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The Ryder Cup is contested in which sport?	2016 Ryder Cup at Le Golf National , Sept. 26-30, 2018 \| RyderCup.com To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video. Ryder Cup History 1927–PRESENT The Ryder Cup has become one of the world’s greatest sporting events. Every two years, 24 of the best players from Europe and the United States go head-to-head in match play competition. Drama, tension, incredible golf, camaraderie and sportsmanship are served in equal measure, captivating an audience of millions around the world. It’s an event that transcends sport, yet remains true to the spirit of its founder, Samuel Ryder. 2016 Winner	Golf
Abdullah Gul was elected President of which country in August 2007?	Ryder Cup Event Information - CBSSports.com CBSSports.com PGA Centenary Course, Gleneagles, Scotland Par: 72 3,517 Format The Ryder Cup is contested over three days and 28 matches, each of which is worth one point. The current champion retains possession of the Ryder Cup in the event of a tie (14 points). The United States team needs a minimum of 14 1/2 points for an outright victory. The first day of competition features eight matches between two-man teams -- four foursomes, or alternate shot matches, and four four-ball, or best-ball matches. The format for the second day of play is identical. The final day of the competition features 12 singles matches. All 28 matches are contested under a match-play format, where by players compete against each other, not the course. The score is recorded as holes won or lost. Unlike traditional stroke play, a cumulative score is not kept. For example: Player A from the United States makes a four on the first hole. Player B from Europe makes a five. Player A completed the hole in less strokes than player B, so player A wins the hole. In match play terminology, Player A is 1-up. Conversely, Player B is 1-down. As soon as one participant or team has clearly won the hole, the opponent doesn't have to hole out. He can pick up his ball and proceed to the next tee. A player may concede a shot or an entire hole at any time. Players generally concede putts when the opposing player is within "gimme" range on the green. Occasionally a player will struggle so badly on a hole (hit numerous drives out of bounds, etc.) that he or she will concede the hole before either player reaches the green. The match is decided when one player leads by more holes than the number of holes remaining. Final match play scores are reported as follows: Player A def. Player B, 3 and 2. This means that player A led player B by three holes, and only two holes remained. A match that ended 3 and 2 would conclude on the 16th hole. Examples of match-play scoring 2 up thru 11: A player/twosome who is 2 up thru 11 has won two more holes than their opponent(s) through 11 holes. All Square thru 15: The match is tied through 15 holes. 2 up: A player/twosome who wins 2 up has won two more holes than his opponent through 18 holes. 3 and 2: A player/twosome who wins 3 and 2 had won three holes more than their opponent(s) with only two holes left to play, mathematically assuring victory. Glossary Below is a guide to some of the terms unique to match play and the Ryder Cup. All square: This term refers to a match that is in progress and tied up. Captain's pick: Players who have not qualified for the team based on points, but were selected by the captain to play for the team. Concedes: When a player or a team concedes a putt, the opponent or opponents do not have to finish out the hole. Dormie: Dormie is the term used when the lead in a match is equal to the number of holes left to be played. The team or player leading is said to be dormie and can do no worse than halve the match. Down: The number of stokes or holes you are behind your opponent. Four-ball: Two teams of two golfers competing in a best-ball format. Each golfer plays his own ball and the best score of the two counts for the team. Foursomes: Two teams of two golfers competing in an alternate shot format. One player tees off on the odd holes, the other on even. They alternate shots until the hole is completed. Halved: A hole is halved if each side finishes in the same number of strokes. Honor: The honor goes to the last player or team to win a hole. The player with the honor tees off first. Match play: This is a form of competition where each hole is won, lost or halved. The winner is whoever won the most holes. A winning score of 3 and 2 means that the winner won by 3 holes with 2 left to play. Observer: An 'observer' is one who is appointed by the Committee to assist a referee to decide questions of fact and to report to him any breach of a Rule. Singles: One player versus another. The player who takes the least number of strokes wins the hole. Standings: The Ryder Cup is contested over three days. 'Standings' refer to what took place throughout the day. The team earning the most points leads.	i don't know
Meniere’s disease affects which part of the body?	How does Meniere's disease affect the body? - Meniere's Disease - Sharecare Meniere's Disease How does Meniere's disease affect the body? A Honor Society of Nursing (STTI) answered In the worst cases, Meniere's disease can be incapacitating. Vertigo and dizziness may be so bad that patients fall down while trying to walk. Patients may lose their hearing in the affected ear or ears. Short-term effects may include nausea and vomiting. Patients may become anxious or depressed. Helpful? This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. Videos (6) Meniere's Disease Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes severe spells of vertigo, making you feel like you're spinning. You can also have hearing loss, ringing (tinnitus, pronounced either TINN-itus or tinn-UH-tus)) or a feeling of fullness in your ear. (It usually affects just one ear). Doctors don't fully understand Meniere's Disease but suspect that its caused by a combination of how fluid drains (or does not drain) from your ear, allergies, viruses and genes. There is no known cure for Meniere's Disease, but vertigo is treatable. Meniere's Disease Q&As	Inner ear
Actor Harris Glenn Milstead was better known by what name?	Ménière's Disease-Topic Overview Ménière's Disease Credits What is Ménière's disease? Ménière's (say "men-YEERS") disease is an inner ear problem that affects your hearing and balance. It normally occurs in only one ear at a time. But over time, it develops in the other ear in up to half of those who have it. The disease usually occurs in people ages 40 to 60, but anyone can have it. What causes Ménière's disease? The cause of Ménière's disease is not known. But it may be related to a fluid called endolymph in the inner ear. In people with Ménière's disease, too much of this fluid builds up. This creates pressure in the parts of your inner ear that control balance. Experts aren't sure why this fluid builds up. It may be that your body produces too much of the fluid. Or maybe the fluid doesn't drain as it should from the inner ear. Or it may be both. It's hard to predict who will get Ménière's disease. But your risk may be higher than normal if you have: Another family member who has it. Had a head injury , especially if it involved your ear. Had a viral infection of the inner ear. Allergies . What are the symptoms? Ménière's disease can cause symptoms that come on quickly and last from hours to days. During an attack, you may have: Vertigo , the feeling that you or your surroundings are spinning. This may last from minutes to hours. It may be bad enough to cause nausea and vomiting . Tinnitus , a low roaring, ringing, or hissing in your ear. Hearing loss , which may be temporary or permanent. A feeling of pressure or fullness in your ear. Most people have repeated attacks over a period of years. Attacks usually happen more often during the first few years of the disease and then come less often after that. In some cases, each attack damages the inner ear. Over time your inner ear may become so badly damaged that it no longer works as it should. Then the attacks may stop, but you may be left with: Poor balance. Roaring or hissing in the affected ear. Continued A few people with Ménière's disease have "drop attacks." A drop attack is a sudden fall while you stand or walk. It occurs without warning. It may feel like you are suddenly being pushed to the ground. People who have these attacks don't pass out, and they recover within seconds or minutes. See a doctor right away if you think you have Ménière's disease. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may reduce both the discomfort of the attacks and your risk of hearing loss . How is Ménière's disease diagnosed? To diagnose the disease, your doctor will do a physical exam that includes checking your ears, eyes , and nervous system . The doctor will also ask questions about your past health and your symptoms, such as: How you feel when you have a vertigo attack. How long an attack usually lasts. Whether anything seems to trigger an attack, like changing your position. Whether you have other symptoms along with vertigo, like hearing loss or nausea . Your doctor may also do tests to confirm a diagnosis of Ménière's. These tests may include: A Dix-Hallpike test to find out if certain head movements trigger vertigo. Hearing tests , including one to find out if the nerve from the inner ear to the brain is working as it should. A test called an electronystagmogram (ENG), which measures your eye movements. This can help the doctor find where the problem is that's causing vertigo. Imaging tests such as an MRI or CT scan of the head. These tests can find out if the symptoms are caused by a brain problem. How is it treated? Ménière's disease can't be cured. But your doctor can prescribe treatment to help control your symptoms and reduce how often you have attacks. Medicines Your doctor may prescribe a diuretic medicine. Diuretics help rid your body of excess fluid, so they may help prevent the buildup of fluid in your inner ear. And that may mean you have fewer attacks. Your doctor may also prescribe medicines to use when you have an attack, such as: Medicines that reduce the vertigo. These include antihistamines such as dimenhydrinate (for example, Dramamine ), sedatives such as diazepam (for example, Valium ), and the scopolamine patch ( Transderm Scop). Medicines that reduce nausea and vomiting caused by vertigo. These are called antiemetics. Continued Other treatments If symptoms are severe and don't respond to medicine, your doctor may suggest another treatment, such as surgery to reduce the fluid or pressure in the inner ear. The goal is to get rid of your symptoms while saving as much of your hearing as possible. In rare cases of severe, lasting Ménière's disease, doctors may suggest a treatment to destroy the balance center in the inner ear (labyrinth), which can prevent vertigo. Options include: Surgery to remove the labyrinth. This is called labyrinthectomy. Chemical ablation. During this procedure, an antibiotic (usually gentamicin ) is injected into the inner ear to destroy the labyrinth. These treatments can cause permanent hearing loss, so they are usually done only as a last resort. What can you do at home for Ménière's disease? Ménière's can be hard to manage and tough to live with. But there are some things you can do that may help reduce the number of attacks you have: Eat low-salt foods. Salt makes your body hold on to excess fluid. If you eat less salt, you may have less buildup of fluid in the ear. So you may get vertigo less often.	i don't know
Which Irish artist had a poet brother called William?	W. B. Yeats Dead; Famous Irish Poet W. B. Yeats Dead; Famous Irish Poet Wireless to The New York Times NICE, France, Jan. 29.--The death of William Butler Yeats, famous Irish poet and playwright, occurred yesterday near Mentone. Mr. Yeats, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923, was 73 years old. MENTONE, France, Jan. 29 (AP).--Mr. Yeats died in the little French Riviera town of Roquebrune, after a short illness, at a boarding house where he and his wife had been staying. He will be buried tomorrow at Roquebrune. It was expected, however, that eventually the poet's body would be removed to his native Ireland. Mr. Yeats arrived in Roquebrune early last month in ill health. He suffered repeated heart attacks, and was able to take only short walks in the gardens of the house where he stayed. He had been confined to his bed since Tuesday. Wrote Poems, Essays, and Plays When he labored at his chosen craft, that of writing poetry, essays and plays, Mr. Yeats frequently let his mind roam far afield in the realm of fancy, and it is for the gentle beauty of such works that he was hailed by many as the greatest poet of his time in the English language. Yeats found time to crusade for worldly ends, but there his tactics were notable for tenacity and vigor. At the turn of the century he shared in the establishment of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, and for ten years devoted himself almost exclusively to drama. The struggle of the Irish Free State likewise occupied his time. From 1922 until 1928 he was a Senator in the Dail Eireann. John Masefield, poet laureate of England, on the occasion of Yeats's seventieth birthday in June, 1935, called him "the greatest living poet," and unquestionably it will be for his verse that posterity will remember him. The high point in a life full with recognition came in 1923, when Yeats received the Nobel Prize for literature. Nearly fifty years ago he published his first verse in the Dublin University Review. The flow of words exhibited in that early composition indicated Yeats's natural command of language. Thus, he wrote: I passed a little further on and heard a peacock say: Who made the grass and made the worms and made my feathers gay? He is a monstrous peacock, and he waveth all the night His languid tail above us, lit with myriad spots of light. Went to School in London Yeats was born at Sandymount, near Dublin, on June 13, 1865, son of John Butler Yeats, well- known Irish painter. When 10 years old he was taken to London for training at the Godolphin School in Hammersmith, but much of his time, especially during the Summers, was spent in County Sligo, Ireland. Three years directed to the study of painting failed to satisfy the young man's desire to express himself and, in 1886, he finally abandoned his father's profession in preference for a literary one of his own. Yeats returned to London, where he associated with William Morris, W. E. Henley, Arthur Symons and Lionel Johnson in the founding of the Rhymers Club and the maintenance of the Yellow Book. Oscar Wilde interested him, as did Verlaine, whom Yeats visited in Paris in 1894. George Moore, his opponent in many a literary battle, wrote of him at this period: "Yeats was striding to and fro at the back of the dress circle, a long black cloak drooping from his shoulders, a soft black sombrero on his head, voluminous black silk tie flowing from his collar, loose black trousers dragging untidily over his long, heavy feet. His hair was black and his skin yellow." It has been said his laughter was "the most melancholy thing in the world." Throughout a lifetime half in dreamy composition and half in the thick of political warfare Yeats retained a "hieratic" appearance. While yet in his twenties the Irish poet dwelt on the possibility of rejuvenating the intellectual life of his native land. Its energies had been sapped by politics. An Irish drama was the farthest from the thoughts of living Irishmen. But Yeats dreamed on, faithfully holding to the hope of writing Irish plays in verse with Irish folklore as subject-material and natives of Ireland sharing as actors and audience. Active in Abbey Theatre Lady Gregory and others answered his prayer for the organization of a national theatre in Dublin. With the opening of the Abbey Theatre, Yeats found opportunity to fulfill his passion for dramatic writing. Already he had written "The Land of Heart's Desire" and "The Countess Cathleen." Important plays by him include: "Kathleen ni Houlihan," "The Pot of Broth," "The Hour Glass," "Deirdre," "The King's Threshold," "The Shadowy Waters," "On Baile's Stand," "The Green Helmet," "The Player Queen," "Plays for Dancers," "The Cat and the Moon," "The Words Upon the Window Pane" and "King Oedipus." Yeats wrote more effectively in verse than prose, although there was frequently scant difference. Innumerable articles slipped from his pen and, as the years passed, he came to be synonymous with the Irish Movement in literature. Nevertheless, Sean O'Faolain, a countryman, notes: "He began independently of Ireland. Some of his finest work was done under her inspiration. But his positively finest work of all--his later poems--are the work of a man who has again retired into himself and who writes clean out of his 'heart of darkness.'" "The Tower" and "The Winding Stair" were Yeats's last notable works. His contribution to Eire will grow out of the Abbey Theatre group, for the intensity of that campaign brought Ireland wide recognition and far exceeded anything else Yeats accomplished in a non-literary field. True, he defended divorce from the floor of the Dail, pleaded for a restricted use of Gaelic because he had utterly "failed to learn any language but English," given stump speeches on the tax question, presided at official functions, inspected schools and in every way conducted himself after the manner of public politicians. "I am a Cosgrave man," Yeats once said, "but I believe that de Valera is dead right in his dispute with Great Britain. Whether or not Ireland can stand the racket is a ticklish question . . . We are a nation of believers. We produce anti-clerics, but atheists, never." In 1917 he married Georgia Hyde Lees of Wrexham, Wales, a woman who is said to possess powers as a spiritualist medium. They lived for many years with their two children in an ancient tower on the outermost coast of Ireland. Crowded Years Recalled Three years ago to a day the poet suffered a heart attack at Palma, Mallorca. He rallied, however, and in May published a volume hailed as among the outstanding intellectual autobiographies of our time. "Dramatis Personae" continues the thread of reveries started in the Nineties and covers minutely the crowded years at the turn of the century when the Irish Dramatic Movement was conceived. In it his duel with George Moore flares anew. A one-volume reprint of the autobiographical material was released only last August. In 1938, too, a book of plays by Yeats attracted interest because he had rewritten one of them from its original prose form into verse. He completed an anthology called "The Oxford Book of Modern Verse," which was seen as a remarkable reflection of his own preferences--willful and individual as usual. His name appeared before the public in typical fashion during the last two years: When he engaged a Boston professor in argument over a play offered by the Abbey Theatre, when he delivered a radio broadcast of a poem and later commented on the political aspects of the microphone, or the occasion of his statement that the Free State government would strive to regain certain art treasures now held in London. Of the radio, Mr. Yeats explained: "I speak quietly, with confidence, as if I were addressing my wife." Today the words of Yeats's poem "The Shadowy Waters," written in 1900, come to mind: Could we but give us wholly to the dreams, And get into their world that to the sense Is shadow, and not linger wretchedly Among substantial things.	John Butler Yeats
A morwong is what type of creature?	William Butler Yeats - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. William Butler Yeats Biography of William Butler Yeats William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Nobel Prize winning Irish dramatist, author and poet wrote The Celtic Twilight (1893); Paddy Flynn is dead;....He was a great teller of tales, and unlike our common romancers, knew how to empty heaven, hell, and purgatory, faeryland and earth, to people his stories. He did not live in a shrunken world, but knew of no less ample circumstance than did Homer himself. Perhaps the Gaelic people shall by his like bring back again the ancient simplicity and amplitude of imagination.....Let us go forth, the tellers of tales, and seize whatever prey the heart long for, and have no fear. Everything exists, everything is true, and the earth is only a little dust under our feet.ï¿½ch. 1, ï¿½A Teller of Talesï¿½ As one of the founders of the Irish Literary Revival, along with J. M. Synge (1871-1909) [whom he met in 1896], Sean Oï¿½Casey (1880-1964), and Padraig (Padraic) Colum (1881-1972) Yeatsï¿½ works draw heavily on Irish mythology and history. He never fully embraced his Protestant past nor joined the majority of Irelandï¿½s Roman Catholics but he devoted much of his life to study in myriad other subjects including theosophy, mysticism, spiritualism, and the Kabbalah. At a young age he was reading Dante Alighieri , William Shakespeare , John Donne and the works of William Blake and Percy Bysshe Shelley , recommended by his father and inspiration for his own creativity, but fellow Irish poets Standish James Oï¿½Grady (1846-1928) and Sir William Ferguson (1818-1886) were perhaps the most influential. A devoted patriot, Yeats found his voice to speak out against the harsh Nationalist policies of the time. His early dramatic works convey his respect for Irish legend and fascination with the occult, while his later plays take on a more poetical and experimental aspect: Japanese Noh plays and modernism being major influences. While his works explore the greater themes of life in contrast to art, and finding beauty in the mundane, he also produced many works of an intimate quality especially in his later years as father and aging man of letters. We make out of the quarrel with others, rhetoric, but of the quarrel with ourselves, poetryï¿½ï¿½Anima Hominis,ï¿½ Essays (1924). Yeats spent most of his life between Sligo, Dublin, and London, but his profound influence to future poets and playwrights and theatre, music and film can be seen the world over. Early Years and Education William Butler Yeats was born on 13 June 1865 in the seaside village of Sandymount in County Dublin, Ireland. His mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen (1841-1900) was the daughter of a wealthy family from County Sligo. Susanï¿½s fatherï¿½s political loyalties, that Ireland should remain under the British crown, were in direct opposition to her husbandï¿½s John Butler Yeats (1839-1922) who was sympathetic to the Nationalists and Home Rulers. When they married he was studying to become a lawyer, but soon gave that up to follow his dreams of becoming an artist, of which he became a well known portrait painter. In 1907 he moved to New York City where he died in 1922. Yeatï¿½s mother Susan was the first to introduce him and his two sisters Susan Mary (Lily) (1866-1949) and Elizabeth Corbet (Lolly) (1868-1940) to the Irish folktales he would grow to love so much. His younger brother Jack Butler Yeats (1871-1957) like his father would also become an accomplished artist. At the age of two young Williamï¿½s father decided to move the family to London, England to study art. There William attended the Godolphin School in Hammersmith before the family moved back to Dublin. There William attended Erasmus Smith High School and spent much time at his fatherï¿½s nearby art studio. Pursuing his own interests in the arts, in 1884 he enrolled in the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin for two years, during which some of his first poems were printed in the Dublin University Review. Yeatsï¿½ verse play Mosada, a Dramatic Poem was published privately in 1886. Poetry: full of his nature and his visions Fresh from school and in his early twenties now, I was full of thought, often very abstract thought, longing all the while to be full of images, because I had gone to the art school instead of a university.ï¿½ï¿½from his memoir Four Years (1887-1891) (1921). The Yeats were now living in London in Bedford Park where Yeatsï¿½ aesthetic sensibility was oftentimes offended by the ubiquitous red brick, however their home was the lively gathering place for their many writer and artist friends to discuss politics, religion, literature, and art. Around this time Yeats met George Bernard Shaw and William Ernest Henley, editor of Londonï¿½s The National Observer who became a friend and mentor. He also met many of the other up-and-coming authors and poets of his generation and writes of one in his memoir ï¿½My first meeting with Oscar Wilde was an astonishment. I never before heard a man talking with perfect sentences, as if he had written them all over night with labour and yet all spontaneous.ï¿½ (ibid). In the year 1890 he and Ernest Rhys founded the London-based Rhymers Club. Yeatsï¿½ pre-Raphaelite inspired The Wanderings of Usheen [Oisin] and other Poems was published in 1889, which included ï¿½The Ballad of Moll Mageeï¿½, the traditional Irish song ï¿½Down By The Salley Gardensï¿½ and ï¿½The Stolen Childï¿½. Yeats was often homesick for Ireland, of which his poem ï¿½The Lake Isle of Innisfreeï¿½ was one of the results, I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, I hear it in the deep heart's core. Though he visited Sligo almost every summer, he also kept a busy schedule in London: when he was not attending lectures or meetings with the Club, he spent time in the British Museum of Natural History doing research for such collaborations as Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888), Irish Fairy Tales (1892), and A Book of Irish Verse (1895). He was often shy around women but made the acquaintance of many who became friends including poet Katharine Tynan (1861-1931) and Madame Blavatsky (1831-1891), founder of the Theosophical Society of which Yeats joined in 1888. A year later he met his muse and source of unrequited love; poet, feminist, actress, and revolutionary Maud Gonne (1865-1953). The Abbey Theatre and Beyond In 1894 Yeats met friend and patron Lady Augusta Gregory (1852-1932) of Coole Park and thus began their involvement with The Irish Literary Theatre which was founded in 1899 in Dublin. (It would become the Abbey Theatre in 1904). As its chief playwright, one of the first plays to be performed there was Yeatsï¿½ Cathleen ni Houlihan, with Gonne in the title role. The Abbey Theatre, also known as the National Theatre of Ireland, opened in December of 1904 and became the flagship for leading Irish playwrights and actors. Yeatsï¿½ On Baileï¿½s Strand was one of its first productions. Of his many dramatic and successful works to follow, The Countess Cathleen (1892), The Land of Heartï¿½s Desire (1894) and The Kingï¿½s Threshold (1904) are among his best known. When Synge died in 1909 Yeats helped to finish his manuscript for Deirdre of the Sorrows. In 1911 the Abbey Theatre embarked on a tour of the United States. As a successful poet and playwright now, in 1903 Yeats went on his first lecture tour of the United States, and again in 1914, 1920, and 1932. Yeats and his sisters started the Cuala Press in 1904, which would print over seventy titles by such authors as Ezra Pound, Rabindranath Tagore , Elizabeth Bowen, Jack and John Yeats, and Patrick Kavanagh, before it closed in 1946. At the age of forty-six, in 1911, Yeats met Georgie (George) Hyde Lees (1892-1968) and they married on 20 October, 1917. They had two children; Anne (born 1919) and for whom he wrote ï¿½A Prayer for My Daughterï¿½; May she be granted beauty and yet not Beauty to make a stranger's eye distraught, Or hers before a looking-glass, for such, Being made beautiful overmuch, Consider beauty a sufficient end, Lose natural kindness and maybe The heart-revealing intimacy That chooses right, and never find a friend. Michael was born on 22 August 1921, for whom Yeats wrote ï¿½A Prayer for My Sonï¿½; Bid a strong ghost stand at the head That my Michael may sleep sound, Nor cry, nor turn in the bed Till his morning meal come round; And may departing twilight keep All dread afar till morning's back. George shared Yeatsï¿½ interest in mystical and esoteric subjects and introduced him to automatic writing. With her assistance he wrote A Vision (1925), Yeatsï¿½ attempt at explanation for his elaborate philosophy and use of symbolism in his poetry. Later Years and on to Under bare Ben Bulben's head The same year that the Easter Rising occurred, of which some of his friends had participated and which prompted his poem ï¿½Easterï¿½ (Sept. 1916)ï¿½ the first volume of Yeatsï¿½ autobiography Reveries over Childhood and Youth (1916) was published, the second following in 1922 titled The Trembling of the Veil. In 1917 Yeats bought the Norman tower ï¿½Thoor Ballyleeï¿½ near Coole Park in Galway for his summer home; ï¿½The Wild Swans at Cooleï¿½ was published in 1919. The same year civil war broke out in Ireland, Yeats received an Honorary degree from Trinity College, Dublin (1922). He was elected to the Irish senate the same year, where he served for six years before resigning to due to failing health. In December of 1923 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and continued to work on his essays, poetry and the poetry anthology Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892-1935 (1936). In 1933, Yeats participated in his first of many BBC radio broadcasts. He was also living in his home ï¿½Riversdaleï¿½ at Rathfarnham, near Dublin when not spending winters in warmer climes. At the age of seventy-three William Butler Yeats died, on 28 January 1939, in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France. He was first buried there then as were his wishes, in 1948 re-interred ï¿½under bare Ben Bulbenï¿½s headï¿½ in Drumcliff churchyard, County Sligo, Ireland. His gravestone is inscribed with the epitaph Cast a cold Eye, On Life, On Death. Horseman.pass by! A bronze sculpture of Yeats by Rowan Gillespie stands on Stephen Street overlooking Sligo town and features snippets from his poetry. His last poem written was ï¿½The Black Towerï¿½ in 1939. Hope and Memory have one daughter and her name is Art, and she has built her dwelling far from the desperate field where men hang out their garments upon forked boughs to be banners of battle. O beloved daughter of Hope and Memory, be with me for a little.ï¿½from ï¿½This Bookï¿½, The Celtic Twilight (1893) Other Works include;	i don't know
In which US state is Lake Dillon?	Dillon, CO - Dillon, Colorado Map & Directions - MapQuest {{::location.tagLine.value.text}} Sponsored Topics Dillon is a home rule municipality in Summit County, Colorado, United States. The population was 802 at the 2000 census. Dillon is located at 39°37′40″N 106°2′39″W / 39.62778°N 106.04417°W / 39.62778; -106.04417 (39.627659, -106.044199). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.2 km²), of which, 1.5 square miles (4.0 km²) of it is land and 0.9 square miles (2.2 km²) of it (35.71%) is water. Dillon Dam and its reservoir (Lake Dillon) are nearby. The continental divide is approximately 10 miles (16 km) east.	Colorado
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Who were the runners-up in the 1978 FIFA World Cup?	1978 FIFA World Cup \| Football Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia 1978 FIFA World Cup Copa Mundial de Fútbol Argentina '78 Tournament details 1–25 June (25 days) Teams 1982 → The 1978 FIFA World Cup, the 11th staging of the FIFA World Cup , quadrennial international football world championship tournament, was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June. The 1978 World Cup was won by Argentina who beat the Netherlands 3–1 after extra time in the final. This win was the first World Cup title for Argentina, who became the fifth team (after Uruguay , Italy , England and West Germany ), to be both hosts and world champions. Argentina, the Netherlands and Brazil were the gold, silver and bronze medalists respectively. Iran and Tunisia made their first appearances in the finals. The official match ball was the Adidas Tango. Contents [ show ] Host selection Argentina was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in London, England on 6 July 1966. Mexico withdrew from the bidding process after having been awarded the 1970 competition two years earlier. Qualification Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification England failed to qualify for the second World Cup in succession, losing out to Italy. European champions Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union also failed to qualify for the finals. Uruguay failed to qualify for the first time since 1958. Newcomers to the finals were Iran and Tunisia; Austria qualified for the first time since 1958, while France, Spain and Hungary were back for the first time since 1966. For the first time, more than 100 nations entered the competition. Controversy A controversial fact surrounding the 1978 World Cup was that Argentina had suffered a military coup only two years before the cup, a coup known as the National Reorganization Process. Less than a year before the World Cup, in September 1977, Interior Minister General Albano Harguindeguy, stated that 5,618 people had recently disappeared. The infamous Naval Mechanics School (known by its acronym ESMA) held concentration camp prisoners of the Dirty War and those held captive reportedly could hear the roars of the crowd during matches held at River Plate's Monumental Stadium, located only a mile away; prompting echoes of Hitler's manipulation of sports during the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Because of the political turmoil, some countries, most notably the Netherlands , considered publicly whether they should participate in the event. Despite this, all teams eventually took part without restrictions. Allegations that Dutch star Johan Cruyff refused to participate because of political convictions were denied by him 30 years later. More controversy surrounded the host, Argentina, as all of their games in the first round kicked off at night, giving the Argentines the advantage of knowing where they stood in the group. This issue would arise again in Spain 1982, which prompted FIFA to change the rules so that the final two group games in subsequent World Cups would be played simultaneously. Further accusations surround the game Argentina and Peru played in the second round of the tournament. Argentina needed to win by a margin of four goals to proceed to the final and did so by defeating Peru by 6–0. However, claims that the Argentine military dictatorship interfered to ensure Argentina would defeat Peru, were denied by the Peruvian captain and several Peruvian players. Some accusations originated in the Brazilian media and pointed to the fact that the Peruvian goalkeeper had been born in Argentina. There is also an alleged deal, reported by the British media as an anonymous rumour, that involved the delivery of a large grain shipment to Peru by Argentina and the unfreezing of a Peruvian bank account that was held by the Argentine Central Bank. Another alleged deal, published by a Colombian drug lord in a controversial book, involved the Peruvian team being bribed without any political implications. A third alleged deal, claimed by a Peruvian leftist politician, encompassed sending 13 Peruvian dissidents exiled in Argentina back to Peru. On top of the contradictions between stories, no evidence is shown in any case. Three months before the World Cup, Argentina had beaten Peru 3–1 in Lima, head to head record was 15–3 in favour of the hosting nation and Peru had never beaten Argentina away from home. However, Peru had conceded only 6 goals in their previous 5 games in the World Cup. During the first half, Peru hit the post twice after two counters when the game was 0–0. Argentina managed to get ahead 2–0 before the end of the first 45 minutes. During the second half, Argentina was ahead 4–0 when Peru had another clear chance. Argentina kept attacking and scored twice more, making it 6–0 and surpassing the needed margin. Format The format of the competition stayed the same as in 1974 : 16 teams qualified, divided into four groups of four. Each group played a round-robin with two points for a win and one for a draw, and goal difference used to separate teams level on points. The top two teams in each group would advance to the second round, where they would be split into two groups of four. The winners of each group would play each other in the final, and the second place finishers in the third place match. For the 1978 World Cup, FIFA introduced the penalty shootout as a means of determining the winner in knockout stages should the match end on a draw after 120 minutes. The method, however, was not put in practice as both the third-place match and the final were decided before 120 minutes. The first World Cup to feature a penalty shootout was the 1982 World Cup , in the semifinal match between France and West Germany. Summary First round The first round produced several surprises. Poland won Group 2 ahead of world champions West Germany , after holding the Germans to a goalless draw and then beating Tunisia and Mexico . The Germans then thrashed Mexico 6–0, and finally played out a second goalless draw against Tunisia. Although they failed to qualify for the second round, Tunisia made history by beating Mexico 3–1 while losing 0–1 at half time. It was the first time that any African team had won a match at the World Cup finals. Peru pushed the Netherlands into second place in Group 4, where Scotland missed out on goal difference for the second successive tournament. Teófilo Cubillas was outstanding for Peru, scoring twice against Scotland in Peru's 3–1 win and hitting a hat-trick in their 4–1 victory over Iran . Rob Rensenbrink of the Netherlands also scored three times against Iran, scoring all the goals as the Dutch won 3–0. Scotland drew with Iran 1–1 and the only highlight of their campaign was a 3–2 victory over the Netherlands in their final group game which was not enough to prevent elimination. Iran, the reigning Asian champions , went out of the tournament winless. Rensenbrink's goal against Scotland was the 1000th goal of World Cup history. Scotland's Willie Johnston was expelled from the World Cup after he was found to have taken a banned stimulant during the opening game against Peru . The biggest surprise of all came in Group 3, where Austria finished ahead of Brazil . The Austrians beat Spain and Sweden , while Brazil were held to draws by the same two teams. The draw with Sweden was especially controversial; Welsh referee Clive Thomas awarded Brazil a very late corner kick and Zico directly headed the kick into the net but Thomas blew for time before Zico made contact with the ball and the goal was disallowed. The Brazilian players were not happy with the decision, but the final result remained a 1–1 draw. Brazil needed to beat Austria in their final group game to be sure of progressing to the second round, and managed a 1–0 win thanks to a goal from Roberto Dinamite . Brazil and Austria thus finished with the same number of points and the same goal difference, but Austria won the group by virtue of having scored more goals. Group 1 had the strongest line-up of teams in the first round, featuring Italy , the host Argentina , France and Hungary . The two places in the second round were claimed before the final round of games, with Italy and Argentina both beating France and Hungary. The match between Italy and Argentina decided who topped the group, and a goal from Roberto Bettega midway through the second half was enough to give that honour to Italy. It also forced Argentina to move out of Buenos Aires and play in Rosario. The 1978 World Cup marked the second and last occasion during which a national team did not wear its own kit to play a match (the first being in a 1958 World Cup first round match between West Germany and Argentina). The incident happened during the game between France and Hungary. Both teams arrived at the venue with only their white change kits, resulting in a delayed kickoff while officials went in search of the jerseys of a local team from Mar del Plata, Club Atlético Kimberley ; the jerseys had vertical green and white stripes and were worn by France. Second round In the all-European Group A, the Netherlands got off to a flying start by thrashing Austria 5–1, Johnny Rep scoring two of their goals. In a rematch of the 1974 final, the Dutch then drew 2–2 with West Germany, who had previously shared a goalless game with Italy. The Italians beat Austria 1–0, and so the Netherlands faced Italy in their last group game knowing that the winners would reach the final. Ernie Brandts scored an 18th-minute own goal to put Italy ahead at half-time, but he made up for his mistake by scoring at the right end in the fifth minute of the second half. Arie Haan got the winner for the Dutch with 15 minutes remaining, and the Netherlands had reached their second successive World Cup Final. In the game known as the miracle of Cordoba, West Germany were surprisingly beaten by Austria 2–3 which marked their end as World Champions. Group B was essentially a battle between Argentina and Brazil, and it was resolved in controversial circumstances. In the first round of group games, Brazil beat Peru 3–0 while Argentina saw Poland off by a score of 2–0. Brazil and Argentina then played out a tense and violent goalless draw, so both teams went into the last round of matches with three points. Argentina delayed the kick-off of its last match to await the result of the Brazil-Poland encounter. Brazil won by a 3–1 score, meaning Argentina had to beat Peru by four clear goals to reach the final but they managed to do it. Trailing 2–0 at half-time, Peru simply collapsed in the second half, and Argentina eventually won 6–0. As previously noted, rumors suggested that Peru might have been bribed or threatened into allowing Argentina to win the match by such a large margin. However, nothing could be proved, and Argentina met the Netherlands in the final. Brazil took third place from an enterprising Italian side with Nelinho scoring a memorable goal, and were dubbed "moral champions" by coach Cláudio Coutinho , because they did not win the tournament, but did not lose a single match. Final The final, Argentina vs Netherlands, was also controversial, as the Dutch accused the Argentines of using stalling tactics to delay the match. The host team came out late and questioned the legality of a plaster cast on René van de Kerkhof 's wrist, which the Dutch claimed allowed tension to build in front of a hostile Buenos Aires crowd. During the game, the referees repeatedly ignored Argentine players running off side for up to 10 meters and catching the ball with their hands. Mario Kempes opened the scoring for the hosts before Dick Nanninga equalized a few minutes from the end. Rob Rensenbrink had a glorious stoppage-time opportunity to win it for the Netherlands but his effort came back off the goal post. Argentina won the final 3–1 after extra time, after Daniel Bertoni scored and Kempes, who finished as the tournament's top scorer with six goals, added his second of the day. The Netherlands, because of the controversial game events, refused to attend the post-match ceremonies after the match ended. They had lost their second World Cup final in a row, both times to the host nation, after losing to West Germany in 1974. Argentina won 5 games but became the first team to win the World Cup after failing to win two matches (losing to Italy in the first round and drawing with Brazil in the second round). (Four years later, Italy would win the next World Cup despite failing to win three games.) Mascot The official mascot of this World Cup was Gauchito, a boy wearing an Argentina kit. His hat (with the words ARGENTINA '78), neckerchief, and whip are typical of gauchos. Venues	Netherlands
