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What is the first bird mentioned in the Bible? | Bible Study - Birds Of The Bible
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Birds Of The Bible
by Wayne Blank
"And God said, "Let the waters bring forth swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the firmament of the heavens." So God created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarm, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth." And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day." (Genesis 1:20-23 RSV) (see The Seven Days Of Creation )
Nearly 400 different kinds of birds can be found in the region of Israel, of which about 25 are found only in Israel. Birds are mentioned widely throughout The Bible , with literal and metaphorical usage. Some of the most common -
Doves
Doves are harmless, peaceful birds which came to be used as a symbol of The Holy Spirit: "And when Jesus was baptized [see Baptism and John The Baptist ], He went up immediately from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and alighting on Him" (Matthew 3:16 RSV)
Chickens
A hen with her eggs was used as a metaphor for God's concern for His unrepentant people: "O Jerusalem , Jerusalem, killing the prophets and stoning those who are sent to you! How often would I have gathered your children together as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, and you would not!" (Matthew 23:37 RSV)
Roosters are known for their crowing, which was said to have been so punctual that the Roman troops (see Roman Legions ) used it to signal the change of the guard. Jesus Christ used the well-known sound of the cock crowing to predict that Peter would temporarily deny even knowing Him on The Fateful Night : "Truly, I say to you, this very night, before the cock crows twice, you will deny Me three times." (Mark 14:29-30 RSV)
Eagles
The eagle was the largest bird in Israel, with a wingspan of up to 8 feet. God used an eagle metaphorically for His bringing the Israelites out of slavery in the Exodus: "And Moses went up to God, and The Lord called to him out of the mountain, saying, "Thus you shall say to the house of Jacob, and tell the people of Israel: "You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings and brought you to Myself." (Exodus 19:3-4 RSV)
Ravens
The raven was the first bird that Noah sent out from the ark: "At the end of forty days Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made, and sent forth a raven; and it went to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth." (Genesis 8:6-7 RSV) (see The Flood and How Big Was Noah's Ark? )
Peacocks
| Raven |
Lake Tuz is in which European country? | The Raven - Animals of the Bible
Animals of the Bible
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You're here » Kids Index - Animals of the Bible - The Raven
THE RAVEN
The raven always attacks the eye of an animal first; seeming to prefer that to every other part.
he raven has always been very well known to man, and is mentioned almost at the beginning of the Bible. You remember that this was the first bird that Noah sent out of the ark to see whether the waters had begun to dry up; and that it did not go back to him again.
I suppose it was very glad to be at liberty after it had been shut up more than a year; and as it lives upon the flesh of other animals, it probably found food enough from the bodies of those that had been drowned.
It is a large bird, considerably larger than the crow; and its feathers are very black, very glossy, and very beautiful. People in ancient times seem to have liked a black color, and were especially pleased with black hair; so we read in the Song of Solomon, where one who is beautiful is described, "His locks are bushy, and black as a raven."
It is said that the raven always attacks the eye of an animal first; seeming to prefer that to every other part. This may explain one of the verses in Proverbs, "The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to obey his mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the young eagles shall eat it."
It has been the custom, in many countries, to hang those who have been guilty of great crimes on a tree or on a gallows in the open air; and there to leave the body for the birds to peck at and devour if they chose.
I suppose this verse means that stubborn and disobedient children, or those who are not kind and respectful to their parents, must expect to come to some sad end; and they very often do so.
I have heard that the raven drives out its young ones very early from the nest, almost before they are able to seek their food. This may explain a verse in the Psalms, "The Lord giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry;" and another in Job, "Who provideth for the raven his food ? when his young ones cry unto God, wandering for lack of meat."
Our Savior speaks of this bird in the 12th chapter of Luke, "Consider the ravens; for they neither sow nor reap; they have neither store-house nor barn; and God feedeth them." He was speaking to his disciples, and it was as much as to say, "If God takes care of the ravens, he will certainly take care of you; so you need not be anxious or afraid.
Have you read in the Bible how a good prophet's life was once saved by ravens? The people who were living then were very wicked, and would have been glad to kill the prophet Elijah; so God told him to go into the wilderness and live there alone by the side of a small brook. Elijah went to the brook, and there was water enough for him to drink, of course, but no food to keep him from starving.
You may be sure that God did not forget his servant; but you would hardly believe, if it was not in the Bible, that he would send the ravens to carry food to him. Yet so it was: "the ravens brought him bread and flesh in the morning, and bread and flesh in the evening; and he drank of the brook."
It is supposed that he was fed in this way for as much as a year. It was a long time to stay there by himself; but I do not think he was lonely or afraid, for he loved God, and felt sure that He was always near him, even in the wilderness.
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The Corbillon Cup is played for by women in which sport? | Corbillon cup - definition of Corbillon cup by The Free Dictionary
Corbillon cup - definition of Corbillon cup by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Corbillon+cup
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table tennis
n.
A game similar to lawn tennis, played on a table with paddles and a small hollow plastic ball.
table tennis
n
(Individual Sports, other than specified) a miniature form of tennis played on a table with small bats and a light hollow ball
ta′ble ten`nis
n.
a game resembling tennis, played on a table with small paddles and a hollow celluloid or plastic ball.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun
1.
table tennis - a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball
Ping-Pong
table game - a game that is played on a table
rally , exchange - (sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes; "after a short rally Connors won the point"
Translations
n → tennis m da tavolo , ping-pong ® m
table
(ˈteibl) noun
1. a piece of furniture consisting of a flat, horizontal surface on legs used eg to put food on at meals, or for some games. Put all the plates on the table. tafel طاوِلَه маса mesa stůl der Tisch bord τραπέζι mesa laud میز pöytä table שולחן मेज stol; igraći stol (stolni tenis, biljar) asztal meja borð tavolo テーブル 탁자 stalas galds meja tafel bord stół مېز،تخته،دړه، دمېز دشاوخواخلك، ډوډۍ ، خواړه،جدول، فهرست ايستل ( لكه دبحت داّجند اڅخه ) ځنډول،دميزپرسرايښودل mesa oamenii care stau la masă стол stôl miza sto bord โต๊ะ masa 桌子，臺子 стіл ٹيبل، ميز cái bàn 桌子，台子
2. a statement of facts or figures arranged in columns etc. The results of the experiments can be seen in table 5. tafel, tabel جَدْوَل، قائِمَه таблица quadro tabulka, sloupec die Tabelle tabel πίνακας tabla , cuadro tabel جدول taulukko table , tableau לוח सारणी tablica táblázat tabel tafla tavola , tabella 表 표 lentelė tabula jadual tabel tabell tabela ځنډول quadro tabel таблица tabuľka, stĺpec tabela tabela tabell ตาราง tablo , cetvel 表格 таблиця; список خانہ biểu, cột 表格
3. the people sitting at a table. The whole table heard what he said. tafel مائِدَه، الجالِسون إلى المائِدَه хора, седящи на маса mesa stůl die Tischrunde bord συνδαιτυμόνες mesa laudkond اشخاص دور میز pöytäseurue table , tablée הַיוֹשבִים לַשוּלחָן मेज के गिर्द बैठे लोग stol (osobe koje sjede oko stola) asztaltársaság orang yang duduk di keliling meja þeir sem sitja saman við borð tavolata 食卓を囲む人々 식탁에 둘러 앉은 사람들 žmonės prie stalo pie galda sēdošie org yg duduk di meja tafel bord stół دمېز دشاوخواخلك mesa masă стол ; компания stôl omizje sto bord[ssällskap] คนนั่งที่โต๊ะ bir masada oturanlar 一桌子人 товариство за столом دستر خوان پر بيٹھے لوگ người ngồi trong cùng một bàn 一桌子人
ˈtablecloth noun
a cloth for covering a table, usually for a meal. an embroidered tablecloth. tafeldoek غَطاء المائِدَه покривка за маса toalha de mesa ubrus das Tischtuch dug τραπεζομάντιλο mantel laudlina رومیزی pöytäliina nappe מַּפת שוּלחָן मेजपोश stolnjak abrosz taplak borðdúkur tovaglia テーブルクロス 식탁보 staltiesė galdauts alas meja tafelkleed bordduk obrus ميزپوښ، دستر خان toalha de mesa faţă de masă скатерть obrus prt stolnjak bordduk ผ้าปูโต๊ะ masa örtüsü 桌布 скатерка ميز پوش vải phủ bàn 桌布
table linen
tablecloths, napkins etc. They gave us table linen as a wedding present. tafellinne أغْطِيَة أو شَراشِف المائِدَه покривки и салфетки за маса roupa de mesa stolní prádlo die Tischwäsche dækketøj πετσέτες και τραπεζομάντιλα mantelería lauapesu رومیزی؛ دستمال سفره pöytätekstiilit linge de table מַפּוֹת שוּלחָן मेजपोश stolno rublje asztalnemű taplak dan serbet borðlín tovagliato 食卓用白布類 식탁용 흰 천 stalo aptiesalai galdauti un salvetes alas meja tafellinnen bordduk med servietter bielizna stołowa ميزپوښ، دستر خان roupa de mesa garnitură pentru masă столовое бельё prestieranie namizni prt s prtički salveta bordslinne ผ้าปูโต๊ะ ; ผ้าเช็ดปาก sofra örtüsü ve peçeteler 桌布和餐巾 столова білизна ميز کا رومال khăn ăn 桌布和餐巾
ˈtablespoon noun
1. a large spoon, used eg for serving food. eetlepel مِلْعَقَه كبيرَه супена лъжица colher de sopa lžíce der Eßlöffel spiseske κουτάλα cuchara sopera supilusikas قاشق غذا خوری ruokalusikka cuiller de service כף बड़ा चम्मच jušna žlica evőkanál sendok makan matskeið cucchiaio 大さじ 테이블 스푼 valgomasis šaukštas ēdamkarote sudu besar opscheplepel spiseskje łyżka stołowa دښورواخوړلوكا چوغه دمېزڅمڅى colher de sopa lingură de masă столовая ложка lyžica zajemalka velika kašika za sipanje hrane uppläggningssked, matsked ช้อนโต๊ะ (มีคำย่อว่า tbs.) servis kaşığı 大湯匙 столова ложка بڑا چمچہ 大汤匙
2. a tablespoonful. Add a tablespoon of sugar. eetlepel مِلء مِلْعَقَة الطَّعام супена лъжица uma colher de sopa (de) polévková lžíce der Eßlöffel spiseskefuld κουταλιά σούπας una cucharada sopera supilusikatäis به اندازه یک قاشق غذا خوری ruokalusikallinen cuillerée à soupe כַּף מְלֵאָה बड़ा चम्मचभर jušna žlica čega evőkanálnyi sesendok makan matskeið cucchiaio 大さじ１杯 테이블 스푼 가득 valgomasis šaukštas ēdamkarote(-s tilpums) sudu besar penuh eetlepel spiseskje łyżka stołowa ديوې ښوروا خوړلودكاچوغى مقدار uma colher de sopa (de) (o) lingură (de) столовая ложка polievková lyžica žlica puna kašika matsked หนึ่งช้อนโต๊ะ servis kaşığı (dolusu) 一大湯匙容量的 столова ложка بڑا چمچہ بھر کر 一大汤匙容量的
ˈtablespoonful noun
the amount that will fill a tablespoon. two tablespoonfuls of jam. teelepelvol مِقْدار مِلَعَقَة الطَّعام супена лъжица colher de sopa (de) polévková lžíce der Eßlöffel voll spiseskefuld κουταλιά σούπας una cucharada sopera supilusikatäis به اندازه یک قاشق غذا خوری ruokalusikallinen cuillerée à soupe כף बड़ा चम्मचभर količina, koja stane u jušnu žlicu evőkanál(nyi) sesendok makan matskeiðarfylli cucchiaiata 大さじ１杯 테이블 스푼 하나 가득 valgomasis šaukštas ēdamkarotes saturs/daudzums; pilna ēdamkarote sudu besar penuh eetlepel spiseskje łyżka stołowa ديوې ښوروا خوړلودكاچوغى مقدار colher de sopa (o) lingură (de) столовая ложка polievková lyžica žlica puna kašika matsked ปริมาณหนึ่งช้อนโต๊ะ servis kaşığı dolusu miktar 一大湯匙容量 столова ложка بڑے چمچہ کي مقدار đầy một thìa xúp 一大汤匙容量
table tennis
a game played on a table with small bats and a light ball; ping pong. tafeltennis تِنِس الطاوِلَه тенис на маса tênis de mesa stolní tenis das Tischtennis bordtennis επιτραπέζιο τένις, πιγκ-πογκ tenis de mesa lauatennis پینگ پنگ pöytätennis ping-pong טֶנִיס-שוּלחָן टेबल टेनिस stolni tenis asztalitenisz tenis meja borðtennis ping-pong , tennis da tavolo 卓球 탁구 stalo tenisas galda teniss ping pong tafeltennis bordtennis tenis stołowy پینګ پنګ ténis de mesa tenis de masă, ping-pong настольный теннис stolný tenis namizni tenis stoni tenis bordtennis ปิงปอง masa tenisi 乒乓球 настільний теніс ايک کھيل môn bóng bàn 乒乓球
lay/set the table
to put a tablecloth, plates, knives, forks etc on a table for a meal. The meal is ready – will you lay the table? tafel dek يُعِدُّ المائِدَه поставям масата pôr a mesa prostřít stůl den Tisch decken dække bord στρώνω τραπέζι poner la mesa lauda katma میز چیدن kattaa pöytä mettre la table לַעֲרוֹך שוּלחָן मेज सजाना postaviti stol (za objed) megterít menata meja leggja á borð apparecchiare 食卓の用意をする 밥상을 차리다 padengti stalą klāt/servēt galdu menyediakan meja utk makan tafeldekken dekke bordet nakryć do stołu میز چیدن pôr a mesa a pune masa накрывать на стол prestrieť stôl pogrniti mizo postaviti sto duka [bordet] จัดโต๊ะอาหาร masayı hazırlamak, sofrayı kurmak 擺桌子 ставити на стіл دسترخوان تيار کرنا chuẩn bị bàn ăn 摆桌子
table tennis
| Table tennis |
In the UK, ‘The Trial of the …’what’, is the procedure for ensuring that newly minted coins conform to required standards? | Corbillon cup | Article about Corbillon cup by The Free Dictionary
Corbillon cup | Article about Corbillon cup by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Corbillon+cup
Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia .
table tennis,
game played, usually indoors, by two or four players; it is more or less a miniature form of lawn tennis tennis,
game played indoors or outdoors by two players (singles) or four players (doubles) on a level court. Rules and Equipment
Lawn tennis was originally played on grass courts, but most major events are now played on courts of hard, composite materials;
..... Click the link for more information. . It is also called Ping-Pong, after the trade name that a manufacturer adopted (c.1900) for the equipment.
The regulation game is played on a table that measures 9 ft by 5 ft (2.74 m by 1.52 m) and stands 2.5 ft (76 cm) from the floor. A transverse net 6 in. (15.25 cm) high divides the surface, which is generally dark in color, edged with white stripes, and halved longitudinally (for doubles play) by another white stripe. The celluloid ball is hollow, seamless, and about 1.5 in. (3.81 cm) in diameter, with a weight of .1 oz (2.8 grams); the racket, or bat, is a wooden paddle with a handle 3 in. (7.62 cm) long and a round blade about 6.5 in. (16.5 cm) long, covered with rubber.
In the service (unlike tennis) the ball must bounce once before clearing the net and again bounce before being struck by the receiver. After the service (only one is allowed, not two as in tennis), the returns should go over the net without bouncing on the near surface. A point is scored when a service does not land properly in play or when a player fails to return the ball properly. Each player in turn serves consecutively five times until the winning score of 21 is reached. (If the score is tied at 20-all, play must continue until a 2-point margin is won.) In doubles matches partners rotate in units of five consecutive services, and the server must deliver the ball into the diagonally opposite box.
Table tennis originated in the late 19th cent. with cork or rubber balls. First popular in England, it spread to several European countries and to the United States in the early 20th cent. The International Table Tennis Federation was founded (1926) to standardize the rules and equipment. The U.S. Table Tennis Association was founded in 1933.
Primarily a recreational sport in the United States, table tennis is a major competitive sport in Asia and parts of Europe. In 1971 the sport achieved a great measure of publicity when, while touring Japan, a U.S. table tennis team was invited to play in China, thereby initiating the first officially sanctioned Sino-American cultural exchange in almost twenty years. Table tennis took its place on the Olympic program in 1988.
Bibliography
See D. Parker and D. Hewitt, Table Tennis (1989).
Table Tennis
a game played with a ball on a table. It is generally accepted that table tennis originated in Great Britain in the late 19th century. In the 1920’s the game gained wide popularity in many countries, first as an amusement and later as a sport. It did not have a universally accepted name in its early years; in the beginning of the 1920’s, the name Ping-Pong was widely used, probably because of the characteristic sound the ball makes when it strikes the wooden table. The game acquired its present name in 1926, when the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was established.
Required equipment for table tennis includes a table, usually dark green (274 × 152.5 cm and 76 cm high); a net (183 × 15.25 cm); rackets (paddles) of any shape, usually faced with special dark-colored rubber; and a ball made of white celluloid or plastic (37.2–38.2 mm in diameter and weighing 2.4—2.53 g). In official competition, the playing area measures 6–7 m by 12–14 m. Men’s and women’s singles matches and men’s, women’s, and mixed doubles matches are held. In the team events, placings are determined according to the results of both singles and doubles matches.
The ITTF was founded by the English public figure I. Montagu, who served as its first president. In 1973 the ITTF included the national associations of 107 countries. By the early 1970’s, there were 22.5 million table tennis players in the world, making it the sixth most popular sport. The European Table Tennis Union, established in 1957, includes 30 countries (1973). Thirty-two world championships were held between 1926 and 1973, and eight European championships between 1958 and 1972. Since 1957 world championships have been held in odd-numbered years, and European championships in even-numbered years. In world and European championships, players compete in two team events and five individual events, the latter including the singles and doubles categories.
The greatest success in world championships have been achieved by players from Hungary (65 victories), Japan (44), Czechoslovakia (28), Rumania (17), the People’s Republic of China (19), and England (14). In the European championships, the most victories have been won by players from Hungary, Sweden, the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Among the best players in the history of table tennis have been V. Barna (Hungary and England); F. Sido and Z. Berczik (Hungary); I. Andreadis and B. Váńa (Czechoslovakia); R. Bergmann (Austria and England); I. Ogimura (Japan); Chuang Tse-tung (People’s Republic of China); and K. Johansson, H. Alser, and S. Bengtsson (Sweden). Among women, outstanding players have included M. Mednyanszky, G. Farkas, and E. Koczian (Hungary); A. Rozeanu, E. Zeller, and M. Alexandru (Rumania); and K. Matsuzaki and N. Fakazu (Japan).
In the USSR, table tennis was widely played in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s, then lost its popularity; in the 1960’s it again became a widely played sport. As of Jan. 1, 1973, there were more than 3 million table tennis players, organized in 108,800 sections within physical culture groups. There were 604,500 players with official ratings, 228 masters of sports, 18 international masters, and two Honored Masters of Sports. The first all-Union table tennis tournament took place in 1950 in Moscow. Twenty-two individual and 17 team competitions were held in the USSR between 1951 and 1972. The game received its greatest development within voluntary sports associations, such as Trud, Spartak, Trudovye Reservy, and Dinamo. In 1950 an all-Union section for table tennis was created; it joined the ITTF in 1954 and was reorganized into a federation in 1959.
Soviet players have participated in the European championships since 1958, in the world championships since 1961, in the European junior championships since 1959, and in the championship of the European league since 1967–68. Soviet players gained first place at the world championships in the women’s team event and women’s doubles competition in 1969, and at the European championships in the mixed doubles competition in 1968, 1970, 1972, and 1974, in the women’s doubles competition in 1970, and in the women’s team event in 1970 and 1974. Between 1967 and 1973 the USSR team won the championship of the European Table Tennis Union three times. In junior competition, Soviet players are the strongest in Europe. In 1971 they won 14 medals, including seven gold, and in 1972 they won 11, including six gold. The greatest successes in the world and European championships have been achieved by Z. N. Rudnova (numerous times champion of the world, Europe, and many individual countries), S. G. Fedorova-Grinberg (two-time world and European champion), and S. N. Gomozkov (three-time European champion and five-time junior champion).
REFERENCES
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English monarch King John, who died in 1216, was the youngest son of which king? | BBC - History - Historic Figures: John (c.1167 - 1216)
Historic Figures
z
John I © John was a king of England who is most famous for signing the Magna Carta.
John was born around Christmas in 1166 or 1167 in Oxford, the youngest and favourite son of Henry II. On his father's death in 1189 his brother, Richard, became king. John received titles, lands and money, but this was not enough. In October 1190, Richard recognised his nephew, Arthur, as his heir. Three years later, when Richard was imprisoned in Germany, John tried to seize control. He was unsuccessful and, when Richard returned in early 1194, was banished. The two were soon reconciled and, when Arthur was captured by Philip II in 1196, Richard named John heir.
In 1199, Richard died and John became king. War with France was renewed, triggered by John's second marriage. While asked to mediate between the rival families of Lusignan and Angoulâme, he married the Angoulâme heiress Isabella, who had been betrothed to Hugh de Lusignan. A rebellion broke out and John was ordered to appear before his overlord, Philip II of France. His failure to do so resulted in war.
By 1206, John had lost Normandy, Anjou, Maine and parts of Poitou. These failures were a damaging blow to his prestige and he was determined to win them back. This required money, so his government became increasingly ruthless and efficient in its financial administration. Taxes soared and he began to exploit his feudal rights ever more harshly.
This bred increasing baronial discontent. Negotiations between John and his barons failed and civil war broke out in May 1215. When the rebels seized London, John was compelled to negotiate further and, on 19 June at Runnymede on the River Thames, he accepted the baronial terms embodied in the Magna Carta, which limited royal power, ensured feudal rights and restated English law. It was the first formal document stating that the monarch was as much under the rule of law as his people, and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign.
This settlement was soon rendered impractical when John claimed it was signed under duress. Pope Innocent took his side and in the ensuing civil war John laid waste to the northern counties and the Scottish border. Prince Louis of France then invaded at the barons' request. John continued to wage war vigorously, but his death in October 1216 enabled a compromise peace and the succession of his son Henry III.
| Henry II |
John Patrick ‘Jack’ Ryan is a fictional character who appears in many novels by which author? | King John: 1164-1216
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Richard however, was an absentee monarch, spending much of his time on crusade and this gave John ample time and freedom to commit mischief by attempting to depose Richard and take over the regency of England. Richard would eventually forgive John's attempts to gain the throne dismissing John as a child who had listened to bad counsel.
Richard I died in 1194 while fighting on French soil. He was accidentally felled by an arrow from one of his own English bowmen. Having no child from his marriage to Berengaria of Navarre, the question of succession was up in the air. The only two legitimate claimants to the British throne were John and his nephew Arthur, Duke of Brittany. John had to move quickly to secure his claim to the throne, and he captured Arthur and imprisoned him for three years. Arthur was murdered reportedly by John's own hand.
John returned to England and was crowed King on May 17, 1199. He was married to Isabelle of Angouleme and had several children, many illegitimate from his constant dalliances with mistresses. John inherited an England in political, economic, and financial turmoil. However, John was energetic and enthusiastic about making government reforms. He set about restructuring his administration and reforming accounting practices. His main goal was to increase the crown treasury that had been depleted from Richard's reign due to constant warfare.
John also had another problem that would involve the baronial class. As a result of the two previous king's frequent absences from England, the English barons basically has unlimited power and freedom to do as they wished. When John began to reform and tighten controls on taxes and fees, the barons resented his monetary policies. John recognized that he had to curb the power of the barons and clergy in order to retain the power of the crown.
John set on a course to generate revenue for the crown by ignoring traditional English feudal customs and levying new taxes and fines at his whim. He would also arbitrarily seize lands, titles, and castles from his nobles for the slightest infractions, making them pay heavy fines in order to regain their lost lands as well as the king's favor. He would also sell forfeited lands and royal wards and widows to the highest bidder, disregarding age-old feudal customs in the process. As a result, John began to alienate the barons of England and his power began to erode.
John also quarreled with the clergy over retaining the rights of the crown to make ecclesiastic appointments. This would lead to a serious incident involving Pope Innocent III and John.
Upon the death of Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, John exercised his right as king to make his own appointment to fill the vacant See of Canterbury. Rome however, had different ideas. Pope Innocent III declared Bishop Stephen of Langton the new Archbishop of Canterbury and John flatly refused his appointment. As a result, England was placed under Interdict and John was excommunicated. John took his vengeful fury out on the monks of Canterbury by expelling them from England. He then set about making life miserable for those who opposed him. He had a fearful temper and a long memory, and his insatiable quest for money and power, combined with his jealous nature, caused irreparable damage to John's regency and reputation. Revenge became a game for John and he exacted his pound of flesh from those who crossed him at any cost.
Eventually, John found out that King Philip Augustus of France was plotting to invade England. Realizing that he needed money and military aid he decided to turn to the pope as a penitent soul and accept Innocent's appointment of Langton to the See of Canterbury. John then placed England in the hands of Innocent making England a papal fief and as a result, gained much needed military and financial aid to defend England against her enemies and regain his lost Angevin holdings in France. It would be this very campaign in France that caused the barons to revolt. John asked for military service from his barons who refused to fight on foreign soil. He then levied a heavy tillage on the barons who refused to provide service. John had to hire a mercenary army and while he was away in France, the barons banded together to decide what to do about John's arbitrary style of rule. They drafted the "Unknown Charter of Liberties" and the "Articles of the Barons" and these documents were actually first drafts of Magna Carta.
John returned from France defeated and bitter. As he realized his barons were plotting against him, he began to fortify his personal holdings and this in turn alarmed the barons. As a result, the barons seized London on May 17, 1215. Recognizing the seriousness of the situation, John agreed to accept an offer by Langton to mediate the dispute between the barons and the crown. A series of meetings were set up at Runnymeade in June of 1215. The barons presented John with Magna Carta on June 15, 1215 and the document was basically a list of grievances the barons had against their king. Magna Carta was never signed and in fact was only a verbal agreement between John and the barons.
The pope declared Magna Carta invalid on August 25, 1215 and civil war quickly ensued, lasting a little over a year. However, John died abruptly on October 19, 1216, of an intestinal ailment at the Bishop of Norwhich's castle. He was buried at the cathedral of St. Wulstam in Worchester. John was then succeeded by his nine-year-old son who would become Henry III.
Sources:
Adams, George Burton, This History of England - From the Norman Conquest to the Death of John, (1066-1216), Greenwood Press Publishers, NY, 1969, pg. 435,436,437.
Holt, J.C., Magna Carta, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, NY, 1992, pg. 256.
Painter, Sidney, The Reign of King John, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD. 1966, pg. 1, 121, 341, 377.
Roberts, Clayton, Roberts, David, A History of England - Pre-history to 1714, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ , 1985, pg. 118, 144.
Warren, W.L., King John, W.W. Norton Co., Inc., NY., 1961 pg. 17, 46, 83.
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Who wrote the opera ‘The Barber of Seville’? | The Barber of Seville | opera by Rossini | Britannica.com
The Barber of Seville
Alternative Titles: “Almaviva o sia l’inutile precauzione”, “Almaviva, or The Useless Precaution”, “Il barbiere di Siviglia”
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musical composition
The Barber of Seville, Italian Il barbiere di Siviglia, comic opera in two acts by Italian composer Gioachino Rossini ( libretto in Italian by Cesare Sterbini) that was first performed under the title Almaviva o sia l’inutile precauzione (Almaviva; or, The Useless Precaution) at the Teatro Argentina in Rome on February 20, 1816. With a plot based on Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais ’s 1775 play Le Barbier de Séville , Rossini’s opera remains one of the most frequently performed comic operas in the repertoire . The barber of the title is Figaro , whose impressive entrance aria (“
Largo al factotum
”)—with its repeated proclamations of his own name—is one of the best-known of all opera arias.
Background and context
The Barber of Seville was commissioned by the impresario of the Teatro Argentina at the end of 1815, when Rossini was nearly 24 years of age. In deference to Giovanni Paisiello , a popular Italian composer who in 1782 had himself based an opera on the Beaumarchais play, Rossini called his own work Almaviva. (The title was permanently changed to Il barbiere di Siviglia for the Bologna revival August 10, 1816, after Paisiello’s death.) Nonetheless, the production was viewed by Paisiello’s supporters as an affront; a group of them came to Rossini’s premiere, and they booed and hissed throughout the performance. The work was barely ready, and the performers were underprepared. Overall, the opening night was plagued by mishaps and pranks.
Gioachino Rossini.
© Photos.com/Thinkstock
Not surprisingly, for the opera’s second performance Rossini decided to stay home. But this time the audience—presumably lacking Paisiello’s disruptive fans—was wildly enthusiastic; afterward they took to the streets and gathered outside the composer’s house to cheer. Before long, productions were mounted across Europe and beyond; in 1825 the opera became the first to be sung in Italian in New York City .
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Carmina Burana
During the 19th and 20th centuries, performances of the opera reflected common changes in fashion, some of which can be heard in recordings that remain in circulation. In the 19th century it was common for operas to be split into additional acts so that elaborate scene changes could be accomplished. The Barber of Seville was turned into a three-act production by splitting Act I between the outdoors serenade scene and the interior scene at Bartolo’s house. The most frequent change to the opera was the transposition of Rosina’s part from the original mezzo-soprano into a higher soprano range to accommodate the usual leading singers; when that was done, Berta’s range was lowered to mezzo-soprano so that contrast between the women’s voices was preserved. (Rossini’s use of highly ornamented mezzo-soprano coloratura roles is distinctive and rare in the repertoire.) In addition to these large-scale changes, the opera became laden with errors and changes in orchestration and structure that accumulated to become performance tradition. For example, in published scores Rossini’s piccolo part was changed to a flute part, extra bass and percussion parts were added, and copyists’ errors were perpetuated. There was nothing approaching an authoritative score—that is, one based on evidence from the composer’s original materials—until 1969.
Count Almaviva , a young nobleman ( tenor )
Rosina, a young lady and ward of Doctor Bartolo (mezzo-soprano)
Doctor Bartolo, Rosina’s guardian ( bass )
Don Basilio, a music teacher (bass)
Fiorello, Almaviva’s servant (baritone)
Berta, Bartolo’s housekeeper (soprano)
Ambrosio, Bartolo’s servant (bass)
Notary, constable, musicians, servants, soldiers
Setting and story summary
The Barber of Seville is set in Sevilla , Spain , in the 17th century.
Act I
Scene 1. Dawn, outside Dr. Bartolo’s house near Sevilla.
Young Count Almaviva is in love with Rosina, ward of the cantankerous Dr. Bartolo. With the help of some local musicians, he serenades her outside her balcony window (“
Ecco ridente
”), but she does not appear. Despairing, he dismisses the band. Just as they disperse, he hears someone approaching and hides. It is Figaro, barber and factotum extraordinaire, who will take on any job as long as he is well paid (“
Largo al factotum
”). Having recognized Figaro, Almaviva emerges from hiding and lays out his problem. The Count is in luck, for Figaro is frequently employed in Bartolo’s house as barber, wigmaker, surgeon, pharmacist, herbalist, veterinarian—in short, as jack-of-all-trades. They hide as Bartolo comes out of the house, instructing his servants to keep the door locked and chuckling to himself about his plan to marry Rosina. When he leaves, Figaro urges the Count to serenade Rosina again, this time in the guise of an impoverished student who calls himself Lindoro. Rosina responds to the serenade, but she is soon pulled away from the window by a servant. Figaro suggests that the Count can get into the house disguised as a drunken soldier who will be billeted there. Marveling at Figaro’s creativity, the Count agrees, promising to bring a purse of money to him at his shop. The scene ends as the Count anticipates the joy of love—and Figaro the joy of money. (This is the point in the opera where difficulty changing the elaborate scenery led 19th-century opera companies to create a separate “act” for the following scene. Modern performances use Rossini’s two-act structure.)
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Rosina recalls the voice of her suitor (“
Una voce poco fa
”) and writes him a letter, determined to win him despite the plans of her guardian. She has sent for Figaro; just as he is about to tell her about “Lindoro’s” identity, Bartolo arrives and Figaro hides. Bartolo is angrily looking for Figaro, who apparently gave the servants sneezing fits with one of his powders. Rosina pretends not to have seen him. She leaves the room, cursing Bartolo, who now also blames Figaro for turning Rosina against him.
Don Basilio, Rosina’s music teacher, arrives. Bartolo will need his help in getting Rosina to marry him by the next day. He already knows that Count Almaviva is Rosina’s secret lover (although she still does not know his name), and when Basilio tells him that Almaviva is in town, Bartolo fears the worst. Basilio suggests slandering the Count (“
La calunnia è un venticello
”), but Bartolo does not want to wait for that to work; instead, the two go to Bartolo’s study to draw up the marriage contract. Figaro then comes out of hiding, having heard everything, and relays the story to Rosina. He then tells her about his cousin “Lindoro,” who is in love with her. Rosina pretends to be surprised, but Figaro knows better. She is eager to see her lover, and Figaro suggests that she write him a letter. Rosina feigns bashfulness, then pulls from her bosom the letter she has already written. As soon as Figaro leaves, Bartolo returns and questions Rosina about a spot of ink on her finger, a missing piece of letter paper, and an obviously used pen on the writing desk. He dismisses her false explanations, threatening to lock her in her room as he pompously declaims that she cannot fool him (“
A un dottor della mia sorte
”). Rosina manages to slip away, with Bartolo in pursuit.
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Bartolo’s servant, Berta, enters grumbling about Rosina’s behaviour. She is interrupted by a knock at the door. It is the Count, disguised as a drunken soldier, shouting and staggering into the room. Bartolo comes in to see what the rumpus is about. The Count drunkenly addresses him by a number of insulting variations on “Bartolo,” then surreptitiously looks around for Rosina, who now enters. The Count whispers to her that he is “Lindoro.” He tries to follow her out to his “quarters,” but Bartolo claims to be exempt from laws requiring him to house soldiers. The Count challenges him to a duel. Bartolo demands to see a letter the Count has slipped to Rosina, but she hands him a laundry list instead. Berta and Basilio enter as Rosina and the Count triumph over Bartolo. When Rosina feigns a fit of weeping, the Count again threatens Bartolo, and everyone calls for help. Figaro answers the call, warning them that a crowd is gathering outside. As the Count and Bartolo renew their altercation, the police arrive, intending to arrest the Count. He reveals his true identity to the police captain, who releases him. Confusion ensues as everyone simultaneously proclaims their view of the situation.
Act II
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Scene 1. Bartolo’s music room, later the same day.
The Count arrives, this time disguised as “Don Alonso,” a music master sent to substitute for Basilio, who is supposedly ill (“
Pace e gioia
”). “Don Alonso” tells Bartolo that he happens to be lodging at the same inn as the Count. As proof, he produces Rosina’s letter, which he proposes to show her, claiming that he found it in the hands of another woman. Bartolo is thrilled with the idea. He takes the letter and leads Rosina in. She recognizes “Lindoro” immediately. The couple sit at the harpsichord , and Rosina sings an aria (“
Contro un cor
”), working into the song both an appeal to her lover and insults to the unknowing Bartolo. Bartolo does not care for the aria and begins to sing his own song, dedicated to Rosina, in the style of a famed castrato . His dreadful falsetto performance is interrupted by Figaro, who states that he has come to shave Bartolo. Bartolo does not want to be shaved, but Figaro pretends that he is insulted, and Bartolo gives in. Figaro has a plan, and he needs one of Bartolo’s keys to open the balcony shutters. Bartolo gives Figaro the keys so that he can fetch the shaving basin. Bartolo whispers to “Don Alonso” that he suspects Figaro of complicity with the Count. A loud crash is heard, causing Bartolo to run off to see what has happened. Rosina and “Lindoro” exchange quick promises of love. Bartolo and Figaro return, as Figaro explains that the room was so dark that he crashed into and broke all of Bartolo’s china; he secretly hands the balcony key to the Count.
As Bartolo settles in to be shaved, Basilio unexpectedly arrives. Basilio has no idea why his arrival has occasioned confusion and is flabbergasted when the Count and Figaro “diagnose” him with scarlet fever. The Count slips him money, supposedly to buy medicine, and urges him to take to his bed (“
Buona sera, mio signore
”). Basilio, not inclined to ask questions about the windfall, at last leaves.
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Figaro begins to shave Bartolo; meanwhile, “Lindoro” arranges to elope with Rosina at midnight. When Bartolo tries to look at them, Figaro distracts him by feigning a pain in his eye . But Bartolo manages to figure out at last that “Don Alonso” is an imposter and flies into a rage as the others attempt to calm him.
Scene 2. Dr. Bartolo’s house, later the same evening.
Bartolo returns with Basilio, who confirms that “Don Alonso” must be the Count. Bartolo sends Basilio to get a notary. Calling for Rosina, he shows her the letter she had written to “Lindoro” and tells her that “Lindoro” loves another woman and is plotting with Figaro to acquire her for Count Almaviva. Rosina, crushed, reveals the elopement plans to Bartolo, who vows to stop the wedding.
As a violent storm rages, Figaro and the Count, who is still in character as “Lindoro,” climb in through the window to keep the midnight appointment with Rosina. She repels “Lindoro,” accusing him of betraying her love and trying to sell her to Count Almaviva. “Lindoro,” delighted, reveals himself to be none other than the Count. As the lovers express their joy, Figaro congratulates himself on a job well done, but danger still lurks. Looking out the window, Figaro sees two people at the front door and raises the alarm. This gets the lovers’ attention, but as the three try to sneak quietly out the balcony window (“
Zitti, zitti, piano, piano
”), they discover that the ladder has been removed. They hide as Basilio enters with the notary, calling for Bartolo. Figaro boldly steps forward and tells the notary to perform the wedding ceremony for Count Almaviva and Figaro’s “niece.” The Count silences Basilio’s protests by paying him off. The lovers sign the contract, with Figaro and Basilio as witnesses. Their happiness is interrupted by the arrival of Bartolo with a police officer, but the Count once again avoids arrest by revealing his identity—this time to everyone. Bartolo at last bows to the inevitable as everyone celebrates the triumph of love.
| Gioachino Rossini |
Which late actress played Elsie Tanner in the UK tv soap ‘Coronation Street’? | Summary of �ｿｽgThe Barber of Seville�ｿｽh in 3 Minutes - Opera Synopsis
First performed February 20, 1816.
Libretto by Cesare Sterbini (in Itarian),
after Beaumarchais.
A Summary of �ｿｽgThe Barber of Seville�ｿｽh
Act 1
In the 18th century, at the house of a doctor, Bartolo, keeps his niece, Rosina, confined in his house. He is her guardian. Rosina inherited a great deal of money from her parents. Bartolo attempts to get both the beautiful girl and extensive inheritance by getting her to marry him.
Count Almaviva, an aristocrat in Spain, falls in love with Rosina. Almaviva calls himself �ｿｽgLindoro�ｿｽh, a poor student, to conceal his high status, and he serenades her. But he can�ｿｽft meet her for Bartolo�ｿｽfs stringent control.
Count Almaviva asks Figaro, a barber in Siviglia, to help with the success of his love. Figaro as the barber enters Bartolo�ｿｽfs house, and he suggests to Almaviva to disguise himself as a drunken soldier billeted to Bartolo�ｿｽfs house. But Bartolo is skeptical about Almaviva disguised as a soldier. This plan doesn�ｿｽft go well.
Act 2
The following plan becomes successful. Almaviva disguises himself as a pupil of a music teacher, Basilio. Basilio is Bartolo�ｿｽfs right hand man. Almaviva can enter Bartolo�ｿｽfs house, and during a music lesson is able to make promise with Rosina to run away and marry. Then, Figaro steals the key of the balcony window while he shaves Bartolo.
After Almaviva and Figaro leave Bartolo�ｿｽfs house, Bartolo tells Rosina that Lindoro attempts to sell her to Count Almaviva. Rosina gets angry, and says she will marry Bartolo or any man. Bartolo is pleased, and calls a public notary over.
That same night, Almaviva and Figaro steal into Bartolo�ｿｽfs house through the balcony window. At first Rosina rebuffs �ｿｽgLindoro,�ｿｽh but when Almaviva explains that Lindoro and Almaviva are one and the same person, her confusion is cleared up.
At that moment, the notary arrives, so Almaviva marrys Rosina in the room. Bartolo enters the room, but it is too late now. Almaviva tells Bartolo to take Rosina�ｿｽfs extensive inheritance for himself. So Bartolo is satisfied with the outcome, too.
A Comment on �ｿｽgThe Barber of Seville�ｿｽh
Many operas around the world cover on the subjects of love, sorrow, and death, that is to say, they are tragic dramas. If you are not good at such negative stories, I recommend you see this opera-�ｿｽgThe Barber of Seville.�ｿｽh I�ｿｽfm sure we will burst into laughter many times, because there are some comical points in this opera. You should especially pay attention to the dialogue between Bartolo and Almaviva. Almaviva disguises himself as Bartolo�ｿｽfs right hand man in Act 2. The audience frequently burst into laughter.
Gioachino Rossini who composed this opera is a musical genius. The overture of this opera is very famous. And Rossini�ｿｽfs melodies are bright and smooth, so the opera�ｿｽfs story flows freely. Do you know the �ｿｽgRossini Crescendo�ｿｽh? This is Rossini�ｿｽfs unique method of composition to increase sound volume gradually in steps. The Rossini Crescendo probably excites both orchestra and audience at the same time.
Do you suspect that Figaro, the barber in Siviglia, is the Figaro in Mozart�ｿｽfs opera �ｿｽgThe Marriage of Figaro�ｿｽh? Well, you are right! Actually, �ｿｽgThe Marriage of Figaro�ｿｽh is a sequel to �ｿｽgThe Barber of Seville.�ｿｽh You should see both operas. You would enjoy opera twice over.
Gluck, C. W. (1714-1787)
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Digambara and Svetambara are the two major sects in which religion? | BBC - Religions - Jainism: Jain sects
Jain sects
Last updated 2009-09-11
This article provides an overview of the two major Jain sects: the Digambara sect and the Svetambara sect.
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Jain sects
Jains are divided into two major sects; the Digambara (meaning sky clad) sect and the Svetambara (meaning white clad) sect. Each of these sects is also divided into subgroups.
The two sects agree on the basics of Jainism, but disagree on:
details of the life of Mahavira
the spiritual status of women
whether monks should wear clothes
rituals
which texts should be accepted as scripture
The Digambara sect is more austere, and is closer in its ways to the Jains at the time of Mahavira.
Differences between Svetambara and Digambara
Both groups accept the basic Jain philosophy and the five basic vows. The philosophical differences between the groups mostly affect monks and nuns, or the very pious.
Scripture
Digambaras and Svetambaras disagree as to which books constitute Jain scripture .
Women
Digambaras believe that women cannot achieve liberation without first being reborn as a man.
This is because:
women cannot live a truly ascetic life, because they have to possess clothes since it is impractical for them to live naked
women are intrinsically harmful
Digambaras believe that the Jinas :
have no bodily functions
| Jainism |
Illusionist Ehrich Weiss was better known by what name? | Digambara & Svetambara
Digambara & Svetambara
image attribution: Brian Hoffert - click the image
There are two main divisions or groups in Jainism - the Digambara and the Svetambara. Here's the background story that explains their origins.
According to tradition, some of the Jain community moved at the direction of their political leaders to the south to avoid a predicted famine. Others stayed behind in the north. After about a dozen years or so, those who migrated south came back and found that their brethren who had stayed in the north had become lax in their practice of austerity, even wearing white robes. This was inadmissible, in their view, for Jain monk since to renounce meant to renounce all attachments and bindings, including the emotion of shame at ones nakedness from having no possessions - not even clothes.
So, a schism occurred and they split into 2 sects:
- Svetambara (or Shvetambara) – the “white clad” – they wear the white robes
- Digambara (or Digambar) – the “sky clad” – they go naked – they declared the Shvetambaras apostate and declined to accept any of their texts or traditions
The 2 sects have drifted away from each other and are active in different parts of India. The “sky clad” have reduced numbers of monks, due to the rigor of the order, and are made up mainly of householders.
The white-clad are quite sizeable in their monastic communities. A “Reformation” of sorts occurred in their group in the 1653 CE when a reform movement called Sthanakavasis (“dwellers in the halls”) condemned what had become the practice of worshipping at the Jain shrines by decorating the statues of “jinas” (i.e. Mahavira) with silk and jewels. The reform movement condemned all forms of iconolatry and temple worship as inconsistent with the teachings of Mahavira
This schism between the “white clad” and the “sky clad” has no real impact on what are believed to be the central teachings of Mahavira. The basic teachings remain consistent across the 2 groups.
image attribution: Brian Hoffert - click the image
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In which country was the ancient city of Ecbatana? | Ecbatana | ancient city, Iran | Britannica.com
ancient city, Iran
Tepe Yahya
Ecbatana, ancient city on the site of which stands the modern city of Hamadān , Iran . Ecbatana was the capital of Media and was subsequently the summer residence of the Achaemenian kings and one of the residences of the Parthian kings. According to ancient Greek writers, the city was founded in about 678 bc by the semilegendary Deioces , who was the first king of the Medes. The Greek historian Herodotus described the city in the 5th century bc as being surrounded by seven concentric walls. Ecbatana was captured from the Median ruler Astyages by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 550 bc, and it was taken from the last Achaemenian ruler by Alexander the Great in 330 bc. The site of the ancient city lies partly within the modern city of Hamadān and has never been excavated.
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Traditionally, the creator of the Median kingdom was one Deioces, who, according to Herodotus, reigned from 728 to 675 bc and founded the Median capital Ecbatana (modern Hamadān). Attempts have been made to associate Dāiukku, a local Zagros king mentioned in a cuneiform text as one of the captives deported to Assyria by Sargon II in 714 bc, with the Deioces of Herodotus, but...
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capital of Media (in Deioces ) (in Media )
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Date Published: July 20, 1998
URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Ecbatana
Access Date: January 19, 2017
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What type of creature is a crappie? | Ecbatana (2) - Livius
Ecbatana (2)
Legendary Palace
The "French trench"
There are few texts about the Median and Achaemenid periods in Ecbatana. Texts about the Seleucid or Parthian age are even rarer. We know that the Macedonian king Alexander the Great , and his Successors Antigonus and Seleucus took away precious metal from the town, which was renamed Epiphaneia, probably after the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes , who may have died in this city.note[ 2 Maccabees 9.3 .]
Terrace wall
It is also certain that the city was a royal residence again during the Parthian age,note[ Strabo , Geography 11.13.5.] which is logical because the Arsacid kings usually moved along the Silk Road from their eastern residences at Nisa and Hecatompylos to their western residence, Ctesiphon . It was inevitable that towns along the road, like Rhagae and Ecbatana, were resting places.
The Parthian period is the occupation phase that is archaeologically best understood. On a hill in the northern part of the city, a terrace wall of about nine meter high, a modest underground aqueduct, and houses with incredibly heavy walls have been excavated, and in the southern part of the city, a cemetery was found. Research continues.
Parthian quarter
The first excavators were French - their trench is a landmark - but in 1995, Iranian archaeologists have renewed research of the hill. Their job will not be easy. A case in point is the living quarter. The houses were as large as 17½ x 17½ meters and the streets were on a gridiron plan. It is hard to interpret these structures. For normal houses, the walls are too heavy; it has been argued that they are in fact barracks, but this is just a hypothesis. For the time being, we simply do not know what it is.
Finding the Median capital will be a giant breakthrough and is certainly possible, but so far, only the Parthian level has been identified on the northern hill. There is no reason to assume that the Achaemenid palace described by the Greek historian Polybius of Megalopolis note[Polybius, World History 10.27.3-13 .] must have been on the same site, nor is there proof that the Median town was identical to the Achaemenid palace city. In 2007, it was argued that the Median and Achaemenid settlements may have been somewhere else - but they can not be too far away, as some Achaemenid artefacts have been found on the northern hill.
Aquaduct
Among the other sights in Hamadan that may date back to Antiquity is the little mausoleum of Esther and Mordecai , the Jewish wife of the Achaemenid king Xerxes and her uncle. Although the sanctuary, the only national monument of the Jews in modern Iran, is very old indeed (it is already mentioned by Benjamin of Tudela in the twelfth century), the cult is probably medieval, not ancient, and has nothing to do with the Parthian royal tombs, maintained by Jews, that the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus mentions in Ecbatana.note[Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 10.265.] The inscription mentions that the mother of two eleventh-century physicians erected the cenotaphs.
A Hellenistic or Parthian lion
One final monument is the famous "lion of Hamadan". According to a local legend, rubbing this monument with oil will make a bride fertile. It has been argued that this ancient statue belongs to the funeral monument of Hephaestion , the lover of Alexander the Great. This is certainly not the case, as he was cremated in Babylon, and all the remains in the neighborhood belong to a Parthian cemetery. Stilistically, however, it may be Hellenistic.
This page was created in 1996; last modified on 7 August 2015.
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What was the name of the British submarine which collided with a Swedish oil tanker in the Thames estuary in 1950, killing over 60 people? | British Submarine HMS Truculent
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British Submarine HMS Truculent
"Of all the branches of men in the Forces, there is none which shows more devotion and faces grimmer perils than the submariner.
Great deeds are done in the air and on the land; nevertheless, nothing surpasses your exploits." Winston Churchill.
"Only in attack does a submarine reveal herself, before creeping away to the concealment of the deep"
T Class
"On the evening of 12th January 1950 HMS Truculent was proceeding on the surface from the submarine exercise area to Sheerness on completion of Dockyard trials, for which a party of Chatham dockyard officers and men were also on board. The SS Divina, with a Trinity House pilot on board, was on passage from the Port of London to Ipswich and at the time of the collision, shortly after 7pm, was in the vicinity of the West Oaze Buoy, a narrow part of the Thames estuary. for some time before the impact each vessel had the lights of the other in sight....".
The subsequent Board of Enquiry report states that: (The submarine) entered the Thames Estuary through Princes Channel, thence passing between Red Sand Sheal and Shivering Sand Fort on course 280 degrees Her speed was about 9 knots through the water. In Oaze Deep, course was altered to 261 degrees. The collision occurred with SS Divina in position one mile bearing 287 degrees from Red Sand Tower. This section of info came from: George Malcolmson Archivist submuseum Haslar
Extract from Weekend magazine, November 1983
MY MIRACLE ESCAPE FROM DOOMED SUBMARINE
By Frederick Henley DSM
Memorial Plaque (Image: Dave Henley - son of survivor)
Fred Henley
Model of HMS Truculent
Picking a delicate way through the dark waters of the Thames Estuary at a steady 10 knots, our submarine, HMS Truculent, was almost in sight of home. With any luck, some of us might even have a few hours ashore that night. But, although we didn�t know it, Truculent�s luck was running out fast. We had left Sheerness at 8.30 am on January 12, 1950, for engine and snorkel trials. We had cruised around underwater off Margate and Ramsgate, coming to the surface in late afternoon. It had been an uneventful day. With 18 civilians aboard � fitters, electricians and son on from the naval dockyard � we mustered 79 men. Few would survive the horror that was to come. I was a Leading Seaman (Torpedoes, Anti-submarine) at the time, and the Royal Navy was my life. After two or three years on subs, I thought I knew the ropes. But when the order came from the bridge to bring up the Manual of Seamanship, I was a bit surprised. I had never known anybody to want that particular textbook � a pretty hefty volume � before. Certainly not our captain, Lieutenant Charles Bowers, a highly experienced submarine officer who had been mentioned in dispatches during the Second World War. Altogether, it was a strange order but, after rummaging through the chart cabinet, I found a copy of the manual and managed to obey it. It was just before 1900 hours on the Control Room clock when I left to climb the conning tower ladder to the bridge. I handed the manual to young Sub-Lieutenant Frew � it was his first submarine posting � and watched as he leafed through the pages, opened it, and handed it to the navigation officer. Lieutenant Humphrey-Baker and the Captain. It was a cold, dark night, the sky pricked with brightly shining stars. I didn�t see the tanker ploughing inexorably towards us. I took a last, grateful gulp of fresh air and turned to go down the ladder from the conning tower. I had hardly grasped the rungs when I heard the Captain issue a stream of urgent orders. He didn�t raise his voice but I knew that, somehow, Truculent and all aboard were in deep trouble. I had no means of knowing that the officers on the bridge had been puzzled by the arrangement of lights on an approaching ship and had sent for the seamanship manual to check them. As events were to prove, the manual did not help either them or HMS Truculent � but it certainly saved my life.
There was an almighty crash and I was pinned to the side of the conning tower as Truculent keeled over at a crazy angle. There was a sickening lurch and, in seconds, we sank like a stone to the seabed 80 feet below. The conning tower was flooded and I knew that somehow I had to get clear. I managed to squirm round the periscope standards and, remembering my crash drill, breathed out as hard as I could. I found myself on the surface, swimming aimlessly in the darkness. The water was icy cold. I could hear men calling for help but couldn�t see them. I lost all sense of time. Vaguely, I realised that the tide was on the ebb and that I was being swept slowly out into the North Sea. I was almost past caring when a boat from the Dutch freighter, Almdijk, picked me up. It turned out that I had been in the water for over an hour. It was only later, when they told me that 64 of my shipmates had perished, that I remembered the unusual order to find the seamanship manual. If I hadn�t gone aloft with it, I would almost certainly have drowned. Footnote: HMS Truculent had collided with the 600-ton Swedish tanker Divina, a vessel with specially strengthened bows for Arctic conditions. The submarine suffered a massive gash forward on the starboard side and sank rapidly. At a subsequent courts-martial, Lieutenant Bowers was found not guilty of negligently losing his ship, but was severely reprimanded on the lesser charge of negligently hazarding her.
"Weekend" reader Frederick Henley, 60, served 15 years in the Royal Navy, four of them on submarines. After a honourable discharge in 1954, he became an electrician. Father of four children and grandfather of seven, he lives near Barnsley, South Yorks. In 2004, Frederick Henley, 80, is widowed and now lives in Clacton on Sea, Essex, and is the sole living survivor of the submarine, HMS Truculent. At least that's what we thought until I got an email from Douglas Hotchkiss who tells me that his father also survived the accident. Lt Comdr GD Hotchkiss also survived. He replaced a ship member at the last minute.
Fred recently celebrated his 89th birthday, here he is enjoying the day
June 18th 2007 and I received the following email from Eric Bennett:
On 12th January 1950 I was serving as a Senior Ordinary Seaman on the Eagle Oil Shipping Co tanker 'San Gaspar'. We had discharged cargo at Shell Haven and was outward bound in the Thames Estuary on an ebb tide on our way to Falmouth. I was the helmsman on the evening 8 til 12 watch, the pilot, the ships master and the third mate were on the bridge when the wireless operator came into the wheelhouse and announced that there was an SOS from the Almdijk that there had been a collision with a submarine. He gave the position and it appeared that we were only 4 miles to the east of that position at the time of receiving the SOS. As the old San Gaspar's top speed was only 8 knots we must have been upstream of the position at the time of the collision. On receiving the SOS our captain informed the pilot who remarked ' This ship is too large to turn around in this channel isn't it captain'. Our captain replied 'Yes I think so pilot' and we continued on our way.
We paid off at Falmouth on the 16th January 1950 and then learned more of this tragedy. It has haunted me ever since as I often think of those 64 sailors who escaped but did not survive from a warm submarine into that icy January water only to be swept away with the tide. Why did we not drop anchor, swing with the tide and launch our lifeboats? We might have saved many of these men. I did hear that our captain had to appear at the court of enquiry but never ever heard any of the results. Would you know if it is possible to obtain results of this court of enquiry as I would like to know if our ships master and the pilot were ever asked why the San Gaspar did not stop to assist with the rescue of those unfortunate sailors. Regards Eric Bennett.
Displacement: 1,090 tons (surfaced), 1,573 (submerged);
Length: 275ft
Speed (knots): 15.25 (surfaced), 8 (submerged);
Armament: One 4" gun; three .303" ;
Torpedo Tubes: Ten 21" (8 forward, 2 amidships),
16 torpedoes;
Displacement: 1,090 tons (surfaced), 1,571 (submerged);
Length: 273ft 6ins
Speed (knots): 15.25 (surfaced), 8 (submerged);
Armament: One 4" gun; one .303" ;
Torpedo Tubes: Eleven 21"
(8 forward, 2 amidships, 1 aft),
17 torpedoes;
Displacement: 1,090 tons (surfaced), 1,571 (submerged);
Length: 273ft 6ins
Speed (knots): 15.25 (surfaced), 8.75 (submerged);
Armament: One 4" gun, one 20mm A.A.; three .303" ;
Torpedo Tubes: Eleven 21" (8 forward,
2 amidships, 1 aft), 17 torpedoes;
Complement: 61
Leonard Charles Higgins. Ben Osborn tells me that his grandfather served aboard Truculent.
Debbie Dean told me that her grandfather John Figg McIntyre, perished on Truculent.
Able Seaman William Ingle
Ron Oliver - July 2011: My fathers brother William �Ginger� Oliver was also one of the 64 that perished on HMS Truculent that fateful night, The tragedy in our family was that his sister (my aunt) violet was 19 on that day, also Bills daughter Linda was one week old and the ironic sadness on top was that he won the DSM in April 1945 whist on board HMS Loch Glendhu in the destruction of German u-boat 1024 and was to be a victim five years later. Bills navy grave is at Edmonton Cemetery, north London, I have not got a picture but it is grave number 926, section 2, near path 4 graves into the right of bench and a split tree.
