of the Karabakh Committee, who were determined to reunify Nagorno Karabakh with Armenia and to protect the constitutional rights of its people. Among them was prolific writer and politician Hambardzum Galstyan, whose activism forever shaped the Armenian national consciousness. Unmailed Letters, now available for the first time in English, compiles Galstyan’s firsthand accounts from Moscow’s notorious Butyrka prison, where he served a six-month sentence in 1988 and 1989. Part memoir, part manifesto, Galstyan’s voice rings clearly through every page of this paperback—reminding readers of a powerful life cut tragically short by assassination.
Gomidas Institute, London, 2013, paperback, 194 pages.
ITEM 322 - $25
War Gods
NEW
By Levon Yotnakhparian, Edited by Ishkhan Jinbashian and translated by Victoria Parian In his gripping memoir, which was dictated to and hand-written by his wife, Vartouhi Yotnakhparian, Armenian Genocide survivor Levon Yotnakhparian recounts joining the Ottoman military, realizing he had been turned against his own people, and subsequently escaping to rescue other victims. Yotnakhparian’s journey through the desert to find refugees and orphans is detailed in this unique publication, which also features photographs of Yotnakhparian, his orphan recovery group and the men, women and children whose lives it saved. Published by Parian Photographic Design, California, 2012. Softcover, 131 pages. ITEM 318 - $15
Armenian Architects of Istanbul NEW
Edited by Hasan Kuruyazici
By Roger Kupelian Visual effects artist and filmmaker Roger Kupelian, who is best known for his work on the Academy Awardwinning trilogy The Lord of the Rings, has captured the imaginations of his fans yet again in this newly released graphic novel. War Gods is a Byzantine-era saga of unparalleled bravery, which offers a fresh new look at the world before the Dark Ages and after the fall of the classical Rome of the Caesars. It is the story of exceptional men and women who pull together a world torn apart by war, religious strife, and the lust for world domination. A true page-turner, War Gods describes with vivid imagery the murder that destroys a family, to the battles that regain a kingdom, to the religious conflicts that create the first Christian nation in history and the curse carried down through centuries that culminate in a bloody battle. Published by Fugitive Studios Entertainment, 2011. Softcover, 84 pages. Standard Issue; Limited Edition Autographed Issue.
The Memoirs of Levon Yotnakhparian
In the Era of Westernization
East of Byzantium: Volume 1
NEW
ITEM 319 - $15 ITEM 320 - $30
Armenian architects played a major role in the modernization that Constantinople—as the then-capital of the Ottoman Empire was formerly known— underwent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Even though much of that legacy is now dilapidated or has disappeared throughout the turbulences that took place in Istanbul in the last century, the city is still defined by that seminal architectonic era. The fame of the Balian brothers transcended national borders and survives to this day, but other eminent Armenian architects also contributed to reshape the cosmopolitan metropolis, including Mihran Azarian, the brothers Aram and Isaac Karakash, Ohannes Serverian and Garabed Tulbendjian. Author Hasan Kuruyazici prepared this richly-illustrated volume as the companion to an exhibition that took place in 2010, in collaboration with the International Hrant Dink Foundation, the Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture Agency and the Haycar Association of Architects and Engineers. International Hrant Dink Foundation Publications, Istanbul, 2010, Paperback, 167 pages.
ITEM 327 - $75
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Bookstore THE IMMORTALS A Pictorial Anthology of Historiographic Works & A Brief History of Armenians in Persia.
By Alice Navasargian The Immortals is the third book by accomplished author Alice Navasargian that surveys the many contributions of the Armenian people. Drawing from extensive research from as early as the 12th century to the NEW present, Navasargian profiles key figures in Armenian history. They include names such as Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor; Arakel Davrizhetsi, the 17th century Armenian historian; and Hovhannes Masehyan, the celebrated translator of Shakespeare. Navasargian also provides an account of the influences of Persian Armenians in Venice, and of the Persian Armenian families that rose to prominence in Russia. ITEM 317 - $100 Published by Alice Navasargian, California, 2012. Hardcover, 550 pags.
The Destruction of Armenians in Cilicia, April 1909 By Hrachik Simonyan, translated by Melissa Brown and Alexander Arzoumanian The Cilician Massacres of 1909 were a major turning point in the history of Ottoman Armenians—within just two weeks, over 20,000 Armenians were killed in mob violence, and the Armenian quarters of Adana, as well as other villages, were razed to the ground. Through violence supported NEW by Ottoman authorities and Muslim mobs, these massacres took place only a year after the 1908 Young Turks revolution and six years before the Armenian Genocide. The 1909 massacres were followed by the efforts of Ottoman authorities to dismiss Armenian losses, blame Armenians for the violence, and whitewash the criminal activities of the authorities. However, Armenians were not intimidated and sought justice. They sent delegations to the scenes of crimes, cared for survivors and bore witness to the atrocities that took place. They published survivor accounts, formal investigative reports, newspaper commentaries and literary works. The Ottoman authorities in Constantinople had to backtrack and make some concessions, though they did not relent in their efforts to protect the murderers. The recent English translation of Hrachik Simonyan is an authoritative account of these events. It presents a wide range of Armenian archival and published sources, as it recounts the background to the massacres and the aftermath to the carnage. It is a monumental work that promises to lead to much discussion among scholars, political activists and intellectuals about the terrible events of 1909. Published by the Gomidas Institute, London-2012, paperback, 280 pages, maps, photographs. ITEM 312 – $30
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By Mathew Karanian; Photography by Mathew Karanian and Robert Kurkjian.
Brown: New design
“An excellent guide written with real passion.” - CNN Traveller 320 pages, 150 color photos and 30 detailed maps. Stone Garden Productions.
ITEM 321 - $25
KOMITAS Complete Works for Piano By S¸ahan Arzruni
NEW
CD
Classic pianist and composer S¸ahan Arzruni brings Komitas’ work to life in this stirring compilation that gathers the legendary Armenian musician’s most treasured works. CD, 2012.
Scarf Green Scarf Purple
ITEM 1035 - $20
JUDGMENT AT ISTANBUL The Armenian NEW Genocide Trials By Vahakn N. Dadrian and Taner Akçam Turkey’s bid to join the European Union has lent new urgency to the issue of the Armenian Genocide, as differing interpretations of the massacres are proving to be a major reason for the delay of its accession. This book provides vital background information and is a prime source of legal evidence and authentic Turkish eyewitness testimony of the intent and the crime of Genocide against the Armenians. After a long and painstaking effort, the authors, one an Armenian, the other a Turk, generally recognized as the foremost experts on the Armenian Genocide, have prepared a new, authoritative translation and detailed analysis of the Takvim-i Vekayi, the official Ottoman Government record of the Turkish Military Tribunals concerning the crimes committed against the Armenians during World War I.
Berghahn Books. Hardcover, 363 pages.
These beautifully designed scarves make meaningful gifts and will benefit the AGBU Hye Geen Pregnant Women’s Centers in Armenia. Each 27"x27" scarf has “Hye Geen” written in Armenian on one corner.
ITEM 308 – $110
ITEM 6503 – $20 ITEM 6505 – $20
THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE was one of the greatest atrocities of the twentieth century, an episode in which up to 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives. In this major new history, renowned historian RAYMOND KÉVORKIAN provides an authoritative account of the origins, events, and consequences of the years 1915 and 1916. This is also a geographical account of the Genocide, documenting its course region by region, including a complete account of the deportations and massacres that occurred. He considers the role that the Armenian Genocide played in the construction of the Turkish nation state and identity, as well as the ideologies of power, rule, and NEW state violence. He examines the consequences of the violence against the Armenians and attempts to bring those who committed the atrocities to justice. I. B. Tauris Publishers. Hardcover, 1029 pages.
ITEM 304 - $70
Scarf Red Scarf Brown
ITEM 6504 – $20 ITEM 6506 – $20
Telling the Story The Armenian Genocide in The New York Times and Missionary Herald, 1914-1918 By Anne Elizabeth Elbrecht Telling the Story focuses on two leading journals, The New York Times and Missionary Herald, to examine how news of the Armenian Genocide filtered through to the United States between 1914 and 1918, as well as the NEW reaction of the American public and its response with a humanitarian intervention program. The New York Times was a leading news organization and Missionary Herald was part of an institution with vested interests in Turkey. Telling the Story is an invaluable addition to our understanding of the Armenian Genocide and United States policy in the Near East. Taderon Press, by special arrangement with the Gomidas Institute, London, 2012. Paperback, 238 pages. ITEM 310 – $28 AGBU - October 2013
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Lords of Ottoman Armenia
NEW
By Agop Hacikyan My Ethnic Quest delves into conflicts that stem from issues of national identity, religious intolerance and social prejudice against Turkey’s minorities. The book presents a variety of ethnicities; Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Kurds, Syriacs, Yezidis and others. However, it also describes the silence imposed by the state to reduce the centuries-old mosaic into a drab mural. Much of this reflection has been sustained with unique personal narratives reflecting on a range of issues, from everyday pressures on minorities to assimilate to such extraordinary episodes as discriminatory conscription into labour battalions (1941), confiscatory taxation with the imposition of the Capital Levy Tax (1942-43), anti-Jewish measures in Thrace (June-July 1934) and organized pogroms against Greek communities (September 1955).
ITEM 309 – $18 Published by the Gomidas Institute, London, 2012, paperback, 183 pages.
By Pascal Carmont, translated by Marika Blandin with a preface by Ambassador Bernard Dorin. The Amiras were a powerful class of Armenian commercial, industrial and NEW professional elites in the Ottoman capital between the 18th and 19th centuries. They ran the treasury, mint and armaments factories, built palaces, mosques and public buildings, and operated many monopolies. Because of their unique osition, they had good relations with Ottoman Sultans and administrators, and played an important role in the development of the Armenian and Armenian Catholic millets. Carmont's sympathetic portrayal of these intrepid Armenians is based on written sources and the author's contacts with their descendants. Carmont (1928-2011), himself a descendant of the Armenian Amiras of Constantinople, was a French diplomat. His work, Les Amiras: Seigneurs de l'Arménie ottoman, originally appeared in French in 1999. Taderon Press, 2012. Softcover, 144 pages. ITEM 311 – $22
The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province - By George Bournoutian
A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of Karabagh in the Early 19th Century For the last 20 years, the Azerbaijani government and its historians, as well as their propagandists in the U.S., have claimed that Armenians arrived in Karabagh only after 1828. They have even deleted material on the Armenians from the new editions of their own primary sources written in the 19th century. The Russian survey proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that in 1822, (six years before 1828), the Armenians formed the overwhelming majority (95%) of the population of the villages in Zangezur, as well as in the districts which form the territory of Nagorno Karabagh today. The survey was conducted by Russian officials who examined the tax-rolls of the Muslim accountants and interviewed Muslim officials. No copies exist in the U.S. and only a handful of copies exist in the former USSR. Dr. Bournoutian has managed to locate a copy from the Moscow Central Library and has translated the entire survey, with extensive notes and commentary, into English. Mazda Publishers. 457 pages. Softcover. ITEM
DVD
HOY LARI
Live in Concert Children!s Songs in Armenian Janet and Paola – the duo behind Hoy Lari bring their concert in Los Angeles to homes everywhere. Children will get up and dance to the fun and modern music. A wonderful gift for all occasions sure to be appreciated for years. Time: 40 minutes.
ITEM 1040 - $20 106
AGBU - October 2013
NEW
The complete story of the first Genocide of the 20th century— the story of the deaths of over one million Armenians at the hands of the Ottoman Turks during World War I. This unprecedented and powerful one-hour documentary was written, directed and produced by Emmy Award-winning producer Andrew Goldberg of Two Cats Productions in association with Oregon Public Broadcasting. The Armenian Genocide is narrated by Julianna Margulies and features extensive, neverbefore-seen footage.
306 - $45
DVD
HOY LARI
Kids of all ages will sing along and dance in this fun filled, colorful, interactive and educational video. This video will encourage children to sing in Armenian and learn the Armenian language. 15 songs and dances.Running time: 40 minutes.
ITEM 1036 - $20
Two Cats Productions 55 minutes. ITEM
1015 - $30
Gomidas Vartabed is the most important figure in Armenian music history, and his transcription of ancient songs and sacred chants are invaluable gifts to our culture. This beautiful CD provides examples of his astonishing work covering many different genres, from lullabies and hymns, to folk dances and songs.
CD
Isabel Bayrakdarian, internationally renowned soprano, and the Chamber Players of the Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Edouard Topchjan. All songs arranged and orchestrated by Serouj Kradjian, piano. Recorded at Aram Khachaturian Philharmonic Hall, Yerevan, Armenia. NONSUCH CD, 20 tracks, ITEM 1032 - $14
NEW
By Paul R. Ignatius Revised & expanded edition.
A Story of Survival
Penning a vivid memoir, Ignatius depicts exciting autobiographical accounts from a childhood in Glendale to becoming class president and later working as a messenger boy at Warner Bros. One day he would become the Assistant Secretary of Defense and later the U.S. Secretary of the Navy during the Vietnam War. Ignatius pieces together a perfectly formed mosaic of an Armenian family against the backdrop of America. This second edition includes new chapters featuring former Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara (Ignatius’ boss at one time) and a touching visit to his family’s ancestral home in Kharpert in Historic Armenia (Harput in eastern Turkey). The American Heritage Press, 2011. Hardcover, 226 pages.
Aired by PBS, this documentary explores the journey of Armenians—from their beginnings, through their Christian conversion in 301A.D., their near elimination during the first genocide of the 20th century, to the rebirth of the Armenian nation. Shot in eleven countries, the film includes interviews with scholars, writers, sports figures, actors, politicians and prominent Armenians, among others. It also contains significant, never-before-seen footage of Armenians in 1915 and Soviet Armenia. VIDEO ITEM 1014 - $25 Two Cats Productions - 90 minutes. DVD ITEM 1014A - $25
The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, By Taner Akçam Introducing new evidence from more than 60 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in unprecedented detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the Late Ottoman Empire was the result of an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. Taner Akçam’s most authoritative work to date goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced Genocide and ethnic cleansing. ITEM 314 Princeton University Press, Hardcover, 528 pages.
NOW I KNOW IN PART
ITEM 315 – $30
Diaries of a Danish Missionary -
NEW
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
– $39.50
By Maria Jacobsen, Gomidas Institute. Softcover, 266 pages.
ITEM 251 - $30 AGBU - October 2013
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Bookstore ARMENIA By Graziella Vigo
A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ARMENIAN PEOPLE By Dr. George Bournoutian This revised edition is a concise survey of the political history of the Armenian people from their origins to 2001. Included are specially designed historical maps, time-lines, illustrations, new photographs and bibliographic guides. Mazda Publishers. Softcover, 499 pages.
ITEM 258 - $35
ITEM 299 - $70
One hundred years after the deportations and mass murder of Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and other peoples in the final years of the Ottoman Empire, the history of the Armenian Genocide is a victim of historical distortions, state-sponsored falsifications and deep divisions between Armenians and Turks. Working together for the first time, Turkish, Armenian and other scholars present here a compelling reconstruction of what happened and why. This volume, edited by Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Müge Göçek and Norman M. Naimark, have gathered the most up-to-date scholarship on the Armenian Genocide. Contributors: Fikret Adanir, Margaret Lavinia
NEW
ITEM 305 - $35
WILLIAM SAROYAN Madness in the Family Stories By William Saroyan Stories of the human world of immigrant families and the life of an expatriate writer give an overpowering sense of his elan and shrewd humor. New Directions. Softcover. ITEM 152 - $11
FAMILY OF SHADOWS Garin Hovannisian recounts the stories of three generations—Kaspar, his grandfather who escaped the Genocide to finally settle in the San Joaquin Valley, California; his father Richard, a pioneer in the field of Armenian Studies in the United States; and his father, Raffi, the first Foreign Minister of independent Armenia. “The history of the Hovannisian family is an extraordinary saga. Weaving together history, culture and original reporting, Family of Shadows is an inspired tribute, full of passion and appreciation for the genealogy of the Hovannisian family and its transformation into an American success story.” — Dr. Vartan Gregorian, President of the Carnegie Corporation of New York Harper An imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. Hardcover. 272 pages. ITEM 302 - $22
THE BIBLE
In th e Arm eni an Trad i ti o n By Vrej Nersessian
Where the Bones Go
A concise history of the development of the Bible in Armenia and illustrative traditions that are represented in surviving codices. Dr. Nersessian describes the origins of the first translations of the Bible into Armenian in the 5th century, which immediately followed the invention of the Armenian alphabet itself.
Saroyan’s last manuscript, just published, is at once tender, irreverent, humorous and deeply introspective. California State University – Fresno, 140 pages $25
ITEM NO. 257 - $30 Published by Getty Museum. Hardcover, 9”x12”, 96 pages.
THE DARING YOUNG MAN ON THE FLYING TRAPEZE and Other Stories by William Saroyan
The protagonists in The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze are often Armenian, Jewish, Chinese, Polish, African or Irish and, as usual, treated with fresh and sensitive insight by Saroyan.
ITEM 205 - $13 by William Saroyan, Edited by Robert Setrakian
ITEM 263 - $25
AGBU - October 2013
By Ohannes Hannessian
20,000 words, Shirak Publishing. Softcover, 480 pages. equal - havasar, numan, havasaril, pokharinel (fauasar% nman% fauasaril% 'o.arin;l)
Item 227 - $35
Skira Publishers. Hardcover, 12"x9.5" - 240 pages.
Anderson, Aram Arkun, Stephen H. Astourian, Donald Bloxhan, Fuat Dündar, David Gaunt, Fatma Müge Göçek, Peter Holquist, Hans-Lukas Keiser, Gerard Libaridian, Norman M. Naimark, Ronald Grigor Suny, Ugur Ümit Üngör, Eric D. Weitz, Eric Jan Zürcher.
Oxford University Press. Hardcover, 434 pages.
This stunning photographic volume is devoted to Armenia, an ancient land of unforgettable landscape, deserted uplands, rocky valleys and lakes that mirror the vast sky with clouds stretching into infinity. Armenia's true essence, indeed its very soul, lies in its millennial monasteries with their magnificent domes, their simple images of the Holy Virgin, and intricately carved crosses.
ENGLISH-ARMENIAN DICTIONARY WITH ENGLISH TRANSLITERATION
ENGLISH/ARMENIAN POCKET DICTIONARY
By Haitook Mansoorian and Hrair Simonian The ultimate pocket dictionary for those travelling to Armenia. Includes list of pronunciations and abbreviations. 280 pages. hotel [føjhl] n. fiuranoz& pandok! engrave [hnkrh\u] v. qandak;l& 'oragr;l!
ITEM 150 - $10
DICTIONARY OF ARMENIAN NAMES (Bilingual, Armenian-English) By Ohannes Hannessian
THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES 1894-1896. U.S. Media Testimony Edited with an introduction by Arman J. Kirakossian Foreword by Bob Dole.
This volume brings together mostly analytical articles culled from the American periodicals of the 1890s by American public figures protesting against the premeditated Armenian massacres of the mid-1890s, a cold-blooded policy later to be adopted by the Young Turks. ITEM 274 - $28
1500 names for your baby with their origins and meanings ITEM 243 - $20
KOMITAS, clergyman and founder of Armenian classical music, became a symbol of the Armenian sufferings of the 1915 Genocide. His capture, eventual release and subsequent mental illness elevated him in the eyes of Armenians to martyrdom.
Archeology of Madness
Published by Gomidas Institute through a grant by AGBU. Hardcover, 241 pages. ITEM 246 - $25
Wayne State University Press. Softcover, 317 pages.
Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story
MY BROTHER’S ROAD
AN AMERICAN’S FATEFUL JOURNEY TO ARMENIA
U.S. Ambassador to Ottoman Empire between 1913 and 1916, Henry Morgenthau’s personal account of the period before and after the Genocide. Sterndale Classics. Paperback, 346 pages ITEM 237 - $22
Armenian Coloring Book By Taline Najarian Illustrated by Suzanne Anoushian Froundjian To read, write and learn Armenian while coloring and learning the language and its pronunciation. Playpen LLC. Softcover, 76 coloring pages.
ITEM 296 - $14
By Markar Melkonian Part biography and part memoir, this book is about Monte Melkonian, a third-generation California boy who became a promising student of archeology, a strike leader in revolutionary Iran, a militiaman in Beirut, a fugitive from half a dozen security agencies, and finally, a commander of 4,000 freedom fighters in one of the most vicious wars on the ruins of the former Soviet Union. I. B. Tauris, Hardbound, 328 pages ITEM 281 - $30
THE KNOCK AT THE DOOR
A Journey through the Darkness of the Armenian Genocide BY MARGARET AJEMIAN AHNERT In this riveting book, Ajemian Ahnert relates her mother Ester's terrifying experiences during this period of hatred and brutality. At age 15, Ester was separated from her foster family during a forced march away from her birth town of Amasia. She faced unspeakable horrors at the hands of many she met on the road and was forced into an abusive marriage, but she never lost her faith, wit or ability to see the good in people. Eventually, she escaped and made her way to America. Beaufort Books, NY. Hardcover, 212 pages. ITEM 303 - $20 AGBU - October 2013
109
AGBU
Bookstore
THE RECIPES OF MUSA DAGH By Alberta, Anna & Louisa Magzanian The Armenian villages of Musa Dagh (Mount Moses) were among the very few that resisted the 1915 Ottoman forced marches. Victoria Magzanian was 9 years old when she climbed the mountain. These are the recipes of Victoria who ultimately survived and learned the cooking of her beloved Musa Dagh homeland. Her daughter Anna eagerly learned her mother's recipes over the many years they lived together. Paperback, 171 pages. ITEM
300 - $20
Anahid’s Gourmet Cookbook by Anahid Doniguian
A collection of more than 800 recipes, this comprehensive cookbook reflects the Lebanon-based author’s diverse culinary knowledge and creativity. From the marvels of Armenian fare to the thrill of Thai, Anahid has compiled an invaluable resource with the best dishes from every culture. Since its release in late 2004, the book has been published in three languages and it has sold 60,000 copies throughout the Middle East and the U.S. Rich in illustrations, this colorful book also contains useful advice and table etiquette. ACADEMIA, 543 pages, hardbound
ITEM 283 - $70
SECRETS OF COOKING
By Linda Chirinian Over 200 select Armenian, Lebanese and Persian recipes with easy-to-follow steps for authentic meals. Simple, basic ingredients that are fresh and natural. Hardcover, 264 pages, 130 color photographs. Published by Lionheart Inc. ITEM 169 - $30
TALINE: The Complete NEW DVDs Collection
TREASURED ARMENIAN RECIPES
Kids love Taline, as all Armenian parents know. Now you can get the complete collection of all five DVDs at the incredible price of $75 for all five DVDs, including her popular debut edition Let’s Sing and Dance, and the now classic Christmas Concert, a must-have for the holidays and birthdays! Also included in the combo are Let’s Sing in Armenian, Let’s Have Fun in Armenian and Let’s Play Together.
By the AGBU Detroit Women’s Chapter Simple directions and delicious food Arranged according to categories, from appetizers to desserts, these recipes will conjure up memories to many and awaken others to the pleasures of Armenian cooking. 126 pages. A popular classic. ITEM 101 - $20
Let’s Sing in Armenian
ITEM 301 - $25
Armenian Cuisine By Aline Kamakian and Barbara Drieskens
Aline Kamakian, passionate cook and co-owner of the famed Mayrig restaurant in Beirut, travelled with Belgian writer and anthropologist Barbara Drieskens to her ancestral homeland of Cilicia, Historical Armenia (southeastern Turkey), where many of the recipes in the book originated. There they gathered stories, recipes and vibrant images that add to the rich history of passing on, from mother to daughter, an entire culture through food. The book includes over 130 of the most popular Armenia recipes with photographs throughout. Hardcover, 365 pages.
Item 307 – $55
My First Book of Armenian Words
My Second Book of Armenian Words
By Ani Gigarjian and Linda Avedikian
By Ani Gigarjian and Linda Avedikian
A wonderful way for children to learn Armenian. Colorful pictures accompany each word with English, Armenian and English transliteration letters. Gigarjian/Avedikian Publishers, 32 pages. ITEM
110
AGBU - October 2013
This book, a follow-up to the popular My First Book of Armenian Words, has streamlined pronunciation guides and also covers words associated with everyday activities. Gigarjian/Avedikian Publishers, 32 pages.
259 - $18
ITEM 259A - $18
Let’s Play Together Taline’s second DVD is still a favorite among children ages 1-10, who adore the 15 educational songs designed to have youngsters dance and sing together with Taline and her friends Piso (cat), Nabig (bunny) and Dzaghradzou (clown). DVD, 2004, Running time: 45 minutes.
Listening to any of these fun Christmas songs is sure to put everyone in a festive holiday spirit. Children of all ages will love dancing and singing along to Jingle Bells in Armenian (Zankagner). Running time: 45 minutes. ITEM 1039 – $20
FLAVORS WITH HISTORY ARMENIAN CUISINE
This latest DVD by the immensely popular children’s singer, Taline, features a fun and interactive repertoire of 14 songs to help youngsters learn the seasons, days of the week, months of the year, and more in Armenian. DVD 2011: Running time: 40 minutes ITEM 1033 – $20
Taline's Christmas Concert
OVER 90,000 COPIES SOLD
By the AGBU Buenos Aires Ladies Committee Recipes collected from various Armenian regions and towns in western Armenia, Armenia proper and Artsakh: Van, Erzurum, Mush, Aintab, Urfa, Adana, Gyumri, Etchmiadzin, Yerevan, etc. Published by AGBU. Paperback, 152 pages.
Let’s Have Fun in Armenian
ITEM 1034 – $20
Let’s Sing and Dance
The third DVD produced by Taline and her talented team. Kids ages 1-10 will enjoy singing the Armenian alphabet song, as well as the Armenian translations to The Itsy Bitsy Spider and Limbo. A delightful potpourri of 17 tunes that young Armenians will remember long after childhood. Running time: 45 minutes. ITEM 1038 – $20
Taline’s very first DVD. Children everywhere still sing the songs with the five little ducks (patigner) and the handkerchief (tashginag). The video with 12 songs encourages audience participation from beginning to end. Add it to your collection today! DVD, 2003, Running time: 45 minutes.
ITEM 1037 – $20
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Books / CDs / DVDs / Videos
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In which year did play first take place on the middle Sunday at Wimbledon? | The History Of The Championships, Wimbledon, Wimbledon History
How did it all begin?
The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club was founded in 1868 and is responsible for the world's leading tennis tournament. Lawn tennis, originally known as ‘Sphairistike, was invented by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield and was introduced at the Club in 1875. Two years later, the Club was renamed “The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club” and the first ever Lawn Tennis Championship took place. A new code of laws was drawn up and most of these laws still stand today.
During this first Championship, only one event took place; the Men’s Singles, which was won by Spencer Gore. Around 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final.
Just five years later, in 1882, the Club’s main activity became lawn tennis and so in 1884, the All England Club (by this point the word “croquet” had been dropped from their name) decided to add two further events; the Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles (Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles were added in 1913).
By the early 1900s the Club had outgrown its home in
Worple Road
,
Wimbledon
, where it had been since its formation. A lot had changed since the first ever Lawn Tennis Championship in 1877 (in which the final attracted 200 spectators) and the old grounds were no longer able to cope with the huge crowds who flocked to the event each year.
And so, in 1920, the decision to move was taken. A site was chosen just a mile or so from the
Worple Road
site – and the major undertaking of designing and constructing the new
Centre Court
began. Well known architect Captain Stanley Peach was commissioned to design the new
Centre Court
. To convince the Club’s Committee, he built a huge scale model of
Centre Court
. His original blueprints for the
Centre Court
still exist (discovered recently in a basement storage area of the offices of Stanley Peach & Co).
A driving force throughout the project was Commander George Hillyard, secretary of the Club since 1907 and once a men’s doubles finalist. Hillyard collaborated with Peach on the ambitious design and his mission for the Club was clear:
‘‘Let us look to it that we construct and equip our ground that it will immediately be recognised as the finest, not only in
England
Wimbledon
is acknowledged to be the World’s premier tennis tournament and a Long Term Plan was unveiled in 1993 by the All England Lawn Tennis Club, which will improve the quality of the event for spectators, players, officials and neighbours in years to come.
The first stage of the Plan was completed in time for the 1997 Championships and involved building the new No. 1 Court, a Broadcast Centre, two extra grass courts, and a tunnel under the hill to link
Church Road
Somerset Road
.
The second stage involved the removal of the old No. 1 Court complex in order to make way for the new Millennium Building to provide extensive facilities for the players, press, officials and Members, and also the extension of the West Stand of Centre Court, creating a further 728 seats.
The third stage is currently under way with the recent redevelopment of the turnstile area, the construction of the new
Museum
Building
at Gate 3, a permanent 2,600 sq ft Wimbledon Shop, Club offices and Ticket Office, an increase in
Centre Court
capacity from 13800 to 15000, and a new restaurant and bars.
Rain has frequently interrupted play at The Championships and so this year, for the first time, a new retractable roof will be in use on
Centre Court
. During The Championships, this roof is to be kept primarily closed in an attempt to protect play from inclement. 2009 also sees an increase in the court’s capacity to 15,000 and the installation of new, wider padded seating for the comfort of the spectators.
Wimbledon
Over the years,
Wimbledon
has developed many unique traditions, including: strawberries and cream , royal patronage, a strict dress code for competitors, and ball boys and girls. However, one not so popular tradition of the rain stopping play should hopefully be avoided in 2009, with the installation of a retractable roof on
Centre Court
. This will come as a relief after the 2008 Men’s Final lasted 7 hours, ending in darkness and making it the longest Men’s Final in history.
The British are very proud of the tournament and such unique traditions help emphasise this fact but something we are no doubt less proud of is the fact that the Singles event hasn’t actually been won by a British man since Fred Perry in 1936 or a British woman since Virginia Wade in 1977.
Previous
FRED PERRY 1934, 1935, 1936
Ever since becoming world table-tennis champion as a 20-year-old in 1929 Fred Perry, the son a Labour MP, had set his sights on becoming as dominant on the larger stage. He had been playing the game for only seven years when in 1934, aged 25, he won the first of his three consecutive singles titles at
Wimbledon
.
His 1934 victory was against Crawford, the holder, in three sets in the final. The following year, he mastered the German, Baron Gottfried von Cramm, in the final in three sets. In 1936, Perry beat Don Budge in the semi-finals and in the final (the last singles Perry played in the Championships) he again beat von Cramm in straight sets.
There never was a more effectively forceful British player. At
Wimbledon
he took three successive titles and won 21 consecutive singles. The record stood until Björn Borg, arrived on the scene in the 1970s and Perry was the first to congratulate him.
BJöRN BORG 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980
Never in the history of lawn tennis did any player accomplish so much and in so brief a time as the Swede, Björn Borg. He was more coolly dominating and ruthless at Wimbledon than any previous modern challenger, precociously successful in
Paris
and on clay courts, clinically efficient in the Davis Cup and entirely a sporting phenomenon. Only the
US
title was to escape his grasp: he lost in the final four times.
Having won the junior tournament at Wimbledon in 1972 aged 16, it was in 1976 at his fourth attempt that Borg wove the first major strands in his unique
Wimbledon
tapestry. He lost a set to no-one, his victims including Guillermo Vilas, the hard serving Roscoe Tanner in the semis and the touch genius Ilie Nastase in the final. It would not be until 1981 that he next lost at
Wimbledon
. The span was from 1st July 1975, when Ashe beat him in the quarter finals, to 4th July 1981 with McEnroe his victor in the final: 41 matches in a continuity of victory and five successive titles!
After the first Borg’s subsequent titles were more onerously gained. In 1977, he overcame the American Vitas Gerulaitis in a brilliant five set semi final. In the final he survived in a five-setter against Jimmy Connors. In 1978 Borg made an awkward
start in his opening match but proceeded dominantly to the final beating Connors again, this time quite easily. In 1979, the final also had the champion against the ropes, before Borg beat Tanner in five sets.
In 1980 Borg had his notable confrontation with McEnroe in the final. It was among the best ever played at that stage. Borg won the final set by 8-6 to be champion for the fifth time. In 1981, though McEnroe at last got his hands on the famous gold cup with a victory in four sets. For Borg it was virtually the end. Only 25, the years of intense effort had taken their toll. Later, in 1981, he suddenly retired from the mainstream.
Idolised by young spectators and awesomely admired by all, Borg’s legacy was immense. His example made the double fisted backhand and patience an orthodoxy.
His coolness under pressure, his speed about the court, his utter dependability from the back of the court through the use of heavy topspin, his fast reflexes on the volley, his formidable serve, his bloody-minded refusal to lose – all these attributes, honed to perfection by coach Lennart Bergelin – pointed the way forward. Björn Borg ranks as one of the giants of the game.
PAT CASH 1987
Born in Melbourne, Australia in 1965, Patrick Hart Cash first came into the tennis spotlight in the early 1980s, and in 1981, he was ranked the top junior tennis player in the world.
The following year, Cash won the junior titles at both Wimbledon and the US Open and the same year, he turned professional, going on to win his first top-level singles title in Melbourne. He soon established a reputation as a hard-fighting serve-and-volleyer and for wearing his trademark black-and-white checked headband and his cross earring.
In 1983, aged just 17, he became the youngest player ever to win a singles Davis Cup final and a year later he reached the men’s singles semi-finals at both Wimbledon and the US Open, losing to John McEnroe and Ivan Lendl respectively. He was also the runner-up in the Men’s Doubles competition at Wimbledon with McNamee and again the following year with Fitzgerald.
In 1986, Cash claimed a 3-2 victory over Swede, Mikael Pernfors, in the Davis Cup and just a year later came the crowning in moment of his career, his triumph at the 1987 Wimbledon Championship, beating World No.1, Ivan Lendl in straight sets. This victory made him one of only a handful of players to win junior Wimbledon and senior Wimbledon singles titles (others include Stefan Edberg and Roger Federer).
Pat Cash continued on the full-time circuit until his retirement in 1997, despite Achilles tendon, knee and back injuries. Since retiring, Cash now lives in London and has coached many top players, including Greg Rusedski and Mark Philippoussis. Also during his retirement, he has opened a number of tennis academies and for The 2009 Championships, Keith Prowse is delighted to offer the exclusive opportunity for our guests to play tennis with Pat Cash on the morning of their visit to The Championships at the Speakeasy venue ; thereafter, Pat will join guests to discuss the order of play, his thoughts on the current players and sign autographs.
ROGER FEDERER 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
The career of Roger Federer is still unfinished. By the close of 2008, still only 27, the Swiss superstar has already achieved tennis immortality. His total of 13 Grand Slam victories among the men is second only to Pete Sampras’s 14. By reaching the final of ten consecutive Grand Slam championships and winning
Wimbledon
and the US Open back-to-back four times in a row, he set records that may never be equalled.
Until overtaken by Rafael Nadal in August 2008, Federer had been ranked number l in the world for 237 consecutive weeks. There was early evidence that Roger had exceptional talent: in 1998 he won the junior singles and doubles titles at
Wimbledon
(only two others have done that). He also beat 17 times champion Pete Sampras in the fourth round at
Wimbledon
Two years later he joined Björn Borg, Pat Cash and Stefan Edberg as
Wimbledon
’s only junior champions who went on the win the men’s singles. His victories over Andy Roddick in the semi final and Mark Philippousis now placed him at the top of the game.
Between 2004 and 2007, the confidence factor lifted Federer to another level. His further
Wimbledon
final victims have been Andy Roddick (2004 and 2005) and Rafael Nadal (2006 and 2007). His five wins in a row equalled Björn Borg’s record in the 1980s and the Swede was present on
Centre Court
in the Royal Box to witness Federer’s feat in 2007. Even when his reign came to an end in 2008 at the
hands of an inspired Nadal, Federer produced a performance of heroic proportions as he came back from two sets down and saved two match points in the fourth-set tiebreak before going down 9 7 in the fifth set of a compelling battle full of glorious shot making.
Two months later, a fifth consecutive US Open triumph saved Federer’s year. A natural athlete, Federer’s speed of thought and movement, when allied to an abundant talent with the racket, give him options that others envy. Many consider that we have been witnessing the greatest striker of a tennis ball who ever lived. As with Sampras, however, there is one piece still missing; the French Open title on clay has eluded his grasp, losing three finals in a row to Rafael Nadal. Perhaps his two finest weapons are his serve and his forehand. Both are hit with easy grace; both are deadly. A strong right wrist allows him to apply fizzing topspin on the forehand when necessary to create sharp angles; it also produces heavy slice or topspin on the serve. Federer has reminded us all how beautiful this game can be.
British Tennis Players
As one of the four major tennis tournaments, and possibly the toughest,
Wimbledon
is the tournament that all players set out to win during their career. Winning a singles title at the Championships automatically assures that a player goes down in
Wimbledon
tennis history.
The first Wimbledon Men’s Singles champion was British player, Spencer Gore, who won the first title back in 1877 and for the next 40 years, British males dominated the title. This was probably due to that fact that it was predominantly British males who entered the Championships in its early years. However, between 1907 and 1912 this trend changed and Australian players, Norman Brookes and Arthur Wilding, kick-started the dominance of international male players. Since then, few British tennis players have earned the title Men’s Singles Champion.
Fred Perry was the last British Men’s Singles Champion, winning the title for the third and final time in 1936. This is something which has become a long-standing joke among the British media in the weeks preceding the Championship as over the years, many British players have tried and failed to win the title.
Virginia Wade was the last British tennis player to win
Wimbledon
, winning the Ladies Singles title in the tournament’s centenary year. Throughout her long and successful career she won three Grand Slam singles titles and four Grand Slam doubles titles but winning
Wimbledon
in 1977 was the pinnacle of her career
Since Wade, no British play has won the Championships but perhaps the player who has come closest to claiming the title in recent years is Tim Henman. Henman appeared in four semi finals of
Wimbledon
; however, he never managed to get into a final.
Andy Murray is currently ranked the highest British player. In 2006,
Murray
reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam for the first time and last year he was knocked out at the quarter finals stage by eventual champion, Rafael Nadal. Could he become
Britain
’s next Wimbledon Champion in 2009?
When Does The
Tournament Take Place
?
Every year, the tournament begins on the Monday which falls between 20 and 26 June and is scheduled to last 14 days. Traditionally, there is no play on the “Middle Sunday” as this is considered to be a rest day. This tradition has only been broken three times in the history of the Championships; in 1991, 1997 and 2004, when rain forced play.
The Grounds
All of the nineteen courts which are used for Wimbledon are made of rye grass and the two main courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are usually only used for the two weeks of the Championships (although under exceptional circumstances, play can be extended into a third week). The other seventeen courts are used throughout the year for other events. Today,
Wimbledon
is the only Grand Slam event still played on grass courts.
opened in 1922 when the Club moved from
Worple Road
to
Church Road
. It usually plays host to both the semi-finals and the finals of each of the main events, as well as many of the earlier matches. At the south end of the court is the Royal Box from which members of the Royal Family and other dignitaries are able to watch.
No.1 Court
The second most important court is No. 1 Court. The current court was built in 1997 with an increased capacity of 11,000
Ball boys and ball girls
Each year, ball boys and girls play an essential role in the smooth running of The Championships and since 1969 have been provided by local schools, having an average age of 15. Prospective candidates are nominated by their headteacher and must undergo and series of written and fitness tests before being selected
Wimbledon
Dark green and purple are the traditional colours of
Wimbledon
. Until 2005, Green clothing was worn by the chair umpire, linesmen, ball boys and ball girls but in 2006 a new navy blue and cream uniform designed by Ralph Lauren was introduced.
Trophies
The Men’s Singles champion receives a silver gilt cup. This trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World." The Ladies' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish". The salver is decorated with figures from mythology. Winners of the Men's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. The runner-up in each event receives an inscribed silver plate. The trophies are usually presented by the President of the All England Club, The Duke of Kent, and by his sister, Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy.
Hospitality at
| one thousand nine hundred and ninety one |
BG is the international car registration for which country? | History - 1990s - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
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1990: A record for Navratilova
On a sunny Saturday afternoon, Martina Navratilova produced a near-flawless performance to win her ninth Wimbledon singles title, a record that will take some topping in today's day and age. Competing against fellow American Zina Garrison, Navratilova served and volleyed her way around Centre Court in emphatic fashion, dropping just five games as she took the title 6-1, 6-4.
The 33-year-old Navratilova won six consecutive championships from 1982 to 1987 but was made to wait before surpassing Helen Wills Moody's record of eight titles, losing the previous two years in the final to Steffi Graf. But, with Graf disposed of by Garrison in the semi-finals, Navratilova got there eventually, straddling the net to acknowledge her beaten opponent and then, her courtside courtesies complete, sinking down on her knees for an instant of silent communion with the tennis court she loves best.
"There were no glitches this time; everything came up nines," she said. "This tops it all, absolutely, because I've worked so hard."
1990: Boris Becker v Stefan Edberg
The most defining aspect of the rivalry between Boris Becker and Stefan Edberg was the three successive Wimbledon finals they contested between 1988 and 1990. Having split the titles in '88 and '89, their 1990 encounter was undoubtedly the most riveting.
Edberg, who had been routed by Boris the year before, swept ahead, crunching through the first two sets 6-2, 6-2. But, as was his wont, Becker rallied in typical fashion to win the next two sets 6-3, 6-3, and send the match into a fifth. Becker broke Edberg early in the fifth set, on course for a fourth Wimbledon title, and setting up the possibility of being the first Wimbledon champion to win the last three sets in a five-set match since Henri Cochetin 1927.
But, it was not to be. Edberg regained the break and then broke Becker in the ninth game of the set with a topspin lob winner, eventually serving it out for his second Wimbledon title. The Swede went on to win the US Open in 1991 and 1992.
1991: Steffi Graf v Gabriela Sabatini
One of SW19's greatest champions arrived at Wimbledon in 1991 having suffered rather a seesaw period, registering one of the worst defeats of her career against Arantxa Sanchez Vicario in the French Open semi-finals, losing her first 6-0 set since 1984.
But, as is so often the case, the green grass of the All England Club gave the formerly indomitable German a boost, powering her way to the final. Coming up against friend and rival Gabriela Sabatini, the odds on form were in the Argentine's favour, having beaten Graf in four tournaments in the spring.
But Graf was always capable of something special at Wimbledon, and so it proved, the German rallying back from dropping the second set, and holding her nerve to win an epic Centre Court final 6-4 3-6 8-6, the longest final for 15 years.
1991: Middle Sunday
One of the wettest first weeks in the tournament's history - just 52 out of about 240 matches were completed by Thursday evening - prompted the decision to stage play on the traditional day off, the Middle Sunday. Gabriela Sabatini and Andrea Strnadova emerged from their dressing room on to Centre Court for their third-round noon showdown. They were greeted by a packed stadium, a seemingly unending roar and enough Mexican waves to fill an ocean.
The spectators had raced from the gates for prime, £10-a-head unreserved seats. They had formed part of a queue snaking almost two miles that produced an attendance of 24,894.
On No.1 Court, John McEnroe, a three-time champion, did not disappoint his adoring fans with a victory against Frenchman Jean-Philippe Fleurian, while victories for eventual Swedish semi-finalist Stefan Edberg and Arantxa Sanchez Vicario warmed up the effervescent crowd on the main court for the top of the bill: Jimmy Connors. Despite thriving on the atmosphere, Connors was eventually upstaged by fellow American Derrick Rostango, but the atmosphere overtook the results that day.
1992: Andre Agassi v Goran Ivanisevic
They said that he couldn't win Wimbledon, and certainly not by playing resolutely pinned to the baseline. But Andre Agassi wasn't having that. Defeating Goran Ivanisevic 6-7(8), 6-4, 6-4, 1-6, 6-4 for the Wimbledon title, the Las Vegan erased the stigma of his previous Grand Slam failures, becoming the first back-of-the-court player to win the title since Bjorn Borg, and the first American to win Wimbledon since John McEnroe in 1984.
Illustrating that thundering groundstrokes can be just as important as booming serves, the flamboyant American stood firm throughout a Wimbledon final record onslaught of 37 aces from the 6’4” Croatian, waiting for his chances, and eventually breaking Ivanisevic three times in the match. One of the remarkable statistics was the fact that Ivanisevic came to the net 91 times, not uncommon on grass, but was passed by Agassi an astounding 26 times.
"So many things were going through my mind - Wimbledon champion, Grand Slam winner, a lot of months and years of people doubting me," he said.
1992: John McEnroe v Michael Stich
John McEnroe collected his fifth Wimbledon men's doubles title as he and Michael Stich beat Americans Jim Grabb and Richie Reneberg 5-7, 7-6(5), 3-6, 7-6(5), 19-17 in a record-breaking final. McEnroe had been dumped out of the singles by the sprightly Andre Agassi in the semi-finals, and so his and Stich's performance, in the longest men's doubles final since the 1968 Roche and Newcombe victory over Rosewall and Stolle, certainly made amends.
Held over from Saturday because of fading light, the match was moved to Court 1 on the final Sunday, the All England Club allowing 7,500 fans into the Grounds for free. After 34 games in the final set had gone with serve, McEnroe produced a stunningly disguised lob to bring up match point, followed by Reneberg dumping Super Brat's serve into the net. Stich grabbing McEnroe around the waist and lifting him into the air, the unseeded pair triumphed after five hours and one minute.
1993: The Long Term Plan
In March 1993, The All England Lawn Tennis Club unveiled its Long Term Plan, the blueprint to take Wimbledon into the 21st Century by providing the finest facilities for all those involved with the event — spectators, players, media, officials — and consistent with our aspiration for The Championships to be embraced as the world’s premier tennis tournament, and still played on grass.
1993: Steffi Graf v Jana Novotna
Steffi Graf's fifth Wimbledon title was almost overshadowed by her opponent, Jana Novotna, conspiring to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory after leading by a double break of serve in the third set. Graf looked down and out as Novotna went for broke on a second serve while leading 4-1 in the third set, having romped through the second set 6-1. But whether it was nerves or simply getting ahead of herself, she missed, and the whole match changed.
The German storming back to win 7-6, 1-6, 6-4, Novotna cried her eyes out on the Duchess of Kent's shoulder during the trophy presentation, in what has become one of Wimbledon's most iconic images. "Don't worry Jana, I know you can do it," said the Duchess to Novotna. And she was right, the Czech player triumphing in her third Wimbledon final in 1998.
"With the way Jana was playing and the way I was playing, yes, I'd kind of lost it," said Graf, who yelped for joy after pulling off a remarkable turnaround. "I didn't give up but I didn't have a very positive feeling."
1994: Steffi Graf v Lori McNeil
In a timely reminder, 1994 proved no champion is safe at Wimbledon. The first Tuesday dawned with an ill wind that blasted through Wimbledon's elite like a bull in a china shop, rattling nerves, stealing the strawberries, flipping the table with a glorious smash. And there was no greater fall than the world No.1 and five-time champion Steffi Graf, a victim of what the legendary Fred Perry described as "wet, greasy and slippery" gusts.
Graf and the wind proved no match for the contrasting cool intensity of her first round opponent, the unseeded Lori McNeil of the US. The German, winner of the last three Wimbledon’s and five of the past six, was blown out of the draw faster than any other defending women's champ in 101 years, and after she cracked nobody was safe.
Triumphing 7-5, 7-6, it was the best showing by African-Americans at a Grand Slam event since Arthur Ashe won Wimbledon in 1975, and was received with a huge ovation from the rather wet Centre Court crowd. It was, McNeil said, the best moment she had ever known. "It seemed very short, but at the same time—if this makes any sense—it seemed very long and very loud," she said. "It was a great feeling, a great moment for me."
1994: Conchita Martinez v Martina Navratilova
Even in Wimbledon’s rich history, Conchita Martinez’s triumph in the 1994 Ladies’ Singles has to be one of The Championships’ most fascinating stories. She beat a whole host of top names, including nine-time Champion Martina Navratilova in the final. By doing so, Martinez became the first – and to date only – Spanish woman to lift the Venus Rosewater Dish, and the only Champion between 1982 and 1996 other than Navratilova or Steffi Graf.
Despite her excellent run, few gave Martinez a chance in the final against Navratilova. Even at 37, the legendary left-hander was a huge favourite, hunting what would have been her 10th singles crown. But it was not to be, as Martinez produced a stunning upset.
The Spaniard admits she was actually more anxious about the prospect of meeting Princess Diana on Centre Court that day. "When they told me she would be at the final and I would have to curtsy for her, I was more nervous about having to do that and meeting her than playing the match! So maybe that was a good thing."
1995: Tim Henman and the ball girl
Always considered to be the epitome of British etiquette, it comes as some surprise that Tim Henman, who shouldered British hopes admirably for so long, became the first player ever to be disqualified from Wimbledon. Playing a doubles match alongside Jeremy Bates, the British pair were leading Jeff Tarango and Henrik Holm by two sets to one. Deep into the fourth set, Henman missed a net cord during the tie-break, and, being an impressionable young thing at that time, lashed out with his racket in frustration, hitting the ball he was holding. But it was his and her misfortune that as he did so, a ball girl was crossing the net, and received the full force of the ball on the side of her head.
Referee Alan Mills and Wayne McKewan were summoned to the court, and defaulted the pair for ball abuse. At a late-night press conference at the All England Club, Henman described the incident. "I was not happy at losing the point and was angry. I went to hit the ball hard. I'd looked to see if the linespeople were out of the way." Clearly on the verge of tears, he said: "It's a complete accident, but I'm responsible for my actions."