The village of Blenheim, the scene of a 1704 battle, is in which mainland European country?	1978 FIFA World Cup \| Football Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia 1978 FIFA World Cup Copa Mundial de Fútbol Argentina '78 Tournament details 1–25 June (25 days) Teams 1982 → The 1978 FIFA World Cup, the 11th staging of the FIFA World Cup , quadrennial international football world championship tournament, was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June. The 1978 World Cup was won by Argentina who beat the Netherlands 3–1 after extra time in the final. This win was the first World Cup title for Argentina, who became the fifth team (after Uruguay , Italy , England and West Germany ), to be both hosts and world champions. Argentina, the Netherlands and Brazil were the gold, silver and bronze medalists respectively. Iran and Tunisia made their first appearances in the finals. The official match ball was the Adidas Tango. Contents [ show ] Host selection Argentina was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in London, England on 6 July 1966. Mexico withdrew from the bidding process after having been awarded the 1970 competition two years earlier. Qualification Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification England failed to qualify for the second World Cup in succession, losing out to Italy. European champions Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union also failed to qualify for the finals. Uruguay failed to qualify for the first time since 1958. Newcomers to the finals were Iran and Tunisia; Austria qualified for the first time since 1958, while France, Spain and Hungary were back for the first time since 1966. For the first time, more than 100 nations entered the competition. Controversy A controversial fact surrounding the 1978 World Cup was that Argentina had suffered a military coup only two years before the cup, a coup known as the National Reorganization Process. Less than a year before the World Cup, in September 1977, Interior Minister General Albano Harguindeguy, stated that 5,618 people had recently disappeared. The infamous Naval Mechanics School (known by its acronym ESMA) held concentration camp prisoners of the Dirty War and those held captive reportedly could hear the roars of the crowd during matches held at River Plate's Monumental Stadium, located only a mile away; prompting echoes of Hitler's manipulation of sports during the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Because of the political turmoil, some countries, most notably the Netherlands , considered publicly whether they should participate in the event. Despite this, all teams eventually took part without restrictions. Allegations that Dutch star Johan Cruyff refused to participate because of political convictions were denied by him 30 years later. More controversy surrounded the host, Argentina, as all of their games in the first round kicked off at night, giving the Argentines the advantage of knowing where they stood in the group. This issue would arise again in Spain 1982, which prompted FIFA to change the rules so that the final two group games in subsequent World Cups would be played simultaneously. Further accusations surround the game Argentina and Peru played in the second round of the tournament. Argentina needed to win by a margin of four goals to proceed to the final and did so by defeating Peru by 6–0. However, claims that the Argentine military dictatorship interfered to ensure Argentina would defeat Peru, were denied by the Peruvian captain and several Peruvian players. Some accusations originated in the Brazilian media and pointed to the fact that the Peruvian goalkeeper had been born in Argentina. There is also an alleged deal, reported by the British media as an anonymous rumour, that involved the delivery of a large grain shipment to Peru by Argentina and the unfreezing of a Peruvian bank account that was held by the Argentine Central Bank. Another alleged deal, published by a Colombian drug lord in a controversial book, involved the Peruvian team being bribed without any political implications. A third alleged deal, claimed by a Peruvian leftist politician, encompassed sending 13 Peruvian dissidents exiled in Argentina back to Peru. On top of the contradictions between stories, no evidence is shown in any case. Three months before the World Cup, Argentina had beaten Peru 3–1 in Lima, head to head record was 15–3 in favour of the hosting nation and Peru had never beaten Argentina away from home. However, Peru had conceded only 6 goals in their previous 5 games in the World Cup. During the first half, Peru hit the post twice after two counters when the game was 0–0. Argentina managed to get ahead 2–0 before the end of the first 45 minutes. During the second half, Argentina was ahead 4–0 when Peru had another clear chance. Argentina kept attacking and scored twice more, making it 6–0 and surpassing the needed margin. Format The format of the competition stayed the same as in 1974 : 16 teams qualified, divided into four groups of four. Each group played a round-robin with two points for a win and one for a draw, and goal difference used to separate teams level on points. The top two teams in each group would advance to the second round, where they would be split into two groups of four. The winners of each group would play each other in the final, and the second place finishers in the third place match. For the 1978 World Cup, FIFA introduced the penalty shootout as a means of determining the winner in knockout stages should the match end on a draw after 120 minutes. The method, however, was not put in practice as both the third-place match and the final were decided before 120 minutes. The first World Cup to feature a penalty shootout was the 1982 World Cup , in the semifinal match between France and West Germany. Summary First round The first round produced several surprises. Poland won Group 2 ahead of world champions West Germany , after holding the Germans to a goalless draw and then beating Tunisia and Mexico . The Germans then thrashed Mexico 6–0, and finally played out a second goalless draw against Tunisia. Although they failed to qualify for the second round, Tunisia made history by beating Mexico 3–1 while losing 0–1 at half time. It was the first time that any African team had won a match at the World Cup finals. Peru pushed the Netherlands into second place in Group 4, where Scotland missed out on goal difference for the second successive tournament. Teófilo Cubillas was outstanding for Peru, scoring twice against Scotland in Peru's 3–1 win and hitting a hat-trick in their 4–1 victory over Iran . Rob Rensenbrink of the Netherlands also scored three times against Iran, scoring all the goals as the Dutch won 3–0. Scotland drew with Iran 1–1 and the only highlight of their campaign was a 3–2 victory over the Netherlands in their final group game which was not enough to prevent elimination. Iran, the reigning Asian champions , went out of the tournament winless. Rensenbrink's goal against Scotland was the 1000th goal of World Cup history. Scotland's Willie Johnston was expelled from the World Cup after he was found to have taken a banned stimulant during the opening game against Peru . The biggest surprise of all came in Group 3, where Austria finished ahead of Brazil . The Austrians beat Spain and Sweden , while Brazil were held to draws by the same two teams. The draw with Sweden was especially controversial; Welsh referee Clive Thomas awarded Brazil a very late corner kick and Zico directly headed the kick into the net but Thomas blew for time before Zico made contact with the ball and the goal was disallowed. The Brazilian players were not happy with the decision, but the final result remained a 1–1 draw. Brazil needed to beat Austria in their final group game to be sure of progressing to the second round, and managed a 1–0 win thanks to a goal from Roberto Dinamite . Brazil and Austria thus finished with the same number of points and the same goal difference, but Austria won the group by virtue of having scored more goals. Group 1 had the strongest line-up of teams in the first round, featuring Italy , the host Argentina , France and Hungary . The two places in the second round were claimed before the final round of games, with Italy and Argentina both beating France and Hungary. The match between Italy and Argentina decided who topped the group, and a goal from Roberto Bettega midway through the second half was enough to give that honour to Italy. It also forced Argentina to move out of Buenos Aires and play in Rosario. The 1978 World Cup marked the second and last occasion during which a national team did not wear its own kit to play a match (the first being in a 1958 World Cup first round match between West Germany and Argentina). The incident happened during the game between France and Hungary. Both teams arrived at the venue with only their white change kits, resulting in a delayed kickoff while officials went in search of the jerseys of a local team from Mar del Plata, Club Atlético Kimberley ; the jerseys had vertical green and white stripes and were worn by France. Second round In the all-European Group A, the Netherlands got off to a flying start by thrashing Austria 5–1, Johnny Rep scoring two of their goals. In a rematch of the 1974 final, the Dutch then drew 2–2 with West Germany, who had previously shared a goalless game with Italy. The Italians beat Austria 1–0, and so the Netherlands faced Italy in their last group game knowing that the winners would reach the final. Ernie Brandts scored an 18th-minute own goal to put Italy ahead at half-time, but he made up for his mistake by scoring at the right end in the fifth minute of the second half. Arie Haan got the winner for the Dutch with 15 minutes remaining, and the Netherlands had reached their second successive World Cup Final. In the game known as the miracle of Cordoba, West Germany were surprisingly beaten by Austria 2–3 which marked their end as World Champions. Group B was essentially a battle between Argentina and Brazil, and it was resolved in controversial circumstances. In the first round of group games, Brazil beat Peru 3–0 while Argentina saw Poland off by a score of 2–0. Brazil and Argentina then played out a tense and violent goalless draw, so both teams went into the last round of matches with three points. Argentina delayed the kick-off of its last match to await the result of the Brazil-Poland encounter. Brazil won by a 3–1 score, meaning Argentina had to beat Peru by four clear goals to reach the final but they managed to do it. Trailing 2–0 at half-time, Peru simply collapsed in the second half, and Argentina eventually won 6–0. As previously noted, rumors suggested that Peru might have been bribed or threatened into allowing Argentina to win the match by such a large margin. However, nothing could be proved, and Argentina met the Netherlands in the final. Brazil took third place from an enterprising Italian side with Nelinho scoring a memorable goal, and were dubbed "moral champions" by coach Cláudio Coutinho , because they did not win the tournament, but did not lose a single match. Final The final, Argentina vs Netherlands, was also controversial, as the Dutch accused the Argentines of using stalling tactics to delay the match. The host team came out late and questioned the legality of a plaster cast on René van de Kerkhof 's wrist, which the Dutch claimed allowed tension to build in front of a hostile Buenos Aires crowd. During the game, the referees repeatedly ignored Argentine players running off side for up to 10 meters and catching the ball with their hands. Mario Kempes opened the scoring for the hosts before Dick Nanninga equalized a few minutes from the end. Rob Rensenbrink had a glorious stoppage-time opportunity to win it for the Netherlands but his effort came back off the goal post. Argentina won the final 3–1 after extra time, after Daniel Bertoni scored and Kempes, who finished as the tournament's top scorer with six goals, added his second of the day. The Netherlands, because of the controversial game events, refused to attend the post-match ceremonies after the match ended. They had lost their second World Cup final in a row, both times to the host nation, after losing to West Germany in 1974. Argentina won 5 games but became the first team to win the World Cup after failing to win two matches (losing to Italy in the first round and drawing with Brazil in the second round). (Four years later, Italy would win the next World Cup despite failing to win three games.) Mascot The official mascot of this World Cup was Gauchito, a boy wearing an Argentina kit. His hat (with the words ARGENTINA '78), neckerchief, and whip are typical of gauchos. Venues	i don't know
Abraham Slender is a character in which Shakespeare play?	Merry Wives of Windsor - Shakespeare's Data Shakespeare's Data datacard Merry Wives of Windsor Facts collected from tagged text on this page Facts about this page	The Merry Wives of Windsor
The Vedas are ancient texts relating to which religion?	Scene 1 Scene 1 Bookmark this page Manage My Reading List Summary The "Country Justice" Shallow complains to Sir Hugh Evans, a Welsh parson, about a wrong which has been done to him by Sir John Falstaff: "I will make a Star-Chamber matter of it. If he were twenty Sir John Falstaffs, he shall not abuse Robert Shallow, Esquire." Sir Hugh momentarily calms the angry waters by suggesting a profitable scheme involving Shallow's nephew, Slender, who is also present. He suggests a "marriage between Master Abraham [Slender] and Mistress Anne Page," the beautiful and soon-to-be-wealthy daughter of a prominent "citizen of Windsor." Slender, the would-be wooer, thinks that he knows her: "She has brown hair and speaks small like a woman?" The three then make plans to go to Page's house, where Falstaff is said to be. After exchanging greetings with Page, Shallow faces the wrongdoer himself: Falstaff: Now, Master Shallow, you'll complain of me to the King? Shallow: Knight, you have beaten my man, killed my deer, and broke open my lodge. Falstaff: But not kissed your keeper's daughter? Shallow: Tut, a pin [a trifle]! This shall be answered. Falstaff: I will answer it straight. I have done all this. That is now answered. (112-18) Slender adds his complaint against Falstaff's "cony-catching" rascal-friends, Bardolph, Nym, and Pistol. "They carried me to the tavern and made me drunk, and afterward picked my pocket." Egged on by their ringleader, Falstaff, the three "rascals" make elaborate denials of any questionable behavior. Mistress Ford, Mistress Page, and Anne Page enter and, together with the rest of the company, are bid by Miss Page to come to "have a hot venison pasty to dinner." Sir Hugh and Shallow prevail upon Slender to pursue Anne Page. "I will marry her, sir, at your request; but if there be no great love in the beginning, yet heaven may decrease it upon better acquaintance when we are married and have more occasion to know one another. I hope, upon familiarity will grow more content." The scene ends with a conversation between Anne and Slender about "why" he cannot join them in dinner. Eventually, however, Page persuades him to do so. Analysis The first words of the play introduce its main figure by name — Sir John Falstaff. Though Justice Shallow's complaint against Falstaff (deer trapping) is completely forgotten once the main action gets underway, Shakespeare's choice to open the play in this way is dramatically effective. For Shakespeare's contemporary audience — and for anyone today who is familiar with his Henry IV plays — a mere reference to the comical misdeeds of the "huge hill of flesh," as Prince Hal (in Henry IV) refers to Falstaff, would whet the appetite. The buzz of anger which consumes Shallow conjures up memories of Falstaff's past chicanery and the irritation it has caused, especially to "right-thinking" citizens in other plays. Falstaff's first appearance in Merry Wives, pompous and full of disdain for others, is eminently enjoyable. In response to Shallows bluster of accusation, Falstaff chooses to be tight-lipped: "I will answer it straight. . . . That is now answered." In other words, "I did it. So what?" From the start, this comedy is different from Shakespeare's other comedies. It is his only completely "English" comedy, set in Windsor, and dealing with distinctly contemporary types. The language has the highest percentage of prose of all of Shakespeare's plays, indicating an attention to the "everyday" aspect and a focus on comic situations rather than to style. The comic types in the first scene are broadly sketched. Sir Hugh Evans, the Welshman, is fond of displaying his learning, and he speaks in dialect, much to Falstaff's (and the audience's) amusement: Evans: Pauca verba [few words], Sir John; goot worts [good words]. Falstaff: Good worts [cabbage]! Good cabbage. Slender, I broke your head. (123-25) Shallow is eager to match his rather slow-witted nephew to Anne Page because there is money to be made in the deal ["seven hundred pounds and possibilities"]. The issues of money, morality, and marriage, then, are at the core of this farce. Slender, only vaguely aware of the money issue, is a monument of foolishness. His real joy is talking about dogs (to Page) and bears (to Anne), which makes him a comical suitor for the hand of the beautiful and gracious Mistress Page. Their scenes together offer some of the funniest moments in the play.	i don't know
What does the Latin phrase ‘Scito te ipsum’ translate to in English?	What is the proper English-Latin translation for 'know thyself, be thyself, love thyself' in the feminine? - Quora Written Jul 18, 2011 The proper Latin pair for 'Know thyself' is 'Nosce te ipsum'. A literal translation for 'be yourself' would be 'Tu ipse esto' (future imperative is best here). 'Love yourself' is pretty much 'Ama te ipsum'. Now if the first phrase is known since the Antiquity, the two latter are very dependent on our present idea of self, being self and accepting self. In Classical Antiquity no one would understand what it means to be yourself (literally, I am already myself, how can I not be?) or to passionately love (amare) yourself. So if we want to express the same ideas, but in a more classical framework of thought, we should expand these thoughts. As for 'be yourself' I like the conjecture proposed by Maria here: http://en.allexperts.com/q/Latin... - a more Roman way to say that is 'follow your nature', 'tuam sequere naturam' (there is more accent on 'your' when the sentence starts with 'tuam'). For 'love yourself' a good expression, to me, would be a paraphrase from Seneca (De vita beata, IV, 2): "Bestow the greatest good upon you yourself": "da sibi ipse maximum bonum", in a sense that the greatest good that you can get is what you give to yourself (i.e. self-acceptance). So, we have two choices - one concise and syntactically correct: Nosce te ipsum, tu ipse esto, ama te ipsum. And another one, more in the Classical Latin style: Nosce te ipsum, tuam sequere naturam, da sibi ipse maximum bonum. Note that there will be grammatical changes when talking about a woman.	Know thyself
What is the first name of author Agatha Christie’s Miss Marple?	Latin Phrase Jewelry Latin Phrase Jewelry Home > Latin Phrase Jewelry Latin Phrase Jewelry Latin Phrase Jewelry is the newest and hottest trend for both women and men. Each original Latin phrase jewelry piece is designd and handmade in my studio and is exclusive to Oak City Gallery. Latin Phrase Jewelry is meant to make a statement. Maybe it�s what you feel; perhaps it has to do with your profession. Whatever the reason we know it�s a good one. Latin Phrase Jewelry is handmade using 99.9% Fine Silver , jewelers brass, German silver, copper, bronze or a combination of several of these metals. Each may vary slightly due to its the handmade nature. Current Latin phrases Available: Scito te ipsum - Know Yourself Pactum Serva - Keep the Faith Quaere verum - Seek the Truth Laus Deo - Praise be to God Temet Nosce - Know Thyself Sapere aude - Dare to be Wise Veni Vidi Visa - I came, I saw, I shopped Luctor et emergo - I struggle but I�ll survive If there is a phrase you like but don't see, please contact me, I may be able to create your personal Latin Phrase jewelery piece just for you. All images, ideas and concepts found in these galleries are the intellectual property of the artists that created them and are protected by copyright.	i don't know
In anatomy, otic relates to which part of the human body?	IX. Neurology. 5e. The Trigeminal Nerve. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. External nasal. Superior labial. The Middle Meningeal Nerve (n. meningeus medius; meningeal or dural branch) is given off from the maxillary nerve directly after its origin from the semilunar ganglion; it accompanies the middle meningeal artery and supplies the dura mater. 25 The Zygomatic Nerve (n. zygomaticus; temporomalar nerve; orbital nerve) arises in the pterygopalatine fossa, enters the orbit by the inferior orbital fissure, and divides at the back of that cavity into two branches, zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial. 26 The zygomaticotemporal branch (ramus zygomaticotemporalis; temporal branch) runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and, passing through a foramen in the zygomatic bone, enters the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auri&cacute;ulotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit. 27 FIG. 778 Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion. ( See enlarged image ) The zygomaticofacial branch (ramus zygomaticofacialis; malar branch) passes along the infero-lateral angle of the orbit, emerges upon the face through a foramen in the zygomatic bone, and, perforating the Orbicularis oculi, supplies the skin on the prominence of the cheek. It joins with the facial nerve and with the inferior palpebral branches of the maxillary. 28 The Sphenopalatine Branches (nn. sphenopalatini), two in number, descend to the sphenopalatine ganglion. 29 The Posterior Superior Alveolar Branches (rami alveolares superiores posteriores; posterior superior dental branches) arise from the trunk of the nerve just before it enters the infraorbital groove; they are generally two in number, but sometimes arise by a single trunk. They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek. They then enter the posterior alveolar canals on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, and, passing from behind forward in the substance of the bone, communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve, and give off branches to the lining membrane of the maxillary sinus and three twigs to each molar tooth; these twigs enter the foramina at the apices of the roots of the teeth. 30 The Middle Superior Alveolar Branch (ramus alveolaris superior medius; middle superior dental branch), is given off from the nerve in the posterior part of the infraorbital canal, and runs downward and forward in a canal in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus to supply the two premolar teeth. It forms a superior dental plexus with the anterior and posterior superior alveolar branches. 31 The Anterior Superior Alveolar Branch (ramus alveolaris superior anteriores; anterior superior dental branch), of considerable size, is given off from the nerve just before its exit from the infraorbital foramen; it descends in a canal in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus, and divides into branches which supply the incisor and canine teeth. It communicates with the middle superior alveolar branch, and gives off a nasal branch, which passes through a minute canal in the lateral wall of the inferior meatus, and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the inferior meatus and the floor of the nasal cavity, communicating with the nasal branches from the sphenopalatine ganglion. 32 FIG. 779 Alveolar branches of superior maxillary nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion. (Testut.) ( See enlarged image ) The Inferior Palpebral Branches (rami palpebrales inferiores; palpebral branches) ascend behind the Orbicularis oculi. They supply the skin and conjunctiva of the lower eyelid, joining at the lateral angle of the orbit with the facial and zygomaticofacial nerves. 33 The External Nasal Branches (rami nasales externi) supply the skin of the side of the nose and of the septum mobile nasi, and join with the terminal twigs of the nasociliary nerve. 34 The Superior Labial Branches (rami labiales superiores; labial branches), the largest and most numerous, descend behind the Quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands. They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital plexus. 35 Sphenopalatine Ganglion (ganglion of Meckel) (Fig. 780 ).The sphenopalatine ganglion, the largest of the sympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the trigeminal nerve, is deeply placed in the pterygopalatine fossa, close to the sphenopalatine foramen. It is triangular or heart-shaped, of a reddish-gray color, and is situated just below the maxillary nerve as it crosses the fossa. It receives a sensory, a motor, and a sympathetic root. 36 Its sensory root is derived from two sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve; their fibers, for the most part, pass directly into the palatine nerves; a few, however, enter the ganglion, constituting its sensory root. Its motor root is probably derived from the nervus intermedius through the greater superficial petrosal nerve and is supposed to consist in part of sympathetic efferent (preganglionic) fibers from the medulla. In the sphenopalatine ganglion they form synapses with neurons whose postganglionic axons, vasodilator and secretory fibers, are distributed with the deep branches of the trigeminal to the mucous membrane of the nose, soft palate, tonsils, uvula, roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, and to the upper part of the pharynx. Its sympathetic root is derived from the carotid plexus through the deep petrosal nerve. These two nerves join to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal before their entrance into the ganglion. 37 FIG. 780 The sphenopalatine ganglion and its branches. ( See enlarged image ) The greater superficial petrosal nerve (n. petrosus superficialis major; large superficial petrosal nerve) is given off from the genicular ganglion of the facial nerve; it passes through the hiatus of the facial canal, enters the cranial cavity, and runs forward beneath the dura mater in a groove on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It then enters the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum, and joining with the deep petrosal branch forms the nerve of the pterygoid canal. 38 The deep petrosal nerve (n. petrosus profundus; large deep petrosal nerve) is given off from the carotid plexus, and runs through the carotid canal lateral to the internal carotid artery. It then enters the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum, and joins with the greater superficial petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. 39 The nerve of the pterygoid canal (n. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii]; Vidian nerve), formed by the junction of the two preceding nerves in the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum, passes forward, through the pterygoid canal, with the corresponding artery, and is joined by a small ascending sphenoidal branch from the otic ganglion. Finally, it enters the pterygopalatine fossa, and joins the posterior angle of the sphenopalatine ganglion. 40 Branches of Distribution.These are divisible into four groups, viz., orbital, palatine, posterior superior nasal, and pharyngeal. 41 The orbital branches (rami orbitales; ascending branches) are two or three delicate filaments, which enter the orbit by the inferior orbital fissure, and supply the periosteum. According to Luschka, some filaments pass through foramina in the frontoethmoidal suture to supply the mucous membrane of the posterior ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses. 42 The palatine nerves (nn. palatini; descending branches) are distributed to the roof of the mouth, soft palate, tonsil, and lining membrane of the nasal cavity. Most of their fibers are derived from the sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve. They are three in number: anterior, middle, and posterior. 43 The anterior palatine nerve (n. palatinus anterior) descends through the pterygopalatine canal, emerges upon the hard palate through the greater palatine foramen, and passes forward in a groove in the hard palate, nearly as far as the incisor teeth. It supplies the gums, the mucous membrane and glands of the hard palate, and communicates in front with the terminal filaments of the nasopalatine nerve. While in the pterygopalatine canal, it gives off posterior inferior nasal branches, which enter the nasal cavity through openings in the palatine bone, and ramify over the inferior nasal concha and middle and inferior meatuses; at its exit from the canal, a palatine branch is distributed to both surfaces of the soft palate. 44 The middle palatine nerve (n. palatinus medius) emerges through one of the minor palatine canals and distributes branches to the uvula, tonsil, and soft palate. It is occasionally wanting. 45 The posterior palatine nerve (n. palatinus posterior) descends through the pterygopalatine canal, and emerges by a separate opening behind the greater palatine foramen; it supplies the soft palate, tonsil, and uvula. The middle and posterior palatine join with the tonsillar branches of the glossopharyngeal to form a plexus (circulus tonsillaris) around the tonsil. 46 The posterior superior nasal branches (rami nasales posteriores superiores) are distributed to the septum and lateral wall of the nasal fossa. They enter the posterior part of the nasal cavity by the sphenopalatine foramen and supply the mucous membrane covering the superior and middle nasal conchæ, the lining of the posterior ethmoidal cells, and the posterior part of the septum. One branch, longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve. It enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, passes across the roof of the nasal cavity below the orifice of the sphenoidal sinus to reach the septum, and then runs obliquely downward and forward between the periosteum and mucous membrane of the lower part of the septum. It descends to the roof of the mouth through the incisive canal and communicates with the corresponding nerve of the opposite side and with the anterior palatine nerve. It furnishes a few filaments to the mucous membrane of the nasal septum. 47 The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the internal maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube. 48 The mandibular nerve (n. mandibularis; inferior maxillary nerve) ( Figs. 778, 781 ) supplies the teeth and gums of the mandible, the skin of the temporal region, the auricula, the lower lip, the lower part of the face, and the muscles of mastication; it also supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It is the largest of the three divisions of the fifth, and is made up of two roots: a large, sensory root proceeding from the inferior angle of the semilunar ganglion, and a small motor root (the motor part of the trigeminal), which passes beneath the ganglion, and unites with the sensory root, just after its exit through the foramen ovale. Immediately beneath the base of the skull, the nerve gives off from its medial side a recurrent branch (nervus spinosus) and the nerve to the Pterygoideus internus, and then divides into two trunks, an anterior and a posterior. 49 The Nervus Spinosus (recurrent or meningeal branch) enters the skull through the foramen spinosum with the middle meningeal artery. It divides into two branches, anterior and posterior, which accompany the main divisions of the artery and supply the dura mater; the posterior branch also supplies the mucous lining of the mastoid cells; the anterior communicates with the meningeal branch of the maxillary nerve. 50 FIG. 781 Mandibular division of the trifacial nerve. (Testut.) ( See enlarged image ) The Internal Pterygoid Nerve (n. pterygoideus internus).The nerve to the Pterygoideus internus is a slender branch, which enters the deep surface of the muscle; it gives off one or two filaments to the otic ganglion. 51 The anterior and smaller division of the mandibular nerve receives nearly the whole of the fibers of the motor root of the nerve, and supplies the muscles of mastication and the skin and mucous membrane of the cheek. Its branches are the masseteric, deep temporal, buccinator, and external pterygoid. 52 The Masseteric Nerve (n. massetericus) passes lateralward, above the Pterygoideus externus, in front of the temporomandibular articulation, and behind the tendon of the Temporalis; it crosses the mandibular notch with the masseteric artery, to the deep surface of the Masseter, in which it ramifies nearly as far as its anterior border. It gives a filament to the temporomandibular joint. 53 The Deep Temporal Nerves (nn. temporales profundi) are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the Pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the Temporalis. The posterior branch, of small size, is placed at the back of the temporal fossa, and sometimes arises in common with the masseteric nerve. The anterior branch is frequently given off from the buccinator nerve, and then turns upward over the upper head of the Pterygoideus externus. Frequently a third or intermediate branch is present. 54 The Buccinator Nerve (n. buccinatorus; long buccal nerve) passes forward between the two heads of the Pterygoideus externus, and downward beneath or through the lower part of the Temporalis; it emerges from under the anterior border of the Masseter, ramifies on the surface of the Buccinator, and unites with the buccal branches of the facial nerve. It supplies a branch to the Pterygoideus externus during its passage through that muscle, and may give off the anterior deep temporal nerve. The buccinator nerve supplies the skin over the Buccinator, and the mucous membrane lining its inner surface. 55 External Pterygoid Nerve (n. pterygoideus externus).The nerve to the Pterygoideus externus frequently arises in conjunction with the buccinator nerve, but it may be given off separately from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve. It enters the deep surface of the muscle. 56 The posterior and larger division of the mandibular nerve is for the most part sensory, but receives a few filaments from the motor root. It divides into auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves. 57 The Auriculotemporal Nerve (n. auriculotemporalis) generally arises by two roots, between which the middle meningeal artery ascends. It runs backward beneath the Pterygoideus externus to the medial side of the neck of the mandible. It then turns upward with the superficial temporal artery, between the auricula and condyle of the mandible, under cover of the parotid gland; escaping from beneath the gland, it ascends over the zygomatic arch, and divides into superficial temporal branches. 58 The branches of communication of the auriculotemporal nerve are with the facial nerve and with the otic ganglion. The branches to the facial, usually two in number, pass forward from behind the neck of the mandible and join the facial nerve at the posterior border of the Masseter. The filaments to the otic ganglion are derived from the roots of the auriculotemporal nerve close to their origin. 59 Its branches of distribution are: 60 Anterior auricular. Branches to the external acoustic meatus. Parotid. Superficial temporal. The anterior auricular branches (nn. auriculares anteriores) are usually two in number; they supply the front of the upper part of the auricula, being distributed principally to the skin covering the front of the helix and tragus. 61 The branches to the external acoustic meatus (n. meatus auditorii externi), two in number, enter the meatus between its bony and cartilaginous portions and supply the skin lining it; the upper one sends a filament to the tympanic membrane. 62 The articular branches consist of one or two twigs which enter the posterior part of the temporomandibular joint. 63 The parotid branches (rami parotidei) supply the parotid gland. 64 The superficial temporal branches (rami temporales superficiales) accompany the superficial temporal artery to the vertex of the skull; they supply the skin of the temporal region and communicate with the facial and zygomaticotemporal nerves. 65 The Lingual Nerve (n. lingualis) supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It lies at first beneath the Pterygoideus externus, medial to and in front of the inferior alveolar nerve, and is occasionally joined to this nerve by a branch which may cross the internal maxillary artery. The chorda tympani also joins it at an acute angle in this situation. The nerve then passes between the Pterygoideus internus and the ramus of the mandible, and crosses obliquely to the side of the tongue over the Constrictor pharyngis superior and Styloglossus, and then between the Hyoglossus and deep part of the submaxillary gland; it finally runs across the duct of the submaxillary gland, and along the tongue to its tip, lying immediately beneath the mucous membrane. 66 Its branches of communication are with the facial (through the chorda tympani), the inferior alveolar and hypoglossal nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion. The branches to the submaxillary ganglion are two or three in number; those connected with the hypoglossal nerve form a plexus at the anterior margin of the Hyoglossus. 67 FIG. 782 Mandibular division of trifacial nerve, seen from the middle line. The small figure is an enlarged view of the otic ganglion. (Testut.) ( See enlarged image ) Its branches of distribution supply the sublingual gland, the mucous membrane of the mouth, the gums, and the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; the terminal filaments communicate, at the tip of the tongue, with the hypoglossal nerve. 68 The Inferior Alveolar Nerve (n. alveolaris inferior; inferior dental nerve) (Fig. 782) is the largest branch of the mandibular nerve. It descends with the inferior alveolar artery, at first beneath the Pterygoideus externus, and then between the sphenomandibular ligament and the ramus of the mandible to the mandibular foramen. It then passes forward in the mandibular canal, beneath the teeth, as far as the mental foramen, where it divides into two terminal branches, incisive and mental. 69 The branches of the inferior alveolar nerve are the mylohyoid, dental, incisive, and mental. 70 The mylohyoid nerve (n. mylohyoideus) is derived from the inferior alveolar just before it enters the mandibular foramen. It descends in a groove on the deep surface of the ramus of the mandible, and reaching the under surface of the Mylohyoideus supplies this muscle and the anterior belly of the Digastricus. 71 The dental branches supply the molar and premolar teeth. They correspond in number to the roots of those teeth; each nerve entering the orifice at the point of the root, and supplying the pulp of the tooth; above the alveolar nerve they form an inferior dental plexus. 72 The incisive branch is continued onward within the bone, and supplies the canine and incisor teeth. 73 The mental nerve (n. mentalis) emerges at the mental foramen, and divides beneath the Triangularis muscle into three branches; one descends to the skin of the chin, and two ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip; these branches communicate freely with the facial nerve. 74 Two small ganglia, the otic and the submaxillary, are connected with the mandibular nerve. 75 FIG. 783 The otic ganglion and its branches. ( See enlarged image ) Otic Ganglion (ganglion oticum) (Fig. 783 ).The otic ganglion is a small, ovalshaped, flattened ganglion of a reddish-gray color, situated immediately below the foramen ovale; it lies on the medial surface of the mandibular nerve, and surrounds the origin of the nerve to the Pterygoideus internus. It is in relation, laterally, with the trunk of the mandibular nerve at the point where the motor and sensory roots join; medially, with the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube, and the origin of the Tensor veli palatini; posteriorly, with the middle meningeal artery. 76 Branches of Communication.It is connected by two or three short filaments with the nerve to the Pterygoideus internus, from which it may obtain a motor, and possibly a sensory root. It communicates with the glossopharyngeal and facial nerves, through the lesser superficial petrosal nerve continued from the tympanic plexus, and through this nerve it probably receives a root from the glossopharyngeal and a motor root from the facial; its sympathetic root consists of a filament from the plexus surrounding the middle meningeal artery. The fibers from the glossopharyngeal which pass to the otic ganglion in the small superficial petrosal are supposed to be sympathetic efferent (preganglionic) fibers from the dorsal nucleus or inferior salivatory nucleus of the medulla. Fibers (postganglionic) from the otic ganglion with which these form synapses are supposed to pass with the auriculotemporal nerve to the parotid gland. A slender filament (sphenoidal) ascends from it to the nerve of the Pterygoid canal, and a small branch connects it with the chorda tympani. 77 Its branches of distribution are: a filament to the Tensor tympani, and one to the Tensor veli palatini. The former passes backward, lateral to the auditory tube; the latter arises from the ganglion, near the origin of the nerve to the Pterygoideus internus, and is directed forward. The fibers of these nerves are, however, mainly derived from the nerve to the Pterygoideus internus. 78 FIG. 784 Sensory areas of the head, showing the general distribution of the three divisions of the fifth nerve. (Modified from Testut.) ( See enlarged image ) Submaxillary Ganglion (ganglion submaxillare) (Fig. 778 ).The submaxillary ganglion is of small size and is fusiform in shape. It is situated above the deep portion of the submaxillary gland, on the hyoglossus, near the posterior border of the Mylohyoideus, and is connected by filaments with the lower border of the lingual nerve. It is suspended from the lingual nerve by two filaments which join the anterior and posterior parts of the ganglion. Through the posterior of these it receives a branch from the chorda tympani nerve which runs in the sheath of the lingual; these are sympathetic efferent (preganglionic) fibers from the facial nucleus or the superior salivatory nucleus of the medulla oblongata that terminate in the submaxillary ganglion. The postganglionic fibers pass to the submaxillary gland, it communicates with the sympathetic by filaments from the sympathetic plexus around the external maxillary artery. 79 Its branches of distribution are five or six in number; they arise from the lower part of the ganglion, and supply the mucous membrane of the mouth and the duct of the submaxillary gland, some being lost in the submaxillary gland. The branch of communication from the lingual to the forepart of the ganglion is by some regarded as a branch of distribution, through which filaments pass from the ganglion to the lingual nerve, and by it are conveyed to the sublingual gland and the tongue. 80 Trigeminal Nerve Reflexes.Pains referred to various branches of the trigeminal nerve are of very frequent occurrence, and should always lead to a careful examination in order to discover a local cause. As a general rule the diffusion of pain over the various branches of the nerve is at first confined to one only of the main divisions, and the search for the causative lesion should always commence with a thorough examination of all those parts which are supplied by that division; although in severe cases pain may radiate over the branches of the other main divisions. The commonest example of this condition is the neuralgia which is so often associated with dental carieshere, although the tooth itself may not appear to be painful, the most distressing referred pains may be experienced, and these are at once relieved by treatment directed to the affected tooth. 81 Many other examples of trigeminal reflexes could be quoted, but it will be sufficient to mention the more common ones. Dealing with the ophthalmic nerve, severe supraorbital pain is commonly associated with acute glaucoma or with disease of the frontal or ethmoidal air cells. Malignant growths or empyema of the maxillary antrum, or unhealthy conditions about the inferior conchæ or the septum of the nose, are often found giving rise to second division neuralgia, and should be always looked for in the absence of dental disease in the maxilla. 82 It is on the mandibular nerve, however, that some of the most striking reflexes are seen. It is quite common to meet with patients who complain of pain in the ear, in whom there is no sign of aural disease, and the cause is usually to be found in a carious tooth in the mandible. Moreover, with an ulcer or cancer of the tongue, often the first pain to be experienced is one which radiates to the ear and temporal fossa, over the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve. 83 Note 131. After it enters the infraorbital canal, the nerve is frequently called the infraorbital. [ back ]	Ear