August 30th 2011: I am writing to you to let you know that my uncle, Terrence Philips, an engine room artificer, was one of the casualties of the HMS Truculent disaster. My Mother told me that the family were told by one of the survivors that Terry escaped from the sub with him but I don�t know the name of that survivor. I remember seeing Terry at my grandparents home in Witney shortly before the incident. I was 9 years old at the time. I came across your website as I was doing research for a private autobiography for my grandchildren and very much appreciate having discovered a lot I didn�t know about the sinking as my mother was very reluctant to talk about it. An odd twist is that Terry was with the Royal Navy in Simonstown, South Africa, for part of the war and served on a ship, I�m not sure of the name, that went to the rescue of another Royal Navy ship, the name of which I also don�t know, torpedoed off the SA coast. Unbeknown to him his elder brother Patrick Philips was on that ship returning to England after taking part in the fight against the Japanese in Burma. Patrick was drowned while trying to help others trapped below deck. This information was provided to the family after the war when a friend of Patricks on board arrived at my grandparents house to tell them the story. My mother never got over her brothers untimely deaths and very rarely talked about them.
Regarding the above, I have an email in June 2015 asking for the writer of the above email to get in touch. Unfortunately, my email records only go back to May 2012 due to a file transfer that went wrong and I lot many months of emails. The Writer, Michaeel Rogers asks me:
Do you have the contact details or even the name of the person who provided this comment? I�m related to Terence Phillips through his mother�s brother, and have done extensive research on her family. I�d love to contact this person and discuss our family connections. Any help you can provide would be greatly appreciated. Michael Rogers Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
December 2011: I was searching the internet for British Submarine information, primarily WW II as my father served 23 years in boats, and 27 in the Andrew as he would have put it. The reason I have emailed is that he was meant to be on Truculent but was pulled from the crew a few days prior to the sinking. He was Chief Petty Officer R.J. Phebey DSM and known as Jack Phebey, his job was taking it up and down by flooding and blasting the ballast tanks. Roger Phebey. I presume Roger means he was the Diving Officer?
In memory of my beloved husband Clifford Taylor Dick who lost his life in HMS Truculent on Jan 12 1950 aged 22. 'The Lord watches between you and me, now we are absent only from another'. Ornamented headstone with HMS Truculent badge.
Thanks To Geoffrey Gillon for his mountain of research and work in uncovering many 'lost' graves of the souls who perished.
* Clifford Taylor. Geoffrey Gillon reports that Berkhamsted Church Cemetery is a bloody disgrace. Uncared for a derelict, he had to fight his way through mud and undergrowth to find a Hero's Grave buried in undergrowth. His car nearly got bogged down in the mud. The people who look after this should be thoroughly ashamed of themselves.
March 2012: I am Anthony Derek Frew, and Sub Lt. Anthony Frew [not Leslie Arthur as sometimes quoted] was my uncle. Through your article and others, I have found out much that was not spoken about in my family over the years. My grandfather, Rear Admiral Sir Sydney Frew, being an engineer and closely involved with the adaption of the German schnorkel into British submarines, never really got over the fact that Tony died in the Affray sinking some months after his experience in the Truculent. The Affray sinking was, of course, attributed to the gross failure of the snort mast . In your Truculent article, Tony�s broken arm, which ended an extraordinary ability to play the piano, was finally explained. I still have many books and article authored by my grandfather on the Naval Marine Steam engine. As a teenager living in the then Southern Rhodesia I was set to join the RN to follow the family tradition and had been enrolled to enter Greenwhich Naval College. The declaration of UDI by Rhodesia rendered Rhodesians persona non grata with Great Britain, both politically and emotionally so this was never pursued in the end. I eventually did go to sea after studying Marine Engineering but instead with the South African Merchant Marine where I rose to the rank of Chief Marine Engineer Officer before coming ashore. I am now employed as Operations S/Manager at Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in Cape Town, South Africa, continuing the family tradition of power engineering. My son David is also a Mechanical Engineer, employed at Saldahna Steel just up the West Coast from Cape Town. Tony Frew.
May 2012: From Joe Brown (His Uncle William Ingle is pictured above). A name on a Haddington gravestone marks his young life, tragically cut short when the submarine he was aboard sank 62 years ago. But Able Seaman William Ingle's younger sister has told how her brother's memory has been kept alive by her family for the last 60 years - by a simple notice in the Courier each year. William was aged just 21 when he was among 64 people who perished with the sinking of HMS Truculent in the Thames Estuary on January 12, 1950. The T-class vessel - which was launched in 1942 and had served much of the Second World War in the Pacific Ocean - was on passage to Sheerness, having had a refit at nearby Chatham, when it collided in darkness with Swedish oil tanker Divina. Within seconds, the submarine sank to the seabed. Though many escaped the stricken vessel, few survived the freezing water conditions. According to reports, the submarine's commanding officer, Lieutenant Charles Bowers, was subsequently severely reprimanded at a court martial for negligently hazarding the ship. His body was never recovered.
My first book - order it here
| HMS Truculent |
Columbus Day is celebrated in Chile during which month of the year? | More Maritime Disasters of WWII 1944, 1945
* Dedicated to all those who took part in World War II *
More Maritime Disasters of World War II - page 4 of 4 - which occurred during 1944 and 1945 , plus Notes on WWII Shipping .
This last page covers the years 1944 and 1945 and continues with the smaller ships, the destroyers and merchantmen, all with heavy casualties.
At the bottom of this page, you will find a few Notes on WWII Shipping that I feel sure will be of interest. I hope that it is of some help to your interests and to your own research.
This 4 page series features stories of the losses of some of the less-well known, "smaller ships":
1944
USS TURNER (January 3, 1944)
Returning to the USA after completing her third Atlantic convoy duty, the destroyer Turner anchored in the Ambrose Channel off Sandy Hook, New Jersey, awaiting to enter the Brooklyn Navy Yard for repairs. At about 6.30am next morning, the destroyer was shaken by a series of internal explosions in her ammunition storage areas while the crew was preparing for breakfast. The explosion ignited the fuel tanks turning the ship into a raging inferno. Another explosion blew the bottom out of the vessel and the blazing ship began to sink by the stern. It is not known what caused the explosions which took the lives of 15 officers and 138 ratings. There were 165 survivors who were rescued by nearby ships and taken to the hospital at Sandy Hook. Many lives were saved when several cases of blood plasma were flown in from Brooklyn, New York, in a U.S. Coast Guard Hoverfly helicopter. This was the first recorded lifesaving flight conducted by a rotary-wing aircraft.
USS ST. AUGUSTINE (January 6, 1944)
Built as a luxury steel hulled yacht in 1929 and once owned by Barbara Hutton the Woolworth heiress. It was sold to the US Navy in 1940 and converted to a naval patrol vessel for coastal defence and convoy escort duties. While on escort duty during a full westerly gale off the coast of Delaware she was in collision with the Trinidad bound oil tanker the SS Camas Meadows which struck the Augustine on her starboard side when off Cape May, New Jersey. The vessel sank within four minutes taking to the bottom 115 men of her 145 man crew.
IKOMA MARUAND,YASUKUNI MARU (January 20, 1944)
Two Japanese freighters transporting 611 men of an 'Independent Brigade' were heading for New Guinea when in the early evening of the 20th they were sighted by the USS Seahorse (Cdr. Slade Cutter) Three torpedoes were fired from the Seahorse, aimed at the nearest ship. One torpedo missed the target but carried on, hitting the second transport. From a spread of three torpedoes, the Seahorse had scored hits on two ships. The Yasukuni Maru sank with the loss of 68 men. The Ikoma was attacked again by four torpedoes, all of which missed. On a third attack the torpedo hit the number three hold which contained gasoline. The vessel erupted in a brilliant sheet of flame and within minutes went down stern first taking with her forty-three of her crew. Also killed or drowned were 418 of the Indian soldiers on board.
HMS JANUS (January 23, 1944)
After taking part in the Anzio landings, the destroyer Janus commissioned in August, 1939, (Lt. Cdr. W. Morrison) was hit by an arial torpedo from a German bomber and when her magazine exploded sank off Nettuno with the loss of seven officers and 155 ratings. HMS Jervis rescued five officers and seventy-seven ratings. She was hit by a 'glider' bomb but managed to reach Naples.
H.M.H.S. ST. DAVID (January 25, 1944)
British hospital ship with 226 medical staff and patients on board was bombed and sunk by Luftwaffe planes while evacuating the wounded from the Anzio beachhead. There were 130 lives saved but unfortunately 96 souls were lost. Of the two planes that attacked the St David, one was shot down by gunners on the liberty ship Bret Harte. Britain lost ten hospital ships during the war.
LST-422 (January 26, 1944)
Landing Ship Tank-422 was a Lend-Lease vessel operating with an all British crew under the command of Lieutenant Commander Broadhurst, Royal Navy. The ship had left Naples as part of a convoy of 13 other LSTs carrying troops and supplies to the Anzio beachhead. On board the 422 were American personnel of the 83rd Chemical Mortar Battalion. About twelve miles off shore the ships set anchor 'to wait in queue'. A storm blew up with Force-8 gale winds and waves 20ft high. The gale blew the 422 onto a German laid underwater mine the explosion of which blew a 50ft hole in her bottom and starboard side and caused the fuel oil supply to ignite. This in turn ignited the gasoline tanks of the vehicles on the tank deck. With the whole upper deck a sheet of flame the order was given to 'abandon ship'. Rushing to assist in the picking up of survivors, LCI-32 (Landing Craft-Infantry) hit a mine herself and sank with 30 members of her crew.
Casualties on the LST-422 were 454 American soldiers and 29 British sailors killed. The minesweepers USS Pilot and USS Strive, together with other small craft, rescued 171 survivors from the stormy sea. At 2.30pm the 422 broke in two and went under. Dead bodies were recovered from the water, identified, placed in canvas bags, weighed down with 5.40mm shells and returned to the sea.The names of those dead or missing are engraved on the walls of the US Military Cemetery at Nettuno, Italy.
I.J.N. OITE (February 18, 1944)
On the eve of the American carrier-borne air strike on the Japanese naval base at Truk Lagoon, the Imperial Japanese Navy destroyer Oite (1,270 tons) sailed for Japan escorting the light cruiser Agano. Both ships were due for a refit. When about 200 miles from the island, the Agano was torpedoed and had to be abandoned by her crew. The 523 crewmembers were taken on board the Oite which was ordered to proceed back to Truk. The air attack against ships anchored in the Lagoon was by now taking place (Code-named Operation Hailstorm). As the Oite approached the entrance to the Lagoon she came under heavy attack by Avenger torpedo carrying planes from the carrier USS Yorktown. With her back broken, and within minutes, the Oite plunged 240ft. to the bottom. Almost all the 523 rescued crew of the Agano perished together with the Oite's own complement of 150 officers and ratings.
TANGO MARU, RYUSEI MARU (February 24, 1944)
After the sinking of the Suez Maru it was decided to replace those sick prisoners who had drowned with more prisoners from Java. Around 3,500 Javanese labourers, (romusha), plus a few hundred Allied P.O.W.s, were assembled in Surabaya to board the 6,200-ton transport TANGO MARU Accompanying the Tango was the 4,805-ton transport RYUSEI MARU carrying 6,600 Japanese soldiers from various units. When about forty miles north of Lombok Island the two ships were spotted by the American submarine USS Rasher commanded by Lt. Cdr. Willard Laughon. Four torpedoes were fired from the Rasher, three of which found their mark on the Tango. Within minutes the Tango Maru was gone, drowning over 3,000 romusha and P.O.W's. Rasher's sights were now lined up on the Ryusei Maru. Four more torpedoes were fired and again three hits were recorded. It took only six minutes for the Ryusei Maru to sink. In the process 4,998 Japanese soldiers and crewmen were either killed or drowned.
HMS MAHRATTA (February 25, 1944)
The 1,920 ton destroyer was torpedoed and sunk by an acoustic homing torpedo from the U-956 (or the U-950) in the Barents Sea while escorting the forty-three merchant ship convoy JW-57 to Russia. The convoy had set sail from Loch Ewe in Scotland on the 20th of February. Eleven officers and 209 ratings lost their lives. There were only seventeen survivors.
USS LEOPOLD (March 9, 1944)
Another Coast Guard manned destroyer sunk 637 kilometres miles south southwest of Iceland by an electric acoustic torpedo from the German submarine U-255. The Leopold was escorting the Atlantic convoy CU-16 to the United Kingdom at the time. A total of 171 men were lost through explosion on board or drowning after abandoning. The Leopold remained afloat until early the next morning and then sank. There were 28 survivors who were picked up by her sister ship the USS Joyce. On May 14, 1944, the U-255 surrendered on May 14, 1945 and was transferred to Loch Ryan, Scotland, for Operation DEADLIGHT. She was scuttled on December 13, 1945, about 200 nautical miles (362 kilometres) west southwest of Galway, County Galway, �ire.
HMS LAFOREY (March 29, 1944)
Destroyer of 1,935 tons sunk by the U-233 (Gerlach) while carrying out a routine anti-submarine sweep off Palermo, Sicily. After a twenty hour chase and twenty-two separate depth charge attacks, the U-233 survived by diving to a depth of 772 feet. Surfacing after being submerged for twenty-five hours the U233 made another attempt to escape but before doing so managed to fire three torpedoes at the Laforey. The torpedoes struck with such force that the Laforey blew up. Of her crew, a total of 189 men were killed, only 69 survived.
I.J.N. AKIGUMO (April 11, 1944)
Imperial Japanese Navy destroyer (Lt. Cdr. Iritono Atsao) assisted in the sinking of the American carrier, USS Hornet. The Akigumo was sunk by torpedoes from the American submarine, USS Redfin, thirty miles south of Zamboanga while escorting the troop transport, Kiyokawa Maru. Her commander and 136 crew were lost.
SS FORT STIKINE (April 14, 1944)
British Ministry of War Transport steamship (7,142 tons) loaded with 1,400 tons of munitions and a cargo of 9,000 cotton bales, was berthed in Bombay docks when a fire broke out with such ferocity that it soon reached the ammunition stored in the forward section of the ship. The resulting explosion was almost as great as the blowing up of the ammunition ship Mount Blanc in Halifax Harbour during the First World War. Fires on shore blazed for two days and nights as the flaming bales of cotton were hurled into the air only to drop onto the wooden shacks and shanties of Bombay's slums. In the harbour itself, eighteen merchant ships were either sunk or severely damaged. A total of 336 people died and over 1,000 injured.
SS PAUL HAMILTON (April 20, 1944)
Liberty Ship, part of Convoy UGS-38 which had formed in Norfolk, Virginia, sunk by aerial torpedo from a Junker Ju-88 bomber about thirty miles off the coast of Cape Bengut, Algeria. The plane came in low and launched its torpedo about 150 feet from the Paul Hamilton which also carried a volatile cargo of high explosives and bombs. The ship simply disappeared from the surface of the sea after a violent explosion which threw debris hundreds of feet high into the air. A total of 580 men (47 Merchant Marine crew, 29 Armed Guards and 504 Army Air Force personnel, including 154 men of the 831st Squadron, lost their lives) There were no survivors, only one body was ever recovered, that of 2nd. Lt. Austin Anderle. This was the largest casualty list of any Liberty ship during the war. During the same action, the escort destroyer USS Landsdale was sunk with a loss of 47 lives. Another ship was sunk and two more damaged bringing the total deaths in this disaster to 627. Altogether, 413 merchant ships totalling l,740,250 tons were sunk in the Mediterranean by enemy action. (Forty three American merchant ships were lost with all hands during WWII taking the lives of over 1,600 souls.)
LCI (Landing Craft Infantry) (April, 1944)
Part of the 4th LCI Flotilla on its way to the UK after taking on supplies at Gibraltar, was attacked by three German Condor bombers from their base at Brest. Each plane dropped six bombs which hit the leading Landing Craft. The vessel broke in two, the rear half remaining afloat for some time and had to be sunk by gunfire. Unfortunately, the passengers and crew who had gathered on the forward half of the ship, perished. All 98 passengers and most of the crew died. The passengers were naval officers and ratings who were hitching a ride back to England to prepare for the D-Day invasions.
YOSHIDA MARU (April 26-May 6, 1944)
A Japanese convoy (Operation Take-Ichi) transporting around 20,000 troops, en route from Shanghai to reinforce the Japanese garrison of Halmahera on the Vogelkop Peninsula, was attacked by the American submarine USS Jack. The Yoshida Maru was sunk off Minila Bay. Later on the 6th. May, the American submarine USS Gurnard spotted the convoy and attacked. Her torpedoes sank the transports Tenshizan Maru (6,886 tons), Taijima Maru (6,995 tons) and the Aden Maru (5,824 tons). Nearly half of the troops that embarked at Shanghai were lost.
HMCS ATHABASKAN (April 29, 1944)
Canadian destroyer of the Tribal class sunk north of Ile de Bas, France, by two torpedoes from a German Torpedo Boats T-24 and T-27 while clearing mines in the English Channel prior to the invasion of France. The ships magazine and a boiler blew up sending a plume of flame and smoke into the air that could be seen over twenty miles away. Her Captain, Cdr. John Stubbs and 128 members of his crew went down with the ship. The destroyer HMCS Haida rescued 44 crew members but the rest, 83 men, were picked up from the water by the torpedo boats and taken prisoner. (Athabaskan is a misnomer, there is not an Indian tribe called Athabaskan, this being the name given to a family of Indian languages.)
HMCS VALLEYFIELD (May 7, 1944)
Canadian 'RiverClass' frigate commissioned in December, 1943 in Quebec City. Accompanied by two other frigates and two corvettes they were escorting a convoy and had just handed the convoy over to another group of escorts. Now on their way back to their home port of St. John's, they were attacked by the U-548. A torpedo from the U-boat struck the Valleyfield on the port side causing a tremendous explosion which broke the ship in two before it sank. One of the other escorts, HMCS Giffard, searched for survivors in the near freezing waters about seventy kilometres south of Cape Race, Newfoundland. A total of 125 crewmen were lost from the Valleyfield, seventeen of them came from Manitoba.
LSTs and LCTs (May 21, 1944)
A gigantic explosion occurred at the West Lock Munitions Facility, Pearl Harbor, the cause of which has never been fully explained. The ammo-loaded ships were spaced in line apart from each other when the first explosion occurred at the dock setting off a series of explosions on the other ships. Some vessels managed to take evasive action thus terminating the domino like chain of explosions. Destroyed were the Landing Ship (Tank) LST-43, LST-69, (a Coastguard LST in which 13 were injured) LST-179, LST-353 on which the initial explosion occurred and LST-480. Also destroyed were the Landing Craft (Tank) LCT(6)-961, LCT(6)-963 and LCT(6)-983. A total of 163 bodies were dragged from the water days after the event.
USS RICH (June 8, 1944)
US destroyer escort sunk during Operation Neptune off Utah Beach, Normandy, after striking a mine. The ship had left Plymouth on June 5 and while off the Normandy coast went to assist the destroyer USS Glennon which had struck a mine earlier. While attempting to give assistance to the Glennon, a mine exploded beneath her keel blowing off about fifty feet of her stern. Two minutes later another mine exploded under her forward section. The USS Rich sank at 9.40 just fifteen minutes after the mine exploded. Of her crew of 12 officers and 203 other ranks, 89 men lost their lives. There were 73 men wounded.
HMS BOADICEA (June 13, 1944)
British destroyer, 1,360 tons, commissioned in 1931 and sunk off Portland Bill, Dorset, by two torpedoes launched from a German Junker 88 aircraft. The Boadicea was operating ahead of Convoy EBC-8 on its way to Normandy. One torpedo struck near the forward magazine causing it to explode. The other exploded in its wake. Nine officers, including the captain Lt. Cdr. F.W. Hawkins, and 166 ratings died. There were only 12 survivors.
HARUGIKU MARU
Formerly the Dutch 'SS Van Waerwijck' torpedoed and sunk by HMS Truculent while carrying 720 Prisoners of War from Balewan to Pakanbaroe in Sumatra. A total of 177 prisoners were lost including 48 who were British. (HMS Truculent survived the war but on January 12, 1950, she sank after a collision with the 600 ton Swedish oil tanker 'MV Divina' in the Thames estuary as she was returning to Sheerness after a refit. Sixty-four persons died in the collision, there were ten survivors.)
SS JEAN NICOLET (July 2, 1944)
Liberty ship, torpedoed and then shelled and set on fire off Ceylon by the Japanese submarine I-8. On board were 41 crew plus 28 US Armed Guards and 31 passengers. All were taken on board the submarine and with hands tied behind their backs, were forced to sit on deck while the Japanese sailors systematically killed most of them with bayonets and spanners used as clubs. With the last 30 survivors still on deck the submarine crashed dived when an enemy plane was spotted. The 30 survivors were left struggling in the water. A few managed to swim back to the burning hulk of the Jean Nicolet and launched a raft before the ship sank. Luckily, 23 of them survived to be picked up by the Indian Navy trawler 'Hoxa'. The I-8s captain ordered that three survivors be retained as P.O.W.s. Sadly, only one survived the war.
E. A. BRYAN (July 17, 1944)
A 7,212-ton Liberty ship, was moored at Port Chicago Naval Base, California, taking on ammunition and high explosives. Just before 10.20pm, the ship, loaded with 4,600 tons of munitions and 1,780 tons of explosives, blew up in one gigantic explosion completely wrecking the port and sending smoke and debris 12,000 feet into the air. Windows were shattered some 20 miles away. A second ship, moored nearby, the brand new QUINALT VICTORY was getting ready for its maiden voyage and also loaded with munitions. It had taken three days and nights to load the two ships, the work mostly done by black naval personnel. All on board the two ships, and many on the pier, were killed instantly. (E.A. Bryan, 53 killed, Quinalt Victory, 44 killed) A total of 320 men died including 202 black sailors. A total of 390 military and civilian personnel were injured. A twelve ton locomotive operating on the pier simply vanished, not a single piece was ever found. The 1,200 ft. wooden pier and 16 boxcars loaded with bombs and ammunition disappeared. The damage bill to the Port of Chicago (now the Concord Naval Weapons Station) was estimated at $12 million. The cause of the explosion was never officially established by the Court of Inquiry. (After this disaster, ammunition loading ceased to be a 'blacks only' affair).
Following the Port Chicago explosion, 258 black sailors refused to load explosives on to Pacific bound ships until safety was improved. Fifty were court-martialled, and convicted of mutiny. They were reduced to the lowest rank and sentenced to long prison terms. Ten of them to 15 years, twenty four to 12 years, eleven to 10 years and five got 8 years. The public outcry was such that all were released from prison some months later to spend the rest of their lives under the pall of injustice and deprived of veterans benefits. One black sailor, a Freddy Meeks had his honour restored by President Bill Clinton in 1999 who gave him a pardon. Freddy Meeks died in June 2003 aged 83.
HMS QUORN (August 3, 1944)
British 'Hunt' class escort destroyer, commissioned in September, 1940. While on patrol off the British invasion beaches in Normandy it was attacked and sunk during a heavy assault by German E boats and 'kamikaze' human torpedoes. Around midnight, the torpedo hit near the boiler room breaking the ship in two. The Quorn sank within a few minutes. Many of the survivors died during their time in the water, the others rescued some hours later by an armed trawler. Four officers and 126 ratings lost their lives.
MATSU (August 4, 1944)
Launched on February 3, 1944. Japanese escort destroyer (1,262 tons) leading a convoy returning to Japan was bombed and severely damaged by US aircraft about fifty miles northwest of Chichi-jima. The Matsu was later sunk by shellfire from the destroyers USS Ingersoll, USS Cogswell and USS Knapp. The bombing killed most of her crew. Out of her complement of 150 there were only six survivors one of whom died later aboard the rescue destroyer.
KOSHU MARU (August 4, 1944)
A 2,295-ton cargo vessel, under the control of the Japanese Army, sailed from Batavia (Jakarta) carrying 1,513 Javanese labourers and 540 additional passengers and crew. Its destination was the Celebes islands where the labourers were to work repairing the much bombed Makassar airstrip. The Koshu Maru, along with another freighter and two escorts sailed across the Java Sea, the scene of so many tragic sinking's. The slow moving convoy was spotted by Cdr. William Kinsella of the submarine USS Ray. Four torpedoes were sent on their way, the resulting explosions breaking the back of the ship and sending her to the bottom. The labourers and passengers on board didn't have much of a chance, the ship sinking in a matter of minutes. Lost with the Koshu Maru were 273 passengers and 28 crewmen but the most tragic of all was the deaths of 1,239 Javanese labourers.
MEFKURE (August 5, 1944)
Turkish motor-schooner in company with two other boats the Morina and Bulbul, set sail from the port of Constantsa in Romania bound for Istanbul. On board were around one thousand passengers, mostly refugee Jews from Romania, Poland and Hungary, just over 325 to each boat. Flying the Turkish flag but with no navigation lights, the Mefkure was hit by three torpedoes and shell-fire from the Russian submarine SC-215, twenty-five miles north-east of Igneada, the survivors machine-gunned while struggling in the water to escape. The death toll from the Mefkure was 305 passengers killed including thirty-seven children. There were only eleven survivors, five Jews and six crewmembers who were rescued by the Bulbul.
Built by John Brown & Co. Glasgow, for the London North Eastern Railway in 1930 and converted to a Landing Ship Infantry during Operation Neptune. Later, fitted out as a Hospital Carrier No 64, she sailed for the Normandy coast to pick up war casualties. When one hour out from the Juno Beach area, the vessel struck a mine and sank in just eleven minutes. Fifty-five wounded men were lost as were ten medical staff and thirty crewmembers. Also lost were eleven German prisoners of war who were being transported to P.O.W. camps in England. Total losses, 106 souls. There were 323 survivors.
SS RICHARD MONTGOMERY (August 20, 1944)
To date, no casualties have been reported from the sinking of the American liberty ship, Richard Montgomery (4,380 tons). But what of the future? In August, 1944, the vessel set sail from Hog Island, Philadelphia, in convoy HX-301 bound for the UK and ultimately Cherbourg in Normandy. Her cargo consisted of 6,127 tons of munitions for the United States Air Force. Arriving in the Thames estuary her captain was directed to anchor in the Great Nore anchorage off Sheerness. On August 20 the ship dragged her anchor when the wind turned northerly and ended up across the ridge of a sandbar. Cargo salvage operations were started immediately. This ended when the hull split open and flooding occurred causing the vessel to break in two and subsequently sink with 3,173 tons of explosives still within the holds. The British Admiralty decided to leave the wreck and its dangerous cargo undisturbed. But if this exploded it would generate a wave sixteen feet high and throw a column of debris and water 10,000 feet in the air. The likelihood of a major explosion is considered remote as with the passage of time the fuses on the explosive devices will become less stable. The condition of the wreck is monitored regularly and is under 24-hour radar surveillance. The next major survey will be in 2007. No sea traffic is allowed over or near the wreck, the two seperate sections lie in 7.3 metres of water, the masts of which are clearly seen at all times. A Government decision on the future of the wreck has still to be made.
HMS KITE (August 21, 1944)
Royal Navy sloop of 1,250 tons, built at the Cammell Laird yard at Birkenhead, was escorting the aircraft carriers HMS Vindex and HMS Striker, which in turn were escorting a large 34 ship convoy JW-59 to Northern Russia when the convoy was sighted in the Barents Sea by German aircraft. Soon a pack of U-boats attacked the convoy and one U-boat was sunk by Swordfish aircraft from one of the carriers. Two more were sunk by other destroyers. During the action, HMS Kite was hit by two torpedoes from the U-344 and sank with the loss of ten officers and 207 ratings. Fourteen survivors were picked up by HMS Keppel but five died just minutes after being rescued. Next day, the U-344 was attacked and sunk with all hands (50) by aircraft from the carrier Vindex.
For more on the HMS Kite, see www.mikekemble.com/ww2/kite.html .
HMS BRITOMART and HMS HUSSAR (August 27, 1944)
Three months after the Normandy Invasion, ships of the British 1st Minesweeping Flotilla, operating out of the Mulberry Harbour at Arromanches, were sweeping a channel through enemy laid magnetic mines off Cap d'Antifer. This was to enable the battleship Warspite to get closer to the French coast to bombard the port of Le Havre still in German hands. The 1st Flotilla, led by HMS Jason and including the Britomart, Hussar, Salamander and the trawler Colsay, began their fifth day of minesweeping on Sunday, 27th of August, 1944. At 1.30pm on this beautiful day, with the sea smooth as a duck pond, sixteen RAF rocket-firing Typhoons, of 263 and 266 Squadrons accompanied by a Polish squadron of Spitfires, swooped out of the sun and attacked the Britomart. On their second attack, the Salamander and Hussar were hit. In just over 10 minutes, two ships were burning and sinking, a third badly damaged and on fire. Men swimming in the water were now subjected to shelling from the German shore batteries. A total of 78 officers and ratings were killed and 149 wounded on these two ships. Twenty two men were killed on the Britomart and fifty-six on Hussar. Counting the dead on the other ships attacked the toll amounted to 117 Royal Navy men killed. Survivors were later told to 'keep their mouths shut about the whole affair'. A court of inquiry, held at Arromanches two days later, found that this appalling blunder was due to "an error in communications" the incompetence of naval shore based staff officers who knew the vessels were there but failed to pass this information on to their RAF counterparts. The RAF was completely exonerated.
JACKSONVILLE (August 30, 1944)
American tanker of 1,345 tons commissioned in 1944 and built to carry 14,300 tons of high octane aviation fuel, was sunk by two torpedoes fired from the U-482 (Matuschka). Part of convoy CU-36 enroute from New York to Loch Ewe in Scotland, the Jacksonville was hit by two torpedoes, the first ignighting the fuel, which exploded in a ball of fire, the second splitting her hull in two. She sank some fifty miles north of Londonderry, Northern Ireland. On board were 49 Merchant Navy crew and 29 Naval Armed Guard. Only one crewmember and one Naval Guard survived. This was one of the highest casualty rates in tanker history.
USS WARRINGTON (DD-383) (September 13, 1944)
Launched in May, 1937, the 1,850 ton destroyer Warrington capsized during a violent storm in the South Atlantic while on her way to Trinidad. With winds of up to 130 knots, the destroyer was brought to a standstill with the heavy seas pounding her hull to pieces. Sea water cascaded through the ducts and flooded the engine room cutting off all power and damaging her steering mechanism. The ship then took a heavy roll to starboard and the order to abandon ship was given. The Warrington then rolled completely over and with her bow pointing straight up at the sky she quickly and silently slid under the raging ocean. A prolonged search by rescue ships failed to save all the crew. Only 5 officers and 68 men were picked up from the sea two days later by the supply ship USS Hyades and the small carrier Croatan. A total of 248 officers and men had drowned.
MAROS MARU (September, 1944)
The small ex Dutch vessel, sunk at Batavia in 1942 and refloated again by the Japanese, set sail from Ambon in the Muluccas on September 17 commanded by Lieutenant Kurishima. Over-crowded with 500 British and Dutch P.O.W.s, who had been working on the building of an airstrip on the island, another 130 prisoners were picked up on the way, making conditions on board horrendous with only two wooden boxes slung over the ship's sides to act as toilets. Her destination was Surabaya in Java but half way there the ships engine broke down and the vessel had to enter the port of Macassar, South Celebes, for repairs. The repairs took longer than anticipated and after 40 days in harbour the prisoners, who were not allowed to leave the ship, began dying in increasing numbers. Cramped conditions, lack of fresh air and no proper food caused the deaths of 159 prisoners during its time in dock. Eventually, sixty-seven days after she had sailed from Ambon, the 'Maros Maru' reached Surabaya. Of the 630 prisoners who had originally been on board only 325men, half-dead, diseased and crawling with vermin, survived.
USS JOHNSTON (DD-557) (October 25, 1944)
American destroyer sunk by gunfire from the Japanese Centre Force battleships and cruisers during the 48 hour Battle off Samar. The Johnston and other destroyers, part of the thirteen ship Task Force, Taffy 111, were screening the American escort carriers when the attack came. After launching her full complement of 10 torpedoes at the Japanese heavy cruiser 'Kumano' she was hit repeatedly by gunfire from the other ships including the Kongo. Ammunition stores on the Johnston started to explode and fifteen minutes later she rolled over and sank. A total of 183 men were lost from the crew of 326. Forty-six died from enemy gunfire, 45 died on rafts from their injuries and 92 were struggling in the water after the ship sank. They were never seen again. There were 143 survivors. Her captain, Comdr. Ernest E. Evans was posthumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. A survivor later reported that he saw the Japanese captain salute the Johnston as she went down.
USS HOEL (DD-533) USS SAMUEL B ROBERTS (October 25, 1944)
American destroyer sunk by the Japanese Centre Force battleships while patrolling the entrance to Leyte Gulf. After taking over 40 hits from the Japanese ships including the battleship Kongo, the destroyer, brought to a standstill after a shell exploded in the engine room, rolled over and sank by the stern taking 252 crewmen to their deaths,15 died while awaiting rescue on rafts. Only 85 survived. During the same battle, the escort destroyer USS Samuel B. Roberts was also sunk with the loss of three officers and 86 ratings. The Roberts (Lt. Cdr. R. W. Copeland) was hit by a 14-inch salvo from the enemy battleship, tearing a hole 40 ft long and 10 ft wide on her port side. The 126 survivors spent 18 hours in the oil-covered water before rescue. Memorials to the Hoel, Johnston and Roberts are located at the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, Point Loma, San Diego.
THOMAS NELSON (November 20, 1944)
US merchant ship, at anchor with twenty other ships in Dulag Bay, was attacked by a Japanese suicide plane that had dived through a barrage of anti-aircraft fire to crash on her deck. On board were hundreds of tons of ammunition. The plane's single bomb exploded on impact, the explosion and fire causing the deaths of some 140 US army enlisted men, navy gunners and merchant navy crewmen.
USS MISSISSINEWA (November 20, 1944)
US Navy fleet oiler (11,316 tons) hit by a Japanese one man suicide submarine (Kaiten) while at anchor in the harbour of Ulithi Atoll, Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet anchorage. Two kaitens, launched from their mother submarines I-36 and I-47 had penetrated the safety nets across the mouth of the harbour. One ran ashore but failed to explode and was recovered by the US Navy. The destruction of the Mississinewa proved to be one of the most important sinking's of the Pacific war as this was the first time the US Navy had encountered this type of submarine. The second kaiten found its mark on the starboard side of the Mississinewa which was loaded with 440,000 gallons of aviation fuel which exploded and erupted into a blazing inferno at 5.45am. This was the first ship to fall victim to this new top secret weapon. Casualties were three officers and 47 ratings killed, eleven officers and 81 ratings wounded from the ships complement of 298. Now, 57 years later, oil has started to leak from the hull of the Mississinewa which lies upside down in 120 feet of water. The pollution threatens the livelihood of the 700 residents on the atoll.
URAKAZE (November 21, 1944)
The Imperial Japanese Navy destroyer Urakaze had an excellent record of Allied tonnage sunk. In company with the destroyers Hamakaze, Yukikazeand Isokaze, the three were escorting the home-bound damaged warships, Kongo, Nagato and Yamato from Brunei to Kure, Japan, when attacked by the USS Sealion in the Formosa Strait. As the Sealion gradually caught up with the battle fleet her commander, Captain Eli Reich, launched three stern torpedoes at the battleship Nagato. All missed but one carried on and hit the Urakaze on her port side. After a series of explosions the Urakaze simply blew apart and in less than two minutes the vessel sank. Her entire crew of fourteen officers and 293 men were lost.
SS HANSA (November 24, 1944)
Swedish passenger ship of 563 tons, sunk by Soviet submarine L-21. The torpedo struck at 05:57 destroying the bridge and blowing off the forepart of the vessel. Minutes later the Hanse sank about fifteen miles off Stenkyrkehuk on the island of Gotland. The Hansawas well known to the islanders in the ports of Visby and Nyn�shamn. On the night of 24th November she departed Nyn�shamn with the flag of neutral Sweden painted and lit up on both sides of the ship. Rough seas kept her speed down to 8 knots. Of her 86 persons on board only 2 survived and were rescued by minesweepers Landsort and Arholma next day after clinging to a raft all night. After this disaster, all Swedish passenger vessels to Gotland were escorted by a minesweeper and a destroyer.
HMCS SHAWINIGAN (November 24, 1944)
Canadian corvette, commissioned on September 19, 1941 and then spent two years escorting convoys across the Atlantic. In June 1944 she began escort duties in the domestic waters of the Cabot Strait between Sydney N.S and Port Aux Basques, Newfoundland. Returning from her regular patrol around midnight, the corvette was sighted by the U-1228 which fired a torpedo and sank the Shawinigan in just four minutes. There were no survivors from her crew of ninety-one.
USS COOPER (December 2-3, 1944)
During a US naval attack on Japanese shipping in Ormoc Bay, Leyte, the Cooper, accompanied by USS Allen M Sumner and the USS Moale, engaged two enemy ships, the Matsu class destroyers, Kuwa and Take. A torpedo from the Take hit the Cooper causing an explosion on her starboard side and breaking the ship in two. She sank within minutes taking the lives of 191 crewmen. There were 168 crew rescued by PBY Catalina flying boats and flown to the nearest naval base. This was the only naval engagement of the Pacific War in which US ships were fired upon simultaneously from the air, sea and from shore batteries in one short desperate four hour battle.
USS REID (December 11, 1944)
American destroyer escorting a supply convoy to Ormoc Bay on the island of Leyte. When off the coast of Limasawa Island, the Reid was sunk by two Japanese suicide aircraft. Of her crew, 104 men died. On November 2, 1996 a commemorative ceremony was held over the site of the sunken vessel. Three of the survivors, who had recently died, had requested that their ashes be scattered on the waters over the wreck.
HMS ALDENHAM (December 14, 1944)
British destroyer. After escorting several convoys to the besieged island of Malta, the Aldenham (Cdr. J. G. Farrent) hit a mine in the north-eastern Adriatic and sank with the loss of five officers and 116 ratings.
USS HULL, USS MONAGHAN, USS SPENCE (December 18, 1944)
Three American destroyers sunk during one of the worst typhoons to hit the Pacific ocean. Typhoon ‘Cobra’ struck while the destroyers were escorting the 3rd US Fleet Fuelling Group east of the Philippines. They were on their way to join up with task Force 38 engaged in the invasion of Mindoro, but they never made it. Waves 70 ft high were tossing the ships about like corks. Water pouring down the funnels caused the ships to turn over 60 degrees and finally capsize taking the lives of 765 men. A total of 146 aircraft were lost overboard from the carriers including 86 from the three escort carriers. There were only six survivors from the Monaghan, 23 from the Spence (which lost 294 men) and 63 from Hull. All told, 92 men survived the sinkings, many spending 13 hours in the water before being rescued by the destroyers USS Tabberer, USS Dewey, USS Swearer and USS Gatling. Admiral William 'Bull' Halsey was held responsible for the disaster for failing to sail the Third Fleet ships out of the typhoon's path. (The forces of nature had inflicted a greater loss to the US Navy than it suffered in any battle in the Pacific War.)
Italy - 54
Russia - 37.
The first destroyer lost by the Royal Navy was the HMS Blanche which struck a mine off the Thames estuary in 1939. 0ne of the crew was killed and twelve injured. The destroyer was escorting the minelayer HMS Adventure which was badly damaged but later repaired and returned to action. (A total of 50,758 men of the Royal Navy lost their lives in World War II)
A total of 2,751 Liberty ships were built, the first, SS Patrick Henry, was launched September 21, 1941.
Only 531 Victory ships were built. The first was SS United Victory, delivered February 29, 1944.
A total of 52 American submarines were lost during the war. (374 officers and 3,131 men)
A total of 354 cargo ships, each of 10,000 tons, were built in Canada during the war.
The US Distinguished Service Medal was awarded to 140 US mariners during WWII for Service Beyond The Call Of Duty', 604 of them became P.O.W.s.
About 5,000 Chinese seamen were employed on British registered ships at the beginning of the war. In early 1942, after the fall of Hong Kong, this number was doubled. By March, 1943, a total of 831 Chinese seamen had lost their lives on British ships due to enemy action and 254 were missing presumed dead. Some 268 were accounted for as prisoners-of-war. Thousands of these Chinese sailors were hurriedly repatriated after the war, their presence in Britain were no longer as welcome as they had been.
In 1942, the average sinking of Allied merchant ships was thirty three ships each week. In all, 5,150 Allied ships of all types were sunk, total tonnage 21,570,720. (including 2,426 British registered vessels amounting to 11,331,933 tons) 2,828 were sunk by U-boats. This includes 187 warships and 6 aircraft carriers. A total of 56,683 Americans were lost at sea during all US Naval actions.
During the course of the war, the Royal Air Force flew 19,917 mine laying sorties. These mines sank 638 ships of all sizes, the RAF losing 450 aircraft.
Germany lost 754 of the 1,158 U-boats built. A total of 25,871 U-boat men died and and around 5,000 became prisoners of war, 713 U-boats were sunk by British Empire forces, 151 by United States forces and 100 were sunk by mines. A total of 16 foreign submarines were captured by the German Kriegsmarine and commissioned into the German Navy for service under the Swastika. There was 1 British, 2 Norwegian, 5 Dutch, 3 French, 4 Italian and 1 Turkish. The U-Boat casualty list was the highest of all German wartime forces, 72.8% of their crews did not survive. In 36 accidents on board U-boats 42 men were killed and 7 wounded. In 49 other incidents a common cause of death was 'Man overboard'.
As more ships were being built in the USA, crews to man them were urgently needed and Indian seamen (known as Lascars) were recruited mainly from Bombay and Calcutta.
By September, 1940, about 3,000 British merchant ships were armed with guns. To man the guns, the army loaned soldiers to the Royal Navy as complete gun crews. They were called Maritime Regiments within the Royal Artillery. They numbered around 10,000 men.
A total of 2,085 United States Naval Armed Guards were killed during service for their country.
Merchant Shipping Production. Employing around 640,000 workers, construction of merchant ships reached its peak in the USA, in 1943.
Merchant Shipping Production in 1943
Japan - 769,085 tons
Total Merchant Ship Production 1939-1945
Japan - 4,152,361 tons
British Merchant Marine - 25,070 men killed on the 2,426 ships sunk.
US Merchant Marine - 6,838 men killed plus 1,800 naval armed guards. 848 ships were sunk.
Italian Merchant Navy - 2,513 ships sunk.
Japanese Merchant Navy - 1,152 ships sunk.
1,146 Canadian seamen died through enemy action during WW11.
(In one of the most appalling blunders in naval history, the failure of the Japanese to sail their merchant ships in convoy without adequate protection from submarines, resulted in the destruction of 63 percent of their merchant shipping. This oversight helped them lose the war.)
Of the 5,150 Allied merchant vessels sunk during WWII, 2,828 were sunk by Axis submarines.
Seventy-six merchant ships were lost in Australian waters. Twenty-nine of these were Australian vessels on which 349 seamen died. A further 37 seamen died in P.O.W. camps.
Forty-three US Merchant Ships were lost with all hands. Eight were lost with only one survivor.
A special camp for merchant seamen prisoners of war was set up in 1942 at Westerimke ten miles north of the German port city of Hamburg. Prisoners were made to build their own camp on the site of the former Sandbostel Concentration Camp. Around 5,000 men, including 2,985 from 211 British ships, were interned at this camp commonly known as 'Milag Nord'.
Merchant Navy Day - September 3
WHEN MEN OF THE FORGOTTEN FOURTH SERVICE ARE REMEMBERED.
"When final victory is ours there is no organization that will share its credit more deservedly than the Merchant Marine." - General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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What is the name of the headquarters of the US Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia? | The Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia, Headquarters for the Department of Defense
Tourist attractions in Virginia
The Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia, Headquarters for the Department of Defense
The Pentagon, which is located in Arlington, Virginia, is the official headquarters for the Department of Defense. The neoclassical building replaced the 17 buildings that were once used by the War Department.
The Pentagon, which was designed by architect George Bergstrom, was built in only 16 months at a cost of around $83 million. It was completed on January 15, 1943. At most, the building housed 33,000 workers. Today, 23,000 people, both military and civilian, report to work at the Pentagon each day.
Until January of 2008, The Pentagon, which sits across the Potomac River from Washington D.C., held the record for the building with the most square feet in the United States. A building in Las Vegas was built that has over 30,000 more square feet than The Pentagon. Still, The Pentagon remains one of the largest office buildings in the world.
There are 3,705,793 square feet of office space and over 17 miles of hallways contained in the five "wedges'' that make up the building. There are five floors and two basement levels. There is also a five acre courtyard in the center. There is a state of the art gym and several dining options within The Pentagon as well.
Interestingly, because the building was built during World War II, no marble was used. That is because marble is imported from Italy, a country that was an enemy during that war.
The Pentagon was attacked on September 11, 2001 when terrorists flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the building. Sadly, 125 Pentagon employees were killed in the attack. Repairs to the building cost close to $500 million.
Tours are free to the public and are available by reservation only. Most visitors agree that taking a tour is worth is even if only for the novelty of being able to visit the building where so many decisions that have had a huge impact on the country have been made.
A visitor from Philadelphia said, "I'm not sure what the tour would have talked about pre-9/11 because 40% of the talking points were about the damage to the building, etc. Still very interesting and the memorial room is quite touching.'' Some visitors said they arranged the tours through their State Senator's office.
Visitors planning to take a tour should become acquainted with the strict security guidelines that govern all visitors to The Pentagon. Tours are not given on weekends or on any Federal holidays. Those wishing to reserve a tour should do so as far in advance as possible.
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The Rum Rebellion of 1808 was the only successful armed takeover of government in the history of which country? | The US Department of Defense's headquarters are located in which Arlington Virginia building | www.QACollections.com
The US Department of Defense's headquarters are located in which Arlington Virginia building
The US Department of Defense's headquarters are located in which Arlington Virginia building?
The Pentagon
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What is the name of the headquarters building of the US Department of Defense?
The US Department of Defense is located in the Pentagon.
Which building is the headquarters for the US military?
Currently, there are 499,000 active duty Army troops, backed up by 700,000 National Guard and Army reservists.
Where is the current headquarters of Which of the following is the largest directorate in the Department of Homeland Security?
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The ESPN headquarters are located in which Connecticut city?
Answer Bristol.
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Robert Timothy French created which type of condiment, which debuted at the St. Louis World’s Fair in 1904? | French's - Free definitions by Babylon
French's
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French's
French’s is an American brand of prepared mustard condiments, fried onions, and other food items. Created by Robert Timothy French, French’s “Cream Salad Brand” mustard debuted to the world at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair . By 1921, French’s Mustard had adopted its trademark pennant and begun advertising to the general public. French's is owned by Reckitt Benckiser Group plc .
French, an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to France
French language , a Romance language which originated in France, and its various dialects
French people , a nation and ethnic group identified with France
French (surname) , including a list of people with the surname
French River (disambiguation) , name of several rivers and other places
French's , an American manufacturer of mustard condiment
The French (band) , British rock band
French catheter scale , a system for measuring the size of a catheter
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Edeomania is an abnormal interest in which part of the body? | Chicago - Wikipedia
Chicago
For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation) .
Chicago, Illinois
City
City of Chicago
Etymology: Miami-Illinois : shikaakwa ("wild onion" or "wild garlic")
Potawatomi : Gaa-zhigaagwanzhikaag Nickname(s): The "Windy City" , Chi-Town, The "Second City", the City of Broad Shoulders
(for more, see full list ) Motto: Latin : Urbs in Horto (City in a Garden), I Will
Location in Cook County and the state of Illinois .
Chicago
Location in the United States
Illinois Counties Cook and DuPage Settled 1780s Incorporated (town) August 12, 1833 Incorporated (city) March 4, 1837 Named for Miami-Illinois : shikaakwa
(wild onion or wild garlic) Government • Type Mayor–council • Body Chicago City Council • Mayor Rahm Emanuel ( D ) • City Clerk Susana A. Mendoza ( D ) • City Treasurer Kurt Summers Jr. ( D ) Area • City 234.0 sq mi (606 km2) • Land 227.2 sq mi (588 km2) • Water 6.9 sq mi (18 km2) 3.0% • Urban 2,122.8 sq mi (5,498 km2) • Metro 10,874 sq mi (28,160 km2) Elevation [1] (mean) 594 ft (181 m) Highest elevation
– near Blue Island 672 ft (205 m) Lowest elevation
– at Lake Michigan 578 ft (176 m) Population ( 2010 ) [2] • City 2,695,598 • Estimate (July 1, 2014 [3] ) 2,722,389 • Rank 3rd largest city in U.S.
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Chicago (
i /ʃɨˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɨˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) is the third most populous city in the United States . With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and the Midwest . The Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland , is home to nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S. [4] Chicago is the seat of Cook County . [a]
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed , and experienced rapid growth in the mid-nineteenth century. [7] Today, the city is an international hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation, with O'Hare International Airport being the busiest airport in the world ; it also has the largest number of U.S. highways and railroad freight. [8] In 2012, Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , [9] and ranks seventh in the world in the 2014 Global Cities Index . [10] As of 2012[update], Chicago had the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States at US$571 billion. [11]
In 2014[update], Chicago hosted 50.2 million international and domestic visitors. [12] Chicago's culture includes contributions to the visual arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy , and music, particularly jazz , blues , soul , and house music . The city has many nicknames, which reflect the impressions and opinions about historical and contemporary Chicago. The best-known include the "Windy City" and the "Second City" . [13] Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues .
History
Traditional Potawatomi costume on display at the Field Museum
The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, translated by some sources as "wild leek" or "wild onion" or "wild garlic" , from the Miami-Illinois language . [14] [15] [16] [17] The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. [18] Henri Joutel , in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called "chicagoua," grew abundantly in the area. [15] Other sources say place of the skunk. [19]
During the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi , who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. [20] The 1780s saw the arrival of the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable , who was of African and European (French) descent. [21] [22] [23] He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago."
In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the United States for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville . In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn , which was destroyed in the War of 1812 , Battle of Fort Dearborn and later rebuilt. [24] The Ottawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis . The Potawatomi were eventually forcibly removed from their land following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833. [25] [26] [27]
Founding and 19th century
Play media
State and Madison Streets , once known as the busiest intersection in the world (1897)
On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of around 200. [27] Within seven years it would grow to a population of over 4,000. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales commenced with Edmund Dick Taylor as U.S. receiver of public moneys. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837 and went on to become the fastest growing city in the world for several decades. [28]
As the site of the Chicago Portage , [29] the city emerged as an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad , opened in 1848, which also marked the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal . The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River . [30] [31] [32] [33]
A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. [34] The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first ever standardized 'exchange traded' forward contracts, which were called futures contracts . [35]
An artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871
In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas , the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. [36] These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln , to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for the nation's presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention and went on to defeat Douglas in the general election, setting the stage for the American Civil War . [37]
To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city implemented various infrastructural improvements. In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council. [38] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. While raising Chicago, and at first improving the health of the city, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River , then into Lake Michigan , polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs . In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River , which flows into the Mississippi River . [39] [40] [41]
In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire broke out, destroying an area of about 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, a large section of the city at the time. [42] [43] [44] Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards , survived intact, [45] and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone which would set the precedent for worldwide construction. [46] [47] During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. [48] [49]
Court of Honor at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893
Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States . Of the total population in 1900, no less than 77% were foreign-born, or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans , Irish , Poles , Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). [50] [51]
Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams to co‑found Hull House in 1889. [52] Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work . [53]
During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City, and later state laws, that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever were not only passed, but also enforced. These in turn became templates for public health reform in many other cities and states. [54]
The city invested in many large, well-landscaped municipal parks , which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate and driving force for improving public health in Chicago was Dr. John H. Rauch, M.D. , who established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866, created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with festering, shallow graves, and helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health in 1867 in response to an outbreak of cholera. Ten years later he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. [55]
In the 19th century, Chicago became the nation's railroad center, by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of 6 different downtown terminals. [56] [57] In 1883, the standardized system of North American time zones was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers in Chicago. [58] This gave the continent its uniform system for telling time.
In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park . The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. [59] [60] The University of Chicago was founded in 1892 on the same South Side location. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance , a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects Washington and Jackson Parks. [61] [62]
20th and 21st centuries
Old photography of downtown Chicago
Men outside a soup kitchen in the Great Depression (1931)
Chicago skyline from Northerly Island, Taken sometime in 1941
The World War I period and the 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African-Americans from the Southern United States . Between 1910 and 1930, the African-American population of Chicago dramatically increased from 44,103 to 233,903. [63] Arriving in the hundreds of thousands during the Great Migration , the newcomers had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance , part of the New Negro Movement , in art, literature, and music. [64] Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago Race Riot of 1919 , also occurred. [65]
The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. [66] Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Al Capone sent men to gun down members of his rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran . [67]
In 1924, Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization, the Society for Human Rights . This organization produced the first American publication for gays, Friendship and Freedom . Police and political pressure soon caused it to disband. [68]
In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair . [69] The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. [70]
In March 1937, there was a violent strike by approximately 3,500 drivers for Checker and Yellow Cab Companies which included rioting that went on for weeks. The cab companies hired "strike breakers", and the cab drivers union hired "sluggers" who ragged through the downtown Chicago area looking for cabs and drivers not participating in the strike. [71]
On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945. [72]
Mayor Richard J. Daley , a Democrat , was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics . Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting , many white residents, as in most American cities, left the city for the suburbs. Whole neighborhoods were completely changed based on race. [73] Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement , which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. [74]
Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale riots , or in some cases police riots , in city streets. [75] Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower , which in 1974 became the world's tallest building ), University of Illinois at Chicago , McCormick Place , and O'Hare International Airport , were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. [76] In 1979, Jane Byrne , the city's first female mayor, was elected. She helped mitigate crime in the Cabrini-Green housing project and guide Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. [77]
In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of the city of Chicago. Washington's first term in office saw attention given to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack a short time later. [78] Washington was succeeded by 6th ward Alderman Eugene Sawyer who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.
Richard M. Daley , son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development . After successfully standing for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. [79] [80]
On February 23, 2011, former Illinois Congressman and White House Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel , won the mayoral election, beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote, [81] and was sworn in as Mayor on May 16, 2011.
Geography
Cityscape
Chicago skyline April 18, 2009, from Northerly Island looking northwest.
The Chicago River is the south border (right) of the Near North Side and Streeterville and the north border (left) of Chicago Loop , Lakeshore East and Illinois Center (from Lake Shore Drive 's Link Bridge with Trump International Hotel and Tower at jog in the river in the center).
Chicago July 10, 2012, from John Hancock Center looking south.
Topography
Downtown and the North Side with beaches lining the waterfront.
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan . It is the principal city in Chicago Metropolitan Area situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region . Chicago rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage , connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds . The city lies beside huge freshwater Lake Michigan, and two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow entirely or partially through Chicago. [82] [83] Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. [84]
When Chicago was founded in 1833, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. [85] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176 m) above sea level . The lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side. [86]
The Chicago Loop is the central business district, but Chicago is also a city of neighborhoods . Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park and Jackson Park . Twenty-four public beaches are also found across 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront. [87] Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier , Northerly Island , the Museum Campus , and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings can be found close to the waterfront.
An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland". There is no precise definition for the term "Chicagoland", but it generally means the city and its suburbs combined together. The Chicago Tribune , which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County , eight nearby Illinois counties: Lake , McHenry , DuPage , Kane , Kendall , Grundy , Will and Kankakee , and three counties in Indiana : Lake , Porter and LaPorte . [88] The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties. [89] The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties. [90]
See also: Community areas in Chicago and Neighborhoods in Chicago
Community areas of the City of Chicago.
Major sections of the city include the central business district, called The Loop , and the North, the South , and West Sides . [91] The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. [92] The North Side is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. [93] The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains the University of Chicago and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago . [94]
In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct community areas , which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined neighborhoods . [95] [96]
Streetscape
Main article: Roads and expressways in Chicago
Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city's original townsite plat. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction. The grid's regularity would provide an efficient means to develop new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago , but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed. [97]
Most of the city's residential streets tend to have a wide patch of grass and/or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself.[ citation needed ] This has the effect of keeping pedestrians walking on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world. [98] Other famous streets include North Michigan Avenue , North State Street , Clark , and Belmont Avenue . The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.
Architecture
Further information: Architecture of Chicago , List of tallest buildings in Chicago and List of Chicago Landmarks
The Chicago Building by Holabird & Roche (1904–05) is a prime example of the Chicago School , displaying both variations of the Chicago window.
The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building , the Home Insurance Building , rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era , [49] which would then be followed by many other cities around the world. [99] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense. [100]
Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere after One World Trade Center , and Trump International Hotel and Tower is the third tallest in the country. [101] The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building , the Fine Arts Building , 35 East Wacker , and the Chicago Building , 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe . Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and Helmut Jahn. [102] [103]
The Merchandise Mart , once first on the list of largest buildings in the world , currently listed as 44th largest (as of September 9, 2013), has its own zip code , and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. [104] Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), Trump International Hotel and Tower , the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center . Industrial districts , such as some areas on the South Side , the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , and Northwest Indiana are clustered. [105]
Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School , two movements in architecture. [106] Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture . The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright , who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago . [107] [108]
Monuments and public art
More representational and portrait statuary includes a number of works by Lorado Taft ( Fountain of Time , The Crusader , Eternal Silence , and the Heald Square Monument completed by Crunelle ), French's Statue of the Republic , Edward Kemys's Lions , Saint-Gaudens's Abraham Lincoln: The Man (a.k.a. Standing Lincoln) and Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State (a.k.a. Seated Lincoln), Brioschi's Christopher Columbus , Meštrović's The Bowman and The Spearman , Dallin's Signal of Peace , Fairbanks's The Chicago Lincoln , Boyle's The Alarm , Polasek's memorial to Masaryk , memorials along Solidarity Promenade to Kościuszko , Havliček and Copernicus by Chodzinski , Strachovský, and Thorvaldsen , a memorial to General Logan by Saint-Gaudens , and Kearney's Moose (W-02-03) . A number of statues also honor recent local heroes such as Michael Jordan (by Amrany and Rotblatt-Amrany ), Stan Mikita , and Bobby Hull outside of the United Center ; Harry Caray (by Amrany and Cella) outside Wrigley field , Jack Brickhouse (by McKenna ) next to the WGN studios, and Irv Kupcinet at the Wabash Avenue Bridge . [110]
There are preliminary plans to erect a 1:1‑scale replica of Wacław Szymanowski 's Art Nouveau statue of Frédéric Chopin found in Warsaw 's Royal Baths along Chicago's lakefront in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park for the 200th anniversary of Frédéric Chopin 's birth. [111]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Chicago
The city lies within the humid continental climate zone ( Köppen : Dfa ), and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm to hot and often humid, with a July daily average of 75.8 °F (24.3 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures can exceed 90 °F (32 °C) as many as 21 days. Winters are cold and snowy with few sunny days, and the normal January high is just below freezing. Spring and autumn are mild seasons with low humidity. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 55.7 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July. [112] The city is part of the USDA Plant Hardiness zone 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. [113]
According to the National Weather Service , Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934, [114] although Midway Airport reached 109 °F (43 °C) the same day and recorded a heat index of 125 °F (52 °C) during the 1995 heatwave . [115] The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded on January 20, 1985 , at O'Hare Airport. [112] [115] The city can experience extreme winter cold waves and summer heat waves that may last for several consecutive days. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the spring and summer months which may sometimes produce hail, high winds, and tornadoes . [116] Like other major cities, Chicago also experiences urban heat island , making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. Also, the proximity to Lake Michigan keeps downtown Chicago cooler in early summer and milder in winter than areas to the west. [117]
Climate data for Chicago (Midway Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1928–present
Month
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.1
Climate data for Chicago (O'Hare Int'l Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871–present [b]
Month
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.2
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990) [112] [122] [123]
Climate data for Chicago Aurora Municipal Airport, Illinois 1981-2010 normals
Month
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
9.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
6.7
Source: NOAA (normals, 1981–2010) [124]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Chicago
During its first 100 years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 in 1850 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world, [127] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million, [128] and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.