1995: Arantxa Sanchez Vicario v Steffi Graf
Steffi Graf won her sixth Wimbledon title but was forced to work hard in the final by her erstwhile rival Arantxa Sanchez Vicario, eventually triumphing 4-6, 6-1, 7-5.
The Spaniard, a clear underdog on grass, dropped only five points on her own serve to take the first set with some exquisite tennis. But Graf battled back, running through the second set before sealing the win with a break in a titanic 20-minute 11th game in the third set, which featured a boggling 13 deuces and 18 game points.
Sanchez Vicario attacked Graf's backhand with such consistency that the German spent much of the game camped in the tramlines on the edge of the court. On her sixth game point, Graf at last found a powerful backhand drive to seal the break of serve and effectively the match.
The Centre Court crowd applauded for the entire changeover, the euphoria continuing as Graf served out for the title. Graf let out an enormous sigh of relief and a cry of joy. She won seven Wimbledons among her 22 Grand Slams but never was she forced to fight harder for victory.
1995: Jeff Tarango’s tantrum
If John McEnroe, for all his explosions and mutterings, was a master at delivering a line and working the crowd, fellow American Jeff Tarango was the complete opposite. His meltdown at Wimbledon in 1995, was the perfect lesson in how to alienate an entire crowd with a pathetic, childish outburst.
Trailing Alexander Mronz in his third-round match, Tarango became increasingly annoyed with chair umpire Bruno Rebeuh, screaming ‘That’s it, I’m not playing….you are one of the most corrupt officials in the game’. After his request to have Rebeuh removed from the match was denied, Tarango walked off the court, defaulting the match.
He then made matters worse by yelling at the crowd to ‘shut up’ when they jeered him off. Even more bizarrely, a few minutes later, Tarango's wife, Benedicte, slapped Rebeuh twice in the face when they encountered one another in the corridor. Tarango was subsequently banned for two Grand Slam tournaments and fined $63,000.
1996: The streaker
The 1996 final between Richard Krajicek and MaliVai Washington was the subject of several headlines, not necessarily because it was the first Sampras-less final in four years, or Washington being the first black man in the final since Arthur Ashe, but because 23-year-old Melissa Johnson became the first female streaker to get on to Centre Court. As the players were preparing to warm up, Johnson ran on to the court with an apron on, disrobed, and ran around the hallowed turf.
Six years later, a streaker got on to Centre Court during the men’s final at Wimbledon. During a rain break, with Lleyton Hewitt leading David Nalbandian 6-1, 1-0 in 2002, 37-year-old Mark Roberts jumped on to the court, shed his clothes and gave spectators quite a show. He pirouetted, bowed, somersaulted over the net and flexed his muscles before he was finally caught and escorted away with a red sheet covering his modesty.
1996: Sir Cliff Richard
In one of the most famous and clichéd of all Wimbledon rain delays, play was interrupted extensively in 1996, and so Sir Cliff Richard was invited to give an impromptu concert on Centre Court. The ageing popstar delighted the sodden crowd with a rendition of ‘Singing in the Rain,’ backed by the implausible choir of Virginia Wade, Martina Navratilova, Pam Shriver, Gigi Fernandez and Conchita Martinez.
"I started with Summer Holiday, almost as a joke," Sir Cliff said. "It was totally a capella, which has its advantages - it's impossible to sing out of key for a start. And the crowd see the vulnerability of someone singing without any help. They were magnificent, from the first moment. The reaction was stunning."
1997: Middle Sunday
After two days of the 1997 Championships were washed out by rain, the club took the decision to play on the middle Sunday for only the second time in Wimbledon history. This was made particularly thrilling thanks to one match where sporting theatre reached its absolute peak – a third-round clash between Tim Henman, the No.14 seed, and Dutchman Paul Haarhuis, regarded as a doubles expert.
For the first time in nearly 20 years, a Brit had a chance of Wimbledon glory and the local public, along with genuine tennis enthusiasts from all over the world, camped all night to pick up one of 14,000 cut-price £15 Centre Court tickets. As Tim Henman recalled, he would never experience a crowd like that "Super Sunday" one again in the 10 remaining years of his career.
"From the word go, it was something I'd never experienced before," he admitted. "The noise was at a different level. Every time I won a point it felt like the roof was going to come off. I’ve never played at Wembley, but I can say that’s as good as it gets in tennis."
1997: Tim Henman v Paul Haarhuis
On the 1997 Middle Sunday, Tim Henman and Paul Haarhuis met on Centre Court to contest the sought-after fourth round place against defending champion Richard Krajicek. Neither Henman nor Haarhuis were on top form - there were far too many unforced errors and double faults for the purists, but you would struggle to find any tennis match that could beat it for sheer drama. Henman carved out six first-set points in the opener and squandered them all, three on double faults, and went down 9-7 in the tiebreaker. Haarhuis then got the jitters, a double fault of his own handing the British No.1 the second set and two more giving him the third.
There then followed an absolutely exhilarating fourth set. Haarhuis broke early then held strong when Henman twice had golden opportunities to break back, to the groans of the crowd. The underdog was putting up a tremendous fight, but it now became all about who had the bravest of brave hearts. The subsequent fifth and final set went on and on, each game and each point feeling like a lifetime for the predominately British crowd, who cheered every Henman winner with a roar to put soccer fans to shame. Tiger Tim eventually prevailed 6-7(7), 6-3, 6-2, 4-6, 14-12, Haarhuis dropping serve to bring the titanic 93-minute decider to an end.
Henman went on to beat Krajicek in a four-set, three tie-break thriller before losing to Michael Stich in the quarter-finals.
1997: Martina Hingis
Martina Hingis produced the tennis version of rope-a-dope to exhaust Jana Novotna, and become, at 16, the youngest player to win the Wimbledon singles title since 1887. Floating around the court, the young Swiss dismantled the experienced Novotna 2-6, 6-3, 6-3 with a poise and savvy far beyond her years. Despite a slightly timid start, the teenager rallied to hand out an all-court attack that the increasingly weary Novotna was too tired to handle.
"It might be that maybe I'm too young to win this title," said Hingis, who had lost in the French Open final the month before. "But at the French Open I just knew I wasn't in great shape. This time it's like I could do it."
It was another blow for Novotna, who had surrendered the title to Steffi Graf four years earlier, but she went on to triumph against Nathalie Tauziat the following year.
1997: The new No. 1 Court
Some of Wimbledon's greatest champions, including Rod Laver, John Newcombe, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Pete Sampras, Louise Brough, Maria Bueno, Margaret Court, Billie Jean King, Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova gathered at the All England Club in 1997, invited for the opening ceremony of the new No.1 Court at Wimbledon.
Officially opened by the Duke of Kent, the new No.1 Court seats 11,000, an increase of 4,500 on the original No.1 Court, which has been demolished. The building incorporates a food village, a merchandising shop, 11 hospitality suites and a debenture holders' lounge overlooking courts 14-17. In addition to the new No.1 Court, a broadcast centre, new courts 18 and 19, and a road tunnel linking Somerset Road and Church Road came into operation for the first time.
As part of the continuation of the Long Term Plan, the site where the original No.1 Court stood, adjacent to the Centre Court, was turned into what is the Millennium Building today - the new player and press facilities, which were completed in 2000.
1998: Martina Hingis v Jelena Dokic
Even Jelena Dokic's volatile father was left speechless after the 16-year-old Australian qualifier knocked out world No.1 Martina Hingis in the first round in 1999 in one of the biggest shocks in Wimbledon history. Bobbing up and down like a boxer on the baseline as she swept past Hingis 6-2, 6-0, Dokic summed it up with the understatement so beloved of teengagers - "I think I played quite well today. There was no pressure on me to win. I didn't feel nervous. I just went for it," Dokic said. "It's tough to beat her, whether you practise with her or not ... I tried to play my own game."
Somewhat ironically, Hingis had taken Dokic under her wing as a training partner, practising together before the French Open, and even taking a holiday together. "Martina and her mum made us feel part of the family for a whole week. We never stopped talking and it was such good fun," Dokic said then. "I hope we are friends forever."
1999: Steffi Graf v Venus Williams
Old met new in the quarter-finals at Wimbledon, as 19-year-old Venus Williams came up against Steffi Graf, on a high after claiming the French Open. It was a second quarter-final in a row at SW19 for Venus, who hussled and tussled to beat Anna Kournikova in the fourth round.
But Graf had not won seven Wimbledon titles by just ambling about. The seven-time champion neutralised the young Venus's powerful hitting in typical athletic style, running down every groundstroke that her opponent pummelled over the net, and sending it back just as hard. Interrupted four times by rain, both players were forced to produce some of their best tennis, Graf in particular mixing it up with drop shots and net play to keep Williams guessing.
Converting on her first match point, Graf hopped up and down, punching the air and screaming with delight.
"It rarely happens in the quarter-final to play that kind of tennis," said Graf, remarking that it was the best she had ever had to play to get to the semi-finals at Wimbledon.
1999: Pete Sampras v Andre Agassi
Sampras v Agassi was the classic duel of the 1990s. Pistol Pete was the quiet, unassuming fellow who kept to himself while going about the business of amassing a record haul of 14 Grand Slam titles, seven of them at Wimbledon. He served, volleyed and one-handed-backhanded his way into the record books, spent 286 weeks as world No.1 and was a model of consistency. Agassi on the other hand was a veritable firecracker, up one day, down the next. World No.1, world No.141 – it all depended on where his focus was at the time.
The two all-American heroes played each other 34 times between 1989 and 2002, with Sampras holding a 20-14 record and a 4-1 advantage in Grand Slam finals. Serving for the title at 6-3, 6-4, 6-5, Sampras fired down two service winners to make it 30-0. An Agassi backhand return clipped the baseline, then he sent a perfect cross-court forehand as Sampras came in behind a second service to level matters at 30-all. The prostrate Sampras, who had dived in vain to retrieve Agassi’s masterpiece, then picked himself up, dusted himself off and banged a second service right on the T for an ace. On match point, Sampras repeated the feat: two second-serve aces and the title, his sixth Wimbledon crown of seven – was his.
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According to French tradition, what is Santa Claus brother called? | World’s Most Useless Facts « CBS Chicago
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World’s Most Useless FactsA Hare's TaleAccording to legend, if a hare crosses a person’s path as he starts out on a journey, the trip will be unlucky and it’s best to return home and start again. If a pregnant woman sees a hare, her child may be born with a hare-lip. If a hare runs down the main street of a town, it foretells a fire. Cornish legend says that girls who die of grief after being rejected by a lover turn into white hares and haunt their former beaus.
World’s Most Useless FactsCasketCasket. (Getty Images.)
World’s Most Useless FactsCaterpillarCaterpillar means “hairy cat” in Old French.
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World’s Most Useless FactsOh No Hippo!The first soup ever made was made from hippo meat.
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World’s Most Useless FactsLike PinocchioBetween the ages of 30 and 70, you nose may lengthen and widen by as much as half an inch.
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World’s Most Useless FactsBad LuckAbraham Lincoln’s mother died when she drank the milk of a cow that grazed on poisonous snakeroot.
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World’s Most Useless FactsWhat’s in a NameHo-Ho-Kus, a small town in New Jersey, is the only town in the United States of America that has two dashes in its name.
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World’s Most Useless FactsFancy PantsHundreds of years ago, only the wealthy people used to wear underwear.
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World’s Most Useless FactsDown the DrainThe first toilet being flushed in a motion picture was in the movie “Psycho.”
World’s Most Useless FactsA tip...Q-Tip Cotton Swabs were originally called Baby Gays.
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World’s Most Useless FactsWhere’s My Stapler?(credit: CBS)
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World’s Most Useless FactsIf they scare you, get used to itTarantulas can live up to 30 years.
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World’s Most Useless FactsToilet PaperA person uses approximately 57 sheets of toilet paper each day.
World’s Most Useless FactsMan's Best FriendFirst place for the country with the greatest dog population goes to United States Second for les chiens is France.
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What was the name of Australian tv’s ‘Crocodile Hunter”? | World’s Useless Facts « CBS Miami
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsAn office desk has 400 times more bacteria than a toilet.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsA turtle can breathe through its butt.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsAn apple, potato, and onion all taste the same if you eat them with your nose plugged. They all taste sweet.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsBarbie’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsBrain surgery is done with the patient still awake. The brain has no nerves therefore it has no sensation. The person is put to sleep to open the skull but after that the person wakes up to see the operation be completed.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsSanta Claus has a brother named Bells Nichols according to French Tradition. He visits homes on New Year’s Eve after everyone is asleep, and if a plate is set out for him, he fills it with cookies and cakes.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsFormer U.S. president Jimmy Carter had an operation for hemorrhoids while he was in office.
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World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsCaterpillar means “hairy cat” in Old French.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsCleopatra married two of her brothers.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsThe first soup ever made was made from hippo meat.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsThe artist Michelangelo’s full name in Italian is Michaelangelo di Lodovico di Lionardo di Buonarroto Simoni.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsAlthough your system cannot digest gum like other foods, it won’t be stuck inside of you forever. It comes out with other waste your body can’t use
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsAn earthworm has five hearts.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsA female ferret can die if she goes into heat and cannot find a mate.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts The music for “The Star Spangled Banner” comes from a British drinking song named “Anacreon.”
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Eating dandelions can make you urinate more.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Frosted Flakes mascot “Tony the Tiger” has a wife, son (Tony Jr.) and daughter (Antoinette) that were used in early advertising commercials.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Male goats will urinate on each other in order to attract mates.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts During his or her lifetime, the average human will grow 590 miles of hair.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsA passionate kiss uses up 6.4 calories per minute.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts If you lock your knees while standing long enough, you will pass out. (We do not recommend you try and find out for yourself.)
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts A leech has 32 brains.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsAbraham Lincoln’s mother died when she drank the milk of a cow that grazed on poisonous snakeroot.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Rapper LL Cool J’s name is short for “Ladies Love Cool James.”
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Maine is considered the toothpick capital of the world.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Ho-Ho-Kus, a small town in New Jersey, is the only town in the United States of America that has two dashes in its name.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Between the ages of 30 and 70, you nose may lengthen and widen by as much as half an inch.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts A baby octopus is about the size of a flea when it’s born.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Hundreds of years ago, only the wealthy people used to wear underwear.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts A fetus that is four months old, will become startled and turn away if a light is flashed on the mother’s stomach.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsThe first toilet being flushed in a motion picture was in the movie “Psycho.”
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Q-Tip Cotton Swabs were originally called Baby Gays.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsThe sensitivity of a woman’s middle finger is reduced during certain times of her reproductive cycle.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts An average adult produces about half a litre of flatulent gas per day, resulting in an average of about fourteen occurrences of flatulence a day.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Santa Claus has a brother named Bells Nichols according to French Tradition. He visits homes on New Year’s Eve after everyone is asleep, and if a plate is set out for him, he fills it with cookies and cakes.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Skin is the largest organ of the human body.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts A slug has four noses.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless FactsA person uses approximately fifty-seven sheets of toilet paper each day.
World’s Useless FactsWorld's Useless Facts Hindu men once believed it to be unluckily to marry a third time. They could avoid misfortune by marrying a tree first. The tree (his third wife) was then burnt, freeing him to marry again.
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Roman numerals LXXXVII is what number? | LXXXVII Roman Numeral
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LXXXVII Roman Numeral
LXXXVII is roman numeral 87. Hexadecimal, fibonacci sequence, prime numbers, square root, roman numeral converting for LXXXVII roots and more.
Read and Write Roman Numeral LXXXVII
Roman numeral symbols are written and read from left to right, from highest to lowest values. If LXXXVII is text, it is the number 87.
Miscellaneous & Conversions For 87
RGB Colour (# 057 or #000057)
Cube Root (Root 3): 3√87
4.43104762169
Tesseract Root (Root 4): 4√87
3.05407580998
Quintal / nth Root. (Root 5) 5√87
2.44288965574
29 or 29/87
Roman Numeral Chart. Read & Write 87
Reading and writing roman numerals isn't common knowledge. However, this roman numeral chart should help you read and write numbers in roman numerals from 1 to 1,000,000. Using an overline symbol is times 1,000. ( Example: X means to add 3 zeros to your number. So X which is 5, but written as X with the overline is 5,000.
When a symbol appears after a larger symbol it is added: Example: VI = V + I = 5 + 1 = 6
When a symbol appears before a larger symbol it is subtracted: Example: IX = X - I = 10 - 1 = 9
Do not use the same symbol more than 3 times. But, IIII is sometimes used for 4
1
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In medicine, ‘singultus’ is more commonly known as what type of involuntary action in humans? | Roman Numerals: LXXXVII = 87
Roman Numerals: LXXXVII = 87
XC
IX
The converter lets you go from arabic to roman numerals and vice versa. Simply type in the number you would like to convert in the field you would like to convert from, and the number in the other format will appear in the other field. Due to the limitions of the roman number system you can only convert numbers from 1 to 3999 .
To easily convert between roman and arabic numerals you can use the table above. The key is to handle one arabic digit at a time, and translate it to the right roman number, where zeroes become empty. Go ahead and use the converter and observe how the table shows the solution in realtime!
Current date and time in Roman Numerals
2017-01-20
MMXVII-I-XX
XIII:XIII:XXXIX
Here is the current date and time written in roman numerals. Since the roman number system doesn't have a zero, the hour, minute, and second component of the timestamps sometimes become empty.
The year 87
Here you can read more about what happened in the year 87 .
The number 87
The number 87 is divisble by 3 and 29 and can be prime factorized into 3×29.
87 as a binary number: 1010111
87 as an octal number: 127
87 as a hexadecimal number: 57
Numbers close to LXXXVII
Below are the numbers LXXXIV through XC , which are close to LXXXVII. The right column shows how each roman numeral adds up to the total.
1000
For example, to express the number 737 in roman numerals you write DCCXXXVII , that is 500 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1. However, for the numbers 4 and 9 , subtraction is used instead of addition, and the smaller number is written in front of the greater number: e.g. 14 is written as XIV , i.e. 10 + 5 − 1, and 199 is expressed as CXCIX i.e. 100 + 100 − 10 + 10 − 1. It could be argued that 199 would be more easily written as CIC, but according to most common definition you can only subtract a number that is one order of magnitude smaller than the numbers you're subtracting from, meaning that IC for 99 is incorrect.
Roman numerals are often used in numbered lists, on buildings to state the year they were built, and in names of regents, such as Louis XVI of France.
Feel free to link to this site if you find it useful. It's also possible to link directly to specific numbers, such as roman-numerals.info/MMDXLVII or roman-numerals.info/782 . You can also link to intervals, for instance roman-numerals.info/1-100 or roman-numerals.info/1980-2020 , to see the numbers in a list format.
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The fictional character John Clayton is better known by what name? | John Clayton (Character)
John Clayton (Character)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
Overview
Biography:
John Clayton is the birthname of Edgar Rice Burrough's jungle hero Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle. See more »
Alternate Names:
John Clayton : Your rules don't work.
Detective Jane Porter : I'm not asking you to trust my rules, I'm not asking you to trust my laws, I'm asking you to trust me.
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What is the nickname of Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong, the first Ghanian to compete in a Winter Olympic Games, in 2010? | Edgar Rice Burroughs | Marvel Database | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
Personal History
Edgar Rice Burroughs was an American pulp story writer born in Chicago, Illinois on September 1st, 1875. His stories often combined elements of fantasy, science-fiction and high adventure. Over the course of his lifetime, Burroughs published over seventy novels. He passed away in his home in Encino, California from heart complications on March 19th, 1950.
Professional History
Although Burroughs is most widely recognized as the creator of famed jungle hero Tarzan, his first professional work was actually a short story titled Under the Moons of Mars published in 1910. This story featured the character of John Carter, a Civil War hero who is mysteriously transported to the planet Mars (or Barsoom as the natives call it) where he befriends a Barsoomian soldier and falls in love with a Martian princess. Colloquially known as the "Barsoom Series", eleven novels featuring John Carter were published between 1912 and 1948. A similar, though less popular formula was used for the Carson of Venus series which included four novels featuring the titular hero Carson Napier.
Another of Burroughs' unique environments involved the fictitious Inner-Earth world known as Pellucidar. The Pellucidar series featured adventurer David Innes and first appeared in the 1914 novel At the Earth's Core. Six Pellucidar novels were written between 1914 and 1944.
Burroughs' most popular work however was the character of Tarzan. Tarzan was actually John Clayton, the son of a British nobleman whose family was marooned on the coast of equatorial Africa. Raised by apes, John Clayton became more famously known under his jungle name - Tarzan. Edgar Rice Burroughs authored more than twenty-four novels featuring the jungle lord, one of which included the 1914 novel The Son of Tarzan, which introduced the character of Jack Clayton, better known as Korak.
Early comic book adaptations of Burroughs' work were published by Gold Key Comics, an imprint of Western Publishing. In the early 1970s, Gold Key discontinued publication of their comic book lines and DC Comics acquired the licenses for Tarzan, Korak, John Carter, Carson of Venus and the Pellucidar stories. When DC discontinued the various ERB titles, the characters lapsed once again into the public domain.
Marvel Comics began producing comic books based on Burroughs' work in the late 1970s. The first was Tarzan which began publication in 1977. The series ran for twenty-nine issues and was canceled in October of 1979. Three annuals were published, released one per year from 1977 to 1979. The Marvel Comics title, predominantly written by Roy Thomas with artwork by John Buscema, had very few original stories and largely adapted tales first published in the various Tarzan novels.
The second title published by Marvel based on Burroughs' properties was John Carter, Warlord of Mars , which began publication with a June 1977 cover date (released in tandem with Tarzan). This series ran for twenty-eight issues and also produced three Annuals. The final issue was published with an October, 1979 cover date.
Other publishing house who have produced work based on Edgar Rice Burroughs' properties include DC Comics, Gold Key Comics, Dark Horse Comics and America's Best Comics (an imprint of WildStorm Productions).
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What is the Hebrew name for the small round cap worn by Jewish men? | SIGNAL
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What is the name of the small cap the Jewish men wear? Does it have any specific meaning?
The name of the small cap male Jews wear is called a Kipa (dome or covering) or Yarmulke. This head covering was meant to signify recognition that God is present above oneself. It was traditionally worn only during prayer or during religious rituals. Eventually, Jews started wearing the kipa all day long, both as a sign of piety and to distinguish themselves from non-Jews.
Today, the kipa is worn all day long by fully observant Jews, although many Jews wear one during prayer or at funerals even though they don’t wear one all day. Different types of religious Jews wear different types of kipas to publicly demonstrate their unique religious outlook.
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In which European city are the headquarters of the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)? | Yarmulke - Definition for English-Language Learners from Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary
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‘Fidelio’ is the only opera written by which composer? | Fidelio - Beethoven
Fidelio
An Opera by Ludwig van Beethoven
This was the only opera written by Beethoven, whose genius was symphonic rather than dramatic. He had long been anxious to try his powers on an opera, and had even accepted engagements from managers, but these had all fallen through. He would not have a silly, commonplace libretto: he must have something of a noble kind. At last, having received a commission from the manager of the Theater An-der-Wien, he fixed upon a story of brave and unconquerable womanly devotion, and set to work on it with his whole heart and soul. He laboured at it incessantly, and identified himself so completely with its process that he seemed as much at home in it as he had ever been in sonata or symphony.
The subject of the opera was derived from Bouillys "Leonore; or, Conjugal Love." It had already been used for a French opera comique, as well as for an opera, to Italian works, by Paer, a composer who accompanied Napoleon to Warsaw and Posen, and in 1807 was formally installed as his maitre de chapelle. Indeed, it was a performance of Paers work which suggested "Fidelio" to Beethoven, who had a German translation prepared.
The leading incident in the plot -- the rescue of an unjustly detained prisoner through the devotion of a friend whose life is risked but not lost -- corresponds with that of three operas by Cherubini, whom Beethoven called "the greatest of all living writers for the stage." It is a simple plot, but lofty in design and exhibiting a purity of motive not usually found in opera texts.
Florestan (Günther Treptow) and Leonore (Karina Kutz) in Beethoven's opera, Fidelio. (Production of September 1945 at the Deutsche Oper, Berlin.)
Pizarro, the governor of a State prison in Spain, entertaining a bitter enmity against the Don Florestan, a nobleman, seizes and confines him in a loathsome dungeon with the intention of starving him to death. Florestans faithful wife, Leonora, disguises herself in male attire, and under the name of Fidelio obtains admission to the prison as servant to Rocco, the head warder. Pizarro, having been informed of the approaching visit of the Minister Ferdinand, on a tour of inspection, tries to persuade Rocco to kill Florestan. Rocco, while refusing, agrees to dig his grave if Pizarro will himself commit the murder.
Leonora, partially overhearing their plans, takes advantage of the passion with which, as a boy, she had inspired the warders daughter, Marcelline (who is affianced to Jaquino the porter), and thinking that Florestans life may be the one intended to be sacrificed, persuades Rocco to let her accompany him to the dungeon as an assistant. On entering the cell, Leonora immediately knows her husband by his voice, but conceals her emotion and helps Rocco to prepare the grave. When all is ready, Pizarro descends to dungeon and attempts to stab his prisoner. But Leonora, declaring herself Florestans wife, resolutely throws herself between them. Pizarro, in defeated rage, is about to sacrifice both to his fury, when Leonora draws a pistol and defies him. At this moment the arrival of the Minister Ferdinand is heralded by a flourish of trumpets. Pizarro hurries away to receive his superior, and husband and wife rush into each others arms. The deeply-laid plot is divulged to the Minister, who orders Pizarro to be deposed, and rewards the devotion of Leonora by bidding her with her own hands remove her husbands chains and restore him to liberty.
Beethoven wrote "Fidelio" in the full maturity of his creative powers, and it stands alone among operas, with great and peculiar qualities of its own. Its general style is serious and lofty, and stongly dramatic. Like "The Magic Flute," it bears traces of the old German "Singspiele" (a sort of popular vaudeville copiously sprinkled with songs) in its snatches of spoken dialogue; but these, when rightly uttered, can easily be made to emphasise the emotions produced by the music. So far from suggesting any feeling of anti-climax, the sudden relapse into agitated speech often gives an effect more thrilling than any music could command," says Mr. Streathfeild. For the rest, one has to admit that the many well-known numbers in the opera seem to find more favour in the concert-room than on the stage.
"Fidelio" was first performed at the Kaerntnerthor Theatre, Vienna, on November 20, 1805. The rehearsals had been attended with extraordinary difficulties, especially in regard to the singers. They complained that portions of the work were unsingable, but Beethoven, with his usual obstinacy, declined to make any concessions. He had trouble also with the band. Writing only two days before the public performance, he says: "Pray try to persuade Seyfried to conduct my opera to-day, as I wish to see and hear it from a distance; in this way at least my patience will not be so severely tried by the rehearsal as when I am close enough to hear my music bungled." This was one advantage of his deafness! "I really do believe it is done on purpose," he continues. "All pp., cres., all decresc., and f., ff., may as well be struck out of my music, since not one of them is attended to. I lose all desire to write anything more if my music is to be so played." To another friend he wrote that "the whole business of the opera is the most distressing thing in the world."
The circumstances of the first performance were also unfavorable, for the French army had only seven days before invaded Vienna, and the chief nobility and other wealthy patrons of music had deserted the town. Three performances were given, and the opera was then withdrawn by the composer himself. It was given again in 1806, with extensive alterations and a new overture, but its success was still doubtful. There was a revival in 1814, with further alterations and a new Overture in E, the fourth which had been written for it. On this occasion its beauties were better appreciated, but never during Beethovens lifetime was "Fidelio" understood as it came to be later. Weber once brought it out at Prague, when, to his disgust, it was coldly received. "Punch and Judy would suit them better," he said. It is to be regretted that we do not hear it more frequently now, especially as for its efficient representation there is only needed some half-dozen leading singers, a chorus, an ordinary orchestra, and a couple of scenes such as any provincial theatre could provide at a few hours notice.
FIDELIO POSTER
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Actor Charles Buchinsky was better known by what name? | Lecture Notes on Beethoven - Fidelio OnlyoperawrittenbyBeethoven
Lecture Notes on Beethoven
Lecture Notes on Beethoven - Fidelio...
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Fidelio - Only opera written by Beethoven - struggled with writing it Incidental Music Symphony No. 5 by Beethoven - Organicism – major theme for the work sprouts from one little idea - 1808 – written in a 4 year span - Isolated artist – working on his art Ideal of the romantic period Works in the later periods - Wrote 3 intense piano sonatas - Keyboard variations - Mass - Symphony no. 9 - 5 string quartets - Stopped being a performer Scherzo as 2 nd movement – model later composers Adagio as 3 rd movement
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Individualistic qualities, emotional expression, more so than clarity of form
Women and the Freedom of Choice in Yabuta Village The Tokugawa Era, otherwise known as the Great Peace, instituted a strict social hierarchy. The shogunate implemented its own version of the Confucian hierarchy. The social hierarchy was used as a means to maintain the order of era of the peace. In this society, women were given varying amounts of choice, freedom, and authority. In Yabuta Village of Osato County, men were the heads of households and made the decisions for women. But, the women of Yabuta Village, particularly those from wealthier families, were able to make their own choices by breaking social norms for women in place in the villages and manipulating the patriarchal system. In Tokugawa Japan, women did not fully come of age or reach adult status until marriage. 1 Even after marriage, peasant women in Yabuta Village were seemingly voiceless. On paper, the women’s lives appeared to have been dictated by fathers and husbands. In two separate contracts for indentured services as a geisha and prostitute, parents wrote their daughter’s new employers promising them that their daughter was not a Christian, that she would not run away, and that she would not make “unreasonable demands for leave in the middle of her term of service.” 2 Here, the young girls were turned into goods on paper. Their buyers were assured of the quality of their goods, and should the girls pass away or run away, the family would not protest and, if need be, return the gold they received in payment. Perhaps the content of such letters are not 1 Stanley, Amy. "Gender / Age / Status / Sex." Tokugawa History Class. Northwestern University. , Evanston. 28 Oct. 2014. Class Lecture. 2 “Contract for Indentured Servitude as a Geisha,” Women and Marriage Collection #1, Yabuta Village Archive, Northwestern University.
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Who wrote the children’s book ‘The Snowman’? | Raymond Briggs: The Snowman is not really about Christmas, it's about death | The Independent
Raymond Briggs: The Snowman is not really about Christmas, it's about death
The beloved children's book, and subsequent animation, has been hijacked by festive sentimentality according to its author
Tuesday 11 December 2012 00:00 BST
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Raymond Briggs: The Snowman is not really about Christmas, it's about death
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Raymond Briggs, the man behind the Snowman
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The Snowman is about death not Christmas says author Raymond Briggs
Christmas wouldn’t be the same without another showing for the heart-melting fantasy about a boy whose snowman creation magically comes to life.
But The Snowman was actually about death and should never have become a festive favourite, Raymond Briggs has revealed, after complaining that the film adaptation of his story was hijacked by Christmas sentimentality.
The illustrator who wrote The Snowman in 1978, has finally consented to produce a sequel to the enchanting animated story, The Snowman and The Snowdog, which will be broadcast by Channel 4 on Christmas Eve.
The original Oscar-nominated Snowman, famed for the scene of the boy and his snowman taking flight to the swelling choral ballad "Walking In The Air", has been screened every Christmas by Channel 4 since 1982.
Yet Briggs, 78, a self-confessed “miserable git” with a Grinch-style attitude to Christmas , said that his story, which depicts the snowman melting in the morning, was designed to introduce children to the concept of mortality and should never have become a heart-warming accompaniment to mince pies and gift-giving.
“The idea was clean, nice and silent. I don’t have happy endings,” Briggs told the Christmas edition of Radio Times. “I create what seems natural and inevitable. The snowman melts, my parents died, animals die, flowers die. Everything does. There’s nothing particularly gloomy about it. It’s a fact of life.”
The animated version of The Snowman, which appeared four years after the book’s publication, inserted "Walking in the Air", a motorcycle ride and a visit to Santa at the North Pole.
Briggs said: “I thought, ‘It’s a bit corny and twee, dragging in Christmas’, as The Snowman had nothing to do with that, but it worked extremely well.”
The writer, whose 1973 bestseller Father Christmas, presented Santa as an irritable old man, grumbling about delivering presents in the cold, remains indifferent to the festive spirit.
“I’m not a fan of Christmas, although I support the principle of a day of feasting and presents, but the anxiety starts in October: how many are coming? Are they bringing grandchildren? How long will they stay?”
Briggs is however content with the Snowman sequel, which resurrects little Billy’s melted playmate and introduces a mischievous pup with odd socks for ears.
“It would have been cashing in to do it before,” he said. “Now it won’t do any harm, and it’s not vulgar and American. I’ve never touched a computer, or anything like that.
“CGI makes everything too perfect, but they’re sticking to the old ways. I’m a notorious grumbler, but I found nothing to grumble about.”
The 24-minute Snowman and The Snowdog costs £2 million, and is made up of 200,000 individual drawings. Many of the artists worked on the original film and have sought to maintain the look of Briggs’ drawings. Digital snow and lighting effects have been added, although it’s unclear if the producers dared to tell Briggs.
The sequel is accompanied by a mobile phone game. “Huge amounts of money have been generated by The Snowman,” Briggs said. “I’m not interested. I read it’s sold three million copies, but publishers bandy about numbers that aren’t usually true. I don’t spend anything. I don’t like going abroad – the Gatwick airport hellhole.”
The writer did once find a kindred spirit. “I went once to Roald Dahl’s birthday party so I must have read something of his. He was fairly curmudgeonly.”
Other Christmas Grinches...
Don’t expect a Lady Gaga Christmas single. In 2010 the singer bit the head off a Santa doll thrown on stage at the O2 Arena, declaring “I hate the holidays! I’m alone and miserable, you f***ing dumb bit of toy!” The offending item “was pregnant ... with chemicals not meant for children.”
Jim Lea, Slade’s bassist, has had it with their perennial, Merry Xmas Everybody. “You don’t start singing Happy Birthday to someone two months before the day. Please don’t start playing it again yet. I’m no Scrooge, it’s just that I’m sick of the Christmas hysteria. I never dreamt it would still be played 30 years later.”
Ozzy Osbourne would rather fall of his quad bike than the wagon on December 25. “When you’re a practising alcoholic, Christmas is just another day,” the rocker argued. “Fortunately a few years ago I broke my neck coming off my quad bike and I was in a coma for Christmas.”
And...
Overplayed Xmas standards piped into stores annoy customers and staff, the music consultancy Open Ear found. Instead, "A Very She & Him Christmas" by Zooey Deschanel and M.Ward was the ideal soothing alternative soundtrack for businesses and bars.
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Which English rugby union team play their home games at Vicarage Road? | Walking In The Air (from: The Snowman) - YouTube
Walking In The Air (from: The Snowman)
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I want to thank everyone for watching this video and for sharing the wonderful memories you have when watching it. Love!
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The song 'Walking In The Air' from the animated short 'The Snowman' by Raymond Briggs. It was written by Howard Blake and in this recording sung by Peter Auty.
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The annual Latitude Music Festival takes place in which English county? | Suffolk Festivals
Suffolk Festivals
in date order, just click on each one for information
2016 FESTIVALS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first Aldeburgh & Suffolk Coastal Young People’s Film Festival, 5th-19th February 2016, venues across Suffolk
The Aldeburgh Cinema Trust has initiated and organised the first Aldeburgh and Coastal Young People’s Film Festival as part of an ongoing project to develop the provision of high quality film and creative activity offers for children, young people and their families in the Suffolk Coastal area.
The festival takes place between 5th and 19th February at a variety of venues in the region. All ages are catered for from three years upwards with a programme specially designed to be entertaining, fun and inspirational.
Programme highlights include:
• SHORTS FOR WEE ONES: 45 minutes of magical tales. Age 3+
• SHORTS FOR MIDDLE ONES: an hour of beautiful dialogue-free short films. Age 8+
• THE BIG KNIGHTS: witty and charming tale from the makers of Peppa Pig. Age 3+
• ANTBOY - REVENGE OF THE RED FURY: smart and very funny tale about a short superhero. Age 8+
• WINDSTORM: teenage girls and horses. Age 10+
• LANDFILLHARMONIC: the true story of young musicians playing instruments made from garbage. Age 10+
• SPEED SISTERS: the true story of the first ever female Middle Eastern car racing team. Shown in the presence of MARAH ZAHALQA, 24-year old Palestinian racing champion. Age 12+
• EAST ANGLIAN STUDENT FILM FESTIVAL ‘Best of the Fest’. Age 12+
• ICONIC STORIES RETOLD IN FIVE MINUTES ‘Short Film Competition’. Age 12+
Full details including specific dates and venues can be found in the festival’s printed programme which is available from Aldeburgh Cinema. A digital version is online at Aldeburgh Cinema
Call 01728 454884 or email [email protected] for more information.
The 15th Aldeburgh Literary Festival, Thursday 3rd to Sunday 6th March 2016, Jubilee Hall, Aldeburgh
The Aldeburgh Literary Festival was started in 2002 by the John and Mary James of The Aldeburgh Bookshop. This years festival features 4 days of events. 16 talks from a range of writers and personalities including leading cultural historian and broadcaster Sir Christopher Frayling, Author Frances Wilson, BBC Radio 4's Jonathan Dimbleby and screenwriter, actor and novelist David Nicholls, all at the Jubilee Hall in Aldeburgh. There are also 3 art exhibitions held at the Aldeburgh Cinema Gallery, the Aldeburgh Gallery and the Thompson’s Gallery. Plus the book launch and signing of local pastry chef Henrietta Inman’s Clean Cakes (Saturday 5th March). Many events are already sold out so please call to book your tickets as soon as possible.
Tel: 01728 452587
Venue Address: Jubilee Hall, Crabbe Street, Aldeburgh, Suffolk. IP15 5BN
For more information visit
17th Hundon Plough Beer Festival, Thursday 24th to Monday 28th March 2016, The Plough In Hundon
12pm until at least 11pm all days
30+ ales and craft beers and 12 ciders. Festival theme "World Hop Tour". Open all day throughout the festival and food available all day, children welcome until 9pm. 8 live bands over 5 days, please see our website for full listings.
Festival organiser- Kate Wood
Half day ticket £9/Full day £18
Concessions (Under 25) £5 half day/£9 full day
Box Office opening hours: Tuesday – Saturday 11.00am- 2.00pm
Visit www.inkfestival.org for further information. Tel: 0845 6732 12
Weird and Wonderful Wood, Saturday 14 to Sunday 15 May, 10.30am- 5.00pm, Haughley Park
"Wood is man's oldest natural resource... he has no older or deeper debt" Hugh Johnson. A celebration of many aspects of woodwork, showcasing the talents of specialist woodworkers, and described as "the most magical day ever, it was so inspiring and so much fun" Anna Morrell, Kent. There are always new things to see and at this year's event our site will play host to a replica 46ft Saxon Ship, a Shepherds Hut and we are fortunate to welcome some fascinating musical instrument makers, a horse logger and a wood carver from Nigeria. As well as regular favourites, which makes it one of the most exciting wood fairs of the year. Over 120 artists and crafts people come from all over the country. Demonstrations include carving and sculpture, fine furniture making, displays by traditional fletchers and bowyers, chainsaw carving, hurdle making, wood turning, pole lathe turning, labyrinth making, as well as traditional gypsy caravan displays. Wonderful workshops for all ages, adults and children, are free and include many exciting activities such as archery, den building, willow weaving, papermaking, pole lathe turning, gypsy flower making, withy work, scrap wood, jewellery making, clay, puppet making and tree climbing in nets.
If you have not been before, you will find it has a friendly and enthusiastic atmosphere, fully enhanced by every ones passion for woodcrafts in all its forms, with something surprising for all the family. Also allow time to enjoy a wealth of excellent local food and drink (including local beers and cider) which you can enjoy while listening to music.
Haughley Park, Nr Wetherden, Stowmarket, IP14 3JY
Ticket Prices: Adults: £8, Concessions: £6, Children under 12: £4, Under 3: Free.
Email: [email protected] Telephone: 01359 240 724
The Suffolk Walking Festival - A programme of 77 guided walks across Suffolk between 14th May and 5th June 2016
There are three lots of Challenge Walks: for those with sturdy legs and strong hearts, The Mega Challenge from Lowestoft to Felixstowe covers 60 miles in 24 hours(!); The Classic Challenge covers a similar route at a more sedate pace over five days; and The Mini Challenge is a series of three walks of about nine miles each, over three days.
Other walks include two stress-busting mindfulness walks; a 'prambling' walk for parents with prams; photography, birdwatching and Pilates walks; a speed-dating ramble; the ever-popular 'Horrible History For Families' in Ipswich and many more.
Some include a cream tea or other refreshments and all are an informal and sociable way to explore the county. This year is Suffolk's Year of Walking, so go along and join in the fun, meet like-minded people and indulge in a leisure activity which benefits both body and soul.
To find out more and book your tickets visit Suffolk Walking Festival
The 2016 Bury Festival, 20th-29th May, Locations across Bury St Edmunds
The Bury Festival offers ten days of great music, theatre, film & exhibitions in venues and spaces all around the town of Bury St Edmunds. It showcases artists of international renown alongside home-grown talent, so as well as highly anticipated performances from violinist Nigel Kennedy, film director Lord Puttnam, Irish Country star Nathan Carter, and the winners of BBC2’s Naked Choir competition, The Sons of Pitches, you will also be able to enjoy the Suffolk Philharmonic Orchestra, the West Suffolk Youth Jazz Orchestra and students from Guildhall Feoffment Primary School appearing alongside the National Youth Music Theatre.
For a full list of events, dates, venues and to book tickets, please visit The 2016 Bury Festival
East Anglian Dragon Boat Festival 2016, 22nd May, Nicholas Everitt Park, Lowestoft
10.00am-5.30pm
Dragon Boat racing is an ancient Chinese tradition and the fastest growing water activity in Britain today- as well as the most fun! Up to 10 people paddle each 30'' boat with a drummer at the front beating in time and a helm at the tail steering a straight course. No previous experience required, just plenty of team spirit!
Gable Events is proud to have once again joined with Festival charity, East Coast Hospice, to bring you the 10th East Anglian Charity Dragon Boat Festival. The Festival is open to everyone and over 40 crews are expected to battle it out over the 200m race course, watched by several thousand spectators. Nicholas Everitt Park, Oulton Broad offers a superb venue for racing and a fabulous day is guaranteed with plenty of bank-side family entertainment including funfair activities, inflatables and children's rides plus a variety of food stalls and bar.
Team entry fee applies, entry free to spectators
Tel: 01780 470718 Email: [email protected]
Find out how to enter: Dragon Boat Festivals - East Anglia
Venue Address: Oulton Broad, Lowestoft, Suffolk. NR33 9JR
Pulse Festival, New Wolsey Theatre, Ipswich Thursday 26 May – Saturday 4 June 2016
A 10 day Festival of inspirational contemporary theatre in Ipswich. This years Pulse Festival, held at the New Wolsey Theatre in Ipswich, features 27 finished shows, 20 new works in development, and returning work from Caroline Horton, John Osborne, Two Destination Language, Figs In Wigs and Made In China. The 'Suitcase Prize Day' returns with a prize for the best environmentally sustainable show that can be toured on public transport. Jamal Harewood’s Word announced as 2016 Spring Festivals commission plus a new day dedicated to emerging work that see companies take new directions in how they make theatre. There will also be productions and partnerships with local arts organisations: Eastern Angles, Gecko and DanceEast. The festival finishes with Spymonkey’s production of The Complete Deaths, adapted and directed by Tim Crouch.
Venue Address: New Wolsey Theatre, Civic Drive, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP1 2AS.
Ticket Prices: All tickets start at £8.50 (£5 under 26s)
Suitcase Day is £15 for the whole day – add Police Cops for £5 when booking for the whole day
Scratch Day is £5 per session, or £10 when you book all 4 together at once.
Work In Progresses are £5 each, these include Jamal Harewood’s Word, Le Gateau Chocolat’s Duckie and Gecko’s The Wedding
See www.pulseipswich.co.uk for show dates and times or see New Wolsey Theatre
The 2016 LeeStock Festival, 28th to 29th May, Melford Hall
Headliners for this years festival include The Feeling, The Hoosiers, New Town Kings and Lucy Spraggan plus lots of other local and national acts. Held in the grounds of Melford Hall, a National Trust property, LeeStock raises money for the Willow Foundation, a national charity who offer special days to seriously ill young adults.
Venue Address: Melford Hall, Long Melford, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 9AA
For more information and for your chance to WIN FREE TICKETS - see LeeStock Festival 2016
Red Lodge Festival, Red Lodge Millennium Centre, Bury St Edmunds 28th to 29th May
Sat 12 Noon till 01:30 hrs | Sun 12 Moon till 12 Midnight
Join us for our fourth annual Beer & Music Festival in aid of local, regional and national good causes which features two full days of live music with an array of ales and ciders from the UK and Ireland for you to enjoy. There is something for everyone and this year we have some amazing acts headlining the event with Kaiser Monkey Killers the UK's No 1 Tribute Act finishing off on the Sunday. There is also two fun packed days of activities for families including a magician, circus skills, balloon modeling, bouncy castle, face painting, crafts and disco with games plus much more. This event also provides such value for money with Adult Tickets priced at £10 (includes 4 ale/cider tokens) and Family Tickets price at £25 (incudes 8 ale/cider tokens and 8 soft drink tokens base on 2 Adulta and 2 Children). For more information please feel free to contact us on 01638 751148 or enail [email protected].
Venue Address: Red Lodge Millennium Centre, Lavender Close, Red Lodge, Bury St Edmunds, IP28 8TT
Alive & V Dubbin, 10th - 12th June 2016, Jimmy's Farm, Ipswich
Alive & V-Dubbin a Volkswagen festival held each year at Jimmys Farm in Suffolk. A family friendly event with something for everyone whether you camp for the weekend or visit for a day, own a Volkswagen or not!
Alive & V-Dubbin continues to grow from strength to strength attracting visitors of all ages to enjoy a relaxed, chilled out weekend of live music, loads for the kids to do from craft activities, drumming workshops, music workshops, Bouncy Campervan, Bungee trampoline to practising new skills on the free skate ramp,Lots of traders along with car displays on Saturday and Sunday and loads more.
With great food vendors onsite all serving great quality food at an affordable price, you will have a great family weekend away or day out without breaking the bank as many of the activities on offer are free of charge too. You can also visit Jimmys Farm at a significantly reduced cost.
Please take a look at www.aliveandvdubbin.co.uk for more information.
Day Tickets - Adult £10 Child £5 Camping tickets available online
Email: [email protected]
The Aldeburgh Festival, 10th - 26th June 2016, Aldeburgh Music
Visit Aldeburgh Music for their 2016 17-day celebration of music, with birds, circus and pianos at its heart. The 2016 Festival opens with the verve of circus artistry as the richly-hued surrealism of Rimbaud’s poetry inspires Illuminations – Struan Leslie’s newly-commissioned staging of music by Britten and others. The centrepiece is the Catalogue d’Oiseaux project, a day that brings Olivier Messiaen’s grand evocation of birdsong to life as never before. Artistic Director Pierre-Laurent Aimard not only performs the whole piece over four concerts set against stunning natural backdrops from sunrise to midnight, but also programmes a final-weekend celebration of piano playing that brings to the stage international performers and brilliant young musicians.
Stowblues Festival - Saturday 11 June, Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket
A day of fantastic Americana blues music at the Museum of East Anglian Life in partnership with BBC Radio Suffolk. 2pm-10pm. Also onsite, catering from The Osier cafe and a CAMRA bar stocked to the brim with real ales, ciders, lagers and wines.
A Taste of Sudbury Food & Drink Festival 12th June 2016, Market Hill, Sudbury
10.00am-4.00pm
Promoting Local Produce & Local Restaurants with over 70 food stalls and cooking demonstrations throughout the day on stage.
Market Hill & St. Peter's, Market Hill, Sudbury, CO10 1TL
Free admission
10.00am - 17.00pm
The Street, Hacheston, IP13 0DW
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" is the theme for this year's Flower Festival. Come and enjoy the medieval church and view the flower arrangements. The village hall, green and playground will also be used for plant sales, raffle, treasure hunt and a cafe will run all weekend with scrummy food and drink. Themed competition classes can be entered before the day.
FREE ENTRY
Maverick Festival, 1st-3rd July, Easton Farm Park
The Maverick Festival is a celebration of Americana and roots music from both sides of the Atlantic, presenting music, film & workshops and featuring over forty different artists, across five stages indoors and out. This years line up include; AMELIA WHITE, BARBARA NESBITT, DEBBIE BOND, HANNAH ALDRIDGE, HYMN FOR HER, JON LANGFORD, LOS PACAMINOS FEATURING PAUL YOUNG, LUKE WINSLOW KING, ROAMIN' JASMINE, ROBERT VINCENT, ROBYN HITCHCOCK, RYAN COOK, SAM OUTLAW, THE SULTANS OF STRING, THE HACKENSAW BOYS, WIZ JONES plus many more to be announced.
On Friday, the music begins at 5pm and runs till around 11.30pm. Saturday's programme begins at 11.00am and runs till 11.30pm and on Sunday, entertainment commences at 10.30am and runs till approximately 2.30pm.
Ticket Information:
Ranger £85.00 Weekend ticket with admission to all stages and includes up to TWO nights camping FRIDAY and SATURDAY
Wrangler £65.00 Weekend ticket with admission to all stages No Camping
Rustler £39.00 Day ticket, Saturday only
Nighthawk £25.00 Friday night only
Holy Roller £20.00 Sunday only
Tenderfoot £15.00 Children 10-15 yrs, under 10's go free
Tickets can be purchased over the phone from Ipswich Regent Theatre or visit Maverick Festival for more information.