Actor Lawrence Tureaud is better known by what name?	Ear Anatomy, Diagram & Pictures \| Body Maps Written and medically reviewed by the Healthline Editorial Team Co-developed by: In Depth: Ear The ears are organs that provide two main functions — hearing and balance — that depend on specialized receptors called hair cells. Hearing: The eardrum vibrates when sound waves enter the ear canal. Ossicles, three tiny bones (including the stapes, the smallest bone in the body), pass vibrations to the oval window, which is a membrane at the entrance to the inner ear. Balance: Balance is achieved through a combination of the sensory organ in the inner ear, visual input, and information received from receptors in the body, especially around joints. The information processed in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of the brain allows the body to cope with changes in speed and the direction of the head. The ear is divided into three parts: Outer ear: The outer ear includes an ear canal that is is lined with hairs and glands that secrete wax. This part of the ear provides protection and channels sound. The auricle or pinna is the most visible part of the outer ear and what most people are referring to when they use the word “ear.” Middle ear: Three tiny bones — the malleus, incus, and stapes — within the middle ear transfer sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear is important because it is filled with numerous air spaces, which provide routes for infections to travel. It is also the location of the Eustachian tube, which equalizes the air pressure between the inner and outer surfaces of the tympanic membrane (eardrum). Inner ear: The inner ear, also called the labyrinth, operates the body’s sense of balance and contains the hearing organ. A bony casing houses a complex system of membranous cells. The inner ear is called the labyrinth because of its complex shape. There are two main sections within the inner ear: the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. The cochlea, the hearing organ, is located inside the inner ear. The snail-like cochlea is made up of three fluid-filled chambers that spiral around a bony core, which contains a central channel called the cochlear duct. Inside the cochlear duct is the main hearing organ, the spiral shaped organ of Corti. Hair cells inside the organ of Corti detect sound and send the information through the cochlear nerve. Sound waves enter through the outer ear, move into the middle ear, and finally reach the inner ear and its intricate network of nerves, bones, canals, and cells. Debugging Tools	i don't know
Delamere Forest is in which English county?	Delamere Forest (England) Go Ape Tree Top Adventure and Tree Top Junior Enjoy adventure high above the forest floor, taking on zip-wires, tarzan swings and a variety of obstacles! Mini-Tarzans can also get in on the action with Go Ape’s Tree Top Junior course (min age 4yrs and min height 1m). For more information and to book visit Go Ape . Go Ape Forest Segway Get off the beaten track on board an all-terrain forest segway – Go Ape’s epic forest adventure with a down-to-earth twist. It’s a totally unique way to tackle our trails. Min age 10yrs and min weight 7 Stone. For more information and to book visit Go Ape Forest Segway . Orienteering Orienteering is an outdoor adventure sport that excerises both mind and body. Delamere offers a permanent orienteering course suitable for all ages and abilities. Explore the forest and develop your navigation skills. For further information visit Deeside Orienteering Club . Maps are available to purchase onsite from TRACS at £1.50. Horse riding and dog walking Why not take your best friends along to Delamere? You will be in good company as many people head to the trees to enjoy a long walk. There are beautiful places to ride through and so many sticks to fetch! Satellite Navigation To arrive at the forest using Satalite navigation. Please use post code CW8 2HZ This code is not our post code for sending mail, but will get you as close as possible to our forest centre using Sat Nav. Delamere Outdoor Fitness Why not get fit and feel great? Delamere Outdoor Fitness offer bootcamps, weight loss courses, running courses, Pilates, Kettlercise, children's themed birthday parties, adult parties such as stag and hen parties and pre season training for all types of sports. For more information go to www.delamereoutdoorfitness.co.uk or Contact Claire on 07968077180 or [email protected] Forest Explorers Come along to one of our fantastic forest events or learn and play in the forest with Forest Explorers. Contact Helena [email protected] or visit the web site www.forest-explorers.co.uk for more information. Wildlife Delamere is also a haven for wildlife including the beautiful small tortoise shell butterfly, greater spotted woodpecker, white faced darter dragonfly, green woodpecker, siskin and southern hawker dragonfly. For more information on the white faced darter check out www.cheshirewildlifetrust.org.uk . Refuel after your forest adventure in the cafe. Serving a wide range of freshly made hot and cold food and drinks from the finest locally sourced ingredients. What do other visitors say? Where can I ride in the forest?Is there a map of different rides ad I am new to this? chris jackson , 12/Nov/2016 We have 2 marked forest road trails, White and Blue, however, you can cycle on all forest roads being aware of other users. Forestry Commission Response 5 Stars lovely site, we enjoyed it very much and will recommend it to all are friend and maybe even come back once or twice. hazza wicks, 11/Jul/2016	Cheshire
Who wrote the musical ‘Oliver’, which was based on Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist?	Delamere Forest - Forest in Delamere, Northwich - Discover Cheshire New caravan site, set in the beautiful Delamere Forest. 0.81 miles away 2 Organsdale Cottages is a lovely cottage in a delightful area of Cheshire with Delamere... 1.26 miles away 1 Organsdale Cottages is situated in the village of Kelsall making it an ideal base for... 1.26 miles away Luxury self contained/self catering first-floor apartment. 1.66 miles away Our shepherds hut is a work of art, superbly insulated, beautifully crafted and based on... 2.01 miles away Small Hotel of the Year Award Winner 2015. Situated in the heart of Cheshire we extend a... 2.31 miles away A cosy, traditional, 2-bedroomed cottage adjoining owners home. 2.42 miles away Winner of the Self-Catering Holiday Provider of the Year Award 2013The Hollies is... 2.71 miles away A privately owned hotel offering all the atmosphere and hospitality of an English country... 2.82 miles away The Poplars is situated on the edge of Crowton which has an excellent pub serving very... 2.83 miles away Blakemere Village, set in the heart of the Cheshire countryside, now offers a wonderful... 3.16 miles away Surrounded by open countryside a warm welcome is guaranteed. 3.2 miles away A friendly welcome to our 150-year-old farmhouse and small working farm, situated in... 3.26 miles away A 400-year-old, family-run inn with oak beams and a log fire, serving cask ales.... 3.55 miles away You spend the night, not a fortune (TM). But you also get the kind of facilities and... 3.66 miles away High-quality, fully-equipped caravans and lodges for hire. 3.76 miles away	i don't know
The Xingu River is in which South American country?	Xingu River \| International Rivers Português The Xingu River flows from the tropical savanna of central Mato Grosso, Brazil northward to the Amazon for 1,979 km (1,230 miles). Some 25,000 indigenous people from 18 distinct ethnic groups live along the Xingu. In 1989, an international mobilization led by the Kayapó Indians stopped state-owned electric company Eletronorte´s plans to construct a six-dam complex on the Xingu and its tributary, the Iriri. Map of the Rivers of the Amazon Wikipedia Commons Now, Brazil is planning the construction of a huge dam on the Xingu River, called Belo Monte . Belo Monte would be the third-largest hydroelectric project in the world and would require diverting nearly the entire flow of the Xingu through two artificial canals to the dam's powerhouse, leaving indigenous communities along a 100 km stretch of the Xingu´s Big Bend without water, fish, or a means of river transport. The Belo Monte Dam would cause severe impacts to indigenous villages and areas considered of extreme importance for conservation of biodiversity, as well as irreversible impacts to the Xingu´s fish stocks. More information: Read our latest factsheet on the Belo Monte Dam Project Visit the website of Movimento Xingu Vivo para Sempre , leader of the campaign against Belo Monte in Brazil (in Portuguese) Heart of Brazil Expedition , photo gallery and blog on the Xingu by Sue and Patrick Cunningham Visit our interactive Dams in Amazonia database to see planned dams for the Amazon Basin Latest additions:	Brazil
Which US President was assassinated in 1881?	Amazônia Viva \| International Rivers The Amazônia Viva Campaign is now featured on Google Earth ! Map of the Rivers of the Amazon Wikipedia Commons The Amazon Basin, home to 60% of the planet’s remaining tropical rainforests, is an immense region nearly the size of the continental United States. The Amazon's incredible biodiversity is well-known, and new research confirms the critical role that this unique biome plays in regulating the climate not only of South America, but also of parts of North America as well. Increasingly, the Amazon Basin is being targeted for large dam projects. More than 60 large dams are being planned for the Brazilian Amazon, and neighboring countries Peru, Bolivia and Colombia are planning scores of dams of their own. If built, these projects would dramatically affect the Amazon’s fragile web of aquatic and terrestrial life, as well as displacing tens of thousands of indigenous and river bank communities. Roughly 83% of the Amazon rainforest is still intact, and a principal factor in the Amazon’s survival has been its remoteness. But now a series of large–scale hydroelectric dams and industrial waterways (hidrovias), associated with mining, logging and agribusiness schemes, threaten to transform the Amazon into a center for extraction of raw materials for export. The transformation of the Amazon’s greatest tributaries into a series of slack-water reservoirs is being spearheaded by a powerful alliance of state energy bureaucracies, politicians and large private dam-building corporations. Visit our interactive Dams in Amazônia database to learn about dams planned for the Amazon Once built, projected dams and industrial waterways would provide the power and transport needed to move large quantities of resources out of the Amazon—and accelerate its destruction. Many of these projects are being built by Brazilian construction companies and financed by the Brazilian National Development Bank (BNDES). And some are included in the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA) , a program supported by international financial institutions which regards the vast natural areas of the continent as "obstacles to development." International Rivers works with threatened communities, indigenous peoples, social movements, NGOs, independent researchers and other partners to fight destructive dams planned for the Amazon, while promoting dialogue and policy reform for alternative strategies to meet legitimate energy needs in the region. Some Key Dam Projects in the Amazon: The Belo Monte Dam on the Xingu River would divert the flow of the river and devastate an extensive area of the Brazilian rainforest, displacing over 20,000 people and threatening the survival of indigenous peoples. The Santo Antônio and Jirau dams are being built on the Madeira River , the principal tributary of the Amazon. A series of dams are being planned for the mighty Tapajós, Teles Pires, and Juruena Rivers of the Tapajos Basin , also major Amazon tributaries. The dams would flood national parks, reserves and indigenous lands. The Araguaia and Tocantins rivers, which empty near the mouth of the Amazon, are targeted for dozens of large dams. The Peruvian Amazon is facing a series of planned dams on the Inambari, Ene, and Marañón Rivers, upstream from Brazil. More information:	i don't know
Zakumi was the name of the official mascot for which sporting competition?	Zakumi continues mascot tradition - FIFA.com 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™ Zakumi continues mascot tradition Listen A ball has yet to be kicked at the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™, but it already has its first star. Zakumi has been a huge hit since being unveiled as the tournament's Official Mascot in September 2008 and, whatever happens on the field, he is sure to add to the occasion with his effervescent personality. This lively leopard is also continuing a colourful tradition of FIFA World Cup mascots that began 44 years ago and has yielded some memorable characters in the decades since. FIFA.com looks back. England 1966: World Cup Willie The original and, for many, still the best FIFA World Cup mascot, England’s lion – wearing a Union Jack jersey with ‘WORLD CUP’ emblazoned on the front - provided a traditional symbol of the 1966 hosts. World Cup Willie’s success ensured that he became a pioneer for mascots at major sporting events, setting the standard for his many successors. Mexico 1970: Juanito Following in Willie’s footsteps was Juanito, a boy decked out in a ‘Mexico 1970’ sombrero and the hosts’ famous green shirt. He provided a fittingly vibrant mascot for the first FIFA World Cup broadcast in colour. West Germany 1974: Tip and Tap The 1974 hosts followed a similar theme, kitting out two boys in the hosts’ white shirts, one emblazoned with the letters WM (Weltmeisterschaft, German for World Cup) and the other with the number 74. Tip and Tap offered an image of togetherness and friendship that was to be repeated 32 years later. Argentina 1978: Gauchito For the third tournament in succession, organisers opted for the image of an enthusiastic young boy, with Gauchito again sporting the hosts’ iconic kit. His hat carried the words ‘ARGENTINA 78’ and he also wore a hankerchief and carried a whip, typical guacho symbols. Spain 1982: Naranjito There was a fruity them to Spain’s 1982 mascot, with Naranjito taking the form of an orange. Again, he was resplendent in his national team’s kit and also wore an especially wide grin. Mexico 1986: Pique Mexico’s return as hosts also brought about a comeback for the sombrero, although this time it was not worn by a boy, but a giant chili pepper. Pique, who also sported a stereotypically Mexican moustache, also continued the theme of fruit and vegetables started by Naranjito. Italy 1990: Ciao The 1990 edition heralded a significant departure from tradition as Italy ditched the mascot’s traditionally ‘cuddly’ form for a more modern structure. Ciao – named, of course, after the Italian greeting – was also the first and, to date, only mascot without a face, with designers opting instead for a stick figure in the colours of the Italian tricolour with a football for a head. USA 1994: Stryker There was another revolutionary development in 1994, when the US public voted for their tournament’s mascot. Their choice was Stryker, a dog kitted out in the hosts’ red white and blue with the competition logo displayed on his shirt. France 1998: Footix In 1998, France returned to World Cup Willie’s by opting for a recognised national emblem in the shape of a traditional Gallic rooster. One of the more colourful mascots to date, Footix’s bold blue body, red head and bright yellow beak made him a colourful addition to a memorable tournament. Korea/Japan 2002: Ant, Kaz and Nik The first FIFA World Cup of the new millennium brought the first trio of mascots in a predictably futuristic effort from the famously innovative co-hosts. Orange, purple and blue, these animated creations participated in ‘Atomball’, a fictional football-like sport, with Ato the coach and Kaz and Nik his players. The three names were voted for by internet users and customers at McDonald's outlets in the host nations. Germany 2006: Goleo VI & Pille FIFA.com users recently voted Goleo VI and Pille as their favourite mascots of the past five FIFA World Cups, showing the affection in which the 2006 duo are still held. After the high-tech imagery of 2002, this represented a return to a more traditional form of mascot, and also heralded a comeback for the lion, this time accompanied by an irrepressible talking football. South Africa 2010: Zakumi Finally to the mascot of the hour. This friendly leopard’s name is a composition of 'ZA', for South Africa, and 'kumi', which translated as "ten" in various languages across Africa. Football crazy, Zakumi dyed his hair green to camouflage himself against the green of the pitch, although there seems little chance of this particular mascot keeping a low profile. As we have seen here, he has plenty to live up to, but Zakumi looks certain for a special place in FIFA World Cup history.	2010 FIFA World Cup
In mathematics, what type of angle measures more than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees?	World Cup Mascots Brazil 2014 Fuleco Fuleco is a cartoon armadillo, modelled on the three-banded armadillo, an endangered species which is indigenous to Brazil and known as the "tatu-bola". The name is derived from a combination of the Portuguese words for football (futebol) and ecology (ecologia) South Africa 2010 Zakumi Zakumi is a leopard, a common animal found in South Africa. Called Zakumi, he is a friendly green haired yellow leopard, wearing a shirt saying South Africa 2010. Zakumi's green and gold colors represent South Africa's national sports' teams colors. The name Zakumi is derived from "ZA" an acronym for south Africa and "Kumi" which translates as "10" from some African languages. Germany 2006 Goleo VI and his sidekick Pille 2006 saw the return of the lion, this time wearing a Germany shirt with the number 06 and no pants! He also had a talking football named Pille. Goleo is a portmanteau of the words "goal" and "leo", the Latin word for lion, while "Pille" is a colloquial term for a football in Germany. Korea/Japan 2002 Ato, Kaz and Nik (The Spheriks) This was the first tournament to have more than one mascot, in fact they had three. Ato, Kaz and Nik were orange, purple and blue futuristic, computer-generated creatures. They also had their own sport - "Atmoball" (a fictional football-like sport). The three names were voted for online and at McDonald's outlets in the host countries. France 1998 Footix The 1998 mascot was a rooster, one of the national symbols of France. It has the words "FRANCE 98" on its chest, with its body mostly blue, like the host's national team shirt. The name Footix is a portmanteau of "football" and the ending "-ix" from the popular Astérix comic strip. Striker, the World Cup Pup The mascot chosen by the US public for USA '94 was a dog, which is a common US pet animal. Striker wore the red, white and blue US colors with the words "USA 94". Italy 1990 Ciao This was a different looking mascot, a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body. The red white & green blocks of the body made it look like it was made from lego. Its name is an Italian greeting. Mexico 1986 Pique Following the fruit and vegetable theme from the previous tournament, the mascot of Mexico 1986 was a jalapeño chili pepper, which we all know is a characteristic of Mexican cuisine. The chili also had moustache and was wearing a sombrero. Its name comes from picante, Spanish for spicy peppers and sauces. Spain 1982 Naranjito The 1982 mascot was a small orange, a typical fruit in Spain, with a big grin. He was wearing the kit of the host's national team. Its name comes from naranja, the Spanish word for orange, with the diminutive suffix "-ito". Argentina 1978 Gauchito A boy wearing Argentina's playing pale blue and white playing kit. His hat, neckerchief and whip are typical of gauchos. The hat had the words ARGENTINA '78. West Germany 1974 Tip and Tap Two boys wearing the white shirts of Germany, one shirt with with the letters WM (Weltmeisterschaft, German for World Cup) and the other with the number 74 on the front. Mexico 1970 Juanito A boy wearing Mexico's colors and a Mexican sombrero (with the words "MEXICO 70"). His name is the diminutive of "Juan", a common name in Spanish.	i don't know
What is the basic currency of Brazil?	Brazil Currency, Brazilian Currency Sao Paulo Metro Map Brazil Currency The unit of money or Brazil currency South America is Real (BRL). In 1500, the Portuguese established their colony in Brazil (then known as New World) and introduced the 'Real' currency . However the first official currency that was distributed everywhere bearing the 'Real'name was originally printed in the year 1654 by the Dutch when they occupied the Northeastern part of Brazil. Real became the official currency of Brazil in 1690 and since then its official status remained intact till 1942. Only in 1942, the currency named Cruzeiro replaced real. The currency rate was 1000 reis = 1 cruzeiro. In the 1980s and 1990s, Brazil went through a period of high inflation and hence this South American nation had to change its currency numerous times. Until 1986, the Brazilians dealt with Cruzeiros . In that year three zeros were removed and the currency was changed to Cruzado . After a couple of years another three zeros were removed and the 'new cruzados'-(Cruzados Novos) were introduced to the people of Brazil. In 1990, the Cruzeiros once again were in vogue after replacing Cruzados Novos . Finally another three zeros were reduced and the currency came to be known as Cruzeiros Reais. In 1994, with the implementation of the new financial plan, the new currency Real was launched. Thus after a long time the currency of Brazil was stabilized. Brazil Currency(Real) consists of Bills ranging from- R$1, R$2, R$5, R$10, R$20, R$50 and R$100. Coins are also available in varied colors and sizes with value ranging from 1 cent, 5 cents, 10 cents, 25 cents, 50 cents and also 1 Real. Previously the Bills had images of Historical characters, but at present the images of Brazilian animals are illustrated on the bills. The female character at one side of the bill represents Brazil as a Republic. Brazil doesn't allow tourists or travelers to use foreign currency bills and traveler checks are curtailed. Travelers have to exchange the currency before payment of bills.	Real
Boxer Jacob ‘Baby Jake’ Matlala was born in which country?	Brazil Economy: Facts, Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, Corruption Close Background President Dilma Rousseff of the leftist Workers’ Party began her second term in January 2015. A recession, fiscal and monetary belt-tightening, and a far-reaching kickback scheme involving her party and the state-controlled Petróleo Brasileiro oil company sent her approval rating plummeting. Brazil has poor public services, antiquated and insufficient infrastructure, and high tax rates. In recent years, inflation has surged again. Growth is sluggish, but Brazil’s “Bolsa Família” conditional cash transfer program for the poor has won support in some sectors. Brazil is the world’s seventh-largest economy, and its population of almost 200 million is heavily concentrated on the Atlantic coast. Since the advent of the monetary “real plan” in the 1990s and the end of hyperinflation, the poverty rate has dropped, but heavy government intervention in the economy continues to limit development.	i don't know
Which US state is known as the ‘Gem State’?	State Nicknames Hawaii - Maryland Hawaii became officially known as the Aloha State by a 1959 legislative act. Haw. Rev. Stat. 5-7 source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Idaho In 1863, Congress designated the Idaho Territory with the erroneous understanding that Idaho was a Shoshone word meaning Gem of the Mountains. In spite of the misunderstanding concerning the origin of the name the state continues to be known as the Gem State and the Gem of the Mountains. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Known unofficially as the Prairie State, a fitting nickname for a state that sets aside the third full week in September each year as Illinois Prairie Week to demonstrate the value of preserving and reestablishing native Illinois prairies. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Indiana Hoosier State came into general usage in the 1830s. John Finley of Richmond wrote a poem, "The Hoosier's Nest," which was used as the "Carrier's Address" of the Indianapolis Journal, Jan. 1, 1833. It was widely copied throughout the country and even abroad. A few days later, on January 8, 1833, at the Jackson Day dinner at Indianapolis, John W. Davis offered "The Hoosier State of Indiana" as a toast. And in August, former Indiana governor James B. Ray announced that he intended to publish a newspaper, The Hoosier, at Greencastle, Indiana. The Hawkeye State was first suggested by James G. Edwars as a tribute to indian leader Chief Black Hawk. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer The nickname Sunflower State calls to mind the wild flowers of the plains of Kansas and the officially recognized state flower. source: State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer Kentucky Bluegrass is not really blue--it's green--but in the spring, bluegrass produces bluish-purple buds that when seen in large fields give a rich blue cast to the grass. Early pioneers found bluegrass growing on Kentucky's rich limestone soil, and traders began asking for the seed of the "blue grass from Kentucky." The name stuck and today Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State.	Idaho
Selene (Selenological Engineering Explorer) was the second lunar orbital spacecraft launched by which country, in September 2007?	US Gemstone Mines: Arizona Oregon Idaho Montana Arkansas Nevada Home » Gemstones » Gemstone Mining in the United States Gemstone Mining in the United States A wide variety of gemstones are found throughout the United States U.S. Gemstones: A diversity of gemstones are produced from mines throughout the United States. Top row: malachite and azurite cabochon (Arizona), a rough ruby (North Carolina), a faceted orange sunstone (Oregon), a teardrop variscite cabochon (Utah). Second row: a Vesuvianite cabochon (California), a freshwater cultured pearl (Tennessee), a cabochon of Montana Moss Agate (Montana), a handful of diamonds (Arkansas). Third row: two pieces of aquamarine rough (Colorado), an opal cabochon (Idaho), a faceted bicolor tourmaline (Maine), a faceted fire opal (Nevada). Scroll down to read more about these gems and others. A Diversity of U.S. Gemstones A surprising diversity of gemstones are produced within the United States. Did you know that Montana is the home of world-famous sapphire localities, and that emeralds , rubies , and sapphires are all found in North Carolina? Have you ever seen an " Oregon sunstone " that flashes with a copper aventurescence, or a cultured freshwater pearl with a golden luster produced in Tennessee? These are just a few of the unique gemstones produced in the United States. State Utah The United States Geological Survey reports that notable quantities of gem-quality beryl , coral, garnet , feldspar, opal , quartz , sapphire, ruby, shell, pearls, peridot , topaz , tourmaline , turquoise , and other gem materials are currently produced in the United States. Ten states with a long history and nice diversity of gemstone production include: Arizona , North Carolina , Oregon , California , Utah , Tennessee , Montana , Colorado , Arkansas , and Idaho . Did You Know? If you attend the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show (held every February), you can purchase rough or cut stones from most of the important gemstone mines in the United States - and often purchase directly from the person who did the mining. Don't be afraid to ask - they usually enjoy telling you all about their operation. Sometimes the same person mines, cuts, and markets the stones! Small Mines and Recreational Miners Although the United States produces a diversity of gemstone varieties, the quantity produced is very small. In calendar year 2011 the total gemstone production of the United States was only $11 million. That amount is very very small compared to the $23.5 billion in gemstones that were imported. The United States has greater than a 99.9 percent dependence on foreign gemstone supplies. Most of the gemstone production in the United States comes from very small mines with just two or three employees who are often part-time or seasonal workers. Very few of the mines have more than a dozen employees and operate during all four seasons of the year. In 2011 only about 1000 to 1200 people in the United States worked in the gemstone mining industry. Much of the gemstone mining in the United States is done by rockhounds (amateurs who search for rocks , minerals , gemstones , and fossils as a hobby). Many of them do their rockhounding on public land (areas owned by the government where individuals can collect if they observe the rules). Others go to fee mining sites . These are proven gemstone deposits where visitors can pay a fee, look for gemstones, and keep any that they find. U.S. Gemstone Production Values 11,300 9,570 ND - value not disclosed because it would reveal proprietary information of a small number of producers - included in totals. Data from USGS Minerals Yearbooks. Why Is Production So Low? Some of the gemstone deposits in the United States have been associated with major metal deposits which are much more valuable. The gemstone deposits, which are generally very slow to mine, were removed because the disruption that they cause is more costly than the value of the gem materials. Other gemstone deposits are not operated because they are extremely labor intensive. They would be mined in countries where labor rates are very low - but they cannot be operated at a profit at United States labor rates. Other deposits are not mined because environmental or safety concerns make mining unattractive. Patronage for Domestic Gemstones Many people really enjoy gemstones produced from domestic deposits. Some mineral collectors favor certain localities, and some gemstone buyers (especially tourists) have a strong desire to purchase a "Montana Sapphire" or an "Oregon Sunstone" when they visit those states. This patronage strongly supports the price of stones from certain localities - far above the price of similar-size, similar-quality stones from anywhere else in the world. This patronage also supports a small domestic lapidary industry. Many people who visit Arizona want to bring home a piece of petrified wood , and many people who visit upstate New York want to find a " Herkimer Diamond. " There is even one location in Arkansas, Crater of Diamonds , where anyone can become a diamond miner by paying a small fee. These are fun activities, many people enjoy them, and they support the small gemstone industry of the United States. #1 ARIZONA Arizona Gemstones In 2011, the state of Arizona led the United States in the production of gemstones . Arizona has long been famous as a producer of turquoise , peridot , and petrified wood . Gemstones such as azurite , chrysocolla, and malachite are associated with Arizona's many copper deposits and have a long history of being produced there. Agate, amethyst , garnet , jade , jasper, obsidian , onyx, and opal have all been found in Arizona and used to make gems. The photo here shows several cabochons cut from Arizona copper minerals. They are an oval of chrysocolla and malachite on the left; three triangular cabs of azurite and malachite in the center; and on the right, a quartz cabochon with chrysocolla inclusions. All materials were found in the Morenci area, a famous copper locality. Learn more about Arizona Gemstones . #2 NORTH CAROLINA North Carolina Gemstones Most people are surprised to hear that rubies , sapphires , and emeralds can be found in North Carolina. Although the area does not support a large gemstone mining and cutting industry, there are many pay-to-prospect mines where anyone can enter, pay a small fee, and keep all of the gemstones that are found. Some local businesses have skilled gem cutters and bench jewelers who can turn a nice piece of rough that you find into a beautiful piece of jewelry. Gem materials found in North Carolina include aquamarine , beryl , citrine , emerald, garnet , moonstone, rose quartz, ruby, sapphire, smoky quartz , staurolite , topaz , and tourmaline . There are even a few places where you can find gold . The North Carolina rubies in the photograph at right were captured by Peter Cristofono. Learn more about North Carolina Gemstones. #3 OREGON Oregon Gemstones Oregon produces some of the best gem-quality feldspars in the world. Several small mining operations have become world-famous for producing " Oregon Sunstone, " a transparent feldspar that is loaded with tiny copper platelets aligned in a common orientation. When a sunstone is tilted in the light, at just the right angle, these platelets simultaneously reflect a flash of light. Oregon produces several other gem materials including the famous "thunderegg," a geode that is ugly on the outside but often filled with beautiful chalcedony, opal, or crystals inside. Some people argue that thundereggs are more popular than sunstone! Oregon also produces a number of different fire opals and common opals with beautiful colors. There are several pay-to-dig sites in Oregon where you can find sunstone, opal, thundereggs and more. Learn more about Oregon Gemstones . #4 CALIFORNIA California Gemstones California is widely known for its tourmaline and turquoise production. Native Americans were the first to treasure these minerals, and a commercial gemstone industry was active by the late 1800s. The tourmaline deposits of Riverdale and San Diego Counties have supplied more tourmaline for cutting and mineral specimens than any other tourmaline deposits in the northern hemisphere. California gemstones also include many varieties of agate, jasper, jade , garnet , and quartz . The state is one of the only sources of benitoite , a blue barium titanium silicate, and it has been named the state gemstone. The image at right is a Vesuvianite cabochon cut from material produced at the Happy Camp mine in Siskiyou County. There are several pay-to-dig sites in California where you can pay a fee, look for rocks, gold, minerals or gems and keep anything that you find. #5 UTAH Utah Gemstones Utah produces a wide variety of gemstones. Although topaz is Utah's state gemstone, the gemstone that is getting a lot of recent attention is red beryl , also known as bixbite. The faceted red beryl shown here from the Wah Wah Mountains is a beautiful example (photo by Bradley Payne of TheGemTrader.com ). Amethyst , garnet , jasper, agate, and opals are also found at numerous locations in the state. Utah also has the world's only locality where beautiful purple tiffany stone can be found. Learn more about Utah Gemstones . #6 TENNESSEE Tennessee Gemstones Tennessee is well-known for a single gem material - pearls. The American Pearl Company operates the only freshwater pearl farm in the United States. They produce cultured freshwater pearls from native river mussels. The coin-shaped pearls in the photo are from the American Pearl Company and display iridescent shades of golden, pink, and blue. Learn more about Tennessee gemstones . #7 MONTANA Montana Gemstones Montana's most popular gemstone product is sapphire . Yogo Gulch sapphires have been famous for over 100 years, and the production of sapphires in Montana continues today. Sapphires are produced from both rock and alluvial deposits. They occur in a wide range of colors which include blue, blue-green, green, pink, pale red, purple, yellow, and orange (colors often produced by heat treatment). Many people enjoy visiting pay-to-dig mines in Montana to look for sapphires. Some gem-grade garnets are also produced from the alluvial deposits. Rockhounds in many parts of Montana enjoy looking for agate and jasper. One of the most popular is "Montana Moss Agate," a transparent to translucent material that usually has brown to black bands or "moss" in a wide variety of patterns. Learn more about Montana gemstones . #8 COLORADO Colorado Gemstones Many different gemstones are produced in Colorado. These include aquamarine , amazonite, garnet , topaz , tourmaline , lapis lazuli , quartz , smoky quartz , rhodochrosite , rose quartz, amethyst , turquoise , peridot , sapphire , zircon , agate, and jasper. A rough diamond from Colorado was cut into a 16.87-carat stone. It is the largest cut diamond ever produced from United States rough. Aquamarine is the state gemstone of Colorado, and it is mostly found at high elevations on Antero Mountain. Rhodochrosite is the state mineral, and many specimens are cut into gemstones such as the stone at right from the Sweet Home Mine. Photo by Bradley Payne, TheGemTrader.com . If you visit Colorado, there are a few fee mining sites where you can pay a fee and look for gold or topaz, smoky quartz, and amazonite. Learn more about Colorado Gemstones . #9 ARKANSAS Arkansas Gemstones The most popular gemstone locality in Arkansas is Crater of Diamonds State Park , where anyone can pay a fee, look for diamonds , and keep any that are found. The site is an operating state park, and visitors usually find hundreds of small diamonds every year. There are several other fee mining areas in the state where you can pay a fee, look for minerals and keep what you find. Arkansas's most important gem material is quartz. In Arkansas, clear quartz is often called "rock crystal." It is produced and sold as specimens and also used for faceted stones, beads, carvings, spheres and decorative items. Exceptional specimens of rock crystal can sell for thousands of dollars. Clear, undamaged single crystals are made into pendants, earrings and other types of jewelry. In addition to rock crystal, Arkansas produces other quartz gems including agate, chert , jasper, opal , petrified wood , and smoky quartz (frequently heat-treated rock crystal). Learn more about Arkansas Gemstones . #10 IDAHO Idaho Gemstones Idaho's nickname is "The Gem State." It has a long history of producing a variety of gem materials . The most important gems produced to date have been star garnet and opal . Notable amounts of jade , topaz , zircon , and tourmaline have also been found in Idaho. Agate, jasper, and petrified wood in many colors and patterns have been found and produced from small deposits throughout the state. Learn more about Idaho Gemstones . Maine (unranked) Maine Gemstones The first commercial gemstone mine in the United States that was operated by miners who were not Native Americans was at Mount Mica, Maine. There a large deposit of tourmaline was discovered by children in 1820. Two years later a mine was opened and it yielded thousands of carats of gem-quality tourmaline crystals. Since then the pegmatite deposits of western Maine have produced many varieties of tourmaline, aquamarine , morganite , smoky quartz, rose quartz, and amethyst . The three stones in the photo are very nice tourmalines from the Dunton Quarry, located in Oxford County. Photo by Thuss Photography, used with permission of the Maine State Museum. Learn more about Maine Gemstones . Louisiana (unranked) Louisiana Gemstones Most people would not think of Louisiana as a "gemstone state." However, it is the source of a unique variety of precious opal and a source for abundant amounts of " petrified palm wood ." The palm material found in the Catahoula Formation, a sedimentary rock unit deposited during Oligocene time, is so popular and well-known that the state legislature named it the official "state fossil." Learn more about Louisiana Gemstones . Nevada (unranked) Nevada Gemstones A variety of gemstones have been found in Nevada, and the state is well-known for its opal. After Australia, some of the finest black opals in the world come from Virgin Valley, Nevada. The specimen shown here is a 9-millimeter faceted yellow fire opal of about 1.79 carats, cut from rough produced in Nevada. The state is also well-known for its turquoise , petrified wood , agate, jasper, and obsidian . There are three pay-to-dig opal mines in Nevada where you can pay a fee, look for opals and keep whatever you find.	i don't know