From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland , Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including Italians , Jews , Poles , Bosnians and Czechs . [129] To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial working class , were added an additional influx of African-Americans from the American South — with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930. [129]
The great majority of American blacks moving to Chicago in these years were clustered in a so‑called " Black Belt " on the city's South Side. [129] By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's African-American population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition. [129] Chicago's South Side emerged as America's second largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem . [129]
Racial composition
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
28.9%
0.9%
0.1%
As of the 2010 census , [133] there were 2,695,598 people with 1,045,560 households living in Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. Chicago is one of the United States' most densely populated major cities, and the largest city in the Great Lakes Megalopolis . The racial composition of the city was:
32.9% Black or African American ;
13.4% from some other race;
5.5% Asian (1.6% Chinese, 1.1% Indian, 1.1% Filipino, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Thai);
0.5% American Indian .
Chicago has a Hispanic or Latino population of 28.9%. (Its members may belong to any race; 21.4% Mexican, 3.8% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Guatemalan, 0.6% Ecuadorian, 0.3% Cuban, 0.3% Colombian, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Peruvian) [134]
The city's former most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 59% in 1970 to 31.7% in 2010. [131]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data estimates for 2008-2012, the median income for a household in the city was $47,408, and the median income for a family was $54,188. Male full-time workers had a median income of $47,074 versus $42,063 for females. About 18.3% of families and 22.1% of the population lived below the poverty line. [135]
According to the 2008-2012 American Community Survey, the ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: [136]
Irish: (137,799)
Ukrainian: (11,104)
West Indian (except Hispanic groups): (10,349)
Persons identifying themselves as "Other groups" were classified at 1.72 million, and unclassified or not reported were approximately 153,000. [136]
Religion
Christianity is predominant among the city's population who worship (71%). [137] [138] The Chicago metropolitan area also includes adherents of Judaism , Islam , Buddhism , Hinduism , Jainism , Sikhism , and the Bahá'í , among others.
The wealth of Chicago's religious heritage is evident in its many noted examples of sacred architecture and institutions. Many of these religious edifices are Christian in origin, with Roman Catholic structures particularly prevalent. However, the city of Polish Cathedrals is rife with numerous historic synagogues, as well as the noteworthy sacred spaces of other religions. The Kehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue, now the Pilgrim Baptist Church was designed by Adler & Sullivan in 1890. The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the biggest Presbyterian congregations in the U.S. Chicago's northern suburb of Wilmette, Illinois , has the Bahá'í Temple , the only temple for the Bahá'í Faith in North America.
The city played host to the first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993. [139] Chicago contains many theological institutions, which include seminaries and colleges such as the Meadville Lombard Theological School , the Moody Bible Institute , the Chicago Theological Seminary , the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago , and Catholic Theological Union . Chicago is the seat of several religious denominations, including the Assyrian Church of the East , the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America .
Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama . [140] Pope John Paul II visited Chicago in 1979 during his first trip ever to the United States after being elected to the papacy in 1978. [141]
Economy
The Chicago Board of Trade Building
Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—approximately $532 billion according to 2010 estimates, [142] [143] after only the urban agglomerations of New York City and Los Angeles , in the first and second place, respectively. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. [144] Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. [145] Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for calendar year 2014. [146] The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation. [147] In 2009 Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities. [148] Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar , John Whitfield Bunn , Richard Teller Crane , Marshall Field , John Farwell , Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.
Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second largest central business district in the United States.[ citation needed ] The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges , including the Chicago Stock Exchange , the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group . The CME Group, in addition, owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes . [149] Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics , the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange ) and equity style indices (on the U.S. Futures Exchange ). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower . [150]
The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the third largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4.48 million workers, as of 2014. [151] In addition, the state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago. [152] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company: aerospace giant Boeing , which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001. [153] [154] Two more Dow 30 companies, Kraft Foods and McDonald's are in the Chicago suburbs, as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola . Chicago is also home to United Continental Holdings , with headquarters in the United Building and operations center at Willis Tower , and its United Airlines subsidiary.
Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International , Boeing , Abbott Laboratories , and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric . In addition to aircraft maker Boeing, which located its headquarters in Chicago in 2001, and United Airlines in 2011, GE Transportation moved its offices to the city in 2013, as did ThyssenKrupp North America, and agriculture giant Archer Daniels Midland . [8] Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River , and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company , created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also home to a growing number of web startup companies like CareerBuilder , Orbitz , 37signals , Groupon , Feedburner , and NowSecure . [155]
Chicago has been a hub of the Retail sector since its early development in America, when it was the home of Montgomery Ward , Sears , and Marshall Field's . Today the Chicago metro area is the home of several retailers, including Walgreens , Sears , Ace Hardware , Claire's , ULTA Beauty and Crate & Barrel .
Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs, [156] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907. [157] Chicago was also home to the Schwinn Bicycle Company .
Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place . With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third largest in the world. [158] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando ) in number of conventions hosted annually. [159]
Culture and contemporary life
The National Hellenic Museum in Greektown is one of several ethnic museums comprising the Chicago Cultural Alliance .
The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods of Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south. [160] The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the Mexican American neighborhoods, such as Pilsen along 18th street, and La Villita along 26th Street; the Puerto Rican enclave of Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood; Greektown , along South Halsted Street , immediately west of downtown; [161] Little Italy , along Taylor Street; Chinatown in Armour Square ; Polish Patches in West Town ; Little Seoul in Albany Park around Lawrence Avenue; Little Vietnam near Broadway in Uptown; and the Desi area, along Devon Avenue in West Ridge . [162]
Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and home to Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , are located within a section of downtown called " The Loop ", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the Near North Side , the Near South Side , and the Near West Side , as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers , abundant restaurants, shopping , museums , a stadium for the Chicago Bears , convention facilities , parkland , and beaches .
Lincoln Park is home to the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory . The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City. Lakeview is home to Boystown , which, along with Andersonville , are the best-known LGBT neighborhoods.
The South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park is home to the University of Chicago (U of C), ranked one of the world's top ten universities; [163] and the Museum of Science and Industry . The 6-mile (9.7 km) long Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park , bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is home of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits Washington Park . The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance , running adjacent to the U of C. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic , which travels from Bronzeville to Washington Park. Ford Motor Company has an automobile assembly plant located in Hegewisch , and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.
The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory , one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park 's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen . The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and Oprah Winfrey 's Harpo Studios .
Entertainment, the arts, and performing arts
Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and Victory Gardens Theater in Lincoln Park; the Goodman Theatre in the Loop; and the Chicago Shakespeare Theater at Navy Pier. Broadway In Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre , Bank of America Theatre , Cadillac Palace Theatre , Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place . Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park . Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern improvisational theater , and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic).
Classical music offerings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO), which performs at Symphony Center , and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world. [164] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta , a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park . Ravinia Festival , located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago . The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956, [165] and presents operas in Lithuanian .
The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park . Chicago is home to several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash .
Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues , Chicago soul , jazz , and gospel . The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene . In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial , punk and new wave . This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie . Annual festivals feature various acts, such as Lollapalooza and the Pitchfork Music Festival . A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances." [166]
Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism , as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke . In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists , such as Roger Brown , Leon Golub , Robert Lostutter , Jim Nutt , and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings.
Chicago is home to a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso , Miró's Chicago , Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder , Agora by Magdalena Abakanowicz , Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet , Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg , Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor , Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa , and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall .
Chicago also has a nationally televised Thanksgiving parade that occurs annually. The McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade is seen across the nation on WGN-TV and WGN America , featuring a variety of diverse acts from the community, marching bands from across the country, and is the only parade in the city to feature inflatable balloons every year. [167]
Tourism
View of Navy Pier from the 23rd floor of Lake Point Tower
In 2012[update], Chicago attracted 34.07 million domestic leisure travelers, 10.92 million domestic business travelers and 1.369 million overseas visitors. [168] These visitors contributed more than US$12.8 billion to Chicago's economy. [168] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street , thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the fourth most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States. [169] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place , just south of Soldier Field . The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library , now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot (12 m) Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park , Buckingham Fountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago . The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park, there is the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture. Cloud Gate, a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain . The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, along with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry 's detailed, stainless steel band shell, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion , hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance , an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque .
Navy Pier , located just east of Streeterville , is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its 150-foot (46 m) tall Ferris wheel is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest, attracting about 8 million people annually. [170] Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel.
On June 4, 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus , a 10-acre (4.0 ha) lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum , the Field Museum of Natural History , and the Shedd Aquarium . The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park , which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago . Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum , the Driehaus Museum , the DuSable Museum of African American History , the Museum of Contemporary Art , the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum , the Polish Museum of America , the Museum of Broadcast Communications , the Pritzker Military Library , the Chicago Architecture Foundation , and the Museum of Science and Industry .
The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. The Willis Tower has an observation deck open to tourists year round with high up views overlooking Chicago and Lake Michigan. The observation deck includes an enclosed glass balcony that extends 10 feet out on the side of the building. Tourists are able to look straight down.
In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the "Top Ten Cities in the United States" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler . [171] [172]
Cuisine
Chicago-style pizza
A Polish market in Chicago
Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza ; this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno . [173] The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city. [174]
The Chicago-style hot dog , typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes neon green pickle relish , yellow mustard , pickled sport peppers , tomato wedges, dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt on a poppy seed bun . [175] Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style dog frown upon the use of ketchup as a garnish, but may prefer to add giardiniera . [176] [177] [178]
There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish , a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. [179]
Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio , with roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito , a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. There is also the tamale with chile, mother-in-law sandwich . [180] The tradition of serving the Greek dish, saganaki while aflame, has its origins in Chicago's Greek community. The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with Metaxa and flambéed table-side by the server to shouts of 'Opa!' [181]
The annual summer festival, the Taste of Chicago in Grant Park , highlights food in the city with many local restaurants taking part.
A number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter , Rick Tramonto , Grant Achatz , and Rick Bayless . In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination." [182]
Carl Sandburg 's most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/ Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/ Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."
Literature
Further information: Chicago literature
Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism . In the Encyclopedia of Chicago , Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago. [183] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time, [184] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie. [185] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.
At least, three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American Literature . [186] These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.
What would become the influential Poetry magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe , who was working as an art critic for the Chicago Tribune . The magazine discovered such poets as Gwendolyn Brooks , James Merrill , and John Ashbery . [187] T. S. Eliot 's first professionally published poem, " The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ", was first published by Poetry. Contributors have included Ezra Pound , William Butler Yeats , William Carlos Williams , Langston Hughes , and Carl Sandburg , among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the Imagist and Objectivist poetic movements.
Sports
Main article: Sports in Chicago
Chicago was named the "Best Sports City" in the United States by the Sporting News in 1993, 2006, and 2010. [188] Along with Boston, Chicago is the only city to continuously host major professional sports since 1871, having only taken 1872 and 1873 off due to the Great Chicago Fire. Additionally, along with Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia, Chicago is one of the six cities in the United States to have won championships in the four major professional sports leagues and, along with New York and Los Angeles, is one of three cities to have won soccer championships as well.
The city is home to two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL), who play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League (AL), who play in U.S. Cellular Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901 (New York only hosted one between 1958 and 1962, and Los Angeles has only done so since 1961.) The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city, one of nine out of the sixteen teams to predate expansion that have not changed cities. They have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games, have more wins and scored more runs than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876. [189] They have won two World Series titles and are fifth among National League teams with 16 pennants, but have the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in professional sports: They have not won their sport's title since 1908 , and have not participated in a World Series since 1945 , both records in their respective rights. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901, with all three of their home fields throughout the years being within mere blocks of one another. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. The Sox are fifth in the American League in all-time wins, and sixth in pennants.
The Chicago Bears , one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships , including Super Bowl XX . The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals , also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals . The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team, and only the Green Bay Packers , their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field , named after "The men and women of the armed forces". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation on February 17, 2006.
The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[ citation needed ] During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. [190] [191] They also boast the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award , Derrick Rose , who won it for the 2010–11 season . [192]
The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the " Original Six " teams of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team has won six Stanley Cups , including in 2015 . Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side.
Top: United Center ; Bottom: U.S. Cellular Field
The Chicago Fire Soccer Club is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview , after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field . The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups , since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field .
The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team based in Rosemont, Illinois , playing in the Eastern Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Allstate Arena . The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. It is owned by Michael J. Alter (principal owner) and Margaret Stender (minority owner).
While six of the eight major franchises have won championships within recent years – the Bears (1985), the Bulls (91, '92, '93, '96, '97, and '98), the White Sox (2005), the Blackhawks (2010, 2013, 2015), the Fire (1998) and the Chicago Wolves (2008) — the Chicago Cubs are known for their drought of over 100 years without a championship (currently 106 years, as of the 2014 MLB season). The last time the Cubs were in a World Series was 1945. Some fans claim the Curse of the Billy Goat is responsible for the drought.
2009
None
The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors . [193]
Portage Park on the Northwest Side and Washington Square Park on the Near North Side .
When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which translates into English as "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of municipal parkland . There are 31 sand beaches , a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas. [195] Lincoln Park , the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City , and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C. [196]
With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system. [197] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park , which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.
The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves , a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie , wetland , streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's periphery, [198] home to both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield . [199] In addition, Washington Park is one of the city's biggest parks as well; covering nearly 400 acres (162 ha). The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago .
Law and government
Main article: Government of Chicago
Daley Plaza with Picasso statue and City Hall in background. State law courts are in the Daley Plaza Building at right
The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. [200] The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget. [201]
The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement for the City of Chicago and its residents. The Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the City of Chicago and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois , in the federal system. In the former, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney , in the latter, the United States Attorney .
Politics
Main article: Political history of Chicago
During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. [202] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been " solid blue " in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but 8 of Illinois' 19 U.S. Representatives have part of Chicago in their districts .
Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities. [203] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley , the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.
Crime
Chicago Police Department SUV, 2011
Chicago had a murder rate of 18.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012, ranking 16th among cities with 100,000 people or more. [204] This was less in comparison to smaller American cities, including New Orleans , Newark , and Detroit , which saw 53 murders per 100,000 residents in 2012. [205] Though it has a significantly lower murder rate than many smaller American cities, the two largest cities in the United States, New York City and Los Angeles, have lower rates and lower total homicides. According to reports in 2013, "[m]ost of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories", [206] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel , which by 2006 had decided to seek to control illicit drug distribution, over against local street gangs. [207] Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime. [206] In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people; [208] the murder rate was 10.4 -- while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. [209]
The total number of murders in Chicago peaked in 1974, with 970 murders when the city's population was over 3 million people (resulting in a murder rate of around 29 per 100,000), and came close to peaking again in 1992 with 943 murders, resulting in a murder rate of 34 per 100,000. [210] Chicago, along with other major U.S. cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, eventually recording 448 homicides in 2004, the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100,000.) Chicago's homicide tally remained steady throughout 2005, 2006, and 2007 with 449, 452, and 435 respectively.
In 2008, murders rebounded to 510, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003. [211] [212] For 2009, the murder count was down about 10% for the year, to 458. [213] 2010 saw Chicago's murder rate at its lowest levels since 1965. Overall, 435 homicides were recorded for the year (16.14 per 100,000), a 5% decrease from 2009. [214] 2011 saw Chicago's murders at 431 for a murder rate of 15.94 per 100,000 for a drop of 1.2% from 2010. [215]
2012 saw a spike in murders to 506. [216] [217] That year the city ranked 21st in the United States in numbers of homicides per person, while the first half of 2013 saw a significant drop per-person, in all categories of violent crime in Chicago, including homicide (down 26%). [218] Chicago ended 2013 with 415 murders, the lowest number of murders since 1965, and overall crime rates dropped by 16 percent. [215]
It is estimated that in 2012 shootings cost the city of Chicago $2.5 billion according to Jens Ludwig, director of the University of Chicago Crime Lab. [219]
Education
Since its completion in 1991, the Harold Washington Library has appeared in Guinness World Records as the largest public library building in the world
Main article: Chicago Public Schools
Schools and libraries
Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are ten selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools. [220] They are designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. The schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses. [221] Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago. Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked second. The oldest magnet school in the city, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School , which was opened in 1975, is ranked number three. The magnet school with the largest enrollment is Lane Technical College Prep High School .[ citation needed ] Lane is one of the oldest schools in Chicago and in 2012 was designated a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education. [222]
Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests. [223] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013-2014 20th Day Enrollment), ranks as the third largest in the U.S. [224] On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues. [225] According to data complied in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are approximately 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). [226]
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the city's Catholic schools , including the Jesuit preparatory schools . Some of the more prominent Catholic schools are St. Rita of Cascia High School , De La Salle Institute , Josephinum Academy , DePaul College Prep , Cristo Rey Jesuit High School , Brother Rice High School , St. Ignatius College Preparatory School , Mount Carmel High School , Queen of Peace High School , Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School , Marist High School , St. Patrick High School and Resurrection High School .
In addition to Chicago's network of Lutheran schools , [227] there are also several private schools run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge . Additionally, a number of private schools are run in a completely secular educational environment, such as the Latin School of Chicago in the Near North Side neighborhood, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, the British School of Chicago and the Francis W. Parker School in Lincoln Park, the Lycée Français de Chicago in Uptown, the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy . Chicago is also home of the private Chicago Academy for the Arts , a high school focused on six different categories of the arts. Also, Chicago is home of the public Chicago High School for the Arts , a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.
The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries, including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city.
Colleges and universities
Further information: Media in Chicago , List of fiction set in Chicago and Chicago International Film Festival
Harpo Studios, headquarters of talk show host Oprah Winfrey
The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles. [230] Each of the big four U.S. television networks , CBS , ABC , NBC and Fox , directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago ( WBBM , WLS , WMAQ and WFLD , respectively). WGN‑TV , which is owned by the Tribune Company , is carried with some programming differences, as " WGN America " on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean . The city has also been the home of several talk shows, including, formerly, The Oprah Winfrey Show . Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI 's This American Life and NPR 's Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me! Chicago's PBS station can be seen on WTTW , producer of shows such as Sneak Previews , The Frugal Gourmet , Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group , just to name a few and WYCC .
There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times , with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago , the Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News) , Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the Chicago Reader , the SouthtownStar , the Chicago Defender , the Daily Herald , Newcity , [231] [232] StreetWise and the Windy City Times . The entertainment and cultural magazine Time Out Chicago and GRAB magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine Chicago Innerview . In addition, Chicago is the recent home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion , as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Club . [233]
Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations : the CBS Radio -owned WBBM and WSCR ; the Tribune Broadcasting -owned WGN ; the Cumulus Media -owned WLS ; and the ESPN Radio -owned WMVP . Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.
Chicago is also featured in a few video games, including Watch Dogs and Midtown Madness , a real-life, car-driving simulation game. In 2005, indie rock artist Sufjan Stevens created a concept album about Illinois titled Illinois ; many of its songs were about Chicago and its history.
Infrastructure
Further information: Transportation in Chicago
Aerial photo of the Jane Byrne Interchange, opened in 1960s
Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore . [234]
Expressways
Further information: Roads and expressways in Chicago
Seven mainline and four auxiliary interstate highways ( 55 , 57 , 65 (only in Indiana), 80 (also in Indiana ), 88 , 90 (also in Indiana ), 94 (also in Indiana ), 190 , 290 , 294 , and 355 ) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson .
The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. [235]
Transit systems
Chicago Union Station , opened in 1925, is the third busiest rail terminal in the United States
The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a rapid transit elevated and subway system known as the 'L' (for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both Midway and O'Hare Airports . The CTA's rail lines consist of the Red , Blue , Green , Orange , Brown , Purple , Pink , and Yellow lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
Metra , the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line , which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.
Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit. [236]
Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America) .
Passenger rail
Amtrak train on the Empire Builder route departs Chicago from Union Station
Amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate from Union Station . Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., New York City, Indianapolis , New Orleans, Portland , Seattle , Milwaukee , Quincy , St. Louis , Carbondale , Boston, Grand Rapids , Port Huron , Pontiac , Los Angeles, and San Antonio . An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad . Parts of this were built, but it was ultimately never completed.
Freight rail
Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry. [237] Six of the seven Class I railroads meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway . [238] As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days). [239] According to U.S. DOT, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040. [240] CREATE, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transport Efficiency program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. [241]
Airports
O'Hare International Airport
Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport , the world's busiest airport, [242] on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps). [243] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport , located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois , respectively, can serve as alternate Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago. [244] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines , the world's third largest airline.
Port authority
Main article: Port of Chicago
The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . [245]
Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,390,000 square feet) of storage.
Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River 6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (315,000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet .
The Illinois International Port district also operates Foreign trade zone No. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.
Utilities
Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison , also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon ) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city started the installation of wind turbines on government buildings with the aim to promote the use of renewable energy. [246] [247] [248]
Natural Gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group , which is headquartered in Chicago.
Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled , mainly in the Calumet area . From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert certain refuse from landfills. [249] In the fall of 2007 the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling similar to that of other cities due to low participation rates in the blue bag program. After completion of the pilot the city will determine whether to roll it out to all wards.
Prentice Women's Hospital at the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University
Health systems
Chicago is home to the Illinois Medical District , on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center , the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago , Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County , one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. [250]
Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center . The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine ; Northwestern Memorial Hospital , which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2010–11; [251] the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report; [252] the new Prentice Women's Hospital ; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.
The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana–Champaign ). [253]
See also: List of diplomatic missions and trade organizations in Chicago
Chicago has 28 sister cities around the world. [254] Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second most populous city or second most influential city of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had large amounts of immigrants settle in Chicago. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational, and other ties. [255]
To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza , which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities. [254] In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges. [254] In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union ), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kiev sister cities program. [256]
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In Greek mythology, musician and poet Arion was kidnapped by pirates and saved by which creatures? | The Greek Poet and Singer Arion Was #Blessed
By Carly Silver
Updated February 23, 2016.
Ancient Greek poets were magic! Need more evidence than that simple statement? We've got all the details on this seaworthy adventurer, who could mount a dolphin as easily as he could strum his own instrument.
Sail Away
Herodotus starts us off with the basic story of Arion, who hung out at lot in the city of Corinth . He landed on the Peloponnese, "brought there by a dolphin" during the reign of Periander , seventh-century B.C. tyrant of Corinth. At the spot where Arion and his dolphin landed was a bronze statue of the musician riding Flipper like a cowboy. That locale was Taenarum , a cape near Corinth.
Arion, who hailed from the town of Methymna on the island of Lesbos, wound up finding his dolphin companion after a chance encounter with pirates. Once , he wanted to explore the Mediterranean world, heading to Italy and Sicily; when he was done, he hired a ship to go back home to Corinth. The boat's crew saw how much wealth he'd accumulated while overseas, so they conspired to rob and kill him.
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According to Hyginus's Fabulae , written centuries later, " Apollo appeared to him in a dream and bade him sing in his poet’s garland crown, and surrender himself to those who would come to aid him." When the crew was about to kill him, Arion requested one last song to stall, perhaps his own funeral dirge ; when he started belting out a tune, the local dolphin pod swarmed the ship and Arion tossed himself overboard, rescued by his mammal pals. This transformative, death-to-life sequence has close ties to a hero's journey to the Underworld (hey, Heracles, hey!). But Arion survived after he "charmed the ocean waves," as Ovid claims ; he rode one dolphin all the way to Corinth, where the animal died and a monument to it was constructed.
Hyginus states that Periander faked worry about Arion's fate when he saw his ship come in without the poet, knowing the sailors were bad guys. The crew claimed that Arion had died and they'd buried him; Periander required that they swear it was the truth on his Dolphin Monument. Arion hid inside the dolphin statue and shocked the crew into silence; Periander ordered them crucified in punishment. But to celebrate Arion, Hyginus claims, "Apollo, because of Arion’s skill with the cithara, placed him and the dolphin among the star." Indeed, as Dio Chrysostom notes , this guy was very "dear to the gods."
Beautiful Music
Arion's biggest gifts to musicians, as the story goes, were his skill on the lyre and his contribution to poetry. He "was a lyre-player second to none in that age; he was the first man whom we know to compose and name the dithyramb, which he afterwards taught at Corinth," according to Herodotus. The dithyramb was a choral song that fifty guys warbled in honor of Dionysus. These were pretty popular in a culture in which attending and participating in theater was a huge civic and religious responsibility.
The tradition of Arion continued on long past his lifetime. The third-century B.C. poet Posidippus wrote an epigram chronicling the journey of Arion's lyre from Greece to Alexandria in Egypt, where it winds up as a votive object. He quips that "Arion's dolphin" brought this instrument, "made to resound," across "the white sea." Such a sacred object would be a worthy donation to a royal shrine. Arion was closely tied to the divine; Apollo and creatures of Poseidon saved this talented musician.
Arion wasn't forgotten, even centuries later, remaining a staple of art in the ancient world. In his City of God , St. Augustine compares Arion, who "was received on a dolphin’s back and carried to land," didn't measure up to Jonah, rescued from the belly of a whale. Augustine opines that Christianity is better than paganism because "that story of ours about the prophet Jonah is far more incredible, more incredible because more marvellous, and more marvellous because a greater exhibition of power." So Jesus > Apollo, in other words.
| Dolphin |
Which US actor’s film company founded the Sundance Film Festival? | AMPHITRITE - Greek Goddess & Nereid Queen of the Sea
Amphitrite
Encircling Third
Poseidon and Amphitrite, Greco-Roman mosaic C4th A.D., Musée du Louvre
AMPHITRITE was the goddess-queen of the sea, wife of Poseidon, and eldest of the fifty Nereides . She was the female personification of the sea--the loud-moaning mother of fish, seals and dolphins.
When Poseidon first sought Amphitrite's hand in marriage, she fled his advances, and hid herself away near Atlas in the Ocean stream at the far ends of the earth. The dolphin-god Delphin eventually tracked her down and persuaded her to return to wed the sea-king.
Amphitrite was depicted in Greek vase painting as a young woman, often raising her hand in a pinching gesture. Sometimes she was shown holding a fish. In mosaic art the goddess usually rides beside her husband in a chariot drawn by fish-tailed horses or hippokampoi . Sometimes her hair is enclosed with a net and her brow adorned with a pair of crab-claw "horns".
Her name is probably derived from the Greek words amphis and tris, "the surrounding third." Her son Tritôn was similarly named "of the third." Clearly "the third" is the sea, although the reason for the term is obscure. Amphitrite was essentially the same as the primordial sea-goddess Thalassa . Her Roman equivalent was Salacia whose name means "the salty one."
FAMILY OF AMPHITRITE
[2.1] OKEANOS & TETHYS (Apollodorus 1.8)
OFFSPRING
[2.1] RHODE (by Poseidon ) (Apollodorus 1.28)
[3.1] KYMOPOLEIA (by Poseidon ) (Hesiod Theogony 817)
[4.1] BENTHESIKYME (by Poseidon ) (Apollodorus 3.201)
[5.1] SEALS, DOLPHINS, FISH, SHELLFISH (Homer Odyssey 4.404 & 5.440, Aelian On Animals 12.45, Athenaeus Deip. 3.92d, Oppian Halieutica 1.1)
ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMPHITRI′TE (Amphitritê), according to Hesiod (Theog. 243) and Apollodorus (i. 2. § 7) a Nereid, though in other places Apollodorus (i. 2. § 2, i. 4. § 6) calls her an Oceanid. She is represented as the wife of Poseidon and the goddess of the sea (the Mediterranean), and she is therefore a kind of female Poseidon. In the Homeric poems she does not occur as a goddess, and Amphitrite is merely the name of the sea. The most ancient passages in which she occurs as a real goddess is that of Hesiod above referred to and the Homeric hymn on the Delian Apollo (94), where she is represented as having been present at the birth of Apollo. When Poseidon sued for her hand, she fled to Atlas, but her lover sent spies after her, and among them one Delphinus, who brought about the marriage between her and Poseidon, and the grateful god rewarded his service by placing him among the stars. (Eratosth. Catast. 31; Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 17.) When afterwards Poseidon shewed some attachment to Scylla, Amphitrite's jealousy was excited to such a degree, that she threw some magic herbs into the well in which Scylla used to bathe, and thereby changed her rival into a monster with six heads and twelve feet. (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 45, 649.) She became by Poseidon the mother of Triton, Rhode, or Rhodos, and Benthesicyme. (Hesiod. Theog. 930, &c.; Apollod. i. 4. § 6; iii. 15. § 4.) Later poets regard Amphitrite as the goddess of the sea in general, or the ocean. (Eurip. Cycl. 702; Ov. Met. i. 14.) Amphitrite was frequently represented in ancient works of art; her figure resembled that of Aphrodite, but she was usually distinguished from her by a sort of net which kept her hair together, and by the claws of a crab on her forehead. She was sometimes represented as riding on marine animals, and sometimes as drawn by them. The temple of Poseidon on the Corinthian isthmus contained a statue of Amphitrite (Paus. ii. 1. § 7), and her figure appeared among the relief ornaments of the temple of Apollo at Amyclae (iii. 19. § 4). on the throne of the Olympian Zeus, and in other places. (v. 2. § 3, comp. i. 17. § 3, v. 26. § 2.) We still possess a considerable number of representations of Amphitrite. A colossal statue of her exists in the Villa Albani, and she frequently appears on coins of Syracuse. The most beautiful specimen extant is that on the arch of Augustus at Rimini.
Halosydne (Halosudnê), that is, "the seafed," or the sea born goddess, occurs as a surname of Amphitrite and Thetys. (Hom. Od. iv. 404, Il. xx. 207.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
Poseidon-Neptune and Amphitrite, Greco-Roman mosaic from Herculaneum C1st A.D., Naples National Archaeological Museum
Hesiod, Theogony 240 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"To Nereus and rich-haired Doris, daughter of Okeanos (Oceanus), there were born in the barren sea daughters greatly beautiful even among goddesses: Ploto and Eukrante (Eucrante) and Amphitrite [the first three of the fifty listed] . . . Kymodoke (Cymodoce) who, with Kymatolege (Cymatolege) and Amphitrite, light of foot, on the misty face of the open water easily stills the water and hushes the winds in their blowing . . . These were the daughters born to irreproachable Nereus, fifty in all, and the actions they know are beyond reproach."
Hesiod, Theogony 930 ff :
"And of Amphitrite and the loud-roaring Earth-Shaker [Poseidon] was born great, wide-ruling Triton, and he owns the depths of the sea, living with his dear mother and the lord his father in their golden house, an awful god."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 11 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Nereus and Doris were parents of the Nereides, whose names were Kymothoe (Cymothoe) . . . Amphitrite [in a list of forty-five names]."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 28 :
"Poseidon married Amphitrite, and had as children Triton and Rhode."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 201 :
"His [Poseidon's] and Amphitrite's daughter Benthesikyme (Benthesicyme, Deep-Waves)."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"From Neptunus [Poseidon] and Amphitrite [was born] : Triton."
Colluthus, Rape of Helen 21 (trans. Mair) (Greek poem C5th A.D.) :
"[Thetis] the white-armed bride, own sister of Amphitrite."
MARRIAGE OF POSEIDON & AMPHITRITE
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 17 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Constellation Delphin. Eratosthenes [Hellenistic poet C3rd B.C.] and others give the following reason for the dolphin's being among the stars. Amphitrite, when Neptunus [Poseidon] desired to wed her and she preferred to keep her virginity, fled to Atlas. Neptunus sent many to seek her out, among them a certain Delphin, who, in his wandering s among the islands, came at last to the maiden, persuaded her to marry Neptunus, and himself took charge of the wedding. In return for this service, Neptunus put the form of a dolphin among the constellations."
Virgil, Georgics 1. 29 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) :
"You [Caesar praised as if he were Neptunus (Poseidon)] come as god of the boundless sea and sailors worship your deity alone, while farthest Thule owns your lordship and Tethys with the dowry of all her waves buys you to wed her daughter [Amphitrite]."
Oppian, Halieutica 1. 38 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd A.D.) :
"The Dophins : Poseidon loves them exceedingly, inasmuch as when he was seeking Amphitrite the dark-eyed daughter of Nereus who fled from his embraces, Delphines (the Dolphins) marked her hiding in the halls of Okeanos (Oceanus) and told Poseidon; and the god of the dark hair straightway carried off the maiden and overcame her against her will. Her he made his bride, queen of the sea, and for their tidings he commended his kindly attendants and bestowed on them exceeding honour for their portion."
CHARIOT OF POSEIDON & AMPHITRITE
Theseus and Amphitrite, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Metropolitan Museum of Art
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 1353 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) :
"[Jason addresses the Argonauts whose ship is beached in the Libyan desert :] ‘They [the Libyan Nymphai (Nymphs)] said that when Amphitrite had unyoked the horses from Poseidon's rolling chariot we were to recompense our mother [the ship Argo] amply for what she had suffered all the long time she bore us in her womb. Now I admit that the meaning of this oracle eludes me . . .’
The Minyai (Minyae) [Argonauts] listened with amazement to his tale. It was followed by the most astounding prodigy. A great horse came bounding out of the sea, a monstrous animal, with his golden mane waving in the air. He shook himself, tossing off the spray in showers. Then, fast as the wind, he galloped away. Peleus was overjoyed and at once explained the portent to the others. ‘It is clear to me,’ he said, ‘that Poseidon's loving wife has just unyoked his team. As for our mother, I take her to be none but the ship herself. Argo carried us in her womb; we have often heard her groaning in her pain. Now, we will carry her. We will hoist her on our shoulders, and never resting , never tiring, carry her across the sandy waste in the track of the galloping horse. He will not disappear inland. I am sure that his hoofprints will lead us to some bay that overlooks the sea.’"
AMPHITRITE & THESEUS
Bacchylides, Fragment 17 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"But sea-dwelling dolphins were swiftly carrying great Theseus to the house of his father [Poseidon], god of horses, and he reached the hall of the gods. There he was awe-struck at the glorious daughters of blessed Nereus, for from their splendid limbs shone a gleam as of fire, and round their hair were twirled gold-braided ribbons; and they were delighting in their hearts by dancing with liquid feet. And he saw his father's dear wife, august ox-eyed Amphitite, in the lovely house; she put a purple cloak about him and set on his thick hair the faultless garland which once at her marriage guileful Aphrodite had given her, dark with roses [presumably as a wedding gift]. Nothing that the gods wish is beyond the belief of sane mortals: he [Theseus] appeared beside the slender-sterned ship. In what thoughts did he check the Knossian (Cnossian) commander [Minos] when he came unwet from the sea, a miracle for all, and the gods' gifts shone on his limbs."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 17. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[Minos king of Krete (Crete)] hurled insults at him [Theseus] and denied that he was a son of Poseidon, since he could not recover for him the signet-ring, which he happened to be wearing, if he threw it into the sea. With these words Minos it is said to have thrown the ring, but they say that Theseus came up from the sea with that ring and also with a gold crown that Amphitrite had given him."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 5 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Minos is said to have drawn a gold ring from his finger and cast it into the sea. He bade Theseus bring it back, if he wanted him to believe he was a son of Neptunus [Poseidon] . . . Theseus, without any invoking of his father or obligation of an oath, cast himself into the sea. And at once a great swarm of dolphins, tumbling forward over the sea, led him through gently swelling waves to the Nereides. From them he brought back the ring of Minos and a crown, bright with many gems, from Thetis, which she had received at her wedding as a gift from Venus [Aphrodite]. Others say that the crown came from the wife [Amphitrite] of Neptunus, and Theseus is said to have given it to Ariadne as a gift, when on account of his valor and courage she was given to him in marriage."
Amphitrite, Poseidon and Hippocamps, Greco-Roman mosaic from Utica, Bardo National Museum
AMPHITRITE GODDESS OF THE SEA POETIC MISCELLANY
Homer, Odyssey 3. 99 (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
"Drowned at sea amid Amphitrite's billows."
Homer, Odyssey 4. 404 :
"A throng of seals, the brood (phôkoi nepodes) of lovely Halosydne [Amphitrite]."
Homer, Odyssey 5. 421 ff :
"[Odysseus adrift at sea :] ‘I fear that . . . some god may send out against me, from the brine, a Ketos, one of the swarming strange huge creatures in the breeding grounds of Amphitrite.’"
Homer, Odyssey 12. 60 ff :
"On the one side are overshadowing rocks against which dash the mighty billows of the Amphitrite, the goddess of blue-glancing seas (kyanôpis). The blessed gods call these rocks the Planktai (Planctae, Wanderers)."
Hesiod, Theogony 252 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"[The Nereides] Kymodoke (Cymodoce) who, with Kymatolege (Cymatolege) and Amphitrite, light of foot, on the misty face of the open water easily stills the water and hushes the winds in their blowing."
Homeric Hymn 3 to Delian Apollo 89 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th - 4th B.C.) :
"Leto [on the island of Delos] was racked nine days and nine nights with pangs beyond wont. And there were with her all the chiefest of the goddesses, Dione and Rheia and Ikhnaie (Ichnaea) and Themis and loud-moaning Amphitrite and the other deathless goddesses. Then the child leaped forth to the light, and all the goddesses raised a cry. Straightway, great Phoibos (Phoebus) [Apollon], the goddesses washed you purely and cleanly with sweet water, and swathed you in a white garment of fine texture, new-woven, and fastened a golden band about you."
[N.B. The "chiefest of the goddesses" are the Titanides (Titanesses). Amphitrite stands in place of Tethys, Dione is equivalent to Phoibe, and Ikhnaie "the tracing goddess" is Theia.]
Pindar, Olympian Ode 6. 105 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Great god of the sea [Poseidon], husband of Amphitrite, goddess of the gold spindle."
Timotheus, Fragment 79 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric V) (Greek lyric C5th to C4th B.C.) :
"The barbarian naval host was driven back in confusion on the fish-wreathed bosom of Amphitrite with its gleaming folds."
Greek Lyric V Anonymous, Fragment 939 (from Aelian, On Animals) (trans. Campbell) :
"Highest of gods, gold-tridented Poseidon of the sea, earth-shaker amid the teeming brine, with their fins swimming beasts dance round you in a ring, bounding lightly with nimble flingings of their feet, snub-nosed bristle-necked swift-racing pups, the music-loving dolphins, sea nurslings of the young goddesses the Nereides, whom Amphitrite bore [i.e. Amphitrite was the mother of dolphins]: you brought me [Arion] to the cape of Tainaron (Taenarum) in Pelops' land when I drifted the Sikelian (Sicilian) Sea, carrying me on your humped backs, cleaving the furrows of Nereus' plain, a path untrodden, when treacherous men had thrown me from the sea-sailing hollow ship into the sea-purple swell of the ocean."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 10. 37. 6 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[The author quotes an oracle of the Pythian priestess :] The wave of blue-eyed Amphitrite, roaring over the wine-dark sea."
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 8. 62 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"A ruining storm maddens along the wide gulfs of the deep, and moans Amphitrite (the Sea-queen) with her anguished waves which sweep from every hand, uptowering like precipiced mountains, while the bitter squall, ceaselessly veering, shrieks across the sea."
Amphitrite, Athenian red-figure stamnos C5th B.C., Toledo Museum of Art
Aelian, On Animals 12. 45 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd A.D.) :
"Arion [the poet rescued by a dolphin] wrote a hymn of thanks to Poseidon . . .: ‘Music-loving dolphins, sea-nurslings of the Nereis maids divine, whom Amphitrite bore.’"
Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 3. 92d (trans. Gullick) (Greek rhetorician C2nd to C3rd A.D.) :
"Nikandros of Kolophon (Nicander of Colophon) in the Georgics : ‘And all the shell-fish which feed at the bottom of the ocean--sea snails, conchs, giant clams, and mussels, slimy offspring of Halosydne [Amphitrite].’"
Oppian, Cynegetica 1. 77 (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd A.D.) :
[Invocation of Oppian to the sea-gods at the beginning of his poem on hunting and fishing:]
"Thou, Nereus, and ye gods (daimones) of Amphitrite . . . grant me your grace!"
Oppian, Halieutica 1. 1 :
"The tribes of the sea and the far scattered ranks of all manner of fishes, the swimming brood of Amphitrite."
Callistratus, Descriptions 14 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C4th A.D.) :
"[From a description of an ancient Greek painting depicting the leap of Ino into the sea and her reception by the sea-gods :]The figure of Ino was hastening towards the promontory of Skeiron (Sciron) and the sea at the foot of the mountain, and the breakers that were wont to surge in billows were spreading out in a hollow to receive her . . . And sea-dolphins were sporting near by, coursing through the waves in the painting . . . At the outer edges of the painting an Amphitrite rose from the depths, a creature of savage and terrifying aspect who flashed from her eyes a bright radiance. And round about her stood Nereides; these were dainty and bright to look upon, distilling love's desire from their eyes; and circling in their dance over crests of the sea's waves, they amazed the spectator. About them flowed Okeanos, (Oceanus) the motion of his stream being well-nigh like the billows of the sea."
Ovid, Fasti 5. 731 (trans.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Amphitrite's rich waters welcome the day."
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4. 31 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) :
"Nereus' daughters appeared in singing chorus . . . and Salacia [Amphitrite], the folds of her garment sagging with fish."
Suidas s.v. Alkyonides (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"After the death of their [the Alkyonides' (Alcyonides')] father [Alkyoneus (Alcyoneus)] they threw themselves into the sea from Kanastraion (Canastraeum), which is the peak of Pellene, but Amphitrite made them birds, and they were called Alkyones from their father. Windless days with a calm sea are called Alkyonides."
CULT OF AMPHITRITE
Amphitrite was often depicted in the artistic decorations of Poseidon's temples. Presumably she was honoured alongside the god.
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 1. 7 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[The temple of Poseidon at Korinthos (Corinth) on the Isthmos :] The offerings inside were dedicated in our time by Herodes the Athenian, four horses, gilded except the hoofs, which are of ivory, and two gold Tritones beside the horses, with the parts below the waist of ivory. On the car stand Amphitrite and Poseidon and there the boy Palaimon (Palaemon) upright upon a dolphin. These too are made of ivory and gold."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 19. 3- 5 :
"On the altar [of Apollon at Amyklai in Lakonia] are wrought in relief, here an image of Biris, there Amphitrite and Poseidon."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 26. 2 - 3 :
"The offerings of Mikythos (Micythus) I found [at Olympia] were numerous and not together . . . [statues of] Amphitrite, Poseidon and Hestia."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 11. 8 :
"[Reliefs on the throne in the temple of Zeus at Olympia :] There are also reliefs of . . . Amphitrite and Poseidon."
POETIC TITLES & EPITHETS
Amphitrite had a number of poetic titles and epithets.
Greek Name
| i don't know |
Who became the youngest World Heavyweight Boxing Champion in 1956? | Former heavyweight champion Patterson dies at 71 - Redorbit
Former heavyweight champion Patterson dies at 71
by Sam Savage
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Former world heavyweight boxing
champion Floyd Patterson, who became the youngest boxer to gain
the title when he knocked out Archie Moore in 1956 at the age
of 21, died on Thursday. He was 71.
Patterson, who had suffered from Alzheimer's disease and
prostate cancer, died at his home in New Paltz, New York.
Patterson, who was elected into the International Boxing
Hall of Fame in 1991, was small for a heavyweight and used a
peek-a-boo style with his gloves held high in front of his
face, using his quickness to defeat heftier opponents.
He had three famed clashes with Sweden's Ingemar Johansson
in a long career that stretched from his first great
professional success against Moore through bouts against Sonny
Liston and Muhammad Ali.
"Of all the men I fought, Sonny Liston was the scariest,
George Foreman was the most powerful, Floyd Patterson was the
most skilled as a boxer," Ali once said.
New York Gov. George Pataki saluted Patterson, who was born
in Waco, North Carolina, and raised in New York City's borough
of Brooklyn.
"Floyd Patterson was a world champion athlete and an
inspiration to many Americans," Pataki said in a statement.
"From his signature style in the ring to his support for
amateur athletics later in life, Floyd Patterson was truly the
"gentleman of boxing."
After an amateur career that included Olympic gold as a
middleweight in 1952, Patterson turned professional. On
November 30, 1956, he claimed the world heavyweight title
vacated by the retirement of Rocky Marciano by knocking out
Moore in the fifth round.
Patterson was 21 at the time, making him the youngest
heavyweight champion until 20-year-old Mike Tyson beat Trevor
Berbick for the title in 1986. Patterson and Tyson were both
trained by Cus D'Amato.
Following four title defenses, Patterson lost the crown in
1959 when he was knocked down seven times in the third round.
losing to Sweden's Johansson in New York.
One year later, Patterson became the first heavyweight
champion to regain the crown when he returned to the Polo
Grounds to knock out Johansson in the fifth round.
Patterson won a third bout against Johansson in 1961,
stopping the big Swede in the sixth round.
He made one more successful defense before losing the title
to fellow-American Liston by a first-round knockout in 1962.
Patterson fought three more times for the heavyweight
title. He was knocked out again in the first round by Liston in
1963, was stopped after a 12-round beating by Muhammad Ali in
1965, and lost a 15-round decision to Jimmy Ellis in 1968.
Ali carried a grudge into the 1965 bout against Patterson.
He was angry that Patterson refused to call him Muhammad
Ali, and continued to refer to him by his birth name, Cassius
Clay. Instead of finishing him off in the one-sided fight, Ali
mocked and punished Patterson before stopping him in the 12th.
Patterson retired in 1972 at age 37 with a professional
record of 55-8-1. He later served a stint as New York state
athletic commissioner.
Patterson once revealed his motivation when he said: "The
fighter loses more than his pride in the fight he loses part of
his future. He's a step closer to the slum he came from."
| Floyd Patterson |
In humans, dipsosis is an excessive what? | Floyd Patterson is a former world heavyweight champion.
Floyd Patterson
Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American 2-time world heavyweight boxing champion. At 21, Patterson was then the youngest man to win the world heavyweight championship and, later, the first to regain it. He had a record of 55 wins 8 losses and 1 draw, with 40 wins by knockout. He won the gold medal at the 1952 Olympic Games as an amateur middleweight.
Patterson carried his hands higher than most boxers, in front of his face. Sportswriters called Patterson’s style a “peek-a-boo” stance.
After beating Tommy “Hurricane” Jackson in an elimination fight, Patterson faced light heavyweight champion Archie Moore on November 30, 1956, for the world heavyweight championship. He beat Moore by a knockout in five rounds, and became the youngest world heavyweight champion in history, at the age of 21 years and 10 months. He was the first Olympic gold medalist to win a professional heavyweight title.
The fights against Liston
Patterson lost his title to Liston on September 25, 1962 in Chicago, by a first-round knockout in front of 18,894 fans. The two fighters were a marked contrast. In the ring, Liston’s size and power proved too much for Patterson’s guile and agility. However Patterson did not use his speed to his benefit. According to Sports Illustrated writer Gilbert Rogin, Patterson didn’t punch enough and frequently tried to clinch with Liston . Liston battered Patterson with body shots and then shortened up and connected with two double hooks high on the head. The result at the time was the third-fastest knockout in boxing history . After being knocked out, Patterson left Comiskey Park in Chicago wearing dark glasses and a fake beard for the drive back to New York. After the fight questions were raised on whether or not the fight was fixed to set up a more lucrative rematch. Overnight Patterson seemed to lose his public support as a result of his swift knockout.
The rematch was set for April 1963, however Liston injured his knee swinging a golf club and the fight was delayed to July 22, 1963. In Las Vegas that night Patterson attempted to become the first boxer to win the heavyweight title three times, but Liston once again knocked him out in the first round. Patterson lasted four seconds longer than in the first bout.
The fight against Ali
On November 22, 1965, in yet another attempt to be the first to win the world’s heavyweight title three times, Patterson lost by technical knockout at the end of the 12th round, in a bout in which Ali was clearly dominant. Ali called Patterson an “Uncle Tom” for refusing to call him Muhammad Ali , (Patterson continued to call him Cassius Clay) and for this outspokenness against Black Muslims. Instead of scoring a quick knockout, Ali mocked, humiliated and punished Patterson throughout the fight.
Last fight before retirement
Patterson lost a controversial 12-round decision to Jerry Quarry in 1967. Subsequently, in a third and final attempt at winning the title a third time, Patterson lost a controversial 15-round referee’s decision to Jimmy Ellis in Sweden despite breaking Ellis’ nose and scoring a disputed knockdown.
Patterson continued on, however, defeating Oscar Bonavena in a close fight over ten rounds in early 1972. However, a final defeat by Muhammad Ali in a rematch for the North American Boxing Federation heavyweight title on September 20, 1972, convinced Patterson to retire at the age of 37.
Photos of Floyd Patterson
Floyd Patterson
| i don't know |
What is the title of the 1984 film in which Bob Hoskins plays the owner of a club where Richard Gere plays the cornet? | The Cotton Club Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
85 reviews in total
48 out of 63 people found the following review useful:
An absolute classic, the more times you watch it, the more you become mesmerised by it.
from England
26 June 2000
The first time I saw this movie I loved the music and dancing and appreciated the setting. I found it strange and couldn't follow it properly. I watched it a second and third time, partly to see the dancing again, and listen to the music, and the plot completely grew on me. I absolutely love this movie. It is complex, and extremely accurate in its portrayal of the time when gangsters owned stars. If you love jazz music and know a little about its history, you will be enraptured by this movie.
The acting is incredible, and highlights the subtle twists in the plot beautifully. The cinematography is done in a most expert fashion. Richard Gere and Gregory Hines are absolutely charming, and Diane Lane is perfect is Vera Cicero. Lonette McKee has one of the most beautiful voices you will ever hear, it is no wonder she received a Tony award. Any viewer will be surprised by the guest appearances including Nicholas Cage, Bob Hoskins, Lawrence Fishburne, and on-screen and real-life brother of Gregory, Maurice Hines. Not only one of Coppola's best, but one of the best of all time.
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39 out of 49 people found the following review useful:
One of Francis Coppola's best and underrated films
from Canada
19 July 2002
The Cotton Club is such a well-made movie, you have to wonder why so many critics and audiences ignored it when it was first released. Was it because of the murder case surrounding its production? Or did some people feel that a mixture of gangster films and Hollywood musicals didn't mix? Whatever the reason, The Cotton Club deserves to be watched again and again, not just for its music and dancing, but for the great performances, scenery, cars, costumes...and tommy-guns. The movie was nominated for two Oscars, but a third nomination should have gone to Bob Hoskins, for his brilliant performance as Owney Madden. Despite his few film credits, James Remar is brilliant as Dutch Schultz and comes across as the sort of person you wouldn't want to meet in a dark alley.
There are rumours the film may be re-released with scenes and music that were cut from the original version. If this is true, would the film finally become a hit? After all, Robert Evans, the film's producer, apparently told one reporter..."How can it miss? It's got gangsters, music and girls." Well said, Robert.
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42 out of 63 people found the following review useful:
OK Movie with too much going on and too messy
from Houston
27 July 2005
I saw this movie when it first came out and I thought it was a mess. Now years later while I have the luxury of sitting in my house watching the various showings on cable, I like a better. Why because this movie is IMO 3 different movies going on at once. I Now I am able to concentrate on one aspect of the movie more then the whole.
I will start with movie #1... The Cotton club, the nightclub where everything converges and what is the common denominator that brings ALL of the characters together. It is almost set up like a Plantation in Mississippi. The white gangster own the place and the black people work there and have no say about anything that goes on. Black people were not even able to go to the club as a customer. All of the women who worked there were light skin almost passing for white. In the movie they do show how the set up was but the place was no as large as it was in the movie and on a side bar. Larry Fishburn who plays a numbers runner (the same role he played in a later movie, Hoodlum) shows interest in a brown skin singer performer in the club and her mother is very upset because she is the first "dark skin" woman working at the club. I liked that they added that in. I know this because my neighbor use to play with Louis Armstrong that the women in question is in fact Louis Amstrongs future wife. A little tidbit. I like the music and the performances which took place in the club. To me this was the most enjoying part of the movie. I feel a movie just about the Club without all the other foolishness it would be very interesting in the right hands. Which brings me to movie 2
THe gangsters or the white people. Owey Madden was a thug and a very nasty man. In this movie Bob Hoskin (who was very good) and Fred Gwynn who I loved played like they were Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble. In the right hands we would of seen the real Madden. Remember this is the man who kept black people out of his club. And did battle with other NY gangsters. Then we have Dutch Schultz. I wonder why we did not see more of Lucky Luciano because it was those 2 who were causing havoc in NYC during the 20's with Luciano winning. I think James Remer did the best portrayal of Schulz. Years later Tim Roth played him in the movie Hoodlum and he was good, but Remer was scarier. And according to all reports he was a psychopath. Then we have the George Raft(Dixie Dwyer) character played by Richard Gere If people are not familiar with the actor George Raft it was known he hung around the mob and had big time mob connections..who actually got him a job in movies. Richard Gere even mentions at one time that he use to be a dancer. I am sure that is reference and acknowledgment of George Raft, who was a dancer before he went to Hollywood. George Raft was actually a pretty good actor. Gere even looks like him. I feel that is the real reason they cast him in this movie. Look at this movie as Gere playing Raft and not playing Dixie Dwyer and the part works.
The last movie is the Harlem story. The Larry Fishburne character was a real person. He was lifetime criminal who spent most of his life in jail. He was not the voice of righteousness we see in the movie or the movie Hoodlum. What was interesting was the scene when he and the woman who was running the numbers racket in Harlem were offered a deal. I like they put that in the movie, that was true. The woman who was the real boss of the numbers racket came from the West Indies and started the whole thing on her own. A very tough cookie who went to jail because she would not give in to the mob. The mob was politically connected and they put her in jail for a long time. I like the the Hines bothers in the movie. They were feuding in real life and this movie was a way they starting talking again. They actually showed that in the movie. ALso the Vonnetta McGee character was interesting. I am a very light skin black women who could pas for white. WhICH I WOULD NEVER DO. But I don't know about living back in the early part of the century. The scene when she and Sandman goes to the hotel and the clerk tries to deny them a room actually happened to me and a boyfriend of mine years ago. So that scene really hit me. I would of liked if they explored Harlem life more, but the movie had too much going on already.
Nicholas Cage...nephew of Cappolla was good playing the violent brother of the Richard Gere character. I would like to have seen him in more parts like that instead of the garbage he has been wasting himself in the last few years. Diane Lane was the miscast. She was playing a real character too, but she came nowhere near the woman she was playing, Texas Guinon(I think that was her last name) A big boozy tough blonde. To me that is the major miscast of the movie. I like her though, but not in this movie. This is a movie I feel has to be seen around 5 times to get the whole feeling of it. A good movie but just too messy and too much.
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22 out of 24 people found the following review useful:
All That Jazz
from Dallas, Texas
26 August 2007
Part fictional and part non-fictional, this lavish two-hour Francis Ford Coppola film spotlights the Cotton Club, the legendary, real-life Harlem jazz nightclub that flourished in the Prohibition era of the late 1920s and early 1930s. Richard Gere plays Dixie Dwyer, a young musician who works for mobsters, in an effort to advance his career. Dwyer falls in love with Vera Cicero (Diane Lane), the girlfriend of gangster Dutch Schultz (James Remar). The Dwyer character is based loosely on real-life jazz trumpet player Bix Beiderbecke.
Throughout the film, various gangsters and bootleggers interact, sometimes violently, but much of the action centers around the Cotton Club, an establishment owned in real-life by Owney Madden, played in the film by actor Bob Hoskins. Madden would bring in Black performers to entertain a Whites-only clientèle, a truly racist policy, and a major plot point in the film's story.
The film's plot is somewhat muddled, the result of a less than stellar screenplay. And, as you would expect, the gangster characters are not terribly likable. But the film overcomes these script weaknesses with a captivating visual and musical style that is both tawdry and elegant. The corruption, the violence, and the implied sleaze are garish and tawdry to be sure. Yet, the Club's ambiance gushes with a certain elegance and glamour. It's a strange mix, but one that is entirely consistent with that era in U.S. history.
The film gets points from me for its lush, period piece costumes and production design, and adroit lighting, as well as all those jazz numbers, both sultry and flashy. Gregory Hines together with brother Maurice Hines provide some snappy tap dancing, some of which is improvised. Interestingly, their grandmother really did perform at the Cotton Club during its heyday. Also of interest in the film, viewers get to watch towering Fred Gwynne, who plays Frenchy, the oh-so-serious assistant to Owney Madden; the two of them engage in some interesting dialogue.