10am to 5pm
Stradbroke Playing Fields,Wilby Road,Stradbroke,IP21 5JN
Annual 2 day festival with demonstrations, ponies, dogs, majorettes, magician, bouncy castles, licensed bar, hot and cold food. It's a Knockout/Wipeout on Sunday afternoon
£2.50 adults 16 and under free.
Thorpefest, 2nd July 2016, Thorpeness Country Club
Thorpefest, an exciting new summer outdoor music festival, will feature a great line-up with nearly a dozen bands performing live. Headline acts will be Coldplace, regarded as the world's leading tribute band to Coldplay, and the Take That tribute band, Rule the World, as well as local bands such as Raindance. Champagne and beer tents plus tempting food and a BBQ will be provided by the Thorpeness Dolphin Inn and White Lion Hotel providing fuel for everyone to get up and dance and enjoy themselves throughout the afternoon and evening.
Tickets: £12 per person, £8 under 12s, under 5s free; discounts for Country Club Members
Address: Thorpeness Country Club, The Benthills IP16 4NU
For details call 01728 451021 or email [email protected] or visit www.thorpefest.co.uk
Bures Music Festival, 6-10 July 2016, Bures
The 20th community-led summer music event, the Bures Music Festival, takes place in the picturesque village of Bures on the Essex & Suffolk Border.
The festival sees acts from all genres, from rock to blues, pop to choral, and jazz to ska, with all proceeds going to local charities and has awarded almost £185,000 since 1997.
Line-up
Sunday: The Counterfeit Beatles, The New Town Kings, LaVendore Rogue, Blue Meteors, D£Ukes, Sound Mirrors and B-fest winner 2016. £The Beatles homage plus local 9-piece ska-reggae collective promise a riotous festival finale. 12.00pm-9.00pm
Saturday: Bootleg Blondie, The Secret Police, The Turner Brothers, Ady Johnson, Broken Eyes, Hot Tramp, Vardo and the Boss and The Flat Mountain Family. Authentic Blondie and The Police tribute shows complete a day of the best local acts. 12.00pm-11.00pm
Friday: Blues & Rock Night with Dr Feelgood, Alvin Youngblood Hart's Muscle Theory and Stevie Nimmo Trio. Award winning British Rock and Blues legends share Friday's spotlight with a Grammy Award Winning guitarist and his band. 6.30pm-11.00pm
Thursday: Jazznights presents Nicolas Meier, Emily Dankworth and Larraine Odell - all with The Jazznights Trio in St. Mary's Church. Doors open 6.30pm
Thursday: B-Fest. Showcase for local young musicians in the Big Top. 6.30pm-10.00pm
Wednesday: Chorus Iceni, local 40 strong ladies barbershop group from Colchester perform an emotive recital in St. Mary's Church. Doors open 6.30pm
Tickets and info:
www.buresmusicfestival.com
www.facebook.com/buresmusicfestival
Tickets are priced at £45 in advance for an adult 5 day pass, £25 for teens (aged 12-17 years), and children aged 11 years and under £3. A family ticket is priced at £125. Tickets also available for individual events.
Camping
Camping is £10 for a pitch which will cover 1 tent, caravan or motorhome.
The Bures Music Festival is a not-for-profit event, with all proceeds going to local charities.
Latitude Festival, 14-17th July 2016, Henham Park
The 11th edition of Suffolk's most famous music Festival see's the usual eclectic mix of music, theatre, poetry, comedy and much more. From the Obelisk Arena to the Faraway Forest you are never short of variety at Latitude. Headliners this year across the main stages include THE MACCABEES | THE NATIONAL | NEW ORDER | BEIRUT | CHVRCHES | M83 | FATHER JOHN MISTY | JOHN GRANT | THE LUMINEERS| GRIMES | OF MONSTERS AND MEN plus a huge range of other artists.
For more information including ticket prices visit Latitude Festival
Take a look at what is in store for the 2016 Festival of Golf -
3 day open competition for the Thorpeness Trophy
Golf clinics with Christine Langford (PGA pro)
Trick shot show with Kevin Carpenter
BBQ on the Meare
3 course dinner on your 2nd night with live music
Many prizes to be won
Memorial Field, B1119, Saxmundham, IP171EA
5pm-10.30pm Friday, 10am-11pm Saturday
FREE EVENT
This event is designed for the whole family. Guaranteed to be a fun filled musical package and fun day with Children's arts, fun rides, food stalls and two fully licensed Adnams bars. Music runs from morning until sunset.
Friday will comprise of a ''Back to the Roots'' theme with some laidback music including, a bit of a jam from some local ordinary folk, Rabble Chorus Choir, Country music and taking it up to a finale of a live Reggae band to take us through the years.
Saturday commences early with our local children taking to the stage showing us what musical talents they have. Throughout the day we will show you excellent local bands with a ''Showcase Finale'' performance from the fantastic ''JK as Robbie'' a Robbie Williams tribute with full 5 piece band.
Though this is a free entry event, please DO NOT bring alcohol of any kind onto the site over the two days. Conditions of our licence means security checks will be conducted and bags checked.
Tel: 07771877454 or visit www.saxmusicfest.co.uk for more details.
Jimmys Harvest Festival, 23-24 July, Jimmys Farm
Jimmy's Harvest Festival of Sausages & Beer is an annual celebration of great live music, delicious food, and wholesome family fun.
We will have top chefs cooking up tasty gourmet dishes on the Cookhouse Stage and lots of great local food & drink producers alongside some great art and craft stalls in our Markets.
The Chiplolata Kids Zone will full of activities for children of all ages which, in the past has played host to The Flying Seagulls, a craft camp, Peppa Pig animal petting and den building.
Our Main Stage arena will see some truly great artists taking to the stage for your entertainment. Last year we had CBeebies television stars Justin Fletcher & Mr Bloom as the opening acts each day. The Main Stage has played host to some truly memorable performances over the years from Dodgy, Matt Cardle, Athlete, Toploader, The Shires and even Chas & Dave!
2016 will see a brand new area added to the already jam packed weekend of fun. Our Science & Nature Trail will feature some great educational and seriously fun children's entertainment. Expect lots of flashes, bangs, pops and whizzes!
Tickets are on sale now!
Westleton Wild Flower Festival, 29th July - 1st August
‘Fifty Years of Wild Flowers’ The Story of Westleton’s Wild Flower Festival.
In St Peter's Church plus exhibition in the village hall. 10am-6pm Fri-Sun, 10am-5pm Monday. Free entry but donations welcome.
Westleton’s wonderful Wild Flower Festival began 50 years ago. It was inspired by Jim Fisk (of Clematis fame) and Nelly Kemp, who had visited a similar festival in Norfolk. This Festival has continued since 1966 and has become a strong tradition within Westleton village life.
Each year the Festival has had a particular theme and in celebration this year the arrangements mark the many different themes of past Festivals. Great care is taken with the gathering of these wild flowers, and no threatened species are used in the displays.
Concurrent with the Wild Flower Festival the Village Hall organises an exhibition of crafts and several stalls displaying and selling hand-made items. Different artisans will be demonstrating their skills each day and examples of their work will be available to purchase or order.
Friday: ‘Crafty Mrs Fox’, Nicola Grayson will be demonstrating Needle felting and Jewellery from recycled silver.
Saturday: Ragtime Ruggers will be showing us Making rag rugs
Sunday: Sharon McMullin will be working with Stained Glass and Chrissie Davies will be displaying Woven Willow Sculpture
Monday: David Nicholls will be showing his skills as a Cutler
In addition Westleton Gardeners have been working all year to be able to offer a very wide range of garden plants for sale at their display stand in the Village Hall, and all at very reasonable prices.
Wonderful home-made refreshments will be on sale throughout each day in the Village Hall. The GRAND DRAW will take place at 4pm on Monday 1st August, with £100 first prize and many, many others!
Sunday 14th August - Mendlesham Summer Festival
St Mary's Church, Church Road, Mendlesham IP14 5SF 2.00-4.30pm
Come and listen to ''Mambo Chutney'' playing Jazz from around the world in our open air concert in the Churchyard at Mendlesham. This exciting band will get your toes a-tapping and will put a skip in your step. We're told that spontaneous dancing is often seen when Mambo Chutney visit, so put on your dancing shoes. Their music includes a broad range of tunes from around the world, so be prepared for a continental explosion of sound. The Beer Tent will be open selling our special Mendlesham Festival Beer, Cider, Wine and much more. Delicious Cakes and Tea/Coffee will be on sale within the church. Speciality Hotdogs will also be on sale. For Children we have a bouncy castle and games to play and Ice creams will be on sale. Celebrating our patronal festival of the Assumption, having fun & raising money for our church restoration. Open to all faiths. For more details see Festival website: www.mendleshamfest.co.uk
The 2016 FolkEast Festival, 19th, 20th & 21st August, Glemham Hall
3 day Folk Festival in rural Suffolk, with local and international musical talent plus much more. A family friendly event where children under 11 go FREE! The first acts announced include seven 2016 BBC Folk Awards nominees! Headliners include – Folk Singer of the Year nominee Eliza Carthy (plus her all-star band featuring Sam Sweeney from Bellowhead, David Delarre of Mawkin and Lucy Farrell from the Emily Portman Trio) a rare appearance by seven-piece Blowzabella and an exclusive UK festival performance by Irish supergroup Usher’s Island.
Not just about the music, FolkEast also offers; great food and drink from local producers including real ales from nearby craft breweries, Morris, Mummers & East Anglian Step Dancing, Displays, workshops and dance-outs, Singing, Instrument, dance, poetry and art sessions and workshops, Art Arcade, Small Folk children's activities, Heritage Crafts, Social Knitwork, to name just a few.
Visit FolkEast Festival for more information including ticket prices.
Beer Festival - The Cherry Tree Inn, Woodbridge, 26th, 27th & 28th August 2016
The Cherry Tree Inn, 73 Cumberland Street, Woodbridge, IP12 4AG
The Cherry Tree Inn Woodbridge (opposite Notcutts) will be holding their beer festival on the 26th, 27th and 28th August 2016. There will be at least 25 real ales from all across Great Britain, including Purple Moose of Porthmadog, Bude of Cornwall, Atlas of Argyll, Windsor and Eton of Windsor, Bosuns of Yorkshire and of course, our local Adnams from Southwold. Hot and cold food will be available 12.00pm - 9.00pm Friday and Saturday and 12.00pm - 8.00pm on Sunday.
Website: www.thecherrytreepub.co.uk, Telephone: 01394 384627, Email: [email protected]
Friday 26th Bavarian Night, 7.00pm - 12.00am
Saturday 27th Free Family Fun Day, 12.00pm - 5.00pm
Saturday 27th Skatonics and Local Acts, 12.00pm - 12.00am
Sunday 28th Free Family Fun Day, 12.00pm - 5.00pm
Sunday 28th Kenny Thomas and Local Acts, 12.00pm -12.00am
Entry: £15
The Aldeburgh Food & Drink Festival, 25th & 26th September, Snape Maltings 2016
A weekend celebration of Suffolk's thriving food & drink scene featuring over 90 food and drink producers from Suffolk and 2 cookery demonstration stages hosting visiting and local chefs. Family friendly, under 15's go free and there are free children's activities and hands on cooking workshops.
Woodbridge Shuck Shellfish Festival, 29th September to 2nd October 2016
The Tide Mill, The Tea Hut and other venues in Woodbridge, IP12 1AA
Following on from the huge success of previous years, the fifth annual Woodbridge Shuck Shellfish Festival is back. This Festival is a real treat for foodies. This Festival is made up of several component parts from the Shuck Shack Pop Up Restaurant in Woodbridge's famous Tide Mill to the family entertainment, live music, Shuck shellfish inspired menus around the town and this year's 'pick and cook' stalls where you can buy your produce off one stall and get it cooked for you next door!
Local Chefs Vernon Blackmore and Stephen David team up with The Crown and Simpers to bring you the 'Eating Plaice' in the grounds of The Tea Hut. Here you can feast on de-constructed moules frites, fish fresh from the Deben (maybe even caught by Award winning Harry Simper!), Bubble, Beer & Squid, Pasta and Paella while enjoying something cold from the bar.
There will be ice creams and a menu for the kids, non alcoholic and non fishy options too. 2016 is set to bring you even more to see and do with plans afoot for boat trips and the 'Pub Trawl' up and running around the town with Beer and Bar food on offer.
Keep your eye out for Shuck merch so you get a keepsake from this event, which celebrates all that is local and fresh.
Free Entry. Selected kids entertainment will be free be sure to book your little ones into a Splay Messy Play session!
Enquiries: [email protected], Tel: 01394 380536
Saturday 10.00am - 4.00pm and Sunday 11.30am - 4.00pm
St Mary’s Church, Somersham, Church Lane, Lower Somersham, Suffolk, IP8 4PW
A wonderful display of Pumpkins, Flowers and all things Autumnal! Refreshments and ploughmans lunches available. Free Admission.
Now in its 15th year, Halesworth Arts Festival returns again to the Cut Arts Centre, offering almost 20 different performances over 16 days including film, live music, talks opera and comedy.
For the full line-up and booking information, see Cut Arts Centre
Suffolk Libraries BookFest 21st - 30th October 2016, venues across Suffolk
Events across Suffolk, Ipswich County Library, Northgate Street, IP1 3DE
From 21st - 30th October 2016 Suffolk Libraries will be holding its second Book Festival with events in Ipswich, Bury St Edmunds, Lavenham, Glemsford, Sudbury, Leiston, Southwold, Halesworth, Felixstowe, Woodbridge, Brandon, Haverhill, Great Cornard, Beccles and Stradbroke. Bookfest sees a politician, historian, video game blogger, award-winning children's illustrator, thriller writers, novelists and a survivor from the Holocaust all speaking at events held in libraries and other venues throughout the county.
Ticket prices vary, please visit our website for full details and ticketing information
Website: www.suffolklibraries.co.uk/bookfest
Halesworth Scarecrow Festival, 22nd - 29th October 2016
The Thoroughfare and Market Place, Halesworth, Suffolk, IP19 8AH
Come and see the scarecrows at Halesworth's 7th annual Scarecrow Festival. There's also a Treasure Hunt through the town, with the winner getting to turn on the Christmas lights with Santa on 26 November. Entry forms from Edwards Restaurant for £1. Other special festival offers available from shops and eateries throughout the town.
SPILL Festival of Performance, Ipswich 26-30 October 2016
SPILL Festival of Performance is an international festival of live art, activism and performance presenting the work of exceptional artists from around the globe. This years theme is EN MASSE, exploring ideas of being together, as a group, all at once and will feature work from Mem Morrison, Mike Challis, Shabnam Shabazi, Shaun Caton, and Martin O’Brien working with Sheree Rose. Events take place in venues across Ipswich. There will also be special events for children during half term week including games, messy play and a performance. Tickets start at £20 for a day pass, for full line up and ticket prices, see www.spillfestival.com. Tickets can be booked through New Wolsey Theatre
Lavenham Children's Festival 28-29 October 2016
Introducing the first ever Lavenham Children’s Festival - two days of exciting events held in the village Hall and The Swan Hotel. Storytelling, workshops on drawing, writing and illustrating, a chance to meet some great authors, including the UK Children's Laureate and renowned illustrator, Chris Riddell. There are events from two years old upwards, and some have limited tickets so please book early.
Tickets £3-£6, please call 07582 239289 or see Lavenham Children's Literary Festival for full event details. Click here to find out more about Lavenham
Ways with Words, Southwold 10-14 November 2016
A 5 day festival of words and ideas held in St Edmunds Hall, Cumberland Road, Southwold IP18 6JW. From politicians to adventurers, this years festival hosts a range of speakers including; Reverend Richard Coles, Shirley Williams, David Owen, Roy Strong, Maggi Hambling, Ben Fogle and Nicholas Crane amongst others. Penelope Lively will be giving the talk at the literary dinner on Sunday 13 November.
Tickets range from £12 - £50 and are available from 20th September, with a second release of some tickets on October 4. If you want to book individual tickets to any events or to stay in one of the Adnams hotels - The Swan or The Crown for a festival package which includes bed and breakfast, evening meal and all the tickets to the full festival phone the box office on 01803 867373.
Grand Christmas Tree Festival 1st - 7th December, Ipswich
St. Mary-le-Tower, Tower Street, Ipswich, IP1 3BE
Join us for the 7th annual tree festival, celebrating the life of Ipswich and its communities. View over 80 decorated trees placed by businesses, charities, community groups, individuals. Relax in the Festival Cafe or join in the children's activities, there's something for everyone. A variety of concerts will occur throughout the festival, check out the website for more details. Charities that will be supported by this year's festival are Alzheimer's Society (Ipswich), Emmaus, and St. Mary-le-Tower.
Entrance is free to view the trees.
Contact: Donna Joyce, Tel: 01473 225610, Website: www.ipswichtreefestival.org.uk
10.00am to 6.00pm daily, Sunday 11th December, 10.00am to 4.00pm.
St Peter’s Church, Market Hill, Sudbury, CO10 2EH
2016 is the 14th year of Sudbury Rotary Club's Christmas Tree Festival. There are over 90 trees decorated by local churches, charities, schools, businesses and a few individuals, resulting in a very varied display. A large Chancel tree is a Tree of Memories, where dedications can be hung. Refreshments are available and a varied program of live musical entertainment runs throughout the Festival.
Entry: £1.00 charity donation. Email: [email protected], Web: www.sudburyrotary.com
Please also send reviews of festivals you have attended to [email protected]
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In Greek mythology, Pygmalion was the king of which Island? | What’s on in Suffolk – Visit Suffolk
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What’s on in Suffolk
Here you can discover what’s on in Suffolk, finding great events that will make your holiday even more memorable.
Suffolk is known to many as the festival county, thanks to the huge number of festivals held here every year. For music lovers there’s Latitude Festival, well-known for its award-winning line-ups; Aldeburgh Festival, one of the best classical music festivals in the world, and countless smaller festivals offering everything from roots music to sea shanties.
Food festivals, farmers markets and foodie events are also integral to Suffolk’s annual calendar, not to mention great ways to sample Suffolk’s famously good fare.
For lovers of theatre, art, film and literature, there are countless Suffolk events to ignite the imagination. You might find yourself listening to poetry by the sea, walking through an art-filled town, or discussing thought provoking plays with theatre’s up-and-coming playwrights.
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Dr John Arbuthnot created which well-known cartoon character, which was used on World War I recruitment posters? | Bringing the map to life: European satirical maps 1845-1945
Bringing the map to life: European satirical maps 1845-1945
Cartes satiriques de l’Europe 1845-1945 ou comment donner de la vie aux cartes
Roderick M. Barron
English Français
The map of Europe in the shape of a Queen originally designed by Johannes Putsch (Bucius) in 1537 and later published in Sebastian Munster’s Cosmographia forms an interesting counterpoint to the first separate Continental map of the Europe [1540] from Munster’s companion work, Geographia. These two European maps point to two quite distinct traditions of cartographic representation dating back to the early 14th Century.
In the 19th Century the metaphorical tradition of the European Queen witnessed a new and distinctive reincarnation – the political cartoon map of Europe – which reflected and mirrored the momentous political and cultural changes that transformed Europe between 1845 and 1945. Individual nations were caricaturized and distinctive national identities given new and popular symbolic expression. Increasingly politicised, the cartoon map of Europe finally disappeared in the turmoil of World War I, victim to new and more powerful forms of mass media and communication. Its vestiges remain clearly visible in the design and iconography of subsequent propaganda posters of Bolshevik Russia and of World War II.
La carte de l’Europe sous les traits d’une reine, dessinée par Johannes Putsch (Bucius) en 1537 et publiée plus tard dans “Cosmographia” de Sebastian Munster, forme un contrepoint intéressant à la première carte continentale de l’Europe (1540) provenant de l’oeuvre de Munster Geographia. Ces deux cartes d’Europe renvoient à deux traditions distinctes de représentations cartographiques remontant au début du XIVe siècle.
Au XIXe siècle, la tradition métaphorique de la Reine européenne fut le témoin d’une nouvelle réincarnation caractéristique – la carte politique de l’Europe en dessins humoristiques – qui reflétait les changements politiques et culturels majeurs ayant transformé l’Europe entre 1845 et 1945. Les nations y étaient caricaturées, et les identités nationales se voyaient attribuer une expression populaire symbolique. De plus en plus politisée, la carte de l’Europe en bande dessinée a finalement disparu dans la confusion de la Première Guerre mondiale, victime de nouvelles formes de médias, plus puissantes. Ses vestiges restent clairement visibles dans le design et l’iconographie des affiches de propagande ultérieures de la Russie bolchevique et de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
Entrées d’index
Mots-clés :
carte allégorique , carte anthropomorphique , carte politique en bande dessinée , carte satirique , carte sério-comique , carte symbolique , caricature , iconographie , propagande , stéréotype national , John Bull , Deutsche Michel , Marianne
Keywords :
Introduction
1The 17th Century Dutch carte-a-figures presented an almost iconographic image in which the centre of the engraved geographical map sheet was supplemented and embellished by border representations of peoples and places. The ostensible aim of the cartographer was to try to provide the viewer with an encapsulation of the fundamental “essence” of the country or region displayed. In the 16th & 17th Century, Europe was the dominant Continental Power, a symbol of civilisation and culture, heiress of the great classical Empires of Greece and Rome. So she appeared in visual form on the title pages of the Great Atlases of the period, such as Abraham Ortelius’ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum [Antwerp, 1570-1612].
2This same European Queen, first appeared in map form in 1537 in a design by Johannes Putsch or Bucius, which was widely popularised in the subsequent derivatives of Heinrich Bünting [1581] and Matthias Quad [1587] and in editions of Sebastian Munster’s Cosmographia from 1588 onwards (Figure 1). As well as offering a recognisable metaphor for Europe as the Queen of Culture and Civilisation, the map perhaps also provides a parallel political metaphor for contemporary 16th Century Europe. Here is Europe the Holy Roman Empress or the Austro-Spanish Queen, representative of the extensive and all-powerful territorial dominions of the Hapsburg Empire of Charles V and Phillip II, her head in Spain and her heart in Bohemia. The first separate geographical map of the European continent was also published in the 1540 edition of Munster’s Geographia. So Munster’s two maps of Europe – the metaphorical iconographic Queen and the geographical Continent – point to two quite separate and divergent traditions of cartographic representation which in fact date back at least two centuries earlier. In the tradition of Munster’s Queen, the World and its regions, were presented not as they appeared in the “reality” of contemporary cartographers, but as metaphors, their hidden deeper meanings conveyed through allegory and symbol and through the use of the imaginary and anthropomorphic. Indeed anthropomorphic cartography finds earliest expression in the remarkable work of the 14th Century Pavian monk & Papal scribe, Opicinus de Canistris [b.1296].
3In Opicinus de Canistris’s manuscript portolan chart of the Mediterranean c.1341, the coastlines of Southern Europe become the shape of a woman, whilst the features and form of her male suitor and companion follow the outline of the coasts of North Africa. There are many different strands and levels to this alternative tradition of map representation, unfortunately most of them beyond the scope of our consideration here. However in the 19th Century a new and quite distinctive genre of European cartography emerged – the political cartoon map – which uniquely reflected and mirrored the momentous political and cultural changes that were transforming the landscape of Europe.
Figure 1. Sebastian Munster (after Johannes Bucius), Der Cosmography (Europe in the form of a Queen), Basel, Switzerland, c.1588.
Early 19th Century Origins of the Political Cartoon Map of Europe
4The political broadside and satirical print had been a feature of European societies since the 16th Century. One of the early prototypes for the 19th Century political cartoon map can perhaps be recognised in Laurie & Whittle’s A Whimsical Map of Europe [London, England, 1806] in which the British Isles is a “sturdy old fellow, astride on a whale”, a hybrid version of the three droll caricature maps of England, Scotland and Ireland, entitled Geography Bewitched, published by Bowles and Carver in about 1792. The Poetical description below the Whimsical Map of Europe considers the sturdy old fellow’s singular position as the ruler of the waves and the preserver of liberty, looking on undefeated over Europe, each of its countries symbolically represented, a Continent ravaged by Napoleonic tyranny and war.
5The 17th Century Dutch carte-a-figures literally “marginalised” its peoples and leaders. By contrast, 19th Century European satirical maps first brought people and leaders onto the map, like actors on a stage, and then absorbed them into the very map itself. Initially the satirical humour derives from the caricaturization of the map’s principal actors. Subsequently the whole map itself becomes “caricaturized”, as individual national actors now assumed the exact form and shape of the respective countries of Europe, comparable to the way in which Munster’s Queen had assumed the form and shape of the whole Continent of Europe. And not only were the political leaders of Europe satirized but, increasingly, separate and distinctive European national identities were given new and symbolic visual expression.
The Development of the Satirical Map of Europe 1848-70
6The political cartoon map of Europe developed and took definitive form in the period between 1848 and 1870, years punctuated by European revolution, war and political upheaval. It is no coincidence that many political cartoon maps were published at exactly the same time as momentous events – the 1848 Revolution, the 1859 Franco-Austrian War, the Crimean War [1853-56], and the Franco-Prussian War [1870-71]. Political upheaval, especially revolution and war, provided ready ammunition for contemporary satirists and inspiration to the cartoonists and artists with whom they worked.
7Engraved by F Werner in Vienna, a lithograph map entitled Politische Karte von Oesterreich [Vienna, Austria 1848] (Figure 2), is one of the few recorded cartoon maps, indeed possibly the earliest of the genre, to depict the events of 1848, a year which witnessed popular uprising and revolution across much of mainland Europe. The map illustrates, in novel fashion, the way in which the forces of reaction and conservatism within the Austrian Empire – the Imperial Court, the political elite, the Church and priesthood and the Army symbolically retain the “reins of power”, in the face of a powerful popular explosion for political change. These reins appear on the map as extended strands of a web of control emanating from a central group of army leaders, clerics and aristocrats, spreading outwards across the different political and ethnically diverse regions of the Empire into the hands of local conservative protagonists on the ground. One of the figures, shown in the top left of the map, standing in lonely exile in England, is that of the former Austrian Chancellor, Klemens von Metternich [1773-1859], here depicted still holding on to one of those symbolic reins of power, despite his dismissal from office, under considerable popular pressure, in March 1848. Von Metternich had been one of the founders of the original post-Napoleonic “Congress” system, the so-called Concert of Europe, whose influence had done so much to maintain the European political status quo in the first decades of the Century after the Congress of Vienna [1815].
Figure 2. F. Werner (engraver), Politische Karte von Oesterreich, Vienna, Austria, 1848.
Actors on the European Stage 1849-1859
8Ferdinand Schroeder’s Rundgemaelde von Europa im August MDCCCCXLIX, from the Düsseldorfer Monateshefte, II Band [Verlag v. Arne & Co, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1849] (Figure 3) and Emrik & Binger’s Dutch cartoon map Kaart van Europa 1859 [Haarlem, Netherlands, 1859], engraved by J. J. van Brederode, (Figure 4), reveal the manner in which the principal actors appeared simply as caricatures on the map. In the former, the giant figures of Louis-Napoleon of France and King Wilhelm IV of Prussia stand on a map of Northern Europe, brooms in hand, sweeping away the lilliputian detritus of the 1848 Revolution, whilst Queen Victoria looks on askance from across the English Channel. In the latter, the political and military giants, French Emperor Napoleon III and Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, bayoneted rifles in hand, face each other in armed conflict astride Northern Italy.
Figure 3. F. Schroeder, Rundgemaelde von Europa im August MDCCCXLIX, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1849.
Europe Caricaturized – 1854-1870
9In two further maps, Berendsohn’s map of Europe at the time of Crimean War, Komische Karte des Kriegsschauplatzes [Verlag B S Berendsohn, Hamburg, Germany, 1854], (Figure 5), and Paul Hadol’s map of 1870, Nouvelle Carte d’Europe dressée pour 1870 [Imprimerie Valée, Paris, France, 1870], (Figure 6), we finally see Europe fully “caricaturized”, in both symbolic and anthropomorphic fashion. Paul Hadol [1835-1875] was one of the most acerbic satirical critics of the French Imperial regime, perhaps best known for the biting grotesque caricatures of La menagerie imperiale, composée des ruminants, amphibies, carnivores,et autres budgetivores qui ont devoré la France pendant 20 ans [Paris, France, 1871], in which 31 of the leading members of the Imperial family and Court and principal politicians of the defeated Second Empire were viciously satirised, their enlarged faces and distorted physiognomies placed on a variety of ridiculous and demeaning animal torsos.
Figure 5. G B Berendsohn, Komische Karte des Kriegsschauplatzes, Hamburg, Germany, 1854.
The Era of the Satirical Magazine & Caricature Artist
10This was an era which witnessed a massive upsurge in the popularity of illustrated satirical magazines across Europe – particularly in France, Germany and Britain. In France one of the most popular of the period was Le Charivari, first published in 1832, and in the subsequent period a forum for the inspirational master cartoonist, Honoré Daumier [1808-1879]. Paul Hadol’s engraving from January 1867 entitled Carte de Visite du Charivari, includes portraits of all of the principal writers and artists of the Magazine, including prominent figures such as Daumier, Gill, Cham and Hadol himself. In this satirical milieu, the boundaries between the art of the cartoon and the art of cartography became increasingly blurred and it is no surprise that leading cartoonists such as André Gill [1840-1885], Paul Hadol [1835-1875], Albert Robida [1848-1926], and André Belloguet [1830-1873], were also amongst the foremost exponents of this new map genre.
11The Carte du Théâtre de la Guerre des Journaux, (Figure 7), designed by André Gill, illustrates the front page of the satirical newspaper, La Lune on July 1st 1866, at the height of the Austro-Prussian War, and just two days before the defining Battle of Sadowa. A map which one expects to display the theatre of the Prussian war is wonderfully transformed into a cartoon map depicting the battle for circulation and readership between the leading French newspapers and magazines of the period. States and principalities of what appears to be a map of central Europe become the imaginary domains of contemporary French newspaper barons and magazine owners. A symbolic El Dorado, the Royaume de L’Abonné – the Kingdom of the subscriber – a land of peace and tranquility, secluded from the skirmishes and battles of the popular press, and filled with potential riches, appears in the lower right of the engraving.
Figure 7. André Gill, Carte du Théâtre de la Guerre des Journaux, La Lune, July 1st 1866.
Paul Hadol: Nouvelle Carte d’Europe dressée pour 1870
12Many of the political cartoon maps of this period were published as separate loose sheets available from print shops and street vendors – Paul Hadol’s famous map of 1870, for example, was offered for sale for a price of 20 centimes – cheap and accessible to the population at large. The simple design and striking and amusing imagery also made such maps popular at all levels of society, from the least literate to the best educated. Indeed one of the most interesting features of these maps is their relative lack of definitive political allegiance, bias or propaganda. They were ostensibly “drolatique”, “allegoric” or “serio-comic”. Indeed Paul Hadol’s map, first published in French, also appeared in English, Italian, Dutch, and German language editions without revision, perhaps indicating that such maps were also acquiring a popularity in their own right, beyond national boundaries and any ostensible political message that they might convey, simply as amusing, entertaining and easily affordable collectors’ items.
Fred W Rose & the Serio-Comic Map tradition 1871-1914
13Unlike the preceding 25 years, the period between 1871 and 1914 was one of relative peace within the boundaries of Europe. The European political cartoon map genre was crystallized, formalized and refined, perhaps most strikingly through a series of so-called “Serio-Comic” Maps by the English map maker Fred W Rose. Very little is known of Rose himself, though a lithographic printer of this name is recorded working in central London in the late 19th Century. His three best-known works are Serio-Comic War Map for the Year 1877 [G W Bacon & Co, London, England, 1877], (Figure 8); Angling in Troubled Waters [G W Bacon & Co, London, England, 1899] and John Bull and His Friends [G W Bacon & Co, London, England, 1900]. Rose’s maps highlight the fact that it was increasingly events outside Europe – in the Ottoman Empire in 1877-8 and later in the emergent colonial theatres of Africa and Asia – where underlying European political rivalries and power struggles were played out. Another interesting feature of Rose’s maps is the manner in which the smaller nations of Eastern Europe are shown emerging as fledgling sovereign states, independent of the Ottoman Empire, in the period immediately after 1878. The continuity and coherence of the European political cartoon map as an established and distinctive genre is perhaps best exemplified by the publication in November 1915 in the German Magazine Das Plakat of two such maps side by side: on the left a German edition of Paul Hadol’s comic map of 1870, on the right a new revised and updated version designed by the well-known German artist, Walter Trier [1890-1951] entitled Karte von Europa im Jahre 1914.
Figure 8. Fred W Rose, Revised Edition. Serio-Comic War Map for the Year 1877, London, England, 1877.
The Political Cartoon Map & Propaganda
14The advent of European-wide conflict in 1914, witnessed the transformation of the political cartoon map from medium of serio-comic satire into instrument of political propaganda. Indeed the political fall-out of the Treaty of Versailles [1919] and increasingly ideological, geo-political and global perspectives on European politics, meant that as a distinct and separate European-focused map genre it rapidly died a natural death. By now there were also new methods of mass media and communication – the cinema, the radio and the propaganda poster – through which satire and political propaganda could be disseminated more widely and effectively. Nonetheless the stylistic and visual legacy of the late 19th and early 20th Century European political cartoon map can still be recognised in these new media, not least in the political propaganda poster, through to the end of the Second World War.
Cartoon Maps as Educational aids
15One of the most famous and innovative series of 19th Century anthropomorphic maps is Geographical Fun being Humorous Outlines of Various Countries [Hodder & Staughton, London, England, 1869]. The designs of this series of twelve maps encompassing England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland and nine of the principal countries of Europe, were the work of a talented young Englishwoman, Lilian Lancaster [1852-1939]. The journalist and London antiquary, William Harvey [1796-1873], who used the pseudonym Aleph, provided the lines of verse that accompany each map. In the book’s introduction Harvey noted: “It is believed that these illustrations of Geography may be rendered educational and prove of service to young scholars, who commonly think Globes and Maps but wearisome aids to knowledge, by enabling them to retain the outline of various countries so humorously caricatured in the work, by associating them in their mind’s eye with odd fancy figures.” However Lancaster’s designs and Aleph’s commentaries are not without resonant national symbolism: England assumes the identity of Queen Victoria in the guise of Britannia ruling the waves; Russia the back-to-back figures of a great Bear and Tsar Alexander II. Italy assumes the form of the popular Italian patriot, Guiseppe Garibaldi, and Prussia the combined figures of a supplicant Kaiser, Wilhelm I presenting notes to his Iron Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. Lilian Lancaster herself was a remarkable figure, subsequently becoming a popular Victorian actress, singer, comédienne and pantomime artiste. As an actress, she continued to make use of her earlier talents as a cartoonist and cartographer. Surviving contemporary newspaper reports suggest that one of her most popular routines as a comédienne was as a “lightning cartoonist”, sitting very close to the front of the theatre stage and incorporating the faces of those in the front rows of her audience into cartoons and caricature map sketches that she would rapidly produce on the spot. A collection of her unique manuscript cartoon maps, many amusingly referencing late 19th Century political and theatrical themes, is now in the British Library.
Satirical Maps, Physiognomy & Phrenology
16André Belloguet’s L’Europe Comique, subtitled Cocasserie, dediée à la Jeunesse [Beer editeur, Lith. Jannin, Paris, France, 1867] (Figure 9) is an equally remarkable creation, an outlandish riot of different physiognomies and expressive faces whose shapes roughly follow the established political boundaries of contemporary Europe. Most dominant amongst them is the giant figure of Russia, a cultured and erudite gentleman sporting a wide-brimmed hat and wearing a monacle. This may perhaps symbolise Russia’s growing cultural self-expression in the fields of literature, music and the arts.
17Whether Belloguet’s map had any deeper meanings beyond mere cocasserie (foolery) is not at all clear. Certainly it appears to lack any discernible political overtones and claims simply to “amuser et instruire” (amuse and instruct). The art of physiognomy sought to deduce hidden personal traits and characteristics from the visible features and expressions of an individual’s face. The sister science of phrenology, equally popular in the 19th Century, was the supposed method by which similar individual character and personality traits, even a propensity towards criminality, could be determined by expert examination of the shape and form of the head. Many scholars have previously noted these close affinities between symbolic cartography and phrenology and physiognomy. Indeed Belloguet’s enduring fascination with the human face and with an individual’s hidden character and personality traits as the basis for caricature and satire is vividly apparent in his subsequent work, Pilori-Phrénologie, a series of twelve political caricature portraits produced at the time of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. In one, entitled Bismarckoff I, the figure of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck is transformed into a vile malevolent grotesque, blood dripping from his moustache and mouth. Symbolic images of a Krupp cannon appear on his right cheek and a political spider’s web of Europe on his forehead, on which Germany’s closest neighbours – France, Austria, Denmark and Holland – are depicted as trapped & dying flies.
European National Stereotypes
18William Harvey had also noted that the maps displayed in Geographical Fun may “lead to the profitable curiosity of youthful students and embue the mind with a healthful taste for an acquaintance with foreign lands”. Indeed, acquaintance and encounters with foreign lands had always been a source of great humour for the satirical printmaker. In the previous Century it had led to an outpouring of literature and prints which had formalised many national stereotypes, not least those of the French and English. So it was now, in the period of the emergent nation-state, that new representational national identities were born – not just human, but animal, historical and mythical. In L’Europe en 1876, à la Portée des Grands Esprits [H Demarc, Imprimerie Bernard, Paris, 1876], the European nations and their respective national traits, customs and characteristics are defined with biting satirical humour in descriptions around the periphery of the map. Europe for example is a Continent which produces “les nouveaux fusils, les guerres, les canons et autres engins d’amélioration” (new rifles, wars, cannons and other engines of improvement) and where Man is serviced by more civilised beasts, such as the cow and the sheep, who sacrifice themselves for the greater good in order to keep Man clothed and fed. Great Britain is a country where “la majorité de la population est composée de mylords, de filous et de policemens” and whose principal exports are pickpockets (the best in the World), silk taffeta and roast beef. As far as national customs are concerned, the British suffer badly from indigestion through eating an excess of plum pudding “... et [ont coutume] de venir de temps en temps en France jouer la comédie dans les anciens vaudevilles”. G B Berendsohn’s Komische Karte des Kriegsschauplatzes (qv) is the first map to lay down many now familiar national identities – the frightening great Russian Bear; the French Imperial Eagle (adopted as a symbol of France during the Second Empire (1852-1870)) and the courageous British Lion. On Paul Hadol’s 1870 map, Russia appears as a giant “rag collector” and in later embodiments, for example on the Humoristische Karte von Europa im Jahre 1914 [K Lehamnn-Dumont, Sächs-Verlagsanstalt, Dresden, Germany 1914], as a wild ogre or a vodka-drinking peasant, surrounded by explosive powder kegs, symbolic of social and political instability. Germany frequently takes on the form of the pickelhauber-helmeted Prussian militarist or the age-old symbolic artisan figure, a man of sleepy rustic solidity – Der Deutsche Michel – invariably shown wearing his tasselled nightcap or Michelsmütze.
John Bull & Marianne
19In this period we also witness the re-emergence on European satirical maps of two important 18th Century national icons – John Bull, the satirical representative of Great Britain, and Marianne, the symbolic Revolutionary heroine of France. John Bull had been the creation of Dr. John Arbuthnot in 1712 and by the late 18th Century had become the cartoon image of portly, conservative, down-to-earth English country squire, frequently portrayed by the likes of Gillray, Cruickshank and Rowlandson, and frequently contrasted with the scrawny French sans-culotte or diminuitive Boney Bonaparte. Through the illustrations of John Leech and John Teniel in Punch Magazine in the mid-19th Century, John Bull’s cartoon image was gradually refined becoming the stout man in tailcoat and breeches, often wearing a top hat, a waistcoat emblazoned with the Union flag of Great Britain and frequently accompanied by a ferocious bulldog. In France, the mythical figure of Marianne, the symbol of Revolution, wearer of the Phrygian cap of Liberty, dated back to early days of the French revolution. Pictured by Delacroix in his great painting Liberty leading the People, commemorating of the July Revolution of 1830, she was adopted as the symbol of France by the Second Republic in 1848. Banished as subversive under the Second Empire, she re-emerged in the mid 1870s, making one of her earliest subsequent cartographic appearances on L’Europe en 1876.
The European Menagerie
20The late 19th and early 20th Century also saw many European national identities cross-referenced to the Animal Kingdom. The map, L’Europe Animale, Physiologie Comique [Bruxelles, Belgium, 1882] is a further work of the previously mentioned French satirical artist, André Belloguet, who had fled to Bruxelles after the Paris Commune and subsequently worked for the Belgian satirical magazine, Le Lutin. Belloguet identifies the countries of Europe with a menagerie of different animals, each reflecting their perceived national traits and characteristics. For example, the British Isles takes on the form of an observant Octopus ready to give electric shocks to the rest of Europe; France a wakeful cockerel; Germany a cunning fox resting amicably on its Austrian neighbour, a greedy and anxious Great Owl; and Russia a giant White Bear, eating a croissant (representing Turkey) and wearing around its neck the keys to the “Eastern Question”. Belloguet’s map clearly has deep political overtones but, like Harvey before, also claims to have an underlying educational purpose, noting that “Cette carte s’adresse à l’enfant autant que l’homme, car rien ne peut être plus puissant pour fixer et éclairer la mémoire qui tâlonne dans la dédale géographique”.
21In Hark! Hark! The Dogs do Bark! With Notes by Walter Emanuel [Johnson, Riddle & Co, London, England, 1914], the map of Europe receives a canine make-over. The commentary by Walter Emanuel begins with the words, The Dogs of War are loose in Europe and a nice noise they are making! Walter Emmanuel [1869-1915], a long-time contributor to Punch Magazine, had also become more widely known as an author of a series of charming anthropomorphic dog books, illustrated by artist Cecil Aldin, many of which still remain immensely popular today. Included amongst these are A Dog Day [William Heinemann, London, England, 1902] and The Dogs of War (Wherein the hero-worshipper portrays the hero and incidentally gives an account of the greatest dogs’ club in the world) [Bradbury, Agnew & Co, London, England, 1906]. In Emanuel’s map, Germany is the Dachshund, “mated for better or worse” to an Austrian Mongrel. Belgium is a game little Griffon, France a large Poodle, “a smart dandified fellow” and Britain, the ever-watchful Bulldog, sleeping with one eye open, and with a ferocious bite and a habit of never letting go, in this case, of the Dachshund’s nose.
22A similar German map, Europäische Treibjagd [G Schiedermeier & Co, Regensburg, Germany, c.1915] depicts the armies of Germany and Austria repulsing the combined assaults from East and West of a grosseuropäische Menagerie (great European menagerie) which include the British Bulldog, the Belgian Hare, the French Cockerel and Monkey, the Serbian Pig, the Russian Bear, and the Japanese Ape.
From Satire to Propaganda
23With the advent of War, the map of Europe was no longer “serio-comic”, it was now militarized and politicized, a source of propaganda that could determine the difference between Allied or German Victory and Defeat. Amongst all of the combatant Powers, it rapidly became a question of winning hearts and minds and mobilising a patriotic spirit and the animosity of the general community against the common Enemy. Britain witnessed the creation of the War Propaganda Bureau [1914] manned by many of the leading English authors of the day such as Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy & H G Wells. Later, wider-ranging, reincarnations appeared in the form of the Department of Information [1917] and Ministry of Information [1918]. The beginning of propagandist onslaught can be seen in a German poster of late 1914, Europäische Revue. Tötet den Adler! [Walter Nölting, Hamburg, Germany, 1914], a German version of John Henry Amschewitz’s earlier English poster European Revue – Kill that Eagle [G W Bacon & Co, London 1914], published shortly after the outbreak of war in August 1914. Nölting places considerable emphasis on the British slogan “Business as Usual” printed across the south of England. This slogan had in fact been coined by British businesses and shopkeepers as a patriotic expression of commercial resilience and continuity in a time of war. The phrase was then taken up by Winston Churchill, First Sea Lord to the Admiralty, who declared “The maxim of the British people is Business as usual”. The German propagandist jumps upon this slogan as definitive proof of premeditated English treachery, completely justifying England’s centuries-old soubriquet Perfidious Albion. The suggestion is that the War is just an extension of British business by other means, pursued and prosecuted mainly through Britain’s allies and on allied territory for self-interested, politically expansionist ends.
24The anonymous German poster entitled L’Entente Cordiale [Germany, 1915] (Figure 10) demonstrates this propaganda shift even more poignantly. The title refers to the Anglo-French alliance originally signed in 1904. It perhaps makes a pun of the French words corde (rope or twine) and cordiale (heartfelt), as the image portrays a giant British spider voraciously consuming a symbolic French soldier and spreading her legs and weaving an all-encircling web across the whole of Western Europe and the Mediterranean. Onlookers, including Uncle Sam, are fully entwined in the spider’s fine threads on the peripheries of the map. The Imperial German Eagle surveys the scene in the foreground, whilst German U-boats cut through the outermost strands of the web, a reference to the increasing impact of German submarine attacks on British shipping in 1915.
25In the same way as German propaganda played on the expansionist aims of Great Britain, French propaganda highlighted the historic militarism of Prussia and Germany. Maurice Neumont’s propaganda poster of 1917, uses a quotation from the French leader Mirabeau from 1788 to underscore the point that: La Guerre est l’Industrie Nationale de la Prusse. The poster graphically charts not only the growth in Prussia’s armed forces over the previous century but also her territorial expansion across Western Europe. Prussia and Germany strikingly take on the shape and form of a giant octopus, whose tentacles spread menacingly across Western Europe and beyond.
26In the immediate post-war settlement, as the map of Europe was redrawn at the Treaty of Versailles [1919], one of the principal issues to emerge was the problematic right of political self-determination for the smaller nations of Europe, as promulgated by Woodrow Wilson. In fact, contrary to popular belief, the origins of the term “self-determination” came not from the liberal ideals of the American President but from Bolshevik Russia in the wake of the 1917 Russian Revolution. Self-determination in this broader context implied not Wilson’s original “Peace with the consent of the governed” but the ideal of an international peace involving colonial liberation and the end to the perceived cynical imperialism of the principal Allied Powers.
27A fascinating German propaganda poster Was von der Entente übrig bliebe [F Klimesch, Berlin, Germany, c.1918], points to the blatant injustices of this situation in a global context and as viewed from the German perspective. It presents a map of the World dominated by the Entente or Allied Powers – Britain, France, Russia and America. Their colonial possessions are presented in the form of symbolic animals – the British Lion, the French Cockerel, the Russian Bear and the American Bison, each animal held by their respective colonial masters on a vast network of restraining reins, reminiscent of the 1848 map of Austria that we described earlier. The German banner states ironically: This is what would remain of the Entente powers if you seriously offered the “right of self-determination” to your own people and then let go of the reins!
World War II
29In the same way, during World War II, both Britain and Nazi Germany employed propaganda posters as instruments of mass media and through them we actually witness a reprise of many the earlier designs and models of caricaturization derived from the symbolic heritage of earlier political cartoon maps. In Spyk’s Confiance – ses amputations se poursuivent méthodiquement [Paris, France, c.1942], a propaganda poster published in German occupied France, the figure of Winston Churchill is strikingly caricaturized as a giant octopus, cigar gripped between ruby-red lips, tentacles spreading out from Britain across a stylised map of Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Many of the limbs are cut and bleeding profusely. The names of Mers El-Kebir, Dakar, Libya-Egypt, Somalia, Syria, Germany and Norway, adjacent to these cuts and amputations, triumphantly declare recent British naval and military set-backs and defeats.
30Seemingly almost a direct counter-blow to this, is the splendid French language propaganda poster by the satirical artist Kem (Kimon Evan Marengo) [1907-1988]: Une a une, on lui brisera les pattes [London, England, c.1943-44] clearly targeted at Occupied France and issued in late 1943 or early 1944. Here the figure of Adolf Hitler is presented as a Nazi spider, his legs spread across a map of Europe and North Africa. Allied aircraft, tanks and ships are depicted encircling him and one by one cutting through and breaking off his straggling limbs.
| John Bull |
What is the US state capital of South Dakota? | Bringing the map to life: European satirical maps 1845-1945
Bringing the map to life: European satirical maps 1845-1945
Cartes satiriques de l’Europe 1845-1945 ou comment donner de la vie aux cartes
Roderick M. Barron
English Français
The map of Europe in the shape of a Queen originally designed by Johannes Putsch (Bucius) in 1537 and later published in Sebastian Munster’s Cosmographia forms an interesting counterpoint to the first separate Continental map of the Europe [1540] from Munster’s companion work, Geographia. These two European maps point to two quite distinct traditions of cartographic representation dating back to the early 14th Century.
In the 19th Century the metaphorical tradition of the European Queen witnessed a new and distinctive reincarnation – the political cartoon map of Europe – which reflected and mirrored the momentous political and cultural changes that transformed Europe between 1845 and 1945. Individual nations were caricaturized and distinctive national identities given new and popular symbolic expression. Increasingly politicised, the cartoon map of Europe finally disappeared in the turmoil of World War I, victim to new and more powerful forms of mass media and communication. Its vestiges remain clearly visible in the design and iconography of subsequent propaganda posters of Bolshevik Russia and of World War II.
La carte de l’Europe sous les traits d’une reine, dessinée par Johannes Putsch (Bucius) en 1537 et publiée plus tard dans “Cosmographia” de Sebastian Munster, forme un contrepoint intéressant à la première carte continentale de l’Europe (1540) provenant de l’oeuvre de Munster Geographia. Ces deux cartes d’Europe renvoient à deux traditions distinctes de représentations cartographiques remontant au début du XIVe siècle.