In humans, cholecystitis is the inflammation of which part of the body?	Cholecystitis - Symptoms, Causes, Treatments Cholecystitis Treatments What is cholecystitis? Cholecystitis is the medical name for inflammation of the gallbladder. The gallbladder assists in the digestive process by storing and releasing the substance called bile into the small intestine, which helps break down food. Cholecystitis is most often the result of an obstruction within a duct in the gallbladder. Gallstones (cholelithiasis) are the most common cause of obstruction within the gallbladder. Left untreated, the inflammation may lead to infection. Other less common causes of cholecystitis include infection, injury and tumors. Inflammation of the gallbladder is a common disease in the United States. The disease is more common in women than in men, and it occurs most frequently after the age of 40. There are two types of cholecystitis: acute, which comes on suddenly, and chronic, which is longstanding and persistent. Gallstones are the most common cause for both types. Recurrent episodes of gallstones lead to thickening of the gallbladder wall and make the gallbladder less effective at removing bile and other substances. Ultimately, the condition may become chronic. Looking for a Doctor? Search Now Find a Gastroenterologist Near You The signs and symptoms of cholecystitis can come and go or remain constant. The disease course varies among individuals. Some people with cholecystitis have no symptoms at all, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and blockage of the bile ducts that may lead to infection. 8 Foods That Aid Digestion Here's what you can eat help keep your digestive tract healthy and happy. Acute gallstone attacks can be managed with intravenous medications. If repeated episodes occur and lead to chronic cholecystitis, the preferred treatment is surgical removal of the gallbladder. Although not everyone is able to prevent gallstone formation and cholecystitis, you may be able to reduce your risk by following a healthy, low-cholesterol diet. Left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications, such as tissue damage, tears in the gallbladder, and infection that spreads to other parts of the body. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) for serious symptoms such as high fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit), severe abdominal pain, abdominal swelling, and nausea with or without vomiting. Seek prompt medical care if you are being treated for cholecystitis but your symptoms persist, recur, or cause you concern. SPONSORED	Gallbladder
Colomba Pasquale (or Easter Dove) is a traditional Easter cake which originated from which country?	Cholecystitis - Mayo Clinic Cholecystitis Gallbladder and bile duct Cholecystitis (ko-luh-sis-TIE-tis) is inflammation of the gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, beneath your liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid that's released into your small intestine (bile). In most cases, gallstones blocking the tube leading out of your gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct problems and tumors. If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening complications, such as a gallbladder rupture. Treatment for cholecystitis often involves gallbladder removal. Zakko SF, et al. Acute cholecystitis: Pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnosis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed July 1, 2014. Vollmer CM, et al. Treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed July 1, 2014. Acute cholecystitis: Gallbladder and bile duct disease. The Merck Manual for Health Care Professionals. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic_and_biliary_disorders/gallbladder_and_bile_duct_disorders/acute_cholecystitis.html?qt=cholecystitis&alt=sh 2011. Accessed July 2, 2014. Gallstones. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gallstones/index.aspx. Accessed July 1, 2014. Malladi P, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed July 2, 2014. Products and Services	i don't know
The metical is the basic monetary unit of which African country?	Meticals - definition of Meticals by The Free Dictionary Meticals - definition of Meticals by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Meticals Also found in: Thesaurus , Financial . Related to Meticals: meticais n. pl. met·i·cais (-kīsh′) See Table at currency . [Portuguese, from Arabic mitqāl, colloquial variant of miṯqāl, a unit of weight, from ṯaqula, to be heavy; see ṯql in the Appendix of Semitic roots.] metical (Currencies) the standard money unit in Mozambique which consists of 100 centavos me•ti•cal n., pl. -cals, -cais (-ˌkaɪʃ) the basic monetary unit of Mozambique. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: 1. metical - the basic unit of money in Mozambique; equal to 100 centavos centavo - a fractional monetary unit of several countries: El Salvador and Sao Tome and Principe and Brazil and Argentina and Bolivia and Colombia and Cuba and the Dominican Republic and Ecuador and El Salvador and Guatemala and Honduras and Mexico and Nicaragua and Peru and the Philippines and Portugal	Mozambique
Which perfume was named after Coco Chanel’s birthday?	Metical synonyms, metical antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com Metical synonyms, metical antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com http://www.freethesaurus.com/metical Also found in: Dictionary , Financial , Wikipedia . noun the basic unit of money in Mozambique Related Words Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: References in periodicals archive ? dollar with the metical in subsidiary circulation perhaps given the preference of many Mozambicans for the U. Dollarization: the case of Zimbabwe The effects of the civil war meant that the start of self-rule in Mozambique was marked by a failure to embark on infrastructural as well as human development and the country found itself on the brink of total economic collapse: its currency, the metical, continued to severely depreciate in value. Organised Crime in Mozambique and its impact within the Regional and International context The Committee also said that inflation in 2013 had revealed the constancy of Mozambique s currency, the metical, on the domestic foreign exchange industry, the development of monetary aggregates alongside a suitable provide of fruit and vegetables on the market following the revival of the agricultural industry after flooding.	i don't know
Who was the British Prime Minister during the 1956 Suez Crisis?	An affair to remember \| The Economist The Suez crisis An affair to remember The Suez crisis of 50 years ago marked the end of an era, and the start of another, for Europe, America and the Middle East Jul 27th 2006 Tweet Corbis ON JULY 26th 1956 Gamal Abdul Nasser, president of Egypt, addressed a huge crowd in the city of Alexandria. Broad-shouldered, handsome and passionate, Nasser stunned even this gathering of enthusiastic supporters with the vehemence of his diatribe against British imperialism. Britain had ruled Egypt, one way or another, from 1882 to 1922, when the protectorate gained nominal independence, and continued to influence Egyptian affairs thereafter, maintaining troops there and propping up the decadent monarchy overthrown by Nasser in 1952. In that speech in Alexandria, though, Nasser chose to delve back even further into history, in a long digression on the building of the Suez canal a century earlier. That gave him the chance to mention the name of the Frenchman who had built the canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps. This he did at least 13 times. “De Lesseps”, it turned out, was the codeword for the Egyptian army to start the seizure, and nationalisation, of the canal. It also launched the start of a new era in the politics of Europe, the Middle East and America. The Suez crisis, as the events of the following months came to be called, marked the humiliating end of imperial influence for two European countries, Britain and France. It cost the British prime minister, Anthony Eden, his job and, by showing up the shortcomings of the Fourth Republic in France, hastened the arrival of the Fifth Republic under Charles de Gaulle. It made unambiguous, even to the most nostalgic blimps, America's supremacy over its Western allies. It thereby strengthened the resolve of many Europeans to create what is now the European Union. It promoted pan-Arab nationalism and completed the transformation of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute into an Israeli-Arab one. And it provided a distraction that encouraged the Soviet Union to put down an uprising in Hungary in the same year. It also divided families and friends, at least in Britain and France, with a degree of bitterness that would not be seen in a foreign-policy dispute until the invasion of Iraq in 2003. If that is difficult to understand, remember that the world was a different place then. Many European politicians still believed their countries had a right to run the affairs of others. Many were also scarred by memories of appeasement in the 1930s. Faced with a provocation, even an entirely legal one involving the nationalisation of a foreign-owned asset like the Suez canal, the instinct of such Europeans was to go to war. They and their Israeli partners-in-invasion were restrained, eventually, by the United States, led by a Republican president and war hero, Dwight Eisenhower. The venture involved intrigue, lies, nemesis—and no end of a lesson. How did it come about? The road to collusion In Egypt, the British had become so resented for their racist, arrogant ways that by the early 1950s even Winston Churchill, the grand old imperialist who had returned as prime minister in 1951, felt he could resist the tide of nationalism no more. After 1951 the British were confined to the Suez canal zone, harassed by Egyptian irregulars who wanted them out altogether. By June 1956 the last British soldiers had left even the canal zone. Yet Anglo-Egyptian relations did not improve. Nasser was enraged by America's withdrawal of its offer of loans to help pay for the building of a dam on the Nile at Aswan. This project was central to his ambitions to modernise Egypt. But John Foster Dulles, the American secretary of state, thought the dam would place too much strain on the resources of newly independent Egypt. For their part, the British, mistrustful of Nasser and feeling the pinch, were also ready to withdraw their loan offer. So, thought Dulles, best to let the Russians take on the dam, as he knew they would if the West backed out. He did not, however, bargain for Nasser's immediate response—the nationalisation of the Suez canal, whose revenues, Nasser argued, Egypt now needed to replace the loans promised by Britain and America for the dam. The reaction in Britain was unanimous in condemning “Grabber Nasser”, as the Daily Mirror put it. Comparisons were immediately made to Hitler and Mussolini in the 1930s: if he got away with this, where would he—and other emboldened post-colonial leaders—stop? Eden, who had succeeded Churchill as prime minister the year before, argued that the canal was Britain's “great imperial lifeline”, especially for oil. Nasser could not be allowed to have his hand “on our windpipe”. The French reacted just as strongly, but for different reasons. First, they had a stake in the Paris-based company that ran the canal. Second, they were fighting an increasingly nasty little colonial war in Algeria. The new government of Guy Mollet was resolved to put down an Arab uprising there with all the force that the Fourth Republic could muster. By the summer of 1956 France had about 400,000 soldiers in Algiers. Nasser backed the Arab insurgents, so the French were as eager as the British to see the back of him. Accordingly, Britain and France started to co-ordinate plans for a military invasion of Egypt and a reoccupation of the canal zone. But their bellicosity was matched by the scepticism of the Americans, and of Eisenhower in particular, who from the beginning was against the use of force by his two main allies. One concern for him was the presidential election due that November, which he intended to win as the incumbent “peace” president. He knew that the voters would not thank him for taking them into a foreign imbroglio in which America had no direct interest. Eisenhower was also motivated by an anti-imperialism rooted in the attitudes that had made Americans break free from the British empire. Intensifying his scepticism was a fear that, in the new cold war, any British and French bullying of Egypt would alienate Arabs, Asians and Africans and drive them towards the communist camp. To head off Anglo-French military action, Eisenhower and his secretary of state ensnared the Europeans in a fruitless round of talks and conferences. Aware that they were on shaky legal ground for an invasion, the British and French reluctantly played along. But they were losing the momentum for military action, which was the American intention. The increasingly histrionic Eden, in particular, wanted not only the reversal of the canal's nationalisation but also regime change: he wanted Nasser “destroyed”. The Israelis provided a way out. On September 30th a delegation secretly presented the French with a fabricated casus belli: Israel would invade Egypt and race to the canal. The French and British could then invade, posing as peacekeepers to separate the two sides, and occupy the canal, ostensibly to guarantee the free passage of shipping. When this plan was presented to Eden, he jumped at it. Thus was collusion born. The details were agreed on at a secret meeting in Sèvres, outside Paris. Not for nothing is the Suez crisis known in Egypt as the “tripartite aggression”. The British and French forces now had a pretext to invade. For the Israelis, it would punish Egypt for its escalating incursions into Israel from Gaza. It would also hitch the major European powers to the cause of Israel: up to that point, the French had tried to be even-handed between Israel and its neighbours; the British had leaned towards the Arab states. A complete mess and botch Only a handful of people were let in on the collusion. Most of them thought it was mad from the start, arguing, quite correctly, that the cover for the invasion was so flimsy it would soon be blown. To disguise what was going on, the British, in particular, were drawn ever deeper into a bog of lies and deception, particularly with the Americans. Parliament was also deceived. Both Eden and Selwyn Lloyd, his foreign secretary, told the House of Commons that, as Lloyd put it, “there was no prior agreement” with Israel. On October 29th, Israeli paratroopers, led by a zealous officer called Ariel Sharon, were dropped into Sinai to fulfil their side of the bargain. Feigning surprise, the British and French issued an ultimatum to both sides to cease fire. When the Egyptians rejected this, British planes started bombing the Egyptian air force on the ground and on November 5th Anglo-French troops went ashore to begin the invasion of the canal zone and, it was hoped, topple Nasser. Eisenhower, kept completely in the dark, felt utterly betrayed by his erstwhile allies. “I've just never seen great powers make such a complete mess and botch of things,” he told his aides. He determined to put a stop to the whole enterprise. America struck at Britain's fragile economy. It refused to allow the IMF to give emergency loans to Britain unless it called off the invasion. Faced by imminent financial collapse, as the British Treasury saw it, on November 7th Eden surrendered to American demands and stopped the operation, with his troops stranded half way down the canal. The French were furious, but obliged to agree; their troops were under British command. America also proved adept at working through the UN. On November 2nd an American resolution demanding a ceasefire was passed by a majority of 64 to five, the Russians voting with the United States. And to sidestep Anglo-French vetoes at the Security Council, for the first time the General Assembly met in emergency session (where no country held a veto) and took up a Canadian suggestion to assemble an international emergency force to go to the canal and monitor the ceasefire. These were to be the first “blue hat” UN peacekeepers. The organisation was one of the clear winners of the crisis, gaining an enhanced role in the world. For the other participants in the drama, the consequences were more mixed. The French drew the clearest lessons. Suez showed that they could never rely on perfide Albion. Britain, then Europe's strongest power, would, it seemed, always put its “special” relationship with America above its European interests. And the Americans, to the French, were both unreliable and annoyingly superior. So the French would have to look elsewhere for more durable allies—a search that was, by one account, short. The story goes that on the evening of November 6th, when Mollet got the call from Eden that he was aborting the invasion, he happened to be with the German chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. The French foreign minister, Christian Pineau, records Adenauer as saying that “France and England will never be powers comparable to the United States...Not Germany either. There remains to them only one way of playing a decisive role in the world: that is to unite Europe...We have no time to waste; Europe will be your revenge.” Thus was born the six-country European common market, which has now become the 25-country European Union. The founding Treaty of Rome was signed the very next year, in 1957. And the French, particularly Charles de Gaulle in the 1960s, kept the British, America's Trojan horse, out of it for as long as they could, until 1973. France had by then made itself truly independent of American military power (unlike the British) by building its own nuclear deterrent from scratch and, in 1966, leaving NATO's integrated command structure. It should have been no surprise, then, that in the months before the invasion of Iraq in 2003, it was the French who played the American role of 1956, though Jacques Chirac could hardly deliver the coup de grâce, as Eisenhower had done in 1956. In reaction to Suez, France had constructed a new identity as the ostensible leader of Europe, upholding a set of universal values in competition with the Americans. The British were hurt most by Suez. Eden resigned soon afterwards, his health wrecked, his reputation in tatters, his lies and evasions damaging the country's always tendentious reputation for fair play. The crisis exploded Britain's lingering imperial pretensions, and hastened the independence of its colonies. Some talked of a “Suez syndrome”, where, in Margaret Thatcher's words, Britain's rulers “went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing”. Certainly, much of Mrs Thatcher's prime ministership, particularly the retaking of the Falklands in 1982, was an essay in exorcising the demons of Suez. Tony Blair has not been afraid to take advantage of her success, by deploying British power in Sierra Leone, the Balkans and Iraq. But never without the Americans' support. The major lesson of Suez for the British was that the country would never be able to act independently of America again. Unlike the French, who have sought to lead Europe, most British politicians have been content to play second fiddle to America. Eden recuperated from the crisis in Ian Fleming's house, Goldeneye, in Jamaica. It was an appropriate choice, as it was Fleming who was to mythologise the new relationship in his James Bond novels. The first, “Casino Royale”, was published to little attention in 1953, but the series took off in the years after the Suez crisis, offering some sort of literary consolation to a country coming to terms with its new, humbler status. The partnership between Bond and Felix Leiter, a CIA agent, reflected the way the British now liked to see things, the one suave, smart and endlessly resourceful, the other with a lot of money and a slightly plodding manner. Eisenhower won his election in America. The crisis affirmed the country's new status as the global superpower, challenged only by the Soviet Union. Suez was also to be the last incident in which America was to take strong action against Israel. As Eisenhower had feared, the Russians moved into the Middle East to fill the gap left by the disorderly retreat of the British, so the Americans felt compelled to get in as well. Thus the cold war spread to north Africa and Egypt (the Russians duly stepped in to finance the Aswan dam, and much else), and Israel became ever more closely tied to the United States. Before 1956, Israel had been militarily vulnerable, but, beyond the Arab world, morally and politically unassailable. The Israeli occupation of Sinai (and Gaza) in 1956 began the gradual inversion of this state of affairs, as it marked the first expansion of Israel beyond its original borders, with all the subsequent criticisms of its occupation of Arab or Palestinian land. In 1956 the Israelis were quickly forced to withdraw from Sinai by American (and Russian) pressure. Never again, however, would an American president face down Israel as Eisenhower had done at Suez. The rise of Nasserism The chief victor of Suez, in the short term, was Nasser. Before the crisis he had faced lingering opposition in Egypt, not only from the former ruling class but also from communists and the radical Islamists of the Muslim Brotherhood. “Pulling the Lion's tail”, and getting away with it, proved wildly popular. As dissidents fled, fell silent or filled its jails, Nasser's Egypt projected itself as the vanguard of Arab nationalism and a beacon to liberation movements across the third world. Puffed up by his own success, Nasser launched misguided adventures such as a short-lived political union with Syria and disastrous nationalisations of Egyptian industry. And the Nasserist dream inspired a wave of pan-Arab nationalism that helped install lookalike leaderships, with similar flags, propaganda and secret police, across much of the Arab world. Saddam Hussein was one who drew inspiration. Nasser himself was largely discredited by Israel's crushing victory in the 1967 war, but the institutions of Nasserism still lived on, in Egypt and elsewhere, as effective systems of political control. No end of lessonsAFP Nasser's 1956 triumph endured in Arab memory as a moment of cathartic liberation. It inspired, to some extent, Saddam's dramatic moves, such as invading Iran and later Kuwait. A famous Egyptian film, “Nasser 56”, lingers nostalgically over the Egyptian leader. Amid rousing music, he is portrayed in black and white, shrouded in pensive solitude by a swirl of cigarette smoke, reaching his momentous decision to nationalise the canal. But the film jumps to the happy outcome, ignoring the fact that Nasser's victory was not won by this new Arab superman, but delivered by superpower intervention. A wider lesson lies in the interpretation of history. Eden, who had honourably resigned as foreign secretary in 1938 in disapproval of the appeasement of Hitler and, especially, Mussolini, was nonetheless haunted by Neville Chamberlain's readiness to yield to tyrants. His impulses at Suez were surely complex. Eden was far from anti-American or indifferent to American concerns. He had resigned in 1938 partly because he thought his prime minister, Chamberlain, had treated Roosevelt shabbily. Yet he saw Nasser as a “Mussolini” and was plainly determined to avoid any charge of appeasement, even though the essential features of Munich and Suez were wholly different. Instead of saying that those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it, George Santayana might have better said that those who misinterpret the past are condemned to bungle the present. 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Which screenwriter and novelist created the Daleks for the tv series Doctor Who?	Suez, Eden and Benzedrine (1897-1977) The heir-apparent : Anthony Eden Anthony Eden succeeded Winston Churchill as British Prime Minister in 1955. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, an overwrought Eden "lived on Benzedrine". The drug undoubtedly impaired his judgement. Its effects may have contributed to Eden's near-collapse, both physically and emotionally, and his resignation as premier the following year. Private papers of the Eden family released in 2006 revealed that Eden was actually prescribed Drinamyl. Drinamyl was the cocktail amphetamines and barbiturates better known as "Purple Hearts". Judgement and insight can be markedly impaired on this product, banned since 1978.	i don't know
The company Titleist manufacture which sports equipment?	Golf Manufacturers Golf Equipment Golf Manufacturers Need information about golf clubs and equipment? Find the companies that make the equipment that fills up your golf bag. Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in!	Golf
What type of fish is included in the ingredients of Worcestershire Sauce?	Acushnet Holdings Corp. - Home Home Careers Who We Are We are the global leader in the design, development, manufacture and distribution of performance-driven golf products, which are widely recognized for their quality excellence. Driven by our focus on dedicated and discerning golfers and the golf shops that serve them, we believe we are the most authentic and enduring company in the golf industry. Our mission - to be the performance and quality leader in every golf product category in which we compete - has remained consistent since we entered the golf ball business in 1932. Today, we are the steward of two of the most revered brands in golf – Titleist, one of golf’s leading performance equipment brands, and FootJoy, one of golf’s leading performance wear brands. Our Brands	i don't know
What was the first battle in the Wars of the Roses in England in 1455?	First Battle of St. Albans - Wars of the Roses - St. Albans Wars of the Roses Wars of the Roses: First Battle of St. Albans Henry VI. Public Domain Updated August 04, 2015. First Battle of St. Albans - Conflict & Date: The First Battle of St. Albans was fought May 22, 1455, during the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485). Armies & Commanders approx. 2,000-3,000 men First Battle of St. Albans - Background: The antagonism between the Houses of Lancaster and York commenced in 1399 when Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster overthrew his unpopular cousin King Richard II. A grandson of Edward III , through John of Gaunt, his claim to the English crown was relatively weak compared to his Yorkist relations. Ruling until 1413 as Henry IV, he was forced to put down several uprisings to maintain the throne. On his death, the throne passed to his son, Henry V. A great warrior known for his victory at Agincourt , Henry V only lived until 1422 when he was succeeded by his nine-month old son Henry VI. For most of his minority, Henry was surrounded by unpopular advisors such as the Duke of Gloucester, Cardinal Beaufort, and the Duke of Suffolk. During Henry VI's reign, the French gained the upper hand in the Hundred Years' War and began pushing English forces from France. A weak and ineffective ruler, Henry was heavily advised by the Duke of Somerset who desired peace. This position was countered by Richard, Duke of York who wished to continue fighting. A descendent of Edward III's second and fourth sons, he possessed a strong claim to the throne. By 1450, Henry VI began experiencing bouts of insanity and three years later was judged unfit to rule. This resulted in a Council of Regency being formed with York at its head as Lord Protector. Imprisoning Somerset, he worked to expand his power but was forced to step down two years later when Henry VI recovered. First Battle of St. Albans - Forces Mobilize: Resuming the throne, Henry again fell under the influence of his advisors. Seeking to eliminate York as a threat, Queen Margaret of Anjou had him removed from court. Departing, York increasingly began to fear that he would be arrested for treason. This came to a head in 1455 when he received a summons to appear before the King's council to answer allegations against him. Fearing the outcome, York began raising troops from among his supporters in the north. Assembling his men, he started moving south towards London. En route, he was joined by the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick, both members of the allied Neville family. The addition of their forces brought York's army to between 5,000 and 7,000 men. In response to York's actions, Henry formed a small army of 2,000-3,000 men, with the Duke of Somerset in command, and began marching north. First Battle of St. Alban - The Armies Meet: Departing London, Henry was surprised by the speed of York's advance and directed his army to occupy the fortified town of St. Albans on the morning of May 22. Shortly thereafter, York's forces arrived outside the town and began deploying to the east. Despite the aggressive stances assumed by both sides, neither Henry nor York was eager to engage in combat. York desired that his name be cleared and certain Lancastrian advisors removed. Badly outnumbered, Henry and Somerset wished to escape from militarily weak position. As a result, much of the morning was spent in negotiations as messengers travelled back forth between the two camps. After three hours of talks, York proved unable to convince Henry of his peaceful intentions and the King became increasingly angry in regard to the Duke's demands. First Battle of St. Albans - A Short, Violent Clash: Around midday, York grew tired of the impasse and directed his forces to assault St. Albans via the Sopwell and Shropshire Lane gates. Charging forward, they found both gates barricaded by Henry's men. Repeated assaults failed to break through and casualties began to mount. Assessing the situation, Warwick led the Yorkist reserves in search of another way into St. Albans. Moving through gardens and back roads, he was able to enter the town and approached its marketplace. Here, Yorkist forces found the Lancastrian reserves. Caught by surprise, they were not prepared for battle when Warwick's men charged forward. Quickly shattering the enemy's forces, Warwick pressed his attack. With the Lancastrian reserves fleeing, the troops at the gates were also forced to withdraw. First Battle of St. Alban - Aftermath: As the battle swirled through the streets, Somerset was killed and Henry captured. In the fighting, the King was slightly wounded in the neck. While a minor clash in regard to numbers engaged, the First Battle of St. Albans marked the opening of the Wars of the Roses and had a substantial political impact. Taking possession of Henry, York reclaimed his position at court and was made Lord High Constable of England. As the King again slipped into another bout of insanity, York also became regent with the title of Lord Protector in November 1455. Following Henry's recovery the following year, York was forced from his posts by Margaret and sent to Ireland. Fighting resumed in earnest in 1459 when the two sides clashed at Blore Heath and Ludford Bridge.	Battle of St Albans
Who won the 2010 BRIT Award for British Male Solo Artist?	About the Wars of the Roses \| Richard III & Henry VII Experience Richard III & Henry VII Experience Henry VII experience at Micklegate Bar About the Wars of the Roses The series of conflicts that wracked the kingdom of England between 1455 and 1487 are today collectively known as the Wars of the Roses. Although the first clashes were fought for control of the king, the saintly but weak-minded Henry VI, by the time of Towton the kingdom itself was at stake, with two kings vying for the throne. The first six years of the conflict, between the First Battle of St Albans and the Battle of Towton, witnessed a blood feud as horrible as any seen in English history, immortalised by Shakespeare in his play Henry VI. The two opposing factions that fought the Wars of the Roses are today characterised as ‘Yorkist’ and ‘Lancastrian’, though it is doubtful that they would have referred to themselves in these terms. Similarly, neither army fought under the emblem of a single rose: the adoption of a white rose for the Yorkists (and later for Yorkshire itself) and a red rose for the Lancastrians (and Lancashire) is a much later development. In fact Yorkshire (and the city of York) was overwhelmingly Lancastrian in its allegiances. The Lancastrians take their name from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, whose son (Henry IV), grandson (Henry V) and great-grandson (Henry VI) had reigned in succession from 1399, the year in which Henry IV succeeded his cousin, Richard II. The Yorkists are named after the House of York, the dynasty established by Richard, Duke of York, whose sons eventually ruled as Edward IV and Richard III. All were descended from King Edward III (d. 1377), and were therefore related by blood. The closeness of the family ties between some of the main protagonists in the Wars can only have increased the horror and bitterness of the struggle.	i don't know