Although the script's story and characters are less than ideal, I enjoyed the film a lot, mostly as a result of the tawdry and elegant visual style combined with the lavish jazz numbers. If you're interested in gangster movies or the Prohibition era of American history, this film is a must-see.
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22 out of 25 people found the following review useful:
I Liked It!!
8 October 2003
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
Kind of a flat story with unsympathetic characters but it LOOKS fantastic. Harlem's Cotton Club of the 1920s is beautifully recreated and with Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Charlie Chaplin, James Cagney, etc. hanging out in there yet. Great music and dancing too. Check out the haunting "Creole Love Call". I had hoped that a fuller, uncensored version would have surfaced by now.... especially on dvd. For instance, when Shultz kills Flynn in the dining room we see him stick a skewer in his neck. Yet 2 seconds later there is blood on the walls, dripping from the chandelier, and over just about everybody in the room. Sure looks like we missed something. This film could have been a lot better but for what it is, it's still worth a look. Bob Hoskins and a very menacing Fred Gwynne excel. Recommended.
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12 out of 12 people found the following review useful:
Companion to the pictoral history of The Cotton Club
Author: el1sdf
8 July 2003
inspired by photographs of the legendary Cotton Club in Harlem, some shots appear exactly as they were (now in colour). I noticed Dutch Schultz's slumped pose when he is shot is exactly that of the police photograph, though he died several hours later (see William Burroughs "The Last Words Of Dutch Schultz"). The actors often play too broad (Diane Lane), and Richard Gere shows his lazy, grinning acting here too. However, many notable smaller roles for Gregory Hines (and his brother), Bob Hoskins, Laurence Fishburne and others who make it well worth watching. It is true that $40 million could have been used better, but when you consider both Bob Evans and Coppola's involvement it seems with hindsight that they were asking for trouble. The music deserves special credit, as do the tap sequences (which i gather were shortened and some cut - what a shame). Mostly Duke Ellington classics. As i've already suggested the look is a perfect recreation of the time, but sadly the plot is patchy, some dialogue weak and it has been said before - there is no chemistry between the romantic leads. 9/10
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22 out of 34 people found the following review useful:
The most underrated movie of all-time!!
from Richmond, Ca
25 November 1999
Forget all the behind the scene's politics; Francis Ford Coppola's dazzlingly stylish, THE COTTON CLUB is certainly one of his best efforts. A movie that deserves it's place alongside other Coppola masterpieces such as, THE GODFATHER and APOCALYPSE NOW.
But the legacy of this film is very strange: The behind the scenes shenanigans is legendary, it was unjustly panned when it was first released, and box-office was slight; however, watching this film you can't help but wonder why?
Everything from the performances to the look of the film is first-rate; with James Remar particularly good as Dutch Schultz, and the ending of this film is nicely reminiscent of THE GODFATHER.
So if your looking for what might be considered a buried Coppola classic, check out THE COTTON CLUB.
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5 out of 5 people found the following review useful:
"That's how they live in this world. Maybe one day you'll wise up, sap"
from Australia
8 May 2009
One gets the sense that 'The Cotton Club (1984)' will improve upon repeat viewings, once you've become accustomed to what director Francis Ford Coppola was attempting. After all, this is a gangster film from the man who brought us 'The Godfather (1972)' and its sequels what else could we expect but another Corleone saga? The film we're delivered is nothing of the sort, a testament to the director's constant willingness to take risks and experiment with new ideas. Indeed, rather than trying to emulate Coppola's former successes, 'The Cotton Club' could more accurately be described as a "gangster musical," a realisation that took me until the film's second half. Do those two genres even go together? Perhaps taking inspiration from Herbert Ross' 'Pennies from Heaven (1981)' and the mini-series on which it was based the film blends the ugly brutality and corruption of the Prohibition- era with the dazzling bright lights of the Cotton Club, Harlem's premiere night club. It is this deliberate but uneasy juxtaposition of reality and fantasy that fuels Coppola's vision, an ambitious undertaking without a dominant focus.
The film's major storyline concerns Dixie Dwyer (Richard Gere), a comparatively ordinary jazz musician who unexpectedly finds himself associating with organised crime boss "Dutch" Schultz (James Remar). Dixie is interesting because, unlike your typical hero consumed by the allure of amoral riches, he always remains peripheral to the world of gangsters; he observes, with disapproval, its dishonesty and depravity, but rarely finds himself a part of it. In fact, the closest he ever comes to being a gangster is in Hollywood, where he shares the sort of film roles that made James Cagney and Edward G. Robinson famous. Coppola might have been offering a commentary on the inherently romanticised version of reality offered by the movies, but his "real world" of gangsters is scarcely less stylised. The seedy underbelly of organised crime is paradoxically depicted as taking place in the classiest locales in Harlem, where the crime bosses consume the best alcohol and mix with Hollywood's elite talent (Chaplin, Swanson and Cagney among the featured patrons).
Proving further that Coppola wasn't attempting to replicate his Corleone saga, 'The Cotton Club' also features a rather extraneous subplot with Maurice and Gregory Hines as African-American tap-dancers vying for the "big-time" at the Cotton Club, where (in a bizarre discriminatory switch) only black performers are hired. The regular cross-cutting between this story and Dixie Dwyer's doesn't quite work, and, in any case, the taut romance between Dwyer and tough-girl Vera (an absolutely gorgeous Diane Lane) is much more involving than that between Sandman Williams (Gregory Hines) and mixed-race dancer Lila (Lonette McKee). Among the film's impressive supporting performers are Bob Hoskins and Fred Gwynne as crime associates, Nicholas Cage as an overly-ambitious young thug, Laurence Fishburne as black crime boss Bumpy Rhodes, and James Remar, playing a sleazier and less identifiable version of Dutch Schultz to Dustin Hoffman in 'Billy Bathgate (1991).' The premiere gangster film of 1984 was Leone's 'Once Upon a Time in America (1984),' but, despite being runner-up, nobody can accuse Coppola of playing it safe.
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5 out of 6 people found the following review useful:
What A Mob...What A Show
from Greenwich, CT United States
15 October 2008
Even Francis Ford Coppola couldn't sustain the height of movie-making he achieved in the 1970s. Raised too high by initial expectations, then dismissed too brusquely when the critics got to see it, "The Cotton Club" exists in a kind of neutral zone, a grand spectacle undone by sloppy scriptwriting and unappealing characters that nevertheless shows the master with some juice still in his cup.
It's the story of Dixie Dwyer (Richard Gere), a cornet player who one evening in 1928 almost accidentally saves the life of notorious mob boss Dutch Schultz (James Remar). Dutch, already a fan of his music, is appreciative of the extra service and brings Dwyer into his circle, which brings him into contact with Dutch's girl Vera (Diane Lane).
"If I didn't like you, you'd be dead," is Dutch's way of expressing friendship.
"It's nice to be liked," Dixie replies.
The film is centered around the nightclub of the title, a fashionable Harlem nightspot where blacks are welcome only on stage, entertaining the white customers. Owney Madden (Bob Hoskins) runs things with an eye for keeping order, especially where the volatile Dutchman is concerned. Sandman Williams (Gregory Hines) just wants to dance into the arms of Lila Rose (Lonette McKee), who is torn between the chance for true love versus the chance to pass for white in a white man's world.
The stacked cast even includes Nicolas Cage as Dixie's mad-dog gangster brother and Laurence Fishburne in one of his first signature tough-guy roles. "The white man has left me nothing but the underworld, and that is where I dance," he tells Sandman. "Where do you dance?" All this crammed into just over two hours leaves very little room to breathe, for a director who mastered movies which do exactly that. But with little useful dialogue except of the expository kind, characters coming and going all the time, left-field plot twists (Dixie goes to Hollywood and becomes an instant star), and a central romance between Gere and Lane that is long on open-mouth kissing but short on story, you need spectacle to keep your attention.
Remar makes the film worthwhile for me. His bug-eyed tantrums as Dutch are what stay with me when the film is over, yet he shows range, too, shy with Vera, henpecked with his wife, and amiable with Dixie in his guarded way. It's hard not to worry what will happen when he learns about Dixie and Vera, not only for the lovebirds but for Dutch, too. I only wish Remar could have played Dutch in the latter film set in the same milieu, "Billy Bathgate"; Dustin Hoffman is a great actor but was wrong for that part. Remar here fits into it like a cement overshoe.
The film also boasts great music, including singing from McKee and tapping from Hines and his brother Maurice that raise the roof and recall the famous baptism scene in Coppola's first "Godfather". Larry Marshall does a great Cab Calloway, conked locks whipping across his forehead.
Nothing is really wrong with "Cotton Club". But what's right doesn't stay right for long, and the rest doesn't hold together. It's a fun show, so long as you don't mind being a bit confused when the curtain comes down.
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4 out of 5 people found the following review useful:
The Broadway version of 'The Godfather.'
from United States
2 December 2009
The Cotton Club is a dazzling, complex film that attempts so much it would be almost impossible for nearly any director to pull it off. But Francis Ford Coppola is not any director, so The Cotton Club is not just any movie. Rather, it succeeds at practically all levels and is certainly a film worth coming back to again and again.
Set in Harlem in the late 1920s, we are introduced to a group of Jazz Age-products, people who see themselves exactly as they are but all hope to go somewhere better. Two story lines occupy the plot; we get a good-looking young musician Dixie Dwyer (Richard Gere) who gets involved in the mob after falling for one of the gangster's girlfriends (Diane Lane) and we get the story of a very talented black dancer (Gregory Hines) trying to prove his love to a half-black and half-white chorus girl who seems to struggle with her place in this more or less racist society. Almost every night, everyone gathers at The Cotton Club, one of the most famous clubs in the city and the blacks entertain while the whites drink and watch. But Coppola gives us a view from all angles so it doesn't feel as if we are missing anything important.
One of the biggest achievements of this film is its staging of the dance sequences, which are to say the least quite exquisite. Filled with colorful costumes and some mind-boggling tap numbers, at times you may forget that this is also a gangster picture. Indeed, some scenes feel just like Coppola's The Godfather with its quick bursts of violence but also in its tone of sad, elegiac setting. People come and go and some regret the things they do, but the music lives on. The acting is also very strong as Gere and Lane are quite wonderful in their first of three films together. Both were very good-looking and they do bring out the best in each other. Two supporting actors that really do steal the show are Bob Hoskins and Fred Gwynne as a mob boss and his head bodyguard. They share a tenacity and ferociousness in their dealings, but also have one really terrific scene involving Gwynne coming to see Hoskins after being kidnapped. A young Nicolas Cage also shows here he had incredible potential.
This Broadway version of the gangster film so familiar in Hollywood refreshes both genres as we see the similarities between the two. Indeed, many of the participators in the entertainment were also involved in the mob and Coppola shows how the two lives intertwine and bring a lot of trouble to everyone. This may seem as a strange mixing of genres and story lines for some people, but it is well worth the two hours. It is funny, sad, violent, poetic but also enormously entertaining and isn't that what the movies are all about? Coppola seems to think so.
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| The Cotton Club |
Who was the first unseeded tennis player to win the Wimbledon Men’s Finals? | COPPOLA'S 'COTTON CLUB' - NYTimes.com
COPPOLA'S 'COTTON CLUB'
By
Published: December 14, 1984
''THE COTTON CLUB'' may well be a tap-dancing ''Cleopatra'' for the 1980's, a period movie whose time and - apparently - script had not come when principal photography began in New York a couple of years ago. It obviously cost a bundle but, considering the rate of inflation since the early 60's, ''The Cotton Club'' probably didn't cost as much as ''Cleopatra,'' best remembered now for some of the post-production comments made by its exhausted writer- director, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, in his war with 20th Century-Fox: ''They could cut it into banjo picks if they want.''
Just as ''Cleopatra'' was somewhat better than its harshest critics said, and considerably worse than its supporters thought, ''The Cotton Club'' is not a complete disaster, but it's not a whole lot of fun. It just runs on and on at considerable length, doing obligatory things, being photographically fancy but demonstrating no special character, style or excitement.
There is an air about it of expensive desperation that no one, not even Francis Ford Coppola, could ease. It was Mr. Coppola whom the producer Robert Evans initially called in as a ''script doctor'' to work on Mr. Evans's original inspiration, James Haskins's pictorial history of Harlem's famous Cotton Club in the late 1920's and early 1930's. Mr. Coppola stayed on not only to direct the film, but to create an entirely new story with William Kennedy and Mario Puzo and to write the screenplay with Mr. Kennedy.
Like ''Cleopatra,'' the new movie calls attention to the defects of a system. ''The Cotton Club'' somehow found itself in production before anybody connected with it had any idea what kind of a movie it was supposed to be. Musicians may noodle, artists sketch and novelists fill notebooks with material they'll never use. When commercial movie makers attempt to do the same thing as they put their thoughts in order, heads roll and entire corporations totter.
''The Cotton Club,'' which opens today at Loew's State and other theaters, means to be a singing, dancing, melodramatic epic set in and around the old Cotton Club, which featured great black entertainers, plus a chorus line of light-skinned dancers described in ads as ''tall, tan, terrific,'' and which practiced its own brand of apartheid - a whites-only admissions policy.
The film's narrative mixes up real- life characters like Dutch Schultz, the mobster; Owney Madden, the owner of the Cotton Club who hobnobbed with gang leaders; Cab Calloway, and Gloria Swanson, with fictitious characters that suggest such people as George Raft, Lena Horne, Texas Guinan and Vincent (Mad Dog) Coll.
Just what the film might have been is evident in its closing moments when, in an expressionistic montage, it cross-cuts between a big Cotton Club production number and what's happening to various characters outside the club. However, the movie, though busy throughout, has created so little interest that this potentially fantastic finale seems designed not to tie up loose ends but to pick up lint.
The story - and there's more than enough of it - principally concerns the fortunes of a handsome young cornet player named Dixie Dwyer (Richard Gere), who unwittingly becomes a favorite go-fer for Dutch Schultz (James Remar), who's intent on cutting himself into the Harlem numbers rackets.
Among his other duties, Dixie acts as Dutch's ''beard,'' that is, as the escort for Dutch's pretty, tough young mistress, Vera Cicero (Diane Lane), when Dutch's wife is around. Vera, who looks a lot like Tuesday Weld in ''Once Upon a Time in America'' and tries to behave like Texas Guinan, may love Dixie but her heart has been bought by Dutch, who has promised to set her up in her own nightclub.
A parallel story concerns an ambitious young black tap-dancer, Sandman Williams (Gregory Hines), and his love for a beautiful young showgirl, Lila Rose Oliver (Lonette McKee), who is torn between her love for Sandman and her ability to ''pass'' for white and live in a world without facing discrimination.
In the several years the film covers, Dixie breaks away from Dutch's control by becoming a big Hollywood movie star who plays gangster roles; his younger brother, Vinnie Dwyer (Nicolas Cage), becomes one of Dutch's hoods and eventually tries to cross Dutch as Dutch himself attempts to cross other mobsters in a gang war. Through it all, the Cotton Club prospers.
The best things in the film are its musical numbers, but though ''The Cotton Club'' is loaded with period music, it becomes overwhelmed by the general sloppiness of everything that's going on. Several first-rate moments are a terrific ''Crazy Rhythm'' tap number danced by Gregory Hines and his brother Maurice, an impromptu tap demonstration by Gregory Hines, Charles (Honi) Coles and others at a black dancers' hangout called the Hoofers Club, and a rendition of the great standard ''Am I Blue?'' seemingly sung by Miss Lane, accompanied by Mr. Gere on his cornet, which, the credits say, he plays himself.
Though the rest of the material is less than great, the performances are all more than O.K., especially those by Mr. Gere, Mr. Hines, Miss Lane, Mr. Remar and Miss McKee. In a class by himself is Britain's Bob Hoskins (''The Long Good Friday''), who is especially effective as Owney Madden.
Noteworthy in a supporting role is Julian Beck, who plays an especially nasty mob member. Also playing supporting roles, but on and off so fast that their use seems to be profligate, are Gwen Verdon, Thelma Carpenter and Joe Dallesandro, the one-time Andy Warhol star, who has aged gracefully enough to stand out in his brief appearance as Charles ''Lucky'' Luciano. Vincent Canby
Taps and Rackets
THE COTTON CLUB, directed by Francis Coppola; screenplay by William Kennedy and Mr. Coppola; story by Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Coppola and Mario Puzo; director of photography, Stephen Goldblatt; edited by Barry Malkin and Robert Q. Lovett; music by John Barry; produced by Robert Evans; released by the Orion Pictures Corporation. At Loews State, Broadway and 45th Street; Orpheum, 86th Street and Third Avenue; 34th Street Showplace, at Second Avenue, and other theaters. Running time: 121 minutes. This film is rated R.
Dixie Dwyer . . . . . Richard Gere
| i don't know |
Which British comedian was known as ‘The Cheeky Chappie’? | Max Miller - the Cheeky Chapppie. Britain's Top Comedian
JOKES STAGE,RADIO & TV MILLER'S MOVIES CHEEKY BIOGRAPHY MAX'S LEGACY MMAS HOME PAGE MMAS NEWS STATUE MEMORABILIA SHOWS SHOPPING LINKS
Max Miller, Britain’s top comedian in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s was born in Brighton, England. He excelled as a stand-
up comic playing in large variety theatres where his skill was such that he could hold an audience in the ‘palm of his hand’. He also made films, wrote and sang his own songs.
Max was renown for telling risqué jokes. He used innuendo and when on stage would woo his audience particularly the ladies. Much of his material was too blue for broadcasting. The song, Let’s Have A Ride on Your Bicycle was banned by the BBC until it became too popular and public opinion forced the Corporation to lift the ban.
© Website created for The Max Miller Appreciation Society by terry.hardy, Nov-
99; Rev Dec-
| Max Miller |
Portugal shares a land border with which country? | Max Miller - Bygones - The Cheeky Chappie Documentary - YouTube
Max Miller - Bygones - The Cheeky Chappie Documentary
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Published on Jun 27, 2014
Here's my favourite documentary about the great Max Miller one of Britain's greatest ever Comedians Bygones - The Cheeky Chappie, Anglia TV broadcast in 1979.. If you haven't heard his recordings do please seek out some of his stuff freely available on the internet,there is only about 10 minutes of him on film doing his brilliant stage performance,but he released several of his shows on records his jokes and his presentation are still funny.
Thomas Henry Sargent (21 November 1894 -- 7 May 1963), best known by his stage name Max Miller and also known as 'The Cheeky Chappie', was a British front-cloth[1] comedian who was probably the greatest stand-up comedian of his generation.[2] He made films, toured in revues and music hall, and sang and recorded songs, some of which he wrote. He was known for his flamboyant suits, his wicked charm, and his risqué jokes which often got him into trouble with the censors.
Category
| i don't know |
In which year was live television coverage of the Olympic Games available internationally for the first time? | First time at the Olympics
1st Olympic Congress : 16 - 24. June 1894 Paris (Founding Congress)
Subject: Study and Diffusion of the Principles of Amateurism and Revival of the Olympic Games.
1896 Athens
First Modern Olympic Games held in Athens. Statistic first games
The Olympic Hymn of 1896. The text is by Kostis Palamas, the music is by Spyros Samaras.
It was presented for the first time in the opening ceremony of the first modern Olympic Games.
1900 Paris
Women participate for the first time
First female winner: Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain in singles tennis.
1904 St. Louis
In 1904, for the first time, medals were awarded to the first three people to finish each event--a gold medal for first place, a silver medal for second, and a bronze medal for third. At the Athens Games 1896 the winners in each event received silver medals, as there was not enough money left to mint them in gold.
1906 Athens
The Olympic oath
Defeated in WWI, Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary and Turkey are not allowed to participate.
First time of innovation at the Antwerp Games was the releasing of thousands of white doves at the opening ceremony as a symbol of peace among nations.
1924 Paris
In 1924 for the first time, the Games returned to a former venue.
The Paris Games were the fist to have an Olympic Village for the athletes.
Olympic motto first officially used.
The president of France, Gaston Doumergue, opened the first Games to adopt the slogan:
"Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Swifter, Higher, Stronger)
It was pronounced for the first time from the Dominican father Eric Dinon and was
adopted in the 1924 Paris Olympic Games.
1924 - Technology begins to win a place at the Olympic Games with the event's first live radio broadcast.
First Olympic Winter Games held in St. Moritz.
1928 Amsterdam
First Olympic Flame to be lit and burned throughout whole Olympic Games
Olympic flame burned at the stadion for the first time ever.
First introduction of large results board. The objekt of a score board was to publish the results of the events immediately.
Women allowed to compete in track and field events.
First time Greece led parade of nations.
Slow-motion film techniques used to judge close finishes; women's track and field competitions held for first time.
The photography rights were sold to a commercial firm.
1932 Los Angeles
Introduction of three-tiered victory stand.
Kirby Two-Eyed Electric Timing Camera
The stop-watch and photo finish were first used at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles, California. When officials found it impossible to determine the winner of the 100 meters race by naked eye and stop watch alone, newsreel film was analyzed to determine that Eddie Tolan (U.S.) was the gold medal winner.
First time the national anthem from the winner's country was played and the
national flag of medallists raised.
1936 Berlin
1948 London
Fanny Blankers-Koen of Netherlands is first woman to win 4 gold medals in a single Games.
1952 Helsinki
The first Olympic coin was minted to mark the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland, 500 markka.
1956 Melbourne
First Games to be held in the Southern Hemisphere (Melbourne)
Athletes entered during the closing ceremony en masse for the first time to signify the friendship of the Games
Although live television coverage of the Olympic Games was available internationally for the first time, Europe and the US boycotted the sale of television rights to the Games. As a result, only six pre-recorded, half-hour programs were accessible on a few independent channels in the U.S.
1960 Rome
First live transmission and first to have world-wide TV coverage
Free of television rights boycotts, the summer Games held later that year in Rome were the first to be fully televised.
1964 Tokyo
Time keeping and photo finish officially used.
First live colour pictures. Opening ceremonies broadcast via satellite to U. S. for first time.
Results were stored on computers for the first time, marking the permanent pervasion of computer technology into the Olympics Games.
1968 Mexico City
Professionals allowed to compete in the Games.
1988 Seoul
Christa Luding-Rothenburger became the first, and only, athlete to win winter and summer Olympic Games medals in the same year. She competed in speed skating and cycling.
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
1996 - In conjunction with the Games in Atlanta, Georgia, the first-ever Olympic Games website received 189 million hits.
2000 Sydney
First time North and South Korea entered the main Olympic stadium as one nation at the opening ceremony.
Steven Redgrave became the first rower to win gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games.
Information technology was key to the running of the Games, and web hits during the Games in Sydney escalated to 11.3 billion.
| one thousand nine hundred and fifty six |
Which US organisation has the motto ‘Fidelity, Bravery and Integrity’? | First time at the Olympics
1st Olympic Congress : 16 - 24. June 1894 Paris (Founding Congress)
Subject: Study and Diffusion of the Principles of Amateurism and Revival of the Olympic Games.
1896 Athens
First Modern Olympic Games held in Athens. Statistic first games
The Olympic Hymn of 1896. The text is by Kostis Palamas, the music is by Spyros Samaras.
It was presented for the first time in the opening ceremony of the first modern Olympic Games.
1900 Paris
Women participate for the first time
First female winner: Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain in singles tennis.
1904 St. Louis
In 1904, for the first time, medals were awarded to the first three people to finish each event--a gold medal for first place, a silver medal for second, and a bronze medal for third. At the Athens Games 1896 the winners in each event received silver medals, as there was not enough money left to mint them in gold.
1906 Athens
The Olympic oath
Defeated in WWI, Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary and Turkey are not allowed to participate.
First time of innovation at the Antwerp Games was the releasing of thousands of white doves at the opening ceremony as a symbol of peace among nations.
1924 Paris
In 1924 for the first time, the Games returned to a former venue.
The Paris Games were the fist to have an Olympic Village for the athletes.
Olympic motto first officially used.
The president of France, Gaston Doumergue, opened the first Games to adopt the slogan:
"Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Swifter, Higher, Stronger)
It was pronounced for the first time from the Dominican father Eric Dinon and was
adopted in the 1924 Paris Olympic Games.
1924 - Technology begins to win a place at the Olympic Games with the event's first live radio broadcast.
First Olympic Winter Games held in St. Moritz.
1928 Amsterdam
First Olympic Flame to be lit and burned throughout whole Olympic Games
Olympic flame burned at the stadion for the first time ever.
First introduction of large results board. The objekt of a score board was to publish the results of the events immediately.
Women allowed to compete in track and field events.
First time Greece led parade of nations.
Slow-motion film techniques used to judge close finishes; women's track and field competitions held for first time.
The photography rights were sold to a commercial firm.
1932 Los Angeles
Introduction of three-tiered victory stand.
Kirby Two-Eyed Electric Timing Camera
The stop-watch and photo finish were first used at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles, California. When officials found it impossible to determine the winner of the 100 meters race by naked eye and stop watch alone, newsreel film was analyzed to determine that Eddie Tolan (U.S.) was the gold medal winner.
First time the national anthem from the winner's country was played and the
national flag of medallists raised.
1936 Berlin
1948 London
Fanny Blankers-Koen of Netherlands is first woman to win 4 gold medals in a single Games.
1952 Helsinki
The first Olympic coin was minted to mark the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland, 500 markka.
1956 Melbourne
First Games to be held in the Southern Hemisphere (Melbourne)
Athletes entered during the closing ceremony en masse for the first time to signify the friendship of the Games
Although live television coverage of the Olympic Games was available internationally for the first time, Europe and the US boycotted the sale of television rights to the Games. As a result, only six pre-recorded, half-hour programs were accessible on a few independent channels in the U.S.
1960 Rome
First live transmission and first to have world-wide TV coverage
Free of television rights boycotts, the summer Games held later that year in Rome were the first to be fully televised.
1964 Tokyo
Time keeping and photo finish officially used.
First live colour pictures. Opening ceremonies broadcast via satellite to U. S. for first time.
Results were stored on computers for the first time, marking the permanent pervasion of computer technology into the Olympics Games.
1968 Mexico City
Professionals allowed to compete in the Games.
1988 Seoul
Christa Luding-Rothenburger became the first, and only, athlete to win winter and summer Olympic Games medals in the same year. She competed in speed skating and cycling.
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
1996 - In conjunction with the Games in Atlanta, Georgia, the first-ever Olympic Games website received 189 million hits.
2000 Sydney
First time North and South Korea entered the main Olympic stadium as one nation at the opening ceremony.
Steven Redgrave became the first rower to win gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games.
Information technology was key to the running of the Games, and web hits during the Games in Sydney escalated to 11.3 billion.
| i don't know |
In Shakespeare’s ‘Much Ado About Nothing’ who does Beatrice agree to marry in the end? | SparkNotes: Much Ado About Nothing: Act V, scenes iii–iv
Much Ado About Nothing
Act V, scenes iii–iv
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Act V, scenes i–ii
Act V, scenes iii–iv, page 2
page 1 of 2
Summary: Act V, scene iii
Early in the morning, at the tomb where Hero supposedly lies buried, Claudio carries out the first part of the punishment that Leonato has ordered him to perform. Claudio has written an epitaph, or death poem, celebrating Hero’s innocence and grieving the slander that (he believes) led to her death. He reads the epitaph out loud and hangs it upon the tomb. He solemnly promises that he will come and read it here at this time every year. Everyone then goes off to prepare for Claudio’s wedding to Leonato’s niece, the supposed Hero look-alike, which is to occur that very day.
Summary: Act V, scene iv
Meanwhile, in the church, Leonato, Antonio, Beatrice, Benedick, Hero, Margaret, Ursula, and the friar prepare for the second wedding of Claudio and Hero. We learn from their conversation that Margaret has been interrogated, and that she is innocent of conspiring with Borachio and Don John—she never realized that she was taking part in Don John’s treachery. Benedick is also very relieved that Don John’s trick has come to light, for now he does not need to fight his friend Claudio. Quietly, Benedick also takes Leonato aside and asks him for his permission to marry Beatrice. Don Pedro and Claudio enter, and Antonio goes off to fetch the masked women. While they are waiting, Don Pedro and Claudio tease Benedick about his love for Beatrice and about the fact that he will soon be married, although they do not know that he actually does plan to be married that very day. Hero, Beatrice, and the waiting women enter, all wearing masks. Claudio vows to marry the masked woman by his side, whom he believes to be Leonato’s mysterious niece. But when Hero takes off her mask, the shocked Claudio realizes that it really is Hero. Leonato and Hero tell him that now that Hero’s name has been cleared, she can figuratively come back to life and be his wife, as she should have been before.
The party prepares to go to the chapel to finish the ceremony, but Benedick stops everybody. He asks Beatrice, out loud and in public, whether she loves him. Beatrice denies it, and Benedick, in turn, denies loving her. They both agree that they are good friends, but not in love. But, laughingly, Claudio and Hero tell them that they know that isn’t the truth—and both whip out scribbled, half-finished love poems that they have found in their friends’ rooms and pockets, written from Benedick to Beatrice and from Beatrice to Benedick. Benedick and Beatrice realize that they have been caught red-handed and, giving in, finally agree to marry. Benedick silences Beatrice, for the first time, by kissing her. Claudio and Don Pedro begin to tease Benedick again, but Benedick laughingly says that he does not care—he remains determined to be married, and nothing he has ever said against marriage in the past makes any difference to him now. He and Claudio assert their friendship again, and Benedick calls for a dance before the double wedding. Suddenly, a messenger rushes in to inform the company that Leonato’s men have arrested Don John in his flight from Mes-sina. They have brought him back to Messina a prisoner. Benedick instructs Don Pedro to put off thinking about the villain until tomorrow, when Benedick will invent fine tortures for him. In the meantime, Benedick insists that all must dance joyfully in celebrating the marriages, and he commands the pipers to strike up the music.
Analysis: Act V, scenes iii–iv
This final scene brings the play to a joyous conclusion, drawing it away from the tragedy toward which it had begun to move and letting everyone wind up safe and sound. Claudio and Hero are about to be happily married, as are Benedick and Beatrice. The deception has been revealed, and Don John has been caught and brought to justice. Everybody has made friends again, and the final dance symbolizes the restoration of order and happiness in a world that has been thrown into chaos by Don John’s accusation and Don Pedro and Claudio’s rash action.
But in order for the play to reach this point, Hero must go through a symbolic death and rebirth, washing away the taint of the accusation of her supposed sin. Claudio’s writing and reading of an epitaph at her tomb seems to create a sense of closure, in relation to his false accusation of Hero and her supposed death. He acknowledges his error in having accused Hero: “Done to death by slanderous tongues / Was the Hero that here lies” (V.iii.3–4). The song similarly pleads, “Pardon, goddess of the night, / Those that slew thy virgin knight” (V.iii.12–13). When dawn arrives at the end of the scene, and Don Pedro says, “Good morrow, masters, put your torches out,” we can literally see the plot emerging from darkness (V.iii.24). It is now time to attend the wedding meant to release Claudio from his guilt for Hero’s death. From darkness and pain, the story now returns to daylight and happiness.
The emotional dynamics of the masked wedding must be complicated, and many readers wonder why Hero still loves Claudio after what he has done to her. The story can be read as one of real love that has been tainted by misunderstanding, paranoia, and fear but that has miraculously ended happily. Hero does seem to love Claudio still, and they are joyful at being reunited. Claudio’s amazement, awe, and wonder at finding Hero still alive may serve to wipe out any last traces of resentment or anger on either side.
1
| Much Ado About Nothing |
What is the head of a jellyfish called? | Much Ado About Nothing • GCSE Guide
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Much Ado About Nothing
Compare Shakespeare’s presentation of the love between Claudio and Hero with that between Beatrice and Benedick. What does the play have to tell us about love and marriage?
The love between Beatrice and Benedick is the idealistic love of Shakespeare and the love between Claudio and Hero is more realistic and physical. Actually there are contrasts and similarities in those two love stories in the play.
From the beginning of the play, Claudio realizes, after returning from war, that he is deeply in love with Hero and wants to ask her father for permission to marry her. The other couple, Beatrice and Benedick, works hard to give the impression that neither is the least bit interested in the other. Later on, a plan of showing Hero’s disloyalty of being succumbed to the amorous attentions of a man other than Claudio is worked out on the night before Hero and Claudio’s wedding. Finally, the two couples get married.
First of all, Hero and Claudio’s relationship is based on first impressions, ignorance and wealth. On the other hand, Beatrice and Benedick’s love is based on mutual respect, love and true admiration. In the beginning of the play, there is nothing short of obvious attraction between Beatrice and Benedick. It appears as though they are reluctant lovers duped into a suspicious relationship. In the opening act, they already argue as lovers as Benedick says the words I, i. 107 ‘What, my dear Lady Disdain! Are you yet living?’ This is obviously quite a tongue in rude question with undertones of attraction as is Beatrice’s reply I, i. 108-11 ‘Is it possible disdain should die while she hath such meet food to feet it as Signor Benedick? Courtesy itself must convert to disdain if you come in her presence.’ This teasing, laced with clear regard and attraction, continues with more passionate infighting where their fascination for each other becomes more and more clear. Their words, which appear to be that demonstrating disdain, are words talked tediously by lovers who are confused and frightened of their attraction. Later in the same scene, we can hear Benedick says I, i. 217-24 ‘…But that I will have a recheat winded in my forehead, or hand my bugle in an invisible baldric, all women shall pardon me. Because I will not do them the wrong to mistrust any, I will do myself the right to trust none. And the fine is – for the which I may go the finer – I will live a bachelor.’ One theory of this is that by remaining a bachelor he somehow does not lose the male connection that he experiences with the other bachelors.
Benedick admires Beatrice’s wit and quick tongue as this demonstrates she is far from being beneath him intellectually. This is clearly evident in the fact that he respects his mother, for giving birth to him, thereby demonstrating his respect for women in general. It is also apparent that a woman should be more than just pretty, as he appears to disagree with Claudio’s fascination with the beauty of Hero. Benedick’s respect and high admiration for Beatrice is, at first, clouded by fear and confusion, not based only on her appearance, but on her soul and inner beauty. Being a confirmed believer in his own eternal bachelorhood, Benedick would not be persuaded from his convictions for anything less than a quick-witted woman of inner beauty. This is how he differs dramatically from Claudio whose first impression and regard is based merely on Hero’s beauty.
In Act 2 Scene 3, Leonato, together with Don Pedro and Claudio make Benedick overhear them saying that Beatrice is madly in love with him but is just too embarrassed to let him know her feelings. In the meantime, Hero and Ursula contrive to let Beatrice hear them talk about how much Benedick loves her in Act 3 Scene 1. They also praise Benedick’s many virtues. Both Beatrice and Benedick are talkative and outspoken and full of wit. As the play progresses, both try to hide their feelings for each other by verbal sparring. Benedick seems to be mature and has a good judgement. When everybody thinks that Hero has been unfaithful to Claudio, he remains skeptical as the Friar. After Hero’s disloyalty to Claudio, which is actually fake, had happened, Beatrice and Benedick’s relationship progresses from antipathy to falling in love with each other.
In language, Shakespeare uses prose for the verbal battles between Beatrice and Benedick. When Benedick tells of his love in prose he leaves no doubt about the depth and reality of his feelings.
Claudio, upon returning from battle, perceives Hero as the most beautiful creature in the world. He declares to Benedick, with no hesitation that he intends to marry Hero. What does he know of her aside from her external beauty? A wealth that with it comes power untold, that would be part of the package were Claudio to marry Hero. Somehow, both Claudio and Hero are prepared to fall in love and marry. The realization comes to him later and does nothing but make Hero a sweeter reward.
Don John, the bastard, and his man Borachio try to break them up. For the first attempt, Don John and Borachio plant the lie that Don Pedro II, i. 157 ‘swore he would marry her (Hero) tonight’. Claudio accepts the lie and prepares to give her up. After a certain time, Borachio persuades Margaret to flirt with him at Hero’s chamber window, dressed as Hero, at the night before Hero and Claudio’s wedding, while Don John lets Claudio, together with Don Pedro, overhear.
Both Claudio and Hero are young and innocent. Claudio is easily led to believe in the disloyalty of Hero and Don Pedro in the hands of Don John and Borachio.
The love between Claudio and Hero is actually a romance overshadowed by the passion of Beatrice and Benedick. Their love story gets progressively sadder and almost turns into a tragedy save for the final turn of events. Shakespeare uses verse to characterize Hero and Claudio. When Claudio speaks of his love in verse, it is conventional and convincing.
Both sets of lovers undergo a change in the course of the play. Beatrice and Benedick accept love and marriage. Benedick, who claims that it is hard for him to express true feelings with out wit, finally gives up words fro action and kisses Beatrice in the final scene. V, iv. 74 ‘Do not you love me?’ V, iv. 77-8 ‘Do not you love me?’ , ‘Troth no, no more than reason.’ . On the other hand, Claudio and Hero mature through their painful experience. In both cases, the lovers are asked to prove their love. Beatrice asks Benedick IV, i. 287 ‘Kill Claudio.’ Claudio is asked to marry Leonato’s niece, whom he has never known, to show his repentance and love for Hero. It can said that in the end both couples are more aware of their lovers’ inner beauty in one way or another. Claudio perhaps sees Hero as a person for the first time when he realizes her innocence.
At the beginning, Claudio simply wishes to marry Hero based on her beauty, with the thought of wealth and power thrown in on the side. He has not acknowledged the fact that Hero is a person aside from her beauty and position. At the end, Hero perhaps sees Claudio’s inner beauty as well throughout all the turmoil. Beatrice and Benedick, though always subconsciously aware of each other’s inner beauty, are made aware in a concrete sense when the end comes upon them. They began to understand the game they have been playing and see each other for who they are and as a result love each other even more. Beatrice and Benedick have true and honest passion, which they fought against diligently while Hero, and Claudio’s love demonstrated the shallowness of physical attraction.
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Which element is added to steel to make it stainless? | The Elements of Steel . Streamliners: America's Lost Trains . WGBH American Experience | PBS
Iron is the main ingredient in various forms of iron and steel, but the various types of metals contain other elements as well. Sometimes these elements are unwanted; other times they're intentionally added.
The Elements Used in Steel
Carbon (C): Carbon, a nonmetallic element, forms a number of organic and inorganic compounds and can be found in coal, petroleum and limestone. It is the principle strengthening element in carbon steels and low-alloy steels. Atomic number 6, atomic weight 12.01115.
Manganese (Mn): Manganese is a brittle, metallic element that exists in the ore of pyrolusite. When making steel, it reacts with sulfur and helps to increase the metal's resistance to heat. Atomic number 25, atomic weight 54.9380.
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is a poisonous, nonmetallic element that helps protect metal surfaces from corrosion. Atomic number 15, atomic weight 30.9738.
Sulfur (S): Sulfur is a nonmetallic element found mainly in volcanic and sedimentary deposits. Sulfur, in the form of iron sulfide, can cause steel to be too porous and prone to cracking. Atomic number 16, atomic weight 32.064.
Silicon (Si): Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in rocks, sand and clay. It acts as a deoxidizer in steel production. Atomic number 14, atomic weight 28.086.
Nickel (Ni): Nickel is a hard, metallic element that found in igneous rocks. Without nickel, stainless steel would be less resistant to heat and corrosion. Atomic number 28, atomic weight 58.71.
Chromium (Cr): Chromium, a metallic element, is found in the earth's crust. It is used in the production of stainless steel to make the steel resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Atomic number 24, atomic weight 51.996.
The Elements of Steel Composition (percent by mass)
Cast Iron
| Chromium |
Which is the smallest instrument in the flute family? | How stainless steel is made - material, manufacture, used, processing, parts, components, structure, steps
Process
The manufacture of stainless steel involves a series of processes. First, the steel is melted,
To make stainless steel, the raw materials—iron ore, chromium, silicon, nickel, etc.—are melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually involves 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. Next, the mixture is cast into one of several shapes, including blooms, billets, and slabs.
and then it is cast into solid form. After various forming steps, the steel is heat treated and then cleaned and polished to give it the desired finish. Next, it is packaged and sent to manufacturers, who weld and join the steel to produce the desired shapes.
Melting and casting
1 The raw materials are first melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually requires 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. When the melting is finished, the molten steel is cast into semi-finished forms. These include blooms (rectangular shapes), billets (round or square shapes 1.5 inches or 3.8 centimeters in thickness), slabs, rods, and tube rounds.
Forming
2 Next, the semi-finished steel goes through forming operations, beginning with hot rolling, in which the steel is heated and passed through huge rolls. Blooms and billets are formed into bar and wire, while slabs are formed into plate, strip, and sheet. Bars are available in all grades and come in rounds, squares, octagons, or hexagons 0.25 inch (.63 centimeter) in size. Wire is usually available up to 0.5 inch (1.27 centimeters) in diameter or size. Plate is more than 0.1875 inch (.47 centimeter) thick and over 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) wide. Strip is less than 0.185 inch (.47 centimeter) thick and less than 24 inches (61 centimeters) wide. Sheet is less than 0.1875 (.47 centimeter) thick and more than 24 (61 centimeters) wide.
Heat treatment
3 After the stainless steel is formed, most types must go through an annealing step. Annealing is a heat treatment in which the steel is heated and cooled under controlled conditions to relieve internal stresses and soften the metal. Some steels are heat treated for higher strength. However, such a heat treatment—also known as age hardening —requires careful control, for even small changes from the recommended temperature, time, or cooling rate can seriously affect the properties. Lower aging temperatures produce high strength with low fracture toughness, while higher-temperature aging produces a lower strength, tougher material.
Though the heating rate to reach the aging temperature (900 to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit or 482 to 537 degrees Celsius) does not effect the properties, the cooling rate does. A post-aging quenching (rapid cooling) treatment can increase the toughness without a significant loss in strength. One such process involves water quenching the material in a 35-degree Fahrenheit (1.6-degree Celsius) ice-water bath for a minimum of two hours.
The type of heat treatment depends on the type of steel; in other words, whether it is austenitic, ferritic, or martensitic. Austenitic steels are heated to above 1900 degrees Fahrenheit (1037 degrees Celsius) for a time depending on the thickness. Water quenching is used for thick sections, whereas air cooling or air blasting is used for thin sections. If cooled too slowly, carbide precipitation can occur. This buildup can be eliminated by thermal stabilization. In this method, the steel is held for several hours at 1500 to 1600 degrees Fahrenheit (815 to 871 degrees Celsius). Cleaning part surfaces of contaminants before heat treatment is sometimes also necessary to achieve proper heat treatment.
Descaling
4 Annealing causes a scale or build-up to form on the steel. The scale can be removed using several processes. One of the most common methods, pickling, uses a nitric-hydrofluoric acid bath to descale the steel. In another method, electrocleaning, an electric current is applied to the surface using a cathode and phosphoric acid, and the scale is removed. The annealing and descaling steps occur at different stages depending on the type of steel being worked. Bar and wire, for instance, go through further forming steps (more hot rolling, forging, or extruding) after the initial hot rolling before being annealed and descaled. Sheet and strip, on the other hand, go through an initial annealing and descaling step immediately after hot rolling. After cold rolling (passing through rolls at a relatively low temperature), which produces a further reduction in thickness, sheet and strip are annealed and descaled again. A final cold rolling step then prepares the steel for final processing.
Cutting
5 Cutting operations are usually necessary to obtain the desired blank shape or size to trim the part to final size. Mechanical cutting is accomplished by a variety of methods, including straight shearing using guillotine knives, circle shearing using circular knives horizontally and vertically positioned, sawing using high speed steel blades, blanking, and nibbling. Blanking uses metal punches and dies to punch out the shape by shearing. Nibbling is a process of cutting by blanking out a series of overlapping holes and is ideally suited for irregular shapes.
Stainless steel can also be cut using flame cutting, which involves a flame-fired torch using oxygen and propane in conjunction with iron powder. This method is clean and fast. Another cutting method is known as plasma jet cutting, in which an ionized gas column in conjunction with an electric arc through a small orifice makes the cut. The gas produces extremely high temperatures to melt the metal.
Finishing
6 Surface finish is an important specification for stainless steel products and is critical in applications where appearance is also important. Certain surface finishes also make stainless steel easier to clean, which is obviously important for sanitary applications. A smooth surface as obtained by polishing also provides better corrosion resistance. On the other hand, rough finishes are often required for lubrication applications, as well as to facilitate further manufacturing steps.
Surface finishes are the result of processes used in fabricating the various forms or are the result of further processing. There are a variety of methods used for finishing. A dull finish is produced by hot rolling, annealing, and descaling. A bright finish is obtained by first hot rolling and then cold rolling on polished rolls. A highly reflective finish is produced by cold rolling in combination with annealing in a controlled atmosphere furnace, by grinding with abrasives, or by buffing a finely ground surface. A mirror finish is produced by polishing with progressively finer abrasives, followed by extensive buffing. For grinding or polishing, grinding wheels or abrasive belts are normally used. Buffing uses cloth wheels in combination with cutting compounds containing very fine abrasive particles in bar or stick forms. Other finishing methods include tumbling, which forces
The initial steel shapes—blooms, billets, slabs, etc.—are hot rolled into bar, wire, sheet, strip, and plate. Depending on the form, the steel then undergoes further rolling steps (both hot and cold rolling), heat treatment (annealing), descaling Ito remove buildup), and polishing to produce the finished stainless steel. The steel is then sent the end user.
movement of a tumbling material against surfaces of parts, dry etching (sandblasting), wet etching using acid solutions, and surface dulling. The latter uses sandblasting, wire brushing, or pickling techniques.
Manufacturing at the fabricator or
end user
7 After the stainless steel in its various forms are packed and shipped to the fabricator or end user, a variety of other processes are needed. Further shaping is accomplished using a variety of methods, such as roll forming, press forming, forging, press drawing, and extrusion. Additional heat treating (annealing), machining, and cleaning processes are also often required.
There are a variety of methods for joining stainless steel, with welding being the most common. Fusion and resistance welding are the two basic methods generally used with many variations for both. In fusion welding, heat is provided by an electric arc struck between an electrode and the metal to be welded. In resistance welding, bonding is the result of heat and pressure. Heat is produced by the resistance to the flow of electric current through the parts to be welded, and pressure is applied by the electrodes. After parts are welded together, they must be cleaned around the joined area.
Quality Control
In addition to in-process control during manufacture and fabrication, stainless steels must meet specifications developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with regard to mechanical properties such as toughness and corrosion resistance. Metallography can sometimes be correlated to corrosion tests to help monitor quality.
The Future
Use of stainless and super stainless steels is expanding in a variety of markets. To meet the requirements of the new Clean Air Act, coal-fired power plants are installing stainless steel stack liners. Other new industrial applications include secondary heat exchangers for high-efficiency home furnaces, service-water piping in nuclear power plants, ballast tanks and fire-suppression systems for offshore drilling platforms, flexible pipe for oil and gas distribution systems, and heliostats for solar-energy plants.
Environmental legislation is also forcing the petrochemical and refinery industries to recycle secondary cooling water in closed systems rather than simply discharge it. Reuse results in cooling water with elevated levels of chloride, resulting in pitting-corrosion problems. Duplex stainless steel tubing will play an increasingly important role in solving such industrial corrosion problems, since it costs less than other materials. Manufacturers are developing highly corrosion-resistant steels in respond to this demand.
In the automotive industry, one steel manufacturer has estimated that stainless-steel usage per vehicle will increase from 55 to 66 pounds (25 to 30 kilograms) to more than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) by the turn of the century. New applications include metallic substrates for catalytic converters, air bag components, composite bumpers, fuel line and other fuel-system parts compatible with alternate fuels, brake lines, and long-life exhaust systems.
With improvements in process technology, superaustenitic stainless steels (with nitrogen contents up to 0.5 percent) are being developed. These steels are used in pulp-mill bleach plants, sea water and phosphoric-acid handling systems, scrubbers, offshore platforms, and other highly corrosive applications. A number of manufacturers have begun marketing such materials in sheet, plate, and other forms. Other new compositions are being developed: ferritic iron-base alloys containing 8 and 12 percent Cr for magnetic applications, and austenitic stainless with extra low sulfur content for parts used in the manufacture of semiconductors and pharmaceuticals.
Research will continue to develop improved and unique materials. For instance, Japanese researchers have recently developed several. One is a corrosion-resistant stainless steel that displays the shape-memory effect. This type of material returns to its original shape upon heating after being plastically deformed. Potential applications include assembly components (pipe fittings, clips, fasteners, clamps), temperature sensing (circuit breakers and fire alarms), and springs. An improved martensitic stainless steel has also been developed for precision miniature and instrument rolling-contact bearings, which has reduced vibration levels, improved life expectancy, and better surface finish compared to conventional materials.
Where To Learn More
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In religion, who traditionally sits on the Sedia Gestatoria? | Serving Vatican Calls for Christian Mentality, Says Pope – ZENIT – English
Serving Vatican Calls for Christian Mentality, Says Pope
Receives Pontifical Seat Bearers in Audience
January 13, 2006
ZENIT Staff Vatican Dicasteries/Diplomacy
VATICAN CITY, JAN. 13, 2006 ( Zenit.org ).- Benedict XVI reminded the Pontifical Seat Bearers that service to the Holy See calls for a Christian mentality and lifestyle.
The Pope received in audience today the “sediari pontifici,” the corps of men who traditionally carried the Pope’s “sedia gestatoria.” The “sedari” were the pallbearers in Pope John Paul II’s funeral.
The service of the “sediari pontifici,” who now carry out functions of protocol in the Pontifical Household, dates back to the 14th century. The position is passed on from generation to generation.
In the meeting in the Vatican’s Consistory Hall, the Holy Father said that he hoped “that you may always be — both in the Vatican and at home, in the parish and in all situations — helpful and attentive to others.”
“This is a precious lesson for your children and grandchildren, who will learn from your example how service to the Holy See means, above all, a Christian mentality and lifestyle,” he said.
The Pope has the opportunity to greet the “sediari pontifici” almost daily, as they assist in welcoming personalities and groups he receives in audience.
Distinction
“Diligence, courtesy and discretion must be the characteristics that distinguish you in your work,” said the Pontiff, adding that it must manifest concretely “your love for the Church and your dedication to the Successor of Peter.”
“Your work, then, is part of a context wherein everything must speak to the whole world of the Church of Christ, and must do so coherently, imitating him who ‘came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as ransom for many,'” Benedict XVI said.
This is the meaning of the reforms put into effect by recent Popes, in particular Paul VI, who gave up the “sedia gestatoria.”
“Ceremonies were simplified, bringing them back to a greater sobriety more in keeping with the Christian message and the needs of the times,” said Benedict XVI.
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In June 1940, who was officially recognised by Britain as the ‘Leader of all free Frenchmen, wherever they may be’? | Joel Osteen and Pope Francis - Standing on my Head
Standing on my Head
August 27, 2013 by Fr. Dwight Longenecker Leave a Comment
Joel Osteen the prosperity preacher from Houston has just moved up from his $2m mansion to a $10m mansion. Here’s the news.
This is one of the things that tickle me about American Protestantism. These are the folks who have traditionally beat the Catholics with a big stick about the Pope living in a palace surrounded by rich art works.
The other thing is the way Protestants will beat up on Catholics for having a highly exalted infallible leader who is treated like a celebrity. Duh. The problem with them is not that they don’t have a Pope, but that they have 30,000 popes. Every pastor a pope, and Pope Osteen is just one among many.
So Pope Francis lives in a modest suite in a functional hostel while Pope Joel lives in a palace in Houston. Even when the popes lived in the apostolic palace they only lived in a comparatively modest apartment in the palace, and all that art? It’s history and heritage. He doesn’t own it. It belongs to the world–witness the crowds who come and go talking of Michelangelo.
But who am I to judge? They say Joel Osteen makes all his loot from sale of his books and calendars and self help T-shirts. He’s welcome to it I guess, and who knows, he might live like a prince of the Church on a fraction of his takings. He might give 90% of his wealth to the poor. So live and let live and let God be the judge.
But when it comes to appearances, when it comes to the one who seems to live the life of apostolic simplicity– Pope Francis wins.
For that matter, he wins with the gospel he’s preaching too. The American prosperity gospel is a false gospel. It’s no surprise that Osteen’s church doesn’t have a cross in it. Neither does the gospel he’s preaching.
Just thought…are there any photoshoppers out there who can send me a pic of Osteen being carried around in the sedia gestatoria?
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What is composer Offenbach’s ‘Galop Infernal’ better known as? | Galop infernal from Orpheus in the Underworld (J. Offenbach) - Free Flute Sheet Music | flutetunes.com
There are no recordings for this tune yet. Submit yours !
Sunday 31 May 2009
Tune of the Day: Can-can
Jacques Offenbach's “Galop infernal“ from “Orpheus in the Underworld”
Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld (Orphée aux enfers) is an irreverent parody and scathing satire on Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, culminating in this well-known “galop infernal” which has often been copied and has widely been used as the background music for the can-can dance.
The can-can is regarded today primarily as a physically demanding music hall dance, performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings, that hearkens back to the fashions of the 1890s. The main features of the dance are the lifting up and manipulation of the skirts, with high kicking and suggestive body movements.
As you will notice, the main theme is first presented in G major, and then reiterated in D major.
Other Movements from the same Work
| Can-Can (musical) |
What is the eighth sign of the Zodiac? | Saint-Saëns - Le carnaval des animaux (The Carnival of the Animals) (1886) - YouTube
Saint-Saëns - Le carnaval des animaux (The Carnival of the Animals) (1886)
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Uploaded on May 24, 2011
Le carnaval des animaux (The Carnival of the Animals) (1886)
I. Introduction et marche royale du lion (Introduction and Royal March of the Lion) [ 0:00 ]
II. Poules et coqs (Hens and Roosters) [ 1:58 ]
III. Hémiones - animaux véloces (Wild Asses - quick animals) [ 2:42 ]
IV. Tortues (Tortoises) [ 3:22 ]
V. L'éléphant (The Elephant) [ 5:24 ]
VI. Kangourous (Kangaroos) [ 6:55 ]
VII. Aquarium [ 7:51 ]
VIII. Personnages à longues oreilles (Characters with Long Ears) [ 9:58 ]
IX. Le coucou au fond des bois (The Cuckoo in the Depths of the Woods) [ 10:35 ]
X. Volière (Aviary) [ 12:40 ]
XIV. Finale [ 19:40 ]
This is a famous musical suite by French composer Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921), written while on vacation in Austria in 1886. It is scored for a chamber ensemble of flute/piccolo, clarinet (B flat and C), two pianos, glass harmonica, xylophone, two violins, viola, cello and double bass - in this recording, a full orchestral string section is used, and instead of the glass harmonica, there is a glockenspiel. Saint-Saëns believed that the work was too frivolous to publish during his lifetime, and for this reason, he only gave private performances to his close friends. He left a provision for it to be published posthumously, so the Carnival of the Animals only received a formal premiere one year after the composer's death.
Each of the fourteen movements depicts a different animal, often with plenty of humour and wit. The first is the majestic march of the king of the animals - the lion - played by strings and pianos. The low, rumbling octave figure passed between the pianos is, of course, the lion's mighty roar. The second movement (for pianos, clarinet, violins and violas) sees hens and roosters squawking while pecking at grains on the ground. The distinctive theme played by the piano is the rooster's "cock a doodle doo" call. Next, Tibetan wild asses - portrayed by the two pianos in unison - gallop frenetically through the scene. In contrast, the next movement for strings and piano depicts the slow, laborious movement of tortoises. This satirical section takes its main theme from the famous Galop infernal (or the can-can) in Offenbach's "Orpheus in the Underworld" - but it is played exceedingly slowly. Then, the double bass and piano play a pompous, heavy-handed dance for the elephant. The thematic material derives from the scherzo in Mendelssohn's incidental music to "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and the ballet of the sylphs in Berlioz's "The Damnation of Faust". The brief sixth movement sees two pianos play an abrupt, bouncy figure depicting hopping kangaroos. Next, we find ourselves inside the shimmering water of an aquarium full of graceful fish. This movement is played by strings, pianos, flute, and glockenspiel. The pianos play a high rolling ostinato - one in decuplets and the other in sextuplets. There follows a short movement for violins that sound like braying donkeys; perhaps Saint-Saëns meant the donkeys to represent asinine music critics. Next, the pianos and an offstage clarinet play a slow movement where a cuckoo's call breaks the quiet of the woods. The tenth movement for flute, piano and strings depicts an aviary abuzz with quiet activity, over which a tropical bird (the flute) sings a melody full of trills and scales. Then, we see a very different type of animal - pianists (who, after all, are primates). The two pianists awkwardly practice scale patterns similar to those found in Hanon exercises. The whole time, they stumble over notes and break unison - evidently they need more practice. Three loud unresolved chords lead into the next movement for strings, pianos, clarinet and xylophone, depicting fossils. The hollow sound of the xylophone evokes bones clacking together. The melody is from Saint-Saëns' "Danse macabre", the dance of skeletons. Other musical allusions in this movement include "Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman" (a.k.a. "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star"), "Partant pour la Syrie", the nursery rhymes "Au clair de la lune" and "J'ai du bon tabac", and a snippet from the aria "Una voce poco fa" from Rossini's "The Barber of Seville". The series of allusions is itself a musical joke, since these old tunes are cultural fossils. The penultimate movement played by the cello and pianos shows the graceful gliding of a swan over a rippling lake. This very well-known section has become a stand-alone staple of the cello repertoire as well as the brief Fokine ballet "The Dying Swan". Last comes the finale for the full ensemble, where themes from previous movements are reprised and combined to close the suite with excitement and panache.
Pianists: Vivian Troon, Roderick Elms
Conductor: Andrea Licata
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Which spirit is traditionally used to make the cocktail Mint Julep? | Best Mint Julep Recipe - How to Make a Mint Julep
How to Make a Mint Julep
A fan favorite of the Kentucky Derby, now you can make this classic cocktail on your own.
By David Wondrich
In the dark backward of time, the Proper Construction of the Julep, like the Beauty of My State's Women and the Timing of Pickett's Charge, was one of those topics that an American male with social aspirations was expected to regard as a matter of honor—at least, if said specimen was a son, nephew, cousin or acquaintance of the South. Just about every state in Dixie had its own sacrosanct way of handling the mint, the sugar, the ice, the booze. Duels were fought. Names were called.