Au XIXe siècle, la tradition métaphorique de la Reine européenne fut le témoin d’une nouvelle réincarnation caractéristique – la carte politique de l’Europe en dessins humoristiques – qui reflétait les changements politiques et culturels majeurs ayant transformé l’Europe entre 1845 et 1945. Les nations y étaient caricaturées, et les identités nationales se voyaient attribuer une expression populaire symbolique. De plus en plus politisée, la carte de l’Europe en bande dessinée a finalement disparu dans la confusion de la Première Guerre mondiale, victime de nouvelles formes de médias, plus puissantes. Ses vestiges restent clairement visibles dans le design et l’iconographie des affiches de propagande ultérieures de la Russie bolchevique et de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
Entrées d’index
Mots-clés :
carte allégorique , carte anthropomorphique , carte politique en bande dessinée , carte satirique , carte sério-comique , carte symbolique , caricature , iconographie , propagande , stéréotype national , John Bull , Deutsche Michel , Marianne
Keywords :
Introduction
1The 17th Century Dutch carte-a-figures presented an almost iconographic image in which the centre of the engraved geographical map sheet was supplemented and embellished by border representations of peoples and places. The ostensible aim of the cartographer was to try to provide the viewer with an encapsulation of the fundamental “essence” of the country or region displayed. In the 16th & 17th Century, Europe was the dominant Continental Power, a symbol of civilisation and culture, heiress of the great classical Empires of Greece and Rome. So she appeared in visual form on the title pages of the Great Atlases of the period, such as Abraham Ortelius’ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum [Antwerp, 1570-1612].
2This same European Queen, first appeared in map form in 1537 in a design by Johannes Putsch or Bucius, which was widely popularised in the subsequent derivatives of Heinrich Bünting [1581] and Matthias Quad [1587] and in editions of Sebastian Munster’s Cosmographia from 1588 onwards (Figure 1). As well as offering a recognisable metaphor for Europe as the Queen of Culture and Civilisation, the map perhaps also provides a parallel political metaphor for contemporary 16th Century Europe. Here is Europe the Holy Roman Empress or the Austro-Spanish Queen, representative of the extensive and all-powerful territorial dominions of the Hapsburg Empire of Charles V and Phillip II, her head in Spain and her heart in Bohemia. The first separate geographical map of the European continent was also published in the 1540 edition of Munster’s Geographia. So Munster’s two maps of Europe – the metaphorical iconographic Queen and the geographical Continent – point to two quite separate and divergent traditions of cartographic representation which in fact date back at least two centuries earlier. In the tradition of Munster’s Queen, the World and its regions, were presented not as they appeared in the “reality” of contemporary cartographers, but as metaphors, their hidden deeper meanings conveyed through allegory and symbol and through the use of the imaginary and anthropomorphic. Indeed anthropomorphic cartography finds earliest expression in the remarkable work of the 14th Century Pavian monk & Papal scribe, Opicinus de Canistris [b.1296].
3In Opicinus de Canistris’s manuscript portolan chart of the Mediterranean c.1341, the coastlines of Southern Europe become the shape of a woman, whilst the features and form of her male suitor and companion follow the outline of the coasts of North Africa. There are many different strands and levels to this alternative tradition of map representation, unfortunately most of them beyond the scope of our consideration here. However in the 19th Century a new and quite distinctive genre of European cartography emerged – the political cartoon map – which uniquely reflected and mirrored the momentous political and cultural changes that were transforming the landscape of Europe.
Figure 1. Sebastian Munster (after Johannes Bucius), Der Cosmography (Europe in the form of a Queen), Basel, Switzerland, c.1588.
Early 19th Century Origins of the Political Cartoon Map of Europe
4The political broadside and satirical print had been a feature of European societies since the 16th Century. One of the early prototypes for the 19th Century political cartoon map can perhaps be recognised in Laurie & Whittle’s A Whimsical Map of Europe [London, England, 1806] in which the British Isles is a “sturdy old fellow, astride on a whale”, a hybrid version of the three droll caricature maps of England, Scotland and Ireland, entitled Geography Bewitched, published by Bowles and Carver in about 1792. The Poetical description below the Whimsical Map of Europe considers the sturdy old fellow’s singular position as the ruler of the waves and the preserver of liberty, looking on undefeated over Europe, each of its countries symbolically represented, a Continent ravaged by Napoleonic tyranny and war.
5The 17th Century Dutch carte-a-figures literally “marginalised” its peoples and leaders. By contrast, 19th Century European satirical maps first brought people and leaders onto the map, like actors on a stage, and then absorbed them into the very map itself. Initially the satirical humour derives from the caricaturization of the map’s principal actors. Subsequently the whole map itself becomes “caricaturized”, as individual national actors now assumed the exact form and shape of the respective countries of Europe, comparable to the way in which Munster’s Queen had assumed the form and shape of the whole Continent of Europe. And not only were the political leaders of Europe satirized but, increasingly, separate and distinctive European national identities were given new and symbolic visual expression.
The Development of the Satirical Map of Europe 1848-70
6The political cartoon map of Europe developed and took definitive form in the period between 1848 and 1870, years punctuated by European revolution, war and political upheaval. It is no coincidence that many political cartoon maps were published at exactly the same time as momentous events – the 1848 Revolution, the 1859 Franco-Austrian War, the Crimean War [1853-56], and the Franco-Prussian War [1870-71]. Political upheaval, especially revolution and war, provided ready ammunition for contemporary satirists and inspiration to the cartoonists and artists with whom they worked.
7Engraved by F Werner in Vienna, a lithograph map entitled Politische Karte von Oesterreich [Vienna, Austria 1848] (Figure 2), is one of the few recorded cartoon maps, indeed possibly the earliest of the genre, to depict the events of 1848, a year which witnessed popular uprising and revolution across much of mainland Europe. The map illustrates, in novel fashion, the way in which the forces of reaction and conservatism within the Austrian Empire – the Imperial Court, the political elite, the Church and priesthood and the Army symbolically retain the “reins of power”, in the face of a powerful popular explosion for political change. These reins appear on the map as extended strands of a web of control emanating from a central group of army leaders, clerics and aristocrats, spreading outwards across the different political and ethnically diverse regions of the Empire into the hands of local conservative protagonists on the ground. One of the figures, shown in the top left of the map, standing in lonely exile in England, is that of the former Austrian Chancellor, Klemens von Metternich [1773-1859], here depicted still holding on to one of those symbolic reins of power, despite his dismissal from office, under considerable popular pressure, in March 1848. Von Metternich had been one of the founders of the original post-Napoleonic “Congress” system, the so-called Concert of Europe, whose influence had done so much to maintain the European political status quo in the first decades of the Century after the Congress of Vienna [1815].
Figure 2. F. Werner (engraver), Politische Karte von Oesterreich, Vienna, Austria, 1848.
Actors on the European Stage 1849-1859
8Ferdinand Schroeder’s Rundgemaelde von Europa im August MDCCCCXLIX, from the Düsseldorfer Monateshefte, II Band [Verlag v. Arne & Co, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1849] (Figure 3) and Emrik & Binger’s Dutch cartoon map Kaart van Europa 1859 [Haarlem, Netherlands, 1859], engraved by J. J. van Brederode, (Figure 4), reveal the manner in which the principal actors appeared simply as caricatures on the map. In the former, the giant figures of Louis-Napoleon of France and King Wilhelm IV of Prussia stand on a map of Northern Europe, brooms in hand, sweeping away the lilliputian detritus of the 1848 Revolution, whilst Queen Victoria looks on askance from across the English Channel. In the latter, the political and military giants, French Emperor Napoleon III and Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, bayoneted rifles in hand, face each other in armed conflict astride Northern Italy.
Figure 3. F. Schroeder, Rundgemaelde von Europa im August MDCCCXLIX, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1849.
Europe Caricaturized – 1854-1870
9In two further maps, Berendsohn’s map of Europe at the time of Crimean War, Komische Karte des Kriegsschauplatzes [Verlag B S Berendsohn, Hamburg, Germany, 1854], (Figure 5), and Paul Hadol’s map of 1870, Nouvelle Carte d’Europe dressée pour 1870 [Imprimerie Valée, Paris, France, 1870], (Figure 6), we finally see Europe fully “caricaturized”, in both symbolic and anthropomorphic fashion. Paul Hadol [1835-1875] was one of the most acerbic satirical critics of the French Imperial regime, perhaps best known for the biting grotesque caricatures of La menagerie imperiale, composée des ruminants, amphibies, carnivores,et autres budgetivores qui ont devoré la France pendant 20 ans [Paris, France, 1871], in which 31 of the leading members of the Imperial family and Court and principal politicians of the defeated Second Empire were viciously satirised, their enlarged faces and distorted physiognomies placed on a variety of ridiculous and demeaning animal torsos.
Figure 5. G B Berendsohn, Komische Karte des Kriegsschauplatzes, Hamburg, Germany, 1854.
The Era of the Satirical Magazine & Caricature Artist
10This was an era which witnessed a massive upsurge in the popularity of illustrated satirical magazines across Europe – particularly in France, Germany and Britain. In France one of the most popular of the period was Le Charivari, first published in 1832, and in the subsequent period a forum for the inspirational master cartoonist, Honoré Daumier [1808-1879]. Paul Hadol’s engraving from January 1867 entitled Carte de Visite du Charivari, includes portraits of all of the principal writers and artists of the Magazine, including prominent figures such as Daumier, Gill, Cham and Hadol himself. In this satirical milieu, the boundaries between the art of the cartoon and the art of cartography became increasingly blurred and it is no surprise that leading cartoonists such as André Gill [1840-1885], Paul Hadol [1835-1875], Albert Robida [1848-1926], and André Belloguet [1830-1873], were also amongst the foremost exponents of this new map genre.
11The Carte du Théâtre de la Guerre des Journaux, (Figure 7), designed by André Gill, illustrates the front page of the satirical newspaper, La Lune on July 1st 1866, at the height of the Austro-Prussian War, and just two days before the defining Battle of Sadowa. A map which one expects to display the theatre of the Prussian war is wonderfully transformed into a cartoon map depicting the battle for circulation and readership between the leading French newspapers and magazines of the period. States and principalities of what appears to be a map of central Europe become the imaginary domains of contemporary French newspaper barons and magazine owners. A symbolic El Dorado, the Royaume de L’Abonné – the Kingdom of the subscriber – a land of peace and tranquility, secluded from the skirmishes and battles of the popular press, and filled with potential riches, appears in the lower right of the engraving.
Figure 7. André Gill, Carte du Théâtre de la Guerre des Journaux, La Lune, July 1st 1866.
Paul Hadol: Nouvelle Carte d’Europe dressée pour 1870
12Many of the political cartoon maps of this period were published as separate loose sheets available from print shops and street vendors – Paul Hadol’s famous map of 1870, for example, was offered for sale for a price of 20 centimes – cheap and accessible to the population at large. The simple design and striking and amusing imagery also made such maps popular at all levels of society, from the least literate to the best educated. Indeed one of the most interesting features of these maps is their relative lack of definitive political allegiance, bias or propaganda. They were ostensibly “drolatique”, “allegoric” or “serio-comic”. Indeed Paul Hadol’s map, first published in French, also appeared in English, Italian, Dutch, and German language editions without revision, perhaps indicating that such maps were also acquiring a popularity in their own right, beyond national boundaries and any ostensible political message that they might convey, simply as amusing, entertaining and easily affordable collectors’ items.
Fred W Rose & the Serio-Comic Map tradition 1871-1914
13Unlike the preceding 25 years, the period between 1871 and 1914 was one of relative peace within the boundaries of Europe. The European political cartoon map genre was crystallized, formalized and refined, perhaps most strikingly through a series of so-called “Serio-Comic” Maps by the English map maker Fred W Rose. Very little is known of Rose himself, though a lithographic printer of this name is recorded working in central London in the late 19th Century. His three best-known works are Serio-Comic War Map for the Year 1877 [G W Bacon & Co, London, England, 1877], (Figure 8); Angling in Troubled Waters [G W Bacon & Co, London, England, 1899] and John Bull and His Friends [G W Bacon & Co, London, England, 1900]. Rose’s maps highlight the fact that it was increasingly events outside Europe – in the Ottoman Empire in 1877-8 and later in the emergent colonial theatres of Africa and Asia – where underlying European political rivalries and power struggles were played out. Another interesting feature of Rose’s maps is the manner in which the smaller nations of Eastern Europe are shown emerging as fledgling sovereign states, independent of the Ottoman Empire, in the period immediately after 1878. The continuity and coherence of the European political cartoon map as an established and distinctive genre is perhaps best exemplified by the publication in November 1915 in the German Magazine Das Plakat of two such maps side by side: on the left a German edition of Paul Hadol’s comic map of 1870, on the right a new revised and updated version designed by the well-known German artist, Walter Trier [1890-1951] entitled Karte von Europa im Jahre 1914.
Figure 8. Fred W Rose, Revised Edition. Serio-Comic War Map for the Year 1877, London, England, 1877.
The Political Cartoon Map & Propaganda
14The advent of European-wide conflict in 1914, witnessed the transformation of the political cartoon map from medium of serio-comic satire into instrument of political propaganda. Indeed the political fall-out of the Treaty of Versailles [1919] and increasingly ideological, geo-political and global perspectives on European politics, meant that as a distinct and separate European-focused map genre it rapidly died a natural death. By now there were also new methods of mass media and communication – the cinema, the radio and the propaganda poster – through which satire and political propaganda could be disseminated more widely and effectively. Nonetheless the stylistic and visual legacy of the late 19th and early 20th Century European political cartoon map can still be recognised in these new media, not least in the political propaganda poster, through to the end of the Second World War.
Cartoon Maps as Educational aids
15One of the most famous and innovative series of 19th Century anthropomorphic maps is Geographical Fun being Humorous Outlines of Various Countries [Hodder & Staughton, London, England, 1869]. The designs of this series of twelve maps encompassing England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland and nine of the principal countries of Europe, were the work of a talented young Englishwoman, Lilian Lancaster [1852-1939]. The journalist and London antiquary, William Harvey [1796-1873], who used the pseudonym Aleph, provided the lines of verse that accompany each map. In the book’s introduction Harvey noted: “It is believed that these illustrations of Geography may be rendered educational and prove of service to young scholars, who commonly think Globes and Maps but wearisome aids to knowledge, by enabling them to retain the outline of various countries so humorously caricatured in the work, by associating them in their mind’s eye with odd fancy figures.” However Lancaster’s designs and Aleph’s commentaries are not without resonant national symbolism: England assumes the identity of Queen Victoria in the guise of Britannia ruling the waves; Russia the back-to-back figures of a great Bear and Tsar Alexander II. Italy assumes the form of the popular Italian patriot, Guiseppe Garibaldi, and Prussia the combined figures of a supplicant Kaiser, Wilhelm I presenting notes to his Iron Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. Lilian Lancaster herself was a remarkable figure, subsequently becoming a popular Victorian actress, singer, comédienne and pantomime artiste. As an actress, she continued to make use of her earlier talents as a cartoonist and cartographer. Surviving contemporary newspaper reports suggest that one of her most popular routines as a comédienne was as a “lightning cartoonist”, sitting very close to the front of the theatre stage and incorporating the faces of those in the front rows of her audience into cartoons and caricature map sketches that she would rapidly produce on the spot. A collection of her unique manuscript cartoon maps, many amusingly referencing late 19th Century political and theatrical themes, is now in the British Library.
Satirical Maps, Physiognomy & Phrenology
16André Belloguet’s L’Europe Comique, subtitled Cocasserie, dediée à la Jeunesse [Beer editeur, Lith. Jannin, Paris, France, 1867] (Figure 9) is an equally remarkable creation, an outlandish riot of different physiognomies and expressive faces whose shapes roughly follow the established political boundaries of contemporary Europe. Most dominant amongst them is the giant figure of Russia, a cultured and erudite gentleman sporting a wide-brimmed hat and wearing a monacle. This may perhaps symbolise Russia’s growing cultural self-expression in the fields of literature, music and the arts.
17Whether Belloguet’s map had any deeper meanings beyond mere cocasserie (foolery) is not at all clear. Certainly it appears to lack any discernible political overtones and claims simply to “amuser et instruire” (amuse and instruct). The art of physiognomy sought to deduce hidden personal traits and characteristics from the visible features and expressions of an individual’s face. The sister science of phrenology, equally popular in the 19th Century, was the supposed method by which similar individual character and personality traits, even a propensity towards criminality, could be determined by expert examination of the shape and form of the head. Many scholars have previously noted these close affinities between symbolic cartography and phrenology and physiognomy. Indeed Belloguet’s enduring fascination with the human face and with an individual’s hidden character and personality traits as the basis for caricature and satire is vividly apparent in his subsequent work, Pilori-Phrénologie, a series of twelve political caricature portraits produced at the time of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. In one, entitled Bismarckoff I, the figure of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck is transformed into a vile malevolent grotesque, blood dripping from his moustache and mouth. Symbolic images of a Krupp cannon appear on his right cheek and a political spider’s web of Europe on his forehead, on which Germany’s closest neighbours – France, Austria, Denmark and Holland – are depicted as trapped & dying flies.
European National Stereotypes
18William Harvey had also noted that the maps displayed in Geographical Fun may “lead to the profitable curiosity of youthful students and embue the mind with a healthful taste for an acquaintance with foreign lands”. Indeed, acquaintance and encounters with foreign lands had always been a source of great humour for the satirical printmaker. In the previous Century it had led to an outpouring of literature and prints which had formalised many national stereotypes, not least those of the French and English. So it was now, in the period of the emergent nation-state, that new representational national identities were born – not just human, but animal, historical and mythical. In L’Europe en 1876, à la Portée des Grands Esprits [H Demarc, Imprimerie Bernard, Paris, 1876], the European nations and their respective national traits, customs and characteristics are defined with biting satirical humour in descriptions around the periphery of the map. Europe for example is a Continent which produces “les nouveaux fusils, les guerres, les canons et autres engins d’amélioration” (new rifles, wars, cannons and other engines of improvement) and where Man is serviced by more civilised beasts, such as the cow and the sheep, who sacrifice themselves for the greater good in order to keep Man clothed and fed. Great Britain is a country where “la majorité de la population est composée de mylords, de filous et de policemens” and whose principal exports are pickpockets (the best in the World), silk taffeta and roast beef. As far as national customs are concerned, the British suffer badly from indigestion through eating an excess of plum pudding “... et [ont coutume] de venir de temps en temps en France jouer la comédie dans les anciens vaudevilles”. G B Berendsohn’s Komische Karte des Kriegsschauplatzes (qv) is the first map to lay down many now familiar national identities – the frightening great Russian Bear; the French Imperial Eagle (adopted as a symbol of France during the Second Empire (1852-1870)) and the courageous British Lion. On Paul Hadol’s 1870 map, Russia appears as a giant “rag collector” and in later embodiments, for example on the Humoristische Karte von Europa im Jahre 1914 [K Lehamnn-Dumont, Sächs-Verlagsanstalt, Dresden, Germany 1914], as a wild ogre or a vodka-drinking peasant, surrounded by explosive powder kegs, symbolic of social and political instability. Germany frequently takes on the form of the pickelhauber-helmeted Prussian militarist or the age-old symbolic artisan figure, a man of sleepy rustic solidity – Der Deutsche Michel – invariably shown wearing his tasselled nightcap or Michelsmütze.
John Bull & Marianne
19In this period we also witness the re-emergence on European satirical maps of two important 18th Century national icons – John Bull, the satirical representative of Great Britain, and Marianne, the symbolic Revolutionary heroine of France. John Bull had been the creation of Dr. John Arbuthnot in 1712 and by the late 18th Century had become the cartoon image of portly, conservative, down-to-earth English country squire, frequently portrayed by the likes of Gillray, Cruickshank and Rowlandson, and frequently contrasted with the scrawny French sans-culotte or diminuitive Boney Bonaparte. Through the illustrations of John Leech and John Teniel in Punch Magazine in the mid-19th Century, John Bull’s cartoon image was gradually refined becoming the stout man in tailcoat and breeches, often wearing a top hat, a waistcoat emblazoned with the Union flag of Great Britain and frequently accompanied by a ferocious bulldog. In France, the mythical figure of Marianne, the symbol of Revolution, wearer of the Phrygian cap of Liberty, dated back to early days of the French revolution. Pictured by Delacroix in his great painting Liberty leading the People, commemorating of the July Revolution of 1830, she was adopted as the symbol of France by the Second Republic in 1848. Banished as subversive under the Second Empire, she re-emerged in the mid 1870s, making one of her earliest subsequent cartographic appearances on L’Europe en 1876.
The European Menagerie
20The late 19th and early 20th Century also saw many European national identities cross-referenced to the Animal Kingdom. The map, L’Europe Animale, Physiologie Comique [Bruxelles, Belgium, 1882] is a further work of the previously mentioned French satirical artist, André Belloguet, who had fled to Bruxelles after the Paris Commune and subsequently worked for the Belgian satirical magazine, Le Lutin. Belloguet identifies the countries of Europe with a menagerie of different animals, each reflecting their perceived national traits and characteristics. For example, the British Isles takes on the form of an observant Octopus ready to give electric shocks to the rest of Europe; France a wakeful cockerel; Germany a cunning fox resting amicably on its Austrian neighbour, a greedy and anxious Great Owl; and Russia a giant White Bear, eating a croissant (representing Turkey) and wearing around its neck the keys to the “Eastern Question”. Belloguet’s map clearly has deep political overtones but, like Harvey before, also claims to have an underlying educational purpose, noting that “Cette carte s’adresse à l’enfant autant que l’homme, car rien ne peut être plus puissant pour fixer et éclairer la mémoire qui tâlonne dans la dédale géographique”.
21In Hark! Hark! The Dogs do Bark! With Notes by Walter Emanuel [Johnson, Riddle & Co, London, England, 1914], the map of Europe receives a canine make-over. The commentary by Walter Emanuel begins with the words, The Dogs of War are loose in Europe and a nice noise they are making! Walter Emmanuel [1869-1915], a long-time contributor to Punch Magazine, had also become more widely known as an author of a series of charming anthropomorphic dog books, illustrated by artist Cecil Aldin, many of which still remain immensely popular today. Included amongst these are A Dog Day [William Heinemann, London, England, 1902] and The Dogs of War (Wherein the hero-worshipper portrays the hero and incidentally gives an account of the greatest dogs’ club in the world) [Bradbury, Agnew & Co, London, England, 1906]. In Emanuel’s map, Germany is the Dachshund, “mated for better or worse” to an Austrian Mongrel. Belgium is a game little Griffon, France a large Poodle, “a smart dandified fellow” and Britain, the ever-watchful Bulldog, sleeping with one eye open, and with a ferocious bite and a habit of never letting go, in this case, of the Dachshund’s nose.
22A similar German map, Europäische Treibjagd [G Schiedermeier & Co, Regensburg, Germany, c.1915] depicts the armies of Germany and Austria repulsing the combined assaults from East and West of a grosseuropäische Menagerie (great European menagerie) which include the British Bulldog, the Belgian Hare, the French Cockerel and Monkey, the Serbian Pig, the Russian Bear, and the Japanese Ape.
From Satire to Propaganda
23With the advent of War, the map of Europe was no longer “serio-comic”, it was now militarized and politicized, a source of propaganda that could determine the difference between Allied or German Victory and Defeat. Amongst all of the combatant Powers, it rapidly became a question of winning hearts and minds and mobilising a patriotic spirit and the animosity of the general community against the common Enemy. Britain witnessed the creation of the War Propaganda Bureau [1914] manned by many of the leading English authors of the day such as Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy & H G Wells. Later, wider-ranging, reincarnations appeared in the form of the Department of Information [1917] and Ministry of Information [1918]. The beginning of propagandist onslaught can be seen in a German poster of late 1914, Europäische Revue. Tötet den Adler! [Walter Nölting, Hamburg, Germany, 1914], a German version of John Henry Amschewitz’s earlier English poster European Revue – Kill that Eagle [G W Bacon & Co, London 1914], published shortly after the outbreak of war in August 1914. Nölting places considerable emphasis on the British slogan “Business as Usual” printed across the south of England. This slogan had in fact been coined by British businesses and shopkeepers as a patriotic expression of commercial resilience and continuity in a time of war. The phrase was then taken up by Winston Churchill, First Sea Lord to the Admiralty, who declared “The maxim of the British people is Business as usual”. The German propagandist jumps upon this slogan as definitive proof of premeditated English treachery, completely justifying England’s centuries-old soubriquet Perfidious Albion. The suggestion is that the War is just an extension of British business by other means, pursued and prosecuted mainly through Britain’s allies and on allied territory for self-interested, politically expansionist ends.
24The anonymous German poster entitled L’Entente Cordiale [Germany, 1915] (Figure 10) demonstrates this propaganda shift even more poignantly. The title refers to the Anglo-French alliance originally signed in 1904. It perhaps makes a pun of the French words corde (rope or twine) and cordiale (heartfelt), as the image portrays a giant British spider voraciously consuming a symbolic French soldier and spreading her legs and weaving an all-encircling web across the whole of Western Europe and the Mediterranean. Onlookers, including Uncle Sam, are fully entwined in the spider’s fine threads on the peripheries of the map. The Imperial German Eagle surveys the scene in the foreground, whilst German U-boats cut through the outermost strands of the web, a reference to the increasing impact of German submarine attacks on British shipping in 1915.
25In the same way as German propaganda played on the expansionist aims of Great Britain, French propaganda highlighted the historic militarism of Prussia and Germany. Maurice Neumont’s propaganda poster of 1917, uses a quotation from the French leader Mirabeau from 1788 to underscore the point that: La Guerre est l’Industrie Nationale de la Prusse. The poster graphically charts not only the growth in Prussia’s armed forces over the previous century but also her territorial expansion across Western Europe. Prussia and Germany strikingly take on the shape and form of a giant octopus, whose tentacles spread menacingly across Western Europe and beyond.
26In the immediate post-war settlement, as the map of Europe was redrawn at the Treaty of Versailles [1919], one of the principal issues to emerge was the problematic right of political self-determination for the smaller nations of Europe, as promulgated by Woodrow Wilson. In fact, contrary to popular belief, the origins of the term “self-determination” came not from the liberal ideals of the American President but from Bolshevik Russia in the wake of the 1917 Russian Revolution. Self-determination in this broader context implied not Wilson’s original “Peace with the consent of the governed” but the ideal of an international peace involving colonial liberation and the end to the perceived cynical imperialism of the principal Allied Powers.
27A fascinating German propaganda poster Was von der Entente übrig bliebe [F Klimesch, Berlin, Germany, c.1918], points to the blatant injustices of this situation in a global context and as viewed from the German perspective. It presents a map of the World dominated by the Entente or Allied Powers – Britain, France, Russia and America. Their colonial possessions are presented in the form of symbolic animals – the British Lion, the French Cockerel, the Russian Bear and the American Bison, each animal held by their respective colonial masters on a vast network of restraining reins, reminiscent of the 1848 map of Austria that we described earlier. The German banner states ironically: This is what would remain of the Entente powers if you seriously offered the “right of self-determination” to your own people and then let go of the reins!
World War II
29In the same way, during World War II, both Britain and Nazi Germany employed propaganda posters as instruments of mass media and through them we actually witness a reprise of many the earlier designs and models of caricaturization derived from the symbolic heritage of earlier political cartoon maps. In Spyk’s Confiance – ses amputations se poursuivent méthodiquement [Paris, France, c.1942], a propaganda poster published in German occupied France, the figure of Winston Churchill is strikingly caricaturized as a giant octopus, cigar gripped between ruby-red lips, tentacles spreading out from Britain across a stylised map of Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Many of the limbs are cut and bleeding profusely. The names of Mers El-Kebir, Dakar, Libya-Egypt, Somalia, Syria, Germany and Norway, adjacent to these cuts and amputations, triumphantly declare recent British naval and military set-backs and defeats.
30Seemingly almost a direct counter-blow to this, is the splendid French language propaganda poster by the satirical artist Kem (Kimon Evan Marengo) [1907-1988]: Une a une, on lui brisera les pattes [London, England, c.1943-44] clearly targeted at Occupied France and issued in late 1943 or early 1944. Here the figure of Adolf Hitler is presented as a Nazi spider, his legs spread across a map of Europe and North Africa. Allied aircraft, tanks and ships are depicted encircling him and one by one cutting through and breaking off his straggling limbs.
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Theo and Karl Albrecht were the original owners of which supermarket chain? | Theo Albrecht Jewish - Theo Albrecht Net Worth
Theo Albrecht Jewish
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Theo Albrecht
Theo Albrecht Net Worth is $18.8 Billion. Theo Albrecht was a German businessman and co-founder of the Aldi grocery store chain with an estimated net worth of $18.8 billion dollars. Theo Albrecht ran Aldi with his brother Karl, with Theo running Ald. Theodor Paul Albrecht (28 Ma...
Theo Albrecht Net Worth is $18.8 Billion.
Theo Albrecht Net Worth is $18.8 Billion. Theo Albrecht was a German businessman and co-founder of the Aldi grocery store chain with an estimated net worth of $18.8 billion dollars. Theo Albrecht ran Aldi with his brother Karl, with Theo running Ald Theodor Paul Albrecht , generally known as Theo Albrecht, was a German entrepreneur, who in 2010 was ranked by Forbes as the 31st richest person in the world, with a net worth of $16.7 billion. He owned and was the CEO of the Aldi Nord discount supermarket chain. In the US he owned the Trader Joe's specialty grocery store chain. His brother Karl Albrecht owns the Aldi Sud discount supermarket chain. The two chains originally were a single family enterprise until a friendly division of assets in 1960. Aldi Sud operates the Aldi groceries in the United States. So Aldi and Trader Joe's, while owned by the brothers, have separate and distinct ownership and operations.
In 1971, Albrecht was kidnapped for 17 days. A ransom of seven million German marks was paid for his release.
Both Albrecht brothers have been reported by journalists to be reclusive and little is known about their personal lives...
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George Cowling presented the first what on British television in 1954? | Theo Albrecht, Jr. & family
#2 in Germany
#49 in 2015
Theo Albrecht Jr. and the heirs of his brother, Berthold, inherited one of the world's great retail fortunes, which grew from a corner grocery store in Essen, Germany, started in 1913. After World War II, their father, Theo Sr., along with his brother Karl, took over the store and propagated the discount revolution in German retailing -- building their Aldi supermarket chain based on a no-frills, low-price strategy similar to Wal-Mart. In 1961, the brothers split ownership: Karl took the stores in southern Germany, plus the rights to the Aldi brand in the U.K., Australia and the U.S., while Theo Sr. got the stores in northern Germany and the rest of Europe. In 1971, Theo Sr. bought U.S. grocery discounter Trader Joe's. Together, Aldi Nord and Trader Joe's had estimated sales of around $35 billion in 2015. Germany continues to be a source of strength for Aldi Nord, in spite of an oversaturated food retail market and reinvigorated competition from supermarkets. The businesses are owned through a family foundation set up by Theo Sr. after he was kidnapped for 17 days in 1971. Theo Sr. died in 2010, at the age of 88, and Karl died in 2014, at age 94. Like the family patriarchs, the Albrecht heirs maintain a decidedly low profile, and not much is known about them personally. Theo Jr. and his mother, Caecilie, sit on the board of trustees of the family foundation. More »
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Jerzy Buzek was elected Prime Minister of which European country in October 1997? | Jerzy Buzek | prime minister of Poland | Britannica.com
prime minister of Poland
Alternative Title: Jerzy Karol Buzek
Jerzy Buzek
Jerzy Buzek, (born July 3, 1940, Śmiłowice, Poland [now Smilovice, Czech Republic]), Polish engineer, educator, and political leader who served as prime minister of Poland (1997–2001) and as president of the European Parliament (2009–12).
Jerzy Buzek delivering a speech to the European Parliament, 2009.
Georges Gobet—AFP/Getty Images
Buzek earned a degree in technical sciences from the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. He later taught there as well as at the Opole University of Technology; he also held positions at Polonia University in Częstochowa and at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Buzek joined the Solidarity trade union in 1980 and served as chairman of its first national congress in 1981. Following the communist government’s suppression of the union in December 1981, Buzek continued to be a leader of the organization after it went underground. After Solidarity reemerged in 1989, first as a legal opposition movement and then as the country’s first postcommunist ruling party, Buzek remained a prominent member of the union.
In September 1997 Buzek, as a candidate of the conservative Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność; AWS) coalition, was elected to the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish legislature. The AWS won a plurality of seats in the election, but the group’s leader, Marian Krzaklewski, declined the post of prime minister. The AWS then turned to Buzek, whose nomination was confirmed by Polish Pres. Aleksander Kwaśniewski in October. Buzek oversaw the formation of a centre-right coalition government with the liberal-democratic Freedom Union (Unia Wolności; UW) party, and his cabinet was sworn in on October 31, 1997. The following month Buzek’s government survived a vote of confidence.
Buzek was largely unknown at the time of his appointment, and some detractors claimed that he would be little more than a puppet of Krzaklewski. Others expressed a lack of confidence in Buzek’s ability to stifle far-right elements of the AWS. Nevertheless, many Poles welcomed the choice of a political outsider who was committed to fostering economic growth. Free-market proponents saw a friend in Buzek, an economic liberal who supported the privatization of state-owned industries, such as coal mining. In addition, Buzek was a practicing Protestant in an overwhelmingly Roman Catholic country, and this was seen as evidence of his comfort with opposing viewpoints. Indeed, he was described as a consensus builder and a mediator.
During his term as prime minister, Buzek focused on privatization as well as on administrative reform. In 1999 Poland’s local government was restructured, and the country’s health care, pension, and education systems were reformed. In the international arena, Buzek began accession talks with the European Union (EU), and in 1999 he gained Poland’s admission into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . Buzek stepped down in 2001, after parliamentary elections resulted in a left-wing victory.
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| Poland |
The regions of Bago, Magway and Yangon are in which Asian country? | BBC NEWS | Europe | Euro parliament elects new leader
Euro parliament elects new leader
Jerzy Buzek: 'Human rights will be a priority'
The European Parliament has elected former Polish Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek as the chamber's president.
The vote on the 69-year-old Polish conservative was the first job of the newly-elected parliament in Strasbourg.
Mr Buzek is the first politician from the former communist bloc to chair the parliament. He received 555 votes in a first ballot.
The elections last month produced an assembly of 736 MEPs with the centre-right forming the biggest bloc.
Mr Buzek headed a coalition government in Poland in 1997-2001. He joined the European Parliament in 2004, the year of Poland's EU accession.
"Human rights will be a priority," Mr Buzek told MEPs, recalling the key role of the Solidarity trade union movement in democratising Poland in the 1980s.
NEW PARLIAMENT IN FIGURES
Half of MEPs were re-elected, half are new
Highest proportion of newly-elected MEPs is from Lithuania
Youngest MEP - Emilie Turunen (Danish), 25
Oldest MEP - Ciriaco De Mita (Italian), 81
Women MEPs - 35.3% (31.2% in old parliament)
Finland has most women MEPs (61.5%)
Malta has no women MEPs
See distribution of seats within the European Parliament
He replaced German conservative Hans-Gert Poettering as parliament president. In the vote, Eva-Britt Svensson MEP, a Swedish leftist, came second with 89 votes.
Mr Buzek will hold the post for two-and-a-half years - half of the parliament's five-year mandate. Under a deal struck before Tuesday's vote, a Socialist MEP will serve as president for the other half.
"We have to realise that we're in a crisis now. Europeans are expecting a resolution of this problem," he said.
He called his election "a tribute to the millions of people who didn't bow to a hostile system" - a reference to the democratisation of the former Soviet bloc.
"There is now no 'you' and 'us' - we live in a shared Europe," he stressed.
Nationalist gains
MEPs will postpone for at least two months a vote on reappointing European Commission chief Jose Manuel Barroso, a veteran Portuguese conservative.
The new parliament includes far-right groups that made gains in June, including the British National Party.
It is not clear how British MEPs from the political mainstream will interact with their two colleagues from the BNP.
The BNP has failed to form a new bloc with other far-right MEPs, who include politicians from Hungary's Jobbik, France's National Front, Belgium's Vlaams Belang, Bulgaria's Ataka, the Danish People's Party and the Dutch Freedom Party.
Strongest bloc
June's election produced a clear victory for centre-right parties across Europe.
Although the 25 British Conservative Party MEPs have left the European People's Party to form the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR), the EPP remains the strongest bloc in parliament with 264 seats.
The centre-left Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in Europe (PASDE) is the second largest bloc with 183 MEPs, followed by the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) with 84.
Quite how influential the ECR will be in the new parliament should become clear when the members and chairmen of the powerful committees are decided, says the BBC's Dominic Hughes in Strasbourg.
The president sets the tone of the parliament and can rule on points of order, our correspondent says. The post holder also represents the assembly to heads of state and government.
Absent from the session, however, will be a vote on the reappointment of Mr Barroso as president of the European Commission, the EU's executive arm.
The former Portuguese PM has the support of all 27 member states, but his centre-right allies in the assembly do not have a majority.
The Swedish presidency, which took over from the Czech Republic on 1 July, will lay out its priorities for the next six months on Wednesday.
EPP - European People's Party (Christian Democrats)
S&D - Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in Europe (centre-left)
ALDE - Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (liberal)
GUE/NGL - European United Left-Nordic Green Left (left-wing)
Greens/EFA - Greens/European Free Alliance (Greens and regionalists/nationalists)
ECR - European Conservatives and Reformists Group (right-wing)
EFD - Europe of Freedom and Democracy (Eurosceptic)
NA - Non-attached (MEPs not part of any group)
The number of MEPs will increase to 754 if the Lisbon Treaty comes into force.
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In which year did food rationing begin in Britain? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 4 | 1954: Housewives celebrate end of rationing
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1954: Housewives celebrate end of rationing
Fourteen years of food rationing in Britain ended at midnight when restrictions on the sale and purchase of meat and bacon were lifted.
Members of the London Housewives' Association held a special ceremony in London's Trafalgar Square to mark Derationing Day.
The Minister of Fuel and Power, Geoffrey Lloyd, burned a large replica of a ration book at an open meeting in his constituency.
But the Minister of Food, Major Gwilym Lloyd-George, told a meeting at Bebington in Cheshire he would keep his as a souvenir and praised all those traders and organisations that had co-operated with the rationing system.
For the first time since the war began in 1939 London's Smithfield Market opened at midnight instead of 0600 and meat sellers were doing a roaring trade.
High prices
Although the final step in dismantling the whole wartime system of food distribution comes into effect, it's not all good news.
Butchers are predicting meat prices will soar for the next couple of weeks until the effect of supply and demand cools the situation down.
In February the Ministry of Food stopped controlling the sale of pork and announced it would end all food rationing this summer.
Food rationing began on 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of war.
Limits were imposed on the sale of bacon, butter and sugar.
Then on 11 March 1940 all meat was rationed. Clothes coupons were introduced and a black market soon developed while queueing outside shops and bartering for extra food became a way of life.
There were allowances made for pregnant women who used special green ration books to get extra food rations, and breastfeeding mothers had extra milk.
Restrictions were gradually lifted three years after war had ended, starting with flour on 25 July 1948, followed by clothes on 15 March 1949.
On 19 May 1950 rationing ended for canned and dried fruit, chocolate biscuits, treacle, syrup, jellies and mincemeat.
Petrol rationing, imposed in 1939, ended in May 1950 followed by soap in September 1950.
Three years later sales of sugar were off ration and last May butter rationing ended.
| 1940 |
The Ptolemies were ancient rulers of which country? | The Ministry of Food: Terry Charman explores Food Rationing in World War Two | Culture24
The Ministry of Food: Terry Charman explores Food Rationing in World War Two
By Terry Charman, Senior Historian, Imperial War Museum | 15 February 2010
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C24 Feature
(Above) Women and children queue for fruit and vegetables from a London greengrocer, 1945. © Imperial War Museum
Terry Charman, Senior Historian at the Imperial War Museum, writes about the history of rationing during World War Two and how Lord Woolton successfully managed the supply of food at the Ministry of Food.
Rationing of food began in Britain on 8th January 1940. It was to continue for over fourteen long years, only finally ending on 30th June 1954 when meat “came off the ration”. During the First World War, despite the entreaties of Prime Minister Lloyd George who argued: “You must ration...I would certainly urge that there should be a very complete system of rationing...and everybody must be put on the same footing”, nationwide rationing was only introduced as late as April 1918.
Tentative moves to set up a rationing system in the event of a new war began to be made in November 1936 when the Food (Defence Plans) Department of the Board of Trade was established. As soon as war was declared a fully-fledged Ministry of Food came into being headed by William “Shakes” Morrison, described by a colleague as “the hope of enlightened Tory England” and tipped as a future prime minister.
It thus fell to Morrison to announce on November 1 1939 that rationing was going to be introduced in the near future. His announcement brought forth a storm of protest in the press. Picture Post magazine described it as “the most unpopular Government decision since the war began”, while the Daily Mail thundered:
“Your butter is going to be rationed next month. It would be scarcely possible-even if Dr Goebbels were asked to help-to devise a more harmful piece of propaganda for Great Britain. Our enemy’s butter ration has just been increased from 3ozs to just under 4ozs. Perhaps because of Goering’s phrase ‘guns or butter’ has given butter a symbolical significance. But mighty Britain, Mistress of the Seas, heart of a great Empire, proud of her wealth and resources? Her citizens are shortly to get just 4ozs of butter a week. There is no good reason to excuse Mr Morrison, the Minister of Food, for this stupid decision.”
In more sober and restrained language, “The Economist” agreed:
“The methods adopted by the Ministry of Food, first to oppose rationing, and secondly to find reasons for postponement, have run the whole gamut of plausibility and ingenuity and are now verging on the fantastic.”
Ration book and an adult’s weekly rations of basic foodstuffs, 1942. Clothes, sweets and soap were also rationed, and almost all other consumer goods were in short supply. © Imperial War Museum
But if the press waxed indignant, the British people were not so hostile to the idea of rationing. A Liverpool housewife told Mass Observation: “I wish to goodness they would introduce rationing. At least I would be able to go into a shop and get what I was allowed.”
Many believed that rationing would bring fair shares for all and stop profiteering, a common complaint during the earlier war. A Dorking cleaner spoke of how the “price of food at the local grocer is scandalously high. And I am sure he’s profiteering. He complains he’ll be ruined by the war. I hope he will.”
Such shopkeepers came in for a lot of abuse during the war’s first months as one Mass Observer recorded in his report on “Grocery in War” while also noting: “On one point grocer and customer are at accord. A hundred times a day the sentiment is expressed on both sides of counter, 'I’ll be glad when they start rationing. It’ll put an end to all this'”.
A view borne out by polls taken by Mass Observation and the British Institute of Public Opinion after Morrison made his announcement. The BIPO poll showed that 60% of those questioned thought that rationing was Necessary, 28% were against it being introduced, while 12% said Don’t Know.
Ration books began to be distributed a week or so after Morrison’s announcement, and two months later rationing started. Bacon and ham were rationed to 4ozs a week, sugar to 12ozs and butter to 4ozs. Meat was rationed from 11th March 1940 and unlike all rationed foodstuffs it was done by shillings and pence instead of pounds and ounces.
The ration was one shilling and ten pence (1/10d) at first, but after some fluctuations it went down to 1/2d on 7th July 1941 where it remained for the rest of the war. Cooking fats were rationed in July 1940 as was tea (2ozs), while preserves and cheese were added to the list of rationed goods in March and May 1941.
Carrots formed one of the main ingredients of Woolton Pie, named after the Minister of Food, and described as ‘steak and kidney pie without the steak and kidney!’ Carrots Keep You Healthy and Help You See in the Blackout, IWM PST 6015 © Imperial War Museum
By then Morrison had long since left the Ministry after an unhappy stewardship. Tory MP Henry “Chips” Channon noted in his diary on 3rd April 1940: “Poor ‘Shakes’ has had a setback, and an obscure business peer, Lord Woolton, has been made Minister of Food.”
Morrison’s failure at the Ministry and the constant sniping at it by the press prompted Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to ask Lord Woolton, Director-General of the Ministry of Supply to take over. It was an inspired choice. Within a remarkably short space of time, from being the one of the most despised of wartime bureaucratic creations, the Ministry of Food under Woolton became probably the most admired and popular.
To be fair, Woolton inherited a well-organized Ministry, but one that was suffering from a bad public image and low morale. This, the 58-year-old Woolton rectified in a masterly fashion. He got King George VI to make a morale-boosting visit to the Ministry which, Woolton thought, “did more good for the internal morale of the Ministry of Food than anybody else could have done in a year.”
A housewife checks the size of a slice of bread against a chart supplied by the Wartime Social Survey, a government fact-finding organisation set up in April 1940. There was no bread rationing during the war, but it had to be introduced on 21st July 1946. It remained in force for exactly two years. © Imperial War Museum
But he himself was a brilliant communicator. Coached by the BBC commentator Howard Marshall, who became the Ministry’s first Director of Public Relations, Woolton became a popular broadcaster, as well appearing on film, at public meetings and weekly press conferences.
To ensure a good press, Woolton had regular private meals with newspaper proprietors, but he also found time to deal personally with a vast volume of daily correspondence, (200 letters a day by the time he left the Ministry in November 1943). To the public he soon became “Uncle Fred”. He took the public into his confidence, warning them of impending shortages, and frankly admitting and correcting the occasional errors of judgement and maladministration by his Ministry.
In ensuring the adequate supply and fair distribution of the nation’s food, “Uncle Fred’s” Ministry worked in close collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture headed by Tory minister Robert Hudson, the Treasury and the Ministry of War Transport which was also headed by a businessman Lord Leathers.
The Ministry’s authority was delegated to 19 Divisional Food Officers who supervised and co-ordinated the work between Local Committees and Food Offices, and they acted too as a link between the regional Food Offices and the Ministry in Whitehall. Then there were 1,500 local Food Control Committees appointed by the local authorities. Each committee, which were appointed annually, consisted of representatives both of the consumer and the retailer.
Under those committees were about 1,300 Local Food Offices, and these did all the detailed work of licensing food dealers, enforcing orders and distributing the ration books.
(Above) The Queue at the Fish-shop, Evelyn Mary Dunbar, 1944. Imperial War Museum. Fish was not rationed during the war, but was often scarce and, by 1941, prices were 17 per cent higher than in 1939. © Imperial War Museum
For most of the war years and after, the rationing of food took five principal forms. Firstly there was the simple, ordinary rationing of basic foodstuffs: sugar, meat, fats, bacon, tea and cheese. Then from 1st December 1941, there was “points” rationing for tinned goods, dried fruit, cereals, pulses, syrup, treacle and biscuits.
The “Points” system differed from the general food rationing scheme in that the public did not have to register at any particular shop to buy “points” foodstuffs.
There was also Group Rationing, where the total amount could be taken in one of several commodities such as jam and other preserves. While not rationed as such, there were also a number of important foodstuffs like milk, eggs and oranges which were controlled to ensure that priority allowances were available for those who were deemed to need them most, such as babies, expectant mothers and invalids.
Some “exotic” fruits like bananas disappeared almost totally from wartime Britain: in July 1943, actor Derrick de Marney auctioned off a single banana which fetched £5, while a single onion was raffled round the office of “The Times” and reached over £4. Britain’s sweet tooth was also rationed from 26th July 1942. For most of the war and after the allowance was 12ozs for a four week period.
Actor Derrick de Marnay points to someone in the crowd as he auctions a very small, very green, banana in Russell Square. The piece of fruit fetched £5. © Imperial War Museum
Unlike the rationing system in Germany, it was the Ministry of Food’s policy to provide the maximum possible ration for consumers rather than larger rations for any specific class at the expense of others.
The sole exception was the case of cheese where a special ration was granted to meet the needs of workers who, like miners, forestry workers and Land Girls, because of the nature of their job, could not take their midday meal in a works canteen, British Restaurant or at home.
To help the public eke out these rations, Woolton’s Ministry mounted a massive publicity campaign. 40 million “Food Facts” advertisements were printed each week in the press, and between March 1942 and November 1946, over 200 Ministry “Food Flash” short films were shown in British cinemas, each one to an estimated audience of 20 million.
The BBC broadcast “The Kitchen Front” for six mornings a week after the 8am news, each programme having a listening public of 5.5 million. The cartoon figures of “Dr Carrot” and “Potato Pete” were created to encourage children to eat up their vegetables and entertainers like “Gert and Daisy” and Tommy Trinder were pressed into service to get the British to eat well and wisely.
And there was even a “Woolton Pie”, described as “a steak and kidney pie without the steak and kidney”. Lord Boyd Orr, Britain’s foremost nutritional expert and post-war head of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, was to write in his memoirs:
“Lord Woolton produced for the first time in modern history a food plan based on the nutrional needs of the people, with priority in rationing for mothers and children....the rich got less to eat, which did them no harm and the poor, so far as the supply would allow, got a diet adequate for health, with free orange juice, cod liver oil, extra milk and other things for mothers and children. This was a great achievement for which Britain is indebted to Lord Woolton.”
At a shop in the King’s Road, Chelsea, an assistant stamps a ration book, February 1941. That month the weekly ration was: 8 ozs of sugar, 4 ozs of bacon, 2 ozs of butter, 4 ozs of fats and 2 ozs of tea. © Imperial War Museum
While Dr Magnus Pyke, wartime nutritional adviser to Ministry of Food, and 70s TV science guru argued:
“It was generally accepted, as Britain stood alone against the foe, beleaguered and bombarded, that the figures for infant mortality and, indeed, virtually all the other indications of nutritional well-being of the community, showed an improvement on the previous standards.”