A polygraph is more commonly known by what name?	Polygraph - RationalWiki Polygraph Leonarde Keeler, one of the inventors of the polygraph, testing his polygraph on a subject Style over substance v - t - e A polygraph is a machine, or a test using said machine, which measures the changes in a person's body, such as pulse, breathing rate, and skin temperature. It is used as a lie detection test. It is based on the principle that when lying, one will become nervous and have an increased pulse and need for air. Contents 9 References [ edit ] Validity of a polygraph The polygraphy works by measuring some physiological responses to questions. The method involves establishing a "baseline" by measuring a subject's responses to certain undramatic and nonthreatening questions. Following this, the interview will take place and the measurements will be compared with this baseline. So from the method alone, it can be seen that the polygraph isn't so much a "lie detector" (as it is commonly portrayed) but just a system to measure someone's emotional state — the theory is that if someone lies, their emotional state will change. The method alone should suggest how people can produce false results or intentionally game the system in their favour. Sociopaths , for example, have a nervous system that responds differently: when they lie, they remain as cool as the proverbial cucumber. [1] One in twenty-five people are sociopaths. [1] However, the ubiquity of the "lie detector" means that it has been thoroughly studied, and rarely (even when used properly by trained individuals) produces favourable results. Many pieces of research show that either a polygraph is not a valid tool for use in courts, [2] or that the validity is unmeasureable. [3] In 2002 the American Academy of Sciences called the Polygraph "a danger to national security" [4] , while John T Capiocco's Handbook of Psychophysiology states that "no spy has ever been identified as a result of a polygraph test" [5] [ edit ] Ways a polygraph test can give wrong results If the simple act of taking a polygraph test makes a subject nervous then it will be difficult for the "baseline" to be established. This makes the readings during the real section of the interview almost impossible and this leads to "inconclusive" results. Although inconclusive results should be taken as just that, inconclusive, and therefore should be ignored, they may be interpreted as a sign of guilt — as supposedly honest and innocent people shouldn't be fearful of lie detector tests. However, this is wrong; the situation of taking "lie detector" tests is harrowing for many. Indeed, an honest person who is aware of the limitations of a polygraph may be even more nervous, since they may have a strong fear of false positives, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy. If a particular question makes the subject nervous, even as they give the correct, or honest, response, the test will give a "false" reading. In fact, one televised use of the polygraph for demonstration purposes showed the strongest reaction to the interviewer saying "now I'm going to ask you an intimate and personal question", although a question of that nature was never asked, the mere thought of a harassing question sent the measurements quite wild. It is important to note that most effects that cause the polygraph to be unreliable are invariant of whether a person is innocent or guilty, lying or telling the truth, intentionally trying to produce haphazard results or not. [ edit ] Ways to "cheat" on a polygraph test There are a few ways a polygraph can be "cheated". Not all of them intentional. If the subject doesn't realize they aren't telling the truth If the subject doesn't naturally become nervous when lying (alternatively, becoming naturally nervous at everything works too: that corrupts the baseline) If the subject trains to remain calm while lying If the subject simulates the physiological signals of lying when the questioner is establishing the baseline. The last two are important as people can, and do, learn to do this knowing that they may be subject to a polygraph at some point. Before the actual questioning session begins, the polygraph technician leads the subject through a "pre-test" session. During this session, the technician asks the subject to answer a set of questions. The subject is asked to answer some questions truthfully, then lie when answering other questions. The technician then adjusts the polygraph to compensate for certain nervous reactions that the subject may have. Therefore intentionally cheating usually involves basically fooling around with this "pre-test" session. To reduce the polygraph's reaction to nervousness — or lying — all the subject has to do is increase his/her nervousness during the truthful-answers portion of the pre-test. Among the more popular methods are: Bite the side of your tongue Tightly curl your toes Count backwards from 10 to 1 Flex the anal sphincter [6] The subject must wait until the technician asks the question before doing any of these. [7] [ edit ] Polygraph Technician Training About 15 weeks, with regular reclassification seminars. Just Google "Polygraph Training" and you'll find many training programs. [ edit ] Use of polygraphs in a court of law Currently, there is no Supreme Court ruling of the admissibility of a polygraph for all cases. However, in Frye vs. the United States, the Supreme Court upheld a ruling denying the use of a polygraph as evidence in the case of Frye. The ruling included these words: "Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define. Somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential force of the principle must be recognized, and while courts will go a long way in admitting expert testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs." [8] However this ruling is from 1923. In the United Kingdom and in Ontario , Canada , polygraph evidence is inadmissible in a criminal court. Polygraph tests are inadmissible in most U.S. states in criminal prosecutions; some allow their admission if both the prosecution and the defense agree to it. [9] [ edit ] Use of polygraphs in popular entertainment The entertainment industry is run by people who will believe almost anything [10] for people who will believe almost anything [11] and even when they don't, many of them prefer entertainment over truth in their fiction. So naturally, the polygraph is a popular device on television, on stage, and in the movies. With the exception of police procedurals that portray the use of polygraphs, [12] some of the more famous examples of polygraphs in entertainment are: [ edit ] "Nada más que la verdad", a.k.a. "The Moment of Truth" Nada más que la verdad [13] ("Nothing But the Truth") was a Colombian TV game show series created by American TV producer Howard Schultz, owner of the ironically named production company "Lighthearted Entertainment." As of 2009, versions of this show have been produced in at least 46 countries. Currently, it is the most notorious of all "entertainments" that use polygraphs. The game consists of a contestant who is connected to a polygraph and asked a minimum of fifty yes-or-no questions. The contestant is then brought onstage. Nearby are three or four of the contestant's friends and/or family members. Twenty-one of the questions from backstage are again asked of the contestant. If any of the questions are deemed to be too sensitive by one of the contestant's friends or family, they can hit a button that prevents the contestant from answering. This option can only be used once for each contestant. A replacement question, which may be even more sensitive, is then asked in its place. If the onstage answer matches the "true" answer from the backstage polygraph, the contestant is allowed to go on or quit. If the onstage answer is considered "false" [14] when compared to the backstage polygraph, the contestant loses the game and loses any money "earned" up to that point. There have been many controversies connected to this show. The original Colombian version was cancelled when a woman was asked if she had hired a hit man to kill her husband. When she answered "yes," her husband fled. The American version, titled The Moment of Truth, [15] ran on Fox [16] during 2008 and 2009. While nobody admitted to anything as spectacular as a murder-for-hire plot, there were other questionable instances. One contestant lost when his "no" answer to the question "When you were a male model, did you stuff your underwear?" was deemed false. His look of utter shock may have been the most honest moment of the series. Another contestant had been accused by his ex-wife of gambling away his son's college fund. [17] He "truthfully" denied stealing his son's college fund. When he and his son embraced, his son said something (barely audible) to the effect of how he knew he shouldn't have believed his mother. [18] Another contestant admitted to having affairs in front of her husband, who was present onstage. While many pundits and social critics focused on the effect this had on her husband, [19] they seemed to ignore what was happening to her father, who was also present onstage. Some of the questions she answered seemed designed to extract revenge on her father, [20] not her husband. [21] She was eventually tripped up when her "yes" answer to the question "Do you think you're a good person?" was deemed "untruthful." According to host Mark L. Walberg, the episode barely got the OK to air. [22] This was the most-discussed episode of the U.S. series. Only a few of the contestants successfully completed the third tier ($100,000 level) of the U.S. show. Only one contestant completed the fourth tier ($200,000). Nobody made it to the fifth tier ($350,000) or sixth and final tier ($500,000). [23] Jeez, what gives?! Even Who Wants to be a Millionaire? has given away a million now and then!	Polygraph
Pomology is the study of what?	Polygraph? Polygraph? Polygraph? Why take or request a Polygraph? A Polygraph Examination, commonly known as a lie detector test, can be requested for a variety of reasons, and the goal of each polygraph examination is to help determine whether the Examinee is truthful concerning the specific questions of the polygraph test or whether he/she appears to be withholding from or adding to the Truth, which is generally referred to as a Lie. It is not always possible for people to know whether one is being truthful or not, and for that reason, a polygraph test can be a very useful tool in identifying the TRUTH. Who uses Polygraph? The Polygraph Examination can be used in many different instances and for various purposes that include but may not be limited to the following: Pre-employment - Federal, state, and local applicants that may include Law Enforcement/Fire and Rescue/Correctional officers/ and some private companies ( Polygraph regulations ). Economic Loss/Business Issues - Those suspected of fraud, theft, harrassment, etc. ( Polygraph regulations ). Internal Affairs Attorneys and their clients regarding all criminal matters Domestic Issues - Family members, spouses, girlfriends/boyfriends, partners, and those related to the home who want to settle an issue such as infidelity, abuse, theft, etc. Military personel whose behaviors are in question Those accused of any type of abuse, especially against a child Individuals involved in custody battles Insurance companies seeking to settle issues of fraud Competitors that may be involved with competitions such as Fishing and Bodybuilding Post-covicted sex offenders, generally in coordination with probation and/or treatment Anyone concerned with clearing their name in regards to a past or present issue As one can see, polygraph examinations can be used in many different circumstances and for many different reasons. After all, people lie to protect themselves all the time, whether at home, the work place, or in various social settings; but lies are not always evident to those on the outside and even though sometimes they are evident, some have a very difficult time admitting the truth. In addition, at times one may be suspected of a lie but he/she may in fact be telling the truth; in that situation the polygraph test may be very instrumental is clearing one of guilt or simply confirming the truth. It is important to understand that polygraph examinations should and will only take place as long as the client consents to participate. Polygraph is a very effective tool in verifying truth but it can only be used when one voluntarily agrees to participate. For additional questions about polygraph examinations and Polygraph and Assessment Services, Contact Us . For more general information about the field of polygraph, visit the American Polygraph Association website.	i don't know
Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr played the title roles in which 1949 Biblical film?	Samson and Delilah (1949) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error When strongman Samson rejects the love of the beautiful Philistine woman Delilah, she seeks vengeance that brings horrible consequences they both regret. Director: a list of 24 titles created 16 Jan 2013 a list of 37 titles created 22 Aug 2014 a list of 30 titles created 18 Mar 2015 a list of 35 images created 18 Jun 2015 a list of 26 titles created 11 months ago Title: Samson and Delilah (1949) 6.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 2 Oscars. Another 1 win & 5 nominations. See more awards » Photos In the Roman province of Judea during the 1st century, Roman tribune Marcellus Gallio is ordered to crucify Jesus of Nazareth but is tormented by his guilty conscience afterwards. Director: Henry Koster In 1st century Rome, Christian slave Demetrius is sent to fight in the gladiatorial arena and Emperor Caligula seeks Jesus' robe for its supposedly magical powers. Director: Delmer Daves The Egyptian Prince, Moses, learns of his true heritage as a Hebrew and his divine mission as the deliverer of his people. Director: Cecil B. DeMille A fierce Roman commander becomes infatuated with a beautiful Christian hostage and begins questioning the tyrannical leadership of the despot Emperor Nero. Directors: Mervyn LeRoy, Anthony Mann Stars: Robert Taylor, Deborah Kerr, Leo Genn Barabbas, the criminal that Pontius Pilate induced the populace to vote to set free, so that Christ could be crucified, is haunted by the image of Jesus for the rest of his life. Director: Richard Fleischer After King David sees the beautiful Bathsheba bathing from the palace roof, he enters into an adulterous affair which has tragic consequences for his family and Israel. Director: Henry King The first part tells the story of Moses leading the Jews from Egypt to the Promised Land, his receipt of the tablets and the worship of the golden calf. The second part shows the efficacy ... See full summary » Director: Cecil B. DeMille The life of Jesus Christ. Director: Nicholas Ray Beautiful Gaby meets a romantic jewel thief in the mysterious Casbah. Director: John Cromwell Directors: George Stevens, David Lean, and 1 more credit » Stars: Max von Sydow, Dorothy McGuire, Charlton Heston The fabled Spanish hero Rodrigo Diaz (a.k.a. El Cid) overcomes a family vendetta and court intrigue to defend Christian Spain against the Moors. Director: Anthony Mann Shortly before his death in ancient Israel King David has a vision from God telling him that his younger son Solomon should succeed him as king. His other son Adonijah is unhappy and vows ... See full summary » Director: King Vidor Edit Storyline Though his people, the Israelites, are enslaved by the Philistines, Samson, strongest man of the tribe of Dan, falls in love with the Philistine Semadar, whom he wins by virtue of a contest of strength. But Semadar betrays him, and Samson engages in a fight with her real love, Ahtur, and his soldiers. Semadar is killed, and her sister Delilah, who had loved Samson in silence, now vows vengeance against him. She plans to seduce Samson into revealing the secret of his strength and then to betray him to the Philistine leader, the Saran. Written by Jim Beaver <[email protected]> HISTORY'S MOST BEAUTIFUL AND TREACHEROUS WOMAN! (original print ad - all caps) Genres: January 1950 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Burt Lancaster was the original choice for Samson, but declined due to a bad back. The assumption that he was thought too young is false for in real life Lancaster was actually the same age as Victor Mature. See more » Goofs Just after Delilah rings for her servant to bring dinner, the mike boom can be seen casting a shadow on the inside wall of her tent. See more » Quotes [first lines] Narrator : Before the dawn of history, ever since the first man discovered his soul, he has struggled against the forces that sought to enslave him. He saw the awful power of nature rage against him. The evil eye of the lightning... The terrifying voice of the thunder... The shrieking, wind-filled darkness enslaving his mind with shackles of fear. Fear bred superstition, blinding his reason. He was ridden by a host of devil gods. Human dignity perished on the altar of idolatry. And tyranny ... See more » Crazy Credits As Samson and Delilah (1949) starts, the title is written on scroll, that is opened, to be read. The remaining opening credits, after the scroll and title, are normal. Closing credits are normal, also. See more » Connections For To Win A Bride (uncredited) " For All Your Strength Samson, You're a Fool. You Trusted Delilah " 10 July 2009 \| by thinker1691 (USA) – See all my reviews Of all the movies one should have in one's library of Classics, this is one of them. The story is taken directly out of the pages of the Bible and deals with the legendary strong man who was also a Judge of his people. When taken to the big screen, one has to marvel at the beautiful color, historical setting and technical expertise of the time period. The lead of course is played by tall, handsome Victor Mature. His presence adds realism is an honorary tribute to the ancient Danite and makes for a convincing character. The ruler of the Philistines is played by George Sanders who is incredible in his 'King of the Five cities' role. Samson's principle adversary is Henry Wilcoxon, playing the Lord Ahtur, who was originally cast in the title role. The director thought him too old and passed on a great opportunity as I believe Wilcox would have been terrific as Samson. Hedy Lamarr plays the seductive temptress and conniving Courteson, Delilah, while Angela Lansbury plays Semadar, Samson's love interest. Although Cecil B. Demille takes much literary license with the storybook Samson, it's still interesting to watch and with its memorable theme music, hauntingly inspirational. The overall result is a true Classic which no one should miss if given a chance to watch. Despite it's shortcomings, it remains as impressive today as it was in the 1950's. Highly recommended. **** 9 of 11 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Samson and Delilah
A balcony named after which US President is on the second floor of the Whitehouse?	Samson and Delilah Remind Me Samson and Delilah A classic love story inflated to superhuman scale, Samson and Delilah (1949) was one of Cecil B. DeMille's most successful biblical epics. This telling of the Old Testament tale stars Victor Mature as Samson, a playful and cocky Hebrew who suffers from an ill-fated attraction to Philistine women, particularly a golden-haired huntress named Semadar (Angela Lansbury). Through the machinations of Semadar's conniving advisors (led by George Sanders as Saran), Samson earns the hand of a Philistine woman in marriage. Instead of Semadar, they give him Delilah (Hedy Lamarr), whom he spurns, which sets in motion her elaborate plans to find the secret of Samson's strength, and avenge herself of the jilting. DeMille had for years been attracted to the story of Samson and Delilah, but had been unable to refashion it into a plot suitable for a film. In his Autobiography, DeMille wrote, "Again and again I had gone back to the Book of Judges to read it; but every time I was stopped by the fact that I could not find the one thread that would tie together the separate incidents in Samson's life as it is recorded in the Bible. Then I came upon a little-known novel, Judge and Fool, by Vladimir Jabotinsky; and the problem was solved." Following Jabotinsky's design, DeMille combined two characters (the younger sister of Samson's first fiancée and Delilah), who appear to be separate people in the biblical text. This gives some motivation to Delilah's strange love/hate attitudes toward Samson which, in scripture, is not satisfactorily explained. Although DeMille and his acolytes insist that his films are high-minded morality tales designed to encourage spiritual growth, most everyone else sees them for what they are: sexy spectacles designed to titillate the viewer, then absolve the conscience of guilt by ending on a note of religious piety. DeMille deflects these accusations thusly: "I am sometimes accused of gingering up the Bible with large and lavish infusions of sex and violence," he wrote in his autobiography, "I can only wonder if my accusers have ever read certain parts of the Bible. If they have, they must have read them through that stained-glass telescope which centuries of tradition and form have put between us and the men and women of flesh and blood who lived and wrote the Bible. Clothing them in what we think is reverence, we have too often stripped the men and women of the Bible of their humanity; and I believe that that same process strips them of much of their religious value, too." The balance of sin and salvation is nicely illustrated in an anecdote from Lamarr's lively 1967 autobiography, Ecstasy and Me: My Life as a Woman. She recalls having cocktails at Romanoff's with a sleazy talent scout (whom she pseudonymously refers to as Sidney), who tries to seduce her by offering her an audience with DeMille, who was in the process of casting Samson and Delilah. "C.B.'s a genius at those things," Sidney says, "By the time he's through spreading the money and talent around, every man in the world will want to screw the heroine of that particular biblical drama. It's a natural; a guy with muscles, a broad with virginity." "Who plays Samson?" Lamarr asked. "They're thinking of Victor Mature. But who cares? It's only a body to set you off in the ruins. Muscles and tits sugarcoated with religion. It's for you." As repulsed as Lamarr was by Sidney's vulgar approach to filmmaking, she bit the carrot and met with the director. A few days later, the role was hers. Later, Lamarr's agent echoed Sidney's sentiments, "C.B. is brilliant. When it comes to sex and spectacle, no one can tear down a temple and tear off a piece at one and the same time like he can. When he sells sex, sister, people buy because he wraps it in fancy paper with pink ribbons." Samson and Delilah was widely praised for its Technicolor beauty and the scale of production, but few took it seriously. On December 22, 1949, The New York Times wrote, "For Mr. DeMille, that veteran geni who has already engineered three quasi-religious film pageants that tower in the annals of the screen, has here led his carpenters and actors and costumers and camera crews into the vast manufacture of a spectacle that out-Babels anything he's done. There are more flowing garments in this picture, more chariots, more temples, more peacock plumes, more animals, more pillows, more spear-carriers, more beards and more sex than ever before. At least, that's the sizable impression which Mr. DeMille has achieved by bringing together the Old Testament and Technicolor for the first time." But critic Bosley Crowther then tagged his review with a sort of asterisk. "Does it all make for entertainment? That quite frankly depends. If you are looking for historical drama, for poetic tragedy - no. But if you'll settle for gold-plated pageants, for muscular episodes and for graphic inducements to wolf-whistling, then Samson and Delilah is for you." DeMille may have been the master of Old Testament decadence, but in real life, he preferred a more pedestrian form of revelry. During production, DeMille invited Lamarr to accompany him to a Shriner's convention. "He wore a fez, this awesome filmmaker," Lamarr recalled. "As at most conventions, the men acted juvenile. I said to myself, 'These things I do for America.' Mr. DeMille lost some standing with me that night." DeMille reportedly spent $100,000 in researching the historical details of Samson, Delilah and the world in which they lived. The climactic destruction of the Philistine temple posed a particular problem. It had to be grandiose enough to provide the film with a spectacular finish, but it also had to be architecturally plausible. What kind of stone temple (capable of holding hundreds of people) could be supported by two columns in close proximity? "The Bible does not give blueprints," DeMille wrote, "but we found a description of just such a building, and just such a spectacular collapse, in the writings of Pliny, the Roman historian of the first century A.D., and we constructed our temple set accordingly, with only such modifications and safeguards as the needs of our story required and modern engineering made possible." But what makes Samson and Delilah such a pleasurable viewing experience is not its efforts at historical accuracy (one wonders where the $100,000 could have possibly gone), but the outrageous liberties DeMille took in order to sell the Old Testament story to a post-WWII audience. Nowhere in the book of Judges does it indicate that the blinded Samson was ceremonially taunted by a brigade of dwarves. The New York Times was particularly amused by one of Samson's more anachronistic lines, "I'll use you for lion bait." The production design is nearly psychedelic, with every piece of Philistine armor looking newly-minted and freshly-polished, characters bathing in what looks like a chlorinated studio pond, and Delilah's makeup radiating unnatural Technicolor hues. Originally, DeMille considered Burt Lancaster for the role of Samson, but began looking elsewhere when he learned the actor had a bad back. The director clearly intended the actor to live up to Samson's legendary feats of strength, so he chose the brawny and handsome Mature. Unfortunately, Mature had some difficulty in living up to the role. When the actor showed up for work somewhat overweight, DeMille ordered him to undertake a vigorous exercise regimen and lose 30 pounds of fat. According to DeMille biographer Charles Higham (a notorious scandal-monger), the director was shocked at Mature's repeated displays of cowardice: afraid of the live (reportedly toothless) lion, prop swords, water, and the wind machine. Higham writes that DeMille, exasperated with Mature's skittishness, took up his megaphone and shouted, for all the crew to hear, "I have met a few men in my time. Some have been afraid of heights, some have been afraid of water, some have been afraid of fire, some have been afraid of closed spaces. Some have even been afraid of open spaces -- or themselves. But in all my 35 years of picture-making experience, Mr. Mature, I have not until now met a man who was 100 percent yellow." It is hard to imagine a director publicly humiliating a leading actor, but DeMille was known for such displays of arrogance and cruelty. Though she enjoys very little screen time, DeMille was particular about who should be in the role of Miriam, the virtuous woman whose love Samson ignores. In his acerbic memoir Whatever Happened to Hollywood?, co-screenwriter Jesse Lasky, Jr. (child of the founder of Paramount) recalled a discussion over the suggested casting of Olive Deering in the role: "'I want a Jewess!' [DeMille] grumbled petulantly, 'A Jewish Jewess! If there is such a thing.' "'She's a walking synagogue,' I assured him, 'Rebecca at the well! If you'll only just see her sir.'" DeMille did consent to meet Deering, bringing her in and turning a bright spotlight on her face and loudly criticizing her appearance ("No camera on God's earth could photograph that face...Jesse, you have brought me the one actress in the world who cannot, I repeat cannot, be photographed from any angle!" According to Lasky, "Olive bore up wonderfully against this Gestapo-ish gesture, which had floored so many young actresses." Eventually DeMille tired of haranguing her and announced, "I think we've found our Miriam." A rabid red-baiter, DeMille was suddenly panicked when "a mysterious phone call from Washington," informed him that Deering's name "had appeared on 'one of the lists'" (Lasky). DeMille cross-examined Lasky, and then Lasky questioned Deering, gaining the necessary assurance that she was not a Communist. Satisfied, DeMille issued his command, "Get Washington. Tell them -- if she's a DeMille actress, she's clean." In his memoirs, Lasky aptly observed, "The Boss regarded it as a matter of noblesse oblige to protect his own people from everyone. Except from himself!" DeMille and Lamarr frequently butted heads during the making of Samson. "C.B. is an egomaniac and in a way he has a right to be," Lamarr's agent warned her just before the shoot, "I anticipate you two will be fighting every inch of the way. He knows this too. My advice to you is, don't win the battles but lose the war." After the film's release, DeMille was interviewed about working with Lamarr, "We argued quite a bit but I respected Hedy... When I was blowing up, Hedy remained calm... Though I dread doing another picture with her because of our clash of temperaments, I have already asked her to star in The Greatest Show on Earth" (1952). Lamarr declined the offer. The role instead went to Betty Hutton who was the actress initially being considered for the role of Delilah, before Lamarr's fateful meeting with Sidney and C.B. Explaining why she refused the role, Lamarr explained, "He took too much out of me. I don't even say I was right, but as a successful actress, I was entitled to cut my own pattern and let the others cut theirs." Samson and Delilah had a Herculean premiere at not one but two Manhattan palaces (the Rivoli and the Paramount, both located on West 43rd Street). The New York Times reported that an estimate 3,500 people swarmed the entrance to the Paramount, and another 2,000 queued up at the Rivoli. Produced at a cost of $3 million, Samson and Delilah earned an estimated $12 million at the box-office, making it Paramount's highest-grossing film to date. Come Oscar® season, it was the film's "pink ribbons," not its edifying message that received the most attention. Samson and Delilah scored Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography, Best Score, and Best Visual Effects, and brought home the Oscars® for Art Direction (art directors Hans Dreier and Walter Tyler, and set decorators Sam Comer and Ray Moyer) and Costume Design (Edith Head, Dorothy Jeakins, Elois Jenssen, Gile Steele and Gwen Wakeling). Director: Cecil B. DeMille Screenplay: Fredric M. Frank and Jesse Lasky, Jr. Cinematography: George Barnes Production Design: Hans Dreier and Walter Tyler Music: Victor Young Cast: Victor Mature (Samson), Hedy Lamarr (Delilah), Angela Lansbury (Semadar), George Sanders (The Saran of Gaza), Olive Deering (Miriam), Russ Tamblyn (Saul), Henry Wilcoxon (Prince Ahtur). C-128m.	i don't know
Which sprinter lit the Olympic flame at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Australia?	Sydney Olympic Games, 2000 \| australia.gov.au Sydney Olympic Games, 2000 The exceptionally well-organised Sydney Games were a true celebration of Olympic values and sporting excellence. Olympic Committee The Sydney Olympic Games were held from 15 September to 1 October 2000. Sydney was awarded the right to host the 2000 Olympic Games in 1993. It was the second time that an Australian city had hosted the Olympic Games, the first being in Melbourne in 1956. The first Olympic Games of the modern era were held in Athens in 1896 following the founding of the International Olympic Committee in 1894. The Olympics began in Greece about 3,500 years ago but were discontinued in 393 AD. In 1887, Baron Pierre de Coubertin came up with the idea of reviving the Olympics. At the Sydney 2000 Olympics there were 199 competing countries and four individual athletes from East Timor who marched in the parade of nations. There were 10,651 athletes (4,069 women, 6,582 men). There were 300 events. One of the extraordinary characteristics of the Sydney Olympics was the number of volunteers, 46,967, which had grown from an original group of 500, honoured in a parade through the city after the games. The extent of interest world-wide in the Olympics is reflected in the 16,033 accredited media people (5,298 written press, 10,735 broadcasters). Highlights – 100 years of women's participation Cathy Freeman wins gold in the 400m. Image courtesy of the ABC. Sydney 2000 celebrated 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games. The Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women's race as the first event. Brigitte McMahon of Switzerland swam, cycled and ran to win gold and beat the favoured Australian athlete Michelie Jones who won silver. McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line. Taekwondo was another new addition to the Olympic programme. Australian Lauren Burns, won gold in taekwondo, women's -49kg. Roared on by home fans, Burns surged ahead to 4-2 in the second round after being tied at the end of first round. Susanthika Jayasinghe became the first Sri Lankan woman to win a medal, claiming bronze in the 200m, whilst Birgit Fischer of Germany earned two gold medals in kayaking to become the first woman in any sport to win medals 20 years apart, having won gold at the Moscow, Barcelona and Atlanta Olympic Games. Women also took part in weightlifting and the modern pentathlon for the very first time. Australian Maria Pekli, won silver in judo for the women's 57kg. Other Australian women gold medal winners included Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst for beach volleyball, and Jenny Armstrong and Belinda Stowell for sailing, in the women's 470 class. The Australian women's hockey, softball and water polo teams also showed their excellence in winning gold. Opening ceremony and Olympic Flame Sydney 200 opening ceremony. Image courtesy of the ABC. The opening ceremony began with a tribute to Australian culture, history and identity with over 120 Australian stock horses stepping out, paying tribute to Australian stockmen. Performances that followed included references to the arrival of the First Fleet, immigration and rural industry as well as a large display of lawnmowers and an Australian Hill's hoist clothes line representing domestic life and ingenuity. Music and performance highlights of the opening were two hundred (200) Indigenous women from Central Australia dancing to cleanse and protect the Games and hundreds of tap-dancing teenagers. Olivia Newton-John and John Farnham sang the duet 'Dare to Dream' while walking among the athletes. Torres Strait Islander Christine Anu sang 'My Island Home' and the Australian National Anthem was sung by the boy band Human Nature with the second verse sung by Julie Anthony. The games were opened by the Australian Governor-General Sir William Deane with the Olympic Flag carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions: Bill Roycroft, Murray Rose, Liane Tooth, Gillian Rolton, Marjorie Jackson, Lorraine Crapp, Michael Wenden and Nick Green. Cathy Freeman lighting the Olympic Flame. Image courtesy of the ABC. The opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame. Former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott brought the Olympic Flame into the stadium. Then, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games, former Australian women Olympic champions: Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland (later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty), Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, handing it over to Cathy Freeman. The longest ever Olympic torch relay brought the Olympic flame from Greece to Sydney. After travelling through the South Pacific, the flame was carried around Australia for 100 days. Cathy Freeman, an Australian athlete, had the honour of lighting the Olympic torch, lighting the flame in the cauldron within a circle of fire. This emotional moment helped symbolise the desire to reconcile with the Aboriginal populations of Australia. Ten days later, she won the 400m final before an ecstatic crowd. Sports and Australian medal winners Australian's medal tally reflected its strengths in swimming, boating (rowing, sailing and kayak), cycling, shooting, horse-riding, archery and tennis. These are sporting traditions well developed as national past-times in Australia over two hundred years. Indigenous athlete Cathy Freeman's win of the women's 400 metres run also reflected the elegance, strength and rhythm inherent in Freeman's talent, determination and dedication as an athlete, showcasing Australia's Indigenous athletic skills. Swimmer Ian Thorpe Ian Thorpe wins the men's 400m Freestyle gold. Image courtesy of the ABC. After competing in just two Olympic Games, Ian Thorpe became the most decorated Australian swimmer in Olympic history. Ian Thorpe entered the 2000 Sydney Games being just 17 years old. Racing in the 400m freestyle on the first day of competition, he won the gold medal and broke his own world record. Thorpe was nicknames 'the Thorpedo' by the media. Just one hour later, Thorpe beat Gary Hall Jr of the US in a thrilling finish to the 4x100m freestyle relay. However, in a surprise result, he had to settle for silver behind Pieter van den Hoogenband of the Netherlands in the 200m freestyle [with half a second difference in the time]. Thorpe finished the Sydney Games with a haul of three gold and two silver medals. Swimming Swimming was a highlight for Australia, winning medals in seventeen events. Another Australian gold medal winner was Susie O'Neill, winning the women's 200m freestyle swimming. Grant Hackett won gold in the 1500 metres men's freestyle beating rival Australian swimmer Kieran Perkins, one of the world's best-ever long-distance swimmers, Perkins having won two Olympic gold medals in 1992 and 1996. Silver medal winners in the swimming included: Grand Hackett winning the 1500 metres freestyle gold. Image courtesy of the ABC. Regan Harrison, Geoff Huegill, Michael Klim, Matt Welsh, Ryan Mitchell, Adam Pine, Josh Watson, Ian Thorpe, men's 4x100m medley relay Leisel Jones, women's 100m breaststroke Susie O'Neill, women's 200m butterfly Susie O'Neill, Giann Rooney, Petria Thomas, Kirsten Thomson, Elka Graham, Jacinta Van Lint, women's 4x200m freestyle relay Keiren Perkins, men's 1500m freestyle Ian Thorpe, men's 200m freestyle Matt Welsh, men's 100m backstroke Bronze medal winners in the swimming showed strong form in the butterfly and backstroke: Geoff Huegill, men's 100m butterfly Justin Norris, men's 200m butterfly Petria Thomas, women's 200m butterfly Matt Welsh, men's 200m backstroke The swimming medal tally was complemented by Bronze medals for synchronised diving with Rebecca Gilmore and Loudy Tourky, in the women's, 10m platform and Robert Newberry, with Dean Pullar in the men's 3m springboard event. Rowing, sailing and kayak Rowing featured strongly with silver for Darren Balmforth, Simon Burgess, Anthony Edwards and Robert Richards for the men's lightweight coxless four. The rowing men's eight also won silver. Tom King and Mark Turnbull won silver in the men's 470 class in sailing. Daniel Collins and Andrew Trim won silver in the kayak, for the men's K2 500 metres race. Michael Diamond wins men's trap shooting gold. Image courtesy of the ABC. Bronze medals in rowing, sailing and kayak for Australia went to: Matthew Lang, James Tomkins, rowing, men's coxless pair Michael Blackburn, sailing, laser class Katrin Borchert, kayak, women's K1 500m. Cycling - Individual and team efforts Australia showed its strength in cycling with medals across five classes. Gold was won by Brett Aitken and Scott McGrory, for men's madison. A silver medal was won by Michelle Ferris for cycling in the women's 500m trial. Bronze medal winners in cycling were: Sean Eadie, Darryn Hill and Gary Neiwand, team sprint Shane Kelly, men's 1km time trial Brad McGee, men's 4000m individual pursuit. Phillip Dutton on House Doctor winning gold in the 3 day Equestrian event. Image courtesy of the ABC. Shooting, archery and equestrian In an exciting and nerve wracking shoot, Michael Diamond won gold for men's trap shooting, with team mate Russell Mark, winning silver for men's double trap. Annemarie Forder won bronze for shooting in women's 10m air pistol. Simon Fairweather won silver in archery for the men's individual. Phillip Dutton, Andrew Hoy, Stuart Tinney and Matt Ryan won gold in the 3-day equestrian team event and Andrew Hoy won silver in the individual three-day equestrian event, following a strong showing winning medals in the previous Olympics in Atlanta. Tennis doubles The Woodies. Mark Woodforde and Todd Woodbridge with their silver medals. Image courtesy of the ABC. To top it off, another strong doubles pair, amongst the other team medallists, the 'two Woodies' Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde, won silver for tennis in men's doubles. Marathon The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896, though the distance did not become standardized until 1921. The distance commemorated the run of the Greek messenger Pheidippides from the Battle of Marathon to Athens as a symbol of the link between the modern and the ancient Olympics. The official distance is 42.195 kilometres (26 miles and 385 yards). The tradition of the marathon being the last event of the games was continued in Sydney with the Men's Marathon contested on a course that started in North Sydney, heading across the Sydney Harbour Bridge to finish in the stadium prior to the closing ceremony. In Sydney 2000, the event was won by Ethiopian Genzhnge Abera, with Eric Wananina second and Tesefe Tola, also of Ethiopia third. It was the first time since the 1968 Olympics that an Ethiopian had won the gold medal in this event. The Festivals – national and international arts The tradition of cultural festivities and the Olympic Games stems from the philosophy of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who saw the Games as an expression of the excellence of both mind and body. A cultural program is not an optional extra. It is a requirement. The Charter of the Modern Olympic Games requires the host city and country to present a program of national and international arts. Sydney chose to present a series of Olympic Arts Festivals over the four years of the Cultural Olympiad (1997-2000), each with a different theme and emphasis. The Festival of the Dreaming. 1997 – The Festival of the Dreaming Artistic Director, Rhoda Roberts oversaw the extensive Festival of the Dreaming from 14 September to 6 October 1997 in Sydney, one of the largest indigenous arts festivals yet to be held in the world. The festival had 30 exhibitions, 14 dance and theatre productions, eight performance troupes, 50 films, a literature program, three concerts and a number of special commissions. The Festival of the Dreaming, the first of its kind in Australia, celebrated the world's indigenous cultures, especially those of the Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Events in Centennial Park entranced audiences entering the park at night - the trees alive with the sound of birds as the country would have heard them at the time of colonisation - stepping through fire lit paths to encounter hovering Mimi spirits in mid-air, glimpsed as ethereal figures on stilts. The Festival of the Dreaming promoted a greater awareness and appreciation of Australia's Indigenous heritage to visitors. Most of the content was Australian, with additional representation from indigenous cultures from around the world, including the United States of America, Canada, Greenland, Korea, New Zealand, Western Samoa and Papua New Guinea. The festival explored the experience of indigenous people from its earliest origins to the impact of other cultures. Many of the projects from The Festival of the Dreaming toured nationally in 1998. 1998 – A Sea Change A Sea Change was the second Olympic Arts Festival held in the lead up to the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Artistic director, Andrea Stretton selected a wide range of events from all states and territories, communities large and small. Combined, they focused on 'transformations in Australian culture', and celebrated Australia's development into a multicultural society and the impact of immigration. 1999 – Reaching the World The third festival was also directed by Andrea Stretton. It took examples of Australian visual and performing arts to the rest of the world, expressing the unique spirit of Australia's cultural life. 2000 – Harbour of Life For the 2000 Sydney Olympic Arts Festival, the director, Leo Scofield brought together six weeks of sounds and spectacles in areas of: symphony, opera, dance, jazz, cabaret, choral music, visual arts exhibitions, film and photography. The performances included many world premieres as well as especially commissioned works from Australian and international artists. It was presented as a global program with global events. Useful links	Cathy Freeman