Mint Julep
old-fashioned glass
Directions
Place 5 or 6 leaves of mint in the bottom of a prechilled, dry 12-ounce glass or silver beaker.
Add sugar and crush slightly with a muddler.
Pack glass with finely cracked ice.
Pour a generous 3 ounces of Kentucky bourbon over the ice.
Stir briskly until the glass frosts.
Add more ice and stir again before serving.
Stick a few sprigs of mint into the ice so that the partaker will get the aroma.
Still not enough mint flavor? Try this: For each julep, lightly cover about 10 sprigs of mint with superfine sugar, add an ounce of spring water, macerate, let stand for 10-15 minutes, and strain through a fine sieve into the ice-filled glass. Then add whiskey and proceed as above. If you'll stoop to maceration, you might also want to float 1/2 ounce of dark Jamaica rum on top.
Just about every state in Dixie had its own sacrosanct way of handling the mint, the sugar, the ice, the booze.
Brushing aside all the tedious to-and-fro about brandy, rum, and rye (before the War between the States, a true southern gentleman would be hanged before he'd let whiskey pass his lips, and even after, when standards had slipped, no Marylander would build his julep with anything but rye), it's that mint that caused most of the trouble.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Mint Question is as the "filioque" debate that so exercised medieval theologians—moot, moot, moot. Hypersweetened iced tea and Coca-Cola have taken the mint julep's place as the Grits Belt's summer cooler of choice. Whether you muddle the mint or slide it into the glass altogether unmolested matters as much to the vast majority of southern manhood as whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father to the Son or the Father and the Son.
Ecumenical to the quick, we'll take our communion from either school without scruple.
Whatever your denomination, here are a few things to keep in mind:
Use a prechilled, dry 12- or 14-ounce glass, tall and slim (better yet, of course, the traditional silver beaker).
Crack the ice, making sure to drain off any excess water before putting it in the glass.
Don't handle the glass with bare hands, as the touch of a hand kills the frost. Likewise, each julep should be served with a napkin or small linen doily.
The glass will not frost if in the wind, if wet, with undried ice or if excessively handled. You can sometimes speed the frost by twirling the glass or by placing in coldest part of refrigerator for about 30 minutes.
Use only the freshest mint and, of that, the smallest, most tender leaves.
If you use a straw, keep it short so you can get your nose in among the mint.
More recipes like this
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Who was the last English monarch to enter the House of Commons? | Mint Julep Recipe : Alton Brown : Food Network
Recipe courtesy of Michael Chiarello
4.2 10
I think Alton suggests the seltzer because the juleps you are served at the Derby are made with a bourbon that has a much lower alcoholic content and it's difficult to find that in the north. Alton I think you and your recipe are gems! Thank you. Debbie deborahlbowie 2015-05-01T13:05:00Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Delicious! Now, there are some here who take issue with Alton's use of seltzer water, moaning that the drink tastes more like "minty swamp water" than a real mint julep. Now, I'm not southern and I don't gamble on horses, but I did take science class in 1st grade, so I know that seltzer water and crushed ice are both, well, water. When you add ice to liquid (especially crushed ice!, it melts, and yes, dilutes the drink. So, unless you're pounding these within 30 seconds on making them (though if you are complaining about your drink being too weak, maybe you should be swigging that Jim Beam you're probably using, your drink will become diluted. So why not add a bit of dimension to that water by using the carbonated stuff? Alton still uses a rocks glass, not a Collins glass that you would serve a bubbly mojito in. All he does is top the drink with seltzer, not fill the glass. Bravo once more, Alton Guest 2012-11-09T21:36:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
We used Tennessee Jack Daniels instead of a Kentucky bourbon and it turned out nicely. Thanks Alton ;) Brandi B. 2009-05-03T00:10:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Simple and fits the tradition. Great for Kentucky Derby! keta r. 2009-05-02T17:35:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Easy and tasty. What more could you want? Richard G. 2008-08-14T21:49:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Love this julep recipe for times I don't have chilled simple syrup on hand. And it works great with properly frozen and stored mint leaves. Because you shouldn't have to wait for Derby day to enjoy this classic drink... Noel P. 2008-08-05T21:34:27Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Alton has always done his research on why things are done, so why does he add the extra Seltzer water to the drink at the end? The point of the Seltzer is to dissolve the sugar, because sugar doesn't dissolve as easily in alcohol as it does in water. This means the dash at the beginning is fine and perfect because he needs just a little to dissolve the sugar that was muddled with the mint. This is where he makes his first mistake, he doens't stir the drink enough to help the sugar disolve in it, it really doesn't take much but he said the reason for the seltzer then is to get it to stop clinging to the glass(which is partially true). His second mistake is adding more seltzer to the drink at the end, completely ruining the drink. This is more like minty swamp water than a proper mint julep. Kevin S. 2006-12-29T23:35:33Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
after years & years of kentucky derbys, i've never heard of seltzer in a mint julep. vicky w. 2006-11-20T12:47:32Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Every time I go to a bar and order a Mint Julep the drink is so awful cause all you taste is seltzer. After trying Alton's receipe I decided just skip the bar and make it myself. It's easy and impresses friends. J B. 2006-09-14T21:55:47Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
This is a great recipe, very quick and easy to make, yet perfectly deeee-licious. Wonderful for sipping on the verandah after a hectic day at work. JILL S. 2006-07-09T19:17:10Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
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Which two creatures are supporting the shield on the Australian coat of arms? | Australian Coat of Arms
Australian Coat of Arms & National Colours
Australia's first national coat of arms was granted in 1908 and displayed the kangaroo and emu supporting the shield, and standing on a grassy mound.
The second coat of arms, made in 1912, included the symbols of the states woven together in the central shield with a border symbolizing federation.
The Australian Coat of Arms is the property of the Commonwealth of Australia and is used by the Commonwealth to authenticate documents, to indicate ownership of property, and for other purposes of identification. It may not be used or reproduced by others for other purposes without permission.
The first grant of armorial ensigns, crest and supporters to the Commonwealth of Australia was made in 1908; a new design was granted by Royal Warrant in 1912.
The Coat of Arms as used on a WW1 Certificate of Service
A garden edging tile circa 1900 which bears a design very similar to the Coat of Arms.
Some people claim that the Rising Sun depicted is the fore-runner to the AIF Rising Sun badge.
The Commonwealth Arms are commonly but incorrectly referred to as the 'Commonwealth Crest'. Strictly the Crest is the device above shield and helmet on a coat of arms; in Australia's case it is the seven-pointed gold star on the wreath.
The Australian Coat of Arms consists of:
The Badges of the six States of the Commonwealth arranged on a shield in two rows of three columns:
New South Wales - Golden Lion passant (right to left) on a red St George's Cross on a silver background (usually depicted white), with an 8-pointed star on each extremity of the cross.
Victoria - White Southern Cross (one star of 8 points, 2 of 7 points one of 6 points and one of 5 points), beneath an Imperial Crown, on a blue background.
Queensland - light blue Maltese Cross with an Imperial Crown at its Centre, on a white background.
South Australia - the White-Backed Magpie (or Piping Shrike), erect, wings outstretched, on a yellow background.
Western Australia - Black Swan swimming, left to right, on a yellow background.
Tasmania - Red Lion passant (right to left) on a white background.
The shield is enclosed by an ermine border, signifying the federation of the States into the Commonwealth.
The Crest of the Arms, consisting of a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath. Six points represent each of the States of the Commonwealth, the seventh point represents the Commonwealth Territories.
The Supporters of the Coat of Arms, Australian endemic Fauna: the Kangaroo proper to the left and the Emu proper to the right.
Usually the Arms are depicted in a compartment adorned with wattle (Acacia pycnantha) leaves and inflorescence, and a scroll with the word "AUSTRALIA" on it under the Arms. The wattle and the scroll and the rests for the Kangaroo and Emu do not constitute part of the Arms.
Three colour combinations traditionally claim to be Australia's national colours:
red, white and blue;
| kangaroo and emu |
Which US First Lady had an English Springer Spaniel called Millie? | Australian Coat of Arms
Australian Coat of Arms & National Colours
Australia's first national coat of arms was granted in 1908 and displayed the kangaroo and emu supporting the shield, and standing on a grassy mound.
The second coat of arms, made in 1912, included the symbols of the states woven together in the central shield with a border symbolizing federation.
The Australian Coat of Arms is the property of the Commonwealth of Australia and is used by the Commonwealth to authenticate documents, to indicate ownership of property, and for other purposes of identification. It may not be used or reproduced by others for other purposes without permission.
The first grant of armorial ensigns, crest and supporters to the Commonwealth of Australia was made in 1908; a new design was granted by Royal Warrant in 1912.
The Coat of Arms as used on a WW1 Certificate of Service
A garden edging tile circa 1900 which bears a design very similar to the Coat of Arms.
Some people claim that the Rising Sun depicted is the fore-runner to the AIF Rising Sun badge.
The Commonwealth Arms are commonly but incorrectly referred to as the 'Commonwealth Crest'. Strictly the Crest is the device above shield and helmet on a coat of arms; in Australia's case it is the seven-pointed gold star on the wreath.
The Australian Coat of Arms consists of:
The Badges of the six States of the Commonwealth arranged on a shield in two rows of three columns:
New South Wales - Golden Lion passant (right to left) on a red St George's Cross on a silver background (usually depicted white), with an 8-pointed star on each extremity of the cross.
Victoria - White Southern Cross (one star of 8 points, 2 of 7 points one of 6 points and one of 5 points), beneath an Imperial Crown, on a blue background.
Queensland - light blue Maltese Cross with an Imperial Crown at its Centre, on a white background.
South Australia - the White-Backed Magpie (or Piping Shrike), erect, wings outstretched, on a yellow background.
Western Australia - Black Swan swimming, left to right, on a yellow background.
Tasmania - Red Lion passant (right to left) on a white background.
The shield is enclosed by an ermine border, signifying the federation of the States into the Commonwealth.
The Crest of the Arms, consisting of a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath. Six points represent each of the States of the Commonwealth, the seventh point represents the Commonwealth Territories.
The Supporters of the Coat of Arms, Australian endemic Fauna: the Kangaroo proper to the left and the Emu proper to the right.
Usually the Arms are depicted in a compartment adorned with wattle (Acacia pycnantha) leaves and inflorescence, and a scroll with the word "AUSTRALIA" on it under the Arms. The wattle and the scroll and the rests for the Kangaroo and Emu do not constitute part of the Arms.
Three colour combinations traditionally claim to be Australia's national colours:
red, white and blue;
| i don't know |
Pumpernickel is what type of foodstuff? | Pumpernickel Bread Recipe - Food.com
(29)
Most Helpful
First of all I omited the coffee because we don't drink it and never have it on hand. I prepared the dough in my bread machine and divided it among four lightly greased mini loaf pans. It rose uncovered in my oven on the warm setting for 30 minutes. I turned the heat up to 350 F and set the timer for 30 minutes, then forgot about it until the timer rang. I turned it out onto a wire rack and brushed the tops with real butter. WOW! Great bread! Aromatic, flavorful, full bodied, small crumb texture...firm, yet lighter than expected. I can't wait to make this for my German mother-in-law who is a bread snob of the worst kind, as most European's are (and for good reason). I've taken a picture to share. You'll know it's mine by my Blue Willow China in the background and the cranberry garnish. This bread recipe will go into the official family cookbook for sure. After my little photo shoot I enjoyed a couple slices with a cream cheese but my boys, 3 and 4 yrs old finished off one of the loaves plain. Tonight we're having leftover Roast Sticky Chicken, fresh fruit and herb tea for dinner. This bread with butter, slices of honey cured ham, and good havarti cheese will be a perfect compliment. Thanks! :o)
| Bread |
Who was the first presenter of UK tv’s ‘National Lottery Live’ on 19th November 1994? | Pumpernickel, Ardsley - Menu, Prices & Restaurant Reviews - TripAdvisor
bacon, avocado, lettuce, tomato & mayo on whole wheat toast
Pub Pulled Pork
w/freaky fried onions, bbq sauce on a bun
Steak Sandwich
grilled steak, caramelized onions, melted mozzarella & garlic mayo on a roll
Deli Sandwich
corned beef or pastrami on rye
Pumpernickel Reuben
corned beef, melted swiss, cole slaw & russian dressing on pumpernickel
Garden Veggie Reuben
grilled squash, zucchini, roasted peppers, over a warm jicama pear slaw & melted swiss on pumpernickel
Turkey Club Sandwich
fresh white meat turkey, bacon, lettuce & tomato on house white
Super Grilled Cheese
three cheeses, tomato on pumpernickel
Tuna Salad
home made tuna salad, lettuce, tomato on house white bread
Grilled Veggie Wrap
mixed grilled veggies, mozzarella cheese & roasted peppers in a whole wheat wrap
Wild Turkey Wrap
fresh turkey, apple, mixed greens & honey mustard
Chicken Caesar Wrap
| i don't know |
In medicine, Hansen’s Disease is more commonly known by what name? | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC
Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)
ShareCompartir
Hansen's disease (also known as leprosy) is a long-lasting infection caused by bacteria.
The disease was once feared as a highly contagious and devastating disease. Now, however, the disease is very rare and easily treated. Early diagnosis and treatment usually prevent disability related to the disease.
| Leprosy |
Which athlete became ‘The world’s fastest man’ at the 2008 Beijing Olympics? | Leprosy
Leprosy
Important
It is possible that the main title of the report Leprosy is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report.
Synonyms
Tuberculoid Leprosy
General Discussion
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of humans caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. For many years, it was considered a mysterious disorder associated with some type of curse, and persons with the disease were isolated and ostracized. Today, there is effective treatment and the disease can be cured. There is no longer any justification for isolating persons with leprosy.
The disease can affect the skin , mucous membranes, and eyes and some of the nerves that are located outside the central nervous system (peripheral nerves). These are primarily the nerves of the hands, feet, and eyes , and some of the nerves in the skin. In severe, untreated cases, loss of sensation, muscle paralysis of hands and feet, disfigurement, and blindness may occur.
Leprosy has traditionally been classified into two major types, tuberculoid and lepromatous. Patients with tuberculoid leprosy have limited disease and relatively few bacteria in the skin and nerves, while lepromatous patients have widespread disease and large numbers of bacteria. Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a few flat or slightly raised skin lesions of various sizes that are typically pale or slightly red, dry, hairless, and numb to touch (anesthetic). Lepromatous leprosy is at the other end of the spectrum, with a much more generalized disease, diffuse involvement of the skin, thickening of many peripheral nerves, and at times involvement of other organs, such as eyes , nose, testicles, and bone. There are also intermediate subtypes between these two extremes that are commonly known as borderline leprosy. The intermediate subtypes are borderline tuberculoid, midborderline, and borderline lepromatous leprosy. Borderline leprosy and the subtypes are characterized by more extensive disease than polar tuberculoid, with more numerous skin lesions and more nerve involvement, but not as widespread disease as in lepromatous leprosy. Indeterminate leprosy refers to a very early form of leprosy that consists of a single skin lesion with slightly diminished sensation to touch. It will usually progress to one of the major types of leprosy.
In 1982, the World Health Organization proposed a simplified classification that has only two classifications, Paucibacillary (PB) and Multibacillary (MB), leprosy. This classification is now used worldwide for treatment purposes. The older and somewhat more complex classification is still used in some programs, especially for clinical research studies. The Paucibacillary classification encompasses indeterminate, tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid leprosy. The Multibacillary classification includes midborderline, borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy.
Resources
Internet: http://peripheralneuropathycenter.uchicago.edu/
For a Complete Report
This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). A copy of the complete report can be downloaded free from the NORD website for registered users. The complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational therapies (if available), and references from medical literature. For a full-text version of this topic, go to www.rarediseases.org and click on Rare Disease Database under "Rare Disease Information".
The information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. It is provided for informational purposes only. NORD recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians.
It is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. Please check the Synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and Disorder Subdivision(s) covered by this report
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
For additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the National Organization for Rare Disorders at P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968; phone (203) 744-0100; web site www.rarediseases.org or email [email protected]
Last Updated: 4/8/2009
| i don't know |
On which part of the body would a terai be worn? | No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. | Josh Mitteldorf
No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older.
Posted on
by Josh Mitteldorf
Friends often look at me quizzically when I tell them this. One says, “But I can feel myself wearing down.” And another: “Nothing works the way it used to. Isn’t that the definition of wearing out?” And again: “Do you mean it’s all in my head, it’s not really happening?” and then a moment later, “do you mean it doesn’t have to be this way?”
This last formulation is getting a little closer to what I mean.
Of course, loss of function with age is not just in your imagination, and it is very common (though not universal!) in the Animal Kingdom. But aging is not caused by wearing down. It is more accurately an orderly program of self-destruction, orchestrated by gene expression. Some aspects of aging appear as accumulated damage (e.g. cartilage worn away from joints, or build-up of cross-linked sugar-protein complexes), but on closer inspection even these are seen to be entirely avoidable consequences of the body shutting down its repair systems.
This column is devoted to the reasoning and the evidence that tells us aging cannot be, at root, a process of wear and accumulated damage. First, the theory: why there is no physical necessity for aging; second, a few examples of animals that age very slowly or not at all, and others that age super-fast; third, some familiar facts and a few unfamiliar facts about aging that tell us “wearing out” does not provide a helpful perspective.
1. The Physical Theory, and Why it Doesn’t Apply to Living Things
There is no physical necessity for aging.
Man’s earliest conception of aging was that the process was akin to physical wear and tear. Knives get dull – why shouldn’t our teeth? Wheels get rusty and squeak when they turn – isn’t that what happens to our joints? Water pipes fill with sediment over the years, just like our sclerotic arteries. It’s a theory with a great deal of intuitive appeal.
But the analogy between living body andmachine is flawed. Living things are fundamentally homeostatic. They can repair themselves. They build themselves from a single egg cell, and simple animals can rebuild when damaged. A car takes in energy in the form of gasoline and uses the energy to propel itself forward. An animal takes in energy in the form of food and uses it to perform all the feats of metabolism, locomotion, foraging, signal processing, and evasion of predators; and a small portion of that energy is devoted to the “capital budget”: breaking down and rebuilding damaged tissues; replicating cells; looking for copying errors in DNA and setting them right, detecting malformed protein molecules, breaking them down into constituent peptides for recycling into new molecules. This small part of the energy budget is all that is needed to keep the system in good repair indefinitely.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that entropy (disorder, degeneration, damage) must increase in any isolated physical system. But living systems are not isolated. Living things draw free energy* from their environment, use it internally, then dump waste entropy back into the environment.
This isn’t some lucky feature, tacked on to living bodies, rescuing them from an ironclad law of physics. The capacity for homeostasis is built into the form and function of living things. To a physicist, a living body is defined by its ability to create and maintain itself using ambient sources of free energy. The very function of the living machine is homeostasis (along with reproduction).
Q: Even though the body is able to repair itself, the repair can’t be perfect. Isn’t that the root cause of aging?
A: The repair doesn’t have to be perfect. The body built itself from seed, created a robust, young individual in the prime of life. But the body wasn’t perfect when it was young. Repair can be accomplished to that same standard. In fact, it’s always easier to repair a body than to build a new one from scratch.
Q: When a car gets old, it becomes more and more costly to repair. Eventually, the mechanic tells you that it’s going to cost you more to fix all the things wrong with your car than to buy a new one.
A: This is an artifact of mass production. A new engine is made on an Asian assembly line, with low labor costs and automated manufacture. Repair requires local, skilled labor, paid at a rate reflecting professional service. Cars are loss-leaders, artificially cheap; replacement parts are expensive when the manufacturer knows you’ve got no place else to go. Most important, an engine must be disassembled bolt-by-bolt to get at the worn piston rings deep inside, then meticulously rebuilt; but living tissues are repaird from the inside by efficient molecular machines.
Q: But think in terms of information. The DNA is like a book that needs to be copied over and over. If a single letter is mis-copied, and it evades the error-checking machinery, that represents lost information that can never be recovered. In the long run, the errors have to accumulate, and eventually they will degrade the cell’s ability to function.
A: This is true, and was the basis of a promising theory of aging in the 1960s. Experiments were done to test this theory, and it didn’t pan out. It turns out that DNA replication is designed to be accurate enough that the errors accumulating over one lifetime are not a significant problem. I wrote up this topic recently , as a new study was done based on 100-year-old twins, and found that only an insignificant handful of mutations over a long lifetime.
When stem cells divide to form new, differentiated cells, the old, original strand of DNA stays with the stem cell and the newly-copied strand goes consistently with the differentiated cell. It seems that Nature has been thinking about DNA copying errors, and has taken care of the problem.
So yes, some loss of information is inevitable over long enough times but no, this is not relevant to aging. Read more here.
Aging can’t be explained by inevitable accumulation of chemical damage, or DNA copying errors that accumulate, or physical wear and tear, or the accumulated toxic effects of reactive oxidative by-products of the energy metabolism (ROS). Actually, this much was understood already at end of the 19th Century, when August Weismann wrote a book attempting to explain aging from an evolutionary perspective.
2. Aging in nature: fast, slow, and backwards
Aging appears in nature in an amazing variety of forms. Some of these were abstracted as graphs in a paper I reviewed last month . In our anthropocentric view, we might imagine that all animals grow up, reproduce in the prime of life, then gradually lose fertility and strength, and suffer accelerating decline leading to death. This is the way it is for people, guppies, and sea birds.
But salmon and octopuses reproduce all in a burst and quickly die. The thing that kills the salmon is a burst of corticoid hormones that deranges the fish’s hormonal balance. What kills the octopus is that its mouth seals closed, and it can no longer eat.
Sharks and clams just keep growing larger and more fertile and stronger and less vulnerable to death as they get older. The oldest ones are rare and large, and it takes a great accident to kill them, because they are not about to die of old age.
Cicadas spend 17 years maturing underground, then come out, mate and die in a single day. The adult has no organs for eating or digesting food.
Some jellyfish and beetles have been observed to regress when starved. Their bodies shrink, then progress backward through previous stages of development until they are larvae once more. As larvae, they can exist in a kind of hybernation, and when food becomes available, they can grow again and start life over. In the lab, they have been manipulated to go through many cycles of getting older, getting younger, and on and on.
Rockfish are medium-sized, deep water dwellers. Though most rockfish live 10 to 20 years, occasionally one is caught that is over 200 years old, as determined by annual growth rings in an ear bone.
The fastest life cycles in nature (yeast cells) suffer aging and death in a matter of hours. The slowest (sequoia trees) aging processes unfold over thousands of years. If aging is an inevitable physical process, why would it occur a million times faster in some species than in others?
It would appear that aging is a common but optional part of the life plan.
3. Response to stress: Aging doesn’t act as we would expect
If you keep your car in the garage six days a week and drive only to church on Sundays, it will last a long time. Drive it like a hot rod and it will wear out a lot sooner. But our bodies last longer the harder we work them.
Exercise generates free radicals like crazy, but the body’s native anti-oxidant defenses overcompensate. Muscles suffer little tears, bones tiny fractures, and yet the body repairs these better than new, and the result is that we live longer if we exercise.
One of the three mainstream evolutionary theories (the “disposable soma”) holds that aging results from budgeting of energy. The body apportions its food energy for maximal fitness, not for maximal longevity, so more of it goes to survival and reproduction, less to repair and maintenance. This theory is utterly untenable in the face of caloric restiction experiments. Animals quite generally live longer ther less they are fed. If aging were enforced by the energy budget, a larger energy budget would cause us to live longer.
Finally: Some of the biochemistry of aging is understood now, and its basis looks like self-destruction, not like attrition.
Stem cells cease replicating when their telomeres become too short, all because the enzyme telomerase is withheld.
Inflammation, which protects the young body against invading microbes, is turned against healthy tissues in old age, damaging arterial walls in particular and triggering cancers everywhere.
Apoptosis is cell suicide, which works to protect us against diseased and dangerous cells in our youth, but as we get older we lose healthy, functional cells to apoptosis. This is the underlying cause of sarcopenia, and is related to the cause of Alzheimer’s disease.
The thymus is a tiny gland at the base of the throat, responsible for training white blood cells so that they are smart enough to attack invading pathogens and refrain from attacking the body’s own tissues. As we age, the thymus shrinks in size and loses its functionality, so the immune system makes errors Type I and Type II: It attacks the self, causing auto-immune diseases including arthritis, and it fails to attack invaders, making us increasingly vulnerable to infectious disease.
The bottom line
Since 1889, mainstream evolutionary science has rejected the idea that the body ages for the same reason that a tool or a machine wears out. In this case, evolutionary science has it just right.
———
* “ Free energy ” is a technical term in thermodynamics. It means that portion of total energy which is available for work. Ambient warmth is energy, to be sure, but not useful energy. “Free energy” has a well-defined quantitative meaning. Electric energy is 100% free energy. Energy in boiling water is about ¾ free energy and ¼ ambient warmth. Likewise, chemical energy is partially free energy and partially warmth.
Total energy cannot be created or destroyed, but free energy becomes degraded into warmth as it is used. Both living things and non-living machines take in high-grade forms of free energy, use some of that for their various functions, and discard the same total amount of energy as low-grade chemical energy and warmth.
| Head |
Disney’s Magic Kingdom, near Orlando, Florida, opened in which year? | No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. | Josh Mitteldorf
No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older.
Posted on
by Josh Mitteldorf
Friends often look at me quizzically when I tell them this. One says, “But I can feel myself wearing down.” And another: “Nothing works the way it used to. Isn’t that the definition of wearing out?” And again: “Do you mean it’s all in my head, it’s not really happening?” and then a moment later, “do you mean it doesn’t have to be this way?”
This last formulation is getting a little closer to what I mean.
Of course, loss of function with age is not just in your imagination, and it is very common (though not universal!) in the Animal Kingdom. But aging is not caused by wearing down. It is more accurately an orderly program of self-destruction, orchestrated by gene expression. Some aspects of aging appear as accumulated damage (e.g. cartilage worn away from joints, or build-up of cross-linked sugar-protein complexes), but on closer inspection even these are seen to be entirely avoidable consequences of the body shutting down its repair systems.
This column is devoted to the reasoning and the evidence that tells us aging cannot be, at root, a process of wear and accumulated damage. First, the theory: why there is no physical necessity for aging; second, a few examples of animals that age very slowly or not at all, and others that age super-fast; third, some familiar facts and a few unfamiliar facts about aging that tell us “wearing out” does not provide a helpful perspective.
1. The Physical Theory, and Why it Doesn’t Apply to Living Things
There is no physical necessity for aging.
Man’s earliest conception of aging was that the process was akin to physical wear and tear. Knives get dull – why shouldn’t our teeth? Wheels get rusty and squeak when they turn – isn’t that what happens to our joints? Water pipes fill with sediment over the years, just like our sclerotic arteries. It’s a theory with a great deal of intuitive appeal.
But the analogy between living body andmachine is flawed. Living things are fundamentally homeostatic. They can repair themselves. They build themselves from a single egg cell, and simple animals can rebuild when damaged. A car takes in energy in the form of gasoline and uses the energy to propel itself forward. An animal takes in energy in the form of food and uses it to perform all the feats of metabolism, locomotion, foraging, signal processing, and evasion of predators; and a small portion of that energy is devoted to the “capital budget”: breaking down and rebuilding damaged tissues; replicating cells; looking for copying errors in DNA and setting them right, detecting malformed protein molecules, breaking them down into constituent peptides for recycling into new molecules. This small part of the energy budget is all that is needed to keep the system in good repair indefinitely.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that entropy (disorder, degeneration, damage) must increase in any isolated physical system. But living systems are not isolated. Living things draw free energy* from their environment, use it internally, then dump waste entropy back into the environment.
This isn’t some lucky feature, tacked on to living bodies, rescuing them from an ironclad law of physics. The capacity for homeostasis is built into the form and function of living things. To a physicist, a living body is defined by its ability to create and maintain itself using ambient sources of free energy. The very function of the living machine is homeostasis (along with reproduction).
Q: Even though the body is able to repair itself, the repair can’t be perfect. Isn’t that the root cause of aging?
A: The repair doesn’t have to be perfect. The body built itself from seed, created a robust, young individual in the prime of life. But the body wasn’t perfect when it was young. Repair can be accomplished to that same standard. In fact, it’s always easier to repair a body than to build a new one from scratch.
Q: When a car gets old, it becomes more and more costly to repair. Eventually, the mechanic tells you that it’s going to cost you more to fix all the things wrong with your car than to buy a new one.
A: This is an artifact of mass production. A new engine is made on an Asian assembly line, with low labor costs and automated manufacture. Repair requires local, skilled labor, paid at a rate reflecting professional service. Cars are loss-leaders, artificially cheap; replacement parts are expensive when the manufacturer knows you’ve got no place else to go. Most important, an engine must be disassembled bolt-by-bolt to get at the worn piston rings deep inside, then meticulously rebuilt; but living tissues are repaird from the inside by efficient molecular machines.
Q: But think in terms of information. The DNA is like a book that needs to be copied over and over. If a single letter is mis-copied, and it evades the error-checking machinery, that represents lost information that can never be recovered. In the long run, the errors have to accumulate, and eventually they will degrade the cell’s ability to function.
A: This is true, and was the basis of a promising theory of aging in the 1960s. Experiments were done to test this theory, and it didn’t pan out. It turns out that DNA replication is designed to be accurate enough that the errors accumulating over one lifetime are not a significant problem. I wrote up this topic recently , as a new study was done based on 100-year-old twins, and found that only an insignificant handful of mutations over a long lifetime.
When stem cells divide to form new, differentiated cells, the old, original strand of DNA stays with the stem cell and the newly-copied strand goes consistently with the differentiated cell. It seems that Nature has been thinking about DNA copying errors, and has taken care of the problem.
So yes, some loss of information is inevitable over long enough times but no, this is not relevant to aging. Read more here.
Aging can’t be explained by inevitable accumulation of chemical damage, or DNA copying errors that accumulate, or physical wear and tear, or the accumulated toxic effects of reactive oxidative by-products of the energy metabolism (ROS). Actually, this much was understood already at end of the 19th Century, when August Weismann wrote a book attempting to explain aging from an evolutionary perspective.
2. Aging in nature: fast, slow, and backwards
Aging appears in nature in an amazing variety of forms. Some of these were abstracted as graphs in a paper I reviewed last month . In our anthropocentric view, we might imagine that all animals grow up, reproduce in the prime of life, then gradually lose fertility and strength, and suffer accelerating decline leading to death. This is the way it is for people, guppies, and sea birds.
But salmon and octopuses reproduce all in a burst and quickly die. The thing that kills the salmon is a burst of corticoid hormones that deranges the fish’s hormonal balance. What kills the octopus is that its mouth seals closed, and it can no longer eat.
Sharks and clams just keep growing larger and more fertile and stronger and less vulnerable to death as they get older. The oldest ones are rare and large, and it takes a great accident to kill them, because they are not about to die of old age.
Cicadas spend 17 years maturing underground, then come out, mate and die in a single day. The adult has no organs for eating or digesting food.
Some jellyfish and beetles have been observed to regress when starved. Their bodies shrink, then progress backward through previous stages of development until they are larvae once more. As larvae, they can exist in a kind of hybernation, and when food becomes available, they can grow again and start life over. In the lab, they have been manipulated to go through many cycles of getting older, getting younger, and on and on.
Rockfish are medium-sized, deep water dwellers. Though most rockfish live 10 to 20 years, occasionally one is caught that is over 200 years old, as determined by annual growth rings in an ear bone.
The fastest life cycles in nature (yeast cells) suffer aging and death in a matter of hours. The slowest (sequoia trees) aging processes unfold over thousands of years. If aging is an inevitable physical process, why would it occur a million times faster in some species than in others?
It would appear that aging is a common but optional part of the life plan.
3. Response to stress: Aging doesn’t act as we would expect
If you keep your car in the garage six days a week and drive only to church on Sundays, it will last a long time. Drive it like a hot rod and it will wear out a lot sooner. But our bodies last longer the harder we work them.
Exercise generates free radicals like crazy, but the body’s native anti-oxidant defenses overcompensate. Muscles suffer little tears, bones tiny fractures, and yet the body repairs these better than new, and the result is that we live longer if we exercise.
One of the three mainstream evolutionary theories (the “disposable soma”) holds that aging results from budgeting of energy. The body apportions its food energy for maximal fitness, not for maximal longevity, so more of it goes to survival and reproduction, less to repair and maintenance. This theory is utterly untenable in the face of caloric restiction experiments. Animals quite generally live longer ther less they are fed. If aging were enforced by the energy budget, a larger energy budget would cause us to live longer.
Finally: Some of the biochemistry of aging is understood now, and its basis looks like self-destruction, not like attrition.
Stem cells cease replicating when their telomeres become too short, all because the enzyme telomerase is withheld.
Inflammation, which protects the young body against invading microbes, is turned against healthy tissues in old age, damaging arterial walls in particular and triggering cancers everywhere.
Apoptosis is cell suicide, which works to protect us against diseased and dangerous cells in our youth, but as we get older we lose healthy, functional cells to apoptosis. This is the underlying cause of sarcopenia, and is related to the cause of Alzheimer’s disease.
The thymus is a tiny gland at the base of the throat, responsible for training white blood cells so that they are smart enough to attack invading pathogens and refrain from attacking the body’s own tissues. As we age, the thymus shrinks in size and loses its functionality, so the immune system makes errors Type I and Type II: It attacks the self, causing auto-immune diseases including arthritis, and it fails to attack invaders, making us increasingly vulnerable to infectious disease.
The bottom line
Since 1889, mainstream evolutionary science has rejected the idea that the body ages for the same reason that a tool or a machine wears out. In this case, evolutionary science has it just right.
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* “ Free energy ” is a technical term in thermodynamics. It means that portion of total energy which is available for work. Ambient warmth is energy, to be sure, but not useful energy. “Free energy” has a well-defined quantitative meaning. Electric energy is 100% free energy. Energy in boiling water is about ¾ free energy and ¼ ambient warmth. Likewise, chemical energy is partially free energy and partially warmth.
Total energy cannot be created or destroyed, but free energy becomes degraded into warmth as it is used. Both living things and non-living machines take in high-grade forms of free energy, use some of that for their various functions, and discard the same total amount of energy as low-grade chemical energy and warmth.
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Beamer, Flipper and Rabbit are terms used in which sport? | A glossary of cricket terms | Cricket | ESPN Cricinfo
A glossary of cricket terms
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Cricket, more than most sports, is full of expressions and terms designed to bewilder the newcomer (and often even the more seasoned follower). In an attempt to unravel some of the stranger terminology, we have put together a cricket glossary. If we are missing anything - and cricket commentators have an annoying habit of inventing new words and phrases - please email us and we will see if we can help.
Arm Ball A ball bowled by a slow bowler which has no spin on it and so does not turn as expected but which stays on a straight line ("goes on with the arm")
The Ashes Series between England and Australia are played for The Ashes (click here for more information)
Asking rate - The runs required per over for a team to win - mostly relevant in a one-dayer
Ball Red for first-class and most club cricket, white for one-day matches (and, experimentally, women once used blue balls and men orange ones). It weighs 5.5 ounces ( 5 ounces for women's cricket and 4.75 ounces for junior cricket)
Ball Tampering The illegal action of changing the condition of the ball by artificial means, usually scuffing the surface, picking or lifting the seam of the ball, or applying substances other than sweat or saliva
Bat-Pad A fielding position close to the batsman designed to catch balls which pop up off the bat, often via the batsman's pads
Batter Another word for batsman, first used as long ago as 1773. Also something you fry fish in
Beamer A ball that does not bounce (usually accidently) and passes the batsman at or about head height. If aimed straight at the batsman by a fast bowler, this is a very dangerous delivery (and generally frowned on)
Bend your back - The term used to signify the extra effort put in by a fast bowler to obtain some assistance from a flat pitch
Belter A pitch which offers little help to bowlers and so heavily favours batsmen
Blob A score of 0 (see duck )
Bodyline (also known as leg theory ) A tactic most infamously used by England in 1932-33, although one which had been around for some time before that, in which the bowler aimed at the batsman rather than the wicket with the aim of making him give a catch while attempting to defend himself. The fielding side were packed on the leg side to take catches which resulted. This is now illegal. Click here for more .
Bosie An Australian term for a googly , now rarely used. Originated from the inventor of the delivery, BJT Bosanquet
Bouncer A short-pitched ball which passes the batsman at chest or head height
Boundary The perimeter of a cricket field, or the act of the batsman scoring a four or a six (eg "Tendulkar hammered three boundaries")
Box An abdominal protector worn by batsmen and wicketkeepers. It is also an old term for a fielder in the gully region.
Bump Ball A ball which is played off the bat almost instantly into the ground and is caught by a fielder. Often this has the appearance of being a clean catch
Bumper See Bouncer .
Bunny Also known as Rabbit . A member of the side who cannot bat and is selected as a specialist bowler or wicketkeeper, and who almost always bats at No. 11. It can also be used to describe a player who often gets out to one bowler - "Atherton was McGrath's bunny"
Bunsen A term used by commentators to describe a pitch heavily favouring slow bowlers. From Cockney rhyming slang (Bunsen Burner = turner).
Bye A run scored when the batsman does not touch the ball with either his bat or body. First recorded in the 1770s.
Carry your bat an opening batsman who remains not out at the end of a completed innings (ie when all his team-mates are out)
Charge, giving the When a batsman leaves his crease to attack the ball, usually against a slow bowler. By doing this he can convert a good-length ball into a half-volley
Chest-on Used to describe a bowler who delivers the ball with his chest facing the batsman, as opposed to being side on
Chinaman A ball bowled by a left-arm slow bowler that turns into the right-hand batsman, in effect a left-arm legspinner. Named after Puss Achong
Chin music Fast bowlers aiming the ball at the batsman's head. The term originated in the Caribbean
Chucker Another term for a bowler who throws the ball
Closing the face Turning the face of the bat inwards and, in doing so, hitting the ball to the leg side
Corridor of uncertainty A term beloved by commentators which describes an area just outside the batsman's off stump where he is unsure whether he has to leave or play the ball
Cow corner An unconventional fielding position, more commonly found in the lower reaches of the game, on the midwicket/long-on boundary. The term is thought to have originated at Dulwich College where there was the corner of a field containing livestock on that edge of the playing area. Fielders were dispatched to the "cow corner"
Cricket Max A shortened version of the game with unconventional scoring systems pioneered by Martin Crowe in New Zealand in the late 1990s.
Cross bat A cross-batted shot is where the batsman holds his bat horizontally when striking the ball. Examples of cross-batted shots include hooks, pulls and cuts
Dead ball A ball from which no runs can be scored or wickets taken. First referred to in 1798
Declaration When the batting side ends their innings before all of their players are out
Dibbly-dobbly bowlers - Bowlers who are of medium pace, and are effective in the one-day scenario in choking the runs. New Zealand had a famous quartet - Rod Latham, Gavin Larsen, Chris Harris and Nathan Astle - during the 1992 World Cup
Dolly An easy catch
Doosra A Hindi/Urdu word which means "second" or "other", the doosra is the offspinner's version of the googly , delivered out of the back of the hand and turning away from the right-hand batsman
Drifter/ Floater - A delivery bowled by an offspinner which curves away from a right-hander, and then carries straight on instead of turning
Duck A score of 0 (also known as Blob )
Duckworth Lewis Named after Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis, two mathematicians who devised a system to help decide one-day cricket matches when rain interrupts play. Click here for more information.
Economy rate The average number of runs a bowler concedes per over
Extras Runs not scored by batsmen. There are four common extras - byes, leg byes, wides and no-balls. In Australia these are known as sundries
Featherbed A batsmen-friendly pitch with little life for the bowlers. Often found in Antigua
Flipper A variation for the legspinner that appears to be pitching short but the ball skids on quickly and often results in bowled or lbw. It is a delivery that is used sparingly
Full toss A ball that reaches the batsmen without bouncing. Above waist height it becomes a beamer
Gardening - The act of the batsman repairing indentations in the pitch, made by the ball or studs, with his bat. More likely to happen when a ball has just whistled past his nose or scooted by his ankle
Good length - The ideal length that the bowler aims for, getting the batsman in two minds as whether to play forwards or back
Googly - The legspinner's variation that turns into the right-hander and away from the left-hander
Grubber - A ball that hardly bounces - see also shooter
Half volley - A ball that is the perfect length for driving, fuller than a good length but not a full-toss
Handled the ball - If the batsmen deliberately touches the ball with his hands he can be given out. Michael Vaughan fell victim to this in India on 2002-03 tour in Bangalore
Hawk-Eye - A tracking technology which helps to explain the intricacies of the sport, Hawk-Eye can be helpful in judging LBWs. At the moment it is used mainly for arm-chair umpiring, although one day it may be used in an official capacity
Heavy ball - When a delivery is quicker than it looks and hits the bat harder or higher than is expected
Hit the ball twice - If a batsmen deliberately strikes the ball twice to gain runs he can be given out. However, the batsman can knock the ball away from his stumps with the bat
Hit the deck - The bowler's ability to deliver the ball from height and extract extra bounce from the pitch
Hoick - Same as slog , but most used for on-side shots
In-ducker - An inswinging delivery that moves into the batsman very late. Wasim Akram produced deadly versions with the older ball
Inside out, turning the batsman - A batsman aims to leg but the ball goes past the off and he is forced to play the ball open-chested
Inside-out shot - A stroke where the batsman moves towards the leg side and hits a ball around leg stump into the off side
Jaffa - A delivery that is too good for the batsman, and leaves him groping hopelessly at thin air or (as the bowler will hope) dismisses him
King pair - Hardly worth turning up if you get one of these ... out first ball for zero in both innings
Kolpak An EU ruling which has led to English county cricket being flooded with players ineligible for England but not classified as overseas players. Click here for a more detailed explanation .
Leading edge - When the batsman mis-hits the ball and edges it forward in the opposite direction to which he was attempting to play
Leg-Before Wicket (LBW) - One of the game's more complex rules, but at its simplest ... you cannot be out if the ball pitched outside the line of leg stump; you cannot be out if the ball hits you outside the line of off stump unless you are offering no stroke. Aside from that, if it hits you in line, the only decision the umpire has to make is whether the ball is going on to hit the stumps.
Leg-bye - When the ball deflects off the pad and the batsmen run. A shot must be offered to the ball. Leg-byes do not count against the bowler
Leg-break/spin - When the ball pitches and turns from leg to off for a right-hander
Leg-cutter - A ball which cuts and moves away from the batsman towards the offside (if he is a righthander)
Leg-side - The area of the pitch behind the batsman's legs
Length Where the ball pitches down the wicket. Lengths can be generally short, full or good
Lifter - A ball that rises unexpectedly
Line - The line of attack the bowler employs when he is bowling
Lollipop - A really easy ball to hit - a 'gift'
Long hop - a ball which pitches short, sits up and 'begs' to be hit
Loop - The flight of the ball
Maiden - An over where no runs that are attributable to the bowler are scored (byes or leg-byes may be scored in this over, though, as these don't count against the bowler)
Manhattan A bar graph of runs scored per over which resembles the Manhattan skyscrapers skyline
Mankad - A term popular mainly in indoor cricket - but also fairly popular in Australia for outdoor cricket. Mankad is when the bowler brings his arm round and, instead of releasing the ball, runs out the non-striker by whipping off the bails. This type of dismissal is rare - and usually a warning is given to the batsman beforehand. Named after Vinoo Mankad, who twice dismissed the Australian Bill Brown this way
MCC - The Marylebone Cricket Club, the spiritual home of cricket at Lord's in St Johns Wood in London. For the greater period of cricket's formal history, the MCC which was founded in 1787, was the autocratic arbiter in cricket matters. No law could be changed without its approval. And while the administration of the game world-wide has moved to the International Cricket Council, and to the England and Wales Cricket Board in Britain, the MCC is still regarded as the ultimate defender of the laws of the game, a type of Privy Council of cricket. For many years, English touring teams were known officially as the MCC but as the 'great' has ebbed away from Britain and its colonies, so the influence of the MCC has diminished. Also the initials of the Melbourne Cricket Club in Victoria.
Middle - To hit the ball from the meat of the bat, "to middle it" is to connect really well. Middle is also the centre of the field, where the bulk of the action takes place
Military Medium - A slightly derogative term for a bowler who has no real pace
Minefield - A difficult batting track. The pitch is in such a state of disrepair that it is almost impossible to play "proper" shots as the ball is popping up everywhere
Nelson - The English superstition that 111 and its multiples are unlucky. The sticks resemble 111, and is loosely connected with Lord Nelson's physical attributes. Double Nelson is 222
Nervous nineties - The psychological pressure on the batsman knowing he is approaching a century
Net Run Rate - A system for separating sides who finish on level points in multi-team tournaments. Click here for more details .
New ball - Can usually be taken every 80 overs. The advantage is to quick bowlers who have a shiny and bouncy ball, but conversely it can result in an increase in scoring rate as the ball comes off the bat faster
Nick - A faint edge off the bat
Nightwatchman A non-batsman promoted up the order towards the end of a day's play with the idea of shielding a recognised batsman in the final overs
No-ball - An illegitimate delivery, usually when the bowler has overstepped on the front crease
Nurdle - The batsman nudging the ball around and into gaps
Obstruction - When the batsman wilfully blocks or distracts a fielder to prevent a catch being made or a run-out being effected
Occupy the crease - When a batsman stays at the wicket but scores slowly, often with the intention of playing out for a draw
Off-break/spin - A ball turning into the right hander- from off to leg (from left to right)
Off-cutter - An offbreak delivered at speed
Off the mark When the batsman scores his first run
Off-side The side of the pitch which is to batsman's right (if right-handed), or left (if left-handed)
On-side The same as the leg-side.
On the up - Making contact with the ball before it reaches the top of the bounce - hitting it on the rise. Viv Richards was a prominent exponent.
Out - There are ten possible ways of being out: bowled, caught, hit wicket, lbw, stumped, timed out, handled the ball , obstruction , hit the ball twice , and run out. To be out "retired out" is gaining in currency and popularity and counts as a dismissal, unlike "retired hurt"
Outside edge - When the ball hits the edge of the bat which is furthest away from his body.
Outswing - When the ball swings away from the batsman and towards the slips.
Paddle - A sweep shot.
Pair - When a batsman gets a duck in both innings.
Pinch-hitters - Lower-order batsmen promoted in the line-up to try and hit up a few quick runs. Used mostly when a team is chasing a huge total in a one-dayer - the thinking being that a few quick runs will reduce the asking rate; and if the pinch-hitter gets out, the specialist batsmen are still around
Pitch - The bounce of the ball - "it pitches on a good length". Also, the cut strip in the centre of the field of play.
Play on - When a batsman hits the ball but it goes on to hit the stumps and he is bowled.
Plumb - When the batsman is clearly LBW, even at full speed, he is said to be plumb in front.
Powerplay This was introduced by the ICC in 2005 to try to spruce up the middle overs of one-day internationals by enforcing the bowling side to take three blocks of overs in which they have to have extra fielders within the 30-yard circle. The first Powerplay is mandatory through the first ten overs of the innings, the second and third ones, of five overs each, can be taken at any other time. In rain-reduced matches the duration of the second and third Powerplays is reduced in proportion to the overall reduction.
Pudding - A slow, stodgy pitch which will be difficult to score quickly on.
Pull - a back-foot leg-side shot, distinct from the hook because the pull is played to a ball that hasn't risen as high.
Rabbit See Bunny
Return Crease Parallel white lines pointing down the pitch, either side of the stumps. A bowler's back foot must land inside this area or else a no-ball will be called.
Retire To postpone or end one's innings, either voluntarily through boredom when you're simply too good for the opposition, or involuntarily and in agony, when a nasty fast bowler has taken his pound of flesh
Reverse Sweep The epitome of the type of shot you will not find in the MCC coaching manual. This stroke is played by dropping to one knee and reversing one's hands, so that you can swing the ball from leg to off, rather than the more natural off to leg. It is a handy stroke for beating conventional fields in a one-day game, but it has its drawbacks as well - just ask Mike Gatting
Reverse Swing When the ball is 50 overs old and the pitch is as flat as a pancake, this phenomenon is often a bowling side's saving grace. First mastered by the Pakistani quicks of the 1980s and 1990s, it involves sideways movement of the ball through the air that is contrary to your average everyday laws of physics. If it sounds like rocket science, that is because it is
Rip Big turn for a spin bowler, especially a legspinner, who can use the whole action of the wrist to impart maximum revolutions on the ball. Shane Warne, consequently, bowls a lot of "rippers"
Ring Field A standard fielding arrangement, with men positioned in a circle all around the bat saving the single
Rock Colloquial term for cricket ball
Roll To flatten the playing surface with a heavy rolling device. At the end of an innings, the side about to start their innings will be offered the choice of a heavy or light roller
Roller A heavy rolling device designed to flatten the surface of the pitch
Rope Used to mark the perimeter of the field. If the ball crosses or hits the rope, a boundary will be signalled
Rough The area of a pitch that is scuffed up and loosened by the action of a bowler running through in his follow-through. Usually, this will be situated a foot or so outside leg stump, and consequently it becomes a tasty target for spin bowlers, who can exploit the extra turn to make life a misery for the batsmen
Run-chase Generally the fourth innings of a first-class or Test match, and the latter stages of a one-day game, when the match situation has been reduced to a set figure for victory, in a set time or maximum number of overs
Run-rate Of particular importance in a one-day game, this is the average number of runs scored per over, and is used as a guide to a team's progress (see Duckworth Lewis )
Run-up The preparatory strides taken by a bowler as they steady themselves for delivery. Also the area in which they perform said action
Runner A player who is called upon by a batsman who might otherwise need to retire hurt . He is required to wear the same padding and stands at square leg or the non-striker's end to perform the duty of running between the wickets. Often the cause of endless confusion and inevitable run-outs
Sandshoe crusher Colloquial term for Yorker , a full-pitched delivery that is aimed at the batsman's toes and usually hits them aswell
Seam The ridge of stitching that holds the two halves of a ball together, and causes deviation off the pitch when the ball lands. Seam bowlers, as opposed to swing bowlers, rely on movement off the pitch, rather than through the air
Shoulder arms The description of when a batsman decides that rather than risk being dismissed from a ball he lifts the bat high above his shoulder to attempt to keep his bat and hands out of harm's way.
Shirtfront A flat, lifeless, soul-destroying wicket that is beloved of batsmen the world over, and loathed by bowlers of all varieties. For a prime example, see the Antigua Recreation Ground
Side on
Sitter The easiest, most innocuous and undroppable catch that a fielder can ever receive. To drop one of these is to invite a whole world of pain from the crowd and constant embarrassment from the giant replay screen (see dolly ).
Sledging Not the act of travelling downhill at speed on a toboggan, but the act of verbally abusing or unsettling a batsman, in an attempt to make him lose concentration and give his wicket away. Often offensive, occasionally amusing, always a topic of conversation
Slog - Used to describe a shot which is not in the coaching book
Slogger - Exponent of the slog
Slog-sweep - A heave to the leg side, played like the sweep, but a lofted shot
Slower ball Like naff plastic wristbands, these are the must-have accessory of the modern international bowler. The idea is to deliver a pace of significantly reduced pace, while at the same time turning your arm over at the same speed so as to deceive the batsman. This change of pace can be achieved by a change of grip, or a late tweak of the wrist. The best exponents - Courtney Walsh, Chris Cairns - are lethal. The worst - no names mentioned - tend to be smacked clean over cow corner for six
Standing back/standing up Where a wicketkeeper positions himself for a particular bowler. He stands back for fast bowlers, and stands up for spinners
Stock ball A bowler's regular delivery, minimum risk, little chance of runs or wickets. To get away with a slower ball , they need a stock ball to lull the batsman into a false sense of security
Stonewall To protect one's wicket at all costs, putting defence above all other virtues. See Jacques Kallis . Also a gay pride organisation
Strike rate The number of runs a batsman scores per 100 balls; the number of deliveries a bowler needs to take his wickets
Sundries Australian word for extras
Supersub A short-lived experminent in 2005 by the ICC to try to spruce up one-day internationals. It allowed teams to replace on player during a game, but the reality was it heavily favoured the side batting first and was quickly dropped.
Swing A ball that curves through the air, as opposed to off the seam . See also, reverse swing
Tailender Players who come in towards the end of an innings, generally Nos. 8, 9, 10 and 11, who are not noted for their batting prowess (although ideally they can bowl a bit by way of compensation)
Teapot (or double-teapot) A gesticulation beloved of fast bowlers, particularly the grumpier sort, such as Glenn McGrath and Angus Fraser. Involves having both hands on hips at the same time, usually in reaction to a dropped catch, edged boundary or general misfield
Throwing To deliver the ball with a arm that flexes at the elbow at point of delivery, thereby enabling extra spin to be imparted for a slow bowler, or extra pace for a quick bowler. A topic of endless debate
Ton A century (100 runs by a single batsman in one innings)
Tonk To give the ball a good wallop, onomatopoeically named after the sound a good hit makes. See also twat, biff, thwack, belt, spank and leather
Track The pitch
Trundler Slow, laborious type of bowler who thinks he's quick, once was quick, or is simply old, fat and unfit and needs to be put out to pasture. See military medium
Twelfth man A substitute fielder (and drinks waiter) for the chosen eleven. If called upon to play, he is permitted to field wherever he is needed, but can neither bat nor bowl
Two-paced A wicket that is beginning to break up, usually after three or four days of a Test match, and so produces some deliveries that leap off a length, and others that sneak through at shin-height
Uncovered pitches Pitches that were left open to the elements for the duration of a match, and so developed a variety of characteristics. The failings of a generation of English batsmen were attributed to the decision, in the 1970s, to bring on the covers at the slightest hint of rain
V - in the The arc between mid-off and mid-on in which batsmen who play straight (in accordance with the MCC Coaching Manual) tend to score the majority of their runs. Modern aggressive players, such as Virender Sehwag, tend to prefer the V between point and third man
Wagon-wheel A circular graph or line-drawing depicting the region in which a batsman has scored his runs
Walk (To) The improbable act of a batsman giving himself out, without waiting for an umpire's decision. Adam Gilchrist, famously, did this against Sri Lanka in the semi-final of the 2003 World Cup. Mike Atherton, equally famously, did not at Trent Bridge in 1998, en route to a matchwinning 98 not out against South Africa
Wicket One of those ubiquitous words that is central to the game of cricket. The word can be used to describe the 22 yards between the stumps, the stumps collectively (bails included), the act of hitting these stumps and so dismissing the batsman, and perversely, the act of not being out (Gayle and Sarwan added 257 for the second wicket). Plus any other use you care to think of
Wide A delivery that pitches too far away from the batsman and so proves impossible to score off. The umpire will single this by stretching his arms out horizontally, an extra will be added to the total and the ball will be bowled again
Wrist spin The version of spin bowling in which the revolutions on the ball are imparted via a flick of the wrist, rather than a tweak of the fingers. As a general rule, a right-arm wristspinner's action turns the ball from leg to off (legspin) while a left-armer turns it from off to leg (see chinaman )
Wrong 'un Australian term for a googly - a legspinner's delivery that turns in the opposite direction, ie from off to leg
Yips A mental affliction that affects many sportsmen, particularly golfers and spin bowlers. It is a mindblock that can cause a player to forget the basics of his game, and in the most serious cases can force that player into early retirement
Yorker A full-pitched delivery that is aimed at the batsman's toes and/or the base of the stumps. If the ball is swinging, these can be the most lethal delivery in the game, as perfected by Waqar Younis in his pomp
Zooter A spin bowling variation, first devised by Shane Warne . This is a delivery that snakes out of the hand with little or no spin imparted, and so deceives through its very ordinariness. Some question whether the delivery has ever existed, for it could be another of Warne's mindgames to keep his opponents on their toes
Martin Williamson is executive editor of Cricinfo
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In May 1938, which South American country withdrew from the League of Nations? | Cricket Slang Glossary
Cricket Slang Glossary
Cricket Slang Glossary
18 May 2015
The youngsters are always creating new terms but some slang never dies, so take a look at our list and polish up on your cricket lingo so you're never left dumbfounded at the nets again.
Axe - another name for a bat, also known as a Stick or Willow. The oldest surviving bats may date back to 1729 but these names are certainly timeless. No matter what you call it, an aluminium bat is no Willow. Someone should have told that to Dennis Lillee back in 1979.
Watch as he tries to slightly bend those rules here .
Badged - when a player is hit in the helmet by a Bouncer, usually on or close to the helmet badge, hence the name. Brett Lee was notorious for 'Badging' batsmen and West Indian Devon Smith was unlucky enough to feel the full wrath of one of Lee's infamous Bumpers
Watch Binger's Badging here .
Beamer - a full toss that reaches the batsman at head height - often referred to as a Headhunter. Although typically an accident, it can be used to either scare or hurt the batsman. Check out Waqar Younis' use of the beamer against Andrew Symonds here , before watching Brett Lee do some damage to former teammate Shane Warne here .
Blockhole - the area between where the batsman takes guard and his or her toes. This is the target area for a Yorker.
Check out Lasith 'Slinga' Malinga at his Blockhole best here .
Bodyline - a tactic involving bowling directly at the batsman's body with a heavy contingent of leg-side fielders in place in an attempt to force the batsman into being caught or hurt. Bodyline tactics marred the 1932-33 Ashes Tour in Australia.
Watch the ABC's documentary 'Bodyline' here .
Bouncer or Bumper - a short-pitched ball delivered generally at pace aimed at reaching the batsman anywhere from above chest to over head height. The 'slow bouncer' is beginning to cement its place into T20 cricket but it's still no match for the venom of a 1970s-80s Windies bumper, for which Michael Holding was a master.
Watch as 'Whispering Death' dishes up some brutal Babylon heat to Brian Close here .
Bunny - a batsman is frequently dismissed by the same bowler, therefore becoming that player's bunny or rabbit. Glenn McGrath dismissed Michael Atherton a record 19 times. Hence why Atherton was and will always be McGrath's bunny.
Click here for the complete list of the top Test bowlers and their bunnies.