But victory in 1945 did not bring an end to rationing. Far from it. On 27th May 1945, barely three weeks after VE Day, cuts were made to the basic ration. Bacon went down from 4ozs to 3ozs, cooking fat from 2ozs to just one, and the part of the meagre meat ration of 1/2d had to be taken in corned beef. Bread, never rationed during the war, was put on the ration in July 1946 where it remained for two years.
In the years of post-war austerity the British public were treated to the dubious pleasures of whale and horse meat together with snoek, a strange and unloved tinned fish from South Africa.
Milk – the Essential Food for Growing Children, James Fitton. © Imperial War Museum Over 4 million schoolchildren were receiving milk each day at school by 1943.
Labour’s Minister of Food John Strachey, although competent, failed to inherit Woolton’s mantle of popularity. “Shiver with Shinwell, (the Minister of Fuel and Power), and Starve with Strachey” became a popular catchphrase during the disastrous winter of 1946-1947 while Tommy Handley in his radio programme “ITMA” satirized him as “Mr Streakey”.
A scheme to develop groundnuts for vegetable oil in Tanganyika was an unmitigated disaster, and when a consignment of inedible frozen pineapples arrived in Dundee, Strachey was promptly nicknamed “Pineapple John”.
It was left to Churchill’s “Indian Summer” administration and his Minister of Food Gwilym Lloyd George to finally end Britain’s food rationing, but it is Woolton’s name which will be forever associated with wartime food and rationing. When he died in December 1964, his former colleague Lord Attlee gave him a generous eulogy:
“...he did wonderful work as Minister of Food. Not only had he great administrative gifts; but he had human sympathy. The ordinary people felt that here was a man who understood their wants. This was expressed to me by an old Devonshire dame, who said: ‘That Lord Woolton, he do sometimes right and sometimes wrong; but we poor folk are beholden to him because he thinks of us.’ I thought that was a very great tribute.”
Ministry of Food ran at the Imperial War Museum, London until January 2011.
Terry Charman's book, Outbreak 1939 The World Goes to War, is available now from the Imperial War Museum shop .
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Which US state is known as the ‘Hawkeye State’? | The State of Iowa - An Introduction to the Hawkeye State from NETSTATE.COM
The State of Iowa
Iowa State Capitol, Des Moines
Welcome to Iowa, the Hawkeye State. With its fertile, rolling prairies, Iowa is one of the foremost farming states in the United States. One fifth of the nation's corn harvest is produced in Iowa. Wet springs combined with warm summers create a favorable environment for plantings of corn and soybeans in the state's top-grade farmland. Although agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, Iowa has also encouraged the growth of manufacturing and service industries.
If you are going to have large farms, you might as well ensure that you have the right equipment to work those farms, and in that spirit Iowa produced the first gasoline-powered tractor in 1892 (John Froelich, Clayton County). Today, the state claims the largest tractor manufacturing plant in the U.S.
THE STATE NAME:
The state of Iowa, originally a territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi River, was named after the Iowa River.
The Iowa River was named after the Iowa Indians who lived in the territory. The tribal name "Ayuxwa" was spelled by the French as "Ayoua" and by the English as "Ioway." "Ayuxwa" means "one who puts to sleep."
James Fenimore Cooper
The Hawkeye State
This popular nickname for the state of Iowa is said to have come from the scout, Hawkeye, in James Fenimore Cooper's
The Last of the Mohicans
published in 1826. According to the Iowa State web site, "Two Iowa promoters from Burlington are believed to have popularized the name." The nickname was given approval by "territorial officials" in 1838, twelve years after the book was published and eight years before Iowa became a state.
The two men responsible for the promotion of this nickname are thought to be Judge David Rorer of Burlington and the newspaper publisher, James G. Edwards of Fort Madison and, later, Burlington. Burlington had been established in 1833 after the Black Hawk War of 1832. Mr. Edwards changed the name of his Burlington newspaper,
The Iowa Patriot
, to
The Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot
in tribute to his friend Chief Black Hawk. Judge Rorer is said to have suggested "The Hawkeye State" after finding the name in
The Last of the Mohicans
while Mr. Edwards proposed the nickname "Hawk-eyes" in 1838 to "...rescue from oblivian [sic] a momento [sic], at least of the name of the old chief," Black Hawk.
Marshall County, Iowa
The Corn State
This nickname pays tribute to Iowa's corn crop. Iowa leads the country in the production of corn. Iowa has also been called the "Land Where the Tall Corn Grows," in tribute.
Land of the Rolling Prairie
Iowa has been referred to as the "Land of the Rolling Prairie" because of the vast rolling prairies that covered the state.
THE STATE QUARTER:
United States Mint Image
The Iowa quarter is the fourth of 2004, and the 29th in the 50 State Quarters® Program. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state to be admitted into the Union. The Iowa quarter design features a one-room schoolhouse with a teacher and students planting a tree, and the inscriptions "Foundation in Education" and "Grant Wood." The design is based on "Arbor Day," a painting by Grant Wood, who was born near Anamosa, Iowa. He spent his career as a proponent of small-town values, which he celebrated in the iconic images of small-town plain folk and verdant Midwestern vistas for which he is world-renowned.
Iowans have had a commitment to education since the State's earliest days. When Iowa became a state in 1846, it already had a number of rural country schools in each of its counties. Iowa established its first high school in the 1850s, although high schools generally did not become widespread in the United States until after 1900. Private and public colleges also quickly took root in the new State.
Although Iowa has long been a leader in agriculture, the State is unique in that it is the only one whose east and west borders are completely formed by rivers - the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.
In May 2002, Governor Thomas J. Vilsack established the 16-member Iowa Quarter Commission, which worked with libraries, banks and credit unions to solicit ideas and concepts for the state quarter design. The Commission received nearly 2,000 submissions, which were narrowed to five candidate themes, including "American Gothic," "Foundation in Education," "Feeding the World," "Sullivan Brothers," and "Beautiful Land."
In July 2003, the United States Mint forwarded five approved candidate designs to Governor Vilsack for final recommendation. Three designs were emblematic of the "Feeding the World" theme, and the other two represented the "Young Corn" and "Foundation in Education" concepts. Governor Vilsack chose the "Foundation in Education" design, which was approved by the Secretary of the Treasury on August 26, 2003.
For more about the state commemorative quarters, visit this page .
This 50 State Quarter Map is a great way to collect and display all 50 State Quarters.
Sources...
University of Missouri-Kansas City in the School of Education. 28 September 2002 <http://www.umkc.edu/imc/iowa.htm>
Carpenter, Allan & Provorse, Carl.
. Mahwah, N.J.: World Almanac Books (An Imprint of K-III Reference Corporation, A K-III Communications Company), 1996.
The Hawk Eye
Iowa (World Almanac Library of the States)
, by Michael E. Martin. 48 pages. Gareth Stevens Publishing (August 2002) Reading level: Grades 4-6. Filled with the most up-to-date information, including the latest Census results. Full-color photos bring to life the story of Iowa. In addition to an in-depth factual profile of Iowa in the form of a state Almanac, this book offers fascinating and lively discussions of the state's history, people, geography, government, economy, culture, and lifestyles. A section on Notable People, a calendar of events, and enough primary source documents, time lines, maps, and other tools to make this unquestionably the best young adult reference material on the USA available anywhere.
Iowa Past to Present: The People and the Prairie
, by Dorothy Schwieder, Thomas Morain, and Lynn Nielsen. 99 pages. Publisher: University Of Iowa Press (January 1, 2003) Reading level: Grade 5. A textbook for fifth grade students which traces the history of Iowa from its earliest inhabitants to the coming of modern times..
A Good Day's Work: An Iowa Farm in the Great Depression
, by Dwight W. Hoover. 256 pages. Publisher: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher (June 25, 2007) Despite beautiful landscapes and bountiful harvests, farming is hard work and always has been. The Great Depression in rural America, which began in the 1920s and lasted until World War II, made it still harder. At a time when tractors were replacing horses and the family farm was giving way to the large, single-crop enterprise, the struggle to survive and modernize in a period of economic scarcity was especially sharp. In
A Good Day's Work
, Dwight Hoover, who grew up on an Iowa farm in this era, recalls the events of day-to-day life on a single farm, offering detailed descriptions of daily work in each of the year's four seasons.
A Good Day's Work
is a fascinating if grim reminder of what it was like to be a child with adult responsibilities. Mr. Hoover's unusual memoir recalls the rough edges as well as the happy moments of rural life. It is an honest re-creation of a world that was vanishing.
| Iowa |
Which opera did Guiseppe Verdi supposedly compose for the opening of the Suez Canal? | Iowa - State Symbols, Fun Facts, Photos, Visitor Info
Iowa
"Children are our most valuable natural resource."
President
Herbert Hoover
"When there is a lack of honor in government, the morals of the whole people are poisoned."
President
Herbert Hoover
"My country owes me nothing. It gave me, as it gives every boy and girl, a chance. It gave me schooling, independence of action, opportunity for service and honor. In no other land could a boy from a country village, without inheritance or influential friends, look forward with unbounded hope."
President
Entered the Union: December 28, 1846 (29)
State Tree
Origin of Name: from an Indian word meaning
“This is the Place” or “the Beautiful Land”
State Nickname: Hawkeye State
State Motto: Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain
State Song: “Song of Iowa"
State Forests: 10 • State Parks: 83
Famous for: Corn and Agricultural Products
Famous Iowans: John Wayne • Cloris Leachman • Kate Mulgrew (actors), Johnny Carson (TV entertainer), William "Buffalo Bill" Cody (scout), George H. Gallup (poll taker), Herbert Hoover (President), Ann Landers (columnist), Glenn Martin (aviator, manufacturer), Frederick Maytag (inventor, manufacturer), Glenn Miller (Big Band), Robert Schuller • Billy Sunday (evangelists), Abigail Van Buren (columnist), Henry Wallace (Vice President), Andy Williams (singer), Bix Beiderbecke (jazz)
Animals and Birds: Click on photos of the animals and birdson this
page to find out more about them and to hear the sounds they make.
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In the UK, who was the first female speaker of The House of Commons? | 16 years ago the first woman Speaker was elected by the Commons
16 years ago the first woman Speaker was elected by the Commons
By | Published: April 27, 2008
On Monday 27th April 1992 the House of Commons elected its first woman Speaker, Betty Boothroyd.
I was a rare government Minister voting for a Labour Speaker. I did so because I thought it time a good woman candidate should have the job after 700 years of men, and thought it important that Labour held a great office of state again after 13 years in the wilderness.
The mood was strange. Many of my Ministerial colleagues were buoyed up by the fourth election victory in a row, and had not detected the feelings of unease and unhappiness on the doorsteps. They did not seem to grasp that the Conservatives won the 1992 election despite the background and the ERM policy, not because of it.It seemed to me it would have been wrong to have flaunted the narrow victory by using the majority to have another Conservative Speaker, especially if that Speaker had been a Cabinet member in the recent past in the same administration that he would need to preside over.
Enough of my backbench colleagues took the same view, so Betty was elected easily.She proved to be a good Speaker, who brought a fresh approach to the job and was widely liked and respected on all sides of the House.
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| Betty Boothroyd |
Cilantro is the leaf of which herb? | BBC News | UK POLITICS | Profile: 'Call me Madam'
Monday, 23 October, 2000, 14:11 GMT
Profile: 'Call me Madam'
Betty Boothroyd on the campaign trail in 1968
Betty Boothroyd entered Parliament in 1973 after 15 years of trying and at the fifth attempt.
She had a distinguished parliamentary career serving on many select committees and as a whip, but never became a minister.
Elect me for what I am, not for what I was born
Betty Boothroyd, 1992
In 1992, however, the Labour MP for West Bromwich West pulled off the notable triumph of becoming the first woman Speaker in over 700 years of Commons history.
Although well-liked by MPs she stood no nonsense in the Commons chamber, and has been a firm but fair arbiter of the House's rules.
She has been known to mime a yawn to cut short overlong speeches and has never worn the traditional Speaker's wig.
In 1992 she was named Parliamentarian of the Year, and in her role as Speaker she won the respect of members from all parties as she stood up for the rights of backbenchers against ministers and the executive.
Headmistress, nanny and landlady
Her combination of talents has led one commentator to describe Miss Boothroyd as being like a "headmistress, nanny and pub landlady" all rolled into one.
On taking up her position as the first woman Speaker she instructed bemused MPs, accustomed only to men holding the position, to "call me Madam".
Madam Speaker: Firm roots in the Labour movement
While during her election campaign for the post she told MPs: "Elect me for what I am, not for what I was born."
Betty Boothroyd began her long career in politics after a short period during which she worked in show business as a Tiller girl.
Born in Yorkshire, she lived in America in the 1950s where she helped one John Kennedy on his election campaigns.
Long history in politics
She joined the Labour Party as a teenager and spent some time as a secretary to various MPs, including the former Labour cabinet minister Barbara Castle.
Miss Boothroyd, speaking of her upbringing, once said: "I came out of the womb of the Labour movement."
After entering Parliament she became an active member of Labour right wing, winning a seat on National Executive Committee.
Unmarried, she has at least eight honorary degrees and several "Freedom of the City" awards.
Her likeness has even been unveiled in Madame Tussauds - in full robes. The screening of prime minister's questions overseas, notably in the US, made her an internationally famous figure.
As well as being an extremely active member of the political life of the UK, Ms Boothroyd took up paragliding in her sixties while on holiday in Greece.
Last year a poll in Good Housekeeping Magazine put her as the 18th most influential woman in the UK, way ahead of the Queen.
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In Arthurian legend, who was the faithful wife of Geraint? | Enid - definition of Enid by The Free Dictionary
Enid - definition of Enid by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Enid
Related to Enid: Enid Blyton
E·nid
In Arthurian legend, the loyal wife of Geraint.
Enid
(European Myth & Legend) (in Arthurian legend) the faithful wife of Geraint
E•nid
a city in N Oklahoma. 50,363.
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The railway was constructed between December 1894, when the first sod was cut by Enid Assheton-Smith (after whom locomotive No.
gran to lose home in superstore war
Enid Hutt and her two sons Kevin and Clarke head the business, which offers a wide choice in prints, limited edition and original art from across Scotland and Europe.
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| Enid |
Who performed the first successful human to human heart transplant in 1967? | Enid and Geraint/Erec | Robbins Library Digital Projects
Characters Background Essay Author: Alan Lupack
Enid and Geraint are the principle figures in the Welsh tale of Geraint the Son of Erbin , to use Lady Charlotte Guest's title, or Geraint and Enid, one of three Welsh stories analogous to romances by Chrétien de Troyes (the others being Owain and Peredur). Chrétien's Erec et Enide, written c. 1170, is his earliest extant Arthurian romance. (Earlier he wrote a Tristan story, which does not survive.) The Welsh version dates from the thirteenth century and thus is later than Chrétien's. In both versions, the hero--called Erec by Chrétien--fights in and wins a tournament in which each knight fights to defend the assertion that his beloved is the most beautiful and in which the prize is a sparrowhawk. When Enid and Geraint (or Erec) marry, the hero, delighting in married bliss, forgets his knightly duties. In the Welsh tale, Enid laments that she is the cause of her husband's dishonor. Geraint, hearing only the last part of her lament in which she fears she is not a true wife because of the shame their marriage has brought to his knightly reputation, believes his wife to have been unfaithful, and takes her with him on a quest in which he proves his prowess and she her fidelity. In Chrétien's version, Enide tells Erec directly of the talk of the court about his failure to act in a knightly manner, and a similar quest ensues. In both versions, after a series of adventures, the couple prove to each other their noble qualities.
Chrétien's romance is the source for Hartmann von Aue's Erec and the thirteenth-century Icelandic Erex Saga. But it was to the Welsh tale, known to him from its translation in Lady Charlotte Guest's Mabinogion that Tennyson
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Enid and Geraint are the principle figures in the Welsh tale of Geraint the Son of Erbin , to use Lady Charlotte Guest's title, or Geraint and Enid, one of three Welsh stories analogous to romances by Chrétien de Troyes (the others being Owain and Peredur). Chrétien's Erec et Enide, written c. 1170, is his earliest extant Arthurian romance. (Earlier he wrote a Tristan story, which does not survive.) The Welsh version dates from the thirteenth century and thus is later than Chrétien's. In both versions, the hero--called Erec by Chrétien--fights in and wins a tournament in which each knight fights to defend the assertion that his beloved is the most beautiful and in which the prize is a sparrowhawk. When Enid and Geraint (or Erec) marry, the hero, delighting in married bliss, forgets his knightly duties. In the Welsh tale, Enid laments that she is the cause of her husband's dishonor. Geraint, hearing only the last part of her lament in which she fears she is not a true wife because of the shame their marriage has brought to his knightly reputation, believes his wife to have been unfaithful, and takes her with him on a quest in which he proves his prowess and she her fidelity. In Chrétien's version, Enide tells Erec directly of the talk of the court about his failure to act in a knightly manner, and a similar quest ensues. In both versions, after a series of adventures, the couple prove to each other their noble qualities.
Chrétien's romance is the source for Hartmann von Aue's Erec and the thirteenth-century Icelandic Erex Saga. But it was to the Welsh tale, known to him from its translation in Lady Charlotte Guest's Mabinogion that Tennyson took his idyll about the two characters. Originally entitled "Enid," it was one of the first four idylls published in 1859 in the volume called Idylls of the King. This idyll was expanded in the 1870 edition and titled "Geraint and Enid"; then in 1873 it was divided into two idylls: "Geraint and Enid I" and "Geraint and Enid II." In 1886, Part I was renamed "The Marriage of Geraint" and part two simply "Geraint and Enid." Tennyson uses the motif of the mishearing from the Celtic tale as part of the large theme in the idylls of appearance and reality. He also makes the story a tribute to faithful married love.
Though not common figures in modern Arthurian literature other than Tennyson's idylls, Enid and Geraint are the focus of two plays: Ernest Rhys's Enid: A Lyric Play (1918) and Donald R. Rawe's Geraint: Last of the Arthurians (1972). They also play a minor role in Edgar Fawcett's play The New King Arthur (1885) and are the subject of the book-length poem Geraint of Devon by Marion Lee Reynolds (1916).
Bibliography
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Uxoricide is the killing of who? | Uxoricide - definition of uxoricide by The Free Dictionary
Uxoricide - definition of uxoricide by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/uxoricide
1. The killing of a wife by her spouse.
2. One who kills one's wife.
[Medieval Latin uxōricīdium : Latin uxor, wife + Latin -cīdium, -cide.]
uxoricide
1. the act of killing one's wife
2. a person who kills his or her wife
[C19: from Latin uxor wife + -cide]
uxˌoriˈcidal adj
(ʌkˈsɔr əˌsaɪd, -ˈsoʊr-, ʌgˈzɔr-, -ˈzoʊr-)
n.
1. the act of murdering one's wife.
2. a man who murders his wife.
[1855–60; < Latin ūxor wife + -i- + -cide ]
ux•o`ri•cid′al, adj.
uxoricide
1. the killing of one’s wife.
2. a person who has killed his wife. — uxoricidal, adj.
1. the murder of a wife by a husband.
2. a husband who murders his wife. — uxoricidal, adj.
| one s wife |
Eamon de Valera founded which political party in 1926? | Uxoricides - definition of uxoricides by The Free Dictionary
Uxoricides - definition of uxoricides by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/uxoricides
Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia .
ux·o·ri·cide
1. The killing of a wife by her spouse.
2. One who kills one's wife.
[Medieval Latin uxōricīdium : Latin uxor, wife + Latin -cīdium, -cide.]
uxoricide
1. the act of killing one's wife
2. a person who kills his or her wife
[C19: from Latin uxor wife + -cide]
uxˌoriˈcidal adj
(ʌkˈsɔr əˌsaɪd, -ˈsoʊr-, ʌgˈzɔr-, -ˈzoʊr-)
n.
1. the act of murdering one's wife.
2. a man who murders his wife.
[1855–60; < Latin ūxor wife + -i- + -cide ]
ux•o`ri•cid′al, adj.
uxoricide
1. the killing of one’s wife.
2. a person who has killed his wife. — uxoricidal, adj.
1. the murder of a wife by a husband.
2. a husband who murders his wife. — uxoricidal, adj.
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What is the length of a chukka in a game of polo? | Glossary of Polo Terms. The A to Z of Polo. International Polo, Polo Argentina
You are in page: Home > All About Polo > Glossary of Polo Terms
Glossary of Polo Terms
The A to Z of Polo
Appealing Claims by players for a foul generally expressed by the raising of mallets above the head or by a helicoptering motion. Over demonstrative appealing is considered very bad form.
Back The number 4 in a polo team is invariable referred to as the 'Back' rather than by his number.
Backshot The number 4 in a polo team is invariable referred to as the 'Back' rather than by his number.
Ball White and made of plastic. It weighs four and a half ounces and is three and a half inches in diameter.
Bandages Bandages or leg wraps used on ponies for support and protection.
Bell or hooter This is situated off the side of the field and is rung by the timekeeper to inform umpires when seven minutes of play in a chukka have elapsed.
Bowl-in When the umpire starts or resumes play by rolling the ball down the centre of a line up of players.
Bump A player is permitted to ride off another to spoil his shot or to remove him from the play. The angle of contact must be no more than 45 degrees. The faster the pony travels, the smaller the angle must be. A good bump can shake discs and dentures loose.
Check and turn Slowing a pony down, to turn safely.
Chukka There are six chukkas (periods) in high handicap matches, each lasting seven minutes plus up to 30 seconds of overtime. If, during the extra 30 seconds, the ball hits the sideboards or goes out of bounds, or if the umpire blows his whistle for a foul, the chukka is over. There is no overtime at the end of the final chukka unless the score is tied. Players return to the field each chukka with a fresh pony. Chukka comes from the Indian word for a circle or round.
Divots Turf kicked up by ponies' hooves.
Ends The back lines of a polo pitch. Teams change ends, i.e. switch the halves they defend, each time a goal is scored in order to equalise wind and turf conditions.
Equipment Hard helmets for players are compulsory. Knee-pads, whips and spurs are optional.
Field A full size polo field is 300 yards by 160 yards, or the area of three soccer pitches. The goal posts, which collapse on severe impact, are set eight yards apart.
Goal Any time the ball crosses, at any height, the line between the goal posts, it is considered a goal regardless of who knocks it through, including the pony.
Goal Judge An unofficial goal observer appointed to signal a goal (flag over head) or no-goal (flag under waist).
Handicap All players are rated on a scale of -2 to 10 (the higher the better). Although the word 'goal' is often used after the rating, it bears no relation to the number of goals a player scores in a match, but to his overall playing ability. A player's horsemanship, range of strokes, speed of play, team and game sense are the factors considered in determining his handicap. The team handicap is the sum of its players' handicaps. (2 x 4 ÷ 6) In handicap matches of six chukkas, the team with the lower handicap is awarded the difference in goals at the start of the game. For example, a 26-goal team would give two goals start to a 24-goal team. For matches other than six chukkas, the side with the lower handicap starts with a number of goals start according to the following formula. The difference in the teams handicaps is multiplied by the number of chukkas to be played and then divided by six. Fractions count as half a goal. For example, a 26 goal team would give a 24 goal team 11/2 goals start in a four chukka match.
High Goal Teams with a total handicap from 17-24 goals. It is the highest level of official tournament polo played in the United Kingdom.
Hired Assasin A pofessional player.
Hook The move whereby a player uses their mallet to block or interfere with an opponent's swing by hooking the mallet of the other player with their own mallet. A player mey only hook if he/she is on the side where the swing is being made or directly in front or behind an opponent.
Intermediate Teams with a total handicap of 8-12 goals.
Intervals Three- minutes long rest periods between chukkas. Half time is five minutes.
Judges Goal judges are positioned behind each goal to signal whether a goal has been scored. Hard hats are worn for protection.
Knock-in Should a team hit the ball across the opponent's backline during an attack, the defending team resumes the game with a free hit from the backline where the ball went over. It is equivalent to a goal kick in soccer.
Line of the Ball 'Crossing the line' is the most frequent foul in polo. The line of the ball, namely the imaginary line along which the ball travels, represents a right of way for the player following nearest that line. There are strict rules governing opponents entry in to the right of way, in order to minimise the risk of collisions.
Low goal Teams with a total handicap of 4-8 goals.
Mallet/Stick The shaft is usually made from bamboo cane and the head from a hard wood, although plastic composite shafts are increasingly common. The wide face of the mallet head is used to strike the ball and not the ends, as in croquet. Polo mallets range in length according, principally, to the height of the pony played, and extend from 48 to 54 inches.
Medium goal Teams with a total handicap of 12-15 goals.
Millionaire's Shot A shot at the ball by an inexpert player, when the ball is very close to the legs of the pony or under the belly of the pony. So called because a high degree of skill and timing is required for both shots, if the legs of the pony are to avoid being struck and in turn injured. It is assumed that only millionaires with lots of ponies can afford to have a pony out of play due to injury.
Nearside The left hand side of the pony.
Neckshot A ball which is hit under the pony's neck.
Out-of-bounds When a ball goes over the sideboards, it is considered out-of- bounds. The umpire throws the ball in between the two teams lined up at the point at which it left the field of play. It is equivalent to a throw-in in soccer.
Offside The right hand side of the pony.
Patron A financially unchallenged amateur player who pays to put a team together, which is usually amde up of at least two professionals and is normally named after the patron's house or company.
Penalty A free hit towards goal is awarded when a foul is committed. The hit is taken from a set distance, dependent on the severity of the offence. Distances are as follows:
Penalty 1: Automatic goal
| seven minutes |
The islands of Bass and Pelee lie in which of North America’s Great Lakes? | chukka - definition of chukka in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of chukka in English:
chukka
(US chukker)
noun
Each of a number of periods (typically six, of 71/2 minutes each) into which play in a game of polo is divided.
Example sentences
‘Real action started at 15: 00 hrs. with a Ladies Polo Exhibition match, ending after two chukkas in a draw.’
‘In every game we scored a difference during the last two chukkers.’
‘The women's match, which started with the two teams on level handicap, saw Zambia ‘A’ going ahead 10-0 at the end of the fifth chukka and the select side had to wait for a goal by Kenyan Nici Thoenes at the start of the final chukka.’
‘Each game comprises two chukkas of seven minutes long, to make sure the giant beasts do not wear themselves out under the hot sun.’
‘Ashy's victory was not however, without a price as one of the team's players was stretchered off the pitch after picking up a back injury in the fourth chukker of the game.’
‘And so with only a bit of luck, El Duende could play four chukkers full out, and he was already caressing victory in his last championship.’
‘On January 30 and 31 the non-participating club players will get a rare chance to play a few chukkas with the worlds best.’
‘The game is played very fast, so the play time has to be divided into 6 periods of 7 minutes, called chukkas.’
‘Zambia ‘C’ started off on a bad note conceding five unreplied goals in the first chukka against the New Zealanders who featured a more stronger side with Mclldowie and Brown doing much of the damage.’
‘By the fifth minute of the eighth chukker the score was 15-15, and the crowd was going crazy.’
‘An Australian novelist described him as a ‘tall, striking man still capable of playing a couple of useful chukkas of polo… in some ways more British than the British, but with a good deal more elasticity and charm’.’
‘Besides, they needed to be capable of putting up with intense work in a game of eight chukkers, galloping most of the time.’
‘From the first chukker to the last, he reads the game very well.’
‘Hein scored twice, he converted a 30 yard penalty and another goal to put the game at 6-6 going into the fifth chukka.’
‘Within a week I was playing her as a spare in the Open first game, playing her a full chukker in the second game and she never looked back.’
‘Breaks between chukkas are three minutes long, with a five minute halftime.’
‘In the final chukker the Army scored a second, but the Navy's Royal captain struck back, setting up a seventh for OM Grant Fraser.’
‘I went on a crash course to learn how to play polo, I played 12 chukkers every day for 3 weeks before the big tournament.’
‘To that end, they invited 200 journalists from all over the world to watch polo last summer, the first time a chukka had been played on the island since the 1920s.’
‘The first section plays a 6-8 minute period or ‘chukka,’ then will rest and cool off their horses while the second section plays the second chukka.’
Origin
Late 19th century: from Hindi cakkar, from Sanskrit cakra circle or wheel.
Pronunciation
Which of these words is a verb?
breathe
Which of these words can be a verb?
liquate
Which of these words is a verb?
rive
Which of these words is a verb?
sheathe
Which of these words is a verb?
beneficiate
Which of these words is a verb?
diffuse
Which of these words is a verb?
deify
Which of these words is a verb?
precise
Which of these words is a verb?
devise
Which of these words is a verb?
incise
You scored /10 practise again?
Retry
Most popular in the world
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In UK politics, who defeated Ted Heath in the Tory leadership campaign of 1975? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 11 | 1975: Tories choose first woman leader
1975: Tories choose first woman leader
The British Conservative Party has chosen Margaret Thatcher as its new leader.
She will be the first woman to head a British political party after a landslide victory over the other four - male - candidates.
Mrs Thatcher - who served as Secretary of State for Science and Education in Ted Heath's Government - exclaimed "It's like a dream."
The MP for Finchley, north London, since 1959 rejected suggestions of great celebrations.
It's like a dream
Margaret Thatcher
She said: "Good heavens, no. There's far too much work to be done."
Mrs Thatcher, 50, forced Ted Heath to resign as leader last week when she trounced him in the first round of the leadership race with 130 votes to his 119.
Conservative Party confidence in Mr Heath - prime minister from 1970 to 1974 - was rattled by his failure to win general elections in both February and October last year.
Chairman of the influential 1922 Backbench Committee - whose 276 members are largely responsible for deciding party leaders - Edward du Cann, told BBC Television: "We have a new and rather exciting leader. Mrs Thatcher will make the Tory Party distinctive."
At a press conference at the House of Commons the new leader thanked her campaign team and looked forward to retaining Ted Heath and other members of the current Shadow Cabinet, though probably not in the same jobs.
Mrs Thatcher - a mother of twins married to Denis, an oil executive - put in a brief appearance at a party in Pimlico before having a working dinner with Conservative Chief Whip Humphrey Atkins in Westminster.
Former Northern Ireland Minister Willie Whitelaw was her closest challenger, but still only gained 79 votes in comparison to the 146 she polled in the second ballot of the contest.
The other candidates were Sir Geoffrey Howe, QC, and Mr Prior who each received 19 votes and John Peyton trailed in last with just 11 votes.
| Margaret Thatcher |
Guadalupe Island, in the Pacific Ocean, belongs to which country? | Lessons from the past for the losing Miliband | The Independent
UK Politics
Lessons from the past for the losing Miliband
Defeated leadership candidates either take it on the chin – or to heart. Ben Chu offers a guide for today's runner-up
Friday 24 September 2010 23:00 BST
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Lessons from the past for the losing Miliband
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John Prescott (defeated by Tony Blair in 1994)
The former merchant navy steward and trade union official came trailing in well behind Tony Blair in the leadership election held after the death of John Smith.
But Prescott was never a serious candidate. The only viable challenger to Blair would have been Gordon Brown, who decided not to run. Prescott was elected deputy leader and in 1997 was given a vast department that embraced transport, the environment, local government and housing. He punched a protester who threw an egg at him in the 2001 general election, had an affair with his secretary, and was photographed playing croquet at Dorneywood in 2006, compromising his man of the people image.
What might have been if Prescott had prevailed in 1994? If anyone was capable of snatching Labour defeat from the jaws of victory in 1997, it was surely him.
William Whitelaw (defeated by Margaret Thatcher in 1975)
Tory grandee and former Northern Ireland minister, Whitelaw had been loyal to Edward Heath and only stood in the 1975 leadership ballot after Margaret Thatcher unexpectedly beat Heath in the first round. He was crushed by Thatcher in the second round. Whitelaw went on to serve her as loyally as he had served her predecessor. Thatcher was so grateful for his support, both as Home Secretary and then as leader in the Lords, that she remarked: "Every Prime Minister needs a Willie". What if Whitelaw had won in 1975? It is possible that there would have been no Thatcherite revolution, although some sort of confrontation with the trade unions was probably inevitable. It has also been suggested that the Thatcher government became more extreme after he left her side in 1987 (after suffering a stroke).
Aneurin Bevan (defeated by Hugh Gaitskell in 1955)
The son of a Welsh miner who went down the pits himself aged 13 and rose up through the South Wales Miners' Federation. Bevan was Clement Attlee's Health Secretary in 1945, and the driving political force behind the establishment of the National Health Service. He resigned from the Government in 1951 over the introduction of prescription charges, which he felt breached the principle of health services being free at the point of use. Bevan was defeated by Hugh Gaitskell, the former Labour Chancellor in the leadership election that followed Attlee's resignation. After this defeat, Bevan went into internal opposition as leader of what became known as the "Bevanite left". If Bevan had become leader there might have been less "Butskellism" - the left-right economic consensus for managing the economy, named after the Conservative Chancellor Rab Butler and the centrist Gaitskell. He rejected unilateral nuclear disarmament at the 1957 Labour Party conference, saying that giving up nuclear weapons "would send a British Foreign Secretary naked into the conference chamber".
Denis Healey (defeated by Michael Foot in 1980)
An erudite Labour right-winger and former Chancellor, Healey was the favoured candidate of outgoing Labour leader, James Callaghan. But Labour MPs instead lurched left and elected Michael Foot by a narrow margin. Healey became deputy leader and successfully saw off a challenge for that position from the hardline left-winger Tony Benn in 1981. But Healey was marginalised and eventually stood down as deputy leader following the 1983 election defeat. Healey is often spoken of as one of the best leaders Labour never had. If he had won the leadership in 1980 there might have been no "suicide note" Labour election manifesto in 1983. But such were the left-right divisions in the Labour party during that era, that even Healey might have been unable to prevent a crisis.
George Brown (defeated by Harold Wilson in 1963)
A former trade union organiser and popular figure on the right of the party, Brown stood for a continuation of centrist economic policies after the death of Hugh Gaitskell in 1963. But he was beaten by Harold Wilson, who put Brown in charge of the new Department for Economic Affairs, intended to be a counterweight to the mighty Treasury, after Labour won the 1964 general election. Wilson's background was on the left of the party, but Labour did not take a left turn under his leadership. Wilson's great achievement was keeping his divided party together. Brown – or anyone else for that matter – would have found that an impossible job. And Brown's alcoholism and erratic behaviour would probably have made his reign much shorter than that of the man who beat him.
Enoch Powell (defeated by Ted Heath in 1964)
Brilliant scholar-politician from the Midlands. The former classics professor came a distant third in the 1964 leadership election. And he went on to have an extraordinary influence on public life.
He was appointed shadow defence secretary, but was sacked in 1968 when he delivered his anti-immigration "rivers of blood" speech. Powell"s visceral opposition to the Common Market at a time when his party was in favour of the European Economic Community also created tensions.
He left in 1974, advising voters to support anti-European Labour candidates in the general election. Powell's admirers claim his Euroscepticism was ahead of its time. They also point to his early advocacy of monetarism to present him as a proto-Thatcherite.
Michael Heseltine (defeated by John Major in 1990)
Heseltine resigned from Margaret Thatcher's Cabinet in 1986, and his leadership challenge in 1990 prompted her fall. But Heseltine was ultimately defeated by John Major in the second round of the vote. A flamboyant entrepreneur and stirring speaker, Heseltine might have won more support in the country than Major. But he would probably not have not avoided the 1992 European Exchange Rate Mechanism debacle, which destroyed the Tory reputation for economic competence. And Tory splits on Europe would have been just as damaging with this pro-European in charge.
Kenneth Clarke (defeated by William Hague in 1997)
Experienced and personable, Clarke is another dogged pro-European Tory. To make himself more acceptable to the eurosceptic Tory right, he teamed up with John Redwood in the 1997 Conservative leadership election, but to no avail. Conservative MPs chose William Hague (who was endorsed by Margaret Thatcher) and veered off to the right. Clarke's popular appeal and pragmatism might have spared the Tories 13 years of opposition, but it is likely that the party would still have been split over Europe. Clarke aimed twice more for the Tory leadership: in 2001, when he was defeated by the right-wing Iain Duncan Smith, and in 2005, when he lost out to David Cameron. He is now Justice Secretary in the Coalition and has challenged the traditional Conservative policy of locking up ever more criminals.
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In humans, what is the medical condition hypermetropia (or hyperopia) more commonly known as? | Hyperopia | definition of hyperopia by Medical dictionary
Hyperopia | definition of hyperopia by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperopia
Related to hyperopia: latent hyperopia
Hyperopia
Definition
Hyperopia (farsightedness) is the condition of the eye where incoming rays of light reach the retina before they converge into a focused image.
Description
When light goes through transparent but dense material like the materials of the eye's lens system (the lens and cornea), its velocity decreases. If the surface of the dense material is not perpendicular to the incoming light, as is the case with the curved surfaces on lenses and corneas, the direction of the light changes. The greater the curvature of the lens system, the greater the change in the direction of the light.
When parallel light rays from an object go through the lens system of the eye, they are bent so they converge at a point some distance behind the lens. With perfect vision this point of convergence, where the light rays are focused, is on the retina. This happens when the cumulative curvature of the lens plus cornea and the distance from the lens to the retina are just right for each other. The condition where the point of focus of parallel light rays from an object is behind the retina is called hyperopia. This condition exists when the combined curvature of the lens and cornea is insufficient (e.g., flatter than needed for the length of the eyeball). This condition can be equivalently described by saying hyperopia exists when the eyeball is too short for the curvature of its lens system.
There is a connection between the focusing of the lens of the eye (accommodation) and convergence of the eyes (the two eyes turning in to point at a close object). The best example is during reading. The lens accommodates to make the close-up material clear and the eyes turn in to look at the print and keep it single. Because of this connection between accommodation and convergence, if the lens needs to accommodate to focus for distance (to bring the image back onto the retina) the eyes may appear to turn in even when looking at the distance. This can cause a condition known as accommodative esotropia in children. The eyes turn in and the cause is accommodation because of hyperopia.
Causes and symptoms
Babies are generally born slightly hyperopic. This tends to decrease with age. There is normal variation in eyeball length and curvature of the lens and cornea. Some combinations of these variables give rise to eyes where the cornea is too flat for the distance between the cornea and the retina. If the hyperopia is not too severe the lens may be able to accommodate and bring the image back onto the retina. This would result in clear distance vision, but the constant focusing might result in headaches or eyestrain. If the lens cannot accommodate for the full amount of the hyperopia the distance image would be blurry.
If the eyes are focusing for distance and now the person is looking at a near object, the eyes need to accommodate further. This may result in blurry near objects or headaches during near work.
Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is a condition of the eye where incoming rays of light impinge on the retina before converging into a focused image, resulting in difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly.
(Illustration by Electronic Illustrators Group.)
Depending upon the amount of hyperopia, symptoms can range from none to clear distance vision but blurry near vision, to blurry distance and near vision. Headaches and eyestrain may also occur, particularly when doing near tasks. An eye turned in (esotropia) may be a result of hyperopia, particularly in children. However, because a turned eye may be a result of more serious causes it is very important to have it checked out.
Diagnosis
Because it is possible to have good visual acuity with some degree of hyperopia it is important to relax accommodation before the eye exam. This is done with the use of eyedrops and is called a cycloplegic exam or cycloplegic refraction. The drops relax the accommodation (thus making reading blurry until the drops wear off). Patients will usually be asked to have someone drive them home because of the blurriness. The doctor can then determine the patient's visual status with a hand-held instrument called a retinoscope and/or have the patient read from an eye chart while placing different lenses in front of the patient's eyes. Refractive error is measured in units called diopters (D).
Treatment
Edmiston, Dave. "Hyperopia." Lasikpatient.org. 〈http://www.lasikpatient.org〉.
hyperopia
[hi″per-o´pe-ah]
a defect of vision in which parallel light rays reaching the eye come to focus behind the retina, vision being better for distant objects than for near. Called also farsightedness .
Most children are born with some degree of farsightedness. As the child grows this decreases and usually disappears by the age of 8 years. If the child is excessively farsighted, however, the constant effort to focus may cause headaches and fatigue. Eyeglasses used to correct hyperopia are convex; that is, they bend the light rays toward the center, helping the lens of the eye to focus them on the retina.
Refraction and correction in hyperopia. From Ignatavicius and Workman, 2002.
hy·per·o·pi·a (H),
(hī'pĕr-ō'pē-ă),
Longsightedness; that optic condition in which only convergent rays can be brought to focus on the retina.
[hyper- + G. ōps, eye]
hyperopia
/hy·per·opia/ (hi″per-o´pe-ah) farsightedness; a visual defect in which parallel light rays reaching the eye come to a focus behind the retina, vision being better for far objects than for near. Symbol H.hypero´pic
Hyperopia.
(hī′pə-rō′pē-ə)
n.
An abnormal condition of the eye in which vision is better for distant objects than for near objects. It results from the eyeball being too short from front to back, causing images to be focused behind the retina. Also called farsightedness, hypermetropia.
hy′per·ope′ (hī′pə-rōp′) n.
hy′per·o′pic (-ō′pĭk, -ŏp′ĭk) adj.
hyperopia (h)
[-ō′pē·ə]
Etymology: Gk, hyper + ops, eye
farsightedness, or an inability of the eye to focus on nearby objects. It results from an error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye are brought into focus behind the retina. Also called farsightedness, hypermetropia, hypermetropy . Compare myopia .
Hyperopia
hyperopia
Farsightedness Ophthalmology A refractive error in which the cornea and/or lens focus images behind the retina, resulting in ↓ visual acuity for near objects, correctable with glasses or contact lenses. Cf Myopia .
hy·per·o·pi·a
(H) (hī'pĕr-ō'pē-ă)
or
longsightedness
an inability to see nearby objects clearly, due to their image being focused behind the retina because the eye lens power is insufficient for the size of eye. Compare MYOPIA .
hyperopia (H)
Refractive condition of the eye in which distant objects are focused behind the retina when the accommodation is relaxed. Thus, vision is blurred. In hyperopia, the point conjugate with the retina, that is the far point of the eye, is located behind the eye (Fig. H6). At birth the mean refractive error is a hyperopia of about +2.00 D. As the child grows into adolescence the average refraction tends towards emmetropia. The percentage of people with hyperopia increases beyond the age of 40. Syn. far sight; long sight; hypermetropia. See choroidal folds ; cornea plana ; angle-closure glaucoma ; ocular headache ; luxation of the lens ; pseudopapilloedema ; sclerocornea ; plus 1.00 D blur test.
absolute hyperopia That hyperopia which cannot be compensated for by accommodation.
acquired hyperopia Hyperopia resulting from changes in the refractive indices of the media due to either age or disease, or to surgery.
facultative hyperopia That portion of hyperopia which can be compensated for by accommodation.
latent hyperopia That portion of total hyperopia which is compensated for by the tonus of the ciliary muscle. It can be revealed wholly or partially by the use of a cycloplegic.
manifest hyperopia That portion of total hyperopia which can be determined by the strongest convex lens in a subjective routine examination while retaining the best visual acuity.
simple hyperopia Hyperopia uncomplicated by disease, trauma or astigmatism.
total hyperopia The sum of the latent and manifest hyperopia.
Fig. H6 A hyperopic eye looking at a distant axial point
Table H1 Approximate relationship between uncorrected absolute hyperopia and visual acuity
Snellen visual acuity
| Hyperopia |
Which English singer commissioned a painting of the cartoon character Spongebob Squarepants for his house in 2008? | Farsightedness: What Is Hyperopia? - American Academy of Ophthalmology
Farsightedness: What Is Hyperopia?
Reviewed by: Denise Satterfield MD
Mar. 10, 2014
Hyperopia (farsightedness), is a refractive error, which means that the eye does not bend or refract light properly to a single focus to see images clearly. In hyperopia, distant objects look somewhat clear, but close objects appear more blurred.
People experience hyperopia differently. Some people may not notice any problems with their vision, especially when they are young. For people with significant hyperopia, vision can be blurry for objects at any distance, near or far. It is an eye focusing disorder, not an eye disease.
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The Bridalveil Waterfall is in which US national park? | Waterfalls - Yosemite National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Waterfalls
Waterfalls
Waterfalls
Yosemite is home to countless waterfalls. The best time to see waterfalls is during spring, when most of the snowmelt occurs. Peak runoff typically occurs in May or June, with some waterfalls (including Yosemite Falls) often only a trickle or completely dry by August. Storms in late fall rejuvenate some of the waterfalls and all of them accumulate frost along their edges many nights during the winter.
This is not a complete list of Yosemite's waterfalls. While all but the last two of the waterfalls listed below are in Yosemite Valley, both Yosemite Valley and many other areas of the park have waterfalls both big and small.
Yosemite Falls (2,425 ft)
Flows: approximately November through July, with peak flow in May.
Look for the ice cone at the base of the upper fall during winter and for roaring runoff April through June. Yosemite Falls, one of the world's tallest, is actually made up of three separate falls: Upper Yosemite Fall (1,430 feet), the middle cascades (675 feet), and Lower Yosemite Fall (320 feet).
You can see Yosemite Falls from numerous places around Yosemite Valley, especially around Yosemite Village and Yosemite Valley Lodge (formerly Yosemite Lodge). A one-mile loop trail leads to the base of Lower Yosemite Fall (the eastern side of the loop, from the shuttle stop to the base of the waterfall, is wheelchair accessible).
It's also possible to hike to the top of Yosemite Falls as a strenuous, all-day hike ( see a list of Valley day hikes ).
Check out the Yosemite Falls webcam for a current view of the waterfall!
Sentinel Falls (about 2,000 feet)
Flows: approximately March through June, with peak flow in May.
This waterfall is located on the south side of Yosemite Valley, just west of Sentinel Rock. It is comprised of multiple cascades, which range in height from 50 - 500 feet.
You can see this waterfall from areas along Southside Drive near the Sentinel Beach Picnic Area, and near the Four Mile Trailhead. Alternatively, you can view it from across Yosemite Valley near Leidig Meadow, or while hiking the Upper Yosemite Fall Trail.
Ribbon Fall (1,612 feet)
Flows: approximately March through June, with peak flow in May.
You can see Ribbon Fall from the road as you drive into Yosemite Valley, just beyond the turn for Bridalveil Fall (parking is available in turnouts).
Horsetail Fall (1,000 feet)
Flows: approximately December through April.
Horsetail Fall is famous for appearing to be on fire when it reflects the orange glow of sunset in mid- to late-February. It falls off of the east side of El Capitan and is best seen from just east of El Capitan.
To see Horsetail Fall, park at the El Capitan picnic area (on Northside Drive west of Yosemite Valley Lodge, formerly Yosemite Lodge) or in turnouts just east of the picnic area. You can see the waterfall from the road.
Bridalveil Fall (620 feet)
Flows: all year, with peak flow in May.
This is often the first waterfall visitors see when entering Yosemite Valley. In spring, it thunders; during the rest of the year, look for its characteristic light, swaying flow.
You can see Bridalveil Fall from near the tunnels on the Wawona Road (Highway 41) or Big Oak Flat Road (Highway 120) and from a signed parking lot on your way into Yosemite Valley. You can walk to the base via a short but steep (up to 24% slope) trail in just a few minutes.
You can also hike beyond Vernal Fall to Nevada Fall on a steep trail ( see a list of Valley day hikes ).
Vernal Fall (317 feet)
Flows: all year, though by mid to late summer, it narrows and separates into one, two, or three falls as water flows decrease; peaks in late May.
You can see Vernal Fall (from a distance) at Glacier Point. The road to Glacier Point is open approximately late May through sometime in November. A wheelchair-accessible trail is available to the viewpoint when the road is open.
You can also hike to Vernal Fall on a steep trail ( see a list of Valley day hikes ).
Illilouette Fall (370 feet)
Flows: all year, with peak flow in late May.
While many hikers notice this waterfall as they're hiking toward Vernal Fall, the best place to see it is on the Panorama Trail, a few miles from Glacier Point ( see a list of Valley day hikes ). This waterfall is not visible from any road; it's only visible by hiking on steep trails.
Wapama Falls (1,400 feet)
Flows: all year, with peak flow in May.
Relatively few people visit Hetch Hetchy Valley to see this roaring waterfall. In some springs, the water from this fall flows over the footbridges near its base.
You can see this waterfall from the parking lot at O’Shaughnessy Dam or you can hike on an uneven trail to near its base ( see a list of Hetch Hetchy day hikes ).
| Yosemite National Park |
What is a three-dimensional shape with 12 plane faces called? | Bridal Veil Falls - Review of Bridalveil Falls, Yosemite National Park, CA - TripAdvisor
Review of Bridalveil Falls
Yosemite in a Day Tour from San Francisco
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Owner description: Landmark waterfall located in Yosemite.
There are newer reviews for this attraction
“Bridal Veil Falls”
Reviewed September 4, 2012
The park did not receive a lot of snow for 2012 so there were no falls at all there. All we saw was a mist. Other falls were dry also. Yosemite is a great place to visit though and we loved what we saw of it.
Visited August 2012
Ask Denise H about Bridalveil Falls
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
948 reviews from our community
Visitor rating
“Always wet”
Reviewed September 3, 2012
Bridal Veil will always have water flowing, even in a dry year. There are far vantage points from which you can see it, but, it's a fairly easy walk from the parking lot up to the base of the falls (a little steep but paved). Be smart and don't go climbing up the wet rocks; people have been badly hurt or killed in falls in Yosemite. Lovely place to sit for a few min but there will be a lot of people and some of them don't appreciate quiet contemplation.