Who wrote ‘The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole’?	The Olympic Flame @ Sport.y2u.co.uk Winter Olympics Olympic Flame The Olympic Flame or Olympic Fire is a symbol of the Olympic Games. Commemorating the theft of fire from the Greek god Zeus by Prometheus, its origins lie in ancient Greece, when a fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics. The fire was reintroduced at the Olympics in 1928, and it has been part of the modern Olympic Games ever since. The modern torch relay was introduced by Adolf Hitler, at the Berlin Games of 1936, as part of an effort to turn the games into a glorification of the Third Reich [1]. But despite its Nazi origin, the torch ceremony is still practiced as of 2006. Usage Traditionally, the Olympic Torch is "lit by the Sun on Mount Olympus" and the torch carrier brings the Flame on foot to the site of the Olympic Games. The Olympic Torch is nowadays ignited several months before the opening celebration of the Olympic Games at the site of the ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. Eleven priestesses (played by actresses) light the fire by placing a torch in a concave parabolic mirror which concentrates rays from the Sun. The torch is then transported to the host city of the upcoming Olympics by means of a torch relay. Though traditionally, the fire is carried on foot, other means of transportation have been used as well. The runners have included athletes and celebrities, but many previously 'unknown' people have also carried it, often chosen for their personal merits and achievements. The Olympic Torch Relay ends on the day of the opening ceremony in the central stadium of the Games. The final carrier is often kept secret until the last moment, and is usually a sports celebrity of the host country. The final bearer of the torch runs towards the cauldron, usually placed at the top of a grand staircase, and then uses the torch to start the flame in the stadium. It is generally considered a great honour to be asked to light the Olympic Flame. After being lit, the flame continues to burn throughout the celebration of the Olympics and is extinguished at end of the closing ceremony of the Games. History For the ancient Greeks, fire had divine connotations ï¿½ it was thought to have been stolen from the gods by Prometheus. Therefore, fire was also present at many of the sanctuaries in Olympia. A fire permanently burned on the altar of Hestia in Olympia. During the Olympic Games, which honoured Zeus, additional fires were lit at his temple and that of his wife, Hera. The modern Olympic flame is ignited at the site where the temple of Hera used to stand. Fire did not appear at the modern Olympics until 1928. Dutch architect Jan Wils had included a tower in his design for the Olympic stadium for the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics and came up with the idea of having a fire burn throughout. On July 28, 1928 an employee of the Amsterdam electricity board lit the first Olympic fire in this so-called Marathontower, known as the "KLM's ashtray" by the locals. The idea of an Olympic Flame was met with enthusiasm, and was incorporated as a symbol of Olympism. German sports official and sports scientist Carl Diem conceived the idea of an Olympic torch relay for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. More than 3,000 runners carried the torch from Olympia to Berlin. German track and field athlete Fritz Schilgen was the last to carry the torch, igniting the flame in the stadium. The torch relay also became part of the Olympic Games. The Olympic Flame burned at the Winter Olympics in 1936 and 1948, but the first torch relay occurred at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. The fire was not ignited in Olympia, but in Morgedal, Norway, in the fireplace of the home of Sondre Norheim, who pioneered the sport of skiing. The fire was also lit there in 1960 and in 1994. Except for 1956, the relay started in Olympia for all other Winter Games. In 1956, the relay began in Rome. Although most of the time the torch with the Olympic Flame is still carried by runners, it has been transported in many different ways. The fire travelled by boat in 1948 to cross the English Channel, and it was first transported by aeroplane in 1952, when the fire travelled to Helsinki. In 1956, the equestrian events were held separately because of strict quarantine regulations in Australia. All carriers in the torch relay to Stockholm, where these events were held instead, travelled on horseback. Remarkable means of transportation were used in 1976, when the fire was transformed to an electronic pulse. From Athens, this pulse was carried by satellite to Canada, where a laser beam was used to re-light the fire. In 2000, the torch was carried under water by divers near the Great Barrier Reef. Other unusual means of transportation include an Native American canoe, a camel, and Concorde. In 2004, the first global torch relay was undertaken, in a journey that lasted 78 days. The Olympic flame covered a distance of more than 78,000 km in the hands of some 11,300 torchbearers, traveling to Africa and Latin America for the first time, visiting all previous Olympic cities and finally returning to Athens for the 2004 Summer Olympics. When the Olympic flame comes to the Panathinaiko Stadium stadium of the 1896 Summer Olympics to start the global torch relay the night was very windy and the torch, lit by the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaski , blew out due to wind, but was re-lit. This was the only time that the Olympic torch flame was put out. Another means of catching attention has been the lighting of the fire in the stadium. At the 1992 Barcelona Games, Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo shot a burning arrow into the cauldron from a platform at the opposite end of the stadium. Two years later, the Olympic fire was brought into the stadium of Lillehammer by a ski jumper. At the Sydney Olympics in 2000 the cauldron carrying the flame became stuck on the tower for about three minutes, then continued on its way. According to Trevor Connell (who works for Australasian Special Events), there were several theories as to what happened, "First ï¿½ a computer and/or mechanical hiccup. The other is that in order to keep the trick a secret it was never tested in full mode. The ring was hauled up by a counterbalance system, which was only tested in a 'dry run'. On the night the ring was loaded with fuel, which threw the balance out. Once enough fuel had burnt off the system balanced and then started its journey up the incline." [2] Lighters Over the years, it has become a tradition to let famous athletes or former athletes be the last runner in the relay. The first well-known athlete to light the fire in the stadium was nine-fold Olympic Champion Paavo Nurmi, who excited the home crowd in 1952. Other famous last bearers of the torch include French football star Michel Platini (1992), heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali (1996) and Australian aboriginal runner Cathy Freeman (2000). On other occasions, the people who lit the fire in the stadium are not famous, but nevertheless symbolise Olympic ideals. Japanese runner Yoshinori Sakai was born in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, the day the nuclear weapon Little Boy destroyed that city. He symbolised the rebirth of Japan after the Second World War when he opened the 1964 Tokyo Games. At the 1976 Games in Montreal, two teenagers ï¿½ one from the French-speaking part of the country, one from the English-speaking part ï¿½ symbolised the unity of Canada. (Folklore has it that the two were later married, but that was not the case.) Below is a full list of all persons who ended the Olympic Torch Relay by lighting the flame in the stadium. 1936 Summer Olympics: Fritz Schilgen, a track athlete. 1948 Summer Olympics: John Mark, a track athlete. 1952 Winter Olympics: Eigil Nansen, the grandson of polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen 1952 Summer Olympics: Paavo Nurmi, winner of nine Olympic gold medals in distance running in the 1920s. 1956 Winter Olympics: Guido Caroli, a speed skater who participated in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Olympics. Skating with the torch, he tripped over a television cable but kept the flame burning. 1956 Summer Olympics: Ron Clarke and Hans Wikne (Stockholm). Long distance runner Clarke would later win an Olympic bronze medal in 1964 ; Hans Wikne later participated in the 1964 Olympics. 1960 Winter Olympics: Ken Henry, Olympic champion in 500 m speed skating at the 1952 Games. 1960 Summer Olympics: Giancarlo Peris, track athlete of Greek descent. 1964 Winter Olympics: Joseph Rieder, a former alpine skier who had taken part in the 1956 Olympics. 1964 Summer Olympics: Yoshinori Sakai, track and field athlete, born on the day the atom bomb exploded over his native Hiroshima. 1968 Winter Olympics: Alain Calmat, former figure skater, winner of the silver medal in the 1964 Olympics. 1968 Summer Olympics: Norma Enriqueta Basilio de Sotelo, a sprinter who participated in these Olympics. She was the first woman to be the last torch bearer. 1972 Winter Olympics: Hideki Takada, a student and speed skater. 1972 Summer Olympics: Gï¿½nther Zahn, a middle distance runner. 1976 Winter Olympics: Christl Haas and Josef Feistmantl. Haas won the Olympic downhill title in 1964; Feistmantl won the luge doubles in the same year. 1976 Summer Olympics: Stï¿½phane Prï¿½fontaine and Sandra Henderson, two teenagers. 1980 Winter Olympics: Charles Kerr, a psychiatrist from Arizona who had been elected from all bearers to run the final part. 1980 Summer Olympics: Sergey Belov, basketball player who won four Olympic medals, including a gold in 1972. 1984 Winter Olympics: Sandra Dubravčič, a figure skater who participated in the 1980 and 1984 Olympics. 1984 Summer Olympics: Rafer Johnson, winner of the decathlon at the 1960 Olympics. 1988 Winter Olympics: Robyn Perry, a 12-year-old schoolgirl and figure skater. 1988 Summer Olympics: Sohn Kee-chung, marathon gold medalist in 1936, carried the torch into the stadium, and the relay was continued by Chung Sun-Man, Kim Won-Tak and Sohn Mi-Chung, three young track and field athletes. Kim took part in the Olympic marathon. 1992 Winter Olympics: Michel Platini and Franï¿½ois-Cyrille Grange, both football players. Platini took part in the Olympics in 1976; Grange was eight years old at the time. 1992 Summer Olympics: Antonio Rebollo, an archer who competed in the Paralympic Games. 1994 Winter Olympics: Crown Prince Haakon of Norway. Both his father and grandfather took part in the Olympics. 1996 Summer Olympics: Muhammad Ali, the boxer who, then still under the name Cassius Clay, won Olympic gold in 1960. 1998 Winter Olympics: Midori Ito, figure skater, winner of Olympic silver in 1992. 2000 Summer Olympics: Cathy Freeman, a track and field athlete. She won the gold medal in the 400 m at these Olympics. 2002 Winter Olympics: The entire U.S. ice hockey team that won the Olympic gold medal in 1980. 2004 Summer Olympics: Nikolaos Kaklamanakis, windsurfer (Olympic Windsurfing Class), 1996 Olympic gold medalist, 2004 Olympic silver medalist. (Interestingly, the Athens flame was also "blown out" at the end of the Games by 10-year old Fotini Papeleonidopoulou.) Cauldron The cauldron and the pedestal it sits on are always the subject of unique and often dramatic design. These also tie in with how the cauldron is lit during the Opening Ceremony. In Barcelona in 1992, an archer shot a flaming arrow immediately over the cauldron to light it. In Atlanta in 1996, the cauldron was an artistic scroll decorated in red and gold. At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, the scroll was lit by a paraplegic climber hoisting himself up a rope to the cauldron. References Olympische Spiele ï¿½ Die Chronik by Volker Kluge (five parts) The Olympic Flame Burns In The Reconstructed Roman Stadium., Athens, Attica, Greece Email this page to a friend Text and images from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. under the GNU Free Documentation License - Disclaimers . Whilst every effort is made to ensure that all information included in our website is accurate, users are advised that they should take appropriate precautions to verify such information. Y2U.co.uk expressly disclaims all liability for any direct, indirect or consequential loss or damage occasioned by the user's reliance on any statements, information, or advice contained in this web site. This Site is neither endorsed or connected in any way with organisations or individuals mentioned on this page. Published by Y2U.co.uk	i don't know
What type of animal is a kob?	Kob \| African Wildlife Foundation Physical Characteristics What is a kob? The kob is similar in appearance to the impala, but the two species are not related. The Ugandan kob generally is reddish-brown, but other subspecies range from light brown to almost black. The underside of the body is white, a white ring appears around each eye, and a white patch or chevron appears on the throat; a black stripe runs down the front of each foreleg. Horns occur only in males and though lyre-shaped, they are shorter, thicker, and ringed almost to the tip. Behavior & Diet Kobs are dependent on larger animals for prime grazing conditions. Kobs graze on short grass and are dependent on larger animals such as hippos, buffalo, topis, and hartebeests to create those grazing conditions. Like reedbucks and waterbucks, kobs develop attachments to particular localities, returning to the same grazing areas and watering places day after day, season after season. Unlike other antelopes, kob males practice the art of courtship. The premating and postmating behavior of kobs is different from that of other antelopes. The male is not as rough with the female and does not attempt to force her to stay within his territory—rather, he appears to try gently to convince her. He makes soft noises during courtship play, repeatedly whistling through his nostrils after mating. The sound carries across the breeding grounds and may be echoed by the other territorial males. Kobs hold strongly to social traditions. The social structure of the kob is based on small herds that come together into larger groups of up to 1,000 animals. Unlike most other antelopes, the kob has permanent breeding grounds, called leks, where almost all mating takes place—some of these have been in continuous use for at least 50 years. Lekking grounds, usually located on a knoll or elevated area near water, are roughly circular in shape and are 20 to 100 yards in diameter. When female kobs come into heat, they are attracted by the concentrated deposits of hormone-rich urine that accumulates in the leks. Competition for the innermost territories is fierce, and males hold their territories for only a day or two before turnover. Newborns are suckled until they are half the size of an adult. Females suckle a single young kob for six to seven months. At the time of weaning, it has reached half of its adult size. Young males begin to grow their horns at 5 months, and by 1 year of age, the horns are about as long as the ears. Kobs become sexually mature between 13 and 14 months, but a male will not be active in the breeding grounds until he is 3 or 4 years old. Gallery	Antelope
What type of car did Burt Reynolds drive in the 1977 film ‘Smokey and the Bandit’?	Uganda kob \| mammal \| Britannica.com Uganda kob THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Alternative Title: Kobus kob thomasi Uganda kobs (Kobs kob thomasi) exemplifying countershading. Leonard Lee Rue III Ugandan Kob (Kobus kob thomasi). Frank Dickert Learn about this topic in these articles: in artiodactyl: Social behaviour ...range including resting, feeding, drinking, and wallowing places. There is little sign of territorial defense, and the herd (called the sounder) may move to a new area. At the other extreme, male Uganda kob antelopes ( Kobus kob) hold territories, for breeding only, that are as small as 15 to 30 metres (50 to 100 feet) in diameter. There are 30 to 40 territories on the breeding ground...	i don't know
What is the title of the 1931 film in which the Marx Brothers are stowaways on an ocean liner?	Monkey Business (1931) Review – Pre-Code.Com Monkey Business: Cruising for Craziness “I want gaiety! I want laughter! I want ha-cha-cha-cha!” Let’s start off with an important note for whenever I talk about the Marx Brothers movies on this site. On Monkey Business, you will notice this at the beginning of the movie: “But Danny!” you’ll say, presuming you actually know my name. “I have literally no idea what this means or why you’re bringing it up.” This is the seal of approval by the Motion Picture Production Code. For those of you who’ve investigated this site or knows what Pre-Code is , this may not require much of an explanation, but you’re getting one anyway: any version of Monkey Business or any other Marx Brothers film from their stint at Paramount is censored. The screen I’ve got above is from when the film was reissued and the cuts were made. Back in the day after the Production Code was enforced, if a studio wanted to re-release a film (which was the only way to make any money on it), it would go through the Production Code Administration. Those with no or minor adjustments would have offending footage excised would be passed, those whose contents were too risque (see Baby Face or Search for Beauty ) would simply be put back on the shelf. In an ironic way, being excessively immoral paid off since those films never had footage removed and lost forever. Unfortunately, the Marx Brothers were always a popular commodity, so the version you are watching is shorter than its original release. There are a few staggered cuts, and a number of lines removed. Whenever you see this stuff in the Marx Brothers movies, it’s important to know it’s not shoddy film making, but lousy censorship. Back Down to the Business of Monkeys Now let’s make it clear: I don’t think the footage removed from Monkey Business added back in would immediately make it a good movie; it’s only a few lines, and it doesn’t make up for the fact that the movie’s structure is so top heavy it’s a wonder that the ship featured at the beginning doesn’t completely topple over. Here’s the setup: the four Marx brothers are stowaways on an ocean liner. They’re not given any names, but fumble around the ship trying to evade detection. This last for about thirty minutes until the brothers find themselves involved in a war between two mafia bosses, with Zeppo and Groucho on one side and Harpo and Chico on the other. Zeppo is in love with one of the boss’s daughters, and at a dinner party after they escape the boat, she is kidnapped and they must all team up to rescue her. The plot is usually considered beneath discussion in Marx Brothers films, and while there are certainly a few where it simply functions as a clothesline, this one is pretty frayed. After the initial mayhem of the films first thirty minutes, momentum grinds to a halt and many of the film’s gags in its second half fall flat. I think it should be a rule that you can tell how bad a Marx film is based on how close to the end Harpo’s serious musical solo arrives. “HONK” SPOILERS until the next section head. Skip at your leisure! Besides the momentum simply dying after their successful escape from the ship, the film’s climax involves Zeppo and a thug involved in a fist fight. Rather than join in, the others stand to the side and either add in commentary or sit nearby making funny faces. Putting Groucho, Chico and Harpo on the sidelines and so flippant during the climax makes them seem callous, and sours the last act of the film further. They’ve become observers in their own film, and their commentary essentially goes a step further to mocking the audience for any interest they may have in seeing the end of the film. It’s a very Marx Brothers thing to do, considering the nihilistic notes that their next two films (Horse Feathers, Duck Soup) would also end (or attempt to end) on. It’s also not as heavy handed as the other films and is mocking institutions rather than people. Here we are merely mocking narrative structures, and those are a bit harder to separate from one’s perceptions than politics or college. It’s also why I think this is the weakest Paramount Marx film after Cocoanuts; for all of the film’s playful hatred of its own construction, it’s still a victim of it. While I enjoy laughing with the Marx Brothers, the point at which they turn on their own movie is a path I couldn’t follow them down. It’s a shame that Cheveliar impressions have gone out of style. We Need to Talk About Zeppo The most noticeable feature in Monkey Business may be that this is the rare time that Zeppo has been drafted to have his own character arc. Often derided as the spare (and he would be excised by the time the troupe joined with MGM in 1935), I’ve always found a strange innate enjoyment in Zeppo. Zeppo’s appeal isn’t that he’s the straight man– in fact here he often gives as good as he gets. Rather, I’ve always liked Zeppo because he’s the bridge between the other three Marxes and the reality of the world they inhabit. He is perfectly in tune with the brothers in ways that none of the other romantic leading men paired up would ever be, but still understands those outside of the group that the others simply can’t. The tragedy of Zeppo is that he’ll never escape the Marx world to the real world. This is his biggest plots in a movie since he actually gets to do the romancing, and the film still ends with the other Marxes making fun of him and letting him go at the film’s antagonist on his own. He’s a Marx, he’ll never be anything else. But, hey, he seems okay with that. Zeppo’s go with the flow attitude is another one of his better attributes. He solidifies his brothers into their world; I genuinely miss him from the later films, no matter how wooden he can be. Down, boy! All A Broad Okay, okay. So I’m not the biggest fan of the movie. What does work? The brothers have excellent chemistry, and the romantic leads here are both fun, even if there’s no one like Margaret Dumont to lampoon. Groucho’s bits with Thelma Todd are delightful, and her special kind of manic energy seems to mesh well with his. My favorite scene is as the four brothers try to get off the ship with Maurice Chevalier’s passport, where each brother takes their turn trying to recreate one of his recent songs to skeptical immigration officials. Chevalier was one of Paramount’s biggest stars at the time, and seeing the four men riff on him (albeit very horribly) is a treat. Harpo’s work in Monkey Business is some of his best. The Punch & Judy scene set on the ship is a delightful course in shifting perceptions and anarchy. Painting Harpo as the hero to children is a cute touch, and helps once again to reinforce Harpo’s persona as the eternal petulant child. But, hey, it’s not all wine and roses. The worst feature of Monkey Business may be that the Marxes touch on stowaways again in A Night at the Opera to a much more spectacular effect. Oh, and damn if that ending is still a bear. Overall, it’s a fun movie, but it’s still lukewarm Marx. I make this facial expression all the time, even though I’m not a puppet. AFAIK. Proof That It’s Pre-Code As mentioned above, the film only survives in edited versions, so anything I inevitably put here actually survived the censorship of the Production Code. That being said, Groucho does get across some great one-liners. One noticeable cut is immediately after Groucho asks the captain if he’s the ‘floorwalker’ of the ship Groucho on timely economics: “Don’t forget, my fine fellow, the stockholder of yesteryear is the stowaway of today.” Groucho on being a lawyer: “Madam, when I get through with you, you’ll have a clear case for divorce. … And so will my wife.” Gallery Here are some extra screenshots I took. Click on any picture to enlarge! Trivia & Links The niftiest thing I found out about this movie via The Marx Brothers Encyclopedia is that this may be the only film that the brothers made where you can hear Harpo’s voice. The opening a cappella number coming from the barrels contains four voices, and the song ends with a baritone that isn’t Groucho, Chico, or Zeppo’s. The song from Animal Crackers that Chico famously can’t finish shows up several times, with both Chico and Harpo whistling it and then later when Harpo plays it on the harp. Both manage to find a suitable ending this go around. In one of those jokes that come back around, Groucho, dressed as the ship’s captain, begins to hum “The Sailor’s Hornpipe” and dance around a bit. Two years later that tune would be the intro for the enormously famous Popeye cartoons, also from Paramount. Also, the man on the crates looking at the camera in the following picture is reputed to be Sam Marx, the father of the four men about to bust out of the blanket. The vague approximation of birth imagery here also couldn’t have been a coincidence. Mordaunt Hall’s contemporary review cackles with delight . He notes, “The most atrocious puns pop up from all sides and somehow or other they have the desired effect.” TCM’s take on the movie dives into the controversy over whether screenplay author S.J. Perelman is due more credit for the Marx Brothers’ humor than Groucho would want to let on. Mythical Monkey also talks about the film’s writing, though it’s a bit more egalitarian with explaining what a hodgepodge the final result is. It sounds like we’re in agreement on the film’s pace as well. Has anyone ever pointed out how it’s funny that for the Marx Brother who doesn’t talk, Harpo always wears the loudest shirts? Films as Art discusses what they term as “The Marx Brothers Effect”, and espouses on what the believe the appeal of the group is, insomuch as they’re like any other group of friends whose antics are carried to the extreme. Co-star Thelma Todd appeared in 90 movies between 1930 and 1936. Yes, 90, and she was paired with a lot of the greats of the era, including Wheeler & Woolsey and Laurel & Hardy. She next starred with the boys in Horse Feathers, but two years after Monkey Business was made she was found dead in her garage. It’s been debated whether this was suicide or murder, but the actual details are shady as hell . I only bring this up because Groucho makes a crack to her about leaving her in a garage all night long, and that’s now a litttttle bit awkward. One stray observation: Before he dances with Todd in the state room, Groucho throws his cigar in the air. It doesn’t come back down. Lastly, whenever I get really mad at my wife, I make this face, which she does not enjoy at all: This face is how I win dumb arguments. Awards & Accolades Oddly, this is the only Pre-Code Marx Brothers film not listed in the Wikipedia list of Pre-Code films . Availability	Monkey Business
Brothers Richard and Simon Mantell played which sport for England in the 2010 Commonwealth Games?	Marxology - MONKEY BUSINESS - The Marx Brothers The Marx Brothers Support this site, shop here: Search: [ Main Page ] \| [ History ] \| [ Vaudeville ] \| [ Misc. ] \| [ Films & Film Projects] In 1931 Will B. Johnstone worked with Morrie Ryskind on an unused radio sketch for the Marxes when Groucho suggested a collaboration with S.J. Perelman for another proposed radio series. Perelman is quoted by Simon Louvish in Monkey Business - the Lives and Legends of the Marx Brothers; "We put in a couple of enjoyable sessions that got nowhere, except for a misty notion that the Marxes might be characterized as stowaways aboard an ocean liner." Groucho told them that "this isn't any fly-by-night radio serial - it's our next picture!" In addition to co-writing the script for Monkey Business, Will B. Johnstone also produced the cartoon for the pressbook . The film was released on 7 November 1931. In many ways Monkey Business (which went under the working title Pineapples) presented an opportunity for the Marx Brothers to re-use old routines. The basic plot is a developed version of their vaudeville show Home Again and the imitation of Maurice Chevalier and his song You Brought A New Kind Of Love To Me from Paramount's The Big Pond is a revamped version of Theatrical Agency from On The Balcony and I'll Say She Is . Earlier in 1931, the scene itself was re-enacted by the Marxes in a film called The House That Shadows Built, put together by Paramount in recognition of their 20th anniversary. Apart from reminiscences of the vaudevillian past, the basic storyline of Monkey Business also closely resembled The Seas Are Wet, a film idea from young Bert Granet about Marxian antics on a cruise ship. Granet also submitted another idea, College Daze, set on a campus. When Paramount first produced Monkey Business and then Horse Feathers without any acknowledgments or even the knowledge of Granet, he sued the film company. Paramount settled by hiring Granet as a screenwriter alongside Arthur Sheekman on a Bing Crosby picture. Later in life Granet and his wife Charlotte became two of Groucho's closest friends. There are several differences between the final script (provided by Marie Sunny and dated 11 April 1931) and the finished film. One example is a sequence in the ship's nursery, which followed the Punch & Judy show. It got as far as production and stills show child actor Billy Barty with Harpo in a nurse's uniform. Another is the scaled-down conclusion. Instead of Zeppo and Briggs fighting in the barn, the fisticuffs was to take place at a warehouse brewery with Briggs ending up being socked into a vat of beer. The Monkey Business topper scene had Harpo enjoying a swim in another vat of beer, his head coming up with a smile, spurting a little beer out of his mouth before diving again after honking his horn. The scripted finale was probably scrapped for cost and technical reasons - in addition to the bootlegger setting, the warehouse also had a steam hoist whose moving long arm and attached pincher figured prominently in the final comedy battle. Also lost was an artistically symmetrical fade out with Groucho, Harpo and Chico once again singing in barrels (as they do in the film's beginning), this time on the private yacht of Joe Helton (named Joe Farina in the script), while Zeppo and Mary Helton kissed nearby.	i don't know
Which Mediterranean island attained its independence from Britain in 1960?	30. British Cyprus (1914-1960) 30. British Cyprus (1914-1960) Pre-Crisis Phase (November 5, 1914-October 16, 1931): The British government formally annexed the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, which had been a British protectorate since 1878, on November 5, 1914. The leaders of the Turkish Cypriot community on the island of Cyprus declared their loyalty to Britain during the First World War. Sir John Eugene Clauson was appointed as British High Commissioner on January 8, 1915. Archbishop Kyrillos II died on July 19, 1916, and Bishop Kyrillos was elected Archbishop of Cyprus as Kyrillos III on November 11, 1916. British High Commissioner Sir John Eugene Clauson died on December 31, 1915, and Sir Malcolm Stevenson was appointed as Acting High Commissioner. Greek Cypriots convened an assembly on October 10, 1921, demanding the union of Cyprus with Greece Greece (Enosis). Cyprus was proclaimed a British crown colony on March 10, 1925. Sir Malcolm Stevenson was appointed British Governor on the island of Cyprus on March 10, 1925. Sir Ronald Storrs was appointed as British Governor on the island of Cyprus on November 30, 1926. Elections for the Legislative Council were held in October 1925. On November 28, 1929, British Colonial Secretary Lord Passfield rejected demands that Cyprus be unified with Greece. Elections for the Legislative Council were held in 1930. As a result of grievances with the British colonial government, several Turkish Cypriots convened a national congress (Milli Kongre) in the town of Söz on May 1, 1931. In response to the national congress, the British colonial government stated that “it ha[d] come to the attention of the government that some people belonging to the Islamic community ha[d] gathered in the form of an assembly, which they call the National Congress, and that they elected a person among themselves as mufti” and that the election of a mufti was against “the law, the traditions and the precedents, and thus it [would] on no condition be recognized by the government.” Crisis Phase (October 17, 1931-March 31, 1955): Beginning on October 17, 1931, the Greek Cypriot members of the Legislative Council, including Bishop Nicodemus Mylonas, resigned in protest of the enactment of a tariff law (import duties) by the British colonial government. The National Radical Union of Cyprus (Ethnike Rizospastike Enosis Kypriakī́ – EREK) was established on October 18, 1931. Bishop Nicodemus Mylonas called for “disobedience and insubordination to the illegal laws of this immoral, vile, and shameful regime” during a speech in Lemesos (Limassol) on October 20, 1931. Greek Cypriots rioted against the British colonial government throughout the island of Cyprus beginning on October 21, 1931. Governor Storrs declared martial law on October 21, 1931. The rebellion was suppressed by British security forces on October 27, 1931, resulting in the deaths of six Greek Cypriots. The British colonial government abolished the Legislative Council and banned political parties. Several Greek Cypriot leaders, including George Hajipavlou, Dionysios Kykkotis, Theofanis Tsangarides, Theofanis Theodotou, and Theodoris Kolokassidis, were deported to Britain and Gibraltar on November 3-6, 1931. Sir Reginald Edwards Stubbs was appointed British Governor on the island of Cyprus on October 20, 1932. Sir Herbert Richmond Palmer was appointed British Governor on the island of Cyprus on November 8, 1933. Archbishop Kyrillos III died on November 16, 1933. The Progressive Party of Working People (Anorthotikó Kómma Ergazómenou Laoú – AKEL) was established in 1941. The Cyprus Turkish Minority Association (Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlık Kurumu – KATAK) was established by Fazıl Küçük and other individuals in 1943. Municipal elections were held on March 21, 1943, and AKEL candidates were elected mayors of Limassol and Famagusta. The Cyprus Turkish National Party was established in 1945. Baron Reginald Fletcher was appointed British Governor on the island of Cyprus on October 24, 1946. Bishop Leontios was elected Archbishop of Cyprus on June 20, 1947, but he died on July 26, 1947. Bishop Makarios was elected Archbishop of Cyprus as Makarios II on December 24, 1947. Sir Andrew Barkworth Wright was appointed British Governor on the island of Cyprus on Augsut 4, 1949. Some 96 percent of Greek Cypriots voted in favor of union with Greece in a plebiscite held on January 15-22, 1950. Archbishop Makarios II died on June 28, 1950, and Bishop Makarios was elected Archbishop of Cyprus as Makarios III on September 18, 1950. Sir Robert Perceval Armitage was appointed British Governor on the island of Cyprus in 1954. On August 2 1954, the British colonial government imposed restrictions on demonstrations and protests on the island of Cyprus. The Greek government referred the Cyprus question to the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) on August 16, 1954. The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on December 17, 1954, which stated that the UNGA “is not at present deemed advisable to make a decision on the question of Cyprus.” Greek Cypriots staged a general strike and clashed with British troops on December 18, 1954, resulting in injuries to 37 individuals. Greek Colonel Georgios Grivas arrived in Cyprus as head of the Greek Cypriot insurgency against the British colonial government on November 10, 1954. The National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston – EOKA) commanded by Greek Colonel Georgios Grivas was formally established on January 13, 1955. The British colonial policemen confiscated 27 boxes of EOKA weapons near the village of Chloraka on January 25, 1954. Conflict Phase (April 1, 1955-March 13, 1959): The EOKA rebelled against the British colonial government on April 1, 1955. EOKA insurgents attacked police stations in Nicosia and Kyrenia on June 19, 1955. One individual was killed and fourteen individuals were injured in an explosion near the Central Police Station in Nicosia on June 21, 1955. EOKA insurgents attacked the police station in Amiandos on June 22, 1955, resulting in the deaths of one government policeman. British, Turkish, and Greek representatives met to discuss the Cyprus problem in London from August 29 to September 7, 1955. Sir John Alan Francis Harding was appointed as British Governor on the island of Cyprus on September 25, 1955. Governor Harding proclaimed a state-of-emergency on the island of Cyprus on November 26, 1955. The British government deployed some 25,000 troops throughout the island of Cyprus to maintain law and order. EOKA insurgents ambushed a British military vehicle in the Troodos mountains on December 15, 1955, resulting in the death of two individuals and the capture of two EOKA insurgents. EOKA insurgents killed a Turkish Cypriot policeman on January 11, 1956. Archbishop Markarios III was exiled to the Seychelles on March 9, 1956. EOKA insurgents killed a Turkish Cypriot policeman on April 23, 1956, and one EOKA insurgent was captured. EOKA insurgents killed a Turkish Cypriot policeman on May 25, 1956. British military forces launched a military offensive (Operation Lucky Alphonse) in the Troodos mountains on June 7-23, 1956, resulting in the deaths of 25 British military personnel and the capture of 17 EOKA insurgents. Three EOKA insurgents who were earlier captured by British security forces were hanged at Nicosia Central Prison on August 9, 1956. The EOKA declared a unilateral ceasefire on March 31, 1957. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Secretary-General Lord Ismay offered to mediate in the dispute in March 1957, but the Greek Cypriots rejected the mediation offer. Sir John Harding resigned as Governor of Cyprus on October 22, 1957, and he was replaced by Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot on December 3, 1957. Turkish Cypriots demonstrated against the British colonial government in Nicosia on January 27-29, 1958. Seven Turkish Cypriots were killed in clashes with British soldiers in Nicosia on January 27, 1958. EOKA ended its unilateral ceasefire on March 3, 1958. EOKA insurgents killed two British soldiers on May 4, 1958. More than 100 individuals, including 56 Greek Cypriots and 53 Turkish Cypriots, were killed in inter-communal violence in Cyprus between June 7 and August 1958. EOKA insurgents clashes with British troops near the village of Lysi on August 23, 1958, resulting in the deaths of five British soldiers and three EOKA insurgents. British troops killed one EOKA commander in the village of Vavla on August 27, 1958. EOKA insurgents clashed in the village of Liopetri on September 2, 1958, resulting in the deaths of four EOKA insurgents. EOKA insurgents ambushed and killed three British soldiers near Kyperounda on October 22, 1958. British troops killed one EOKA insurgent near the village of Agros on November 25, 1958. EOKA ended military hostilities against the British colonel government on March 13, 1959. Some 600 individuals were killed during the conflict, including 126 British soldiers and 26 British civilians. Post-Conflict Phase (March 14, 1959-August 16, 1960): The United Nations (UN) General Assembly appealed for a peaceful resolution of the dispute on December 5, 1958. British, Greek, and Turkish representatives held negotiations in Paris on December 18, 1958 and January 18-20, 1959, and held negotiations in London on February 11-19, 1959. British, Greek, and Turkish representatives signed an agreement in London on February 19, 1959, which provided for the independence of Cyprus. The Cyprus Democratic Union (CDU) was established by John Clerides in Nicosia on November 15, 1959. Governor Hugh Foot lifted the state-of-emergency on December 4, 1959. Archbishop Markarios was elected President and Fazıl Küçük was elected Vice-President of the Republic of Cyprus on December 13, 1959. Cyprus formally achieved its independence from Britain on August 16, 1960. [Sources: Allock et al., 1992, 48-63; Bercovitch and Jackson, 1997, 80-81; Butterworth, 1976, 181-182; Clodfelter, 1992, 979; Donelan and Grieve, 1973, 116-122; Jessup, 1998, 143-144; Keesing’s Record of World Events, February 14-21, 1959, December 12-19, 1959; Langer, 1972, 1295-1297; Tillema, 1991, 48-49; Wainhouse, 1966, 436-460; Weisburd, 1997, 76-77.] Bibliography Erginel, Erdem. “Traditionalists vs. Reformists: The Struggle for Leadership Within the Turkish Community of Cyprus Between the World Wars,” Third International Congress on Cyprus Studies, November 13-17, 2000.	Cyprus