Carry the bat - to carry your bat is to open and bat through the entire innings without being dismissed, after your entire team has been bowled out or retired hurt. This is a rare feat more common to first-class cricket rather than Tests.
Click here for a list of those Test batsmen to survive an entire innings after opening.
Cherry - the red marks left on a bat from a red cricket ball. The riper the cherries on your bat, the more respect you'll receive in the pavilion... apparently. This term in no way related to Warrant's hair metal classic 'Cherry Pie', but here it is anyway.
Chin Music - a series of bouncers (bumpers) bowled in an attempt to intimidate the batsman/batsmen. Mitchell Johnson wreaked havoc on the English in the latest Ashes series with his use of this tactic.
Watch Mitch deliver some very sweet Chin Music to the poms here .
Cow Corner - a section of the fields between deep mid-wicket and wide long-on where fielders are rarely placed due to a lack of shots being played there - leading to the concept that cows could happily graze in that area without disturbance. The phrase is rumoured to have been coined on the fields of Dulwich College where there was the corner of a field containing livestock.
Daisy Cutter - when a ball rolls along the pitch or bounces more than 2 times, sometimes known as a Grubber.
Watch two of our favourite Daisy Cutters, including a former Australian Prime Minister, here .
Diamond Duck - when a batsman is dismissed (most likely run out) without facing a ball. It would have to be one of the most humiliating forms of dismissal, with the blame usually shifting to your reckless mate down the other end after he or she decided on that stupid single.
Watch Shahid Afridi receive that coveted, rare honour here .
Dolly or Sitter - the most simple of catches. Mike Gatting dropped one of these against India back during the 1993-93 season.
Watch Gatting's humiliating dropped Dolly here .
Doosra - invented by Saqlain Mushtaq, coined by Moin Khan, a finger spinner's answer to the googly.
Watch as Mushtaq bamboozles Damien Martyn with his signature ball here .
Downtown - taking a bowler Downtown is the smash his delivery straight back over his head for a six.
Watch Aaron Finch go Downtown here .
Flipper - a delivery developed by Clarrie Grimmett but mastered by Shane Warne, the Flipper is a leg spin delivery with under-spin, causing the ball to bounce lower than expected. The aim is to tempt the batsman into a cut or pull shot so the low trajectory can either find the stumps or a pad for an LBW.
Here 's the 'King of Spin' dismissing Alec Stewart with the Flipper back in 1994.
Gun - a highly competent batsman, the complete opposite to a Hack.
Let's bask in the glory of Sir Viv Richards here .
Hack - a poorly skilled, cross-batting batsman who may rely on a bit of luck to put runs on the board. We're not going to single anyone out here because we're pretty confident you already knows who these guys are.
Heavy Ball - is when a delivery is quicker than it looks and hits the bat harder or higher than is expected.
Jack - a number 11 batsman. It's rare that these guys ever make a real impact but every once in a while they'll pull a Rabbit out of the hat and exchange it for a Gun. Who can forget Glenn McGrath's 61 against New Zealand?
Watch as he reaches his one and only Test 50 here .
Jaffer - commonly known as a Beauty or a Peach in Australia, the Jaffer is simply one of those balls that even the batsman is in awe of. There's a fair share of Jaffers dished-up in world cricket, but here's one that caught our eye .
Maximum - a term resulting by the 'creativity' of the IPL commentary team. We hope this one doesn't make it to our shores because it isn't too popular here at ACA HQ. We'd also like to note that a Six isn't the maximum amount of runs you can score off a ball, so in turn this term becomes redundant. Next!
Nick - also referred to as an Edge or a Snick. Maybe someone should explain this one to Stuart Broad.
Watch him take the term Nick to the next level here .
Plumb - an LBW appeal, which, to most, is clearly out. Umpires have been known to overlook some of these appeals.
Here are two of those howlers... back-to-back.
Rabbit - incompetent lower-order batsman, also known as a Ferret. A pavilion housing multiple Rabbits is usually referred to as a Hutch. Rabbits also tend to become Bunnies throughout their careers. Sri Lankan Roshan Jurangpathy finished his two-Test career with an average of 0.25. Now, that's a Rabbit!
Reverse Tang - also known as Reverse Swing or Irish Swing, is when the bowler manages to get to the ball to swing in the air. It occurs when an older ball favours the 'shiny' side, swinging late in an attempt to bowl or trap the batsman LBW.
Instead of going too in-depth into the science behind this phenomenon we thought we'd just show you how it's done here .
Seed - delivering a good Seed down the pitch gives you just as much pride as seeing your child graduate or receiving the 'Employee of the month' honours for August. Even though this is a glossary of terms already established, we thought we'd throw a curve ball (not a cricket term) and coin the term a 'Nick Cave' for a bad Seed .
Sniff - a bouncer that flies so close to the nose the batsman can smell the ball.
Watch as Jeff Thompson gives Faoud Bacchus a Sniff.
Spitting Cobra - when a delivery 'spits' dangerously off a length, usually resulting in the batsman being Badged.
| i don't know |
What is the cube root of 64? | What is the cube root of 64? | Reference.com
What is the cube root of 64?
A:
Quick Answer
The cube root of 64 is 4. The cube root of a chosen number can be verified by multiplying a smaller number by itself three times in order to get the chosen number.
Full Answer
The cube root of 64 is 4 because 4 times 4 equals 16, and 16 times 4 equals 64. The cube root of a number is similar to the square root of a number, except the latter is only to the power of two instead of three. Beyond the cube root is the fourth root, fifth root and so on. The key is how many times a number is multiplied by itself.
| four |
The islands of Falster and Bornholm are part of which European country? | Why does the cube root of 64 equal 4.000000000000001 on my calculator when 4^3=64 on the same calculator? - Quora
Quora
Mathematics
Why does the cube root of 64 equal 4.000000000000001 on my calculator when 4^3=64 on the same calculator?
What causes this phenomenon? Does it have any significance? (The calculator is the default calculator on the iPhone which turns into a scientific calculator if you turn it sideways)
Written Sep 24, 2011 · Upvoted by
James Brust , M.S. Mathematics, California State University, San Marcos (2009)
Not significant (no pun intended). The algorithms used by calculators to calculate square roots, fractional powers, and other functions are inevitably iterative in nature - they repeat a certain process over and over again until they reach what they deem to be sufficient accuracy. See "Newton's Method"[1] for a typical such procedure.
Those algorithms are sometimes, but not always, smart enough to include a check that if the result is almost an integer (or almost a rational number with a small denominator), we should check if the integer itself works and if so, yield it (rather than the approximation) as the answer.
I happen to also have "TouchCalc", an iPhone app, and it gets it right.
Written Feb 13, 2012
Its the hardware floating point unit (FPU) ...
Try 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.1 = 0. Surprisingly many calculator apps get this wrong and display a very small number rather than zero. These apps use the hardware floating point unit (FPU). While this is perfectly fine for many applications and games it is, in my opinion, insufficient for a calculator. The FPU performs binary arithmetic rather than the decimal arithmetic that people use. As numbers are converted between binary and decimal small rounding errors can occur. Handheld calculators use decimal arithmetic, not binary, to avoid such rounding errors.
Try 2^64 = 18446744073709551616. Nearly all calculator apps get this wrong and lose lower end digits and display a truncated value using exponential notation. This is due to another problem with the FPU, it is limited to around 16 decimal digits of precision, far fewer than the 20 needed to perform 64-bit arithmetic. Many handheld calculators are also use less than 20 digits and have this problem.
As the developer I am biased but I suggest taking a look at Perpenso Calc. It uses decimal arithmetic to avoid binary rounding errors and it also uses 20 digits of precision internally to get 64-bit calculations right.
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Who wrote the children’s poem ‘How the Leopard Got His Spots’? | How the Leopard got his Spots
[May 11 2005]
Publication history
First published in the Ladies� Home Journal, October 1901, illustrated by Frank Verbeck. Collected in Just So Stories (1902), illustrated by the author and followed by the poem �I am the most wise Baviaan�.
The story
The Leopard used to live on the sandy-coloured High Veldt. He too was sandy-coloured, and so was hard for prey animals like Giraffe and Zebra to see when he lay in wait for them. The Ethiopian lived there too and was similarly coloured. He, with his bow and arrows, used to hunt with the Leopard.
Then the prey animals left the High Veldt to live in a forest and grew blotches, stripes and other forms of camouflage. The Leopard and the Ethiopian were hungry and consulted Baviaan, the wise baboon, who said the prey animals had �gone into other spots� and advised them to do the same. So they went searching and came to the forest. They could smell Giraffe and Zebra there but could not see them. When night came, they managed to catch Giraffe and Zebra by sound and scent. Asked why they looked so different, the two prey animals demonstrated how easily they could disappear against the forest background.
So the Ethiopian changed his skin to black, and marked the Leopard�s coat with his bunched black fingertips. Then they too could hide. They lived happily ever after, and will never change their colouring again.
Background notes
The manuscript of the story is in the volume Just So Stories in the British Library. The following poem is six lines longer there and includes details of the grounds at Bateman�s, the Sussex estate bought by the Kiplings in 1902. According to Carrington�s notes from Mrs Kipling�s diaries, the story was written on 30 March 1901.
Roger Lancelyn Green (Kipling and the Children, p. 171) suggested that an oral version might date back as far as 1898, the first year when the Kiplings took their children for a winter holiday in South Africa. He read the poem as spoken by their eldest child Josephine, but the manuscript does not bear this out, unless Kipling was imagining how she might have reacted to life at Bateman�s. She died three years before the family moved there. Later in Just So Stories, the last verse of the poem �Merrow Down� expresses his grief for her.
Kipling�s American publisher and close friend F.N. Doubleday wrote in his memoirs [F.N. Doubleday, The Memoirs of a Publisher, written for his family in the late 1920s. Published by Doubleday and Co., Inc., New York 1972]:
When [Doubleday�s son] Nelson was about seven or eight years old, Mr. Kipling was writing a series of Just So Stories � These tales were published in St Nicholas and were vastly interesting to Nelson.
He conceived the idea that if Mr. Kipling would write some more animal stories, the titles of which he suggested, they might be made into a book, and asked if I would mind his writing to Mr. Kipling on the subject.
I said no, whereupon he inquired if I would lend him a five-cent stamp, which he promised to repay, and wrote a long letter in his own fist, addressed to �Rudyard Kipling, Rotting Dean,� giving a list of suggestions for new stories about different animals, and adding that if he wrote these stories and they were any good, his father, he was sure, would get them put in book form and give him (Nelson) a royalty of a cent a copy.
The Just So Stories finally came out, and Nelson applied for a contract for his cent-a-copy share. This has gone on for twenty or more years, and how much he has received I have no idea, but it must certainly be several thousand dollars.
[pp. 182-3].
Nelson Doubleday would confirm this story in the Saturday Review of Literature (23 Oct.1948), claiming to have suggested as subjects �how the leopard got his spots, how the elephant got his trunk, about the crocodile and so on.� [Quoted, Kipling Journal 89, April 1949, p. 10.]
Critical Opinion
Of the characters in the story, Rosalind Meyer wrote [�But is it Art?: an Appreciation of Just So Stories,� Kipling Journal 232, December 1984]:
The Leopard and the Ethiopian are cronies, but it is the Ethiopian who is quicker to grasp Baviaan�s advice: for the good reason that he is a grown-up... [p. 13].
Of Kipling�s descriptions, she said:
The game of conscious appraisal is taken a stage further in the story of the Leopard, where various methods of description are exemplified. The mock-awkwardness of �the �sclusively greyish-yellowish-reddish High Veldt� nevertheless does not inhibit an expression of vast featureless horizons; and is neatly contrasted, in a string of adjectives so often resorted to by young writers, in the evocative description of:
A great, high, tall forest full of tree trunks all �sclusively speckled and sprottled and spottled, dotted and splashed and slashed and hatched and cross-hatched with shadows.
But more to the point is the crescendo of similes which in this tale begins to impress itself on the mind:
they ought to show up in this dark place like ripe bananas in a smoke-house �
You show up in this dark place like a bar of soap in a coal-scuttle �
� you show up in this dark place like a mustard-plaster on a sack of coals.
Finally, the series modulates from the grotesque into the pleasing, a natural object in a natural setting:
� if you insist on looking like a sunflower against a tarred fence.
Since the first three are, as it were, asterisked for attention with �this dark place� and, once interest is gained, the last is allowed to make its own point, it is difficult not to believe that a lesson is being inculcated, with whatever charming playfulness [p. 25].
[L.L.]
| Rudyard Kipling |
In which year did British monarch Queen Elizabeth II first pay Income Tax? | Where the leopard got his spots: House where Rudyard Kipling wrote his Just So Stories goes on sale for £1.6million | Daily Mail Online
Next
Where the leopard got his spots: House where Rudyard Kipling wrote his Just So Stories goes on sale for £1.6million
Kipling rented the five-bedroom house in the centre of Rottingdean, near Brighton, East Sussex from 1897 to 1903
Moved in with his wife Carrie, daughters Josephine and Elsie, and son John to be near to his aunt - who lived next door
Artist Sir Philip Burne-Jones painted the writer at work in the property's study in 1899 - a picture that now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery
Several of Kipling's works, including Kim and Just So Stories written there
The collection of children's stories were inspired by the bed-time tales he would tell his daughter while they lived at the property
Four-storey home now on sale for £1.6 million
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Which American boxer was known as ‘The Manassa Mauler’? | Jack Dempsey | American boxer | Britannica.com
American boxer
Alternative Titles: Kid Blackie, Manassa Mauler, William Harrison Dempsey
Jack Dempsey
Mike Tyson
Jack Dempsey, byname of William Harrison Dempsey, also called the Manassa Mauler (born June 24, 1895, Manassa, Colo., U.S.—died May 31, 1983, New York , N.Y.), American world heavyweight boxing champion, regarded by many as the apotheosis of the professional fighter. He held the title from July 4, 1919, when he knocked out Jess Willard in three rounds in Toledo , Ohio, until Sept. 23, 1926, when he lost a 10-round decision to Gene Tunney in Philadelphia . Dempsey fought 84 bouts, winning 62, 51 of which were by knockout.
Dempsey started boxing in 1914 under the name Kid Blackie. In 1918 and early 1919 he compiled an impressive number of knockouts, most in the first round, to earn a fight with Willard. The 37-year-old champion proved no match for young Dempsey, who attacked ferociously from the starting bell and knocked Willard to the floor seven times in the first round. Even more primitive in its intensity was Dempsey’s title defense against Argentine heavyweight Luis Angel Firpo in New York City on Sept. 14, 1923. After being knocked out of the ring in the first round, Dempsey battered Firpo into defeat in the second.
Jack Dempsey.
Jack Dempsey.
Hirz—Archive Photos/Getty Images
During the next three years Dempsey fought only exhibition matches, and at the age of 31 he found that he had aged too much to deal with the carefully trained Tunney in their first fight. On Sept. 22, 1927, in Chicago , they met again in the famous “ Battle of the Long Count,” in which Dempsey forfeited his chance for a seventh-round knockout by standing over the fallen Tunney rather than going to a neutral corner of the ring. Tunney recovered to win another 10-round decision.
Gene Tunney (right) fighting Jack Dempsey, 1927.
UPI/Bettmann Archive
In his boxing style Dempsey kept on the offensive almost continuously, bobbing up and down and moving from side to side as he delivered short swinging blows out of a crouch. His constant movement and the speed of his attack constituted his defense.
In the 1930s Dempsey appeared in many exhibitions, but he was never again a serious contender for the championship. In 1940 he had three knockout victories over unaccomplished opponents before retiring to referee boxing and wrestling matches. In World War II he served as a lieutenant commander in the Coast Guard. He eventually became a successful restaurateur in New York City. Dempsey published several books on boxing. His autobiographies include Round by Round (1940), Dempsey (1960), and Dempsey: The Autobiography of Jack Dempsey (1977). He was inducted into Ring magazine’s Boxing Hall of Fame in 1954.
Jack Dempsey.
| Jack Dempsey |
Who directed the 1988 film ‘The Adventures of Baron Munchausen’? | William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey (1895 - 1983) - Genealogy
William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey
Manassa, Conejos, Colorado, United States
Death:
in New York, New York, United States
Place of Burial:
World Heavyweight Champion Boxer, Resturant Owner
Managed by:
NewspaperARCHIVE.com
Text:
... Jack Dempsey, who had been In declining health In recent years, died Tuesday of natural causes at age 87 in his Manhattan East ... Side ...
Date:
NewspaperARCHIVE.com
Text:
... there who were now demanding that he be recognized. "We want Dempsey," they chanted. "We want Dempsey." Jack ... Dempsey was quickly int...
Date:
June 24 1895 - Manassa, Conejos County, Colorado
Death:
May 31 1983 - New York, NY
Parents:
June 24 1895 - Manassa, Conejos County, Colorado
Death:
May 31 1983 - Long Island, New York
Parents:
Hiram Dempsey, Mary Priscilla Dempsey (born Smoot)
Siblings:
..., Effie Dempsey, Alice Dempsey, Florence Dempsey, Joseph Dempsey, Robert Dempsey, Estelle Dempsey, John Dempsey, Elsi Dempsey, Bruce Dempsey
Wife:
June 24 1895 - Manassa, Conejos Co, CO
Death:
May 31 1983 - Long Island, NY
Parents:
Hiram Dempsey, Mary Celia Dempsey (born Smoot)
Siblings:
..., Effie Dempsey, Alice Dempsey, Florence Dempsey, Joseph Dempsey, Robert Dempsey, Estelle Dempsey, John Dempsey, Elsi Dempsey, Bruce Dempsey
Wife:
NewspaperARCHIVE.com
Text:
... weeks ago Grange read a headline in the Tampa Tribune thai Dempsey ... had died. "The country lost a great man," he reflected....
Date:
June 24 1895 - Manassa, Colorado
Death:
May 31 1983 - NYC, NY
Parents:
Hiram Joseph Dempsey, Celia Mary Dempsey (born Smoot)
Siblings:
...lt;Private> Dempsey, <Private> Dempsey, <Private> Dempsey, <Private> Dempsey, <Private> Dempsey, <Private&g...
Partner:
June 24 1895 - Manassa, Conejos County, Colorado
Death:
May 31 1983 - Long Island, New York
Parents:
Hiram Dempsey, Mary Priscilla Dempsey (born Smoot)
Siblings:
..., Effie Dempsey, Alice Dempsey, Florence Dempsey, Joseph Dempsey, Robert Dempsey, Estelle Dempsey, John Dempsey, Elsi Dempsey, Bruce Dempsey
Wife:
June 1895 - Colorado, United States
Residence:
1900 - Manassa & Antonito towns, Conejos, Colorado, USA
Parents:
Hiram Dempsey, Celia Dempsey
Siblings:
Don B Dempsey, Effie Dempsey, Lavlet F Dempsey, Estella Dempsey, Joseph H Dempsey, John Dempsey, Elsie Dempsey
1940 - 7 West 74 St, A D 7, New York, New York, USA
Wife:
May 31 1983 - New York City
Parents:
Hiram Dempsey, Mary Celia Dempsey
Siblings:
Hannah Williams, Estelle Taylor, Maxine Gates, Deanna Piatelli
Children:
Barbara Dempsey, Joan Hannah Dempsey, Barbara
Residence:
NewspaperARCHIVE.com
Text:
"...of Jess Willard on July 4,1919. Dempsey, 87, died Tuesday. Jack Dempsey, 1896-1983 Death claims one of boxing's greats NEW YORK (AP) ...
Date:
sister
About Jack Dempsey
William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), known as the The Manassa Mauler, was an American professional boxer. He was a cultural icon of the 1920s. He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history.
Dempsey was born in Manassa, Colorado and grew up in Colorado, West Virginia, and Utah, in a poor family. His parents were Mary Celia (née Smoot) and Hiram Dempsey, and his ancestry included Irish, Cherokee, and a Jewish paternal great-great-grandmother. Both parents became Mormon converts, and Jack was baptized on August 2, 1903, after he reached the required age of accountability.
http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/jackdempsey.asp
Jack Dempsey first started boxing professionally in 1914. He first started boxing under the name of "Kid Blacky" and later boxed under the name of the "Manassa Mauler" after his home town of Manassa, Colorado. Throughout the 1920’s and 1930’s he was extremely popular and is probably one of the most popular boxing champions of all times. He knocked out Jess Willard in 1919 to win the heavyweight boxing title. He lost the heavyweight boxing titles in 1926 to Gene Tunney. He lost again in his second fight with Gene Tunney because of a long count. He knocked Tunney down in the seventh round but because he did not go to a neutral corner immediately the referee delayed the count. Tunney got up at the count of nine and went on to win the bout on a decision. He retired from boxing afterwards.
During World War II Dempsey joined New York State National Guard and was given a commission as a first lieutenant. He resigned that commission to accept a commission as a lieutenant in the Coast Guard Reserve. He reported for active duty on 12 June 1942 at Coast Guard Training Station, Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York, where he was assigned as "Director of Physical Education." He also made many personal appearances at fights, camps, hospitals and War Bond drives. He was promoted to lieutenant commander (temporary) in December 1942 and commander (temporary) in March of 1944. In 1944 he was assigned to the transport USS Wakefield. In 1945 he was on the attack transport USS Arthur Middleton for the invasion of Okinawa. In July of 1945 he assigned to the Commander, 11th Naval District for assignment to Military Morale Duty. He was released from active duty in September 1945.
He was given an honorable discharge from the Coast Guard Reserve in 1952.
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Which island in the Ionian Sea has the Greek name Kerkira? | Corfu | island, Greece | Britannica.com
island, Greece
Alternative Titles: Corcyra, Kérkira, Kérkyra
Related Topics
Sir Ian Hamilton
Corfu, Modern Greek Kérkyra, ancient (Latin) Corcyra, island in the Ionian Sea (Modern Greek: Ióvio Pélagos), with adjacent small islands making up the nomós (department) of Kérkyra (also called Corfu), Greece . Lying just off the coast of Epirus (Ípeiros), it is about 36 miles (58 km) long, while its greatest breadth is about 17 miles (27 km) and its area 229 square miles (593 square km). Of limestone structure, the island is mountainous in the north and low in the south. Its northeastern protrusion, close to the Albanian coast, trends east-west and reaches a peak in Pantokrator Mountain (2,972 feet [906 m]); the other range, in the island’s centre, is lower.
Olive and cypress trees against the mountainous background of northern Corfu (Kérkyra), …
Ion Gardey/Robert Harding Picture Library, London
The island is well watered, fertile, and reputed to have the most attractive countryside of the Greek islands. Olive trees predominate, but figs, oranges, lemons, grapes, and corn (maize) are also cultivated . Exports include olive oil, fruit, grain, and wine; Corfu’s manufactures include soap and textiles.
Modern Kérkyra (Corfu), the chief city, port, and capital of the nomós, lies on a peninsula on the east coast. The twin-peaked old citadel, with fortifications built by the Venetians (1550), was once an islet. Its old town, with its labyrinth of hilly, narrow streets, is a seat of a Greek metropolitan and a Roman Catholic bishop.
The name Corfu is an Italian corruption of the Greek koryphai (“crests”) and is often a more familiar moniker to visitors than the Modern Greek name. According to legend , the island was Scheria, home of the Phaeacians in Homeric epic. A Corinthian colony established about 734 bce supplanted a settlement of Eretrians from Euboea . Proudly independent and even hostile to its mother city of Corinth, the new colony was reduced (c. 600 bce) by the Corinthian tyrant Periander , but later it regained independence and devoted itself to commerce. Corfu took no active part in the Persian invasion (480 bce) of Greece, but in 435 it sought the assistance of Athens in a quarrel with Corinth, a request that became a primary cause of the Peloponnesian War . Corfu quit the war in 410, but a new alliance with Athens (375) resulted in hostilities with Sparta .
Similar Topics
| Corfu |
Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix and Kurt Cobain all died at what age? | Kerkira | Article about Kerkira by The Free Dictionary
Kerkira | Article about Kerkira by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kerkira
Also found in: Dictionary , Wikipedia .
Kérkira
(kĕr`kērä) or
Corfu
(kôr`fo͞o), Lat. Corcyra, island (1991 pop. 104,781), 229 sq mi (593 sq km), NW Greece, in the Ionian Sea, the second largest of the Ionian Islands Ionian Islands
, chain of islands (1991 pop. 193,734), c.890 sq mi (2,310 sq km), W Greece, in the Ionian Sea, along the coasts of Epirus and the Peloponnesus. The group is made up of Kérkira, Paxoí, Lefkás, Kefallinía, Itháki,
..... Click the link for more information. , separated by a narrow channel from the Albanian and Greek coasts. Though rising 2,980 ft (910 m) at Mt. Pantokrator in the northeast, Kérkira is largely a fertile lowland producing olive oil, figs, wine, and citrus fruit. Livestock raising (poultry, hogs, and sheep) and fishing are important sources of livelihood. Tourism, centered in Kérkira city, the capital, has increased dramatically in recent years; the island is known internationally. The island has been identified with Scheria, the island of the Phaeacians in Homer's Odyssey. It was settled c.730 B.C. by Corinthian colonists and shared with Corinth in the founding of Epidamnus on the mainland but became the competitor of Corinth in the Adriatic Sea. The two rivals fought the first recorded (by Thucydides) naval battle in 665 B.C. In 435 B.C., Kérkira (then Corcyra) made war on Corinth over the control of Epidamnus, and in 433 it concluded an alliance (often renewed) with Athens; this alliance helped to precipitate (431) the Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War
, 431–404 B.C., decisive struggle in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta. It ruined Athens, at least for a time. The rivalry between Athens' maritime domain and Sparta's land empire was of long standing. Athens under Pericles (from 445 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. . The island passed under Roman rule in 229 B.C. and in A.D. 336 became part of the Byzantine Empire. It was seized from the Byzantines by the Normans of Sicily in the 1080s and 1150s, by Venice (1206), and later by Epirus (1214–59) and the Angevins of Naples. In 1386 the Venetians obtained a hold that ended only with the fall of the Venetian republic in 1797. Under Venetian rule, the island had successfully resisted two celebrated Turkish sieges (1537, 1716). The island was under the protection of Great Britain from 1815 to 1864, when it was ceded to Greece. It was occupied (1916) by the French in World War I, and in 1917 the union of Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia was concluded there. In 1923, after Italian officers trying to establish the Greek-Albanian border were slain in Greece, Kérkira was bombarded and temporarily occupied in retaliation by Italian forces. A major earthquake in 1953 did little damage.
Kerkira
(Corfu), an island in the Ionian Sea; one of the Ionian Islands, which belong to Greece. Area, 592 sq km. Its surface consists of a hilly plain in the south and low hills, composed chiefly of limestones and shales, in the north. Elevations reach 906 m. Subtropical fruit is cultivated, and there are winter health resorts. The principal city and port is Kerkira.
Kerkira
(Italian, Corfu), a city and port in Greece, on the Channel of Kerkira. It is the administrative center of the island and nome of Kerkira. Population, 26,700 (1971). The city is a trading center, exporting olive oil, grain, wines, and citrus fruits. Major industries include food processing, the production of textiles, soap, and paraffin, and fishing.
From the 14th to the 18th century the city was, with some interruptions, a Venetian fortress. In 1797 it was seized by France, and from 1797 to 1864 it was the capital of the Ionian Islands. On Oct. 24, 1798, during F. F. Ushakov’s Mediterranean campaign (1798–1800), a Russo-Turkish squadron under Admiral Ushakov’s direct command began a blockade of Kerkira. The city was garrisoned by a French force of about 4,000 men with 636 guns and protected by a squadron of two ships of the line, one frigate, and one bombardier. On November 9 the siege of Kerkira was begun, and in December 1798 and January 1799 the Russo-Turkish forces were strengthened to 12 ships of the line, 11 frigates, and two corvettes. On February 18, with artillery support, 2,000 men landed on the island of Vido, whose garrison surrendered. At the same time the troops besieging Kerkira seized the approaches to the fortress. General Chabot, the commanding officer, surrendered on February 19. Ushakov’s operations at Kerkira provide a classic example of successful cooperation between a landing force and naval artillery.
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How many metres are in a nautical mile? | Convert NM - nmi to m | nautical mile to meters
m
Converter type: length units
This online length from NM - nmi into m converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals.
First unit: nautical mile (NM - nmi) is used for measuring marine length.
Second: meter (m) is unit of length.
1,852.00 m is converted to 1 of what?
The meters unit number 1,852.00 m converts to 1 NM - nmi, one nautical mile. It is the EQUAL marine length value of 1 nautical mile but in the meters length unit alternative.
How to convert 2 nautical miles (NM - nmi) into meters (m)? Is there a calculation formula?
First divide the two units variables. Then multiply the result by 2 - for example:
1852 * 2 (or divide it by / 0.5)
QUESTION:
1 NM - nmi = 1,852.00 m
Other applications for this length calculator ...
With the above mentioned two-units calculating service it provides, this length converter proved to be useful also as a teaching tool:
1. in practicing nautical miles and meters ( NM - nmi vs. m ) values exchange.
2. for conversion factors training exercises between unit pairs.
3. work with length's values and properties.
International unit symbols for these two length measurements are:
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. short brevis ), unit symbol, for nautical mile is:
NM - nmi
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. ) brevis - short unit symbol for meter is:
m
One nautical mile of length converted to meter equals to 1,852.00 m
How many meters of length are in 1 nautical mile? The answer is: The change of 1 NM - nmi ( nautical mile ) unit of length measure equals = to 1,852.00 m ( meter ) as the equivalent measure for the same length type.
In principle with any measuring task, switched on professional people always ensure, and their success depends on, they get the most precise conversion results everywhere and every-time. Not only whenever possible, it's always so. Often having only a good idea ( or more ideas ) might not be perfect nor good enough solution. If there is an exact known measure in NM - nmi - nautical miles for length amount, the rule is that the nautical mile number gets converted into m - meters or any other length unit absolutely exactly.
Oven info & galleries
| 1852 |
What is the world’s oldest currency still in use? | How Many Meters in a Mile
Units of Measure / How Many Meters in a Mile
How Many Meters in a Mile
Aug 31, 2011
If you live in a country with the English measurement system, you are used to reckon distances in miles1, yards, feet and inches. Converting them to kilometers, meters2, centimeters and millimeters, which are units of the metric system, can be rather difficult. Very often you may even need a calculator to make no mistakes.
For example, it is known that one mile is equal to about 1,609.344 meters. If you need to find out how many meters there are in one, ten or one hundred miles, you can easily make the necessary calculations. But not everyone is able to convert 11.5 of 36.4 miles to meters in his/her head.
But for starters, you should know some facts about miles in order not to get confused.
Different Types of the Mile
Now we are discussing land miles, which are also called statue miles. This mile consists of 5280 feet and it is different from the so-called nautical mile (about 6076 feet).
Moreover, in various countries there are their own definitions of the mile or some similar units, interpreted as miles. Some of them are obsolete, but others are still in use. Here are several examples:
The Roman mile is a distance, consisting of 5000 Roman feet or 1000 paces. It is about 1617 yards (1479 meters).
The metric mile is used mostly in sports and has 1500 meters, though in the USA this term sometimes denotes 1600 meters.
The Scots mile equals to 5920 feet (1804 meters).
The Irish mile is equal to 6720 feet (2045 meters).
The Russian milya (in Russian, “milya” and “mile” are denoted by the same word) is a distance of 7468 meters.
There are also national variants of the mile in Dane (the Danish mil), Germany (the meile), Sweden and Norway (mils), Portugal (the milha), Croatia (the hrvatska milya), and other countries.
But for us it is important to realize that we talk about the statue (land) mile, which equals to 1760 yards, or approximately 1609 meters.
How to Convert Meters to Miles and Vice Versa
To calculate how many meters there are in several miles, you must multiply the number of miles by 1609.344. If you don’t need the exact result, just multiply by 1609.
To know how many miles there are in a number of meters, divide the meters by 1609.344. Of course, you will need a calculator to do it even if you divide by 1609.
The table below can be used for converting statue miles, nautical miles and kilometers to other units of length.
1
1.15
The mile is a widely spread unit of length with various definitions. The statue (land) mile is equal to 1760 yards (1609.344 meters). The nautical mile equals to about 2025.4 yards (1852 meters).
The meter (British spelling: metre; abbr. m) is the basic length unit from the ISU (International System of Units). It consists of one hundred centimeters. In 1983, the meter was defined as the distance that light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of one second.
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Who created the comic strip ‘Blondie’, published in newspapers since 1930? | Blondie and Dagwood
Blondie and Dagwood
Blondie is a popular comic strip created by Murat Bernard "Chic" Young and syndicated by King Features Syndicate. It has been published in newspapers since September 8, 1930. The success of the comic strip led to a long-run Blondie film series (1938-1950) and a popular Blondie radio program (1939-1950).
Chic Young drew Blondie until his death in 1973, when the control of the strip passed to his son Dean Young. Dean Young has collaborated with a number of artists on the strip, including Jim Raymond, Mike Gersher, Stan Drake, Denis Lebrun and most recently, John Marshall. Through these changes, Blondie has remained popular, appearing in more than 2300 newspapers in 55 countries and translated into 35 languages, as of 2005. Blondie celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2005.
Characters
Originally, Blondie focused on the adventures of Blondie Boopadoop, a carefree flapper girl who spent her days in dance halls. On February 17, 1933, after much fanfare and build-up, Miss Boopadoop married her boyfriend Dagwood Bumstead, the son of a wealthy industrialist. Unfortunately for the Bumsteads, Dagwood was disowned by his upper-crust family for marrying beneath his class. Ever since, he has been slaving away at the office of the J. C. Dithers Construction Company under the direction of tyrannical boss Julius Caesar Dithers, who frequently threatens to fire Dagwood from his workplace when (as frequently happens) Dagwood either botches or does not finish his work, sleeps on the job, comes into work late, or pesters Dithers for a raise or promotion.
Blondie and Dagwood live next door to Herb and Tootsie Woodley. The Bumstead family has grown, with the addition of a son named Alexander (originally "Baby Dumpling") in 1934, a daughter named Cookie in 1941 (both permanently frozen in their late teens as of 2008), and a dog named Daisy. Alexander and Cookie have grown into teenagers who uncannily resemble their parents. Other regular characters include Mr. Beasley the mailman, Elmo Tuttle, a pesky neighborhood kid who often asks Dagwood to play, Cora Dithers, the domineering wife of Julius Dithers, and Lou, owner of Lou's Diner where Dagwood frequently eats on his lunch break.
Running gags
There are several running gags in this strip.
* An impossibly tall sandwich Dagwood often fixes for a snack, which came to be known as a Dagwood sandwich.
* Dagwood's propensity to nap on the couch during the day.
* He is repeatedly shown colliding with Mr. Beasley while rushing out the front door each morning, or to be interrupted by other characters while he is relaxing in the bathtub.
* Goofing off or sleeping at his desk in the office.
* Mr. Dithers firing him for being incompetent, or physically booting him out of his office.
* Dagwood demanding a raise from Dithers and failing to get it every time.
* Dagwood meeting salesmen at his house door selling impossible looking items.
* The car pool gag, with various variations, with Dagwood keeping his car pool waiting, running after their car, or stuck in traffic.
* Having a midnight snack.
* The Christmas shopping gag, where Dagwood is shown holding up a number of Christmas packages that completely cover up his face and upper body.
75th anniversary
In 2005 the strip celebrated its 75th anniversary. In preparation of the anniversary the artists started the longest running serial ever, starting on 10 July, 2005, and running till 4 September, 2005. During this period they only ran preparation for the anniversary daily cartoons [1]. Characters from several other strips, including Garfield, Beetle Bailey and Hagar the Horrible, made appearances [2]. During this time, the strip Pearls Before Swine made fun of the fact that their cast was not invited, and decided to invite themselves.
Changing times
While the distinctive look and running gags of Blondie have been carefully preserved through the decades, a number of details have been altered to keep up with changing times. The Bumstead kitchen, which remained essentially unchanged from the 1930s through the 1960s has slowly acquired a more modern look (no more legs on the gas range, for instance, and no more refrigerators shown with the motor on the top).
In keeping up with the times, Dagwood is shown using a computer with a flat panel monitor at home. (Seen standing behind him is his son Alexander.)
In keeping up with the times, Dagwood is shown using a computer with a flat panel monitor at home. (Seen standing behind him is his son Alexander.)
Blondie herself is no longer a housewife. She and Tootsie Woodley started a catering business in 1991. Dagwood still knocks heads with his boss, Mr. Dithers, but now he does it in a more modern office at J.C. Dithers Construction Company. Their desk computers sport flat panel monitors and Mr Dithers has a laptop on his table. Dagwood now begins each morning racing to meet his carpool rather than chasing after a just-missed streetcar or city bus.
Also, for a time in the late 1990s and around 2000/2001, Blondie's and Dagwood's teenage son Alexander worked part-time outside of high school at the order counter of a fast food restaurant, the Burger Barn. There are still occasional references to Cookie and her babysitting. Daisy, who once had a litter of puppies that lived with the family is now the only dog seen in the Bumstead household. Cookie and Alexander can be seen in modern clothing trends and sometimes use cell phones and talk of attending rock concerts.
Sandwich shop
On May 11, 2006 Dean Young announced the opening of the first of his Dagwood's Sandwich Shoppes over the coming summer in Clearwater, Florida. Recently in the comics, the characters have all been either jokingly or seriously talking about Dagwood opening his own sandwich shop. A counter service restaurant called Blondie's opened at Universal Orlando's Islands of Adventure in May 1999, and serves a traditional Dagwood-style sandwich. In fact, Blondie's bills itself as "Home of the Dagwood Sandwich." Lunch meats can be purchased at grocery stores featuring Dagwood and an assortment of meats.
Awards and recognition
Chic Young was awarded a Reuben in 1948 for his work on the strip. Coincidentally, the award shares the name with a sandwich that makes the strip famous.
In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps. [1]
Adaptations in other media
Blondie was adapted into a series of 28 theatrical films, beginning with Blondie in 1938 and running through Beware of Blondie in 1950. Penny Singleton played the titular character, with Arthur Lake as Dagwood; the two also starred in a Blondie radio show that was broadcast on several networks from 1939 to 1950. Two Blondie television series were also produced, each lasting only one season. The first ran for fourteen episodes in 1957, and had Lake reprising his film and radio role, but cast Pamela Britton as Blondie. The second, broadcast in the 1968-69 season, had Patricia Harty and Will Hutchins in the lead roles.Blondie made several cameos in "Garfield Gets Real"
| Chic Young |
In the game of Scrabble, how many points is a ‘D’ tile worth? | Blondie & Dagwood - "Dagwood's New Suit" 10/30/39 Old Time Radio/Comedy - YouTube
Blondie & Dagwood - "Dagwood's New Suit" 10/30/39 Old Time Radio/Comedy
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Published on Apr 22, 2014
Blondie is an American comic strip created by Murat Bernard "Chic" Young and syndicated by King Features Syndicate. It has been published in newspapers since September 8, 1930. The success of the comic strip led to a long-run Blondie film series (1938-1950) and a popular Blondie radio program (1939-1950).
Program: Blondie
Sponsor: Camel
Network: CBS
Note: This old time radio show is in the public domain* and from my personal collection and can be used for historical, educational, and entertainment purposes.
*We have checked with the Library of Congress regarding the status of old time radio recordings made prior to 1978 and that all such recordings are generally in the public domain, as sound recordings were not allowed under the previous copyright law and such recordings have not been granted copyright status under the new laws.
Category
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Who wrote the 1936 novel ‘Jamaica Inn’? | Jamaica Inn
Please see disclaimer
Jamaica Inn
�Jamaica Inn stands today, hospitable and kindly, a temperance house on the twenty mile road between Bodmin and Launceston. In the following story of adventure I have pictured it as it might have been over a hundred and twenty years ago; and although existing place-names figure in the pages, the characters and events described are entirely imaginary�.
Jamaica Inn by Daphne du Maurier, 1936.
Jamaica Inn is no longer a temperance house, nor does it stand on the road from Bodmin to Launceston; due to modern road development the road has moved. But Jamaica Inn does still stand solid and strong on Bodmin Moor and on a bleak November day can appear as dark and foreboding as it was described in Daphne�s novel. But its thousands of annual visitors will tell you different because, these days, Jamaica Inn is a vibrant and welcoming place to stay awhile when travelling in Cornwall. It is a hotel with a restaurant, bar, shop, museum and a farm shop (opening Spring 2016), all of which are cared for under the watchful eye of Allen Jackson who bought the Inn in March 2014.
The fame of Jamaica Inn undoubtedly springs from the novel Daphne du Maurier wrote and the story of how she came to write it is almost as good as the novel itself.
In November 1930 Daphne and her friend Foy Quiller Couch went to stay at Jamaica Inn overnight, while on a riding expedition on Bodmin Moor. It was Daphne�s first experience of the Inn. In the afternoon they set off across the desolate and sinister moor and lost their way. Darkness fell, it was raining and the two young women had little hope of finding their way back. They found a derelict barn and Daphne was keen to stay there but Foy thought they would catch their death if they did so, putting their trust in the horses, they allowed themselves to be led across the moor until they eventually saw the lights of Jamaica Inn in the distance and knew that the instinct of the horses had saved them.
A year later, on a second visit to Jamaica Inn, Daphne and Foy visited the village of Altarnun and its church, St Nonna, also known as the Cathedral of the Moor. The vicar of Altarnun visited them that evening and there can be no doubt that those two visits to Jamaica Inn, and whatever the vicar said to Daphne on that evening, were to brew in her mind until the story of Jamaica Inn became the novel we know today.
Jamaica Inn, Bolventor, Launceston, Cornwall PL15 7TS Tel: +44 (0) 1566 86250 www.jamaicainn.co.uk
| Daphne du Maurier |
What number is the title of singer Beyonceâs album, released in June 2011? | Daphne du Maurier
Please see disclaimer
Review of Jamaica Inn - Ann Willmore
Daphne du Maurier started writing her fourth novel, Jamaica Inn, in 1935. Since the publication of A Progress of Julius her father had died and she had written his biography entitled Gerald - A Portrait, which had been published by Victor Gollancz. She was married now and living the army life with her soldier husband Fredrick Browning, known as Boy or Tommy, and her first daughter Tessa. She went down to Fowey in Cornwall as much as possible but most of Jamaica Inn was written in Frimley where Tommy was based. Victor Gollancz who published all her future novels published Jamaica Inn in January 1936.
The Inspiration for Jamaica Inn was two fold. As a young child Daphne had read avidly boys adventure stories such as Robert Louis Stevenson�s Treasure Island and she clearly wanted to write an adventure story in that style. The storyline itself was brewed from an outing that had taken place some years previously when Daphne and her friend Foy Quiller Couch (daughter of the famous writer and scholar Sir Arthur Quiller Couch) were staying at Jamaica Inn and went riding on Bodmin Moor. They were lost in bad weather conditions and apparently sheltered for some time in a derelict cottage on the moor but were eventually led back to Jamaica Inn by their horses. During that stay at Jamaica Inn Daphne also met and talked to the parson from the nearby church at Altarnun.
The central character of Jamaica Inn is Mary Yellen a young woman of twenty-three. She has lived all her life in the tranquil village of Helford, but when her mother dies she sets off to live with her mothers sister, Patience, a pretty, lively woman who Mary has not seen for many years. Aunt Patience lives with her landlord husband at Jamaica Inn on Bodmin Moor half way between Bodmin and Launceston.
Mary leaves Helford on a bleak November day and the coach takes her a far as Bodmin where everyone else gets off. Mary tells the coach driver that she wants to go on to Jamaica Inn and he is alarmed, he tells her that coaches no longer stop there and that decent folk don�t go to Jamaica Inn any more. They set off again and Mary�s apprehension grows as the coach races over the moor through the wind, rain and darkness. Eventually the coach stops and the driver hurriedly deposits Mary and her box of possessions on the roadside in front of Jamaica Inn, which is in total darkness.
Mary finds her way to the front door, which is answered by an enormous and powerful looking man carrying a lantern. This frightening figure is Joss Merlin, the landlord of Jamaica Inn. Joss drags Mary inside and then introduces her to her Aunt Patience, a poor tattered creature in a state of nervous anxiety almost unrecognisable from her former self. Mary goes to bed that night with a heavy heart, she does not want to be at Jamaica Inn, but she knows she must stay for her aunt�s sake.
Mary has a natural optimism and the next day she is ready to cope with her new life. Joss has left the house early and is away for nearly a week during which time Mary settles in, finds her way around the Inn and the surrounding moor-land and gets to know her Aunt Patience better. There is a locked and barred room at the Inn that puzzles Mary but Patience begs her not to ask questions.
On the day that Joss returns to Jamaica Inn he tells Mary that she will be required to serve behind the bar that evening. As darkness falls a strange assortment of men gather in the bar. Mary finds the men a most unpleasant crowd, particularly one man, a pedlar called Harry who makes fun of a poor idiot lad who is there. Eventually Mary asks her uncle if she can go to bed. Up in her room above the porch Mary tries to sleep, but before long she hears noises outside and peering out of the window she sees farm carts and covered wagons coming into the yard and many men including those that were in the bar earlier. The contents of the wagons are being unloaded with some of the packages being put into the carts and some being taken inside and put in the locked room. Mary realises that the contents of the packages must be the results of smuggling.
Once all the wagons have been unloaded everyone leaves except Joss, Harry and a stranger, who all return to the bar. Mary creeps downstairs and overhears an argument between the three men. It is obvious that the stranger is trying to break free from the smugglers gang. Afraid of being caught herself Mary hides in the parlour. She hears Joss send Harry home, then she realises that there is someone else there, another stranger who had been hiding upstairs all evening. Joss and this second stranger close the door to the bar and Mary can hear no more, but much later when she ventures out of the parlour she finds that the outer door is open and everyone has gone, but a rope handing over a beam in the bar suggests that Joss and the stranger from upstairs have killed the man who wanted to leave the smugglers gang.
One morning, about two weeks later, Mary finds a young man in the bar helping himself to a drink. Mary shouts at him, telling him that he will be sorry if her Uncle Joss finds him there. Joss then appears and Mary discovers that the interloper is in fact Joss� younger brother, Jem Merlin, a horse thief who lives not far away across the moor.
That evening the wagons come again and take away the packages that had been hidden in the locked room. A few days later Aunt Patience becomes very panicky when Mr Bassat the local squire calls at Jamaica Inn with one of his men. He is a magistrate and he has a warrant to search the premises. The men even break into the locked room, but they find nothing. When Joss hears of Mr Bassat�s visit he is alarmed and goes straight out, heading across the moor on foot. Mary tries to follow Joss, but she gets lost on the moor. A man on horseback stops to help Mary, he is very strange looking with colourless skin, white hair and pale eyes. Mary realises that he is an albino and feels more comfortable when he introduces himself as Frances Davey, the vicar of Altarnun. The vicar takes Mary home to the vicarage for tea and she tells him the whole story of what has happened at Jamaica Inn since the day she arrived. Later he drives her home to the Inn.
When Mary gets home she finds Joss in a drunken stupor and he remains the same for five days. On the fifth day Mary goes out walking on the moor and accidentally stumbles upon Jem�s home. Jem hints that her uncle is involved in something worse than smuggling. Jem shows Mary a pony, formerly dapple-grey but now black, that he has stolen from Mr Bassat and intends to sell in Launceston on Christmas Eve. He invites Mary to go to Launceston with him and she agrees.
That evening Joss asks for more drink and starts to talk. He tells Mary that he is the leader of a band of wreckers who lure ships onto the rocks, then murder the people as they try to escape the sinking ships and how they rob the bodies of the people they have killed and steal the ships cargo. Over the next four days Mary stays in her room pondering over the shocking things that Joss has told her. Now she understands why her Aunt Patience is such a broken woman. Mary also thinks about Jem and wonders if he is involved in his brother�s wickedness.
On Christmas Eve Mary leaves her room and sets of to meet Jem who is going to take her to Launceston in his jingle. He immediately knows that something has changed in her because she has no colour in her face and the light has gone out of her eyes. She tells Jem that she knows about the wrecking. Jem sells the pony back to Mrs Bassat who does not recognise it as the one that was stolen. Mary and Jem enjoy the day, but when Jem kisses Mary she says she wants to go home and sends him to get the jingle. Jem doesn�t return and Mary sets of home by herself. The vicar of Altarnun passes her in his carriage and offers her a lift. Again she unburdens herself to him and tells him what Joss has told her about the wreckers, but he tells her not to worry as the government is planning to patrol the coast and soon wreckers will be a thing of the past.
Once home, Mary finds that Joss and his men are about to set off on a wrecking trip and they force her to go with them. Not only does Mary see for herself the horror of the ship being lured onto the rocks and the murder and robbery that goes on but she also has to fight off the advances of Harry the pedlar. She is brought back to Jamaica Inn physically and mentally broken. It is Christmas Day. Patience cares for Mary for two days and when she is well enough to come down stairs she finds that Joss has argued with Harry and locked him in the storeroom.
Jem comes to see Mary and she tells him what has happened, but she does not trust him enough to tell him what she plans to do. Joss is talking of running away so Mary grabs a chance to get to Altarnun and report what Joss and his men have done. She hurries to the vicarage but the vicar is away from home. Mary leaves him a note and goes on to Mr Bassat�s house. He is also away from home but she talks to Mrs Bassat who tells Mary that Mr Bassat now has proof of Joss� guilt and that Mr Bassat and his men are going to Jamaica Inn that evening to arrest him.
Mrs Bassat sends Richards her groom back to Jamaica Inn with Mary but Mr Bassat and his men have not arrived there. Richards waits outside and Mary goes into the Inn where, to her horror, she finds Joss has been stabbed in the back. She runs back outside just as Mr Bassat and his men arrive. The men search the Inn and find that Patience has also been stabbed to death but Harry is unharmed as he was still locked in the store. Mary believes that Jem must be responsible for the murder of her aunt and uncle. Frances Davey arrives at the Inn having received Mary�s note. He offers her refuge and takes her home to the vicarage.
The next day Mary is alone in the vicarage and passes the time by looking through some of the vicar�s paintings and sketches. She is horrified to find a sketch of Frances Davey�s congregation portrayed as sheep with him as a wolf. Mary wonders what sort of madman she has allowed to rescue her. When Frances Davey returns home he realises that Mary has seen the picture and that she is nervous of him.
Frances tells Mary that he has had lunch with the Squire and that Jem was there too and that it was Jem who had given Mr Bassat the proof of Joss� guilt. The vicar then goes on to tell Mary that he, the vicar of Altarnun, was the leader of the wreckers and that Joss was answerable to him and that he had killed Joss and Patience. Frances knows that Jem and Mr Bassat will soon have worked this out so he must take Mary and flee immediately.
Mary and Frances set of across the moor in the direction of the coast, as Frances believes that if they can reach a ship he will be safe. However, the fog closes in and they have to seek shelter at Rough Tor, a place of high ground on the moor. Squire Bassat and his men along with Jem and the squire�s bloodhounds are pursuing Frances and Mary across the moor and as the fog clears they are visible not far behind. Frances tries to climb the Tor, but Jem shoots him and he falls to the ground dead.
Mary quickly recovers from the terrifying time she has had. The Bassat�s have taken her in and they offer her work, but she wants to return to Helford. One bright January morning she is walking on the moor when Jem comes along with all his possessions loaded into his cart. He stops to talk to Mary and tells her he is setting off for a new start. He kisses her and asks her to go with him and despite her plans she agrees.
Daphne du Mauriers frank biography of her father had brought her writing to the fore but with Jamaica Inn she really became a novelist to be taken seriously. The characters are strong and capture your imagination; the book describes Cornwall so clearly that you feel as though you are there. Indeed, as a result of Daphne du Mauriers book, Jamaica Inn the place and the novel are so entwined in Cornish myth it is easy to forget that it is actually a story. In the first three months after Jamaica Inn was published it sold more copies that her first three books had sold altogether.
As well as drawing comparison with Robert Louis Stevenson�s Treasure Island, Jamaica Inn has also been described as a gothic tale comparable with Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. Certainly the characters of Joss and Jem could be compared with Rochester and Heathcliffe. The description of Bodmin Moor with its granite skies, howling winds and stark isolation are an appropriate background for a story that includes drunkenness, theft, smuggling, wrecking, murder and madness. But as well as the adventure and the gothic horror there is a third element that identifies this story with Daphne du Maurier. The men in her novels often exist to show the confines of the women and although Mary shows courage and resourcefulness with a desire for independence at the end of the story she opts to settle for a life with Jem, condemning herself to follow in her aunts footsteps.
Jamaica Inn by Daphne du Maurier (Victor Gollancz 1936, Doubleday 1936).
Further reading:
Daphne du Maurier by Margaret Forster (Chatto & Windus 1993) (Published in the US as Daphne du Maurier - The Secret World of the Renowned Storyteller (Doubleday 1993)).
Daphne � A Portrait of Daphne du Maurier by Judith Cook (Bantam Press 1991)
Daphne du Maurier by Richard Kelly (Twayne 1987).
Daphne du Maurier Writing, Identity and the Gothic Imagination by Avril Horner and Susan Zlosnik (Macmillan 1998).
And Then There Were Nine�More Women of Mystery Edited by Jane S Bakerman (Bowling Green State University Press 1985)
Daphne du Maurier Country by Martin Shallcross (Bossiney Books 1987)
� A Willmore 2002.
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What is the area dialling code for Liverpool, England? | Liverpool - UK Codes - The Phone Book from BT
The code for Liverpool is 0151
Dialling from abroad
To dial 0151 from abroad, dial the international access code followed by the country code for the UK (44). Proceed to enter the local code 0151 without the first zero e.g. 151 followed by the remaining telephone number
| one hundred and fifty one |
What is the sum, in degrees, of the angles in a triangle? | Liverpool 151 Area Code - Local Numbers by RingCentral UK
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Liverpool Area Code
The original Liverpool area code was composed of only two figures and it was created out of the All Figure Dialling system which was popularly implemented back in the 1960's. All Figure Dialling was a popular call practice then and it entailed the exclusive use of numbers instead of mixing alphabets and numerals together when ringing a contact via phone.
The two numbers that composed the Liverpool area code during that time was 5 and 1. Along with the trunk prefix 0, 5 and 1 were required to be dialled when a person was to call a place or person located in Liverpool. If for instance you are calling from another geographic location, the numerals 0, 5 and 1 would precede the number of your contact.
The set 051 served as the Liverpool area code for quite some time until its supply was at the brink of exhaustion. As a precautionary measure, Ofcom (Office of Communications) made several improvisations on the area codes being used in the United Kingdom. They laid out several area code patterns that will be assigned to each and every single area in the country.
The area code formation that was given to Liverpool was the 01X1 format. And the 151 area code was the set that was developed using that arrangement. The former area code was inserted with the digit 1 in the new area code, changing area code 051 to the 0151 area code.
The places that utilize the 3-digit area codes are larger compared to regions that have longer area codes. This is because a shorter area code would be paired with a longer local number and longer area codes will have shorter local numbers joining them. This would result to a higher amount of supply for areas that utilize shorter area codes.
As of today, the Liverpool area code is still using the 151 area code. It is actually one of the few places that use 3 numerals as their area code. Since it has a 3-digit area code, it would then be partnered with a 7-digit local numbers in order to be functional.
Summing up the Liverpool local numbers along with the Liverpool area code and its trunk prefix 0 would compose 11 digits. This is the total number of figures that a caller must input on their phone to make a call. Both the trunk code and area code are permanent and will not change. But the Liverpool local numbers will be dependent upon what is given to them by the telecommunications service provider.
Not being able to choose your own set of local numbers is not much of a problem. But if you can select your own local number then that would be advantageous for your business. RingCentral business phone systems allow you do just that. They can supply your company with US local numbers. This feature gives a significant advantage if most of your clients and customers are from the U.S.
You can also opt to retain the same local number as your current location or select which number you would like callers to apply to contact you. You can choose numbers that would represent you company when converted to alphabets. This is more commonly known as alphanumeric numbers, which can be provided for by RingCentral vanity numbers.
RingCentral communications systems also offer other features that would help your business. Internet fax, Voicemails, Virtaul PBX and Call controller are just among the many features that will aid you in achieving the optimum performance from your telecommunications system.
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What is the cube root of 512? | What is the cube root of 512? | Reference.com
What is the cube root of 512?
A:
Quick Answer
The cube root of 512 is eight. This is because when eight is cubed, or multiplied by itself three times (8 x 8 x 8), it is equal to 512.
Full Answer
When a number is cubed, it is multiplied by itself three times. For example, two cubed is equal to 2 x 2 x 2, or eight. Also, three cubed is equal to 3 x 3 x 3, or 27. Similarly, eight cubed is equal to 8 x 8 x 8, or 512. The cube root is the value that must be cubed to equal said number. It can be found by multiplying the number to the power of one-third.
| eight |
How many Wimbledon singles titles did US tennis player Billie Jean King win? | Cube root of 512 - Cube Root Calculator
CoolConversion.com
Cube Root Calculator
Here is the answer to questions like: Cube root of 512 or what is the cube root of 512?
Use the cube root calculator below to find the cube root of any real number you enter. See also in this web page a Cube Root Table from 1 to 100.
Cube Root Calculator
Please enter a real number:
The cube root of 512 is 8
What is cube root?
Definition of cube root
A cube root of a number a is a number x such that x3 = a, in other words, a number x whose cube is a. For example, 8 is the cube root of 512 because 83 = 8•8•8 = 512, -8 is cube root of -512 because (-8)3 = (-8)•(-8)•(-8) = -512.
Cube Root Table 1-100
Cube roots from 1 to 100 rounded to the nearest thousandth.