Visited August 2012
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Kitten, Spool, Wedge and Cone are all types of what? | The Complete Guide to Buying Heels | eBay
The Complete Guide to Buying Heels
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March 3, 2016
High heels have been worn for centuries. They are popular for making a woman's legs look long and slender as well as creating a classy, formal look. These shoes are defined as having a heel that is notably thicker or taller than the sole on the rest of the shoe, or as a sole that is designed to add height to the wearer, such as a platform shoe. Heels have several different variations of types and designs that vary in comfort and style. This guide will go over the different types, styles, and comfort levels of each heel, therefore, making the buying process easier.
History of High Heels
High heels originated in Egypt around 3,500 B.C. Murals that were painted on walls depicted the higher-class citizens wearing heels during ceremonies and events. High heels were not just used for fashion or symbolic purposes, though. The Egyptian butchers also wore high heels so that they could walk through the slime and blood that spilled onto the floor.
In Greece, citizens wore platform sandals called kothorni, which were later called buskins during the Renaissance period. In the ancient Greek plays, heels symbolized the different social statuses. The higher heels represented the upper-class and the lower heels or barefooted actors were representing the lower-class citizens. In Rome, heels had quite the opposite symbolism. Roman prostitutes were easily identified by their high heels.
In the 15th century, platform shoes from seven to thirty inches tall became popular and this trend lasted until the mid-17th century. These extremely tall shoes were called chopines. The chopines were overshoes. They attached to regular shoes to keep the wearers out of the dirt and mud. The shoes were so tall that women had to walk with the assistance of a cane or a servant. Chopines were a symbol of status and wealth in Europe and were often ridiculed for their impractical height.
Types of Heels
Heels come in several shapes and sizes. A typical high heel is two to five inches tall and is a spike, platform, or wedge. Each one has different advantages and disadvantage which are listed in the chart below:
Heel
Cone Heels
Cone heels come in all heights from short to tall. The heels are wider where they meet the sole and then narrow as they go down. They are slightly more comfortable than the stilettos because there is more support for the heels of the feet but they still offer no stabilization.
Stiletto Heels
Stilettos feature long, thin heels that are between two to ten inches high. They are generally not comfortable because the heels are so narrow that it provides no stabilization. The wearer is forced to place all of her weight onto her toes. Stilettos are popular for making legs look long and toned.
Wedge Heels
Wedge heels range from one and half to six inches tall. The heels are not separate from the rest of the sole as they are all one piece. They provide more support for feet and a little bit more stabilization than heels that are separated from the soul.
Wedge, platform, kitten, and spool heals are the best options when standing or walking for longer periods of time. All of the heels can be on shoes that are formal or informal so they can all be worn for any occasion.
Types of High Heeled Shoes
There are many different types of shoes that have high heels. They range from formal to informal and some of the shoes have several different styles within themselves.
Type of Shoe
Slingbacks
Slingbacks have thin straps over the toes and a single strap that goes behind the heels of the feet. Usually slingbacks have stiletto heels.
Each type of high heeled shoe can be informal or formal by simply changing the materials and the embellishments. For example, a shoe with a flower on it may look more formal than the same shoe without the flower.
Comfort
High heels can be very uncomfortable, especially when walking long distances or standing for a long time. Before and after shopping for high heels there are a few things that will help ensure that the footwear is as comfortable as possible.
Before Shopping
First, it is important to get the right shoe size. While this may seem like an obvious statement, most people are unaware that feet continue to get larger with age. They can grow either wider or longer. Pregnancy is also known to cause feet to grow. It is a good idea to get feet measured on a yearly basis to ensure a proper fit. When measuring, the distance of the big toe from the front of the shoe should be about a thumb's width.
Second, choose wider toed shoes. Certain styles of shoes are more uncomfortable than others are. Rounded toes are far less harsh on the feet than pointy toed shoes. Pointy toed shoes push the big toe inward and can cause things such as deformed toes, back pain, or bunions. Rounded toe shoes allow enough room for the toes to stay in their natural position when inside the shoe.
Third, downsize the heel. More heel equals more pain. While five inch stilettos may make legs look good, they strain the ankles, knees, hips, and back. A more reasonably sized heel will mean more comfort and less damage to the body.
Fourth, make sure the shoes are the right width. People with narrow feet cannot wear regular width shoes. Even if it doesn't feel like their feet are sliding around inside, there is still a lack of support. It can result in a lot of foot, knee, and back injury. Alternatively, those with wide feet will experience cut-off circulation problems and a pain if shoes are too narrow.
After Shopping
First, get inserts. High heels are known for not having a lot of padding. The lack of cushion in the shoes can start causing pain instantly and make it impossible to walk or stand for long periods of time. Nearly any kind of high heel can have an insert put into it. There are inserts that are soft and jelly-like so they contour to the shape of the shoes even if they are stilettos.
Second, rotate shoes. There is no debating that high heels are rough on feet. Wearing the same pair of high heels for several days can cause unnecessary pain or discomfort. Rotating between different high heels and flat shoes will help keep feet more comfortable when they are in the shoes.
Finding Heels on eBay
Heels can be found at department and discount stores as well as shoe sellers. They are also available directly from the manufacturers on websites. Another option that many women select is buying on eBay. You will find a very large selection of every type of shoe and style on eBay. To start browsing, simply click on the Categories tab. After that, click on Clothing, Shoes and Accessories and then on the Women drop-down menu. From there, you can select Shoes , and then Heels . This area allows you to shop by the heel height, shoe size, brand, color, condition, and price.
Conclusion
This guide has covered the types of heels, the types of high heel shoes, and how to wear them comfortably. It has also discussed shopping on eBay as a way many women find their next pair of heels. Combining all of this information will make the process of finding the perfect high heels much faster and yield satisfactory results.
High heels can be worn for every occasion whether casual or classy. eBay has such an abundant selection that it is easy to find shoes that go with any clothing style. They are versatile and can be worn in any season or weather condition. Heels are also capable of taking even the blandest outfit and turning it into a fashion statement.
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| Heel |
What is the name of Alan Alda’s character in the US tv series M*A*S*H? | 18 Types Of Heels You Need To Know About - Minq.com
Minq.com
Seven Ways to Style a Denim Skirt
Heels are fun but more than that; for almost every woman, they are essential. The purpose of heels is not to make you look taller but give you confidence and elegance. You may or may not realize that there are a huge variety of heels. Read on to deduce which style is perfect for your next outing.
1. Stilettos
These are the highest heels you will find, reaching up to 8". You might have to work hard to master how to walk in stilettos, but once you do, there is no turning back. Stilettos can instill amazing confidence in you, but aren't fun to walk in, so wear them when you need to feel powerful in a situation where you don't move around too much.
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Irish actress Mrs Dorothea Jordan was the mistress of which British monarch? | Top 10 Philandering English Monarchs - Listverse
Top 10 Philandering English Monarchs
Kiri Derrick
April 21, 2011
In celebration of the upcoming royal wedding I have prepared a list to celebrate another British royal tradition – the mistress. Mistresses have been recognized since written history began. Traditionally a mistress was a woman who was kept, as a lover, by a man who could afford to maintain her lifestyle, the better the mistress the more costly the upkeep. Young women, and often their families, would work to attract the richest and most powerful lovers for the money and status that came with him. Usually this was outside of the mans marriage, but often the wife was aware of the mistress and accepted her presence as the social norm. This does not include women who may have spent a night with a king, but any woman who was kept as a mistress for any length of time. This list will look at 10 of the most prolific philandering English Monarchs and the women they kept.
10
William IV
1 Mistress
William IV was king of the United Kingdom for 20 years, but while he was Duke of Clarence he lived with his mistress, an Irish actress named Dorothea Jordan . They never married as they needed permission from the king in order to have a legitimate wedding. They were said to be very much in love and together they had 10 children George FitzClarence 1st Earl of Munster (1794), Henry Edward (1795), Sophia Sidney Baroness De L’Isle and Dudley (1796), Lady Mary Fox (1798), Lieutenant General Lord Frederick FitzClarence (1799), Elizabeth Hay Countess of Erroll (1801), Rear-Admiral Lord Adolphus FitzClarence (1802), Lady Augusta Hallyburton (1803), Lord Augustus FitzClarence (1805) and Amelia Cary Viscountess Falkland (1807). The relationship ended badly in 1811, Dorothea claimed that the split was due to money problems. The surname FitzClarence come from FitzRoy, an Anglo-Norman name meaning “son of the king”. Different versions of this name were used by many royals as a surname for their illegitimate children.
9
George I
2 Mistresses
George I came to Britain from Hanover in 1714, after he inherited the throne, and with him he brought his two long-established mistresses. He had divorced his wife Sophia Dorothea of Celle in 1694, and had her imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the rest of her life, after a scandalous affair. Her lover, Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, disappeared one morning never to be seen again, and years later two men confessed that George had paid them to kill him and dump his body in a river. His first mistress was Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, nicknamed “The Maypole” because she was so thin. Together they had three Illegitimate children: Anna Luise Sophie von der Schulenburg Countess of Dölitz (1692), Melusina von der Schulenburg Countess of Walsingham (1693) and Margaret Gertrude von der Schulenburg, Countess of Oeynhausen (1701). After Georges death she kept a pet raven which she believed was George’s re-incarnated soul. George’s second mistress, Sophia von Kielmansegg, was nicknamed “The Elephant” due to her portly size. In European royalty inbreeding was prolific as families struggled to keep their wealth and power, however this was usually a match between cousins. Sophia was actually George’s illegitimate half-sister as they were both children of Ernest Augustus Elector of Hanover. Sophia’s family have denied she slept with George, but it was common knowledge at British court she was his mistress. Both women were George’s mistresses until his death, in 1727.
8
Edward VIII
3 Mistresses
Edward VIII is said to have been quite promiscuous during his youth, and had many affairs with married women, but most of the reports of this are hearsay and very difficult to verify. He had 3 official mistresses, which puts him quite low on this list. Edward met Winifred Dudley Ward, a wealthy socialite, in 1918 at a dinner party, and for the next sixteen years Freda was Edward’s mistress. There is speculation that her son Timothy Ward Seely is actually Edwards illegitimate son, although this remains unproven. When Edward met Viscountess Thelma Furnessin in 1929, he was smitten. Like Freda she was an attractive and wealthy socialite, and along with Freda she was Edwards mistress for the next 5 years. Then, in 1934 both Freda and Thelma found themselves very suddenly replaced by an American divorcee, Wallis Simpson. Edward had meet Wallis at a party thrown by Thelma, and by 1934 she was firmly in control. In 1936, Edward was King and Wallis had divorced her second husband, however they couldn’t marry due to constitutional laws governing royal marriages. Edward was determined, though, and less than a year after becoming king he abdicated and left to live in exile so he could marry Wallis. For what its worth, they lived out the rest of their lives happily ever after.
7
Henry II
6 Mistresses
Henry II was notorious for his illicit relations with other men’s wives, and for having several illegitimate children. However, few records containing information about them have survived, and only records about the most infamous mistresses would have been written to start with. Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the same year Henry’s first recorded illegitimate son, Geoffrey Plantagenet Archbishop of York was born, details of his mother are unclear but her name is believed to have been Ykenai. Henry fell deeply in love in 1163, when he met Rosamund Clifford: there are lots of legends surrounding Rosamund so it is difficult to pick the truth from the folklore. There is some belief that she had at least one child by Henry, what is clear though is that the affair lasted until 1176, shortly before she died. After Rosamund’s death, Henry helped pay for her burial and tomb, which most people take as a proof of his true affection for her. To strengthen their alliance, Louis VII of France sent his 8 year old daughter, Alys Countess of the Vexin (1160), to England to marry Henry’s legitimate son, and heir, Richard I of England. Richard married Berengaria of Navarre in 1191, by this time Alys was already his fathers mistress, she is also thought to have had a child by Henry. In 1175, Matilda Abbess of Barking was born, the name of her mother has unfortunately been lost to time, and less than a year after Matilda’s birth William Longespée 3rd Earl of Salisbury was born. He was Henry’s son by Ida de Toesny, Countess of Norfolk and the wife of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. Henry also had a son by Lady Nesta Bloet, the wife of Sir Ralph Bloet, and Morgan would later become the Bishop of Durham.
6
George IV
8 Mistresses
In 1795, George IV was married to Caroline of Brunswick in a purely politically arranged marriage which was doomed from the outset. In 1796, their only child, Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, was born and shortly after that they were living completely separate lives. George had been keeping mistresses since 1779, when he met Mary Robinson while she was performing in a play. He offered her twenty thousand pounds if she would become his mistress. George had tired of her within a year, and dumped her without paying her. The affair had ruined her reputation and she wasn’t able to find work, so she threatened to sell some of his love letters to a newspaper, and he agreed to pay her a small pension. Two years later, George began an affair with Grace Dalrymple Elliott, again it was a short affair which was kept quiet, but within a year Grace had a daughter, Georgina Seymour. George acknowledged the child and she was baptized as Georgina Frederica Augusta Elliott, Daughter of His Royal Highness George, Prince of Wales. There was speculation that the child was not George’s as she resembled another of her mothers lovers. Grace didn’t last much longer as a mistress, but she did manage to survive the French revolution, despite being jailed and sentenced to death by guillotine.
In 1784, Lady Elizabeth Lamb Viscountess Melbourne had a son, George Lamb. At the time, she was George’s mistress but her husband took responsibility for the child. That same year George meet his longest lasting mistress, Maria Fitzherbert. He fell madly in love with her and they married in 1785. The marriage was not legally valid under the Royal Marriages Act, but George and Maria lived together through his legitimate marriage to Caroline, until 1811. During these years George did acknowledge illegitimate children with other women, and although she officially had no children, in Maria’s will she refers to her two daughters, Mary Ann Stafford-Jerningham and Mary Georgina Emma Dawson-Damer. It is possible they were her illegitimate children with George, hidden and raised by close family and friends to avoid any more scandal. Next to catch George’s eye was Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, and by 1794 she had managed to lure George away from Maria. For a few years she took control of the household, however her place as favorite mistress didn’t last and he had soon moved on to Lady Hertford. Isabella Anne Ingram Seymour Conway, Marchioness of Hertford, became George’s mistress in 1807, despite her husband trying to keep George away from her. Isabella was the one to first influence George towards the Tory political party, but as with most of George’s mistresses he tired of her and, in 1819, he had a new interest. Marchioness Elizabeth Conyngham was considered very beautiful, but looked down upon by her peers due to the common birth of her mother. Her husband was not very well connected, and she became a courtesan to men of wealth and power in the hope of gaining her family favor. She began her affair with George around 1819, and her plan quickly proved successful: her husband was made a Marquess and a member of the Privy Council. The affair continued right up until Georges sudden death, in 1830, after which Elizabeth moved to Paris and refused all of the jewelry and gifts George had left her in his will.
5
Henry I
9+ Mistresses
Henry I has the distinction of having the most recognized illegitimate children of any English king, with more than 20 to his name. A lot of the documents have been destroyed in the centuries since Henry lived, which, when combined with the low literacy levels during this era, makes it not surprising that details have been lost. The main issue, though, is that women where not considered important enough to be written about, and most of the information on these women comes from what was written about their husbands or children. We do know Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1090), is probably Henry’s first illegitimate child, and his mother was most likely one of Rainald Gay’s daughters. Henry next illegitimate son was Gilbert FitzRoy, and we know he died sometime after 1142 and that his mother may have been one of Walter de Gand’s sisters. With a mistress, known only as Edith, Henry had a daughter, Matilda du Perche, in 1086. Matilda married Count Rotrou III of Perche, and died in the shipwreck of the White Ship in 1120. Henrys next son, Henry Fitzroy (1103), was the child of Princess Nest Ferch Rhys (1073). She was later married off to Gerald de Windsor. Nest is said to have been remarkably beautiful, and was even kidnapped by her cousin, Owain, after he fell in love with her. With Ansfride of Seacourt (1070) Henry had three children, Juliane de Fontevrault (1090), Fulk FitzRoy (1092) and Richard of Lincoln (1094). Juliane de Fontevrault once tried to kill her father with a crossbow. Henry kidnapped a rebellious nobles son, so the noble kidnapped Henrys granddaughters (Juliane’s daughters). They tried to negotiate peace and agreed to call it a truce and swap hostages. Henry wanted to humiliate the noble so he blinded his son before returning him, and in retaliation the noble mutilated his young granddaughters by blinding them and cutting their nose’s off.
With Edith FitzForne he fathered two children, Robert FitzEdith Lord Okehampton (1093) and Adeliza FitzEdith. Henry also fathered a son in 1087, William de Tracy, with Gieva de Tracy (1064). Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester (1077) was married but, as with many others on this list, that didn’t stop Henry. Together they had at least 2 children, Sybilla de Normandy and Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall. Three of Henrys other children may have also been Sybilla’s, William Constable (1105), Gundred of England (1114) and Rohese of England (1114). Isabel de Beaumont (1102) was the wife of the 1st Earl of Pembroke. With Henry she had two children, Isabel Hedwig of England and Matilda FitzRoy, Abbess of Montvilliers. Henry has other illegitimate children who can’t be definitively connected to any one mistress. Henry was a clever man, and used his illegitimate children to secure his position. He made his sons nobles and gave them land, and he married his daughters off to men he wanted to keep as allies. Some of his illegitimate children include Maud FitzRoy (1901), wife to Conan III Duke of Brittany, Constance FitzRoy (1110) married to Richard Viscount de Beaumont, Mabel FitzRoy was married to William III Gouet, Aline FitzRoy wife of Matthieu I of Montmorency, Elizabeth of England married Fergus of Galloway and Emma married Guy de Laval IV.
4
Edward VII
9+ Mistresses
Edward VII was notorious for his infidelities, he managed to carry out each affair in a discreet manner, and as such no one is entirely sure how many mistresses he had. There is some speculation that it could have been up to 55, though there is no clear evidence of how far each relationship went. His wife, Queen Alexandra, whom he married in 1862, is believed to have been aware of many of his affairs and, for the most part, to have accepted them. It was normal during the Victorian era for married woman of good standing to become mistress to men of higher social standing, with her husband’s knowledge, to advance the couple socially or politically. In 1864, after her husbands death, Lady Susan Pelham-Clinton began a short affair with Edward. Allegedly, Susan had Edwards’s illegitimate child in 1871, and a letter written to Edward by one of Susan’s friends states that “the crisis was due within two or three months” nothing further is known about this child, though. Lillie Langtry was a renowned beauty known as Jersey Lily, and in 1877 Edward arranged to sit next to Lillie at a dinner party. She soon became his mistress and a friend of Queen Alexandra. It was a short affair and cooled off after the arrival of Sarah Bernhardt. Sarah was a stage and film actress who had already had a son by Belgian Prince Charles-Joseph Eugène Henri Georges Lamoral de Ligne. She would often sleep in a coffin, as she claimed this helped her understand tragic roles. From 1879, she was Edwards mistress, and like most of his affairs, this was brief and kept as secret as possible.
The next woman to be kept by Edward was Lady Jeanette Churchill, mother of English Prime Minister Winston Churchill. She was considered to be very beautiful and was married to Lord Randolph Churchill. It was after the birth of her sons that the affair began. Lady Churchill and Queen Alexandra became friends, despite the affair, and enjoyed spending time in each others company. After Lady Churchill was Hortense Schneider, a French soprano and a star of the operetta. It was through the operetta that Hortense met Edward, little is know of this affair as Edward was discreet but Hortense earned herself the nickname “Le Passage des Princes”. Daisy Greville Countess of Warwick, an illegitimate descendant of King Charles II, was a courtesan to Edward. She was also having an affair with Lord Charles Beresford. Her letters from the time show that she genuinely cared for Lord Beresford, and when Edward discovered this affair he was enraged and the dispute had to be resolved by the Prime minister.
In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt 10th Baronet, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce from Harriet Sarah Moncreiffe. Edward was called as a witness in the case as Edward had visited the Mordaunts house while Sir Charles was away. Edward denied the rumors of adultery, and nothing could be proven, but this was damaging to his reputation. From 1899, up until his death in 1910, Agnes Keyser was Edwards mistress, making her one of Edwards longest mistresses. Together with her sister, Fanny, she converted their home into a hospital for officers returning from the Boer War. Edward was the hospitals first patron and, although it has moved location, it is still running today as King Edward VII’s Hospital for Officers. As well as Agnes, Edward also kept Alice Keppel, a society lady married to the son of the 7th Earl of Albemarle. She was a popular mistress to men of power due to her discretion, and took many lovers to help increase her standing in society, all with her husband’s knowledge. In 1898, she began an affair with Edward, despite being nearly 30 years his junior, which lasted right up till the monarch’s death. Alice was the great-grandmother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.
Edward would also frequent Le Chabanais, one of the most luxurious brothels in Paris. There he had his own room with his coat of arms above the bed, a special bath tub in which he could bathe in champagne with the prostitutes, and even a special chair designed and made for his visits. It was here that he encountered Giulia Barucci, an employee of Le Chabanais, who became another of his mistresses. Edward is also said to have enjoyed the company of Cora Pearl and Caroline “La Belle” Otero during his numerous visits to the brothel.
3
Henry VIII
10 Mistresses
Henry VIII’s libido is legendary, so you might be surprised to find he is only number 3 on my top 10. On 11 June, 1509, he was married to his first wife Catherine of Aragon, the young widow of his older brother King Arthur. Catherine was pregnant at least 5 times, with only Mary I surviving infancy. Henry’s first mistress was Anne Stafford Countess of Huntingdon in 1510, a year after he married Queen Catherine. When discovered, this affair caused a scandal and resulted in Anne being sent to a convent by her husband. Jane Popincourt was his second mistress, in 1514, she was his sister’s tutor, and was rumoured to be so promiscuous that even the French king wouldn’t allow her into his court. Next was Elizabeth Blount: this affair was less discreet and the attention he gave her even upset Catherine, Henry’s wife. Elizabeth gave birth in the spring of 1519: the boy was the first son of the king and named Henry FitzRoy. Elizabeth was married off to the 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme, who was one of Henry’s courtiers and Member of Parliament. It was around this time Henry had at least 3 other illegitimate children, Thomas Stukley in 1520 by Jane Stukley, Etheldreda Malte in 1527 by Joan Dingley and John Perrot in 1528 by Mary Perrot. The King’s next official mistress Mary Boleyn, was known as a courtesan: King Francis I of France described her as “a great prostitute, infamous above all.” Mary was married to Sir William Carey who was compliant due to the status and favor it afforded him. Both of Mary’s children, Catherine (1524) and Henry Carey 1st Baron Hunsdon (1526), were Henry’s illegitimate offspring. Henry soon tired of his mistress and Mary was sent to live with her husband in the country.
Henry’s next mistress was Mary’s younger sister, Anne. Henry had started proceedings for his divorce from Catherine of Aragon as she was now barren and couldn’t give him a male heir. Henry desperately wanted a legitimate son to provide stability for the country and avoid another civil war. Anne refused to sleep with Henry unless he married her, so, six years later on 25 January, 1533, that’s what Henry did. As the pope wouldn’t grant him a divorce, Henry declared himself the head of the church in England, and split from Catholicism starting hundreds of years of religious wars. Henry and Anne went on to have a daughter who would become Queen Elizabeth. Anne was pregnant at least 4 more times but these resulted in miscarriages or still births. While Anne was pregnant Henry took other mistresses, including Mary Shelton, who was Anne’s cousin, and Jane Seymour. After Anne’s final miscarriage, Henry had her executed on unfounded charges of treason and incest. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, who provided him with the son he desired, however she died shortly after childbirth. She was the only one of Henry’s 6 wives to receive a queen’s funeral, and she is buried next to him in St Georges Chapel at Windsor castle. As far as records show, he didn’t have another official mistress after this. However, he did go on to marry Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr.
2
James II
11 Mistresses
James II was a prolific philanderer, even rivaling his brother Charles II, with most reports putting the number at around eleven official mistresses. James had unusual tastes in women: while other men of his time followed the baroque model of heavy-set, voluptuous women, James was attracted to young slim teens. In 1659, James seduced Anne Hyde who was Maid of Honor to his sister, Princess Mary, while they were living in exile in Europe after the English civil war. Charles II forced James to marry Anne, despite her unattractiveness, after she was found to be pregnant by James. So his first mistress became his wife. Anne and James went on to have 8 children, 6 of whom died in infancy, with only two surviving: Mary, 1662 and Anne, 1665. James’s longest-lasting mistress was Arabella Churchill, an ancestor of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Their affair began in 1665, when she was 17, around the time that Arabella became Queen Anne’s lady-in-waiting. Arabella and James had four illegitimate children together, Henrietta 1667, James 1st Duke of Berwick 1670, Henry 1st Duke of Albemarle 1673 and Arabella FitzJames 1674, and after the birth of their final child Arabella was married off, as well. Queen Anne died in 1671, probably of breast cancer, 7 weeks after the birth of her youngest child, Catherine, who died at 10 months old. Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, was the mistress of King James II before he came to the throne.
Following pressure from the church and catholic officials, after he was crowned James “retired” Catherine. He moved her out of Whitehall but he doubled her allowance as compensation, within the year James had changed his mind and they were meeting again. Their son James Darnley was born in 1684, he sadly died the next year, she also bore James a daughter, Lady Catherine Darnley, her birth was around 1681 and she married the 3rd Earl of Anglesey. In 1686, Catherine was awarded Countess of Dorchester for life, though this caused much anger at court and as a result Catherine went to stay in Ireland while the scandal blew over. Most of James’s other liaisons were short-lived affairs with women he met at court. Lady Anne Carnegie, Countess of Southesk, was the wife of the 3rd Earl of Southesk and the daughter of Daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, and also one of James’s many mistresses. During 1662, Elizabeth Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, was said to have been caught “in flagrante” with James. This lead to some speculation as to whom the father of her daughter Lady Elizabeth Stanhope, born 1663, was. After Lady Chesterfield was Mary “Moll” Kirke, daughter of George Kirke and later Lady Vernon, wife of the 2nd Baron of Hodnet. She was another of the Queens maids of honor and another of James’s mistresses. Following his first wife’s death, James proposed to his mistress, the 17-year-old widow Lady Susanna Baroness of Belasyse, daughter of the 2nd Baron of Airmine. James was forced to choose a more suitable wife, but Susanna was given a life peerage and made a baroness. James was also known to have had an affair with Goditha Price, daughter of the 1st Baronet of the Priory. James’ next interest was Lady Elizabeth Denham, wife of the poet Sir John Denham. Followed by a very short lived affair with Lady Jane Middleton. James was only king from 1685, when his brother died without a legitimate heir, to 1688 when his daughter Mary and her husband William led a revolution and overthrew him.
1
Charles II
14 Mistresses
Charles II may be the most notorious womanizer of the English Kings, with reason. He often had multiple mistresses, both noble and common. Charles had fourteen acknowledged illegitimate children, but no legitimate heir with his wife Catherine. His first recorded mistress was Lucy Walter, a well known courtesan, their affair began in the mid 1640’s and by 1649 Lucy gave birth to James Scott 1st Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles illegitimate children. After Charles’s death, James would try to succeed him by claiming his parents had married in secret, he had no evidence to support this and his rebellion failed. From 1648 to 1660, Charles was living in exile after the English revolution, and during this time he and Elizabeth Killigrew Viscountess Shannon, a maid-of-honor to his mother, had a very brief affair, and in 1650 she had his daughter, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy. While exiled, Charles also began an affair with Catherine Pegge and, in 1657, she gave birth to Charles FitzCharles 1st Earl of Plymouth, followed by a daughter Catherine FitzCharles. Catherine’s position did not last long, and in 1667 she was married off to Sir Edward Greene. Next to catch Charles’s eye was Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, a renowned courtesan of her day. They began their affair in 1660, and she quickly gained a reputation for her greed, extravagance and foul temper. Barbara and Charles had 5 children together between 1661 and 1665, Anne Countess of Sussex, Charles 2nd Duke of Cleveland, Henry 1st Duke of Grafton, Charlotte Countess of Lichfield and George 1st Duke of Northumberland. Through her son Henry, Barbara is an ancestor of the late Princess Diana.
Winifred Wells was a Maid of Honor to Queen Catherine and, from 1662, she was also Charles mistress, though she never gained much favor or power. Samuel Pepys wrote in 1662 that Winifred “dropped a child during a court ball held on 31 December” this child was allegedly the kings, but never officially recognised. In 1673, after Charles lost interest, she was married to Thomas Wyndham. Frances Stewart was a maid of honor at Charles and Catherine’s wedding in 1663, and then a lady-in-waiting. Legend has it that Frances refused to sleep with the king unless he married her, however there is strong evidence that Frances and Charles had a daughter, Rebecca Stuart, but she was kept secret to protect Frances’s reputation. Frances realised that the only thing she would ever be to Charles was a mistress, so she eloped with the Duke of Richmond, leaving Charles heart broken. Mary Davis was an actress and courtesan who began her affair with Charles in 1667, in 1669 she gave birth to Charles’ daughter Lady Mary Tudor. Shortly after this, Charles lost interest in Mary, possibly due to his new mistress, and Mary’s main rival for the last year, Nell Gwyn. Born to a poor family, Nell started working as an actress at age 14. After gaining some fame she went on to become a mistress and started her affair with Charles in 1668. Nell and Charles had two sons, Charles in 1670 and James in 1671, they stayed friends until Charles death in 1685. After Nell came Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille Duchess of Portsmouth, she was born into aristocracy and was placed into Henrietta Stuart’s household in the hopes she would attract the attention of royalty. Around 1670, she attracted Charles and in 1672 their child, Charles Lennox 1st Duke of Richmond, was born. Louise influenced Charles in favor of France in matters of state, this earned her the hatred of the English. Sarah, Duchess of York, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall and Princess Diana are all descendants of Louise and Charles.
Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin, escaped a failed marriage and spent many years in Europe as a courtesan to men of nobility who could afford to keep her. By 1676, she had succeeded in replacing Louise as Charles’s favored mistress. Hortense quickly fell from favor, she was in a lesbian relationship with Anne Fitzroy, Charles daughter with Barbara Palmer. This ended when Anne’s husband sent her to the country after Hortense and Anne had a public fencing match in St James Park wearing only nightgowns. She was also having an affair with Louis I Prince of Monaco, and when Charles found out he cut off her allowance. Although he gave in after a few days, this was the beginning of the end of Hortense’s position. She and Charles remained friends, and Barbara Palmer became favorite once again. Little information is known of his other mistresses: they included Jane Roberts who was the daughter of a clergyman, Mrs Knight a famous singer, Elizabeth Berkeley Dowager Countess of Falmouth and Christabella Wyndham, the royal nurse who had once been Charles’s wet nurse. There are also many other unofficial reports of mistresses including Countess Elizabeth Fitzgerald, the second wife of the 18th earl of Kildare and Lady Mary Sackville of Dorset. Interestingly, it is alleged that Charles fathered James de la Cloche in 1646 by Lady Marguerite de Carteret. Reportedly, Charles II recognized him in secret in 1665, and granted him £500 a year, as long as he would stay in London and as an Anglican, however this remains unproven.
+
Charles, Prince of Wales
Charles misses out on a spot in my list as he is the current Prince of Wales and heir to the throne, and only Monarchs are allowed on the list, but he deserves a special mention for his stupidity. Charles married Diana Spencer in 1981, as far as we can tell Charles was not in love with Diana but he had decided she would make a proper royal bride and was suitable for the job. Diana was extremely popular with the public and earned the nickname “the Queen of Hearts”. Within a few years, the marriage was on the rocks and they divorced in 1996, in no small part due to Camilla. Camilla Parker Bowles was one of Charles’s early girlfriends and a descendant of Edward VII and Alice Keppel. They were romantically involved on and off from the 1970’s, however Charles believed she was not a suitable royal bride. Allegedly, they began an affair in the 1980’s and this was the main cause of strain on his and Diana’s relationship. This created very bad publicity for Charles, and Camilla was resented by the public. Even after the divorce Charles couldn’t marry Camilla because of public opposition. After nearly ten years, they received permission to marry from the Queen, however she didn’t attend her son’s wedding. Why he didn’t just marry Camilla in the first place is a mystery.
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British Monarchy Family History
The Royal House Of Hanover
The Royal House of Hanover was the ruling royal house of Great Britain and Ireland for one hundred and eighty seven years from 1714 - 1901, by way of six monarchs.
King George I came to the throne upon the death of the Royal House of Stuart monarch Queen Anne in 1714 as he was the late queen's closest Protestant relative through his mother Queen Sophie, who was the grand daughter of King James I of England by way of her mother Elisabeth of Bohemia.
GEORGE I
George was born on the 28th of May 1660 in Hanover in Germany, which at that time was part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the oldest child of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover and his wife Countess Sophie of Rhineland - Palatine. He came to the British throne after the death of his cousin, the last Stuart monarch, Queen Anne.
King George was crowned at Westminster Abbey on the 20th of October 1714 at the age of fifty and was not particularly liked or welcomed by the British people, probably for no other reason than he was a foreigner. It was believed that he did not speak very good English, although records show that he did have a good understanding of the language. However, his lack of English did go on to see a diminishing of the monarchy and more power and control given to the government, which, by the time of his death in 1727, had left full power of the running of the country to Robert Walpole, Great Britain's very first Prime Minister.
King George's reign also brought about the Jacobite Rebellions (1715 - 1746) - a series of uprisings and rebellions aimed at restoring the Royal House of Stuart to the throne of Britain - an act designed to replace him with the former Queen Anne's half brother James Francis Edward Stuart, an act that failed mainly due to the Stuart's Catholicism.
On a personal level George is best remembered for his long running feud with his only son, the future King George II.
King George died whilst on a visit to his native Germany on the 11th of June 1727 at Osnabruck. He is buried at the Herrenhausen in Hanover, Germany.
SOPHIA DOROTHEA OF CELLE
In 1682, by way of an arranged marriage of state, George married Sophia Dorothea of Celle (1666 - 1726) on the 22nd of November 1682 in Celle, Germany.
Sophia Dorothea was born on the 15th of September 1666 in Celle, Germany and was the daughter of George William, Duke of Brunswick - Luneburg and his long term mistress, Eleonore d'Esmier d'Olbreuse.
Sophia Dorothea is best remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Konigsmarck, which when found out, resulted in her spending the last thirty years of her life incarcerated in the Castle of Ahlden in her native Celle, where she was denied any contact with her children ever again.
She died from liver failure brought on by gall stones on the 13th of November 1726 and was later interred at the Stadtkirche in Celle, Germany.
Her lover was apparently murdered by order of the King, but this has never been verified.
Before her affair and subsequent divorce and incarceration, their union had produced two heirs one of which would become the King of England and the other would become the Queen of Prussia.
George II of Great Britain - (1683 - 1760) - Married Caroline of Brandenburg - Ansbach, a union which produced nine children, one of which would become the future Queen of Denmark and another would become the future Princess of Orange.
Sophia - (1687 - 1757) - Sophia married Fredrick William I of Prussia, making her Queen of Prussia and Electress of Brandenburg. Their union produced ten children, including the future King Fredrick II of Prussia and the future Queen Louise Ulrika of Sweden.
EHRENGARD MELUSINE VON DER SCHULENBURG
After his divorce in 1694 George began the first of two long term affairs.
His first mistress was Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, a former lady in waiting to his mother the Electress Sophia.
In 1716 Melusine moved to London to be with George and straight away he created a life peerage for her by way of the titles the Duchess of Munster, Marchioness of Dungannon, Countess of Dungannon and Baroness Dundalk. In 1719 he further created the titles of Duchess of Kendal, Countess of Faversham and Baroness Glastonbury for her. After George's divorce Melusine was considered to be queen in all but name, some even suspect that he had secretly married her sometime in 1716, hence the many titles he had bestowed upon her.
During their thirty three year long affair Melusine bore George three Illegitimate daughters, they were -
Anna Louise - (1692 - 1773). She married Ernst von Busscheippenberg in 1707. There were no children from this union and they divorced in 1714.
Petronella Melusina - (1693 - 1778). She married Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfirld (1694 - 1773) in 1733. This union produced no heirs.
Margarethe Gertrude - (1701 - 1726). She married Albrecht, Count of Schaumburg (1699 - 1748) in 1722 and produced two sons before her death in 1726.They were George (1722 - 1742) and Wilhelm (1724 - 1777).
SOPHIA VON KIELMANSEGG
George's second mistress was courtier Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Darlington (1675 - 1725) with whom he had a very controversial thirty year long affair, as Sophia was actually George’s illegitimate half sister.
They were both the children of Ernest Augustus, the Elector of Hanover, with Sophia's mother being the German noblewoman Clara Elisabeth von Meysenberg, the Baroness of Platen and Hellermund, with whom the Elector had conducted a five year affair with during the 1670s.
Although Sophia’s family have always denied that she was sleeping with George, it was in fact common knowledge at the British court that they were lovers. It is not believed that George and Sophia had any children together although Sophia did have five children with her husband Johan, Baron von Kielmansegg (1668 - 1717), whom she married in 1701, so it's hard to say who the fathers of her children actually were.
GEORGE II
King George II came to the throne upon the death of his father in 1727. He was the eldest and only son of King George I and his wife Sophia Dorothea and was born on the 30th of October 1683 at the Herrenhausen Palace in Hanover.
His coronation at Westminster Abbey on the eleventh of October 1727 made him the last British king to be born on foreign soil and the last king to lead an army into Battle, at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743.
It was during his reign that the national anthems of Great Britain, Australia, Canada and New Zealand were written and first performed.
On a personal level he is best remembered for his long and bitter feuds both with his father and his son and heir, Fredrick, Prince of Wales.
King George died of an aortic aneurysm on October 25th 1760 at the age of seventy five, and true to his word, he was interred in Westminster Abbey in the same casket as his Queen Consort.
CAROLINE OF BRANDENBURG - ANSBACH
On the 22nd of August 1705 George married Caroline of Brandenburg - Ansbach (1683 - 1737) at the Chapel at Herrenhausen in Hanover, Germany.
Caroline was born at Ansbach in Germany on the 1st of March 1683 and was the daughter of John Fredrick Margrave and his wife Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe - Eisenbach,
Like most things that George did in his life his father was angry with his choice of bride, not through any dislike for her, but because he did not want to see his son in a loveless, arranged marriage such as he had endured. As it was, George and Caroline had a very successful marriage that would produce nine children.
Caroline was an intellectual woman and lover and patron of the arts. She was well liked both by the parliament and the people of Britain, so much so, that Caroline County, Virginia, U.S.A was named in her honour.
She died of a ruptured womb on the 20th of November 1737 aged 54. It is beleived that she pleaded with her husband to remarry, but he promised not to, preferring to take mistresses instead. When she was interred in Westminster Abbey, the king had her coffin fitted with a false side, so that he could be interred along side her when he too died.
George and Caroline's union produced nine children, they were;
Two children who died in infancy, Augustus George born in 1716 and George William born in 1717 who died within one year.
Fredrick, Prince of Wales - (1707 - 1751). Married Augusta of Saxe - Gotha. This union produced nine children, including the future King George III of England and the future Queen Caroline Matilda of Denmark and Norway.
Anne, Princess Royal - (1709 - 1759). Anne married William IV Prince of Orange. They had no children.
Amelia - (1711 - 1786). Died unmarried and without issue.
Caroline - (1713 - 1757). Died unmarried and without issue.
William - (1721 - 1765). Died unmarried and without issue.
Mary - (1723 - 1772). Mary married Landgrave of Hesse Kassel and had three children, William - (1743 - 1827). Charles - (1744 - 1836) and Fredrick - (1747 - 1837).
Louise - (1724 - 1751). Louise married King Fredrick V of Denmark and had four children; Sophia Magdalena - (1746 - 1813), the future Queen of Sweden. Caroline - 1747 - 1820, the future Electress of Hesse. Christian - (1749 - 1808), the future King of Denmark and Louise - (1750 - 1831), Princess of Hesse Kassel.
HENRIETTA HOWARD
Despite George and Caroline's amiable marriage the king still took mistresses, the most famous of which was socialite, Henrietta Herbert, Countess of Suffolk (1689 - 1767). Henrietta was Queen Caroline's Mistress of the Robes and, by all accounts, a great friend of her's too. Henrietta was married to politician Charles Howard, Earl of Suffolk, who in 1723, was paid handsomely for his wife's services to the king, when she had to leave court life due to increasing deafness.
AMALIE VON WALLMODEN
George's longest running affair however was with German courtier, Amalie von Wallmoden (1704 - 1764), whose twenty year affair produced him with a recognised, illegitimate son, Johan Ludwig Graf von Wallmoden - Gimborne (1736 - 1811).
After the birth of their son George honoured Amalie with a life peerage, giving her the title of the Countess of Yarmouth. Amalie would be the last mistress of a British monarch to be awarded such an honour.
GEORGE III
George was born in London on the 4th of June 1738, the son of the former Prince of Wales, Prince Fredrick and his wife Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha. King George III came to the throne upon the death of his grandfather King George II, as his own father and heir to the throne, the former Prince of Wales, had died nine years previously.
George was crowned king at Westminster Abbey on the 22nd of September 1761.
George III's reign is renowned for two things, the loss of the American colonies that lead to the American War of Independence and subsequent union of the United States of America and the mental illness that dominated the latter years of his life.
George died, blind, deaf and insane on the 29th of January 1820 at the age of 81. It is claimed that the king's mental illness was due to the hereditary condition porphyria. He was later interred at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
CHARLOTTE OF MECKLENBURG - STRELITZ
George married Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz (1744 - 1818) on the 6th of September 1761, in London. This was to become a successful marriage that bore fifteen children, one of which would become the future King of Britain and another would become the future King of Hanover.
Charlotte was born on the 19th of May 1744 at Mirow in Germany and was the daughter of Duke Charles Louis Fredrick of Mecklenburg - Strelitz and his wife Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe - Hildburghausen,
Charlotte was a lover of music and it is said that she was friends with both the composers Bach and Mozart. Another of her friends was the French Princess Marie Antoinette, with whom she had a long and close relationship, until Marie Antoinette's execution in October 1793.
Charlotte enjoyed her married life and caring for her children, but was not happy with court life due to the interference and controlling manner of her mother - in - law Princess Augusta. This led to the King obtaining Buckingham House as their family home, which is better known today as Buckingham Palace, which still remains to this day the official home of the British monarch.
During her latter years Charlotte became the legal guardian of the King during his long mental illness.
Charlotte died on the 17th of November, 1818 at the age of 74, having been married to the king for fifty nine years, making her the longest serving Queen Consort in the British monarchy and the second longest serving consort after the Duke Of Edinburgh, consort of the present Queen Elisabeth II. She was later interred at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
During their long marriage the royal couple produced fifteen children, they were:
George - Prince of Wales - (1762 - 1830) - Future Prince Regent and future King George IV of Britain. Married Caroline of Brunswick, they had one daughter, Charlotte, Princess of Wales, but she died in 1817 at the age of twenty one.
Fredrick, Duke of York - (1763 - 1827) - He married Princess Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Fredrick Willem of Prussia and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick - Luneburg. Their union was an unhappy one which produced no heirs.
William, Duke of Clarence (1763 - 1827) - Future King William IV of England.
Charlotte, Princess Royal - (1766 - 1828) - Charlotte married Fredrick of Wurtenberg. Their union produced one stillborn daughter in 1798.
Edward, Duke of Kent - (1767 - 1820) - Edward married Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. They produced one child, Victoria – (1819 – 1901) who would go on to become the future Queen of England.
Augusta Sophia - (1768 - 1820) - Died unmarried and without issue.
Elizabeth - (1770 - 1840) - Elizabeth married Fredrick VI of Landgrave Hesse Hanover. They had no issue.
Ernest Augustus, - (1771 - 1851) - Future King of Hanover - He married Fredricka of Mecklenberg Strelitz and produced one child, George – (1819 – 1878), the future King George V of Hanover.
Augustua Fredrick, Duke of Sussex - (1773 - 1843) - He married Lady Augusta Murray and produced two children, Augustus – (1794 – 1848) and Augusta – (1801 – 1866).
His second marriage was to Cecilia Underwood, the Duchess of Inverness. This union produced no issue.
Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge - (1774 - 1850) - He married Augusta of Hesse Cassel. and produced three children, George – (1819 – 1904). Augusta – (1822 – 1916) and Mary Adelaide - (1833 – 1897).
Mary - (1776 - 1857) - Mary married William, Duke of Gloucester, but had no issue.
Sophia - (1777 - 1848) - Died unmarried and without issue.
Octavius - (1779 - 1783) - Died in infancy.
Alfred - (1780 - 1782) - Died in infancy.
Amelia - (1783 - 1810). Died unmarried and without issue.
GEORGE IV
George was born on the 12th of August 1762, at St Jame's Palace in London. He was the first born child of King George III and his wife Queen Charlotte.
King George IV came to the throne upon the death of his mentally ill father after his coronation at Westminster Abbey on the 19th of July 1821, but had actually been the Prince Regent in the king's absence since 1810.
On a personal level George is best remembered for being selfish, unreliable, irresponsible and frivolous and for the extravagant lifestyle which contributed to the British Regency period of fashion and architecture. He was also remembered for his close friendship with architect John Nash, who between them produced the two things which the Prince Regent is most famous for, the Royal Pavillion in Brighton and Regents Park in London.
George became King in 1821. By the time of his accession he was obese, addicted to laudanum and in the first stages of dementia, although this hardly made a difference to his ability to run the country as he would have been inept had he been of sound mind and body.
King George IV died at Windsor Castle on the 26th of June 1830 from the affects of years of over indulgence at the age of sixty nine. He was interred at the castle's St George's Chapel on July the 15th.
CAROLINE OF BRUNSWICK
In 1785, at the age of 23 George had indulged in a sham marriage to one of his long time mistresses, Maria Fitzherbert (1756 - 1837). The marriage was declared null and void as it had not passed the Royal Marriage Act by way of approval by King George III.
Because of this sham marriage he was ordered to marry Caroline of Brunswick - (1768 - 1821) on the 7th of April 1795, a marriage that was ill matched and lasted just over a year.
Caroline was born on the 17th of May 1768 at Braunschweig in Germany and was the daughter of Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick and his wife Princess Augusta of Britain, the sister of King George III.
It has been said that the royal couple had sex just three times, so loathed was George towards his new wife, but three times was enough to produce a daughter,Charlotte (1796 - 1817) who became heir to the throne of Britain.
After the birth of the princess, Caroline left the royal court, and the couple never lived together again. Princess Caroline also remained unmarried, as the royal couple had never divorced, but had indulged in many affairs, and eventually left Britain, only to return upon George's accession to the throne, but he refused to recognise Caroline as his Queen.
On the night of King George's coronation, the 21st of July 1821, Caroline was taken ill in her bedchamber. She was ill for three weeks before dying on the 7th of August from an unspecified illness of which Caroline had been sure was poisoning. After her death her body was taken back to her native Brunswick in Germany for burial.
Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales was born at Carlton House in London on the 7th of January 1796. She was the only legitimate child of George, the Prince Regent and his wife Caroline of Brunswick.
On the second of May 1816 she married Prince Leopold of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld, the future king of Belgium, at a ceremony at Carlton House in London. Eighteen months after her marriage she delivered a stillborn son on the 5th of November 1817 and died the next day on the 6th of November at the age of 21.
Charlotte was a well loved princess and her untimely death caused the whole country to go into mourning, especially as her and her son's death had meant the deaths of the next two heirs to the throne.
Charlotte was buried at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle on the 19th of November as vast crowds of the public lined the streets.
MARIA FITZHERBERT
George is believed to have conducted at least seven affairs during his lifetime and fathered at least two, possibly four, illegitimate children.
His mistresses were actress Mary Robinson, socialite Grace Dalrymple Elliot (1754 - 1823), with whom he had one daughter, Georgina Seymour (1782 -1813), political hostess Lady Elisabeth Lamb, Viscountess Melbourne (1750 - 1818), with whom he had one son, George (1784 - 1834), high flier Frances Villers, the Countess of Jersey (1753 - 1821), courtier Lady Isabella Ingram Seymour Conway, the Marchioness of Hertford (1759 - 1834) and courtier Lady Elizabeth Conyngham (1769 - 1861). However his longest and most high profile affair was with the twice widowed, Maria Fitzherbert (1756 - 1837) with whom he possibly had two daughters.
Maria Anne Smythe was born on the 26th of July 1756 at Tong in Shropshire and was the daughter of Walter Smythe and his wife Mary Anne Errington. At the age of 21, in July 1775, Maria married landowner Edward Weld but would be widowed just three months later when Edward was killed after a fall from his horse.
Sometime in 1778 Maria married for a second time, to landowner Thomas Fitzherbert. This union produced one son who died in infancy. Again Maria was soon to be widowed when Thomas died just three years later in May 1781. Maria then moved to London as Thomas had left her a town house in Park Street.
Maria met George the Prince of Wales in London in 1784 and was pursued relentlessly by him. She entered into a secret and illegal marriage with him at a ceremony performed at her home in Park Street on the 15th of December 1785. When George had to formally marry Caroline of Brunswick in 1794 he informed Maria that their affair was over by letter.They were never reconciled as lovers again, despite the fact that George and Caroline's marriage was over within months and Pope Pius VII had declared their marriage valid in 1798.
However it would seem that despite taking many lovers throughout his lifetime, George never forgot Maria, as just before his death he asked to be buried with a miniature of Maria around his neck, old love letters between the couple had also been found in his bedchamber. When the king's brother the Duke of Clarence found out about their obvious love for one another he offered Maria a ducal title, but she refused asking only that she may be allowed to wear widow's weeds.
Maria died on the 27th of March 1837 at Stein House in Brighton. She was later buried at St John the Baptist Church in Kemp Town, Brighton.