Florimania is a passion for what?	Geography for Kids: Cyprus Population: 1,138,071 Brief History of Cyprus: Cyprus is an island country located in the Mediterranean Sea. The island was in an ideal location between many of the Eastern and Western empires. As a result, the island was part of many great ancient civilizations including Ancient Egypt, Persia, Ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire throughout its history. Starting in 364 AD, Cyprus was ruled for 800 years by the Byzantium Empire. Beginning in the 12th century, the island changed hands several times until it came under control of the Ottoman Empire in the 1500s. In 1878 Great Britain took over the island and made it an official British colony in 1925. In 1960 Cyprus gained its independence from Great Britain. However different factions in the country could not get along. Starting in 1974, Cyprus has been divided into two sections. One side is controlled by the government and the other by Turkish Cypriots. Greek is spoken in the south and Turkish in the north. There is a buffer zone between the two sides where the United Nations keeps a peacekeeping force. Despite this odd situation, the island of Cyprus became a member of the European Union in 2004. The Geography of Cyprus Total Size: 9,250 square km Size Comparison: about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut Geographical Coordinates: 35 00 N, 33 00 E World Region or Continent: Middle East General Terrain: central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast Geographical Low Point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m Geographical High Point: Mount Olympus 1,951 m Climate: temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Major cities: NICOSIA (capital) 240,000 (2009), Limassol The People of Cyprus Type of Government: republic Languages Spoken: Greek, Turkish, English Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are only recognized by Turkey National Holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots celebrate 15 November (1983) as Independence Day Nationality: Cypriot(s) Religions: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian Apostolic, and other 4% National Symbol: Cypriot mouflon (wild sheep); white dove National Anthem or Song: Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian (Hymn to Liberty) Economy of Cyprus Major Industries: tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum production, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone, and clay products Agricultural Products: citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables; poultry, pork, lamb; dairy, cheese Natural Resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment Major Exports: Republic of Cyprus: citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing and cigarettes; north Cyprus: citrus, potatoes, textiles Major Imports: Republic of Cyprus: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, intermediate goods, machinery, transport equipment; north Cyprus: vehicles, fuel, cigarettes, food, minerals, chemicals, machinery Currency: Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish New lira (YTL) National GDP: $23,720,000,000 ** Source for population (2012 est.) and GDP (2011 est.) is CIA World Factbook. Back to Geography Home Page	i don't know
Mary Helen Mackillop, also known as Saint Mary of the Cross, is the only person from which country to be recognised by the Roman Catholic church as a saint?	St. Mary of the Cross MacKillop - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online St. Mary of the Cross MacKillop St. Mary of the Cross MacKillop Author and Publisher - Catholic Online Facts Patron of Australia, Brisbane, Knights of the Southern Cross Birth: 1842 Beatified By: 19 January 1995, Sydney by Pope John Paul II Canonized By: 17 October 2010, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI Take the Saints Trivia Quiz now! Mary Helen MacKillop (15 January 1842 - 8 August 1909), also known as Saint Mary of the Cross, was an Australian Roman Catholic nun who, together with Father Julian Tenison Woods, founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart and a number of schools and welfare institutions throughout Australasia with an emphasis on education for the poor, particularly in country areas. Since her death she has attracted much veneration in Australia and internationally. On 17 July 2008, Pope Benedict XVI prayed at her tomb during his visit to Sydney for World Youth Day 2008. On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI approved the Roman Catholic Church's recognition of a second miracle attributed to her intercession. She was canonised on 17 October 2010 during a public ceremony in St Peter's Square at the Vatican. She is the only Australian to be recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as a saint.	Australia
The Kaieteur Falls are in which South American country?	Mary MacKillop Moments Mary MacKillop Moments Mary MacKillop Moments As the day of Mary MacKillop's Canonisation on 17 October 2010 drew ever nearer, people from around the Catholic Diocese of Parramatta shared in the moment with us. Sharing the moment... Friday 12 November St Mary of the Cross MacKillop - my intercessor Ever since her Beatification 15 years ago, I have knelt by Mary MacKillop's tomb in North Sydney as often as I can. I pray that there be no conflict in my familys' life and that I be a good mother to my three daughters. I tell her of my plans and my wishes for my family. My daughters have all grown to be good people, finishing university, having families and practicing their Catholicism. That I was able to witness Mary's Canonisation was a miracle for me, as I didn't initially plan to be in Rome for the occasion. We had booked a trip to the Holy Land at the time, which by chance required a stopover in Rome. We were able to change our travel arrangements slightly, allowing us to do the stopover on 17 October - and allowing me to attend the Canonisation. I was able to explore Rome and was able to visit Our Lady of Fatima, Portugal with my husband before the Canonisation which was one of my dreams. I felt proud, grateful and overwhelmed to witness the solemn and sacred event at St Peter's Basilica for the Canonisation of our very own Saint and the other five Saints from other countries. Thank you St Mary of the Cross, for your intercession. May you continue to intercede for me, so I can continue my mission to my family and the community - and to be a Saint like you. Josephine Calangi Our Lady of the Rosary Kellyville Parishioner Monday 1 November St John Vianney Doonside Parishioner Monday 18 October A surge of pride, an overwhelming sense of gratitude 18th October - The day after the night before. The excitement and jubilation which I, along with the other Sisters of St Joseph experienced last night was beyond belief. We had gathered either at our Province Centre (or at North Sydney) to celebrate and join with our Sisters present in Rome for the ceremony which would officially proclaim our Foundress, Mary of the Cross MacKillop, a saint of the Universal Church. Many of us had been able to assemble in the Memorial Chapel on Saturday night to pray together at Mass as we prepared for this significant ‘moment’ in our history. The exuberance of the gathering was only a shadow of what was to be the ‘mood’ of the gathering on Sunday night. The moment that the Holy Father pronounced Mary’s name for the first time, a surge of pride, an overwhelming sense of gratitude for the recognition of Mary’s holiness, swept through the Croydon Chapel. And what does this mean to me? My prayer, with many in the wider Church, is that this momentous moment will be the beginning of a tangible renewal of practical Faith for the people of this great South Land of the Holy Spirit, the land that Saint Mary of the Cross MacKillop called 'home'. "This is an Australian who writes …" (1873) Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral An unshakeable trust in Divine Providence We have waited for many years for the canonisation of St Mary of the Cross and it has finally happened. What a wonderful day Sunday was for Australia and for the world. It might be just my imagination, but I thought that I detected affection in the Holy Father's voice when he spoke of the work of Mary MacKillop during the Mass. Perhaps he was remembering his pilgrimage to her shrine at North Sydney. It was wonderful to see so many Australians go to Rome for the canonisation. Mary herself walked the streets of Rome and was received by the Pope. She would never have realised that she would one day be canonised there. Mary is one of us, but we are now formally sharing her with the world. I hope that people across the world take her to their hearts and read her biography. It is appropriate that she was canonised on the same day as Brother Andre of Montreal Canada, because they both had a great devotion to St Joseph and an unshakeable trust in Divine Providence. St Mary of the Cross has captured the attention of Australians everywhere and in every walk of life. I hope that all the attention to Mary MacKillop's canonisation will bring people to examine the Catholic Church and its teachings, and help bring people into the church. St Mary of the Cross set up a teaching order which sent sisters to the bush - to the country towns to set up convents. Usually they went in twos or threes. Typically two of the sisters would teach school and the other sister would do the housekeeping at the convent and teach the piano. The sisters taught the Catholic religion and intellectual subjects as well. In the country areas, they set up schools wherever there was no government school. Their schools taught all the children in these areas, not just the Catholic children. They spread culture as well as giving religious and intellectual instruction. Mary and her sisters also looked after the poor, the orphans and the disadvantaged. Australians owe a great deal to St Mary of the Cross and the Sisters of St Joseph. Mary Ann Matulis St John Vianney Doonside Parishioner Sunday 17 October A true role model for all Australians I am so honoured to be in the world today to witness Australia's first saint, Mary of the Cross Mackillop. Today is a day of much celebration and happiness for all Australians, in particular Australian Catholics. While I'm pleased that Australia is getting it's first saint, I am most delighted at the fact it's Mary MacKillop, an ordinary woman who showed that with faith, belief and courage in Christ, you can achieve many wonderful and extraordinary things. Mary Mackillop is a true role model for all Australians and someone who for some years I have seen as a great example of how we should live our lives in the world today and more importantly how Christ would want us to live our lives. Through Mary of the Cross we see the simple ways in which we can help out all and we can make a difference. It is truly a blessing that there will be generations to come now that will always have that in their hearts, thanks to her sainthood. I really hope that all the joy and word surrounding Mary Mackillop over the last few months translates into action in the many years ahead. I hope that her message to never see a need without doing something about it and to always act rather than just speak, is a message that we as a country spend more time thinking about and more importantly, putting into action. Australia is a great country, but one which at times is driven more by money and power than by humility and mercy for all. I pray that through the soon to be Saint Mary of the Cross, we have someone who will watch over our great country and ensure we are always there for our fellow man/woman/child and are always doing the best we can for others. May we never stop living her legacy, one that has made this country great and will make it greater for many a day to come. Trevor Tye Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Saturday 16 October Seeking in earnest "Remember too the Heavenly Mother you have got - your Mother - and the mother of your Divine Spouse Jesus. What grace is there that she will not obtain for you if you only remember to seek it in earnest." Sister Mary of the Cross to the Sisters in 1886 Do you think that Mary MacKillop could say exactly the same to us today in 2010? We are the children of this same Heavenly Mother - who is 'the mother' of our Saviour, Jesus Christ. As her children, we like (Saint) Mary of the Cross may ask her to intercede for us. What mother would turn away from the pressing needs of her children? Today, Saturday 16 October, turn your attention to asking our Heavenly Mother to obtain for you the graces that will enable you to grow in holiness and closeness to her Son, Jesus. Pray that you may "seek it in earnest" and come to know and love God ever more deeply. And tomorrow night, when through the marvel of technology we listen and watch the proclamation by Pope Benedict XVI of the sanctity of Mary Helen MacKillop, Saint Mary of the Cross, may we remember that the first Australian to be added to the Canon of the Church prayed to our Heavenly Mother in the same way. Mary, Help of Christians, pray for us. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Friday 15 October Mary’s Love of the Sacred Heart Mary wrote to Fr Julian Tenison Woods, 19th July 1870 that “A sense of the presence of God and His Adorable will seems before me nearly always now, ...” From her earliest years, Mary learnt to pray – her parents, Alexander and Flora, immersed her in the traditions of our Faith. Mary learnt at an early age of the love God had for her and as we know she grew in understanding that Love throughout her life. Her particularly deep devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, was often reflected in her letters: ”that Heart seems so full of tender love and desire that it seems something terrible to grieve It,…” (19.7.1870) In the Chapel of Reparation in our Cathedral we have an image of the Sacred Heart. I was privileged to spend time with a group of young students who were looking at this painting. The response of one nine year old who had briefly prayed in the Chapel of Reparation was: “this painting shows me how much God loves us”. Mary who like us lived and worked and loved in this land of the Southern Cross is a model we Australians can imitate in our prayer. Let us strive to develop “a sense of the presence of God and His Adorable will” and like the young Chapel visitor come to know “how much God loves us”. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Thursday 14 October The gift of St Mary of the Cross, MacKillop Something deep within me calls me to a place I've not been before. I am at a loss to express the deepest happiness that the naming of this Australian woman, the one whom I've called "Mother Mary" for most of my religious life, gives me on a personal level and as a member of the Congregation of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart. I've been thinking and pondering all day - wondering what word would encapsulate and express the knowledge that within three days our very own "Mother" whose mortal remains are buried in the Mary MacKillop Memorial Chapel at Mount Street, North Sydney, be officially recognised as "Saint Mary of the Cross". I think of her when she would have been at work in the schools; I think of her when she was helping other women to learn how to live the Religious Life; I think of her when she was reaching out to help the homeless and neglected people of the cities where she lived; I think of her when she shared the little that she had, even when she insisted on giving to a caller the meal that had been set before her; I think of her and the other young sisters in the struggling times when they were exiled unjustly from places where they'd been helping others; I think of her in her prayer times; I think of her in the many letters she wrote to the sisters, encouraging them, guiding them and in so many ways leading them to a deeper love of God. How then, can a word draw this together? My only response is: that she lived a life totally committed to the Will of God with a deep sense of the ever-abiding presence of the Almighty. My word(s) then is simply this - Praise and Glory to God for the gift of Mary of the Cross, MacKillop. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Wednesday 13 October Fulfilment of a prophetic statement I'm not quite ready to start counting down the hours, but the immediacy of Canonisation Day, after so many years (for me well over four decades) is a rather daunting thought. This woman, our Foundress, a Josephite and fellow Australian, a woman of inestimable holiness, will be known as Saint Mary of the Cross. Many have written in the past years, and especially in the past few months about the place of the Cross in Mary's life. Stories and real-life experiences have been shared. In the midst of this, for those who choose to know and accept is the true essence of her own holiness. In this democratic society the cynics and atheists who are touting their ideologies are of course allowed to do so, but if we turn back the clock of history and re-read the comments posed in the Freeman's Journal, 19 August 1909 we see that the 'every-day-ness' of our own Australian Saint, was recognised even in the weeks after her death. The Journal recognised what Mary had done for the glory of God in the service of the people of this land and wrote that her life "would stand for years to come as the noblest record of an Australian woman." So, 101 years later, on next Sunday 17 October, we will see the fulfilment of this prophetic statement. Let us thank God that we are alive at this time of recognition of a mighty Australian woman. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Tuesday 12 October Teaching sanctity to the world All the saints are wonderful, but Blessed Mary MacKillop is different from any other saint. She experienced the conditions that we do as Australians. Mary was a woman who understood what it is like to be in Australia, to be in our cities and in the outback. Mary experienced the heat, the floods, the bushfires and the droughts that we Australians are so familiar with. It is amazing to go to places that are not far from where I live, and to realize that Blessed Mary MacKillop looked after the poor and set up schools there. The saints have always been from other countries, now it is Australia’s turn to teach sanctity to the world. None of us can complain about our problems after reading Blessed Mary MacKillop’s life story. It is full of contradictions and complications. She often suffered that horrible affiliation of having people misrepresent her actions. Mary demonstrated to us that even in the very worse of circumstances (excommunication) that she remained charitable to the bishop who had passed the sentence upon her. To me Blessed Mary MacKillop is the most real and the most practical of all the saints. Like many others, I have waited years to see her canonised and the happy day is just around the corner. I feel very close to her. She has interceded for me in my needs and in the needs of my family and friends. Blessed Mary MacKillop has done so much for the people of this country by setting up her order to educate poor children, but especially to teach them the Catholic Faith. I was taught by the Sisters of Saint Joseph at Saint Martha’s boarding school at Leichhardt for a brief time when my mother was in hospital. I will always remember their motherly care during my stay there. I am so proud of Blessed Mary MacKillop my fellow Australian, who I consider to be my friend and look forward to my next pilgrimage to her shrine at North Sydney. Mary Ann Matulis St John Vianney Doonside Parishioner God will take care of you In 1873, Mary wrote: "My life as a child was one of sorrow, my home when I had it a most unhappy one… "When I was a little more than 16 years of age, the principal care of a large family fell upon me, and … I felt its burden yearly more and more." These quotes from a letter written by Mary give us a glimpse of the 'real' person that Mary was throughout her life. We may be inclined to think that because the Church will in four days time publicly acclaim her holiness, her earthly life was free of hassles. In reality, it was the opposite. The greater part of the twenty-four years of Mary's life, prior to her move to Penola, had been devoted to helping her mother look after her brothers and sisters. Her mother was often ill and her father often away from home. Financial problems were a common reality and even securing a place in which to live was often difficult. Mary's story would be familiar with many today. So, next when you are feeling the strain of an empty purse and little food to share with the family, in fact even where you will be able to live in the next period, take heart! I wonder if this may have been how Mary MacKillop came to understand the passage from St Matthew's Gospel (Chapter 6: verse 26): ' look at the birds of the air …'; I think that Mary MacKillop's advice to us today would be to always trust in God who will help us in all things and always take care of us. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Sunday 10 October Images Yesterday I was walking through the business area of North Sydney. Above me, flapping in the wind were wonderful full-sized banners portraying the image of Mary MacKillop. The movement in the wind gave Mary's facial image and impression that she may have been laughing! (I wonder whether she is laughing at the changes a century has made to her former residential area?) Was I really surprised? I'd have to answer "no" but delighted, "yes". Here in the public arena for Christian and non-Christian alike, were the images of a woman who had lived and worked in this busy areas over 100 years ago. Her presence still very real, especially in the Memorial Chapel. In the reception area of Mary MacKillop Place hangs a large portray. The inscription on the bottom told me that this painting had been presented to the Sisters of St Joseph in 1925. It was given by H. Credgington of the Catholic Art Gallery of Melbourne. (Incidentally, this is the year when the Sisters first began to formally promote the cause for Mary's holiness to be recognised for the sake of the people of her much loved Australia). This same portray was previously hung in the large reception room of what was (to me when I was a fledgling sister) our Mother House. As young sisters we would often remark to each other that Mary's eyes followed us wherever we moved in that room. I came away from my experiences of yesterday, (Saturday 9 October) with a sense of reassurance that no matter where I am the radiance of God's love in others can be reflected by their goodness. Mary MacKillop certainly portrays that in the many images available to us today. My challenge is real: do I, in my every day ministry (and life), portray God's love by my countenance? Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Friday 8 October The certain sense of God's watchful love I was recently enriched by a quote from a letter Mary MacKillop wrote to the Sisters before she left on her epic journey to Rome in 1873. Mary reflected on the ‘many things which might discourage were it not for a certain sense of God’s watchful love which wonderfully strengthens me and which will also, I trust, give you all great courage.’ (Mary MacKillop, 25.03.1873) Mary had so recently experienced the circumstances surrounding excommunication from her beloved Church; she was now facing a long journey (by boat) to the other side of the world to seek affirmation for ‘our Holy Rule’, that rule under which the Sisters of St Joseph would live their consecrated lives. Why is this important to me now? I see in this courageous action of Mary, the trust and confidence in God that each of us, in this twenty-first century, need to live as committed Catholics. We need to willing recognise that the certain sense of God’s watchful love will also be present with us, irrespective of the difficulties we may face in continuing to live faithfully the call to holiness. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Thursday 7 October Mary as a model of daily living out her call to holiness given at baptism 28 February 1842 - Why is this date significant? On this day, Alexander and Flora MacKillop presented their daughter Mary Helen, at St Francis’ Church Melbourne, for the Sacrament of Baptism. Thus began her journey to holiness – and ultimately, the reason we will celebrate her Canonisation in just over a week. And why is this significant to me and you? As Baptised people, (whether Catholic or belonging to another Christian Church) we are continually challenged each day to live out what began at our Baptism - our personal journey to holiness. Mary MacKillop lived with all the ups and downs, the joys and sufferings, the many blessings and struggles of life and always strove to do the best that she could. She did this living according to the same call to holiness as was given to me (and you) on the day of Baptism. Mary’s life presents me with a ‘huge’ challenge to do as she did – to accept my daily experiences and to work at carrying them out in the best possible way I can. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Wednesday 6 October 'Model of holiness' How does one express the inner joyful feeling of such an event? We've all waited patiently and wondered if it would ever happen. We've prayed that one day it may come to pass. Now, in just 11 days time this momentous event will happen. God has given us a model of holiness in Mary Helen MacKillop. In her lifetime, Mother Mary of the Cross, knew what it meant to be tried and tested, but she continually witnesses to the Power of God through her perseverance and acceptance of what God asked of her. This rouses in me a totally overwhelming sense of the Power and Goodness of God. Let us all, as we wait excitedly for the 17th October to dawn, pray that we may learn from her example to trust in the Power and Goodness of God in our own lives. Let us rejoice too, that Mary of the Cross MacKillop, an Australian, will be added to the Canon of Saints and be recognised for her holiness throughout the world. Sr Susan Ward RSJ, Pastoral Associate, St Patrick's Cathedral Her faith, trust and confidence in God As I reflect on Mary MacKillop, the image of a spiritual warrior comes to mind...someone who engages in the battle with the self, who is prepared to look within, face her own demons, and delve down to the foundations of life itself. Only in so doing could she hope to meet the deepest needs of her own nature and tap into her most profound resources: her faith, trust and confidence in God, her patience and compassion. Mary MacKillop had a big vision. A realist, she probably expected to hit a few speed bumps along the way in rolling it out. Opportunities to expand her ministry and service threatened to outrun her experience and resources. I suspect she didn’t see ‘excommunication’ looming on her radar! Mary attempted something large enough that failure was guaranteed...and that’s where God stepped in. The hallmark of a spiritual warrior like Mary MacKillop? The ‘will to God’ - present in each step, each task, each moment...yet unattached to outcomes. Then God could truly work through her. Mary MacKillop: an awesome model for anyone serious about the spiritual journey. Claire Lanigan Parramatta Cathedral Parishioner Living by her faith in the cross As Mary Mackillop’s Canonisation comes closer, all Australians are getting ready to have their first Saint. Mary had a Scottish background and worked very hard, her life-long dream was to teach the children who could not afford to go to school. She also cared for the less fortunate and sick. She lived in the Gold Rush era when women had little or no power or rights. If you ask any Catholic Australian how they felt about Mary, they would say she was a hard working lady, with much faith in God and stood up for what was right, even if it cost her (dearly). Mary lived by her faith in the cross and passed that faith onto others. Now there is a musical called MACKILLOP about her life and sufferings and it is truly inspiring to see, as I have seen it the opening night. It brings out a beautiful view of her life and hardships and showed how Mary’s faith in God changed lives and with the Sisters of St Joseph she made history in the Church and spread the word through out Australasia. By Harrison Castles (11)	i don't know
Who wrote the book ‘Dubliners’, first published in 1914?	The Dubliners, 1914 - AbeBooks The Dubliners, 1914 Results (1 - 30) of 269 1 James Joyce, Robert Scholes, A. Walton Litz Published by Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc, United States (1990) ISBN 10: 0553213806 ISBN 13: 9780553213805 New Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc, United States, 1990. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Reprint. 174 x 104 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. Dubliners was completed in 1905, but a series of British and Irish publishers and printers found it offensive and immoral, and it was suppressed. The book finally came out in London in 1914, just as Joyce s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man began to appear in the journal Egoist under the auspices of Ezra Pound. The first three stories in Dubliners might be incidents from a draft of Portrait of the Artist, and many of the characters who figure in Ulysses have their first appearance here, but this is not a book of interest only because of its relationship to Joyce s life and mature work. It is one of the greatest story collections in the English language--an unflinching, brilliant, often tragic portrait of early twentieth-century Dublin. The book, which begins and ends with a death, moves from stories of my childhood through tales of public life. Its larger purpose, Joyce said, was as a moral history of Ireland. Bookseller Inventory # AAS9780553213805 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Dover Publications Inc., United States, 1992. Paperback. Book Condition: New. New edition. 208 x 130 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. Dubliners was completed in 1905, but a series of British and Irish publishers and printers found it offensive and immoral, and it was suppressed. The book finally came out in London in 1914, just as Joyce s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man began to appear in the journal Egoist under the auspices of Ezra Pound. The first three stories in Dubliners might be incidents from a draft of Portrait of the Artist, and many of the characters who figure in Ulysses have their first appearance here, but this is not a book of interest only because of its relationship to Joyce s life and mature work. It is one of the greatest story collections in the English language--an unflinching, brilliant, often tragic portrait of early twentieth-century Dublin. The book, which begins and ends with a death, moves from stories of my childhood through tales of public life. Its larger purpose, Joyce said, was as a moral history of Ireland. Bookseller Inventory # AAC9780486268705 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc, United States, 1990. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Reprint. 174 x 104 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. Dubliners was completed in 1905, but a series of British and Irish publishers and printers found it offensive and immoral, and it was suppressed. The book finally came out in London in 1914, just as Joyce s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man began to appear in the journal Egoist under the auspices of Ezra Pound. The first three stories in Dubliners might be incidents from a draft of Portrait of the Artist, and many of the characters who figure in Ulysses have their first appearance here, but this is not a book of interest only because of its relationship to Joyce s life and mature work. It is one of the greatest story collections in the English language--an unflinching, brilliant, often tragic portrait of early twentieth-century Dublin. The book, which begins and ends with a death, moves from stories of my childhood through tales of public life. Its larger purpose, Joyce said, was as a moral history of Ireland. Bookseller Inventory # AAS9780553213805 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Dover Publications Inc., United States, 1992. Paperback. Book Condition: New. New edition. 208 x 130 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. Dubliners was completed in 1905, but a series of British and Irish publishers and printers found it offensive and immoral, and it was suppressed. The book finally came out in London in 1914, just as Joyce s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man began to appear in the journal Egoist under the auspices of Ezra Pound. The first three stories in Dubliners might be incidents from a draft of Portrait of the Artist, and many of the characters who figure in Ulysses have their first appearance here, but this is not a book of interest only because of its relationship to Joyce s life and mature work. It is one of the greatest story collections in the English language--an unflinching, brilliant, often tragic portrait of early twentieth-century Dublin. The book, which begins and ends with a death, moves from stories of my childhood through tales of public life. Its larger purpose, Joyce said, was as a moral history of Ireland. Bookseller Inventory # AAC9780486268705 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Signet ClassicS, 1991. Paperback. Book Condition: Very Good. No Jacket. 12mo - over 6¾" - 7¾" tall. Paperback in Very Good Condition. Introduction by Edna O'Brien Bright, clean pictorial wraps, slight wear to edges, soundly bound, internals clean and unmarked, toned. The collection of fifteen short stories that make up Dubliners was described by Joyce himself as a series of chapters in the moral history of his community. He focuses on the lives of Dublin's poorer classes, with unconventional themes, coarse language, with mention of actual people and places of the day. But they also represent themes common to all people. First published in 1914. The Signet Classic Edition reprints the 1968 revised edition of the 1958 Viking Compass edition of "Dubliners" prepared by Robert Scholes and published by Penguin Books, which adhere to Joyce's textual instructions for his book. xi + 240 pages. 4.25 x 7 inches. 1991, Signet Classics, USA. Bookseller Inventory # 022561 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Dover Publications, 1991. Paperback. Book Condition: As New. No Jacket. 12mo - over 6¾" - 7¾" tall. Trade Paperback As New. Bright, clean pictorial wraps, soundly bound, internals as new. The collection of short stories that make up Dubliners was described by Joyce himself as a series of chapters in the moral history of his community. He focuses on the lives of Dublin's poorer classes, with unconventional themes, coarse language, with mention of actual people and places of the day. But they also represent themes common to all people. This is an unabridged Dover edition, a republication of the standard text of the work first published in 1914. 152 pages. 8.25 x 5.2 inches. Dover Publications, Mineola, NY 1991. Bookseller Inventory # 022229 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Peacock/ Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., 2009. Softcover. Book Condition: New. First edition. Dubliners is one of the most magnificent short story collections in the English language. The manuscript was sent to the English publisher, Grant Richards in late 1905. After initial enthusiasm for the book, Richards became uncomfortable about sexual explicitness and possible legal implications which could result from this. In 1909 Joyce stopped persuading Grant Richards for publication of the book and sent it to the Irish publisher, Maunsel & Company. There the book was printed, but the stock was destroyed before its release fearing libel action. Ultimately the book was printed and released by Grant Richards in 1914. In Dubliners, Joyce portrays the denizens of the city of his birth, from the young boy facing death in the first story, "The Sisters", to the middle-aged Gabriel of the haunting final story, "The Dead". He rebels against social and literary conventions, against Catholicism, and against Dublin, the city at the centre of this excellent collection of stories. Printed Pages: 208. Bookseller Inventory # 6198 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2008. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Reissued.. 194 x 128 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. I regret to see that my book has turned out un fiasco solenne James Joyce s disillusion with the publication of Dubliners in 1914 was the result of ten years battling with publishers, resisting their demands to remove swear words, real place names and much else, including two entire stories. Although only 24 when he signed his first publishing contract for the book, Joyce already knew its worth: to alter it in any way would retard the course of civilisation in Ireland . Joyce s aim was to tell the truth - to create a work of art that would reflect life in Ireland at the turn of the last century and by rejecting euphemism, reveal to the Irish the unromantic reality the recognition of which would lead to the spiritual liberation of the country. Each of the fifteen stories offers a glimpse of the lives of ordinary Dubliners - a death, an encounter, an opportunity not taken, a memory rekindled - and collectively they paint a portrait of a nation. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World s Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford s commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more. Bookseller Inventory # AOP9780199536436 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Peacock/ Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., 2009. Softcover. Book Condition: New. First edition. Dubliners is one of the most magnificent short story collections in the English language. The manuscript was sent to the English publisher, Grant Richards in late 1905. After initial enthusiasm for the book, Richards became uncomfortable about sexual explicitness and possible legal implications which could result from this. In 1909 Joyce stopped persuading Grant Richards for publication of the book and sent it to the Irish publisher, Maunsel & Company. There the book was printed, but the stock was destroyed before its release fearing libel action. Ultimately the book was printed and released by Grant Richards in 1914. In Dubliners, Joyce portrays the denizens of the city of his birth, from the young boy facing death in the first story, "The Sisters", to the middle-aged Gabriel of the haunting final story, "The Dead". He rebels against social and literary conventions, against Catholicism, and against Dublin, the city at the centre of this excellent collection of stories. Printed Pages: 208. Bookseller Inventory # 6198 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Wisehouse Classics, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book *** Print on Demand *.DUBLINERS is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They centre on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce s novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity. (more on: Bookseller Inventory # AAV9789176372005 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, United States, 2015. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. James Joyce is one of Ireland s most famous writers, a novelist and poet who is considered the pioneer of modern writing, including avant-garde styles of the early 20th century. His most famous work, Ulysses, embodied the technique referred to as stream of consciousness, influencing all sorts of writers who came after him, but he also wrote other famous works like the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and novels like A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). Bookseller Inventory # APC9781522908807 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2008. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Reissued.. 194 x 128 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. I regret to see that my book has turned out un fiasco solenne James Joyce s disillusion with the publication of Dubliners in 1914 was the result of ten years battling with publishers, resisting their demands to remove swear words, real place names and much else, including two entire stories. Although only 24 when he signed his first publishing contract for the book, Joyce already knew its worth: to alter it in any way would retard the course of civilisation in Ireland . Joyce s aim was to tell the truth - to create a work of art that would reflect life in Ireland at the turn of the last century and by rejecting euphemism, reveal to the Irish the unromantic reality the recognition of which would lead to the spiritual liberation of the country. Each of the fifteen stories offers a glimpse of the lives of ordinary Dubliners - a death, an encounter, an opportunity not taken, a memory rekindled - and collectively they paint a portrait of a nation. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World s Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford s commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more. Bookseller Inventory # AOP9780199536436 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Pan MacMillan, United Kingdom, 2016. Hardback. Book Condition: New. New Edition. 