Cube Roots of Positive Numbers
Cube root of 1 is 1
Cube root of 8 is 2
Cube root of 27 is 3
Cube root of 64 is 4
Cube root of 125 is 5
Cube root of 216 is 6
Cube root of 343 is 7
Cube root of 512 is 8
Cube root of 729 is 9
Cube root of 1000 is 10
Cube root of 1331 is 11
Cube root of 1728 is 12
Cube root of 2197 is 13
Cube root of 2744 is 14
Cube root of 3375 is 15
Cube root of 4096 is 16
Cube root of 4913 is 17
Cube root of 5832 is 18
Cube root of 6859 is 19
Cube root of 8000 is 20
Cube Roots of Negative Numbers
Cube root of -1 is -1
Cube root of -8 is -2
Cube root of -27 is -3
Cube root of -64 is -4
Cube root of -125 is -5
Cube root of -216 is -6
Cube root of -343 is -7
Cube root of -512 is -8
Cube root of -729 is -9
Cube root of -1000 is -10
Cube root of -1331 is -11
Cube root of -1728 is -12
Cube root of -2197 is -13
Cube root of -2744 is -14
Cube root of -3375 is -15
Cube root of -4096 is -16
Cube root of -4913 is -17
Cube root of -5832 is -18
Cube root of -6859 is -19
Cube root of -8000 is -20
Sample Cubic Roots.
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How many cards are dealt to each player in a game of contract rummy? | Play Contract Rummy Online
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Contract Rummy
Contract Rummy is played with two standard decks of 52 cards, including the jokers. The number of jokers in play is determined by the number of players, and should always be one less than the number of players in the game. Contract Rummy is played with three to five players, but the best games are played when there is an equal number of four players.
There are seven rounds to the game. Play takes place in a clockwise direction and the initial dealer is chosen at random. All cards are dealt one at a time, and for the first three rounds of the game each player receives a total of ten cards. The four remaining rounds, each player receives a total of twelve cards each.
After each player has received their alloted cards, the remaining cards are placed face down on the table to form the stock pile, the top card of which is turned face up and placed alongside to start the discard pile.
The object of each round is to dispose of all your cards by a combination of either melding, laying off and discarding. In order to do any melding or laying off, a player must begin by fulfilling their contract for the round currently being played.
A meld can be done in two ways, either in sequences or in groups. A sequence in this game will consists of at least four consecutive cards of the same suit, or a group which consists three cards of the same rank. An ace can count as low or high but not both at the same time.
Any sequence can be extended by adding further consecutive cards to what is already on the table. When a player goes out, by means of disposing of all their cards, the other players score penalty points for all the cards remaining in their hands. The object of the game is to have the lowest score at the end of the game (seven rounds).
Each successive round of the game has a contract which is as follows:-
Two Groups of 3's = total of 6 cards
One Group of 3's and One Sequence of 4's = a total of 7 cards
Two Sequences of 4's = a total of 8 cards
Three Groups of 3's = a total of 9 cards
Two Groups of 3's and One Sequence of 4's = a total of 10 cards
One Group of 3 and Two Sequences of 4 = a total of 11 cards
Three Sequences of 4's and No Discard
Jokers may be used in either sequences or groups, to substitute for any missing card.
Once the round commences, the player must either draw the top card off the stock pile or they may take a card from the top of the discard pile. A player who chooses to draw a card from the stock pile rather than use the top card of the discard pile, must first give any other player who wishes, the opportunity to take the discarded card.
The player may place groups or sequences from hand face up on the table. This can only be done once by each player during each round. When melding, you must lay down exactly the combination of groups or sequences which is required by the contract for that round. When a player melds, they can only meld the minimum number of cards required.
Laying off is adding cards to groups or sequences which have already been melded - both the players own and those melded by the opponents. Players may lay off only if they have already melded in some previous turn of the current round. Players may not lay off before or on the same turn as another player. There is no limit as to how many cards a player may lay off in one turn. To complete each turn, he player must discard one card from their hand and place it face up on top of the discard pile.
Play continues with players taking turns clockwise around the table until one person has got rid of all the cards from their hand. It can occasionally happen that the stock pile runs out of cards. If a player wishes to draw a card when there are no cards left in the stock pile, then you take all the cards of the discard pile except the top one, shuffle them together, and place them face down to make a new stock. The top card of the old discard pile remains face up to start the new discard pile. Play then continues as before.
If at the start of the players turn they choose to draw from the stock rather than take the discard, any player who desires the card on the top of the discard pile may ask for it If several people want the discard, it goes to the earliest in turn to play after the person who is about to draw from the stock. The player who takes the discard in this way must also take the top card from the stock as a penalty card. There is no limit as to how many times this can be done, but the same player is not allowed to take two successive cards from the discard pile in this way.
If a joker is played in a sequence, any player who has the card which the joker is representing, and who has already melded their contract on a previous turn, may, during the laying off phase of their turn to play, take the joker, replacing it in the meld with the card it represents. Any joker gained in this manner must be laid off in the current turn - it cannot be saved for play in a later turn.
Jokers played as part of a group are considered "dead"; they cannot be reclaimed and played elsewhere.
In rounds in which the contract requires multiple sequences, players are not allowed to meld two sequences in the same suit which are contiguous. For example 3 4 5 6 and 7 8 9 10 are not acceptable as two sequences in a contract. To be valid, sequences in the same suit must either have a gap between them or overlap.
In the final round, the player must meld all their cards at once. In this round only, the sequences you meld are allowed to be longer than four cards. If the player has melded all their cards, there is no discard - play ends immediately after the meld.
Joker = 15 Points
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In computing, how many bits are in one byte? | Contract Rummy | Rules and Strategies
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Contract Rummy
Contract Rummy is quite a unique variation of traditional rummy games. It is popularly known as Joker Rummy and Wild Rummy. The game is played between 3 to 8 players. The number of decks change as the number of players increase – 2 decks are used up to 4 players, 3 decks are used when 5 to 6 players join and 4 decks are used when 7 to 8 players join the game.
Rules of Contract Rummy
The rules to play Contract Rummy are quite similar to Gin Rummy as printed jokers and wild jokers are used in the game. Contract Rummy is played for seven deals where the rules for each deal are different. There are many variations of the rules; so, this article explains the general rules that are used commonly to play the game.
One player is chosen as the dealer in the first hand and the player to the left becomes the dealer in subsequent deals. Each player is dealt with 10 cards during the first four deals and 12 cards are distributed in the last three deals.
When all the cards are distributed, one card from the deck is placed face up to form the discard pile and the rest of the cards are placed face down to form the stock pile. A player during his/her turn has to pick a card from either stock or discard pile and then place a hand card on the discard pile.
Objective of the Game
The objective of Contract Rummy is to meld all the cards in the hand into sets and sequences. There are different contract requirements for each deal. For example the contract requirement for the first deal is two sets. The game goes on till a player “goes out” or discards the last card in the hand while melding.
The different types of Contracts that follow in successive rounds are mentioned below:.
• Two Groups of Three (six cards in total)
• One Group of Three and a Sequence of four (seven cards formation)
• Two Sequences of Four (eight cards in total)
• Three Groups of Three (A total of nine cards)
• Two Groups of Three and One Sequence of Four (ten cards in total)
• One Group of Three and Two Sequences of Four (A total of eleven cards)
• Three Sequences of Four and No Discard
Points Calculation in Contract Rummy
There are different points allocated to each card in Contract Rummy. All the numbered cards have the same value as their numerical value. For example, a 4 of Hearts has 4 points and a 9 of Spades has 9 points. However, Jack, Queen and King have 10 points each and Aces of all suits carry 15 points. Jokers carry exceptionally high points – Each Joker, Wild or Printed carry 25 points.
As you have seen, Contract Rummy is as easy as 13 Cards Rummy. So, have some additional decks of cards ready and play this interesting game variant with your friends. Who knows, you could be a natural winner in Contract Rummy!
To know more exciting variations of rummy, go to our ‘Rummy Variation’ section and learn more about all the different variants. The game rules of every variant are as interesting as Indian Rummy and you can learn them with ease.
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How may moons does the planet Mars have? | How Many Moons Does Mars Have? - Universe Today
Universe Today
How Many Moons Does Mars Have?
Article Updated: 12 Aug , 2016
by Matt Williams
Many of the planets in our Solar System have a system of moons. But among the rocky planets that make up the inner Solar System, having moons is a privilege enjoyed only by two planets: Earth and Mars . And for these two planets, it is a rather limited privilege compared to gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn which each have dozens of moons.
Whereas Earth has only one satellite (aka. the Moon ), Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos. And whereas the vast majority of moons in our Solar System are large enough to become round spheres similar to our own Moon, Phobos and Deimos are asteroid-sized and misshapen in appearance.
Size, Mass and Orbit:
The larger moon is Phobos, whose name comes from the Greek word which means “fear” (i.e. phobia). Phobos measures just 22.7 km across and has an orbit that places it closer to Mars than Deimos. Compared to Earth’s own Moon — which orbits at a distance of 384,403 km away from our planet — Phobos orbits at an average distance of only 9,377 km above Mars.
This produces an orbit of short duration, revolving around the planet three times in a single day. For someone standing on the planet’s surface, Phobos could be seen crossing the sky in only 4 hours or so.
Phobos, the larger of Mars’ two moons, with the Stickney crater seen on the right side. Credit: HiRISE, MRO, LPL (U. Arizona), NASA
Mars’ second moon is Deimos, which takes its name from the Greek word for panic. It is even smaller, measuring just 12.6 km across, and is also less irregular in shape. Its orbit places it much farther away from Mars, at a distance of 23,460 km, which means that Deimos takes 30.35 hours to complete an orbit around Mars.
When impacted, dust and debris will leave the surface of the moon because they do not have enough gravitational pull to retain the ejecta. However, the gravity from Mars will keep a ring of this debris around the planet in approximately the same region that the moon orbits. As the moon revolves, the debris is redeposited as a dusty layer on its surface.
Like Earth’s Moon, Phobos and Deimos always present the same face to their planet. Both are lumpy, heavily-cratered and covered in dust and loose rocks. They are among the darker objects in the solar system. The moons appear to be made of carbon-rich rock mixed with ice. Given their composition, size and shape, astronomers think that both of Mars’ moons were once asteroids that were captured in the distant past.
However, it appears that of these two satellites, Phobos won’t be orbiting the Red Planet for very much longer. Because it orbits Mars faster than the planet itself rotates, it is slowly spiraling inward. As a result, scientists estimate that in the next 10-50 million years or so, it will get so low that the Martian gravity will tear Phobos into a pile of rocks. And then a few million years later, those rocks will crash down on the surface of Mars in a spectacular string of impacts.
The Martian Moon of Deimos, as pictured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Credit: HiRISE/MRO/LPL (U. Arizona)/NASA
Composition and Surface Features:
Phobos and Deimos both appear to be composed of C-type rock, similar to blackish carbonaceous chondrite asteroids. This family of asteroids is extremely old, dating back to the formation of the Solar System. Hence, it is likely that they were acquired by Mars very early in its history.
Phobos is heavily cratered from eons worth of impacts from meteors with three large craters dominating the surface. The largest crater is Stickney (visible in the photo above). The Stickney crater is 10 km in diameter, which is almost half of the average diameter of Phobos itself. The crater is so large that scientists believe the impact came close to breaking the moon apart. Parallel grooves and striations leading away from the crater indicate that fractures were likely formed as a result of the impact.
Much like Phobos, it’s surface is pockmarked and cratered from numerous impact. The largest crater on Deimos is approximately 2.3 km in diameter (1/5 the size of the Stickney crater). Although both moons are heavily cratered, Deimos has a smoother appearance caused by the partial filling of some of its craters.
Origin:
Compared to our Moon, Phobos and Deimos are rough and asteroid-like in appearance, and also much smaller. In addition, their composition (as already noted) is similar to that of C-type asteroids that are common to the Asteroid Belt. Hence, the prevailing theory as to their origin is that they were once asteroids that were kicked out of the Main Belt by Jupiter’s gravity, and were then acquired by Mars.
History of Observation:
Phobos and Deimos were originally discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall in August of 1877. Ninety-four years after the moons’ discovery, NASA’s Mariner 9 spacecraft got a much better look at the two moons from its orbit around Mars. Upon viewing the large crater on Phobos, NASA decided to name it after Hall’s wife – Stickney. Subsequent observations conducted by the HiRISE experiment, the Mars Global Surveyor, and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have added to our overall understanding of these two satellites.
Someday, manned missions may be going to Phobos and Deimos. Scientists have discussed the possibility of using one of the Martian moons as a base from which astronauts could observe the Red Planet and launch robots to its surface, while shielded by miles of rock from cosmic rays and solar radiation for nearly two-thirds of every orbit.
Here’s NASA’s fact sheet on Mars , including information about the moons, and additional info from Starry Skies .
Finally, if you’d like to learn more about Mars in general, we have done several podcast episodes about the Red Planet at Astronomy Cast. Episode 52: Mars , and Episode 91: The Search for Water on Mars .
Sources:
I thought there was considerable rethinking about Phobos’ grooves being related to Stickney, and in fact lend credence to the current idea that Phobos will likely be torn apart in a relatively short time (geologically speaking).
CJSF
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How many colours are in the rainbow? | How Many Moons Does the Earth Have? - YouTube
How Many Moons Does the Earth Have?
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Published on Jul 4, 2013
In this short video explainer, Fraser Cain, publisher of Universe Today investigates the myth that Earth has several moons. Maybe it did have more moons in the past? And what are some strange objects that sort of act like moons.
Look up into the night sky and count the moons.
You can see only one moon, "the" Moon.
But does the Earth have any other moons?
Around the Solar System, multiple moons are the rule.
Jupiter has 67 natural satellites, even Mars has two asteroid-like moons.
Could Earth have more than one?
Officially, the answer is no. The Earth has a single moon.
Today.
It's possible Earth had more than one moon in the past, millions or even billions of years ago.
Strange terrain on the far side of the Moon could be explained by a second moon crashing into it, depositing a layer of material tens of kilometers deep.
Moons could come and go over the billions of years of the Earth's history.
For example, Mars has two Moons, but not for long.
Phobos, the larger moon, is spiraling inward and expected to crash into the planet within the next 10 million years.
And so, in the future, Mars will only have a single Moon, Deimos.
It's also possible that the Earth might capture a Moon in the future.
Neptune's largest moon, Triton, orbits in the opposite direction from the rest of the moons around the planet.
This suggests that Triton was actually a captured Kuiper Belt Object which strayed too close to the planet.
In fact, we did capture a 5-metre asteroid called 2006 RH120.
It orbited the Earth four times during 2006/2007 before getting ejected again.
So we can assume events like this have happened in the past.
Additionally, we might have more moons, but they haven't been discovered yet because they're just too small.
Researchers have calculated that there could be meter-sized asteroids in orbit around the Earth, remaining in orbit for hundreds of years before gravitational interactions push them out again.
And there are other objects that interact with Earth's orbit in strange ways.
Scientists don't consider them moons, but they do stick around in our neighbourhood:
Asteroid 3753 Cruithne is in an orbital resonance with the Earth.
It has a highly eccentric orbit, but takes exactly one year to orbit the Sun.
From our perspective, it follows a slow, horse-shoe shaped path across the sky.
Since the discovery of Cruithne in 1986, several other resonant near-Earth objects have been discovered.
There's 2010 TK7, the Earth's only known Trojan asteroid.
It leads the Earth in the exact same orbit around the Sun, in a gravitationally stable point in space.
So, the answer... Earth only has a single Moon. Today.
We might have had more moons in the past, and we might capture more in the future, but for right now... enjoy the one we've got.
Thanks for watching!
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What do the opposite numbers on a regular dice always add up to? | Why must opposite faces of dice always add up to 7 (1/6,2/5,3/4)? Would it make any difference if they didn't? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk
Why must opposite faces of dice always add up to 7 (1/6,2/5,3/4)? Would it make any difference if they didn't?
Bill Thomson, Watford, Herts
The design as a whole is to provide a randomly determined integer from one to six, each of those values being equally likely to militate against concerns that the faces of dice cause a small bias. For a single roll of a fair s-sided die, the probability of rolling each value is exactly 1/s-an of a discrete uniform distribution. For n multiple rolls, with a s-sided die the possibility space is equal to sn. So, for n rolls of an s-sided die the probability of any result is 1/sn. As the number of dice increases, the distribution of the sum of all numbers tends to normal distribution by the central limit theorem.
GOTETI MVSR KRISHNA, TADEPALLIGUDEM,ANDHRAPRADESH INDIA
If you take the numbers 1,2....6 then add opp faces! You could have 1+2=3. 4+5=9. remember you could have other combination,,this is random, but for the example chosen.......It only leaves,the two numbers we have not used 6,3,,6+3=9
Zen Silvestri, melrose Scotland
I want an answer to this Question! The laws of physics come from an empirical point of view or from a theoretical point of view but they must satisfy the empirical reality if they come from theoretical consideration. So it looks like to me that the empirical came first and from that we get the laws/rules that fit that empirical relationship.If that is the case we can never ""INVENT"" anything all we do is find out what is there and adapt it to fit our needs//NOO?? I look forward to an answer to this DILEMA Zen
Zen Silvestri, Melrose Scotland
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How many wives did actor and film director Charlie Chaplin have? | How the dice got their spots
How the dice got their spots
How the dice got their spots
Most people know that the opposite sides of a six-sided die always add up to seven. But what is the relationship between all six sides of a die? How do they wrap around each other?
Set a die down so the six face is on top and the two is facing you. You automatically know the one is on the bottom, and the five is facing away from you. What you can't automatically know is if the four is on the left or the right.
Some dice manufacturers place the four on the left of the dice. Others put the four on the right side. The same dice company may even change faces for different sizes and styles of its dice. Of course, the three is always on the opposite side of the four.
Yellow die has four on the viewer's right side. Middle white die also has a four on viewer's right side. Right white die has a three on viewer's right side.
Another way to think about how the spots are arranged on the dice is to view the three sides of the one, two, and three spots. Some people refer to the different layouts as left or right-handed. I prefer to think of the two layouts as clockwise or counterclockwise.
The one, two, and three faces run in a counterclockwise direction on the yellow die and a clockwise direction on the white die.
There are also some interesting differences in how the spots of individual faces are laid out. For example, some Asian dice place the three spots for the three face in a triangle, rather than the traditional diagonal line. You may also see the pair of spots for the two face in a vertical or horizontal line, rather than a diagonal line.
For most six-sided dice the only two faces with spots that are not symmetrical are the two and the three. Both of these numbers usually have the spots run in a diagonal line on that face of the dice. But in which direction? Do the diagonal lines have positive or negative slopes? It turns out that that there are four different ways to lay out the spots for these two faces.
Two of the possibilities are when the line formed by connecting the three spots meets the line formed by connecting the two spots. These two lines can either meet at the corner of the six face or the one face.
The green die has the two and three sloping up to meet the one. The red die has the two and three sloping up to meet the six.
The lines made by the spots of the two and the three faces don't have to meet at one corner. They can run parallel to each other. Again, there are two different ways in which the two lines can run parallel. Assume the six face is on top and the die is placed so you can see the six, three, and two faces. The lines created by the two and three faces can either be positive or negative slopes.
The blue die shows the two and three with positive slopes to meet the six. The white die shows the two and three with negative slopes.
Finally, while the six face is symmetrical those six spots can have two different orientations on that face of the die. The two rows of three spots can run in the same two tracks after bending around to align with the four spots of the four face. The two rows of three spots for the six face can also be placed so they run at a right angle to the four spots of the four face.
The six spots on the blue die run across to the four. The six spots on the green die run up to the five.
One year the International Jugglers' Association (IJA) held its annual juggling festival at a hotel/casino in Primm, Nevada. You had to walk through the casino to get from one's hotel room to the exhibition hall where the juggling took place. One early morning, about three a.m., I was walking back to my room, through the almost-empty casino. Except for the pit crew, one of the craps tables was empty.
Thinking they might know about the history, I asked the three employees about these subtle differences in the possible orientations of spots on dice. They hadn't given any thought to the idea that the two and three faces could have positive or negative slopes, and they confessed to me that they probably wouldn’t notice the change if someone slipped in a pair of dice that only had that difference.
As we were talking their boss walked up. He had overheard just enough of our conversation to explain that he would notice the difference and wanted to know why his employees wouldn't.
With the realization that the training manual was soon going to be updated, I thought it an appropriate time to leave.
I later contacted a dice manufacturer and was told that there is no reason to explain the difference between various sets of dice. It’s up to the individual designer.
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What is the title of the 1985 single by British musician Paul Hardcastle which has a strong anti-war message? | Paul Hardcastle - 19 (HD 16:9) - YouTube
Paul Hardcastle - 19 (HD 16:9)
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Published on Aug 6, 2014
"19" is a song by British musician Paul Hardcastle released as the first single from his self-titled third studio album Paul Hardcastle (1985).
The song has a strong anti-war message, focusing on America's involvement in the Vietnam War and the effect it had on the soldiers who served.
"19" topped the charts in the UK for five weeks, and reached the top 20 in the US, where it also topped the dance chart. For a while, it was the top selling single in 13 countries.
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Pteridology is the study of which type of plants? | Paul Hardcastle 80s Songs at simplyeighties.com
Paul Hardcastle - 19 (1985)
Synth wizard, Paul Hardcastle, had a number of electro-pop hits during the 80s, and he achieved some acclaim for his early singles, notably the instrumental, electro-funk classic "Rain Forest" (in 1984). However, the musician came to greater prominence in 1985 with the No.1 single "19". The single hit the top of the charts across Europe and also in New Zealand, and also reached #15 in the U.S.
"19" was released as the first single from his self-titled third studio album Paul Hardcastle . The song features a strong anti-war message about the soldiers who served in the Vietnam war, and the physical and mental scars that they endured.
19 - The 30th Anniversary Mixes (2015)
Just For Money (1985)
Paul Hardcastle's follow-up single, Just For Money, failed to make the same impact on the record-buying public as 19, stalling at #19 in the UK and #15 in Ireland. The song tells the story of a bank robbery with the video featuring actor Bob Hoskins.
Paul Hardcastle ft. Carol Kenyon
Don't Waste My Time (1986)
This is a rare video mix cut from video and British tv shows Wogan and Top of the Pops. Don't Waste My Time was the secingle by Paul Hardcastle to reach the top 20 in the UK singles chart, peaking at #8 in 1986.
The song featured on Hardcastle's self-titled album which also featured the singles Nineteen, Rainforest and Just For Money. Given the number of hit singles on the album, it seems quite surprising that it only managed to reach #53 in the UK album charts.
Paul Hardcastle has released 17 singles since 1984, with his last being Easy Street in 2013 which topped the U.S. jazz charts.
In February 2014, Hardcastle was appointed Chairman of NUA Entertainment.
A newer version of the Paul Hardcastle album was released in 2007 and features ten extra tracks including three mixes of19, three mixes of Don't Waste My Time and a 12 inch remix of Just For Money.
The Wizard (Top of the Pops Theme)
If you watched Top of the Pops between 1986 and 1991 you will certainly remember the theme music which was created by Paul Hardcastle. In the video clip in the playlist you will see Paul giving a very enthusiastic performance, although the music is not live - this was the case for the majority of performances during much of the 80s.
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According to the Bible, what was the name of Noah’s second son? | Who were the sons of Noah, and what happened to them and their descendants?
Who were the sons of Noah, and what happened to them and their descendants?
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Question: "Who were the sons of Noah, and what happened to them and their descendants?"
Answer: Noah had three sons born to him, Shem, Ham, and Japheth , before God sent a flood to destroy the world (Genesis 5:32). Whenever the names of Noah’s three sons are recorded, Shem is always mentioned first (e.g., Genesis 9:18; 10:2, 21), even though Shem was the second-born (the Bible often lists people according to prominence rather than age). Japheth was the oldest (Genesis 10:21), and Ham was the youngest (Genesis 9:24).
Japheth was born when Noah was 500 years old, and the flood came 100 years later (Genesis 7:6–7). Since Shem was 100 two years after the flood (Genesis 11:10), he must have been born when Noah was 502 years old. There is no record of when Ham was born other than the fact that he was born sometime after Shem (Genesis 9:24).
“Shem was the ancestor of all the sons of Eber” (Genesis 10:21), and this is important because the word Eber is the origin of the Hebrew word for “Hebrew.” The word Shem means “name,” which implies that Noah expected this son’s name to become great. He was right—the modern words Semitic and Semite are derived from Shem’s name. The Bible records that Shem had five sons: Elam, Ashur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram (Genesis 10:22). Shem lived to be 600 years of age (Genesis 11:10–11) and became the ancestor of the Semitic peoples (Genesis 10:1, 21–31). Abraham, a descendant of Shem, is the first person in the Bible who is referred to as a “Hebrew” (Genesis 14:13).
Noah blessed Shem above his brothers (Genesis 9:26–27), and it was through Shem that the promised seed destined to crush Satan came (Genesis 3:15). That seed is traced back to Adam’s son Seth (Genesis 5:1–32), through Shem, and on to Abraham, Judah, and David, leading all the way to Christ (Luke 3:36).
Shem’s son Elam was the father of the Elamites, who later settled east of Mesopotamia. Shem’s son Ashur, whose name is related to the word Assyria, is most likely is the father of those who settled the ancient region of Assyria (Genesis 2:14). Arphaxad is thought by many scholars to be a compound form of the Hebrew word for “Chaldea,” which was a region in southern Mesopotamia (Genesis 11:10–13). It was through Arphaxad that Eber came. Scholars believe that the descendants of Shem’s son Lud became known as the Lydians of Asia Minor. And Aram is identified by Bible scholars with the area northeast of the Promised Land, known today as Syria (cf. 2 Kings 16:6). The sons of Aram are listed in Genesis 10:23. Of Aram’s sons, Uz is later referred to in the book of Job (Job 1:1).
Noah’s firstborn son, Japheth, is listed as the father of Gomer, Magog , Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras (Genesis 10:2). Their descendants became the people who lived to the north and west of Israel and, after Babel, spoke what today are classified as Indo-European languages.
In blessing his son Japheth, Noah said, “May God extend Japheth’s territory; / may Japheth live in the tents of Shem, / and may Canaan be the slave of Japheth” (Genesis 9:27). There are two schools of thought regarding what this prophecy about Japheth means.
Some scholars are of the opinion that the enlargement of Japheth’s territory refers to a great numerical increase of his descendants. The comment “may Japheth live in the tents of Shem” means that Japheth will share in the blessings of Shem. According to this view, there was to be a time when God worked primarily with Shem (the people of Israel), but later Japheth would be brought into connection with the faith of Israel to share Israel’s blessings. A similar prophecy is evident in the Abrahamic Covenant , when God promises to bless all nations through Abraham’s seed (Genesis 12:3). The fulfillment is found in Christ and in the gospel coming to the Gentiles (descendants of Japheth) at the inception of the church (Acts 15:7; Romans 15:16; Galatians 2:2). Other scholars are of the opinion that the extension of Japheth’s territory refers to territorial enlargement, and living “in the tents of Shem” is the conquest of the Semites’ territory by Japhethites. According to this view, the fulfillment was the Greek and Roman conquests of Israel.
Ham, the youngest of the Noah’s three sons, had four sons: Cush, Mizraim (Hebrew for “Egypt”), Put, and Canaan (Genesis 10:6; 1 Chronicles 1:8). Egypt was later called the “land of Ham” (Psalm 78:51; 105:23; 106:22). The Hamitic peoples are shown in Genesis 10:6–20 as becoming a godless and worldly power. It was the land of Israel that was assigned to Ham’s son, Canaan, and for centuries it was under the control of the Egyptians. Ham is the father of the Arabians, Canaanites, and Africans, including the Egyptians. Due to Ham’s sin against his father (Genesis 9:20–25), Noah cursed Canaan , saying Canaan would be a servant to Shem (Genesis 9:26). This was fulfilled centuries later when the Israelites entered the land of Canaan and subdued the inhabitants of that land (1 Kings 9:20–21).
| Ham |
Which type of seeds are traditionally used in a recipe for seed cake? | Daily Bible Study - Sons Of Noah
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Sons Of Noah
by Wayne Blank
"The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham and Japheth. These were the three sons of Noah, and from them came the people who were scattered over the earth." (Genesis 9:18-19).
Whoever we are, wherever we are, we are all descended from the people of the ark. Noah and his wife are distant grandparents to everyone born after The Flood . We are also all directly related to either Shem and his wife, Ham and his wife, or Japheth and his wife. Every human being on earth today is your cousin, whether first, second - or thousandth!
Shem
The second-born son of Noah, he is the progenitor of the Semitic peoples (Genesis 10:21-31).
He was born 98 years before the flood (Genesis 11:10) and outlived his descendants for 9 generations, except for Eber (from whom we get the word Hebrew) and Abraham.
After Noah's incident with "too much wine," Shem seems to have been given pre-eminence over his brothers (Genesis 9:20-27).
The 3 great monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all have Semitic origins
Ham
The youngest son of Noah, born about 96 years before the flood.
He became the progenitor of the Egyptians, Cushites, Ethiopians, Libyans, Canaanites, Assyrians and Babylonians (Genesis 10:6-20).
After the incident with "too much wine," Ham apparently lost favor with his father for something that he did while Noah was asleep (Genesis 9:24-25).
Japheth
The oldest of the 3 sons of Noah (Genesis 10:21).
He is the progenitor of Gomer, Magog, Madai, and the maritime peoples of Javan (Genesis 10:2-5).
He didn't get into any trouble during the "too much wine" incident, but his younger brother Shem seems to have done better in terms of their father's blessing (Genesis 9:23,27).
Fact Finder: What did the apostle Peter have to say in the New Testament about Noah and the flood?
1 Peter 3:18-22
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At which temperature do Fahrenheit and Celsius meet? | What is the temperature at which Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometer readings are equal?
What is the temperature at which Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometer readings are equal?
Asked by: Hamid A. Khan
Answer
The temperature at which Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometer readings are equal is: - 40 degrees.
Well if you look at the conversion formulas for Celsius to Fahrenheit, or that of Fahrenheit to Celsius, you can manipulate it mathematically to answer this question.
The conversion formula reads:
T(F) = T(C) x 9/5 + 32
this means that the temperature of Fahrenheit equals the temperature of Celsius multiplied by nine / fifths, plus 32 degrees.
If the temperatures are the same then the two 'T's' in the formula should represent the same temperature.
So,
t = t x 9/5 + 32
minus the nine fifths of t from each side to move it to the left of the equation. this leaves:
t - 9t/5 = 32 ------> this leaves: - 4t/5 = 32
so then you multiply each side by - 5/4 to solve for t, and you get t = - 40 degrees!
(by the way, 't' times,(x), nine/fifths equals 9t/5)
Answered by: Dominic Jones, D.B., High School Student
Science Quote
'Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. '
| 40 degrees |
The Greek national anthem has a total of how many verses (or stanzas)? | Temperature: How are the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales calculated? - Quora
Quora
Science
Temperature: How are the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales calculated?
During the 2014 Polar Vortex, I read that temperatures in the US were as low as -37 degrees F which converts to approx -38 C. Yet +37 F is approx +3 C and +80 F is approx +26 C.
Why is there so little disparity at the lower end of the scale, and so much at the upper?
The celsius scale is arguably the more logical. Zero celsius is the freezing point of water, 100 celsius is the boiling point of water at sea level. Divide the space between them evenly and you have degrees celsius.
The Fahrenheit scale took a much longer and weirder path. Zero fahrenheit was placed at the coldest temperature the guy could achieve at the time, and the top of the scale was based on his body temperature. Then he divided that into 12, then subdivided each of those divisions into 8, meaning that his body temperature was 96 degrees on the scale.
That's obviously impossible to standardize, so the scale has been recalibrated so that 32 Fahrenheit is the freezing point of water, and 212 Fahrenheit is the boiling point. Not really intutive, but at least it works.
For your final question, about disparity, that's just a function of math. The two scales are both linear, but use different degrees, which means that they'll coincide at some point. That point happens to be -40 degrees. There's no significance to that, it just happens to be where the scales meet. The closer you are to -40, the more similar the two temperatures will be. The further away you are, the more different they'll be.
Updated May 1, 2015
The Celsius scale is defined as 0 Celsius is the freezing temperature of pure H2O at 1 atmosphere of pressure, while the boiling point of pure H2O is 100 Celsius, also at standard pressure. The Fahrenheit scale uses 32 as the freezing point, and 212 as the boiling point. 212 - 32 = 180. Therefore, the diffwrence between the freezing point and boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius (sometimes called Centigrade) or 180 degrees Fahrenheit.
To convert from F to C, subtract 32 (the difference between freezing in F and 0 degrees F) then divide by 180 (the number of degrees F from freezing to boiling) and multiply by 100 (the number of degrees C from freezing to boiling.) This can be simplified by the following:
100/180 = 5/9.
Note that -40 F = -40 C. (Take a moment to make the conversion and prove this to yourself.)
Written Jan 22, 2015
Celsius uses the melting point of water (0°C) and the boiling point of water (100°C) to define the scale.
Fahrenheit originally used the lowest temperature that water freezes if you add salt (0°F) and human body temperature (100°F) to define the scale. On this scale pure water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F.
Thus:
[math]F=\frac95C+32[/math]
or
It just so happens that
[math]\frac95(-40)+32= -40 =\frac59(-40-32)[/math]
So -40°C = -40°F.
Using the formula we can calculate
[math]F-C=F-\frac59(F-32)=\frac{4F+32}{9}[/math]
which clearly gets bigger as [math]F[/math] increases. (The absolute size also increases as [math]F[/math] gets more negative.)
The other temperature scale in common use (in scientific circles) is Kelvin which defines zero as the absolute zero of temperature (colder than which you cannot go) and uses the same degree as Celcius. On this scale water freezes at 273.15K.
The Kelvin scale is useful when examining the linear relationship between temperature and pressure, as has been important lately for the NFL and New England Patriots!
Written Jul 12, 2014
Plot the relation b/w F and C. As the temperature (either in F or C) goes down in value, the two lines approach each other. Thus, Fahrenheit approaches Celcius as temperature (either in F or C) goes down (they coincide at 40C or 40F).
Written Jan 26, 2016
Historically, the scientist Farenheit made as many scribe lines on his prototype thermometer as he could fit in. Freezing and Boiling of water, on that device, were at the marks for 32 and 212, with a span of 180 degrees (F) between. The Celsius system was set in reverse order, with the metric system of powers of 10 in mind, to put a span of 100 degrees between, with boiling at 100C and freezing at 0C.
The ratio of 180 degrees to 100 degrees in this span generated to 9/5 ratio in conversion formulas (divide both by 20). Since the Farenheit system started with a marked thermometer and then found what marks corresponded to freezing and boiling, while the Celsius thermometer found where the thermometer read freezing and boiling and then marked those points with 0 and 100, this left an offset between them in both cases. Plotting the graph, as done by another answerer, two lines with different slopes will meet in one place, in this case when both temperatures = -40. (That's -40 degrees from freezing in Celsius, and -72 degrees from freezing in Farenheit. Divide both by 8, in this case, and you get the ratio of 5 to 9 again.
Coming back to your question specifically then, there is more disparity at the hotter end of the scale because we humans spend a lot more existance time close to upper temperatures than we do, at least outside Minnesota, at 40 below zero. In the warmer realms, the Farenheit climbs faster than the Celsius, so the spread between the numbers gets bigger, the hotter it gets. The same is true at 100 below zero, in the opposite direction, but not many people encounter weather like that every day.
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Which late singer was known as the ‘Electric Poet’? | The Doors - Break on Through (to the other side) - YouTube
The Doors - Break on Through (to the other side)
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Published on Oct 25, 2013
Oliver Stone's homage to 1960s rock group The Doors also doubles as a biography of the group's late singer, the "Electric Poet" Jim Morrison. The movie follows Morrison from his days as a film student in Los Angeles to his death in Paris in 1971, at the age of 27. The movie features a tour-de-force performance by Val Kilmer, who not only looks like Jim Morrison's long-lost twin brother, but also sounds so much like him that he did much of his own singing. It has been written that even the surviving Doors had trouble distinguishing Kilmer's vocals from Morrison's originals.
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| Jim Morrison |
An atoll is formed by which natural substance? | The Doors - Break on Through (to the other side) - YouTube
The Doors - Break on Through (to the other side)
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Published on Oct 25, 2013
Oliver Stone's homage to 1960s rock group The Doors also doubles as a biography of the group's late singer, the "Electric Poet" Jim Morrison. The movie follows Morrison from his days as a film student in Los Angeles to his death in Paris in 1971, at the age of 27. The movie features a tour-de-force performance by Val Kilmer, who not only looks like Jim Morrison's long-lost twin brother, but also sounds so much like him that he did much of his own singing. It has been written that even the surviving Doors had trouble distinguishing Kilmer's vocals from Morrison's originals.
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Port-of-Spain is the capital of which Caribbean republic? | Port of Spain | national capital, Trinidad and Tobago | Britannica.com
national capital, Trinidad and Tobago
Written By:
Chicago
Port of Spain, also spelled Port-of-Spain , capital city and chief port of Trinidad and Tobago , southeastern West Indies . It is on the west coast of the island of Trinidad, below the northern peninsula on the Gulf of Paria , which separates the island from the northeastern coast of Venezuela .
President’s House, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
Altrendo Images/Getty Images
The city is laid out in geometric patterns with parks and squares; on the hills behind Port of Spain are residential suburbs. At the centre of the city is the business district, near the Gothic-style Holy Trinity Cathedral and the Queen’s Park Savannah—the city’s largest open space and a popular site for recreation. From that area radiate many of the most important streets, and around it are several buildings of historical and architectural interest, including the President’s House, which stands in the grounds of the Botanical Gardens; Whitehall, which houses the office of the prime minister; the house of the Roman Catholic archbishop of Port of Spain; the Knowsley Building, which accommodates some government ministries; All Saints’ Church (Anglican); and the neo-Renaissance Red House, rebuilt in 1906, which contains the Parliament and government offices. There are also Muslim and Hindu houses of worship in the city. Among the educational institutions are three well-established secondary schools: Queen’s Royal College, Fatima College, and St. Mary’s College. One of the campuses of the University of the West Indies is situated at St. Augustine , about 10 miles (16 km) east of the city.
Port of Spain is not dependent on tourism, as are many Caribbean islands, but has a diversified industrial base, including the production of rum, beer, margarine and oils, cigarettes, plastics, and building materials. There are sawmills, textile mills, and citrus canneries. Angostura aromatic bitters, a popular ingredient in cocktails, is produced only in Port of Spain, its formula a closely guarded secret. Technical institutes train workers for various industries. Port of Spain is linked by good roads with other parts of Trinidad. The port has a key position on world shipping routes and is a centre of trade within the West Indies. At Piarco, about 15 miles (25 km) east of the city, is the country’s chief airport. Pop. (2000) 49,031; (2011) 37,074.
Learn More in these related articles:
in Trinidad and Tobago
| Trinidad and Tobago |
Which famous British author used the pen name Mary Westmacott? | Republic Bank | We're the One for you!
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What are the names of Peter Rabbit’s sisters in ‘The Tale of Peter Rabbit’ by Beatrix Potter? | Beatrix Potter: The Tale of Peter Rabbit
Beatrix Potter, ‘Study of Peter Rabbit’, © Frederick Warne & Co., 2006
An affectionate companion
The 'real' Peter Rabbit was a Belgian buck rabbit called Peter Piper that was, as wrote Potter later, 'bought at a very tender age, in the Uxbridge Road, Shepherd's Bush, for the exorbitant sum of 4/6'. He was to prove a sound investment. This 'affectionate companion' lent his first name to one of the world's best-loved fictional characters and earned Beatrix Potter enduring international acclaim for the series of 'little books' that bear his name.
Peter Piper was the second rabbit that Potter acquired in the 1890s (the first was called Benjamin, himself to become the subject of a story in The Tale of Benjamin Bunny), and a much-loved member of the menagerie that kept her amused in what was a rather lonely childhood. Potter wrote later in a letter to a child that:
'Peter used to lie before the fire on the heart rug like a cat. He was clever at learning tricks, he used to jump through a hoop, and ring a bell, and play the tambourine.'
Potter spent a lot of time studying and drawing Peter Piper. He was rather fat, 'good at tricks' and 'very naughty' - the perfect model for a story about a mischievous and greedy little rabbit. Potter first composed her story of Peter Rabbit in 1893 in the form of a picture-letter to Noel Moore, the five-year-old son of her friend and former governess, Annie Moore. He was recovering from a bout of scarlet fever. Potter begins:
'I don't know what to write to you, so I shall tell you story about four little rabbits, whose names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail, and Peter'.
Original illustration for 'The Tale of Peter Rabbit’, Beatrix Potter. © Frederick Warne & Co. 2006
A book for little rabbits
In the following years Beatrix sent other picture letters to Noel and to his brother and sisters, including stories about an 'excessively impertinent' squirrel called Nutkin and a disconsolate frog called Mr. Jeremy Fisher. In 1900 Annie suggested to Beatrix that her picture letters might contain material for several picture books. Fortunately the children had kept their letters safe and Beatrix was able to borrow them to copy and rework her text and illustrations. Noel's story of Peter Rabbit was to become Beatrix's first book.
In 1900 Beatrix borrowed Noel's letter – she wanted to rework the original pictures and story and try and sell the idea to a publisher. Her intention was that the book would be small-format, so it could be held easily by children's hands, and that it would feature a black-and-white illustration on each page, to keep the interest of the youngest readers. Six publishers, including Frederick Warne, rejected the story – they wanted something in a larger, more expensive format, and colour illustrations. But Potter remained resolute, deciding that since 'little rabbits cannot afford to spend 6 shillings on one book' she would publish the book herself, at a sale price of 1s 2d.
On 16th December 1901, Strangeways & Sons printed 250 copies, each with a colour frontispiece printed by Hentschel of Fleet Street. The first edition's immediate success prompted Potter to order a reprint of a further 200 copies only a few months later, in February 1902. One copy of Beatrix's privately printed edition contains the following inscription:
'In affectionate remembrance of poor old Peter Rabbit, who died on the 26th of January 1901 at the end of his 9th year … whatever the limitations of his intellect or outward shortcomings of his fur, and his ears and toes, his disposition was uniformly amiable and his temper unfailingly sweet. An affectionate companion and a quiet friend.'
Beatrix Potter ‘The Original Peter Rabbit Books’ © Frederick Warne & Co., 2006
An appalling quantity of Peter
Meanwhile, a friend of the Potter family, Canon Rawnsley (one of the founder members of the National Trust), had encouraged Frederick Warne to reconsider publishing Beatrix's story. On 16th December 1901, as Potter celebrated the printing of her private edition, Warne wrote with an offer to publish the 'Bunny Book' the following year, with the condition that she slightly revised the story and produced colour illustrations. His terms were agreed to.
Potter was interested in all aspects of the book's production, carefully editing Warne's proofs for both the text and illustrations, and making recommendations for the design of the endpapers and the colour binding. Publication began in October 1902 with a first edition of 8000 copies, a further 12,000 copies were printed in November and 8220 copies in December. Within a year Warne was already planning a sixth printing. Beatrix was astonished: 'The public must be fond of rabbits! What an appalling quantity of Peter'. Widely considered to be one of the most popular children's books of all time, The Tale of Peter Rabbit has gone on to sell an astonishing 40 million copies worldwide.
Peter never stopped running …
Advances in modern printing and design technology have played a crucial role in maintaining the fresh appearance of The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Warne re-photographed Beatrix's original illustrations for a new edition in 1987. In 2002, to mark the centenary of the commercial publication of The Tale of Peter Rabbit, Warne has designed another new edition. Taking the first edition of The Tale of Peter Rabbit as a guide, Warne has redressed Peter according to Beatrix's original intentions with six 'extra' illustrations (including four removed from the 1903 edition to allow space for illustrated endpapers), a new typeface and plainer, more 'restful' endpapers.
| flopsy mopsy cottontail |
What does an anemometer measure? | Beatrix Potter: The Tale of Peter Rabbit
Beatrix Potter, ‘Study of Peter Rabbit’, © Frederick Warne & Co., 2006
An affectionate companion
The 'real' Peter Rabbit was a Belgian buck rabbit called Peter Piper that was, as wrote Potter later, 'bought at a very tender age, in the Uxbridge Road, Shepherd's Bush, for the exorbitant sum of 4/6'. He was to prove a sound investment. This 'affectionate companion' lent his first name to one of the world's best-loved fictional characters and earned Beatrix Potter enduring international acclaim for the series of 'little books' that bear his name.
Peter Piper was the second rabbit that Potter acquired in the 1890s (the first was called Benjamin, himself to become the subject of a story in The Tale of Benjamin Bunny), and a much-loved member of the menagerie that kept her amused in what was a rather lonely childhood. Potter wrote later in a letter to a child that:
'Peter used to lie before the fire on the heart rug like a cat. He was clever at learning tricks, he used to jump through a hoop, and ring a bell, and play the tambourine.'
Potter spent a lot of time studying and drawing Peter Piper. He was rather fat, 'good at tricks' and 'very naughty' - the perfect model for a story about a mischievous and greedy little rabbit. Potter first composed her story of Peter Rabbit in 1893 in the form of a picture-letter to Noel Moore, the five-year-old son of her friend and former governess, Annie Moore. He was recovering from a bout of scarlet fever. Potter begins:
'I don't know what to write to you, so I shall tell you story about four little rabbits, whose names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail, and Peter'.
Original illustration for 'The Tale of Peter Rabbit’, Beatrix Potter. © Frederick Warne & Co. 2006
A book for little rabbits
In the following years Beatrix sent other picture letters to Noel and to his brother and sisters, including stories about an 'excessively impertinent' squirrel called Nutkin and a disconsolate frog called Mr. Jeremy Fisher. In 1900 Annie suggested to Beatrix that her picture letters might contain material for several picture books. Fortunately the children had kept their letters safe and Beatrix was able to borrow them to copy and rework her text and illustrations. Noel's story of Peter Rabbit was to become Beatrix's first book.
In 1900 Beatrix borrowed Noel's letter – she wanted to rework the original pictures and story and try and sell the idea to a publisher. Her intention was that the book would be small-format, so it could be held easily by children's hands, and that it would feature a black-and-white illustration on each page, to keep the interest of the youngest readers. Six publishers, including Frederick Warne, rejected the story – they wanted something in a larger, more expensive format, and colour illustrations. But Potter remained resolute, deciding that since 'little rabbits cannot afford to spend 6 shillings on one book' she would publish the book herself, at a sale price of 1s 2d.
On 16th December 1901, Strangeways & Sons printed 250 copies, each with a colour frontispiece printed by Hentschel of Fleet Street. The first edition's immediate success prompted Potter to order a reprint of a further 200 copies only a few months later, in February 1902. One copy of Beatrix's privately printed edition contains the following inscription:
'In affectionate remembrance of poor old Peter Rabbit, who died on the 26th of January 1901 at the end of his 9th year … whatever the limitations of his intellect or outward shortcomings of his fur, and his ears and toes, his disposition was uniformly amiable and his temper unfailingly sweet. An affectionate companion and a quiet friend.'
Beatrix Potter ‘The Original Peter Rabbit Books’ © Frederick Warne & Co., 2006
An appalling quantity of Peter
Meanwhile, a friend of the Potter family, Canon Rawnsley (one of the founder members of the National Trust), had encouraged Frederick Warne to reconsider publishing Beatrix's story. On 16th December 1901, as Potter celebrated the printing of her private edition, Warne wrote with an offer to publish the 'Bunny Book' the following year, with the condition that she slightly revised the story and produced colour illustrations. His terms were agreed to.
Potter was interested in all aspects of the book's production, carefully editing Warne's proofs for both the text and illustrations, and making recommendations for the design of the endpapers and the colour binding. Publication began in October 1902 with a first edition of 8000 copies, a further 12,000 copies were printed in November and 8220 copies in December. Within a year Warne was already planning a sixth printing. Beatrix was astonished: 'The public must be fond of rabbits! What an appalling quantity of Peter'. Widely considered to be one of the most popular children's books of all time, The Tale of Peter Rabbit has gone on to sell an astonishing 40 million copies worldwide.
Peter never stopped running …
Advances in modern printing and design technology have played a crucial role in maintaining the fresh appearance of The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Warne re-photographed Beatrix's original illustrations for a new edition in 1987. In 2002, to mark the centenary of the commercial publication of The Tale of Peter Rabbit, Warne has designed another new edition. Taking the first edition of The Tale of Peter Rabbit as a guide, Warne has redressed Peter according to Beatrix's original intentions with six 'extra' illustrations (including four removed from the 1903 edition to allow space for illustrated endpapers), a new typeface and plainer, more 'restful' endpapers.
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What are the name of the veins on each side of the neck which drain blood from the head and neck to larger veins passing to the heart? | Cardiovascular System of the Head and Neck
Home > Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular System of the Head and Neck
Cardiovascular System of the Head and Neck
The cardiovascular system of the head and neck includes the vital arteries that provide oxygenated blood to the brain and organs of the head, including the mouth and eyes. It also includes the veins that return deoxygenated blood from these organs to the heart. Among these blood vessels are several unique and important structures that have evolved to help maintain the continuous flow of blood to the brain. The human brain is so powerful and metabolically active that it uses about 20% of all of the oxygen and glucose taken in by the body each day....
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Full Cardiovascular System of the Head and Neck Description
[Continued from above] . . . Any interruption in the blood flow to the brain very quickly results in the decline of mental function, loss of consciousness, and eventually death if not corrected.
Oxygenated blood enters the neck from the trunk through four major arteries: the left and right vertebral arteries and the left and right common carotid arteries. The vertebral arteries travel through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae before entering the skull at the foramen magnum and joining at the base of the brain to form the basilar artery. From there the basilar artery provides blood to the posterior structures of the brain, including the brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum.
The left and right carotid arteries each divide in the neck to form the left and right internal carotid as well as the left and right external carotid arteries. The internal carotid arteries pass into the skull inferior to the brain through the left and right carotid foramina. At the base of the brain, the internal carotid arteries branch off into the left and right anterior cerebral arteries and the left and right middle cerebral arteries that supply blood to the middle and anterior regions of the brain.
At the base of the brain several communicating arteries form anastomoses, or passages, between the left and right posterior cerebral, left and right internal carotid, and left and right anterior cerebral arteries. These arteries collectively form a ring of blood vessels known as the Circle of Willis. The Circle of Willis provides insurance that the brain will continue to receive blood flow in the event that one of its major arteries is blocked by allowing blood flow between all of the major arteries to all of the regions of the brain.
In the neck and head exterior to the skull, the external carotid artery provides blood flow to the skin, muscles, and organs. Several major arteries - including the facial, superficial temporal, and occipital arteries - branch off from the external carotid to provide blood to the many superficial structures of the head.
Three pairs of major veins return deoxygenated blood from the tissues of the head and neck to the heart. The left and right vertebral veins descend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae to drain blood from the spinal cord, cervical vertebrae, and muscles of the neck. In the head, superficial structures on the exterior of the skull are drained by the pair of external jugular veins, which descend through the neck lateral to the vertebral veins. Most importantly, the brain is drained by a group of large cavities in the dura mater layer of the meninges known as dural venous sinuses. Blood collected in these sinuses drains into the largest veins in the head and neck - the left and right internal jugular veins. The internal jugular veins collect blood from the brain as well as the superficial structures of the head and neck before descending through the neck towards the heart.
Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
| Jugular vein |
Who wrote the novel ‘The Invisible Man’, published in 1897? | Innominate vein | definition of innominate vein by Medical dictionary
Innominate vein | definition of innominate vein by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/innominate+vein
Related to innominate vein: azygos vein
innominate vein
See brachiocephalic vein.
innominate vein
a large vein on either side of the neck that is formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. The two veins drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities and unite to form the superior vena cava. Also called brachiocephalic vein .
vein
SYSTEMIC VEINS
SYSTEMIC VEINS
A vessel carrying blood toward the heart. Most veins originate in capillaries and drain into increasingly larger veins until their blood is delivered to the right atrium of the heart. Portal veins also originate in capillaries, but their branches decrease in size to pass through another set of capillaries before joining more typical veins on their way toward the heart. For all veins, the precursor veins that empty into a secondary vein are called tributaries of the secondary vein. See: illustration; circulation ; vena
The deep veins typically accompany arteries, and artery and vein have the same name, e.g., radial artery and radial vein. In contrast, the superficial or subcutaneous veins typically travel alone. The deep and superficial veins have frequent interconnections, i.e., anastomoses; in general, veins have more anastomoses than do arteries. Throughout the body, the pattern of veins is more variable than is the pattern of arteries.
The walls of most veins have three layers: an endothelial lining, which folds at intervals into leaflets that act as one-way valves, a thin middle layer often containing smooth muscle, and a thin outer layer composed of fibrous connective tissue. In contrast, the veins of the brain have no valves, and the largest venous channels in the brain are not veins but rather endothelial-lined spaces in the dura mater called 'dural sinuses' or 'venous sinuses'; dural sinuses receive blood from cerebral veins and deliver blood to other dural sinuses or to the internal jugular vein.
accessory hemiazygos vein
A vein running along the back wall of the upper thorax to the left of the thoracic aorta; at the level of the seventh thoracic vertebra, the accessory hemiazygos vein bends rightward, runs behind the aorta, and drains into the azygos vein. Tributaries of the accessory hemiazygos vein include the left superior intercostal veins, the upper left intercostal veins, and left bronchial veins. The patterns and interconnections of the azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory azygos veins are variable.
adrenal vein
The adrenal glands are supplied by three or more arteries on each side, but they are drained by only one right vein and one left vein. On the right, the adrenal vein empties into the inferior vena cava; on the left, the adrenal vein empties into the left renal vein. Synonym: suprarenal vein
angular vein
Facial vein.
anterior cardiac vein
One of the small veins running up along the surface of the right ventricle of the heart and draining directly into the right atrium.
anterior facial vein
Facial vein.
anterior jugular vein
A neck vein that originates near the hyoid bone and descends vertically over the hyoid and infrahyoid strap muscles; behind the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the vein turns laterally and empties into the external jugular vein (or, sometimes, into the subclavian vein).
anterior tibial vein
A vein that drains blood from the lower leg and foot and that merges with the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.
See: illustration for illus.
ascending lumbar vein
An anterior-posterior vein along the posterior abdominal wall that connects the common iliac, iliolumbar, and lumbar veins; it empties into the subcostal, azygos, hemiazygos, or first lumbar vein.
axillary vein
The continuation of the basilic vein in the upper arm; it accompanies the axillary artery and becomes the subclavian vein at the lateral border of the first rib. Tributaries of the axillary vein include the brachial, the cephalic, and the subscapular veins.
See: illustration for illlus.
azygos vein
A vein running along the back wall of the thorax on the right side of the thoracic aorta; at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, the azygos vein curves forward, over the top of the hilum (root) of the right lung, and empties its blood into the superior vena cava. The azygos vein receives blood from the back wall of the trunk via the hemiazygos, accessory azygos, right superior intercostal, right intercostal, mediastinal, pericardial, right subcostal, and right ascending lumbar veins. The patterns and interconnections of the azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory azygos veins are variable.
basal vein
A vein along the base of the brain that runs from the cavernous sinus, around the cerebral peduncle, and into the vein of Galen. Tributaries of the basal vein include the anterior cerebral, deep middle cerebral, and striate veins.
basilic vein
A superficial vein running along the lateral side of the upper limb. It begins in the dorsal veins of the hand, continues along the dorsal (posterior) medial side of the anterior forearm where it angles medially, and then passes over ventral (anterior) medial side of the elbow; in the antecubital fossa, it is joined by the median cubital vein, a branch of the cephalic vein. Approx. one third of the way up the medial surface of the arm, the basilic vein dives, alongside the medial edge of the biceps brachii muscle, to run alongside the brachial artery; when the brachial artery becomes the axillary artery, the basilic vein becomes the axillary vein. It is usually chosen for intravenous injection or withdrawal of blood.
brachial veins
Either of a pair of veins that accompany the brachial artery into the upper arm (as venae comitantes) and then empty into the axillary vein.
brachiocephalic vein
The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the merger of the subclavian and internal jugular veins in the root of the neck. The right brachiocephalic vein is about 2.5 cm long and the left is about 6 cm long. The right and the left brachiocephalic veins join, behind the junction of the right border of the sternum and the right first costal cartilage, to form the superior vena cava. Tributaries of both brachiocephalic veins include the vertebral, internal mammary, and inferior thyroid veins; the left brachiocephalic vein also receives the left superior intercostal, thymic, and pericardial veins.
See: illustration for illus.
bronchial vein
Two right and two left bronchial veins collect systemic (deoxygenated) blood from the bronchi and other lung tissues and return it to the systemic venous pool via the azygos vein on the right and the accessory hemiazygos vein on the left.
cardiac vein
Any of the veins that run along the surface of the heart parallel to the coronary arteries, drain the heart muscle, and empty into the coronary sinus or the right atrium.
See: coronary artery for illus.
cardinal vein
Along with the umbilical and the vitelline veins, the cardinal veins form one of the three venous systems of the early embryo. The cardinal veins return blood to the heart from the body of the embryo, and they are the precursors of the major thoracic veins, including the subclavian, brachiocephalic, azygos, internal jugular veins, and the superior vena cava.
central vein
See: dural sinus
choroidal vein
The vein that follows and drains the choroid plexuses in the cerebral ventricles. Outside the ventricles, it merges with the thalamostriate vein to form the internal cerebral vein.
circumflex iliac vein
The vein accompanying the circumflex iliac artery; it empties into the external iliac vein.
Synonym: deep circumflex iliac vein
common iliac vein
The vein accompanying the common iliac artery; it is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins, and it ends by merging with the opposite common iliac vein to form the inferior vena cava. The right iliac vein is shorter than the left. Tributaries of the common iliac vein include the iliolumbar, lateral sacral, and median sacral veins.
cranial venous sinus vein
Any of a group of veins between the two layers of the dura mater that drain blood and reabsorbed cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and join the internal jugular vein.
cubital vein
The superior or the inferior epigastric vein.
external iliac vein
The continuation of the femoral vein proximal to the inguinal ligament; it accompanies the external iliac artery, and it joins the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein. Tributaries of the external iliac vein include the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and pubic veins.
external jugular vein
A vein that drains blood from the scalp and face; it arises from the merger of the posterior facial and posterior auricular veins behind the angle of the mandible. The external jugular vein runs superficially down the neck, crossing the sternocleidomastoid muscle, to drain into the subclavian vein. Tributaries of the external jugular vein include the posterior external jugular, transverse cervical, suprascapular, and anterior jugular veins.