It has never been verified if Maria bore George any children during their nine year affair, although there have been rumours that she was seen to be pregnant at least once during that time frame. Some historians are of the belief that she bore him two daughters which were apparantly adopted by two Scottish families, a Mary Ann Stafford - Jerningham and a Mary Georgina Emma Dawson - Damer. This rumour has further been substantiated after papers were found after her death which read - This paper is addressed to my two dear children, whom I have loved with the affection any mother could do, and I have done the utmost in my power for their interests and comfort.
WILLIAM IV
William was the third born child of King George III and his wife Queen Charlotte. He was born at Buckingham House, now known as Buckingham Palace, on the 21st of August, 1765. With the death of King George IV and the tragic death of his daughter Charlotte in childbirth in 1817, there was no heir presumptive to follow him onto the throne. The accession was therefore handed over to his younger brother Prince William, Duke of Clarence, who came to the throne at the age of sixty four after a coronation at Westminster Abbey on the 8th of September 1831.
After a successful naval career his reign is best remembered by his political reforms of the day, of which he took an avid interest, by way of overseeing updates of the poor laws, restrictions on child labour, the abolition of slavery and a reformation of the electoral system. William was also the last British monarch to appoint a British prime minister.
King William IV died at Windsor Castle on the twentieth of June 1837 from heart failure and was buried at the castle's St George's Chapel on the eighth of July 1837.
DOROTHY JORDAN
George's ' real ' family was with his long time mistress, the Irish actress Dorothea Jordan (1761 - 1816), with whom he had ten children, all of whom were recognised and all of whom were titled.
His twenty year relationship with Dorothea lasted from 1791 until they separated in 1811. The Duke took over the care of the boys and Dorothea was given a yearly stipend to look after the girls, provided she did not go back onto the stage, but due to family problems in 1814 Dorothea was forced back onto the stage to pay off a family debt. When the Duke heard of this he took away both her daughters and her stipend.
To avoid the wrath of creditors Dorothea went to Paris, where she died in 1816, apparently living in abject poverty.
Their ten children were all given the surname of FitzClarence. Fitz, which means son or daughter of a royal and Clarence which was the Duke's honorary title from birth.
Their children were: George Fitzclarence - 1794 - 1842. Henry Fitzclarence - 1795 - 1817. Sophia Fitzclarence - 1796 - 1837. Mary Fitzclarence - 1798 - 1864.Fredrick Fitzclarence - 1799 - 1854. Elisabeth Fitzclarence - 1801 - 1856. Adolphus Fitzclarence - 1802 - 1856. Augusta Fitzclarence - 1803 - 1865. Augustus Fitzclarence - 1805 - 1854 and Amelia Fitzclarence - 1807 - 1858.
Several of these children went on to produce some very notable descendants, the most famous of which would be future British, Prime Minister David Cameron.
ADELAIDE OF SAXE - MEINENGEN
William did eventually marry on the eleventh of July 1818, in a double wedding ceremony with his brother Edward the Duke of Kent and his bride Princess Victoria of Leiningen, at a ceremony held at Kew Palace in Surrey.
William married Adelaide of Saxe - Meiningen (1792 - 1849 ). She was born on the 13th of August 1792 in Thuringia, Germany and was the daughter of George I, Duke of Saxe - Meiningen and his wife Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe - Langenburg.
Their marriage, although one of convenience due to the duke's mounting debts, did become a happy and devoted union on both sides. They produced five children during their marriage but non of them would live longer than four months, they were -
Princess Charlotte of Clarence, who was born and died in March of 1819.
A stillborn son delivered in September 1819.
Princess Elisabeth of Clarence who lived between December 1820 and March 1821.
And stillborn twin boys who were delivered in April 1822.
Adelaide was loved by the British people and very well respected both at court and by the British parliament. She was religious, modest and charitable, and the whole nation mourned with her upon the tragic loss of all her babies.
Adelaide was honoured by way of having the South Australian capital city of Adelaide named after her upon it's founding in 1836.
Adelaide died of natural causes on the second of December 1849 at the age of fifty seven and was later interred in St Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle, alongside her husband who had died eight years previously in 1837.
VICTORIA
With the death of King William in 1837 the British monarchy was left for a second generation without an heir presumptive. This time the royal accession was bestowed upon the eighteen year old daughter of the fourth son of King George III, the eighteen year old Princess Victoria.
Victoria was born on the 24th of May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London, the only child of Augustus, Duke of Kent and his wife Princess Victoria of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld.
Her father the Duke died just a few months after her birth from pneumonia.
After a lonely and closeted childhood at the hands of her dominant, widowed mother Victoria was crowned queen at the age of nineteen at Westminster Abbey on the 28th of June 1838 and went on to reign for sixty three years, seven months and two days. During her reign she oversaw four assassination attempts, the deaths of three of her children, the tenure of twenty prime ministers and witness to more historical, scientific, medical, industrial, political and social reforms than any other British monarch. Her love affair and subsequent marriage to her consort, Prince Albert would become legendary, as would her life's work and historical achievements. No other monarch has had more written about her, more statues dedicated to her, more places named after her or more research done into her life, than Victoria, and she is hailed as the world's most famous ever royal, instantly recognised by all throughout the world.
Victoria was widowed in 1861, and went into mourning for the rest of her life, although it is recorded that she did have several male friendships during that time, but whether any of them were romantic relationships is unclear, all that is known is that she definitely had certain male favourites.
Her death in 1901 saw the end of the Royal Dynasty of the Royal House of Hanover and the end of Britain's most prolific and historical royal era. She died of a stroke at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight on the 22nd of January 1901 at the age of eighty one and was interred alongside her husband Prince Albert at the Frogmore Mausoleum in Home Park situated in Windsor Great Park, near Windsor Castle.
She was succeeded by her son Prince Edward, who was the first and only monarch of the Royal House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha.
ALBERT OF SAXE - COBURG AND GOTHA
Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha - (1819 – 1861) on the 10th of February 1840 at the Chapel Royal in St James' Palace in London.
Albert was born on the 26th of August 1819 at Rosenau Castle in Coburg, Germany and was the son of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha and his wife Princess Louise of Saxe Gotha and Altenberg.
During his marriage to Victoria Albert was renowned for his many public roles which included helping to make sweeping reforms in education, welfare, royal finances and slavery. Albert was also passionate about the arts and sciences, leading to his presidency of the Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of 1851 at Crystal Palace (1850 - 1936) pictured below.
He died on the 14th of December 1861 in the Blue Room at Windsor Castle after a recent trip to Cambridge to visit his son Prince Edward the Prince of Wales who had recently been involved in a love scandal with a woman of low repute, which the Queen and Prince Albert feared could have led to financial recriminations.
Prince Albert died from what was thought to be typhoid fever at the time of his death, but further research by modern historians are of the impression, due to his last two years of waning health, that he probably died from a chronic illness or even a type of cancer.
Due to this Queen Victoria for ever blamed her son for the death of her husband, completely banishing him from her life until her final days when she finally spoke to him and hugged him on her death bed at Osbourne House.
Prince Albert was originally interred at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle, then removed to the mausoleum at Frogmore a year later, after Victoria had had the mausoleum commissioned and built in his honour.
Victoria and Albert's union produced nine children, one of whom would become the King Of Great Britain and another would become the Empress of Germany. Their children were:
Victoria, The Princess Royal - (1840 - 1901) - Who married Fredrick III, Emperor of Germany. They had eight children; Wilhelm – (1859 – 1941). Charlotte – (1860 – 1919). Henry – (1862 – 1929). Sigismund – (1864 – 1866). Viktoria – (1866 – 1929). Waldemar – (1868 – 1879). Sophie – (1870 – 1932) and Margaret – (1872 – 1954).
Albert Edward, The Prince of Wales - (1841 - 1910) - Future King Edward VII of England.Married Alexander, Princess of Denmark and produced nine children.
Alice - (1843 - 1878) - She married Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and had seven children; Victoria – (1863 – 1950). Elizaveta – (1864 – 1918). Irene – (1866 – 1953). Ernest – (1868 – 1937). Friedrick – (1870 – 1873). Alexander – (1872 – 1918) and Marie – (1874 – 1878).
Alfred, Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha - 1844 -1900 - Who married Maria Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia. They had five children; Alfred – (1874 – 1899). Marie – (1875 – 1938). Victoria Melita – (1876 –1936). Alexandra – (1878 – 1942) and Beatrice (1884 -1966).
Helena - (1846 - 1923) - She married Prince Christian of Schleswig Holstein. and produced four children; Christian – (1867 – 1900). Albert – (1869 – 1931). Helena – (1870 – 1948) and Marie – (1872 – 1956).
Louise - (1848 - 1939) - She married John Campbell, the Duke of Argyll. They had no issue.
Arthur, Duke of Connaught - (1850 - 1942) - He married Princess Loiuse Margaret of Prussia and had three children; Margaret – (1882 – 1920). Arthur – (1883 – 1938) and Patricia – (1886 – 1974).
Leopold, Duke of Albany - (1853 - 1884) - He married Princess Helena of Waldeck & Pyrmont. They had two children; Alice – (1883 – 1981), who when she died at the age of 97 in 1981 became the oldest ever member of the British Royal Family, a record which still stands to this day. Charles Edward – (1884 – 1954).
Beatrice - (1857 - 1944) - She married Prince Henry of Battenberg and had four children; Alexander – (1886 – 1960). Victoria – (1887 – 1969). Leopold – (1889 – 1922) and Maurice – (1891 – 1914).
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During which year was Mary, Queen of Scots, executed? | The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587
The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587
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Mary's troubles began six days after her birth in 1542. It was on that day that her father, King James V of Scotland, died and the infant was declared Queen of the Scots. She was immediately thrust into a caldron of political turmoil containing a broiling mix of the long-standing enmity between Scotland and England, the fragility of the Tudor succession to the English throne, England's rivalry with France, and the religious violence between Catholics and Protestants.
Young Mary
As the great-granddaughter of England's Henry VII, Mary was next in line to the crown of England after Henry VIII's children - Edward, Mary and Elizabeth. The Scots attempted to remove the threat posed to Henry's succession by pledging the new-born Mary to marriage with his son Edward. This plan soon self-destructed, however, and the Scots turned to their old ally (and England's old enemy) France. Mary was sent there at age six for her upbringing and education.
The 18-year-old Mary (now a confirmed Catholic) returned to Scotland in 1561 to reign as Queen of her subjects (now confirmed Protestants). Contrary to all expectations, Queen and subjects initially achieved an accommodation. However, this situation quickly deteriorated.
In 1565 Mary married her first cousin Henry, Lord Darnley and gave birth to a son - James - the following year. In 1567, her husband was murdered and Mary quickly married the Scottish Earl of Bothwell an action that outraged the Scottish nobility who promptly imprisoned Mary and forced her to abdicate her throne to her one-year-old son, James.
The following year Mary escaped from her prison but was forced to flee across the border with England after the defeat of her supporters at the Battle of Langside, near Glasgow, on May 13. Instead of the refuge she anticipated, Mary was immediately imprisoned by Queen Elizabeth and spent the next 19 years shuffling from castle to castle while her cousin deliberated what to do with her. Mary became a lighting rod for plots and rumored plots against Elizabeth. Finally, in 1587, Elizabeth was persuaded to end the threat to her throne once and for all and ordered Mary's execution.
"No, no, Madam you must die, you must die!"
Mary's execution took place at Fotheringhay Castle. Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantome was a member of the French nobility who accompanied Mary during her internment. He provides us with a sympathetic account of Mary's execution that begins with the arrival of a delegation from Queen Elizabeth announcing that the former Queen of the Scots is to be executed the next day:
ADVERTISMENT
"On February 7, 1587, the representatives of the English Queen, reached the Castle of Fotheringay, where the Queen of Scotland was confined at that time, between two and three o'clock in the afternoon. In the presence of her jailer, Paulet, they read their commission regarding the execution of the prisoner, and said that they would proceed with their task the next morning between seven and eight o'clock. The jailer was then ordered to have everything in readiness.
Without betraying any astonishment, the Queen thanked them for their good news, saying that nothing could be more welcome to her, since she longed for an end to her miseries, and had been prepared for death ever since she had been sent as a prisoner to England. However, she begged the envoys to give her a little time in which to make herself ready, make her will, and place her affairs in order. It was within their power and discretion to grant these requests. The Count of Shrewsbury replied rudely:
'No, no, Madam you must die, you must die! Be ready between seven and eight in the morning. It cannot be delayed a moment beyond that time.' "
"Please help me mount this. This is the last request I shall make of you."
Mary spent the rest of the day and the early hours of the next morning writing farewell letters to friends and relatives, saying goodbye to her ladies-in-waiting, and praying. We rejoin de Bourdeille's account as Mary enters the room designated for her execution and is denied access to her priest:
"The scaffold had been erected in the middle of a large room. It measured twelve feet along each side and two feet in height, and was covered by a coarse cloth of linen.
In Captivity
The Queen entered the room full of grace and majesty, just as if she were coming to a ball. There was no change on her features as she entered.
Drawing up before the scaffold, she summoned her major-domo and said to him:
'Please help me mount this. This is the last request I shall make of you.'
Then she repeated to him all that she had said to him in her room about what he should tell her son. Standing on the scaffold, she asked for her almoner, (chaplain) begging the officers present to allow him to come. But this was refused point-blank. The Count of Kent told her that he pitied her greatly to see her thus the victim of the superstition of past ages, advising her to carry the cross of Christ in her heart rather than in her hand. To this she replied that it would be difficult to hold a thing so lovely in her hand and not feel it thrill the heart, and that what became every Christian in the hour of death was to bear with him the true Symbol of Redemption."
"Nay, my good man, touch me not!"
Standing on the scaffold, Mary angrily rejects her captors' offer of a Protestant minister to give her comfort. She kneels while she begs that Queen Elizabeth spare her ladies-in-waiting and prays for the conversion of the Isle of Britain and Scotland to the Catholic Church:
"When this was over, she summoned her women to help her remove her black veil, her head-dress, and other ornaments. When the executioner attempted to do this, she cried out:
'Nay, my good man, touch me not!'
But she could not prevent him from touching her, for when her dress was lowered as far as her waist; the scoundrel caught her roughly by the arm and pulled off her doublet. Her skirt was cut so low that her neck and throat, whiter than alabaster, were revealed. She concealed these as well as she could, saying that she was not used to disrobing in public, especially before so large an assemblage. There were about four or five hundred people present.
The executioner fell to his knees before her and implored her forgiveness. The Queen told him that she willingly forgave him and alI who were responsible for her death, as freely as she hoped her sins would be forgiven by God. Turning to the woman to whom she, had given her handkerchief, she asked for it.
She wore a golden crucifix, made out of the wood of the true cross, with a picture of Our Lord on it. She was about to give this to one of her women, but the executioner forbade it, even though Her Majesty had promised that the woman would give him thrice its value in money.
After kissing her women once more, she bade them go, with her blessing, as she made the sign of the cross over them. One of them was unable to keep from crying, so that the Queen had to impose silence upon her by saying she had promised that nothing of the kind would interfere with the business in hand. They were to stand back quietly, pray to God for her soul, and bear truthful testimony that she had died in the bosom of the Holy Catholic religion.
Execution
One of the women then tied the handkerchief over her eyes. The Queen quickly, and with great courage, knelt dawn, showing no signs of faltering. So great was her bravery that all present were moved, and there were few among them that could refrain from tears. In their hearts they condemned themselves far the injustice that was being done.
The executioner, or rather the minister of Satan, strove to kill not only her body but also her soul, and kept interrupting her prayers. The Queen repeated in Latin the Psalm beginning In te, Damine, speravi; nan canfundar in aeternum. When she was through she laid her head on the block, and as she repeated the prayer, the executioner struck her a great blow upon the neck, which was not, however, entirely severed. Then he struck twice more, since it was obvious that he wished to make the victim's martyrdom all the more severe. It was not so much the suffering, but the cause, that made the martyr.
The executioner then picked up the severed head and, showing it to those present, cried out: 'God save Queen Elizabeth! May all the enemies of the true Evangel thus perish!'
Saying this, he stripped off the dead Queen's head-dress, in order to show her hair, which was now white, and which she had been afraid to show to everyone when she was still alive, or to have properly dressed, as she did when her hair was fair and light.
It was not old age that had turned it white, for she was only thirty-five when this took place, and scarcely forty when she met her death, but the troubles, misfortunes, and sorrows which she had suffered, especially in her prison."
References:
The account of Pierre de Bourdeille was originally published in 1665 and republished many times thereafter. This account appears in Snyder, Louis (ed.) A Treasury of Intimate Biographies (1951); Fraser Antonia, Mary, Queen of Scots (1969).
How To Cite This Article:
"The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2005).
Mary's son became King James I of England with Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603. In 1612 he had his mother's body exhumed and reburied in Westminster Abbey where it remains today.
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What was the basic currency of Greece before the Euro? | The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
THE EXECUTION OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS
8 FEBRUARY 1587
Her prayers being ended, the executioners, kneeling, desired her Grace to forgive them her death: who answered, 'I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.' Then they, with her two women, helping her up, began to disrobe her of her apparel: then she, laying her crucifix upon the stool, one of the executioners took from her neck the Agnus Dei, which she, laying hands off it, gave to one of her women, and told the executioner, he should be answered money for it. Then she suffered them, with her two women, to disrobe her of her chain of pomander beads and all other apparel most willingly, and with joy rather than sorrow, helped to make unready herself, putting on a pair of sleeves with her own hands which they had pulled off, and that with some haste, as if she had longed to be gone.
All this time they were pulling off her apparel, she never changed her countenance, but with smiling cheer she uttered these words,'that she never had such grooms to make her unready, and that she never put off her clothes before such a company.'
Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving her petticoat and kirtle, her two women beholding her made great lamentation, and crying and crossing themselves prayed in Latin. She, turning herself to them, embracing them, said these words in French, 'Ne crie vous, j'ay prome pour vous', and so crossing and kissing them, bad them pray for her and rejoice and not weep, for that now they should see an end of all their mistress's troubles.
Then she, with a smiling countenance, turning to her men servants, as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a bench nigh the scaffold, who sometime weeping, sometime crying out aloud, and continually crossing themselves, prayed in Latin, crossing them with her hand bade them farewell, and wishing them to pray for her even until the last hour.
This done, one of the women have a Corpus Christi cloth lapped up three-corner-ways, kissing it, put it over the Queen of Scots' face, and pinned it fast to the caule of her head. Then the two women departed from her, and she kneeling down upon the cushion most resolutely, and without any token or fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, In Te Domine confido, non confundar in eternam, etc. Then, groping for the block, she laid down her head, putting her chin over the block with both her hands, which, holding there still, had been cut off had they not been espied. Then lying upon the block most quietly, and stretching out her arms cried, In manus tuas, Domine, etc., three or four times. Then she, lying very still upon the block, one of the executioners holding her slightly with one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the other executioner with an axe, she making very small noise or none at all, and not stirring any part of her from the place where she lay: and so the executioner cut off her head, saving one little gristle, which being cut asunder, he lift up her head to the view of all the assembly and bade God save the Queen. Then, her dress of lawn [i.e. wig] from off her head, it appeared as grey as one of threescore and ten years old, polled very short, her face in a moment being so much altered from the form she had when she was alive, as few could remember her by her dead face. Her lips stirred up and a down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.
Then Mr. Dean [Dr. Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough] said with a loud voice, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies', and afterwards the Earl of Kent came to the dead body, and standing over it, with a loud voice said, 'Such end of all the Queen's and the Gospel's enemies.'
Then one of the executioners, pulling off her garters, espied her little dog which was crept under her cloths, which could not be gotten forth by force, yet afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, but came and lay between her head and her shoulders, which being imbrued with her blood was carried away and washed, as all things else were that had any blood was either burned or washed clean, and the executioners sent away with money for their fees, not having any one thing that belonged unto her. And so, every man being commanded out of the hall, except the sheriff and his men, she was carried by them up into a great chamber lying ready for the surgeons to embalm her.
Recorded by Robert Wynkfield (spelling modernized)
| i don't know |
Which writer invented the fictional detective C. Auguste Dupin? | Detective Fiction Chapter 1: C Auguste Dupin, a death note fanfic | FanFiction
"People… well, detectives…" Light folded his arms, growing irritated. "Nobody dresses like that anymore!"
"I do."
Light snorted.
"I can see that." He paused for a moment. "And you said your name was 'L'?"
"I said you could call me 'L', Yagami-kun."
"What's that, a codename?"
"Something like that, I guess."
"Hn." Light regarded him warily. "Well… you don't have to stand there." He gestured to the seat opposite his own. "You can sit down, if you want."
"That's very kind." L shot him a lazy little smile and sat down; Light had been expecting him to sit… oddly, somehow, but he didn't. He sat normally, took off his hat, put it next to him and gazed very pointedly at Light.
He said nothing.
"So why are you here?" Light bit out at length, starting to feel quite unsettled. "I haven't done anything."
L tilted his head.
"And how certainly can you say that, Yagami-kun?" he asked quietly. "From what I've heard, there's rather a large chunk of your memory missing – or being repressed, at least."
Light blinked.
"If you've only come here," he said coldly, "to accuse me of… I don't know, being a thief or a murderer or something, with the theory that I've lost my memory of it—"
"Oh, no, Yagami-kun," L interrupted swiftly. "Don't misunderstand my intention. I don't think that you personally have done anything arrest-worthy."
"Then why are you here?" Light pressed.
L gave a little sigh and averted his gaze to the ceiling for a moment.
"The truth is, Yagami-kun," he said quietly after a moment's consideration, "…I need your help."
Light stiffened imperceptively, taken aback by this statement.
"So, wait…" He kneaded his forehead briefly as he tried to make sense of what L was saying. "First of all you say that, technically, I can't be sure of anything that I have or haven't done because I'm suffering from memory loss, and then you say that despite that, you want my help with something?"
"More or less."
Light gave another snort.
"If my memory loss is such a big deal, to the extent that you think I can't rightfully say that I haven't murdered someone, then how would I be of any help to you?" he snapped.
"That's a good point – in fact, it's only fair to tell you now that you may in fact turn out to be completely useless," L replied pleasantly. "But this is actually a last resort. There's no-one else who can help me, Light Yagami – no-one but you."
"Help you do what?"
"Solve a case, of course. I am a "real detective", after all."
Light couldn't help arching an eyebrow.
"And why am I so special?" he asked coolly. "Why is someone who lost a portion of his memory after face-planting the dashboard the key to cracking this seemingly-impossible case of yours?"
"Because," L responded carefully, "it's the portion of your memory that you lost after you "face-planted the dashboard" that's what I need to unravel the mystery."
Light rolled his eyes.
"Well, good luck with that," he said nonchalantly. "Whatever it is you need… it's the one thing I don't remember."
"That's why I agreed that you may turn out to be completely useless." L smiled at him. "But for now, I'm optimistic."
"Well, that's a start," Light muttered sardonically.
L gave a little nod, either oblivious of or ignoring his sarcasm.
"Yes," he agreed absently. "It's good to have somewhere to start."
"And do you?"
L tilted his head at Light curiously.
"Of course," he replied. "I wouldn't be here otherwise, Yagami-kun. You ought to know that."
Light's expression became more sour.
"And why is that?" he asked coldly. "Why should I know why I'm your first port of call? You already said that I haven't done anything, but even if I had, I wouldn't remember it."
"That's an entirely fair defence on your part, but I…" L trailed off, apparently sinking deep into thought again. "Alright, well, there are two ways of going about this. Both come to the same conclusion in the end, so…"
"I don't follow."
"Don't worry – I'm confident that you'll be able to keep up. But first I need to decide…" L paused again; then leaned closer to Light across the gap between them, his dark eyes gleaming. "…Tell me, does the name 'Kira' mean anything to you?"
Light gave an irritated little sigh.
"That again?" he muttered blackly.
"So that's a no?"
"W-well… they've told me that I—"
"But without them telling you, it wouldn't mean anything to you?"
"No."
"So you don't remember."
"No, I don't," Light bit out.
"Okay, then that's obviously not the best way to go. We'll come back to it. Even if you don't remember… I'm going to assume that you're familiar with detective fiction. You did just say that you had read stories about detectives… who looked like me."
Light hesitated, then gave a little nod.
"Japanese reprints of things like Raymond Chandler and Ellery Queen," he replied. "And manga modelled on those kinds of detective stories."
"Pulp," L mused. "Or the 'Hardboiled' genre, as the critics like to call it. The American reclaiming of the detective fiction format in the 1930s and 1940s. Okay, good. How about back further?"
Light frowned.
"How far?"
"How about the quintessential British detective story? You know, British upper-class amateur detectives solving murders in sleepy little villages in Kent and Yorkshire, or on transcontinental trains."
"Like Poirot?"
"Right."
Light shook his head.
"No, those never really interested me. Anything aside from Agatha Christie is difficult to find in Japanese, anyway."
"Ah, but Yagami-kun will surely not tell me that he has not read any of the Sherlock Holmes stories?"
Light scowled.
"Of course I have," he said sharply. "But those aren't from the same time period as the Agatha Christie novels."
"No, I know that – and I'm glad that you know, too. We're almost back at the source."
"Well… Sherlock Holmes was the first popular, consistently-recurring fictional detective."
"Of course – but not the prototype."
"No, I…" Light noted the way L was smiling at him, clearly amused by this little pop quiz. "…You're just waiting for me to say 'Dupin', aren't you?"
"Ah, but of course." L gave a satisfied nod. "C. Auguste Dupin, the creation of Edgar Allan Poe – the original prototypical fictional detective, if you will. First appeared in The Murders in the Rue Morgue, published in 1841."
"Thanks for the History of Literature lesson," Light said coolly.
"Oh, I'm sure you didn't need me to tell you that."
"I didn't." Light raised his chin, his demeanour no less irritated despite the gentle flattery. "So what does Dupin have to do with why you're here?"
"Everything, I'm sure you'll find. You see, when writing The Murders in the Rue Morgue, Poe didn't just create the prototype for every other fictional detective that has been invented since, from Holmes to Poirot to Marlowe. He also created the structure of the detective story – the formula by which the mechanics of that particular type of story works. Arguably, perhaps more so than any other form of fiction, the detective story relies on the impeccable balance of its elements – a poorly-written detective story will fail to have a satisfactory conclusion for either its characters or its readers."
"R-right, but—"
"So to strip down that structure critically… well, without getting into the complexities of the criminal mind or the methodology of solving a case, it actually becomes very simple: A criminal steals or murders, but only the outcome of the crime is revealed to both detective and reader at the beginning of the story. The bulk of the story is taken up by the investigation – that is, the uncovering of the murder or theft method by the detective, in addition to the mental or physical gathering of suspects. The story ends – and can only end – once the detective has reached a conclusion, pieced all the parts of the puzzle together and unveiled the identity of the perpetrator of the crime."
"That's not… Well, it's…" Light cut himself off and bit at his bottom lip for a long, incensed moment.
"Please don't feel that I am patronising you," L said airily, sensing the younger man's irritation. "I'm just making sure that we're of a common understanding. I trust that my thesis makes sense to you?"
"Of course it does," Light snapped. "But it doesn't explain anything – at least not anything about why you're here. And I know I've asked you that about four times now, but you keep giving me all these cryptic answers about Dupin and detective stories! Whatever this case is that you apparently need my help with, I'm sure it's nothing like a detective story – real crimes are never as formulaic or—"
"No, you see, Yagami-kun," L interrupted calmly. "This is my problem. This case is exactly like a detective story."
He looked very pointedly at Light, his black eyes locking with Light's coffee-coloured ones across the space between them.
"It's exactly like," he went on quietly, knowing that Light was, by now, enthralled by his words instead of annoyed, "your detective story."
Light blinked at him.
"The detective story that I supposedly wrote?" he clarified after a long, terse moment.
"One of them. Your latest."
Light gave him a piteous little smile.
"That's exactly what they've all told me," he responded genially. "The doctors, the nurses, the psychiatrists… That I'm supposedly an author of detective novels. Very successful, they say – famous, even. I've apparently written three to date under the pseudonym of 'Kira', derived from the Japanese pronunciation of the English noun 'killer'." Still smiling, half-amused and half-despairing, he began to shake his head. "But I don't remember. I don't remember ever writing even one book, never mind three—"
"You were working on a fourth at the time of the crash. Your agent has your original handwritten manuscript versions of the first four chapters."
The smile was still plastered on Light's handsome face as he leaned closer still to L.
"But I don't remember," he hissed. "I can't remember a thing about… about being Kira, or—"
"I know that."
Light hesitated, then leaned back again.
"Then I'm no good to you," he replied sharply, the smile having finally faded.
"Perhaps," L agreed again. "And perhaps not. Let's not be hasty in judging your worth to me, Yagami-kun. You may not remember writing the story, but you still wrote it. I'm sure the thought process you employed whilst creating it is still in your mind somehow; perhaps only in the subconscious, but there all the same."
"Even if it is, and provided you are able to somehow get at it, how will that help?"
"Slow down, Yagami-kun. Let me tell you about my case first."
Light folded his arms and settled lower in his chair in response.
"Have you read them?" L then asked, deviating despite the fact that it was he who had previously redirected the conversation.
"Read what?" Light asked irritably.
"Your books, of course. If you don't remember writing them—"
"Yes, yes, I have," Light interrupted with a deep sigh. "One of the doctors brought me his copies to see if it would trigger my memory. It didn't, but I read them." He thumbed at the desk across the room, upon which, next to a closed laptop, was piled several books. "They're over there. I really need to give them back to him, come to think of it…"
L nodded distantly.
"Your debut novel, published when you were eighteen, is called Ghosts of Dust," he reeled off flatly. "It won several prestigious literature awards and paved the way for your second book, entitled Poison Pen. Ghosts of Dust was a standalone story – a clever but formulaic detective tale of murder, lies and betrayal, weaved around the pursuit of a legendary, priceless jewel which, as it turned out in the end, did in fact never exist. Poison Pen, however, was the beginning of a series around a recurring detective character you created – a strange and original being whom you referred to in the story only as 'Ryuk', and who had a supernatural background, having been a God of Death, or Shinigami, before being cast out to Earth as punishment by the Shinigami King. So, with nothing to do in the human realm, he took on a human guise and became a detective, and his interest was quickly drawn to a strange sequence of events which were really quite horrific in detail, with people dying in all sorts of obscene and unusual ways. The mystery was laid bare when Ryuk found the "murderer" to be a pen made of human bone, cursed to take over the human who used it and make them write gruesome stories which became true. Both the premise and the popularity of Poison Pen led to your third book, Death Note. The idea of an everyday item with the supernatural ability to kill was one which you presumably thought could be used further, and so this third book was about a notebook from Ryuk's own home-world – the Shinigami Realm. It had the power to kill the person whose name was written into it any way the writer chose, and it fell into the hands of a young man who thought the world would be better run without greedy, corrupt politicians, so he began to kill them. The guilt did, however, drive him mad, and he killed himself at the climax of the story. Ryuk, meanwhile, debated both destroying the notebook and taking it back to the Shinigami Realm, but the last passage of your book narrated him as keeping it instead – no doubt setting the scene for your next novel."
Light was nodding impatiently.
"I know that," he barbed. "I already told you that I read them. But I don't see… I mean, you say this case of yours is like the third book, Death Note, but unless a notebook like that has suddenly—"
"No, no, not the notebook itself," L interrupted blandly. "Don't be silly, Yagami-kun – you know such a thing exists only in stories. You invented the thing yourself."
"Then what—?"
"Well, now…" L smiled lazily at him. "You can certainly kill greedy, corrupt politicians without a murderous notebook, can't you?"
Light's eyes narrowed.
"Politicians have been killed? I didn't hear about that."
"It's been kept fairly under wraps until now, but it's about to come out, I guarantee it – it's on the brink of being splashed over every news station and front page there is. The Government can't oppress the media forever."
"How many?"
"Five, so far. There will be more, I'm sure of it, if the killer isn't caught. The number might not sound very impressive compared to the scores the character in your book managed to kill, but our murderer doesn't have a Death Note to help him out."
Light's amber eyes grew sharper still.
"And why exactly are people immediately comparing the killings to the ones in my… well, that book?" he bit out. "There are loads of books about detectives and serial killers and, I mean, it's not as if politicians haven't been murdered before—"
"You'll recall the killings in the book," L interrupted lazily. "And, furthermore, the rules of the Death Note. You can kill your victim any way you like, dictating it via the notebook, as long as it is physically possible. If it isn't, or if you don't specify, the victim merely dies of a heart attack. By these rules, the killer in the book murders the first five politicians by specific methods of enforced suicide: The first by jumping from his hotel room window, the second by overdose on painkillers, the third by putting himself into a state of inescapable asphyxiation, the fourth by driving his car over the end of a pier and the fifth, most gruesomely, by committing the act of Seppuku. At the scene of the fifth "suicide" was found the message 'I am Justice', written by the politician in his blood on the floor before he died."
"But those are all suicides," Light argued. "Enforced, yes – but suicides all the same."
L nodded.
"Yes, that is true – and it is true that the five real politician's death were certainly murders, not suicides, enforced or not. But… they have been engineered and set up to mirror the suicides in Death Note. They're not supposed to look like actual suicides, you understand – they are merely supposed to look like the suicides from your book."
"How… how can you tell?" Light asked faintly, beginning to feel slightly sick.
"Well," L said with a dry smile, "I am a "real detective"."
"Don't joke about something like this," Light said in disgust.
"Who's joking?" L tilted his head. "But, if you must know… All the deaths are clearly murders. There are signs of struggle at four of the scenes – for example, the man who "suffocated himself" was found with a pillow over his face. You couldn't suffocate yourself like that – you would faint from a lack of air and your grip on the pillow would loosen, enabling you to breathe. Likewise, with the man who drove his car over the edge of the pier… when the car was retrieved, it was evident that the brake wires had been cut. As for the "Seppuku"… well, it was hardly the "art of suicide" used by the samurai. The man had clearly been butchered with the katana and the blade inserted into his stomach after death."
"What about… the message?"
"It was there on the floor, exactly where it should have been."
Light lowered his head, gazing intently at the floor.
"So…" he said faintly, "this… is my fault."
"There are people ready to blame you, certainly," L replied. "The news hasn't gotten out into the masses yet, but it's known about in the kind of circles that would benefit from it, you may be sure. Mostly critics, of course, claiming that authors like you and books like yours are to blame for the debauchery of society. I wouldn't pay any attention to it, Yagami-kun – people with any real talent are always being blamed for something or other. It's like their punishment for being so gifted, you could say. As for your books, however… I'm afraid to say that a lot of bookshops have, at this moment, stopped selling them and the print run of the second edition has been postponed – perhaps even cancelled."
Light glanced up again.
"How do you know that?"
"I've spoken to your agent. I didn't want to come straight here and start bombarding you with questions, since I knew you'd been in an accident not long ago, so I went to your agent first. He told me to come here for a better analysis of how you were doing, but…" L gave a little shake of his head. "Well, your agent is still on your side, anyway. He's been defending your name and your novels in your "absence". He seems like a very big fan of yours, actually."
L gave a wry little smile on this and Light met his gaze coolly.
"Yes, he seems that way to me, too. He's come to visit me several times. He was disappointed at first that I didn't remember him—"
"You didn't remember your own agent?"
Light shook his head helplessly.
"I told you, I don't remember anything about those wretched books," he spat. "I don't remember writing them, I don't remember getting any awards for them, I don't remember having Teru Mikami as an agent. I mean, we're "re-acquainted" now and he seems very nice and all, but I can't remember any of the stuff he tells me about. Apparently, before the crash, I was supposed to be entering the finalities of signing a deal for the rights to turn Death Note into a movie. It was meant to have this famous actress Misa Amane in it, and I've apparently met her, but I don't remember that, either." Light gave a thin smile. "You'd think I'd remember that if nothing else, right? Meeting a famous actress? I mean, I know who she is – but I don't remember ever being in the same room as her. But Mikami swears it happened."
L gave a little nod.
"The movie deal is on hold," he replied. "Mikami said he doesn't know what will happen with it, what with this politician thing, but they can't do anything without your signature anyway. But I didn't come here to talk to you about that."
"No." Light looked up at the detective again. "But I… I really don't think I'll be able to help you. I don't remember writing Death Note, and I don't remember the mindset I was in when I was writing it, and to be honest, now that you've told me about what that wackjob is doing – copying the murders from my story – I'm glad I can't recall that mindset."
"That may be, but I would appreciate your help nonetheless, Yagami-kun. I don't think there's anyone else who can help me."
Light frowned.
"Why do you need help, anyway? For a "real detective" like you, surely a messy trail of murders like this is easy to follow right to your culprit?"
L only stood up and shot him a little smile.
"You'd think that, wouldn't you?" he replied nonchalantly. He offered Light his hand. "So are you going to help me or not?"
Light looked at his hand, hesitating; he was appalled by the news of the murders, copied from something that he had – supposedly – created, and also a little scared, and certain, too, that he could be of no help despite being the creator of the killer's inspirational source, because he just couldn't remember a damned thing about Death Note at all.
But this L… This "real detective", with his authentic PI look, calm way of talking and clear level, logical intelligence… He seemed to genuinely believe that he would benefit from Light's help, whether he remembered writing the story or not, and although a part of Light desperately wanted to refuse, another part of him felt as though he mustn't, under any circumstance, deny the detective whatever meagre scrap of assistance he could give him.
Besides, Light was intelligent. He was logically-minded himself, very sharp and perceptive. All the doctors and psychiatrists had confirmed it, but he'd known anyway. Even if he couldn't remember anything about Death Note or Poison Pen or Ghosts of Dust or whatever the hell else, if L were to put some evidence down in front of him, he would be able to puzzle it out, certainly.
So then…
"Okay." Light rose himself and placed his hand in L's to shake with him. "I'll help you any way I can, L."
L smiled at him over the handshake and then took his hand back, retrieving his fedora with it.
"I appreciate it," he said. "…Your doctor said you get out of here in three days?"
Light nodded.
"That's right. Mikami said he would come and get me."
"Tell him to cancel that arrangement. Our investigation starts officially the moment you are released. I do want to speak with your agent again, Yagami-kun, but we have some work to do first. I'll come and get you myself."
"I… w-well, okay, but…"
| Edgar Allan Poe |
What is the name of the short-sleeved midriff-baring bodice worn under a sari? | Detective fiction | Agatha Christie Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
Some scholars have suggested that some ancient and religious texts bear similarities to what would later be called detective fiction. In the Old Testament story of Susanna and the Elders (Daniel 13; in the Protestant Bible this story is found in the apocrypha), the story told by two witnesses breaks down when Daniel cross-examines them. The author Julian Symons has commented on writers who see this as a detective story, arguing that "those who search for fragments of detection in the Bible and Herodotus are looking only for puzzles" and that these puzzles are not detective stories. In the play Oedipus Rex by Ancient Greek playwright Sophocles, the title character discovers the truth about his origins after questioning various witnesses. Although "Oedipus's enquiry is based on supernatural, pre-rational methods that are evident in most narratives of crime until the development of Enlightenment thought in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries" it has "all of the central characteristics and formal elements of the detective story, including a mystery sur- rounding a murder, a closed circle of suspects, and the gradual uncovering of a hidden past."
Early Arab detective fiction
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The earliest known example of a detective story was The Three Apples, one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights). In this tale, a fisherman discovers a heavy locked chest along the Tigris river and he sells it to the Abbasid Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who then has the chest broken open only to find inside it the dead body of a young woman who was cut into pieces. Harun orders his vizier, Ja'far ibn Yahya, to solve the crime and find the murderer within three days or be executed if he fails his assignment. Suspense is generated through multiple plot twists that occur as the story progresses. This may thus be considered an archetype for detective fiction.
The main difference between Ja'far in "The Three Apples" and later fictional detectives such as Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot , however, is that Ja'far has no actual desire to solve the case. The whodunit mystery is solved when the murderer himself confesses his crime, which in turn leads to another assignment in which Ja'far has to find the culprit who instigated the murder within three days or else be executed. Ja'far again fails to find the culprit before the deadline, but owing to his chance discovery of a key item, he eventually manages to solve the case through reasoning, in order to prevent his own execution.
Early Chinese detective fiction
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The "Gong An story" （公案小说, literally："case records of a public law court"）is the earliest known genre of Chinese detective fiction.
Some well known stories include the Yuan Dynasty story Circle of Chalk (Chinese:灰闌記), the Ming Dynasty story collection Bao Gong An (Chinese:包公案) and the 18th century Di Gong An (Chinese:狄公案) story collection. The latter was translated into English as Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee by Dutch sinologist Robert Van Gulik, who then used the style and characters to write an original Judge Dee series.
The hero/detective of these novels is typically a traditional judge or similar official based on historical personages such as Judge Bao (Bao Qingtian) or Judge Dee (Di Renjie). Although the historical characters may have lived in an earlier period (such as the Song or Tang dynasty) most stories are written in the latter Ming or Qing period.
These novels differ from the Western tradition in several points as described by van Gulik:
the detective is the local magistrate who is usually involved in several unrelated cases simultaneously;
the criminal is introduced at the very start of the story and his crime and reasons are carefully explained, thus constituting an inverted detective story rather than a "puzzle";
the stories have a supernatural element with ghosts telling people about their death and even accusing the criminal;
the stories are filled with digressions into philosophy, the complete texts of official documents, and much more, making for very long books;
the novels tend to have a huge cast of characters, typically in the hundreds, all described as to their relation to the various main actors in the story.
Van Gulik chose Di Gong An to translate because it was in his view closer to the Western tradition and more likely to appeal to non-Chinese readers.
One notable fact is that a number of Gong An works may have been lost or destroyed during the Literary Inquisitions and the wars in ancient China. Only little or incomplete case volumes can be found; for example, the only copy of Di Gong An was found at a second-hand book store in Tokyo, Japan.
Early Western detective fiction
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One of the earliest examples of detective fiction is Voltaire's Zadig (1748), which features a main character who performs feats of analysis. The Danish crime story The Rector of Veilbye by Steen Steensen Blicher was written in 1829, and the Norwegian crime novel Mordet på Maskinbygger Rolfsen ("The Murder of Engine Maker Rolfsen") by Maurits Hansen was published in 1839.
"Das Fräulein von Scuderi", an 1819 short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which Mlle de Scudery establishes the innocence of the police's favorite suspect in the murder of a jeweller, is sometimes cited as the first detective story and a direct influence on Edgar Allan Poe's "The Murders in the Rue Morgue". Also suggested as a possible influence on Poe is ‘The Secret Cell’, a short story published in September 1837 by William Evans Burton, describing how a London policeman solves the mystery of a kidnapped girl. Burton’s fictional detective relies on practical methods - dogged legwork, knowledge of the underworld and undercover surveillance - rather than brilliance of imagination or intellect, but it has been suggested this story may have been known to Poe, who in 1839 worked for Burton. However, true detective fiction is more often considered in the English-speaking world to have begun in 1841 with the publication of "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" itself, featuring "the first fictional detective, the eccentric and brilliant C. Auguste Dupin". Poe devised a "plot formula that's been successful ever since, give or take a few shifting variables." Poe followed with further Auguste Dupin tales: "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" in 1843 and "The Purloined Letter" in 1845.
Poe referred to his stories as "tales of ratiocination". In stories such as these, the primary concern of the plot is ascertaining truth, and the usual means of obtaining the truth is a complex and mysterious process combining intuitive logic, astute observation, and perspicacious inference. "Early detective stories tended to follow an investigating protagonist from the first scene to the last, making the unraveling a practical rather than emotional matter." "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" is particularly interesting because it is a barely fictionalized account based on Poe's theory of what happened to the real-life Mary Cecilia Rogers.
Émile Gaboriau was a pioneer of the detective fiction genre in France. In Monsieur Lecoq (1868), the title character is adept at disguise, a key characteristic of detectives. Gaboriau's writing is also considered to contain the first example of a detective minutely examining a crime scene for clues.
Another early example of a whodunit is a subplot in the novel Bleak House (1853) by Charles Dickens. The conniving lawyer Tulkinghorn is killed in his office late one night, and the crime is investigated by Inspector Bucket of the Metropolitan police force. Numerous characters appeared on the staircase leading to Tulkinghorn's office that night, some of them in disguise, and Inspector Bucket must penetrate these mysteries to identify the murderer. Dickens's protégé, Wilkie Collins (1824–1889)—sometimes referred to as the "grandfather of English detective fiction"—is credited with the first great mystery novel, The Woman in White. T. S. Eliot called Collins's novel The Moonstone (1868) "the first, the longest, and the best of modern English detective novels... in a genre invented by Collins and not by Poe", and Dorothy L. Sayers called it "probably the very finest detective story ever written". The Moonstone contains a number of ideas that have established in the genre several classic features of the 20th century detective story:
English country house robbery
A rudimentary "locked room" murder
A reconstruction of the crime
A final twist in the plot
Arthur Conan Doyle
Although The Moonstone is usually seen as the first detective novel, a number of critics suggest that the lesser known Notting Hill Mystery (1862–63), written by the pseudonymous "Charles Felix", preceded it by a number of years and first used techniques that would come to define the genre. In 1952, William Buckler identified the author of the novel as Charles Warren Adams and in 2011 American investigator Paul Collins found a number of lines of evidence that confirmed Buckler's initial claim.
In 1887, Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes , the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective (he was influenced by Poe's Dupin and Gaboriau's Lecoq), his name has become a byword for the part. Conan Doyle stated that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. A brilliant London-based "consulting detective" residing at 221B Baker Street, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning, and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.
Golden Age detective novels
Edit
The period of the 1920s and 1930s is generally referred to as the Golden Age of Detective Fiction . During this period, a number of very popular writers emerged, mostly British but with a notable subset of American writers. Female writers constituted a major portion of notable Golden Age writers, including Agatha Christie , the most famous of the Golden Age writers, and among the most famous authors of any genre, of all time. Four female writers of the Golden Age are considered the four original "Queens of Crime": Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers , Ngaio Marsh and Margery Allingham. Apart from Ngaio Marsh (New Zealand born) they were all British.
Various conventions of the detective genre were standardized during the Golden Age, and in 1929 some of them were codified by writer Ronald Knox in his 'Decalogue' of rules for detective fiction, among them to avoid supernatural elements, all of which were meant to guarantee that, in Knox's words, a detective story "must have as its main interest the unravelling of a mystery; a mystery whose elements are clearly presented to the reader at an early stage in the proceedings, and whose nature is such as to arouse curiosity, a curiosity which is gratified at the end." In Golden Age detective stories, an outsider — sometimes a salaried investigator or a police officer, but often a gifted amateur — investigates a murder committed in a closed environment by one of a limited number of suspects.
The most widespread subgenre of the detective novel became the whodunit (or whodunnit, short for "who done it?"), where great ingenuity may be exercised in narrating the events of the crime, usually a homicide, and of the subsequent investigation in such a manner as to conceal the identity of the criminal from the reader until the end of the book, when the method and culprit are revealed. According to scholars Carole Kismaric and Marvi Heiferman, "The golden age of detective fiction began with high-class amateur detectives sniffing out murderers lurking in rose gardens, down country lanes, and in picturesque villages. Many conventions of the detective-fiction genre evolved in this era, as numerous writers — from populist entertainers to respected poets — tried their hands at mystery stories."
Many of the most popular books of the Golden Age were written by Agatha Christie, who produced a long series of books featuring her detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple , amongst others, and usually including a complex puzzle for the reader to try to unravel. Christie's novels include, Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and And Then There Were None (1939). Also popular were the stories featuring Dorothy L. Sayers 's Lord Peter Wimsey and S. S. Van Dine's Philo Vance.
The "puzzle" approach was carried even further into ingenious and seemingly impossible plots by John Dickson Carr — also writing as Carter Dickson — who is regarded as the master of the "locked room mystery", and Cecil Street, who also wrote as John Rhode, whose detective, Dr. Priestley, specialised in elaborate technical devices, while in the US the whodunnit was adopted and extended by Rex Stout and Ellery Queen, among others. The emphasis on formal rules during the Golden Age produced a variety of reactions. Most writers were content to follow the rules slavishly, some flouted some or all of the conventions, and some exploited the conventions to produce new and startling results.
The private eye novel
Edit
Martin Hewitt, created by British author Arthur Morrison in 1894, is perhaps the first example of the modern style of fictional private detective.
By the late 1920s, Al Capone and the Mob were inspiring not only fear, but piquing mainstream curiosity about the American underworld. Popular pulp fiction magazines like Black Mask capitalized on this, as authors such as Carrol John Daly published violent stories that focused on the mayhem and injustice surrounding the criminals, not the circumstances behind the crime. From within this literary environment emerged many stories and novels about private detectives, also known as private investigators, PIs and "private eyes" ("eye" being the vocalization of "I" for "investigator"). Very often, no actual mystery even existed: the books simply revolved around justice being served to those who deserved harsh treatment, which was described in explicit detail."
In the 1930s, the private eye genre was adopted wholeheartedly by American writers. The tough, stylish detective fiction of Dashiell Hammett, Jonathan Latimer, Erle Stanley Gardner and others explored the "mean streets" and corrupt underbelly of the United States. Their style of crime fiction came to be known as "hardboiled", which encompasses stories with similar attitudes concentrating not on detectives but gangsters, crooks, and other committers or victims of crimes. "Told in stark and sometimes elegant language through the unemotional eyes of new hero-detectives, these stories were an American phenomenon."