See: illustrationand for illus.
facial vein
The facial vein runs at an angle, on each side of the face, from the bridge of the nose to halfway along the line of the jaw. The first tributaries of the facial vein include the supratrochlear, supraorbital, and superior ophthalmic veins (which drain the forehead and orbit); other tributaries include the nasal, deep facial, inferior palpebral, superior and inferior labial, buccinator, parotid, and masseteric veins. Below the jaw and before emptying into the internal jugular vein (at the level of the hyoid bone in the neck), the facial vein receives blood from the submental, tonsillar, external palatine, and submandibular veins. There are no valves in the facial vein, and blood can move backwards into its tributaries, such as the deep facial vein; the deep facial vein is interconnected with the cavernous sinus inside the skull, and microbes from facial infections can use this route to reach intracranial veins.
Synonym: angular vein; anterior facial vein
femoral vein
The vein that accompanies the femoral artery. The femoral vein is the continuation of the popliteal vein as it enters the adductor canal of the thigh. As it passes the inguinal ligament, the femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein. Tributaries of the femoral vein include the deep femoral (profunda femoris), the saphenous, and the lateral and medial circumflex femoral veins.
vein of Galen
See: Galen, Claudius
gastric vein
The left gastric, the right gastric, or a short gastric vein. The left gastric vein drains much of the stomach and empties into the portal vein; tributaries of the left gastric vein include the esophageal veins. The right gastric vein is small, it drains the pyloric region of the stomach, and it empties into the portal vein. The 4-5 short gastric veins drain part of the greater curvature of the stomach and empty into the splenic vein.
gastroepiploic vein
The right and the left gastroepiploic veins accompany the gastroepiploic arteries; the right gastroepiploic vein drains into the splenic vein, while the left gastroepiploic vein drains into the superior mesenteric vein.
great cardiac vein
A large vein on the anterior surface of the heart; it runs in the anterior interventricular groove alongside the left anterior descending artery. It drains the same area of the heart that is supplied by the artery, and it also receives blood from the left marginal vein. The great cardiac vein follows the coronary sulcus to the left to empty into the coronary sinus on the posterior surface of the heart.
great cerebral vein
Brachiocephalic vein.
intercostal vein
Any of the veins that accompany the intercostal arteries and drain blood from the walls of the chest. The upper intercostal vein empties into the ipsilateral brachiocephalic or vertebral vein. Intercostal veins 2-4 merge to form the superior intercostal vein, which drains into the azygos vein on the right and the accessory hemiazygos vein on the left. Lower intercostal veins drain directly into the azygos vein on the right and the hemiazygos vein on the left.
Synonym: posterior intercostal vein
internal cerebral vein
A vein in each cerebral hemisphere formed by the merger of the thalamostriate and choroid veins; it drains the deep regions of the hemisphere.
internal iliac vein
The vein that accompanies the internal iliac artery; it merges with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein. Tributaries of the internal iliac vein include the gluteal, internal pudendal, obturator, lateral sacral, anterior sacral, middle rectal, vesical, uterine, and vaginal veins.
internal jugular vein
A large vein in the neck, it drains the skull, brain, and parts of the face and neck. It originates in the jugular foramen at the base of the skull and descends vertically (behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle) in the carotid sheath. At its base, the internal jugular vein merges with the subclavian vein behind the clavicle to form the brachiocephalic vein.
The internal jugular vein is forms in the base of the skull by the merger of the inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses. As the vein descends through the neck, tributary veins include the facial, lingual, pharyngeal, superior thyroid, and middle thyroid veins.
The right internal jugular vein is often the blood vessel used for medical access to the central venous circulation and to the right side of the heart.
internal mammary vein
The vein accompanying the internal mammary artery.
Synonym: mammary vein
The dorsal or the deep lingual vein, both of which empty into the internal jugular vein.
long saphenous vein
The longest vein in the body, the long saphenous is the major superficial vein of the lower leg. It begins in the venous plexus along the medial side of the foot, and it runs up the medial side of the leg and knee, alongside the saphenous nerve. In the thigh, the long saphenous vein continues up the medial surface, accompanying the medial femoral cutaneous nerve. Before reaching the inguinal ligament, the long saphenous vein slips under the deep fascia of the thigh through a tunnel called the saphenous opening; the vein then empties into the underlying femoral vein. Tributaries of the long saphenous vein include the posterior tibial, posteromedial thigh, anterolateral thigh, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, and external pudendal veins.
Synonym: great saphenous vein; greater saphenous vein
lumbar vein
Any of the four veins on each side of the body that run transversely and drain the posterior abdominal wall; they accompany the lumbar arteries. The lumbar veins, which are interconnected with each other and with the epigastric veins, empty into the inferior vena cava or the azygos vein.
mammary vein
The inferior or the superior mesenteric vein.
middle cardiac vein
A large vein that runs in the posterior interventricular groove of the heart; it accompanies the posterior interventricular artery, and both vein and artery drain the same territory. The middle cardiac vein empties into the coronary sinus.
middle thyroid vein
A vein draining the lower part of the thyroid gland, the larynx, and the trachea; it empties into the internal jugular vein.
oblique vein
A slender vein that runs along the outer surface of the left atrium of the heart and that drains into the coronary sinus.
Synonym: oblique vein of the left atrium
oblique vein of the left atrium
The vein that accompanies the obturator artery; it empties into the internal iliac vein.
occipital vein
The merger of a network of veins along the posterior scalp into a single vein, the occipital vein, which runs down the scalp and under the trapezius muscle. The occipital vein empties into some or all of these veins: the deep cervical, the vertebral, and the posterior auricular veins.
ophthalmic vein
The superior or the inferior ophthalmic vein. The superior ophthalmic vein drains the upper portion of the orbit, while the inferior ophthalmic vein drains the lower portion; both veins empty into the cavernous sinus inside the skull. Both veins are valveless and anastomose with the facial vein thus interconnecting the extracranial and intracranial venous systems.
ovarian vein
In females, any of the veins that accompany the ovarian artery and that drain the ovary and Fallopian tube. Outside the broad ligament, the ovarian veins collect into two veins on each side of the body. These veins accompany the ovarian artery and merge into a single vein; the right ovarian vein then empties into the inferior cava (below the renal vein), while the left ovarian vein empties into the left renal vein.
pancreatic vein
Any of the veins that drain the body and tail of the pancreas; they empty into the splenic vein.
pancreaticoduodenal vein
The superior or the inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins, which accompany the arteries of the same name. Usually, the superior pancreaticoduodenal vein empties into the portal vein, while the inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein empties into the right gastroepiploic vein.
paraumbilical vein
Any of the veins that connect the anterior abdominal wall with the portal vein. The paraumbilical veins begin in the region of the umbilicus, and they run in the ligamentum teres and the median umbilical ligament.
popliteal vein
The vein that accompanies the popliteal artery. It is formed by the merger of the anterior and posterior tibial veins, and it ends by becoming the femoral vein at the distal opening of the adductor canal. The short saphenous vein is a major tributary of the popliteal vein.
portal vein
The vein that brings most of the venous blood draining from the intestines to the liver. The portal vein originates as the merger of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins underneath the neck of the pancreas. It then passes under the duodenum and joins the common bile duct and the hepatic artery as they run inside the right edge of the lesser omentum, over the epiploic foramen, and into the liver via the porta hepatis. Tributaries of the portal vein include the left gastric, right gastric, paraumbilical, and cystic veins.
posterior facial vein
A vein that begins as the merger of the superior temporal and the maxillary veins inside the parotid gland. The posterior facial vein divides into two branches: an anterior branch that empties into the facial vein, and a posterior branch that joins the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein.
Synonym: retromandibular vein
Short saphenous vein.
spermatic vein
In males, the veins that accompany the testicular artery and that drain the testis and epididymis. In the spermatic cord, the spermatic veins form the pampiniform plexus. After emerging from the deep inguinal ring, the spermatic veins merge into two veins, which continue to accompany the testicular artery. Eventually, the two spermatic veins merge into a single vein on each side, and the right spermatic vein empties into the inferior cava (below the renal vein), while the left spermatic vein empties into the left renal vein.
Synonym: testicular vein
splenic vein
A large vein that drains the spleen and empties into the portal vein. Tributaries of the splenic vein include the short gastric, left gastroepiploic, and pancreatic veins.
stellate veins
See: Vesalius, Andreas
vitelline vein
Along with the umbilical and the cardinal veins, the vitelline veins form one of the three venous systems of the early embryo. The vitelline veins return blood from the yolk sac. These veins are the precursors of many of the gut veins, including the portal system, and are focal structures in the developing liver.
vorticose vein
Any of four veins (two superior and two inferior) that receive blood from all parts of the choroid of the eye. They empty into posterior ciliary and superior ophthalmic veins.
innominate vein
One of a pair of veins which drain the head and upper chest by way of the JUGULAR and SUBCLAVIAN veins. The two innominate veins join to form the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA .
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In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, was assassinated in which Bosnian province? | Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1863-1914)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1863-1914)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo, July, 1914
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (December 18, 1863- June 28, 1914), the heir to the throne of the Empire of Austria-Hungary, was the man whose death began the cycle of events leading to the First World War . He and his wife Sophie, were on a tour of the restless province of Bosnia-Herzegovina in July, 1914. Bosnia was a region comprised of several ethnic groups, including Serbs who sougth to separate from the Austrian Empire and join with the Kingdom of Serbia. While driving through the heart of Sarajevo, the Bosnian capitol, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were assassinated by a Serbian student named Gavrilo Princip, who worked with the Serbian terrorist group, the Black Hand.
The death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was the nephew of the Austrian Emperor, set in motion a series of threats, and declarations of war that led to many European nations taking sides in two powerful alliances and engaging in what became known as The First World War.
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip, Franz Ferdinand’s assassin, arrested by the police
| Sarajevo |
Demophobia is the irrational fear of what? | Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand | NZHistory, New Zealand history online
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
28 June 1914
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo (the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia-Herzegovina) on 28 June 1914 eventually led to the outbreak of the First World War.
News of the killings appeared in the New Zealand press on 30 June, with headlines labelling the event the ‘Tragedy in Sarajevo’ and describing the assassinations as ‘Murder’. The Evening Post called the killings a politically motivated crime. The Auckland Star claimed that a ‘disregarded warning’ had placed the Archduke and his wife in danger – ‘It is reported that, in view of the Pan-Servian agitation in Bosnia, efforts were made to persuade the Archduke to relinquish his visit’. The New Zealand Herald of 3 July ran a story focusing on the personal tragedy of the ‘Three orphan children’, who ‘broke into convulsive weeping’ when told their parents had died. Those responsible were described as ‘callous’.
The assassin – Gavrilo Princip – was a member of a Bosnian Serb nationalist group seeking to unite territories containing ethnic Serbs under Serbia’s control. Convinced that the Serbian government had assisted Princip's group, Austria-Hungary issued a series of harsh demands, most of which the Serbs accepted. Austria-Hungary nevertheless declared war on Serbia on 28 July, setting off a chain reaction of military mobilisations prompted by Europe's system of alliances. Russia and France were soon at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers). When German forces invaded Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. The First World War had begun.
Image: Gavrilo Princip assassinates Franz Ferdinand, 1914 (Wikipedia)
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Which band’s 2007 album is entitled ‘Send Away the Tigers’? | Send Away The Tigers - Microsoft Store
Send Away The Tigers
2007 • 11 songs • Rock • Indie / Alternative • Columbia
Like many long-term relationships, Manic Street Preachers benefited from some time apart, as their seventh album, Send Away the Tigers, makes plain. Arriving on the heels of 2006 solo albums from both singer/guitarist James Dean Bradfield and lyricist/bassist Nicky Wire , Send Away the Tigers finds the group recharged and revitalized, achieving the widescreen grandeur of Everything Must Go but infusing it with a harder rock edge that may not be as furious as their earliest work, but is no less committed. This surging sense of purpose was conspicuously absent on the Manics ' previous albums, which grew increasingly mannered in their attempts at majestic pop, culminating in the pleasant but too soft Lifeblood. It's hard to call Tigers soft -- it thunders even in its quietest moments, and when strings or keyboards are brought in, they're drowned out by guitars. This doesn't sound like a desperate measure; it sounds like recommitment on the part of the Manics , especially since they haven't abandoned the melodic skills they've honed over the past decade. They've merely melded them to muscular yet mature rock & roll. It's that commitment to hard rock that makes Send Away the Tigers bracing upon its initial listen, but what makes it lasting is the songs, which may lack anthems on the level of "A Design for Life," but they're something better: they're small-scale epics, roiling with drama and coiled with tension, flirting with being overblown but kept grounded by the group's reclaimed righteousness and newfound sense of control. That leanness applies to the album overall as well -- where every Manics record since Everything Must Go grew increasingly over-stuffed, this has no flab, and its ten songs have a relentless momentum. It's still pretty bombastic -- the Manics were never about subtlety -- but the sweeping gestures are delivered with a sense of efficiency that makes Send Away the Tigers never seem heavy-handed, which is something that even their best albums often are. So, this isn't merely a return to form, then -- it's also a welcome progression from a band that only a couple of albums back seemed stuck in a rut with no way out. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine
| Manic Street Preachers |
A piculet is which type of creature? | Manic Street Preachers — Listen for free on Spotify
Manic Street Preachers
Play on Spotify
Dressed in glam clothing, wearing heavy eyeliner, and shouting political rhetoric, the Manic Street Preachers emerged in 1991 from their hometown of Blackwood, Wales, as self-styled "Generation Terrorists." Fashioning themselves after the Clash and the Sex Pistols , the Manics were on a mission, intending to restore revolution to rock & roll at a time when Britain was dominated by trancey shoegazers and faceless, trippy acid house.
Their self-consciously dangerous image, leftist leanings, crunching hard rock, and outsider status made them favorites of the British music press and helped them build a rabidly dedicated following.
For much of the band's early career, it was impossible to separate the rhetoric from the music and even from the members themselves -- the group's image was forever associated with lyricist/guitarist Richey James carving the words "4 Real" into his arm during an early interview. As the British pop music climate shifted toward Brit-pop in the wake of Suede , the Manics didn't achieve fame, but they did have notoriety. Legions of followers emerged, including many bands that formed the core of the short-lived "new wave of new wave" movement.
But as the group climbed toward stardom, the story didn't get simpler -- it got weirder. James' behavior became increasingly bizarre, culminating on the group's harrowing 1994 album The Holy Bible. Early in 1995, James disappeared, leaving no trace of his whereabouts. The remaining trio carried on with 1996's Everything Must Go, the album that established them as superstars in England, yet that came at the expense of the arrogant, renegade gender-bending and revolutionary rhetoric that had earned them their initial fan base. It was a bizarre, unpredictable journey for a group that once proclaimed that all bands should break up after releasing one album.
James Dean Bradfield (vocals, guitar), Nicky Wire (born Nick Jones ; bass), Sean Moore (drums), and Flicker (rhythm guitar) formed Betty Blue in 1986. Within two years' time, Flicker had left the band and the group had changed its name to the Manic Street Preachers. In the summer of 1988, a fellow student at Swansea University, Richey James (born Richey Edwards), who had previously been the group's driver, joined the band as rhythm guitarist. They began recording demos, eventually releasing the single "Suicide Alley" in August. "Suicide Alley" boasted a cover replicating that of the Clash 's first album, which indicated the sound of the group at the time -- equal parts punk and hard rock. A year after the single's release, NME gave it an enthusiastic review, citing James' press release -- "We are as far away from anything in the '80s as possible."
Indeed, the Manics were one of the key bands of the early '90s, and their career didn't get rolling until 1991. The New Art Riot EP appeared in the summer of 1990, followed by a pair of defining singles -- "Motown Junk" and "You Love Us" -- in early 1991 on Heavenly Records . The singles and the Manics' incendiary live shows, where they wrote slogans on their shirts, created a strong buzz in the music press, which only escalated in May. James gave an interview with Steve Lamacq for NME in which Lamacq questioned the group's authenticity; after an argument, James responded by carving the words "4 Real" on his arm. The incident became a sensation, attracting numerous magazine articles, as well as a major-label contract with Sony . Many observers interpreted the action as a simple stunt, but over the next few years it became clear that the self-mutilation was the first indication of James' mental instability.
"Stay Beautiful" was the Manics' first release for Sony , and it climbed into the British Top 40 late in the summer of 1991, followed early in 1992 by a re-recorded "You Love Us," which peaked in the Top 20. By the time they released their much-hyped debut album, Generation Terrorists, in February 1992 -- a record the band claimed would outsell Guns N' Roses ' Appetite for Destruction -- they had already cultivated a large and devoted following, many of whom emulated their glammy appearance and read the same novels and philosophers the group name-dropped. The Manics had been claiming that they would disband following the release of their debut, yet it became clear by the fall, when a non-LP cover of "Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)" became their first Top Ten hit, that they would continue performing. Nicky Wire and Richey James had become notorious for their banter throughout the British music press, and while it earned them countless articles, it also painted the group into a corner. Comparatively polished and mainstream compared to its predecessor, Gold Against the Soul, the group's second album, appeared in the summer of 1993 to mixed reviews.
Shortly after the release of Gold Against the Soul, the Manics' support began to slide as the group began to splinter amidst internal tensions, many of them stemming from James. Nicky Wire ran into trouble over on-stage remarks about R.E.M. 's Michael Stipe dying of AIDS, but Richey James was in genuine trouble. Suffering from deepening alcoholism and anorexia, James entered prolonged bouts of depression, highlighted by incidents of self-mutilation -- most notoriously at a concert in Thailand, when he appeared with his chest slashed open by knives a fan gave him. Early in 1994, he entered a private clinic, and the band had to perform a number of concerts as a trio. James' mental illness surfaced on the group's third album, The Holy Bible. Reportedly recorded in a red-light district in Wales, The Holy Bible was a bleak, disillusioned record that earned considerable critical acclaim upon its late-summer release in 1994.
Although the Manics' critical reputation was restored and James was playing with the band, even giving numerous interviews with the press, all was not well. Prior to the American release of The Holy Bible and the band's ensuing tour, James checked out of his London hotel on February 1, 1995, drove to his Cardiff apartment, and disappeared, leaving behind his passport and credit cards. Within the week he was reported missing and his abandoned car was found on the Severen Bridge outside of Bristol, a spot notorious for suicides. By the summer, the police had presumed he was dead. Broken, but not beaten, the remaining Manics decided to carry on as a trio, working the remaining lyrics James left behind into songs.
The Manic Street Preachers returned in December 1995 opening for the Stone Roses . In May 1996, they released Everything Must Go, which was preceded by the number two single "A Design for Life." Their most direct and mature record to date, Everything Must Go was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, and the Manics became major stars in England. Throughout 1996, the band toured constantly, and most U.K. music publications named Everything Must Go Album of the Year. Despite their growing success, several older fans expressed distress at the group's increasingly conservative image, yet that didn't prevent the album from going multi-platinum.
Everything Must Go didn't just go multi-platinum -- it established the Manics as superstars throughout the world. Everywhere except America, that is. The album received a belated release in the U.S., appearing in August of 1996, and the group attempted an American tour, opening for Oasis . It should have led to increased exposure, but a blowup between the Gallaghers led to Oasis canceling the entire tour, leaving the Manics at square one. They returned to the U.K. and toured, receiving a number of awards at the end of the year. They didn't deliver their much-anticipated follow-up, This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours, until August of 1998. The album was another blockbuster success in the U.K., Europe, and Asia, but it didn't receive a release in America, since the Manics were in the process of leaving Epic in the U.S.
For a while, there was simply no interest in the Manics by American labels, but another multi-platinum album and numerous awards in Britain revived interest. The band signed with Virgin , which issued This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours in the U.S. during June 1999 -- nearly a year after its initial release. Know Your Enemy followed in 2001, although it was not well received, and the band moved to Sony for British distribution of 2004's Lifeblood. Both vocalist/guitarist James Dean Bradfield and bassist Nicky Wire followed this release with solo albums, and then reconvened in 2007 to record the edgier, punk-influenced Send Away the Tigers with producer Dave Eringa. After its release, the band quickly set to work on another album, using Richey James' abandoned lyrics as inspiration. "All 13 songs on the new record feature lyrics left to us by Richey," the Manics wrote on their website in early 2009. "The brilliance and intelligence of the lyrics dictated that we had to finally use them." Titled Journal for Plague Lovers, the album was recorded on analog tape by veteran engineer Steve Albini and released that May. Postcards from a Young Man, the band's tenth studio album, followed in 2010.
After releasing a compilation called National Treasures: The Complete Singles in the fall of 2011, the Manics released a super-deluxe 20th Anniversary edition of Generation Terrorists in 2012. Meanwhile, the band plugged away in the studio, working on a ludicrously ambitious project tentatively titled 70 Songs of Hatred and Failure. At one point they despaired of simply having written too much material, before hitting on the idea of releasing two very different albums. The first, a folky, almost entirely acoustic, emotionally raw effort entitled Rewind the Film, appeared in the fall of 2013, and the second, the "spiky" and Krautrock-inspired Futurology, was slated for May 2014. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi
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Who directed the 1987 film ‘Full Metal Jacket’? | Full Metal Jacket (1987) - IMDb
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A pragmatic U.S. Marine observes the dehumanizing effects the Vietnam War has on his fellow recruits from their brutal boot camp training to the bloody street fighting in Hue.
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Title: Full Metal Jacket (1987)
8.3/10
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 7 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.3/10 X
In future Britain, Alex DeLarge, a charismatic and psycopath delinquent, who likes to practice crimes and ultra-violence with his gang, is jailed and volunteers for an experimental aversion therapy developed by the government in an effort to solve society's crime problem - but not all goes according to plan.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
A family heads to an isolated hotel for the winter where an evil and spiritual presence influences the father into violence, while his psychic son sees horrific forebodings from the past and of the future.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
Humanity finds a mysterious, obviously artificial object buried beneath the Lunar surface and, with the intelligent computer H.A.L. 9000, sets off on a quest.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
During the Vietnam War, Captain Willard is sent on a dangerous mission into Cambodia to assassinate a renegade colonel who has set himself up as a god among a local tribe.
Director: Francis Ford Coppola
After a simple jewelry heist goes terribly wrong, the surviving criminals begin to suspect that one of them is a police informant.
Director: Quentin Tarantino
In Miami in 1980, a determined Cuban immigrant takes over a drug cartel and succumbs to greed.
Director: Brian De Palma
A mentally unstable Vietnam War veteran works as a night-time taxi driver in New York City where the perceived decadence and sleaze feeds his urge for violent action, attempting to save a preadolescent prostitute in the process.
Director: Martin Scorsese
A young recruit in Vietnam faces a moral crisis when confronted with the horrors of war and the duality of man.
Director: Oliver Stone
In Nazi-occupied France during World War II, a plan to assassinate Nazi leaders by a group of Jewish U.S. soldiers coincides with a theatre owner's vengeful plans for the same.
Directors: Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth
Stars: Brad Pitt, Diane Kruger, Eli Roth
A criminal pleads insanity after getting into trouble again and once in the mental institution rebels against the oppressive nurse and rallies up the scared patients.
Director: Milos Forman
Henry Hill and his friends work their way up through the mob hierarchy.
Director: Martin Scorsese
A former neo-nazi skinhead tries to prevent his younger brother from going down the same wrong path that he did.
Director: Tony Kaye
Edit
Storyline
A two-segment look at the effect of the military mindset and war itself on Vietnam era Marines. The first half follows a group of recruits in boot camp under the command of the punishing Gunnery Sergeant Hartman. The second half shows one of those recruits, Joker, covering the war as a correspondent for Stars and Stripes, focusing on the Tet offensive. Written by Scott Renshaw <[email protected]>
Vietnam can kill me, but it can't make me care See more »
Genres:
10 July 1987 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
William Hope was offered a role, but he turned it down in favour of Aliens (1986). See more »
Goofs
The sniper makes many precise shots but isn't using a sniper scope. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Gunnery Sergeant Hartman : I am Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, your senior drill instructor. From now on you will speak only when spoken to, and the first and last words out of your filthy sewers will be "Sir". Do you maggots understand that?
Recruits: [In unison in a normal speaking tone] Sir, yes Sir.
Gunnery Sergeant Hartman : Bullshit I can't hear you. Sound off like you got a pair!
Recruits: [In unison, much louder] SIR, YES SIR!
Gunnery Sergeant Hartman : If you ladies leave my island, if you survive recruit training, you will be a weapon. You will be a minister of death praying ...
| Stanley Kubrick |
King Zog was the monarch of which country? | Full Metal Jacket Movie Review (1987) | Roger Ebert
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Stanley Kubrick's "Full Metal Jacket" is more like a book of short stories than a novel. Many of the passages seem self-contained, some of them are masterful and others look like they came out of the bottom drawer. This is a strangely shapeless film from the man whose work usually imposes a ferociously consistent vision on his material.
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The movie is about Vietnam and was shot on stages and outdoor sets in England. It's one of the best-looking war movies ever made on sets and stages, but that's not good enough when compared to the awesome reality of " Platoon ," " Apocalypse Now " and " The Deer Hunter ." The crucial last passages of the film too often look and feel like World War II films from Hollywood studios. We see the same sets from so many different angles that after the movie we could find our own way around Kubrick's Vietnam.
That would not be a problem if his material made the sets irrelevant. It does not, especially toward the end of the film. You can only watch so much footage of a man crouched behind a barrier, pinned down by sniper fire, before the situation turns into a cinematic cliche. We've been here before, in other war movies, and we keep waiting for Kubrick to spring a surprise, but he never does.
The opening passages of "Full Metal Jacket" promise much more than the film finally is able to deliver. They tell the story of a group of marine grunts undergoing basic training on Paris Island, and the experience comes down to a confrontation between the gunnery sergeant ( Lee Ermey ) and a tubby misfit ( Vince D'Onofrio ) who is nicknamed Gomer Pyle. These are the two best performances in the movie, which never recovers after they leave the scene.
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Ermey plays a character in the great tradition of movie drill instructors, but with great brio and amazingly creative obscenity. All situations in the Marines and in war seem to suggest sexual parallels for him, and one of the film's best moments has the recruits going to bed with their rifles and reciting a poem of love to them.
In scene after scene, the war/sex connection is reinforced, and it parallels the personal battle between Ermey and D'Onofrio, who at first fails all of the tasks in basic training and then finds he has one skill: He is an expert marksman. It is likely that in a real boot camp D'Onofrio would have been thrown out after a week, but Kubrick's story requires him to stay, and so he does, until the final showdown between the two men.
In that showdown, and at several other times in the film, Kubrick indulges his favorite closeup, a shot of a man glowering up at the camera from beneath lowered brows. This was the trademark visual in " A Clockwork Orange ," and Jack Nicholson practiced it in " The Shining ." What does it mean? That Kubrick thinks it's an interesting angle from which to shoot the face, I think. In "Full Metal Jacket," it promises exactly what finally happens and spoils some of the suspense.
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There is a surprise to come, however: the complete abandonment of the sexual metaphor once the troops are in Vietnam. The movie disintegrates into a series of self-contained set pieces, none of them quite satisfying. The scene in the press room, for example, with the lecture on propaganda, seems to reflect some of the same spirit as " Dr. Strangelove ." But how does it connect with the curious scene of the Vietnamese prostitute - a scene with a riveting beginning but no middle or end? And how do either lead to the final shoot-out with a sniper?
Time and again in the film, we get great shots with no payoffs. In one elaborate setup, for example, Kubrick shows us a TV cameraman and soundman being led by their shirttails as they pan down a line of exhausted marines. At first the shot has power. Then the outcome is that several soldiers deliver neat one-liners, all in a row, all in their turns, all perfectly timed, and the effect is so contrived that the idea of actual battle is lost completely.
Kubrick seems to want to tell us the story of individual characters, to show how the war affected them, but it has been so long since he allowed spontaneous human nature into his films that he no longer knows how. After the departure of his two most memorable characters, the sergeant and the tubby kid, he is left with no charactors (or actors) that we really care much about. And in a key scene at the end, when a marine feels joy after finally killing someone, the payoff is diminished because we don't give a damn about the character.
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The movie has great moments. Ermey's speech to his men about the great marine marksmen of the past (Charles Whitman and Lee Harvey Oswald among them) is a masterpiece. The footage on the Paris Island obstacle course is powerful. But "Full Metal Jacket" is uncertain where to go, and the movie's climax, which Kubrick obviously intends to be a mighty moral revelation, seems phoned in from earlier war pictures. After what has already been said about "Vietnam" in the movies, "Full Metal Jacket" is too little and too late.
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The magazine Marie Claire was first published in 1937 in which country? | A fashion magazine is taking a stand against Donald Trump — with a plea to Ivanka - The Washington Post
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By Robin Givhan June 24 Follow @RobinGivhan
Ivanka Trump at her father’s news conference at Turnberry Golf Course in Scotland Friday. (Carlo Allegri/Reuters)
It is not often that foreign publications wade into the thicket of an American presidential election and accuse a candidate of misogyny and hate speech. It is even rarer for a foreign fashion magazine to do so. But for its July issue, the editor-in-chief of the Mexican and Latin American edition of Marie Claire has climbed atop her glossy soap box with a cover story directed at Ivanka Trump — and, obliquely, her father, the presumptive Republican nominee.
In bold cover type, the magazine pleads: “Dear Ivanka: How long will you defend your father?” And in a series of essays inside, its writers beg: Do something. Talk to him. Stop him.
Trump did not pose for the cover photograph. It is an artful collage that depicts her as a cross between a beauty queen and benevolent goddess with bare shoulders and glittering floral earrings. In the background, the Statue of Liberty peers over her shoulder, white stars explode against a blue sky and blush-colored peonies are in full bloom, nestled against her cheek.
Ivanka Trump on the cover of the Mexican and Latin American edition of Marie Claire
There is nothing about the cover that speaks of harsh rhetoric. And while almost all the letters appeal to her position of clout within the Trump empire, there are no visual hints of her as a business person. Indeed, there is just enough fabric visible along her torso to assure readers that she isn’t actually naked.
But the letters inside are often filled with barely contained fury.
“It has never been my goal to attack, judge or question other women. Furthermore, when talking about polemic and controversial topics, generally I would rather stay neutral, with an objective point of view, and if I can’t make that happen, at least to be moderate,” writes editor Daniela Von Wobeser in her opening letter to readers. “I’d like to ask you, from the bottom of my heart, if supporting your dad’s strategy is the best thing for you, as woman or the best for your country and, consequently, mine.”
[Melania Trump: From professional pretty person to potential first lady]
“Dear Ivanka, do you think your father would be the leader America deserves? Do you think the values your dad promotes are the ones you want. . . your three children” to inherit? Von Wobeser continues. “I understand no one chooses their parents, but sooner or later we have to understand that being a father does not excludes you from human degradation and, therefore, it’s [up to] us, their children, to [break] from them when [they] voluntarily choose that path, or. . . be doomed to live the same destiny.”
President-elect Donald Trump's oldest daughter, Ivanka, was often by his side on the campaign trail and could play an influential role in his administration. Here's what you might not already know about her. (Sarah Parnass/The Washington Post)
Daniela Von Wobeser, editor of the Latin American Marie Claire, penned an open letter asking Ivanka Trump to have a heart-to-heart with her father. (Courtesy Marie Claire Mexico and Latin America)
The issue includes letters from journalists, academics and artists, all of them Latin American, some of them living and working in the United States. They attempt to appeal to Trump as a mother, as a business woman, as an educated woman, as someone who, having converted to Judaism, might have particular insight into the history of religious persecution and how it festers and grows.
“I’m sure you’ve heard this abominable story of survival and horror countless times, possibly during your weekly shabbat dinners, or perhaps during Pesach (Jewish Easter), that you and your descendants must never forget,” writes Lorenza Amigo, who describes herself as a Mexican-born freelance writer and housewife living in Chicago. “Don’t you think that Trump’s comparison to Hitler, made several times in media, is enough to raise a red flag? Do you want to be part of this hate campaign, to be remembered in history as that hypocrite who preferred to overlook and allow such atrocity?”
Writer Lorenza Amigo asked Ivanka Trump to be sensitive to the history of religious persecution. (Courtesy Marie Claire Mexico and Latin America)
Fashion magazines have long addressed social and cultural concerns within their own borders and even beyond them. Von Wobeser reminds her readers that one of the founders of Marie Claire France, which was first published in 1937, was involved in petitioning the Vatican to reconsider its stance on contraception. Helen Gurley Brown, who was editor of Cosmopolitan from 1965-1997, was instrumental in introducing blunt talk about sex and sexuality into women’s magazines. Glamour uses its annual Women of the Year awards and accompanying issue to consider the struggles faced and overcome by women around the world. And Elle and Vogue both delve into issues related to human rights and gender equality.
On the subject of national politics, however, fashion magazines tend to stick to writing admiringly about local candidates — or at least neutrally. Vogue editor Anna Wintour, for instance, has made no secret of her personal support for the presumptive Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton — but the magazine has also showcased Republican women — from Sarah Palin to Cindy McCain — through a flattering lens.
Marie Claire presumes Ivanka Trump has the power of persuasion over her father Donald. (Clodagh Kilcoyne/Reuters)
Partisanship, after all, can lose a magazine readers. But Trump — and outrage — may be good for circulation.
For the first time, this edition of Marie Claire has jumped into U.S. politics.
The magazine set its sights on Ivanka Trump, not simply because she has the ear of a candidate who has been antagonistic towards immigrants — particularly Mexicans — but also because of her independence.
[Donald Trump’s false comments connecting Mexican immigrants and crime]
“If your dad wins the elections (and I say this with fear in my words), you will be the closest thing America will have as a First Lady. I’m sure you have thought about it. We know Melania, your stepmother, hasn’t been an active member on your father’s campaign,” Von Wobeser writer. “If he gets to be the next president of the United States of America, you will most probably be the closest woman to him, just like you have been on the professional side”
The Mexico and Latin America edition of Marie Claire characterizes Melania Trump as a wife with little sway over her husband. (Mary Altaffer/AP)
The magazine makes no bones that it views Melania Trump as a “trophy” wife who serves at the whims of her husband. Thus, she is in no position to challenge him or his beliefs.
The letter writers’ emotions range from blunt anger to dismay to desperation. They are also taking a leap of faith. They are presuming that while Ivanka’s heart may be with her father, her head is nodding in agreement with them.
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| France |
Bridgeport is the largest city by population in which US state? | A fashion magazine is taking a stand against Donald Trump – with a plea to Ivanka | Miami Herald
June 24, 2016 9:20 PM
A fashion magazine is taking a stand against Donald Trump – with a plea to Ivanka
On its cover, the Mexican and Latin American edition of Marie Claire pleads: ‘Dear Ivanka. When will you protect us from your father?’
Inside are letters from journalists, academics and artists, all of them Latin American, some of them living and working in the US
The writers of the series of essays in the July issue beg his daughter: Do something. Talk to him. Stop him.
Ivanka Trump, daughter of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, founder and CEO of the Ivanka Trump Collection, and executive vice president Development and Acquisitions The Trump Organization, speaks at the Fortune Most Powerful Women Summit in Washington on Oct. 14, 2015. Carolyn Kaster AP
i
Order Reprint of this Story
It is not often that foreign publications wade into the thicket of an American presidential election and accuse a candidate of misogyny and hate speech. It is even rarer for a foreign fashion magazine to do so. But for its July issue, the editor-in-chief of the Mexican and Latin American edition of Marie Claire has climbed atop her glossy soap box with a cover story directed at Ivanka Trump – and, obliquely, her father, the presumptive Republican nominee.
In bold cover type, the magazine pleads: "Dear Ivanka. When will you protect us from your father?" And in a series of essays inside, its writers beg: Do something. Talk to him. Stop him.
Trump did not pose for the cover photograph. It is an artful collage that depicts her as a cross between a beauty queen and benevolent goddess with bare shoulders and glittering floral earrings. In the background, the Statue of Liberty peers over her shoulder, white stars explode against a blue sky and blush-colored peonies are in full bloom, nestled against her cheek.
There is nothing about the cover that speaks of harsh rhetoric. And while almost all the letters appeal to her position of clout within the Trump empire, there are no visual hints of her as a business person. Indeed, there is just enough fabric visible along her torso to assure readers that she isn't actually naked.
But the letters inside are often filled with barely contained fury.
"It has never been my goal to attack, judge or question other women. Furthermore, when talking about polemic and controversial topics, generally I would rather stay neutral, with an objective point of view, and if I can't make that happen, at least to be moderate," writes editor Daniela Von Wobeser in her opening letter to readers. "I'd like to ask you, from the bottom of my heart, if supporting your dad's strategy is the best thing for you, as woman or the best for your country and, consequently, mine."
"Dear Ivanka, do you think your father would be the leader America deserves? Do you think the values your dad promotes are the ones you want . . . your three children" to inherit? Von Wobeser continues. "I understand no one chooses their parents, but sooner or later we have to understand that being a father does not excludes you from human degradation and, therefore, it's [up to] us, their children, to [break] from them when [they] voluntarily choose that path, or . . . be doomed to live the same destiny."
The issue includes letters from journalists, academics and artists, all of them Latin American, some of them living and working in the United States. They attempt to appeal to Trump as a mother, as a business woman, as an educated woman, as someone who, having converted to Judaism, might have particular insight into the history of religious persecution and how it festers and grows.
"I'm sure you've heard this abominable story of survival and horror countless times, possibly during your weekly shabbat dinners, or perhaps during Pesach (Jewish Easter), that you and your descendants must never forget," writes Lorenza Amigo, who describes herself as a Mexican-born freelance writer and housewife living in Chicago. "Don't you think that Trump's comparison to Hitler, made several times in media, is enough to raise a red flag? Do you want to be part of this hate campaign, to be remembered in history as that hypocrite who preferred to overlook and allow such atrocity?"
Fashion magazines have long addressed social and cultural concerns within their own borders and even beyond them. Von Wobeser reminds her readers that one of the founders of Marie Claire France, which was first published in 1937, was involved in petitioning the Vatican to reconsider its stance on contraception. Helen Gurley Brown, who was editor of Cosmopolitan from 1965-1997, was instrumental in introducing blunt talk about sex and sexuality into women's magazines. Glamour uses its annual Women of the Year awards and accompanying issue to consider the struggles faced and overcome by women around the world. And Elle and Vogue both delve into issues related to human rights and gender equality.
On the subject of national politics, however, fashion magazines tend to stick to writing admiringly about local candidates – or at least neutrally. Vogue editor Anna Wintour, for instance, has made no secret of her personal support for the presumptive Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton – but the magazine has also showcased Republican women – from Sarah Palin to Cindy McCain – through a flattering lens.
Partisanship, after all, can lose a magazine readers. But Trump – and outrage – may be good for circulation.
For the first time, this edition of Marie Claire has jumped into U.S. politics.
The magazine set its sights on Ivanka Trump, not simply because she has the ear of a candidate who has been antagonistic towards immigrants – particularly Mexicans – but also because of her independence.
"If your dad wins the elections (and I say this with fear in my words), you will be the closest thing America will have as a First Lady. I'm sure you have thought about it. We know Melania, your stepmother, hasn't been an active member on your father's campaign," Von Wobeser writer. "If he gets to be the next president of the United States of America, you will most probably be the closest woman to him, just like you have been on the professional side"
The magazine makes no bones that it views Melania Trump as a "trophy" wife who serves at the whims of her husband. Thus, she is in no position to challenge him or his beliefs.
The letter writers' emotions range from blunt anger to dismay to desperation. They are also taking a leap of faith. They are presuming that while Ivanka's heart may be with her father, her head is nodding in agreement with them.
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In which year were women first allowed to participate in the Olympic Games? | Women at the Olympic Games
Home > Events > Olympics > Summer > History > Women
Women at the Olympic Games
It has been a long road to equality for women at the Olympic Games, and it is still continuing.
Participation in the Ancient Olympic Games was limited to male athletes only. The only way women were able to take part was to enter horses in the equestrian events. There are records of several winning women horse owners. As the owner of the horse teams, they were credited with the victory, though they were most likely not present at the events.
Even in the early years of the modern Olympics, women were not well represented (consequently a rival Women's Olympics was held). Women participated for the first time at the 1900 Paris Games with the inclusion of women's events in lawn tennis and golf. Women's athletics and gymnastics debuted at the 1928 Olympics. Over time more women's events were added. In 2012, women's boxing was introduced, resulting in no remaining sports that do not include events for women.
Equality in the available sports is one thing, but in many countries women do not have equal rights to participate in sports and the opportunity to participate in the Olympic Games. Prior to the 2012 Olympics in London, three Muslim countries have never before sent a female athlete: Qatar, Brunei, and Saudi Arabia. However, they all bowed to IOC pressure and sent female athletes to London. Now every national Olympic committee has sent women to the Olympic Games, a small step.
Milestones
At the first modern Olympic Games in Athens 1896 , no women competed, as de Coubertin felt that their inclusion would be "impractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic, and incorrect."
Women first competed at the 1900 Paris Games. Women were allowed to compete in lawn tennis and golf, though there were three French women competing in croquet and there was at least one woman sailor as part of mixed crews. It is commonly believed that first woman to win an Olympic event was England's Charlotte Cooper, who won the tennis singles title, however Swiss sailor Hélène de Pourtalès won a gold medal as part of a team in sailing earlier than this. (see more firsts , and more on Pourtalès )
Here are the first women competitors in the Modern Olympic Games of 1900, in chronological order were
May 22 - Helen de Pourtales, Switzerland (Yachting)
May 31 - Elvira Guerra, France (Equestrian). There may have been another woman also competing in the equestrian events.
Jun 28 - Mme Ohnier, Madame Depres, and Mme Filleaul Brohy, France (Croquet)
July 11 - winner Charlotte Cooper, Great Britain (Tennis) plus other female competitors.
Oct 3 - winner Margaret Abbott, USA (Golf) plus other female competitors.
Women competed in swimming events for the first time in 1912, but none of them were from America, which did not allow its female athletes to compete in events without long skirts. The first women's swimming gold medal was won by the Australian Sarah 'Fanny' Durack, who won the 100m freestyle in 1912.
In 1928, women competed in track and field events for the first time; however, so many collapsed at the end of the 800-meter race that the event was banned until 1960.
Women's shooting events were first included in the Olympics in 1984. There were three events, three position rifle, air rifle and sport pistol.
In 1996, a women's only sport was introduced - Softball (softball is no longer part of the Olympic program)
The 2000 Olympics was the first time that women were allowed to compete in the Olympics in weightlifting.
A women's wrestling competition was introduced in 2004. Women compete in freestyle wrestling , but not greco-roman.
There are only two Olympic sports where men and women compete directly against each other; equestrian and sailing , though in sailing it is now only in one event. Tennis (in early Games in since 2012) and Badminton (since 1996) have mixed doubles events.
Qatar, Brunei and Saudi Arabic all sent female participants to the London 2012 Olympic Games, meaning now every national Olympic committee will have sent women to the Olympic Games.
With the addition of women's boxing at the 2012 London Games, there are men and women competing in all Olympic sports. However, there are still two sporting disciplines that are solely for women: synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics.
In cycling in 2012, for the first time men and women competed in the same number of events in all cycling disciplines. However, women have shorter distances for some events.
In Rio 2016, 44% of medals were be awarded in women's events, the highest ever. In 1984, the figure was only just over 25%.
Great Female Olympic Achievements
In 1948, Dutch athlete Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals, the equivalent of the medals Jesse Owens had won twelve years earlier. She held the world record in the high and long jumps, but did not compete in those as the rules prohibited women from competing in more than three individual events.
British Equestrian, Lorna Johnstone was 70 years and 5 days old when she rode at the 1972 Games, thus being the oldest woman ever to compete at an Olympic Games.
Joan Benoit of the USA won the first women's Olympic marathon in Los Angeles in 1984.
Soviet Maria Gorokhovskaya - unhindered by the limits set on female competitors at earlier Games - in 1952 set a record for most medals won by a woman in one Olympics, with two golds and five silvers.
US Shooter Margaret Murdock won a silver medal in rifle competition (which at that time included men and women) at the 1976 Olympics. She was the first woman to win a medal in shooting at the Olympic Games.
Share:
| 1900 |
Army Day, the memorial day for the foundation of the People’s Liberation Army, is celebrated in China during which month of the year? | Women at the Olympic Games
Home > Events > Olympics > Summer > History > Women
Women at the Olympic Games
It has been a long road to equality for women at the Olympic Games, and it is still continuing.
Participation in the Ancient Olympic Games was limited to male athletes only. The only way women were able to take part was to enter horses in the equestrian events. There are records of several winning women horse owners. As the owner of the horse teams, they were credited with the victory, though they were most likely not present at the events.
Even in the early years of the modern Olympics, women were not well represented (consequently a rival Women's Olympics was held). Women participated for the first time at the 1900 Paris Games with the inclusion of women's events in lawn tennis and golf. Women's athletics and gymnastics debuted at the 1928 Olympics. Over time more women's events were added. In 2012, women's boxing was introduced, resulting in no remaining sports that do not include events for women.
Equality in the available sports is one thing, but in many countries women do not have equal rights to participate in sports and the opportunity to participate in the Olympic Games. Prior to the 2012 Olympics in London, three Muslim countries have never before sent a female athlete: Qatar, Brunei, and Saudi Arabia. However, they all bowed to IOC pressure and sent female athletes to London. Now every national Olympic committee has sent women to the Olympic Games, a small step.
Milestones
At the first modern Olympic Games in Athens 1896 , no women competed, as de Coubertin felt that their inclusion would be "impractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic, and incorrect."
Women first competed at the 1900 Paris Games. Women were allowed to compete in lawn tennis and golf, though there were three French women competing in croquet and there was at least one woman sailor as part of mixed crews. It is commonly believed that first woman to win an Olympic event was England's Charlotte Cooper, who won the tennis singles title, however Swiss sailor Hélène de Pourtalès won a gold medal as part of a team in sailing earlier than this. (see more firsts , and more on Pourtalès )
Here are the first women competitors in the Modern Olympic Games of 1900, in chronological order were
May 22 - Helen de Pourtales, Switzerland (Yachting)
May 31 - Elvira Guerra, France (Equestrian). There may have been another woman also competing in the equestrian events.
Jun 28 - Mme Ohnier, Madame Depres, and Mme Filleaul Brohy, France (Croquet)
July 11 - winner Charlotte Cooper, Great Britain (Tennis) plus other female competitors.
Oct 3 - winner Margaret Abbott, USA (Golf) plus other female competitors.
Women competed in swimming events for the first time in 1912, but none of them were from America, which did not allow its female athletes to compete in events without long skirts. The first women's swimming gold medal was won by the Australian Sarah 'Fanny' Durack, who won the 100m freestyle in 1912.
In 1928, women competed in track and field events for the first time; however, so many collapsed at the end of the 800-meter race that the event was banned until 1960.
Women's shooting events were first included in the Olympics in 1984. There were three events, three position rifle, air rifle and sport pistol.
In 1996, a women's only sport was introduced - Softball (softball is no longer part of the Olympic program)
The 2000 Olympics was the first time that women were allowed to compete in the Olympics in weightlifting.
A women's wrestling competition was introduced in 2004. Women compete in freestyle wrestling , but not greco-roman.
There are only two Olympic sports where men and women compete directly against each other; equestrian and sailing , though in sailing it is now only in one event. Tennis (in early Games in since 2012) and Badminton (since 1996) have mixed doubles events.
Qatar, Brunei and Saudi Arabic all sent female participants to the London 2012 Olympic Games, meaning now every national Olympic committee will have sent women to the Olympic Games.
With the addition of women's boxing at the 2012 London Games, there are men and women competing in all Olympic sports. However, there are still two sporting disciplines that are solely for women: synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics.
In cycling in 2012, for the first time men and women competed in the same number of events in all cycling disciplines. However, women have shorter distances for some events.
In Rio 2016, 44% of medals were be awarded in women's events, the highest ever. In 1984, the figure was only just over 25%.
Great Female Olympic Achievements
In 1948, Dutch athlete Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals, the equivalent of the medals Jesse Owens had won twelve years earlier. She held the world record in the high and long jumps, but did not compete in those as the rules prohibited women from competing in more than three individual events.
British Equestrian, Lorna Johnstone was 70 years and 5 days old when she rode at the 1972 Games, thus being the oldest woman ever to compete at an Olympic Games.
Joan Benoit of the USA won the first women's Olympic marathon in Los Angeles in 1984.
Soviet Maria Gorokhovskaya - unhindered by the limits set on female competitors at earlier Games - in 1952 set a record for most medals won by a woman in one Olympics, with two golds and five silvers.
US Shooter Margaret Murdock won a silver medal in rifle competition (which at that time included men and women) at the 1976 Olympics. She was the first woman to win a medal in shooting at the Olympic Games.
Share:
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| Biography , Drama , Music | 18 November 2005 (USA)
A chronicle of country music legend Johnny Cash 's life, from his early days on an Arkansas cotton farm to his rise to fame with Sun Records in Memphis, where he recorded alongside Elvis Presley , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Carl Perkins .
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Title: Walk the Line (2005)
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 44 wins & 43 nominations. See more awards »
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While growing up in the Great Depression era, Johnny Cash takes an interest in music and eventually moves out of his Arkansas town to join the air force in Germany. While there, he buys his first guitar and writes his own music, and proposes to Vivian. When they got married, they settled in Tennessee and with a daughter, he supported the family by being a salesman. He discovers a man who can pursue his dreams and ends up getting a record with the boys. Shortly after that, he was on a short tour, promoting his songs, and meets the already famous and beautiful June Carter. Then as they get on the long-term tours with June, the boys, and Jerry Lee Lewis, they have this unspoken relationship that grows. But when June leaves the tour because of his behavior, he was a drug addict. His marriage was also falling apart, and when he sees June years later at an awards show, he forces June to tour with them again, promising June to support her two kids and herself. While the tour goes on, the ... Written by kayleigh
| Walk the Line |
What do the numbers on a standard dice add up to? | NEWSWEEK: Joaquin Phoenix on Playing Johnny Cash in New Biopic: Older Brother’s Death Was Not an
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NEW YORK, Aug. 21 /PRNewswire/ -- Joaquin Phoenix says he disagrees with how he has been characterized in the media following the 1993 death of his older brother, River. "You know, the press has kind of imposed upon me the title of Mourning Brother, and because I haven't been vocal about it, the assumption is that I'm holding onto this sh-- that's just not there," Phoenix tells Newsweek in the August 29-September 5 issue (on newsstands Monday, August 22) (Photo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20050821/NYSU005 ) Phoenix plays singer Johnny Cash in "Walk the Line," a new film about Cash's life, co-starring Reese Witherspoon as Cash's wife, June Carter. Like Phoenix, Cash lost his older brother at a young age, but Phoenix sees no connection. "I don't need to pull from my experience for a character, and I've never understood why actors would, except for lack of ability, imagination or research," he tells Senior Writer Sean Smith in Newsweek's Fall Arts Preview. "I had all three things, so this is a little frustrating to me, because it denies my work and the research that I did." Phoenix continues, "It bothers me that this happens, because it's slightly exploitative. Suggesting that I would use this personal part of my life for a f---ing movie ... it kind of makes me sick." Phoenix also denies tabloid reports that he had a "breakdown" while shooting a scene related to Cash's brother's death. Phoenix tells Smith that those reports were "bullsh--." During a scene in which Cash is going through drug withdrawal, Phoenix banged his head on the bedpost, in an attempt to get into his character's emotional state. He was acting, he says, not flipping out. Smith writes that Phoenix has never worked so hard to transform himself into a character. He and Witherspoon do their own singing in "Walk the Line," despite never having sung in public before. Phoenix also mastered Cash's guitar strum, and learned to sing 26 songs in Cash's signature voice. Oscar nominations for both of them, writes Smith, seem inevitable. Phoenix also discusses his meeting with Cash, about five years ago, before he had any idea that one day he'd be playing the music legend. "It was one of the most special moments of my life," Phoenix says. The big thrill came when Phoenix learned that Cash was a fan of his Oscar-nominated performance as the evil emperor in "Gladiator." "I'm leaving, and he says," and here Phoenix's voice drops an octave into Cash's country lilt, "I really loved that 'Gladiator.' I really like the way you say 'Your wife moaned like a whore as they ravaged her again and again and again'." Phoenix laughs, "That's the duality of Johnny: he was very, very family-oriented, and yet he was also a s---kicker." (Read article at http://www.Newsweek.com. For news releases, click "Pressroom" at the bottom of the page.) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9023093/site/newsweek/
SOURCE Newsweek
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Digger, Plasterer and Orchid are all types of which creature? | Digger Bee: pictures, information, classification and more
2009
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Digger Bee, common name for a group of robust, fast-flying, ground-nesting bees with velvety fur. These bees live throughout the world. There are several thousand species, more than 900 of which occur in the United States and Canada. Digger bees visit a wide variety of flowers and are important in pollination. They are also called longhorned bees due to the exceptionally long antennae of the males.
Digger bees range from the size of a honey bee to as large as a bumble bee. These bees mostly nest in the ground and line their brood cells (compartments for offspring) with a waxlike secretion. In some species, the females construct a characteristic turret, a chimneylike extension of the nest entrance. Other digger bees nest in wood and some are parasites of other bees. Parasitic digger bees do not construct nests.
Digger bees display very interesting nesting and foraging behavior. Many species nest in dense aggregations, and swarms of males cruise around the nesting sites searching for emerging females. In one species, the males can detect the females in the ground before they emerge. These males dig a hole into the ground where the female will emerge and then await her arrival. Other males attempt to take over and fights ensue. The largest bee usually wins.
A species of digger bee called the southeastern blueberry bee specializes on blueberry plants in its pollen-collecting. It is more efficient at pollinating these plants than honey bees or bumble bees. Another species, the pallid bee, puts on spectacular displays of mating behavior in the spring around nests in desert washes in Arizona. The Pacific sand dune bee is a digger bee that nests in coastal sand dunes in California, Oregon, and Washington. The females dig nests 0.9 m (3 ft) deep in compacted dune sand.
Scientific classification: The digger bees comprise the subfamily Anthophorinae, family Anthophoridae, order Hymenoptera. The southeastern blueberry bee is Habropoda laboriosa, the Pacific sand dune bee is Habropoda miserabilis, and the pallid bee is Centris pallida.
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| Bee |
In which year was the Sydney Harbour Bridge officially opened? | Who’s that digging in my yard: Skunks, raccoons or moles? | MSU Extension
See how Spartans make a difference in Michigan
Who’s that digging in my yard: Skunks, raccoons or moles?
Gain a better idea of which critter is digging up your yard or garden by the damage they cause.
Posted on February 13, 2013 by Gretchen Voyle , Michigan State University Extension
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“Fee, fie, fo, fum. I see the dirt from some furry bum.” Many have walked into the yard and found perplexing piles of soil in their lawn or flower beds. They want to know what critter made the heap and are worried that it means something worse is going wrong. There are several animals that are common yard visitors. Keep in mind that the usual motivation for digging up yards comes down to two things: food and lodging. The time of the year makes a difference in the frequency of digging. Often, more damage occurs in the fall and spring. Michigan State University Extension hotlines receive many calls at certain times of the year about mystery mounds.
In the fall, animals are trying to pick up as many calories as possible to make it through the winter. The fatter they are, the better chance they have of living long and prospering. In the spring, these same animals are trying to regain weight, especially if there has been a great deal of snow cover or extremely cold weather. Food hunting is “job one.” It is possible to identify the digger by the clues left at the scene of the crime. Let’s look at the three main suspects.
Shallow holes in the ground, surrounded by a ring of loosened soil
Skunks are often the cause of these clues. The soil disruption happens overnight because skunks are nocturnal feeders. The hole is approximately the size of a skunk nose. The skunk presses its nose to the soil and digs with its long, front claws. Skunky knows that just below the surface is a protein-rich treat, just waiting to be harvested. There can be so many holes that they coalesce into an area the looks like it has been tilled.
Striped skunk. Photo credit: Alfred Viola, Northeastern University, Bugwood.org
In the fall and all during the growing season, skunks are on the patrol for earthworms, grubs and a variety of soil insects. Their diets also include crayfish, small animals, birds and their eggs, frogs and turtle eggs – if they can find them. Skunks enjoy a diet that extends into fallen fruit like mulberries, raspberries, cherries and grapes. They don’t jump and cannot climb to any extent, so they work close to the ground.
Chunks of sod that have been ripped up and flipped over
Raccoons enjoy diets that are almost identical to skunks, but raccoons use their front paws like hands. They will pull and flip pieces of sod. This behavior is quite common on newly laid sod or grass with shallow roots. Ripping and tearing is easier. Since skunks and raccoons can be feeding during the night in the same area, you may wake to a powerful skunk odor. The gentle skunk is being harassed by the backyard bully raccoon.
Mounds of loose soil on the lawn
Moles leave piles of soil on the surface because they are pushing them up from below. There are no visible holes. In warm weather, the star-nosed mole works about 6 inches or more below the surface and periodically pushes soil up to make an air vent. At the same time, the eastern mole is tunneling just below the surface and you can walk on its created trail.
During the winter when the ground is partially frozen, both kinds of moles will push up piles of soil when they are active. They are feeding on earthworms and possibly grubs and soil insects. For more information on moles, see the MSU Extension article “ Moles in the lawn .”
See my article on what smart gardeners can do to discourage these dirty devils, “ Reduce lawn and garden damage caused by moles, skunks and raccoons .” Notice that it is “discourage” rather than “eliminate.” It’s tough to fight Mother Nature and her gang.
Related MSU Extension articles
” Reduce lawn and garden damage caused by moles, skunks and raccoons ”
This article was published by Michigan State University Extension . For more information, visit http://www.msue.msu.edu . To have a digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox, visit http://www.msue.msu.edu/newsletters . To contact an expert in your area, visit http://expert.msue.msu.edu , or call 888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464).
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