In the late 1930s, Raymond Chandler updated the form with his private detective Philip Marlowe, who brought a more intimate voice to the detective than the more distanced, "operatives report" style of Hammett's Continental Op stories. Despite struggling through the task of plotting a story, his cadenced dialogue and cryptic narrations were musical, evoking the dark alleys and tough thugs, rich women and powerful men about whom he wrote. Several feature and television movies have been made about the Philip Marlowe character. James Hadley Chase wrote a few novels with private eyes as the main hero, including Blonde's Requiem (1945), Lay Her Among the Lilies (1950), and Figure It Out for Yourself (1950). Heroes of these novels are typical private eyes very similar to Philip Marlowe.
Ross Macdonald, pseudonym of Kenneth Millar, updated the form again with his detective Lew Archer. Archer, like Hammett's fictional heroes, was a camera eye, with hardly any known past. "Turn Archer sideways, and he disappears," one reviewer wrote. Two of Macdonald's strengths were his use of psychology and his beautiful prose, which was full of imagery. Like other 'hardboiled' writers, Macdonald aimed to give an impression of realism in his work through violence, sex and confrontation; this is illusory, however, and any real private eye undergoing a typical fictional investigation would soon be dead or incapacitated. The 1966 movie Harper starring Paul Newman was based on the first Lew Archer story The Moving Target (1949). Newman reprised the role in The Drowning Pool in 1976.
Michael Collins, pseudonym of Dennis Lynds, is generally considered the author who led the form into the Modern Age. His PI, Dan Fortune, was consistently involved in the same sort of David-and-Goliath stories that Hammett, Chandler, and Macdonald wrote, but Collins took a sociological bent, exploring the meaning of his characters' places in society and the impact society had on people. Full of commentary and clipped prose, his books were more intimate than those of his predecessors, dramatizing that crime can happen in one's own living room.
The PI novel was a male-dominated field in which female authors seldom found publication until Marcia Muller, Sara Paretsky, and Sue Grafton were finally published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Each author's detective, also female, was brainy and physical and could hold her own. Their acceptance, and success, caused publishers to seek out other female authors.
The "whodunit" versus the "inverted detective story"
Edit
A majority of detective stories follow the "whodunit" format. The events of the crime and the subsequent events of the investigation are presented so that the reader is only provided clues from which the identity of the perpetrator of the crime may be deduced. The solution is not revealed until the final pages of the book.
In an inverted detective story, the commission of the crime, and usually also the identity of the perpetrator, is shown or described at the beginning. The remainder of the story then describes the subsequent investigation. Instead, the "puzzle" presented to the reader is discovering the clues and evidence that the perpetrator left behind.
Police procedural
Edit
Many detective stories have police officers as the main characters. Of course these stories may take a variety of forms, but many authors try to realistically depict the routine activities of a group of police officers who are frequently working on more than one case simultaneously. Some of these stories are whodunits; in others the criminal is well known, and it is a case of getting enough evidence.
Other subgenres
Edit
There is also a subgenre of historical detectives. See historical whodunnit for an overview.
The first amateur railway detective, Thorpe Hazell, was created by Victor Whitechurch and his stories impressed Ellery Queen and Dorothy L. Sayers.
"Cozy mysteries" began in the late 20th century as a reinvention of the Golden Age whodunnit; these novels generally shy away from violence and suspense and frequently feature female amateur detectives. Modern cozy mysteries are frequently, though not necessarily in either case, humorous and thematic (culinary mystery, animal mystery, quilting mystery, etc.)
Another subgenre of detective fiction is the serial killer mystery, which might be thought of as an outcropping of the police procedural. There are early mystery novels in which a police force attempts to contend with the type of criminal known in the 1920s as a homicidal maniac, such as a few of the early novels of Philip Macdonald and Ellery Queen's Cat of Many Tails. However, this sort of story became much more popular after the coining of the phrase "serial killer" in the 1970s and the publication of The Silence of the Lambs in 1988. These stories frequently show the activities of many members of a police force or government agency in their efforts to apprehend a killer who is selecting victims on some obscure basis. They are also often much more violent and suspenseful than other mysteries.
Analysis
Edit
Even if they do not mean to, advertisers, reviewers, scholars and aficionados sometimes give away details or parts of the plot, and sometimes — for example in the case of Mickey Spillane's novel I, the Jury — even the solution. After the credits of Billy Wilder's film Witness for the Prosecution , the cinemagoers are asked not to talk to anyone about the plot so that future viewers will also be able to fully enjoy the unravelling of the mystery.
Plausibility and coincidence
Edit
For series involving amateur detectives, their frequent encounters with crime often tests the limits of plausibility. The character Miss Marple , for instance, dealt with an estimated two murders a year; De Andrea has described Marple's home town, the quiet little village of St. Mary Mead as having "put on a pageant of human depravity rivaled only by that of Sodom and Gomorrah". Similarly, TV heroine Jessica Fletcher of Murder, She Wrote is confronted with bodies wherever she goes, but over the years corpses have also piled up in the streets of Cabot Cove, Maine, where she lives. It is arguably more convincing if police, forensic experts or similar professionals are made the protagonist of a series of crime novels.
The television series Monk has often made fun of this implausible frequency. The main character, Adrian Monk, is frequently accused of being a "bad luck charm" and a "murder magnet" as the result of the frequency with which murder happens in his vicinity.
Likewise Kogoro Mori of Detective Conan got that kind of unflattering reputation. Although Mori is actually a private investigator with his own agency, the police never intentionally consult him as he stumbles from one crime scene to another.
The role and legitimacy of coincidence has frequently been the topic of heated arguments ever since Ronald A. Knox categorically stated that "no accident must ever help the detective" (Commandment No. 6 in his "Decalogue").
Effects of technology
Edit
Technological progress has also rendered many plots implausible and antiquated. For example, the predominance of mobile phones, pagers, and PDAs has significantly altered the previously dangerous situations in which investigators traditionally might have found themselves. Some authors have not succeeded in adapting to the changes brought about by modern technology; others, such as Carl Hiaasen, have.
One tactic that avoids the issue of technology altogether is the historical detective genre. As global interconnectedness makes legitimate suspense more difficult to achieve, several writers — including Elizabeth Peters, P. C. Doherty, Steven Saylor, and Lindsey Davis — have eschewed fabricating convoluted plots in order to manufacture tension, instead opting to set their characters in some former period. Such a strategy forces the protagonist to rely on more inventive means of investigation, lacking as they do the technological tools available to modern detectives.
Introduction to regional and ethnic subcultures
Edit
Especially in the United States, detective fiction emerged in the 1960s, and gained prominence in later decades, as a way for authors to bring stories about various subcultures to mainstream audiences. One scholar wrote about the detective novels of Tony Hillerman, set among the Native American population around New Mexico, "many American readers have probably gotten more insight into traditional Navajo culture from his detective stories than from any other recent books." Other notable writers who have explored regional and ethnic communities in their detective novels are Harry Kemelman, whose Rabbi Small series were set the Conservative Jewish community of Massachusetts; Walter Mosley, whose Easy Rawlins books are set in the African American community of 1950s Los Angeles; and Sara Paretsky, whose V. I. Warshawski books have explored the various subcultures of Chicago.
Proposed rules
Edit
Several authors have attempted to set forth a sort of list of “Detective Commandments” for prospective authors of the genre.
According to "Twenty rules for writing detective stories," by Van Dine in 1928: "The detective story is a kind of intellectual game. It is more — it is a sporting event. And for the writing of detective stories there are very definite laws — unwritten, perhaps, but nonetheless binding; and every respectable and self-respecting concocter of literary mysteries lives up to them. Herewith, then, is a sort of credo, based partly on the practice of all the great writers of detective stories, and partly on the promptings of the honest author's inner conscience." Ronald Knox wrote a set of Ten Commandments or Decalogue in 1929, see article on the Golden Age of Detective Fiction .
Famous fictional detectives
Edit
The full list of fictional detectives is immense. The format is well suited to dramatic presentation, and so there are also many television and film detectives, besides those appearing in adaptations of novels in this genre. Fictional detectives are generally applicable to one of four archetypes:
the amateur detective (Marple, Jessica Fletcher, Peter Wimsey);
the private investigator (Poirot, Dupin, Holmes, Marlowe, Cross, Spade, Poirot, Magnum, Simon & Simon);
the police detective (Dalgliesh, Kojak, Morse, Frost, Barnaby, Clouseau, Columbo);
the forensic specialists (Scarpetta, Quincy, Cracker, CSI, John Thorndyke).
Notable fictional detectives and their creators include:
Great detectives (non-private)
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What is the name of Earl’s band in the US tv series ‘My Name Is Earl’? | "My Name Is Earl" Van Hickey (TV Episode 2006) - IMDb
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Earl has to get his old band back together to take care of an elderly man on his list. But it only brings out a nasty secret which ultimately forces Earl to marry Ralph's mom.
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Storyline
Earl wants to make up for number 50 on his list, "kicked the lead singer out of my band", by getting his old band back together and play one more gig. Everything goes quite well until the former lead singer of the band finds Earl's list and reads aloud that Earl once had sex with Ralph's mother. Ralph is so mad at Earl he wants to kill him and the only way for Earl not to get killed is to marry Ralph's mother. Written by Marco van Hoof <[email protected]>
| List of My Name Is Earl episodes |
Which actress married Prince Ranier III of Monaco in 1956? | My Name Is Earl - Episode Guide - All 4
My Name Is Earl
Series 1
Episode 1 - Pilot
Petty crook Earl finds a $100,000 dollar-winning scratchcard - and immediately loses it when he's hit by a car while celebrating in the street. Is karma telling him to atone for his past misdeeds?
Episode 2 - Quit Smoking
Earl tackles two items on his karma list: making up for all the second-hand smoke he's inflicted on the world, and confessing to a crime he committed
Episode 3 - Randy's Touchdown
During their high school days, Earl ruined Randy's chance to score a touchdown during a key football game, so Earl tries to figure out a way to make things right
Episode 4 - Faked My Own Death
Earl decides to come clean to a former girlfriend with whom he split up by faking his own death. But his plan backfires...
Episode 5 - Teacher Earl
Earl decides to teach English as a second language so that he can cross 'Made fun of people with accents' off of his karma list
Episode 6 - Broke Joy's Fancy Figurine
Earl tries to win a beauty pageant trophy for Joy to make up for breaking one that she had won. So he enlists the help of her former nemesis...
Episode 7 - Stole Beer from a Golfer
Earl attempts to help Scott get over his preoccupation with golf, an obsession caused when he and Randy started fixing Scott's golf game to get free beer
Episode 8 - Joy's Wedding
Earl's list of misdeeds grows when Joy makes it very clear that he's not welcome at her wedding to Darnell
Episode 9 - Cost Dad the Election
Earl sets out to mend his relationship with his father Carl (guest star Beau Bridges)
Episode 10 - White Lie Christmas
As the festive season approaches, Earl tries to win Joy a car to make up for all the times he ruined her Christmas
Episode 11 - Barn Burner
Joy's application to enrol her children into the Right Choice Ranch for troubled youth is blocked because of a barn burning incident at the hands of a younger Earl
Episode 12 - O Karma, Where Art Thou?
Earl tries to atone for stopping a young couple from going on honeymoon together by returning the wallet he stole from them and filling in for the groom at work
Episode 13 - Stole Pop's Hot Dog Cart
Earl decides to return a hot dog cart that he and Ralph stole. But Ralph (guest star Giovanni Ribisi) has other, incendiary, ideas.
Episode 14 - Monkeys in Space
When one of Earl's friends is arrested he decides to make amends for number 18 on his list: 'told an inappropriate story at Hank Lange's party'.
Episode 15 - Something to Live For
Car trouble inspires Earl to atone for regularly siphoning petrol out of strangers' cars
Episode 16 - The Professor
Earl's nervous about returning a laptop computer he stole from a college professor, mostly because he's uncomfortable around smart people
Episode 17 - Didn't Pay Taxes
Earl faces a battle with government bureaucracy when he tries to make up for not paying taxes, and his efforts to atone leave him on the wrong side of the law
Episode 18 - Dad's Car
It's Mother's Day and Earl is feeling particularly disgusted with himself for never having given his mother a Mother's Day gift
Episode 19 - Y2K
Earl wants to return the ticket machine he stole from the Bargain Bag. But Randy doesn't want to give it back because it brings back happy memories.
Episode 20 - Boogeyman
Earl decides to remove 'Made a kid scared of the boogeyman' from his list, and discovers the lasting effect he had on the boy in question
Episode 21 - The Bounty Hunter
Number 45, 'Ditched Jessie to marry Joy', is next on Earl's list when his ex-girlfriend Jessie (Juliette Lewis) returns to town seeking revenge.
Episode 22 - Stole a Badge
While he's looking for stuff in the storm drain, Randy finds a badge Earl stole from a cop's shoe at the bowling alley
Episode 23 - BB
Earl attempts to cross out number 147 on his list: 'Shot Gwen Waters with a BB Gun'. To make things right he must reunite Gwen with her estranged father.
Episode 24 - Number One
Earl decides to cross number one off his list - stole ten dollars from a guy at Camden market - but realises he now owes him much more than ten dollars.
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What is the emblem of Canada? | Emblems of Canada - The Canadian Encyclopedia
History
Emblems of Canada
Emblems of Canada include the national coat of arms and flag. When John Cabot arrived on the shores of North America in 1497, he raised a cross and the royal banner of England. Since then, Canada’s emblems have evolved out of those traditionally used by France and Britain.
Emblems of Canada include the national coat of arms and flag. When John Cabot arrived on the shores of North America in 1497, he raised a cross and the royal banner of England. Since then, Canada’s emblems have evolved out of those traditionally used by France and Britain. Today they include such national symbols as the beaver and the maple leaf .
Arms
When John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) landed on the coast of North America on St John the Baptist Day, 24 June 1497, he formally took possession of the surrounding territory in the name of King Henry VII of England by raising a large cross and the royal banner, which then contained the three gold fleurs-de-lis of France on a blue field and the three gold lions of England on red, both repeated twice. Beginning in 1340, the fleurs-de-lis occupied the most important quarters of both the royal banner and arms (i.e., coat of arms) to express England’s claim to the throne of France.
The British continued to display the royal arms at land claims, such as Sir Humphrey Gilbert ’s ceremony claiming Newfoundland in 1583. They adorned the seals used in the Canadian colonies and the medals awarded to Aboriginal chiefs by British sovereigns. Some examples of the royal arms have survived in courthouses, post offices and Anglican churches.
Like the British use of their arms, the royal arms of France (three gold fleurs-de-lis on blue) were consistently displayed at land claiming ceremonies beginning with Jacques Cartier in 1534. In New France, they were exhibited on city gates, forts and important buildings, including churches and public places. They also appeared on government seals and coins.
At Confederation in 1867 no arms were assigned to the new Dominion of Canada . In 1868 the original provinces — Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Québec and Ontario — received arms by a royal warrant that also provided for a great seal of Canada, a shield bearing the arms of the four provinces. On the great seal assigned to Canada in 1869, the arms of each province appeared separately, two on each side of the figure of Queen Victoria . The four province shield survived and came to be considered the arms of the Dominion.
As additional provinces entered Confederation, armorial bearings assigned to them were added to the federal shield, creating an unsatisfactory aggregation. A Canadian committee appointed in 1919 decided within a year on the basic elements of a new design, which was forwarded to the College of Arms in London, England, for its consideration. In 1921 King George V, by royal proclamation, assigned armorial bearings for Canada.
The design is traditional, with the shield displaying the arms of England, Scotland, Ireland and France to symbolize the nation's founders. Underneath the four quarters, on a white field, is a sprig of three maple leaves to indicate the new nation of many peoples. Originally green, in 1957 the leaves officially became red, a common autumnal colour, and thus in accord with Canada's national colours, red and white. The crest and the shield's supporters are strikingly similar to the royal arms of Great Britain. The motto A Mari Usque ad Mare ("From sea to sea") is from the Bible's Psalm 72:8: "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth" (King James Version). In 1994 a ribbon with the motto of the Order of Canada, Desiderantes meliorem patriam ("They desire a better country"), was added to the arms of Canada.
Flags
The red and white flag featuring a stylized maple leaf was proclaimed Canada's national flag by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965. Its adoption was the culmination of many years of discussion, hundreds of designs and the heated flag debate in Parliament. The proportions of the flag are in a ratio of two to one: two by length and one by width. The white square in the centre is called a “Canadian pale” because it is twice as wide as the usual pale, a heraldic term meaning a vertical band.
Before 1965 Canada did not have an official flag. During the French regime the royal banner of France — three gold fleurs-de-lis on a blue field — was flown briefly during the early years of colonization in Canada and the failed colony in Florida in 1564–65. In the first half of the 17th century, Canadians became convinced that the completely white flag of the French Royal Navy, which they saw on ships and forts, was in fact the national flag of France, the flag they owed allegiance to. After the Conquest in 1760 the flags most commonly flown were Great Britain's Union Flag (Union Jack) and the Canadian Red Ensign. The latter was the flag of the British merchant marine, red, with the Union Jack in the canton (i.e., upper portion near the staff). From its forts and canoes, the Hudson’s Bay Company , which governed a large part of what is now Canada, flew the Red Ensign with HBC in the fly (i.e., the portion furthest from the staff). Soon after Confederation, Canadians began flying, on both land and sea, the Red Ensign with the shield of the Dominion in the fly. As the number of arms increased, the shield was difficult to recognize, especially at sea. In 1892, the British Admiralty authorized its use, with the addition of the original four province shield in the fly, on merchant vessels registered in Canada. In 1912, the British secretary of state instructed the governor general that the Union Flag was Canada’s flag to be flown on land.
In 1924, a Canadian order-in-council decreed that the Red Ensign with the shield of Canada in the fly could be flown over Canadian government buildings abroad. The Red Ensign was later carried by Canadian athletes at the Olympics and by Canadian troops in the Second World War. In 1945, another order-in-council approved the flying of the flag over federal buildings within Canada. To many Canadians the Red Ensign was the national flag, and this led to intense feeling when Parliament proposed to replace it with a new design.
Beaver
The beaver, most significant of the fur-bearing animals sought in the fur trade, was identified early as an emblem suitable to represent portions of the vast territories that in the 19th century became Canada. In 1621, King James I granted Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander. In 1633, when Alexander became Earl of Stirling and Viscount Canada, his new arms featured a beaver to symbolize his fiefdom in the New World.
From 1678 the Hudson’s Bay Company (chartered 1670) possessed an armorial seal charged with four beavers and separated into compartments formed by a St George's cross. In 1673, Governor Frontenac proposed arms for Québec City . The arms were not authorized, but the fact that his proposal combined the fleurs-de-lis of royal France with the beaver on the same shield is a clear indication that he viewed the beaver as a major Canadian symbol. In 1690, to commemorate Frontenac's successful defence of the Québec Citadel against the naval attack by Sir William Phips, the Kebeca Liberata (“Québec delivered”) medal was struck. It bore a representation of France as a seated woman and of Canada as a beaver at her feet. A medal entitled “Upper Canada Preserved” was struck during the War of 1812. It shows the British lion protecting the Canadian beaver against the American eagle on the other side of the Niagara River.
The use of the beaver as a Canadian emblem declined in the second half of the 19th century, while the maple leaf’s popularity increased. The animal's emblematic importance was revived by Sir Sandford Fleming when he designed Canada's first postage stamp, the 1851 three-penny beaver. Today the beaver, noted for its industry, skill and perseverance, qualities considered suitable for a nation to emulate, decorates the reverse of the Canadian five-cent coin. The beaver was made an emblem of the country by Parliament in 1975.
Maple Leaf
No evidence exists that the maple leaf was viewed as a Canadian emblem before the early 19th century. The first known written mention of the maple as an emblem of Francophone Canadians was within an epigram in a 29 November 1806 issue of Le Canadien addressed to its rival English newspaper, the Mercury. The maple accuses the thorny rose (symbol of England) of maliciously tearing at passers-by. In 1807, or some years before, the Montréal silversmith Robert Cruickshank produced a medal where the central shield of the royal arms of Great Britain is replaced by a single maple leaf, a strong statement that the leaf was also a symbol of Anglophone Canadians. At the 1836 banquet of the St-Jean-Baptiste Society, a speech by the president,Denis-Benjamin Viger, contained a clear statement that the maple tree was the emblem of Francophone Canadians, and the same idea was repeated in a song. The 14 November 1836 issue of Le Canadien declared that the maple leaf was the emblem of Lower Canada; and, during the Rebellion of 1837, both the Lower and Upper Canada Patriots displayed the leaf to express Canadian identity.
When describing his visit to Québec City in 1847, Lord Elgin wrote that the president of the St-Jean-Baptiste Society wore ``the maple leaf, the Canadian French Emblem.” But already the maple leaf had become an emblem of the two Canadas. Joseph Maffré’s The Original Canadian Quadrilles, published that same year, displays on its cover a beaver enclosed in maple branches. In Toronto the 1848 issue of Reverend John McCaul 's literary annual, Maple Leaf, referred to the leaf as “the chosen emblem of Canada.”
The maple leaf was officially recognized for the first time as a Canadian symbol in 1859 when the Prince of Wales presented the 100th Regiment (Royal Canadians) with its colours in England. A maple leaf was present at each corner of the regimental flag. The next year the regiment incorporated branches of maple into its badge, and that year the leaves were used extensively in decorations for the Prince of Wales's visit. In 1867 Alexander Muir composed " The Maple Leaf Forever ," a song which for decades was regarded as a national hymn. The designs of arms granted to Québec and Ontario in 1868 each incorporated a sprig of three maple leaves. The maple leaf was the badge of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the First World War . When national armorial bearings were assigned in 1921, a sprig of leaves was an important feature, and in 1965 the maple leaf became the dominant element in the new national flag.
In 2011, the Canadian government selected the Maple Leaf tartan to be Canada's national tartan. The tartan design, featuring a distinctive green and red pattern suggesting the shifting hues of autumn leaves, was designed in 1964 by Toronto garment maker David Weiser as part of the lead-up to Canada's centennial celebrations. In a statement issued by Heritage Minister James Moore, "The Maple Leaf Tartan has been worn proudly and enjoyed by Canadians for decades, but has never been elevated to the level of an official symbol – until now. Our national symbols express our identity and define our history. The Maple Leaf Tartan represents the contributions that the more than four million Canadians of Scottish heritage continue to make to our country."
| Maple leaf |
Which professional golfer is known as ‘The Big Easy’? | What is the national emblem of Canada? | Reference.com
What is the national emblem of Canada?
A:
Quick Answer
Canada has several national symbols, but arguably the most well-known is the maple leaf. Other symbols include the Canadian coat of arms, the national flag, the beaver, the National Horse of Canada and the Maple Leaf Tartan.
Full Answer
The maple leaf can be found on the nation's currency, coat of arms and flags. The maple tree was officially named Canada's official tree in 1996. Canada is a leader in the sustainable forest industry, and the symbol of the maple leaf pays homage to that. There are several different species of maple trees, but they are all known for their bright coloring and sweet sap.
| i don't know |
In which two US states does Monument Valley lie? | Four Corners travel guide - Wikitravel
14 Stay safe
For other places with the same name, see Four Corners (disambiguation) .
Four Corners Monument and Tribal Park [1] is where Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah meet. The site is managed by the Navajo Nation and is a stopping point along the Trails of the Ancients National Scenic Byway [2] .
Understand[ edit ]
State line survey marker near Teec Nos Pos, Arizona
First erected in 1899 to honor the only geographic location in the U.S. where the boundaries of four states touch, Four Corners Monument is a cartographic curiosity with limited infrastructure and essentially one thing to do: to stand in a number of places simultaneously. Come prepared. There are waterless self-contained toilets, but the site has no running water, no electricity, no telephones or cell phone coverage.
The Monument is something of a paradox. It is a small and limited attraction, surrounded by low lying, nondescript bluffs that aren't particularly photogenic. And yet "Four Corners" is a widely-applied label for all there are to do within a 200 to 500 mi (322 to 805 km) radius of where these four states intersect. When travelers speak of their "Four Corners" vacation, they may be headed for Mesa Verde National Park , Monument Valley , the Grand Canyon and to other points further afield. But they may never set foot inside the Monument itself.
The Monument seems to evoke strong emotions in people, as well. Visitors are either vastly underwhelmed by this attraction, even angry they drove so far out of their way to see so little, or they are inordinately pleased with running from state to state and having their picture taken. The novelty of these intersecting boundaries makes Four Corners a popular destination, with long lines in the summer months at both the food stalls and the bright red viewing platform for the photo-op.
The Monument offers travelers a chance to learn more about Native Americans, their cultures and ways of life. There is a small visitor center, which is open year round (the park only closes on Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's Day). It features a Demonstration Center with Native American artisans. But the best way to learn about modern day Native Americans is to strike up a friendly and respectful conversation with the various Navajo vendors. Generally, the Navajo vendors are cheerful and open to questioning. (For more information on how to properly handle this, see the Respect section in this article).
The average visit to the Monument lasts between 10 minutes and 2 hours, depending on whether or not people eat and thoroughly explore the Navajo stalls and visitor center.
Summer temperatures in the Monument can reach 110 ºF (43 ºC) and visitors should take extra precautions while visiting. To visit the park, you'll need to bring sunscreen, some kind of hand sanitizer, as well as something to drink. In the summer, blowing dust, flies and bugs are sometimes a problem. A word of caution: metal in the park during summer (including the aluminum bronze surveyor's mark) can be too hot to touch. Don't inadvertently burn yourself in your enthusiasm. The Navajo Nation is not responsible for any bodily injuries, accidents, thefts or losses that occur while on Navajo land.
History[ edit ]
The Four Corners site
The genesis of Four Corners as a novelty on a map dates back to 1846, when the U.S. Army invaded and defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American War. With the Treaty of Guadalupe y Hidalgo, the U.S. gained control of California , Nevada , Utah, as well as portions of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming .
Twenty-two years later, as Colorado prepared for statehood and admission into the Union, Four Corners was first surveyed by the U.S. Government Surveyors and Astronomers. This initial 1868 survey demarcated Colorado's southern boundary line. In 1878, New Mexico's west boundary and Utah's east boundary were surveyed and added. With the inclusion of the Arizona Territory boundary, the site became known as Four Corners.
The original survey monument, a sandstone marker, was erected in 1899, and was replaced with a small metal and cement marker in 1912. The northern boundary of the state of Arizona was surveyed in 1901.
Four Corners was originally declared by Congress at a different latitude and longitude, but an early surveying error misplaced the location. The U.S. Supreme Court had to wade into the bureaucratic mess, ruling that the current location was so popular, it should be recognized as the boundary between the four states.
For most of the 20th century, the Monument was very simple, consisting of three steps up to a concrete pad, with a few posts and highway guard rails surrounding it. The Monument received a facelift in 1992 and now includes a flat slab of granite embedded with an aluminum bronze marker, as well as surrounding state flags and state seals. The Navajo and Ute nation flags are represented, as well. An inscription in the granite reads, "Four states here meet in freedom under God." Just outside the monument, there are "welcome and goodbye" border signs for all four states.
In 1999, Congress appropriated money to Four Corners to improve the visitors center and build bathrooms with running water. Unfortunately, the project became entangled in various state and federal agencies, as well as squabbling between the tribal councils of the Ute and Navajo nations. It still remains unbuilt.
In May 2009, it was incorrectly reported by the media that a survey done by the National Geodetic Survey [3] had discovered that the original survey done in 1878 was incorrect. The actual borders between Colorado and Utah were reported to be 2.5 miles to the west. Congress and the States involved agreed to change the original longitude and latitude to match the marker. (The 109th Western Meridian was originally set as the boundary between Colorado and Utah.) Thus rendering the original survey invalid.
Talk[ edit ]
You may run into the occasional Native American who speaks only Navajo, but this should not present an insurmountable language barrier. The vast majority of the vendors speak English.
Get in[ edit ]
It would be impractical to make Four Corners Monument the sole focus of your trip. Combine it with a larger itinerary of the area. But no matter what, you're going to have to drive a car to get here. The Monument is far from major airports, and commuter air service into Farmington and Gallup on the New Mexico side is marginal and leaves you a long way from the park. Rail service is similarly marginal and distant, although the Amtrak line [4] between Albuquerque and Flagstaff passes through Gallup and along the southern side of the Navajo reservation.
By car[ edit ]
You enter the park from the New Mexico side on a short road called NM 597/ "4 Corners Monument Rd".
From Cortez, Colorado - Follow US 160 South to New Mexico for 44 mi (71 km). Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
From Farmington, New Mexico- Follow US 64 West for 10 mi (16 km). Turn right to stay on US 64 for 26 mi (42 km). Enter Arizona. Turn right (north) at US 160. Reenter New Mexico. Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
From Blanding, Utah - Follow UT 191 South for 30 mi (48 km). Turn left to stay on US 191 for 16 mi (26 km). Enter Arizona. Follow US 160 through to Teec Nos Pos for 30 mi (48 km). Turn left (north) in Teec Nos Pos for another 5 to 10 mi (8 to 16 km). Enter New Mexico. Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
From Flagstaff, Arizona - Follow US 160 for 221 mi (356 km) to Teec Nos Pos. In Teec Nos Pos, follow US 160 for another 5 to 10 mi (8 to 16 km). Enter New Mexico. Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
Fees/Permits[ edit ]
The entry fee is $5.00 per person.
The park closes at 5PM, and although the fence is easy to walk around it is not recommended. Several dogs not tied up will greet any visitors entering the area after closing time. Most of them are friendly, but you may also want to consult the Wikitravel article on how to handle aggressive dogs .
See[ edit ][ add listing ]
Flags and viewing platform, Colorado
Outside of the quick photo and running around from state to state, there's not much else to do, although on a clear day, it is sometimes possible to see the ancient volcanic neck of Shiprock to the east of the Monument.
Interpretive signs - There is a bronze plaque in front of the steps along the New Mexico part of the granite slab. It reads:
"In 1899, U.S. Surveyors Hubert Page and James Lentz found the four corners monument disturbed and broken. They marked and set a new stone at the original location. Everett Kimmell, General Land Office, re-monumented the Page-Lentz stone with a concrete and brass monument in 1931. The Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of Indian Affairs poured a concrete paving block around the Kimmell monument in 1962. In 1992, Cadastral Surveyors Darryl Wilson and Jack Eaves officially re-monumented the deteriorating Kimmell marker with an aluminum bronze disc. The structure that you see today was rebuilt by the Bureau of Land Management."
"The four corners area is surrounded by Indian lands. The Navajo Nation lies in New Mexico, Arizona and Utah. The Ute Mountain Ute Nation is in Colorado. Respect the culture and traditions of the four corners area."
There is also a painted and peeling plywood map in front of the visitor's center with a schematic of the Monument (mostly the parking lot), as well as a map of the four states emblazoned with their respective state seals.
Visitor center - This is a double wide pre-fab trailer with some brochures and the occasional summertime demonstration of Native American crafts.
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
Visitors can get on their hands and knees so that their bodies are in all four states at the same time. There is a small elevated platform where someone else takes a picture of you as you touch four states. The platform is on the New Mexico and Arizona border.
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
A majority of the 50 or so plywood stalls lie vacant, except in the high summer season. Mostly, there are many stalls hawking the obligatory tourist souvenirs, t-shirts and post cards. But amidst all the dreck, a handful of vendors sell authentic Native American arts and crafts. Real Navajo designs incorporate a flaw for the Yei bichai, a holy people in Navajo lore, leaving a portion of the design unfinished so the Yei spirit can escape.
Beware of non-authentic imports from Mexico and overseas carried by unscrupulous "dealers" that have tried to capitalize on the market for Navajo work. A few items for sale include:
Dreamcatchers - Hoops with woven screens adorned with feathers and beads. Although they originated with the Ojibwa Nation in Canada in the 1970s, dreamcatchers are now widely made and sold by a variety of Native American peoples.
Kachina Dolls - Not a traditional Navajo craft. Most likely these painted wood carvings are the works of other Pueblo Peoples, such as the Hopi in New Mexico , or are cheap knockoffs from some other country.
Navajo rugs - Also known as a Navajo Blanket. Brightly colored weavings with intricate patterns are standard features of this characteristic folk art of the Navajo. Each region of the reservation has its own style of weavings, with a few patterns that can be found reservation-wide. As with other folk art, quality and prices vary wildly. Look for authentic blankets from neighboring Teec Nos Pos, in Arizona. Teec Nos Pos blankets are known for their vivid colors and elaborate patterns.
Navajo pottery - Earth colored, patterned, pitch covered, then fired in juniper wood kiln, if real.
Navajo jewelry - Using semi-precious stones like lapis, hematite, onyx, amber and the classic turquoise set in beaten silver. You will most likely find rings, bracelets, earrings, buckles, bolo ties, hair ornaments and pins.
Navajo sand painting - These are bastardizations or replicas of sacred ceremonial art (usually not seen by the general public), reproduced for the tourist trade. Usually glued to a board or piece of ceramic for viewing.
Gas[ edit ]
Teec Nos Pos Trading Post, Teec Nos Pos Arizona (Just six miles from Four Corners Monument), ☎ +1-928-656-3224. This turquoise colored building sells fuel, souvenirs and fast food. Closest to the Monument. Gas up while you can. edit
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
There is no sit down restaurant within the park, but there are several "roach coach" or "burrito stand"-style food wagons. Picnic tables are also available. Due to the transitory nature of many of the food vendors within the Monument, it's impossible to write a list of permanent eateries. That said, here is some of the standard fare offered. It's fast food, Navajo-style:
Fry bread - Flattened dough fried in oil or lard and served in a paper bowl or napkin with powdered sugar or honey. Similar to elephant ears served elsewhere in the U.S. or to beaver tails in Canada .
Navajo burgers - Uses frybread instead of a bun, with lettuce, tomato, chopped onion, pickles and condiments. Held together in a tin foil wrapper.
Navajo tacos - Savory frybread piled high with ground beef, beans, shredded cheese, and sometimes chopped lettuce, tomatoes, onions, homemade salsa, and sour cream. Served with plastic fork and styrofoam plate.
Sno cones - Jumbo paper cups of crushed ice flavored with sweet syrups. A good way to cool off on a hot summer's day.
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Alcoholic beverages are prohibited by law on the Navajo Reservation. The various food vendors at the Monument offer cold sodas and bottled water to drink. But you are far better off to buy your water before you enter the park at the first available grocery store, gas station or trading post. Stop when you can; these are usually few and far between.
Contact[ edit ]
Teec Nos Pos Post Office, 100 State Hwy 64 north Teec Nos Pos, Arizona (at mile marker 466 on Hwy 64), ☎ +1-928-656-3460. Mon-Fri, 8:30-11:00AM, 12:00-5:00PM; Sat 10:00-12:00PM; Sun closed. edit
Internet access[ edit ]
There is no access within the park. Many of the chain hotels outside the Monument have high speed Wireless (Wi-Fi) access.
Respect[ edit ]
While traveling on Navajo land, remember that you are on a sovereign, self-governing nation. Obey all the Navajo tribal laws and regulations.
Do not litter; place your refuse in trash containers.
Visitors should be respectful when it comes to photography. Remember, the Navajo at the Monument are people, not props in your photograph. When you do take photos of people, keep in mind that a gratuity is always appreciated. Special permits are required by the Navajo nation when photographing for commercial use.
Please be sure to practice appropriate sensitivity in your dealings with any Native Americans you encounter. While both the Navajo and Utes claim the Four Corners area as their ancestral homelands, both people were subjected to forced relocation, military incursions and internment on reservations by the U.S. government. This 19th and early 20th century history is understandably still a sore spot. Most importantly, treat Native Americans with the same respect and courtesy that you'd wish to receive.
Trail of The Ancients National Scenic Byway - A tour of Ancestral Puebloan archeological ruins. Winds through Southeastern Utah's Canyon Country and Southwestern Colorado . Includes Mesa Verde National Park , Monument Valley , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Natural Bridges National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument and Utah's Valley of the Gods.
Grand Circle Tour [5] - A wider regional travel circuit of the Four Corners states, as well as Nevada . Includes all the famous National Parks, Monuments and state parks within this Southwestern region.
Tour Guides
Mesa Verde Tours, 907 County Road 207 Durango, ☎ +1-970-247-8533, [6] . 8AM-9PM. The Four Corners Tour Specialist. Group and private accommodations to destinations throughout the whole of the Four Corners. $65 & up. edit
| arizona and utah |
Who directed the 2002 film ‘Minority Report’, which is set primarily in the year 2054? | Four Corners travel guide - Wikitravel
14 Stay safe
For other places with the same name, see Four Corners (disambiguation) .
Four Corners Monument and Tribal Park [1] is where Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah meet. The site is managed by the Navajo Nation and is a stopping point along the Trails of the Ancients National Scenic Byway [2] .
Understand[ edit ]
State line survey marker near Teec Nos Pos, Arizona
First erected in 1899 to honor the only geographic location in the U.S. where the boundaries of four states touch, Four Corners Monument is a cartographic curiosity with limited infrastructure and essentially one thing to do: to stand in a number of places simultaneously. Come prepared. There are waterless self-contained toilets, but the site has no running water, no electricity, no telephones or cell phone coverage.
The Monument is something of a paradox. It is a small and limited attraction, surrounded by low lying, nondescript bluffs that aren't particularly photogenic. And yet "Four Corners" is a widely-applied label for all there are to do within a 200 to 500 mi (322 to 805 km) radius of where these four states intersect. When travelers speak of their "Four Corners" vacation, they may be headed for Mesa Verde National Park , Monument Valley , the Grand Canyon and to other points further afield. But they may never set foot inside the Monument itself.
The Monument seems to evoke strong emotions in people, as well. Visitors are either vastly underwhelmed by this attraction, even angry they drove so far out of their way to see so little, or they are inordinately pleased with running from state to state and having their picture taken. The novelty of these intersecting boundaries makes Four Corners a popular destination, with long lines in the summer months at both the food stalls and the bright red viewing platform for the photo-op.
The Monument offers travelers a chance to learn more about Native Americans, their cultures and ways of life. There is a small visitor center, which is open year round (the park only closes on Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's Day). It features a Demonstration Center with Native American artisans. But the best way to learn about modern day Native Americans is to strike up a friendly and respectful conversation with the various Navajo vendors. Generally, the Navajo vendors are cheerful and open to questioning. (For more information on how to properly handle this, see the Respect section in this article).
The average visit to the Monument lasts between 10 minutes and 2 hours, depending on whether or not people eat and thoroughly explore the Navajo stalls and visitor center.
Summer temperatures in the Monument can reach 110 ºF (43 ºC) and visitors should take extra precautions while visiting. To visit the park, you'll need to bring sunscreen, some kind of hand sanitizer, as well as something to drink. In the summer, blowing dust, flies and bugs are sometimes a problem. A word of caution: metal in the park during summer (including the aluminum bronze surveyor's mark) can be too hot to touch. Don't inadvertently burn yourself in your enthusiasm. The Navajo Nation is not responsible for any bodily injuries, accidents, thefts or losses that occur while on Navajo land.
History[ edit ]
The Four Corners site
The genesis of Four Corners as a novelty on a map dates back to 1846, when the U.S. Army invaded and defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American War. With the Treaty of Guadalupe y Hidalgo, the U.S. gained control of California , Nevada , Utah, as well as portions of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming .
Twenty-two years later, as Colorado prepared for statehood and admission into the Union, Four Corners was first surveyed by the U.S. Government Surveyors and Astronomers. This initial 1868 survey demarcated Colorado's southern boundary line. In 1878, New Mexico's west boundary and Utah's east boundary were surveyed and added. With the inclusion of the Arizona Territory boundary, the site became known as Four Corners.
The original survey monument, a sandstone marker, was erected in 1899, and was replaced with a small metal and cement marker in 1912. The northern boundary of the state of Arizona was surveyed in 1901.
Four Corners was originally declared by Congress at a different latitude and longitude, but an early surveying error misplaced the location. The U.S. Supreme Court had to wade into the bureaucratic mess, ruling that the current location was so popular, it should be recognized as the boundary between the four states.
For most of the 20th century, the Monument was very simple, consisting of three steps up to a concrete pad, with a few posts and highway guard rails surrounding it. The Monument received a facelift in 1992 and now includes a flat slab of granite embedded with an aluminum bronze marker, as well as surrounding state flags and state seals. The Navajo and Ute nation flags are represented, as well. An inscription in the granite reads, "Four states here meet in freedom under God." Just outside the monument, there are "welcome and goodbye" border signs for all four states.
In 1999, Congress appropriated money to Four Corners to improve the visitors center and build bathrooms with running water. Unfortunately, the project became entangled in various state and federal agencies, as well as squabbling between the tribal councils of the Ute and Navajo nations. It still remains unbuilt.
In May 2009, it was incorrectly reported by the media that a survey done by the National Geodetic Survey [3] had discovered that the original survey done in 1878 was incorrect. The actual borders between Colorado and Utah were reported to be 2.5 miles to the west. Congress and the States involved agreed to change the original longitude and latitude to match the marker. (The 109th Western Meridian was originally set as the boundary between Colorado and Utah.) Thus rendering the original survey invalid.
Talk[ edit ]
You may run into the occasional Native American who speaks only Navajo, but this should not present an insurmountable language barrier. The vast majority of the vendors speak English.
Get in[ edit ]
It would be impractical to make Four Corners Monument the sole focus of your trip. Combine it with a larger itinerary of the area. But no matter what, you're going to have to drive a car to get here. The Monument is far from major airports, and commuter air service into Farmington and Gallup on the New Mexico side is marginal and leaves you a long way from the park. Rail service is similarly marginal and distant, although the Amtrak line [4] between Albuquerque and Flagstaff passes through Gallup and along the southern side of the Navajo reservation.
By car[ edit ]
You enter the park from the New Mexico side on a short road called NM 597/ "4 Corners Monument Rd".
From Cortez, Colorado - Follow US 160 South to New Mexico for 44 mi (71 km). Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
From Farmington, New Mexico- Follow US 64 West for 10 mi (16 km). Turn right to stay on US 64 for 26 mi (42 km). Enter Arizona. Turn right (north) at US 160. Reenter New Mexico. Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
From Blanding, Utah - Follow UT 191 South for 30 mi (48 km). Turn left to stay on US 191 for 16 mi (26 km). Enter Arizona. Follow US 160 through to Teec Nos Pos for 30 mi (48 km). Turn left (north) in Teec Nos Pos for another 5 to 10 mi (8 to 16 km). Enter New Mexico. Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
From Flagstaff, Arizona - Follow US 160 for 221 mi (356 km) to Teec Nos Pos. In Teec Nos Pos, follow US 160 for another 5 to 10 mi (8 to 16 km). Enter New Mexico. Turn at "Four Corners Monument" sign, a short road called NM 597.
Fees/Permits[ edit ]
The entry fee is $5.00 per person.
The park closes at 5PM, and although the fence is easy to walk around it is not recommended. Several dogs not tied up will greet any visitors entering the area after closing time. Most of them are friendly, but you may also want to consult the Wikitravel article on how to handle aggressive dogs .
See[ edit ][ add listing ]
Flags and viewing platform, Colorado
Outside of the quick photo and running around from state to state, there's not much else to do, although on a clear day, it is sometimes possible to see the ancient volcanic neck of Shiprock to the east of the Monument.
Interpretive signs - There is a bronze plaque in front of the steps along the New Mexico part of the granite slab. It reads:
"In 1899, U.S. Surveyors Hubert Page and James Lentz found the four corners monument disturbed and broken. They marked and set a new stone at the original location. Everett Kimmell, General Land Office, re-monumented the Page-Lentz stone with a concrete and brass monument in 1931. The Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of Indian Affairs poured a concrete paving block around the Kimmell monument in 1962. In 1992, Cadastral Surveyors Darryl Wilson and Jack Eaves officially re-monumented the deteriorating Kimmell marker with an aluminum bronze disc. The structure that you see today was rebuilt by the Bureau of Land Management."
"The four corners area is surrounded by Indian lands. The Navajo Nation lies in New Mexico, Arizona and Utah. The Ute Mountain Ute Nation is in Colorado. Respect the culture and traditions of the four corners area."
There is also a painted and peeling plywood map in front of the visitor's center with a schematic of the Monument (mostly the parking lot), as well as a map of the four states emblazoned with their respective state seals.
Visitor center - This is a double wide pre-fab trailer with some brochures and the occasional summertime demonstration of Native American crafts.
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
Visitors can get on their hands and knees so that their bodies are in all four states at the same time. There is a small elevated platform where someone else takes a picture of you as you touch four states. The platform is on the New Mexico and Arizona border.
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
A majority of the 50 or so plywood stalls lie vacant, except in the high summer season. Mostly, there are many stalls hawking the obligatory tourist souvenirs, t-shirts and post cards. But amidst all the dreck, a handful of vendors sell authentic Native American arts and crafts. Real Navajo designs incorporate a flaw for the Yei bichai, a holy people in Navajo lore, leaving a portion of the design unfinished so the Yei spirit can escape.
Beware of non-authentic imports from Mexico and overseas carried by unscrupulous "dealers" that have tried to capitalize on the market for Navajo work. A few items for sale include:
Dreamcatchers - Hoops with woven screens adorned with feathers and beads. Although they originated with the Ojibwa Nation in Canada in the 1970s, dreamcatchers are now widely made and sold by a variety of Native American peoples.
Kachina Dolls - Not a traditional Navajo craft. Most likely these painted wood carvings are the works of other Pueblo Peoples, such as the Hopi in New Mexico , or are cheap knockoffs from some other country.
Navajo rugs - Also known as a Navajo Blanket. Brightly colored weavings with intricate patterns are standard features of this characteristic folk art of the Navajo. Each region of the reservation has its own style of weavings, with a few patterns that can be found reservation-wide. As with other folk art, quality and prices vary wildly. Look for authentic blankets from neighboring Teec Nos Pos, in Arizona. Teec Nos Pos blankets are known for their vivid colors and elaborate patterns.
Navajo pottery - Earth colored, patterned, pitch covered, then fired in juniper wood kiln, if real.
Navajo jewelry - Using semi-precious stones like lapis, hematite, onyx, amber and the classic turquoise set in beaten silver. You will most likely find rings, bracelets, earrings, buckles, bolo ties, hair ornaments and pins.
Navajo sand painting - These are bastardizations or replicas of sacred ceremonial art (usually not seen by the general public), reproduced for the tourist trade. Usually glued to a board or piece of ceramic for viewing.
Gas[ edit ]
Teec Nos Pos Trading Post, Teec Nos Pos Arizona (Just six miles from Four Corners Monument), ☎ +1-928-656-3224. This turquoise colored building sells fuel, souvenirs and fast food. Closest to the Monument. Gas up while you can. edit
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
There is no sit down restaurant within the park, but there are several "roach coach" or "burrito stand"-style food wagons. Picnic tables are also available. Due to the transitory nature of many of the food vendors within the Monument, it's impossible to write a list of permanent eateries. That said, here is some of the standard fare offered. It's fast food, Navajo-style:
Fry bread - Flattened dough fried in oil or lard and served in a paper bowl or napkin with powdered sugar or honey. Similar to elephant ears served elsewhere in the U.S. or to beaver tails in Canada .
Navajo burgers - Uses frybread instead of a bun, with lettuce, tomato, chopped onion, pickles and condiments. Held together in a tin foil wrapper.
Navajo tacos - Savory frybread piled high with ground beef, beans, shredded cheese, and sometimes chopped lettuce, tomatoes, onions, homemade salsa, and sour cream. Served with plastic fork and styrofoam plate.
Sno cones - Jumbo paper cups of crushed ice flavored with sweet syrups. A good way to cool off on a hot summer's day.
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Alcoholic beverages are prohibited by law on the Navajo Reservation. The various food vendors at the Monument offer cold sodas and bottled water to drink. But you are far better off to buy your water before you enter the park at the first available grocery store, gas station or trading post. Stop when you can; these are usually few and far between.
Contact[ edit ]
Teec Nos Pos Post Office, 100 State Hwy 64 north Teec Nos Pos, Arizona (at mile marker 466 on Hwy 64), ☎ +1-928-656-3460. Mon-Fri, 8:30-11:00AM, 12:00-5:00PM; Sat 10:00-12:00PM; Sun closed. edit
Internet access[ edit ]
There is no access within the park. Many of the chain hotels outside the Monument have high speed Wireless (Wi-Fi) access.
Respect[ edit ]
While traveling on Navajo land, remember that you are on a sovereign, self-governing nation. Obey all the Navajo tribal laws and regulations.
Do not litter; place your refuse in trash containers.
Visitors should be respectful when it comes to photography. Remember, the Navajo at the Monument are people, not props in your photograph. When you do take photos of people, keep in mind that a gratuity is always appreciated. Special permits are required by the Navajo nation when photographing for commercial use.
Please be sure to practice appropriate sensitivity in your dealings with any Native Americans you encounter. While both the Navajo and Utes claim the Four Corners area as their ancestral homelands, both people were subjected to forced relocation, military incursions and internment on reservations by the U.S. government. This 19th and early 20th century history is understandably still a sore spot. Most importantly, treat Native Americans with the same respect and courtesy that you'd wish to receive.
Trail of The Ancients National Scenic Byway - A tour of Ancestral Puebloan archeological ruins. Winds through Southeastern Utah's Canyon Country and Southwestern Colorado . Includes Mesa Verde National Park , Monument Valley , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Natural Bridges National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument and Utah's Valley of the Gods.
Grand Circle Tour [5] - A wider regional travel circuit of the Four Corners states, as well as Nevada . Includes all the famous National Parks, Monuments and state parks within this Southwestern region.
Tour Guides
Mesa Verde Tours, 907 County Road 207 Durango, ☎ +1-970-247-8533, [6] . 8AM-9PM. The Four Corners Tour Specialist. Group and private accommodations to destinations throughout the whole of the Four Corners. $65 & up. edit
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