158 x 101 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. First published in 1914, Dubliners depicts middle-class Catholic life in Dublin at the start of the twentieth century. Themes within the stories include the disappointments of childhood, the frustrations of adolescence, and the importance of sexual awakening. Joyce was twenty-five years old when he wrote this collection of short stories, among which The Dead is probably the most famous. Considered at the time as a literary experiment, Dubliners contains moments of joy, fear, grief, love and loss, which combine to form one of the most complete depictions of a city ever written, and the stories remain as refreshingly original and surprising in this century as they did in the last. With an afterword by Peter Harness. Designed to appeal to the booklover, Macmillan Collector s Library is a series of beautifully bound hardback gift editions of much loved classic titles. Bound in real cloth, printed on high quality paper, and featuring ribbon markers and gilt edges, Macmillan Collector s Library are books to love and treasure. Bookseller Inventory # AA79781509826629 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, United States, 2015. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They centre on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce s novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781522871590 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Random House USA Inc, India, 1993. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Reprint. 214 x 149 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. Dubliners was completed in 1905, but a series of British and Irish publishers and printers found it offensive and immoral, and it was suppressed. The book finally came out in London in 1914, just as Joyce s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man began to appear in the journal Egoist under the auspices of Ezra Pound. The first three stories in Dubliners might be incidents from a draft of Portrait of the Artist, and many of the characters who figure in Ulysses have their first appearance here, but this is not a book of interest only because of its relationship to Joyce s life and mature work. It is one of the greatest story collections in the English language--an unflinching, brilliant, often tragic portrait of early twentieth-century Dublin. The book, which begins and ends with a death, moves from stories of my childhood through tales of public life. Its larger purpose, Joyce said, was as a moral history of Ireland. Bookseller Inventory # AAC9780679739906 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Wisehouse Classics, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. DUBLINERS is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They centre on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce s novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity. (more on: Bookseller Inventory # AAV9789176372005 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 ï¿½ 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde, and is regarded as one of the most influential and important authors of the twentieth century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer s Odyssey are paralleled in an array of contrasting literary styles, perhaps most prominent among these the stream of consciousness technique he utilized. Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters. Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin---about half a mile from his mother s birthplace in Terenure---into a middle-class family on the way down. A brilliant student, he excelled at the Jesuit schools Clongowes and Belvedere, despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father s alcoholism and unpredictable finances. He went on to attend University College Dublin. In 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner (and later wife) Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris, and Zurich. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, Joyce s fictional universe centres on Dublin, and is populated largely by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. Shortly after the publication of Ulysses, he elucidated this preoccupation somewhat, saying, For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781537006086 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Cricket House Books, LLC, United States, 2010. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 216 x 140 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. The stories were meant to be a naturalistic depiction of the Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories center on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character has a special moment of self-understanding or illumination. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by children as protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s division of the collection into childhood, adolescence, and maturity. Source: /wiki/Dubliners. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781935814009 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace, United States, 2014. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 226 x 150 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. Dubliners is a collection of 15 short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They centre on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce s novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781497441040 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Peacock/ Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., 2009. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. First edition. Dubliners is one of the most magnificent short story collections in the English language. The manuscript was sent to the English publisher, Grant Richards in late 1905. After initial enthusiasm for the book, Richards became uncomfortable about sexual explicitness and possible legal implications which could result from this. In 1909 Joyce stopped persuading Grant Richards for publication of the book and sent it to the Irish publisher, Maunsel & Company. There the book was printed, but the stock was destroyed before its release fearing libel action. Ultimately the book was printed and released by Grant Richards in 1914. In Dubliners, Joyce portrays the denizens of the city of his birth, from the young boy facing death in the first story, "The Sisters", to the middle-aged Gabriel of the haunting final story, "The Dead". He rebels against social and literary conventions, against Catholicism, and against Dublin, the city at the centre of this excellent collection of stories. Printed Pages: 208. Bookseller Inventory # 6200 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace, United States, 2015. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Editora Americana (illustrator). 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They centre on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce s novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781511872553 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, United States, 2015. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 279 x 216 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *. Dubliners is a collection of 15 short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. The fifteen stories were meant to be a naturalistic depiction of the Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories were written at the time when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They center on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character has a special moment of self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce s novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by children as protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781522809524 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Random House USA Inc, India, 1993. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Reprint. 214 x 149 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. Dubliners was completed in 1905, but a series of British and Irish publishers and printers found it offensive and immoral, and it was suppressed. The book finally came out in London in 1914, just as Joyce s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man began to appear in the journal Egoist under the auspices of Ezra Pound. The first three stories in Dubliners might be incidents from a draft of Portrait of the Artist, and many of the characters who figure in Ulysses have their first appearance here, but this is not a book of interest only because of its relationship to Joyce s life and mature work. It is one of the greatest story collections in the English language--an unflinching, brilliant, often tragic portrait of early twentieth-century Dublin. The book, which begins and ends with a death, moves from stories of my childhood through tales of public life. Its larger purpose, Joyce said, was as a moral history of Ireland. Bookseller Inventory # AAC9780679739906 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Cricket House Books, LLC, United States, 2010. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 216 x 140 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *.Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. The stories were meant to be a naturalistic depiction of the Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories center on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character has a special moment of self-understanding or illumination. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by children as protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s division of the collection into childhood, adolescence, and maturity. Source: /wiki/Dubliners. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781935814009 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, United States, 2015. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand *.Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century. The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They centre on Joyce s idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce s novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce s tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781522871590 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 229 x 152 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book * Print on Demand ***.James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 ï¿½ 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde, and is regarded as one of the most influential and important authors of the twentieth century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer s Odyssey are paralleled in an array of contrasting literary styles, perhaps most prominent among these the stream of consciousness technique he utilized. Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters. Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin---about half a mile from his mother s birthplace in Terenure---into a middle-class family on the way down. A brilliant student, he excelled at the Jesuit schools Clongowes and Belvedere, despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father s alcoholism and unpredictable finances. He went on to attend University College Dublin. In 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner (and later wife) Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris, and Zurich. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, Joyce s fictional universe centres on Dublin, and is populated largely by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. Shortly after the publication of Ulysses, he elucidated this preoccupation somewhat, saying, For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781537006086	James Joyce
La Sapienza University is in which European city?	Dubliners : James Joyce : 9781904919537 9781904919537 Science Fiction About James Joyce James Joyce was born in Dublin in 1882. He came from a reasonably wealthy family which, predominantly because of the recklessness of Joyce's father John, was soon plunged into financial hardship. The young Joyce attended Clongowes College, Belvedere College and, eventually, University College, Dublin. In 1904 he met Nora Barnacle, and eloped with her to Croatia. From this point until the end of his life, Joyce lived as an exile, moving from Trieste to Rome, and then to Zurich and Paris. His major works are Dubliners (1914), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), Ulysses (1922) and Finnegan's Wake (1939). He died in 1941, by which time he had come to be regarded as one of the greatest novelists the world ever produced. show more Follow us	i don't know
What is the first name of 2010 World Champion Formula One racing driver Vettel?	Sebastian Vettel Sebastian Vettel Next Previous Enlarge 1 / 8 Sebastian Vettel (GER), ADAC Berlin Brandenburg e.V. (1st). Formula BMW ADAC Championship 2004, Rd 15&16, Zandvoort, Holland. 4 September 2004. DIGITAL IMAGE Sebastian Vettel (GER) Scuderia Toro Rosso celebrates victory with Franz Tost (AUT) Scuderia Toro Rosso Team Principal and Dietrich Mateschitz (AUT) CEO and Founder of Red Bull. Formula One World Championship, Rd 14, Italian Grand Prix, Race, Monza, Italy, Sunday 14 September 2008. Sebastian Vettel (GER) Red Bull Racing RB8 crosses the line to win the race. Formula One World Championship, Rd16, Korean Grand Prix, Race, Korea International Circuit, Yeongam, South Korea, Sunday 14 October 2012. BEST IMAGE World Champion Sebastian Vettel (GER) Red Bull Racing celebrates with the team. Formula One World Championship, Rd20 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 25 November 2012. BEST IMAGE Sebastian Vettel (GER) tests a Williams BMW FW27. Formula One Testing, Day One, Jerez, Spain, Tuesday 27 September 2005. © Sutton Motorsport Images Sebastian Vettel (GER) BMW Sauber on the grid. Formula One World Championship, Rd 7, United States Grand Prix, Race, Indianapolis, USA, Sunday 17 June 2007. DIGITAL IMAGE Mark Webber (AUS) Red Bull Racing and Sebastian Vettel (GER) Red Bull Racing celebrate 1-2 finish. Formula One World Championship, Rd 3, Chinese Grand Prix, Race Day, Shanghai, China, Sunday 19 April 2009. BEST IMAGE Race winner Sebastian Vettel (GER) Red Bull Racing RB9 stops on track. Formula One World Championship, Rd16, Indian Grand Prix, Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida, New Delhi, India, Race Day, Sunday 27 October 2013. Info Close A tour de force as he swept to four straight world championship crowns and countless Formula One records, Sebastian Vettel’s relentless hunger for victory, as much as his outstanding talent, secure his place as one of the sport’s greats. By his mid-20s he was already the dominant driver of his era, becoming the youngest polesitter, winner and champion in history. A second, third and fourth crown, won with either remarkable tenacity or crushing supremacy, only added to his glittering legacy. The foundations for such a remarkable trajectory were laid early on. Vettel had been racing for more than a decade even while still a teenager, having started his career in 1995 at a local kart track in his native Germany, where he had been born in Heppenheim on July 3, 1987. It wasn’t long before he had notched up several regional championships, and bigger things beckoned. Tiring of the local competition, he began to race on a European level. Before long he’d won the region’s junior kart title and even clinched victories at prestigious annual events in Monaco and Paris-Bercy. As he began to make a name for himself, Vettel attracted the attentions of Red Bull, who swiftly signed him up to their young driver programme in 1998. With Red Bull’s backing, Vettel continued to perform well and in 2000 was invited to join the Austrian drinks company’s junior team. Two seasons of karting later - still aged just 15 - he was ready to make the switch to single-seaters. Debuting in the hugely-competitive Formula BMW series in 2003, Vettel faced a tough challenge, but he didn’t disappoint, scoring five wins and ending the season second in the championship...	Sebastian
What is the name of the narrow strip of land, with water either side, linking two larger areas of land?	Ferrari boss says Sebastian Vettel is not Formula One team's No. 1 driver \| Autoweek Sebastian Vettel left Montreal third in the Formula One points standings. Photo by LAT PHOTOGRAPHIC Ferrari boss says Sebastian Vettel is not Formula One team's No. 1 driver No pecking order or team orders with current Ferrari lineup June 9, 2015 Pinterest Email Despite being a four-time Formula One champion and team leader in points this season, Sebastian Vettel is not Ferrari's No. 1 driver, according to boss Maurizio Arrivabene. Earlier, the Italian said one of the first things he told Vettel and Kimi Raikkonen in 2015 was that the hierarchical days of Schumacher and Alonso are over. That is despite Arrivabene leaving Montreal on Sunday admitting his anger with Raikkonen following a spin that cost Ferrari a sure podium. Raikkonen argued that an engine setting caused the spin, but Arrivabene charged, "We have thrown away a podium, that's the truth. There are no excuses." Raikkonen finished fourth, just a few seconds in front of teammate Vettel, who had impressively charged through the field from the back. Arrivabene, however, said he never considered ordering Vettel past Raikkonen, even though it is the German who is the closest rival to the Mercedes drivers in the championship. Vettel is third in the points. Sebastian Vettel doesn't get grid boy concept at Monaco Sebastian Vettel was no fan of the "grid boy" concept that debuted on Sunday's Formula One Monaco Grand Prix grid.Normally, when Formula One drivers pull into their grid hatching ahead ... Asked if he thought about team orders in Canada, Arrivabene insisted, "No, not at all, we did not speak about it. We made it clear before the season that both drivers have a free run." He said that might change if the situation in the championship were closer. "We have to keep our feet on the ground," Arrivabene said. "Our goal has not changed. We have said that if we win twice this year, then we can be satisfied. We must not forget where we came from -- we have never talked about the world title." In that way, Arrivabene -- although initially angry after Montreal -- said he is happy with how the team's upgraded engine performed in Canada. "Yes, we achieved what we wanted to," he said. "We have to admit that they (Mercedes) are simply stronger than us at the moment. "It is not realistic to say that we have closed the gap to Mercedes, but we are on the right track." By GMM	i don't know
Film critic John Simon described which actor as resembling ‘A half-melted bulldog’?	Atoms \| Qi-Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia's article " QI (A series) " (view authors here or here ). The main component of air is nitrogen, which accounts for 78% of air. Only just under 21% is oxygen and 3/100ths of 1% is carbon dioxide. [1] [2] The most boring place in Great Britain is a field outside Ousefleet, near Scunthorpe, according to the 1:50,000 Ordnance Survey map. It is the blankest square kilometre in the country, with only part of an electricity pylon in it. Alan suggested Salisbury Plain, forgetting that Stonehenge is on Salisbury Plain. Alan's uncle stood on a land mine on Salisbury Plain during his national service. In 1983, with the aid of a sofa and a hot water bottle, Barbara Cartland wrote 23 novel s, which broke the record for the most novels written in one year. She was buried in a Corrugated cardboard coffin beneath an oak tree planted by Queen Elizabeth I. At her funeral, all the funeral-goers were given a leaf of the tree as a memento. She also said, "I'll keep writing until my face falls off". Clive James once compared Barbara Cartland's face to two crow s that had crashed into the White cliffs of Dover. The ozone layer is fifteen miles (24 km) above the Earth's surface. Ozone smells faintly of geraniums. Film critic John Simon described Walter Matthau as resembling "a half-melted rubber bulldog ". Atom s contain mostly empty space. Ernest Rutherford described the centre of an atom as "flies in a cathedral ". The simplest atom is hydrogen, which has a nucleus with one proton, surrounded by one electron. If the proton was the size of a drawing pin, the electron would be the size of a pinhead and would be one kilometre away. A hydrogen atom has more frequencies than a piano has notes. The discoverer of the hydrogen atom and the inventor of the grand piano lived just 3 minutes away from each other in Soho. General Ignorance This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia's article " QI (A series) " (view authors here or here ). King Henry VIII technically had either Wives of three or four wives, [3] depending on the source. His marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled, the Pope declared his marriage with Anne Boleyn to be void as he was still married to Catherine of Aragon, and the marriage to Catherine of Aragon was declared void by Henry himself (as the new head of the Church of England) as it was illegal to marry the widow of one's brother (Catherine had previously been married to Henry's older brother Arthur). After his death, while being moved to Westminster Abbey, the king's body swelled in the heat and exploded. The word silver rhymes with the English word 'chilver', [4] which is an ewe lamb. All diamond s are created beneath the Earth's surface, and brought to the surface in volcano es. [5] Only 20 countries in the world make diamonds. South Africa is the fifth biggest behind Australia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Botswana and Russia. Diamonds and graphite are both made of pure carbon, but appear at opposite ends of the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Diamond has a score of ten, while graphite's score is around 1.2. When travelling through sodium at -270 degrees, light slows to 38 miles per hour. The speed of light is only constant in a vacuum at 186,000 miles per second. Going through diamonds, the speed of light is only 80,000 miles per second. A chameleon changes colour depending [6] on its mood, temperature and emotions like fear. Their eyes can swivel independently, and it was once believed that they lived on air. Forfeits ↑ Oxygen, said by Davies (-10 points) ↑ Carbon dioxide would have been a -3000 point forfeit, although nobody said this. ↑ Six	Walter Matthau
Myocardium is the muscular tissue of which part of the human body?	Series 1, Episode 4 - QI Transcripts dot com Series 1, Episode 4 TRANSCRIPT Stephen Hello, hello, and welcome to QI, the quiz that rhymes with "Stephen Fry". Now, let's . . . let's meet the members of our happy band: Al Davies . . . Howie Goodall . . . Jez Hardy . . . and Jo Brand. Now, the rules are simple: I am a pimple. No, that's enough rhyming. Erm . . . Er, the rules are a cinch, in fact; the questions are not. As almost no one ever gets one right, I award points for being interesting, and penalties for being pathetically-obvious. Each member of the panel is provided with an attention-seeking device. Er, Jeremy goes: Jeremy [presses buzzer, which plays a cannon's boom followed by a duck squawking] [reacts to the buzzer as though he's been hit] Stephen [presses buzzer, which plays a guitar flourish] Stephen [presses buzzer, which plays a campy, synthesized jazz tune] Stephen [presses buzzer, which dings and says brightly, "Cashier number four, please!"] Stephen Very good. Right, I'm going straight onto the first question, which is, in fact, very easy. So, fingers on those mushroomoid buzzers, please: What is the main ingredient of air? Alan [presses buzzer, which dings and says brightly, "Cashier number four, please!"] Stephen Forfeit: Klaxons sound. Viewscreens flash the word "OXYGEN". Stephen Oh, Alan! So early on! [holds up card which reads "OXYGEN"] No. No, no, no. Not true, I'm afraid. And I'm afraid you get – Jo [presses buzzer, which jazzes synthetically] Stephen – a bit of a forfeit. Yes? Jo "Nitrogen" is the right answer. Well done. Jo [pumps arm in victory] Yes! Stephen I have to warn you that if you had said "carbon dioxide", you would have lost 3,000 points, because there is so little carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Alan Because trees eat it all. Stephen Sort-of, yes, that's right. There is, in fact – Alan Trees do. They get rid of carbon dioxide. But if you're in a lift with someone, and after a while – Stephen – there will be – [breaks off]. Stephen Sorry. I was just second-guessing you there. Alan No, but after a while, there . . . there won't be enough air in the lift, and that will be carbon dioxide. The cause of death . . . would be. Jeremy Always take a tree into a lift with you. Alan And then you can hide, as well. Alan Move around the lift unseen. Alan You could entertain yourself. . . . It should be a fruit tree, so there'd be some food, as well as something to get rid of the carbon dioxide. Jeremy And you can make a shelter to shield you from the burning light, and possibly, a canoe, to escape. Alan In the event of flooding. Stephen But, no, this is absolutely right. Nitrogen is 78% of air. Less than 21% of air is oxygen, and only three hundredths of 1% of the air is carbon dioxide. Alan But nitrogen's lethal. If you breathe in – Stephen – nitrogen only, you would die. Stephen Yes. Because you do need oxygen, don't you? Alan Yes. Alan I've been scuba diving, and if you get nitro–nitrogen narcosis, it means you're getting bubbles of nitrogen – Stephen Yeah. Alan And people think "the bends" is 'cause you go a bit – [slumps and writhes in his seat] – like that, but actually, you get stuck – [freezes] – in odd positions, 'cause your body can't move properly, 'cause it's full of nitrogen, which is lethal. Jeremy No, that's when the wind changes. When you've been . . . when the wind changes when you're swinging on your chair and running with scissors at the same time. Stephen Well, we're going to move from "air" . . . we're going to move from "air" to "areas". What is the most boring place in Britain? Jo [presses buzzer, which jazzes synthetically] Stephen Is it, erm, the Big Brother house? Stephen Very good. I'm actually, er . . . I have to confess, I'm feeling rather good about Big Brother at the moment, not that I've seen any of it, but, er . . . my, erm . . . my agent got a call yesterday – and I don't know what this means – erm, and they wondered if I . . . I – Alan Had to blow the dust off the phone straight away! Stephen – one of the . . . one of the . . . what are they called? Alan [blows on an imaginary telephone several times, and fans dust away] Stephen What are they called? Thank you. Alan [picks up phone] "Mr F– . . . Mr Fry's agent!" Stephen Thank you. Now, what . . . what are they called in Big Brother? Inmates. Inmates? Alan Frymates. Stephen One of the housemates . . . apparently, they're allowed to have a book. Which may be some . . . a . . . a new thing – Alan They are allowed to have a book. Stephen – and one of the housemates has asked – Jo They can't read. They're not. Stephen [picks up notepad and looks at it in confusion] Stephen – one of the housemates has asked for one of my books. Isn't that exciting? Alan I feel touched by celebrity, almost. Alan You know, the coffee table's a bit wonky. Stephen The . . . I remember from watching the first series. The one thing I really look forward to is . . . was Day 8, 'cause [imitates Marcus Bentley] "Day Eight" was a wonderful sound, isn't it? Bless him. Newcastle, I believe. Erm . . . Oh, yes. Alan Newcastle is far from being the most boring place in Britain. Stephen Certainly is not the most boring place in Britain, and thank you for dragging us back to the question. Alan Is this gonna be something like . . . there's been an actual survey of amenities, facilities . . . Stephen "Survey" is a very good word to stick to, actually, because I'm talking technically, the most boring place, or tech– Alan No. Most Greek islands are very pleasant. What's . . . what's wrong with Argos? Jeremy Oh! Jeremy "Next" is a very good catalog because it gives you a chance to see what the clothes would look like if attractive people wore them. Stephen Very good. Now, yes, Howard. I believe you were trying to buzz. Howard Erm, is this, erm . . . just moving up here on Alan's idea, but . . . is this a place on the Ordinance Survey where there are no signs of any kind – Stephen Ten points. Absolutely right. Correct. [The audience begins to applaud for Howard.] Alan No, it's not Salisbury Plain. Alan Sorry, Howard. I jumped in on your round of applause. Stephen I have . . . I have a sort of slight mind to take five points away from you for suggesting that Salisbury Plain is the most . . . it has, probably, the most important Ordinance Survey reference in all of the United Kingdom: Stonehenge. For God's sake. Alan Which is . . . quite an interesting place. Stephen – stood on a landmine on Salisbury Plain – Jeremy Yes, because the army used a lot for . . . for – Alan It really, really, really hurt, but, er, he didn't lose a foot. Stephen I'm sure if the manufacturers had known it was going to really, really hurt, they would have . . . they would have come up with a safety version. Alan It was a little . . . it was much, much worse than, for example, stepping on a drawing pin, which really, really, really hurts . . . Much worse than that. Stephen Paper cut's the worst thing, isn't it? Stephen Lemon on a paper cut. Jeremy Paper cut! 'Cause people say, "Oh, there's nothing worse than a paper cut. Not a sword, not a chainsaw . . . nothing." . . . "Nothing worse than a summer cold. Not syphilis, grenade up the bum . . . nothing." Stephen No, thank you very much. Alan Almost a featureless environment! Stephen No. I am . . . as an East Anglian, I abs– . . . I refute that with every fibre of my being. The actual answer is a field – Jeremy [interrupts] No, you can't refute . . . That's bad grammar, that, Stephen. To refute, you have to provide evidence. Stephen Yeah. But a good point. Very good point. Jeremy If you weren't . . . if you weren't showing off, you could have said "reject". Stephen Yes, indeed. You're absolutely right. Though it's not bad grammar, is it? It's just bad semantics. Jeremy Stephen Yeah. Yeah. But, er . . . yeah. No, I stand . . . I stand hideously corrected and shamed. Erm, a field outside Ousefleet, near Scunthorpe, in Lincolnshire. There's absolutely nothing in it apart from part an electricity pylon and some overhead cabling. On the 1:50,000 scale Ordinance Survey map, it's the blankest square kilometre in the country. Alan [carefully] Is it not in East Anglia? Stephen Well, all right! It's north. I think of it as the north, erm . . . Erm, Lincolnshire. Yeah. Jeremy There's a terrifyingly-large morehen up in the top right! Stephen It's a picture of Ousefleet, anyway! Stephen Charles Dickens, on the other hand, would not agree. He'd have voted for Chelmsford. He stayed there once, and described it as "the dullest and most stupid spot on the face of the earth". And Charles Dickens should know, because he actually invented the word "boredom". Did you know that? Alan No. Stephen Isn't that interesting? Bleak House, in 1852. A little, quite interesting ripple just ran around the audience, there. From one author to another. What did Barbara Cartland do in 1983, which involved a sofa and a hot-water bottle? Howard [presses buzzer, which flourishes] Do you know, she was buried in a cardboard coffin, underneath an oak tree in the grounds of her house? Stephen I didn't! And I'll give you five points for being quite interesting – Howard I know . . . and I haven't even finished – Stephen Oh, you're going to get more, are you? Howard The oak tree was planted by Elizabeth I. And the mourners at her funeral took away . . . were given a leaf from the oak tree as a remembrance. Stephen Is that quite interesting? Stephen Your five points stands; I'm not going to increase it . . . but that is very good. A cardboard . . . Why cardboard? Alan It's not really called a – Stephen To . . . so it would perish? Howard It melts . . . it melts into the – Stephen – I presume, to melt into the earth – Stephen – the sod – Jeremy That's 'cause they weren't entirely sure she was dead, because for the last . . . for the last 50 or 60 years, it was a bone of contention among – Alan She wrote a book! [throws hands up] Howard – or something like that, she broke a record, in one year – Stephen – for writing the largest number of books? Ever. Stephen That had ever been written by anybody in a single year. Howard It was something like, you know, 30-something. 38. 39. 40. Stephen Not . . . I'll cer– . . . I'll certainly give you – Howard 32! Stephen I'll give you three points before you give me every number in the known universe. She actually wrote 23 – Alan 23! I said – Stephen – 23 novels – and she got into the Guinness Book of Records . . . she wrote in one year, using . . . using only from the hours – Alan I have that written down. Stephen – of one to half-past one – Alan In 78 years, she produced over 600 books. Alan Has anyone in the audience ever read one? [Silence.] Does anyone know anyone who's ever read one? Has anyone ever seen one? Jo Your birthday. Stephen [looking at Jo] Now, you see, probably in hospitals is probably a place you do see them, isn't it? Jo Psychiatric hospitals. Stephen Psychiatric hospitals . . . Erm, she did say, a–after she had written all these; she said, "I'll keep going 'til my face falls off." A face, incidentally, that reminded Clive James of two crows that had crash-landed into the White Cliffs of Dover. Now, what's 15 miles away from everybody, and smells of geraniums? Jeremy [presses buzzer, which booms and squawks] It would be an out-of-town warehouse shop called "World of Geraniums". Stephen "No" is the answer to that, because you . . . wherever you are – Alan It's 15 miles from e– Stephen It must be – [points to ceiling] – straight up. Stephen I like . . . I like your thinking. Alan Or towards the earth's core itself. Stephen Yeah. Jeremy Is that like, "you're never more than 15 miles from a geranium," like "eight feet from a rat"? Stephen It's not quite like that. You're . . . you're never . . . you're never more than 15 miles from the smell of a geranium. It's a very odd thing. Howard Space smells like a geranium? Howard Er, mustard gas smells like geraniums. Stephen Not mustard – . . . Mustard gas, hence the name, smells faintly of mustard, I think you'll find . . . No. It's . . . it's a very famous gas, but . . . which is most famous for forming a layer in our atmosphere. Jeremy The ozone layer! Stephen It is indeed ozone. I don't give you any points, because that was too easy. Ozone is . . . is . . . is, of course – Howard [bursts out laughing] Stephen – well, having said it was a famous "layer", come on – is a gas. There we are. There's the ionosphere, there's the mesosphere, the stratosphere, and there's the ozone layer, just wedged in-between the stratosphere and the mesosphere. Alan 15 miles away . . . and it does smell faintly of geraniums. Alan Now, I put it to you – Stephen – that were you to go into the ozone layer and sniff . . . Stephen Well – Alan You would not have enough time to say, "It smells a bit like – " [starts to choke] Stephen Someone goes [calls downwards], "What's it smell like?!" [makes more choking noises] Stephen Well, now, ozone is a poisonous form of oxygen. But without it, the sun's ultraviolet rays would kill all land animals and plants. Ozone is blue, and smells faintly of geraniums. One of my favourite layers of the atmosphere is called the "Heaviside layer". Heaviside layer. Erm – Jeremy Is it a bit on the heavy side? Stephen Well, no . . . oddly enough, it isn't. It's named after someone called Heaviside, who was a rather marvelous self-taught physicist. But it sort-of sounds so like it should be. Alan "Self-taught" sounds like he writes it on the blackboard, then runs around and sits and jots it down. Stephen What resembles a half-melted rubber bulldog? This was a description by the film critic John Simon of a very great film actor – Jo It is Walter Matthau! Five points! Well done! Jo [to Alan] How did I get that? Alan Top work. That's, er, according to the critic John Simon. There we are. Now. From actors to atomic physics. What are atoms mostly made of? Alan Well, they're made . . . they are . . . not "mostly" . . . They're just made of the thing that they are, in that – [brings fingers together as though holding an atom] – Stephen – and not combined with other atoms. They are alone . . . Stephen Therefore, they are . . . just an atom. Stephen It's . . . it's not exactly a trick question, but they're mostly made of nothing, by a very, very long way. Even . . . even the atom of stone or diamond is more "nothing" than it is anything solid. Alan Like a t–tiny, really small, little piece of nothing. Does it have protons and electrons, or is that a molecule? Stephen You're right. No, p–protons and neutrons in the middle, there, which is the nucleus, and then the electron, which whizzes around outside. Alan I remember that from physics. Stephen Yeah. Yeah. An atom, in fact, is, er, much, much emptier, relatively speaking, than the whole solar system. Ernest Rutherford, the first man to describe the inside of an atom, likened, er . . . er, it . . . likened it to a . . . a few flies in a cathedral. That's what those little particles are inside the atom. The simplest element in the universe is hydrogen. It has a nucleus of just one proton, around which orbits a single electron. Now, if the proton were the size of a drawing pin . . . yeah? Yeah? Erm . . . erm, the electron would be the size of a pinhead, and it would be one kilometre away. Jeremy Yeah, but if I were to put a pineapple on my head, I'd look like Carmen Miranda, but I don't! Stephen . . . I don't think you quite entered into the spirit of it. Alan Well, they're really hard to divide up into more than one part. Stephen Yes. 'Cause the word means . . . that. It means . . . It means "no cut". Alan Can't split. Stephen A-tom. Yes. I think it's "tomeo" is the Greek for "I cut". And . . . As in "appendectomy": to cut. Cut the appendix, and so on. And the rather wonderful English word tmesis, which, so far as I know, is the only English word that begins with the letters "tm". T-M-E-S-I-S; it's rather wonderful. Which is that . . . when you cut a word in half by putting another word inside, like saying "abso-blooming-lutely," or "sen-fucking-sational," or . . . called tmesis. Jo Yes. Howard Well, he was certainly a toff, and he had a lot of money, so he spent his whole life living in this house, doing experiments. And he lived in Great Marlborough Street, in Soho. And if you walk from Great Marlborough Street to Jermyn Street, it takes you about three minutes. And he identified, erm, hydrogen, in about 1770, something like that. In 1770, the world's first grand piano was made by Americus Bacchus, who had his studio in Jermyn Street – Stephen Well! Howard – at exactly the same time. So my connection is, they probably met at the same coffee shoppe. Stephen That's brilliant. You've gotta have five points for that. That's superb. Superb stuff. I love it. I like that. Peculiar man. Peculiar man. And how odd to have an English aristocrat who's also peculiar. There you are. I'll tell you what it is. I . . . I . . . I expect Howard to get it if I tell you that there are 89 frequencies to a hydrogen atom. Howard Well, there are 88 keys on a piano. Stephen Absolutely. Therefore, 88 frequencies if you, obviously, discount harmonics. There are 88 notes. Howard Although not on an imperial grand. There are more than 88 keys on an imperial grand. Stephen "The six wives of Henry VIII." Stephen Just because other people have made the mistake, it's no excuse for you to make it, too. It was, erm – Alan He had six wives! Jeremy He had major, major commitment problems, didn't he? I imagine, every time, he said, "Oh, it's not you. It's me." And then, I suppose, they had a trial separation, which involved a brief trial and a very major separation! Stephen Yes, well done. Of head from shoulders, exactly right. Jeremy It must have been very difficult for the new woman in his life each time. She'd say, "Oh, I don't know, Henry. Every–everywhere I look, I just see her face," 'cause it's on a pole. Stephen Yes. Jo Possibly Kentucky Fried Chicken. I don't know. But, erm, his . . . his guts were so rotten, and it was such a hot day, that his stomach exploded. Stephen Ah, what a nasty thought. Jo Isn't that a nice image? Stephen Yes, he was syphilitic, and he was huge, and he was . . . he was a mess of a man – Jo He sounds bloody gorgeous, doesn't he? Stephen Well . . . As a young man, he was. As a young man, he was considered one of the most attractive men in – in all of Renaissance Europe. He was . . . he was much admired – Jo I prefer syphilitic and bloated, myself – Stephen – athletic, musical, poetic . . . Yes, he did get a bit bloated. [puts hands on own stomach] I can't understand people who do. Jo – but at least they're easy. Stephen Erm . . . No. Yes. It's an interesting fact, this. The real answer is "three or four". Henry's fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled on two grounds: It was never consummated, and . . . and she was already betrothed to Francis, Duke of Lorraine. This was, er, correct in law, at the time, and all parties agreed that no legal marriage had ever taken place. That leaves five wives. Er, the Pope declared Henry's second marriage, to Anne Boleyn, void, because Henry was still married to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. And the king himself, as head of the new Church of England, declared that, er, his first marriage was invalid on the correct legal ground that a man could not marry his brother's wife, and Catherine of Aragon had been married to his brother Arthur. Alan [fingers on temples] Did he . . . did he or did he not have six weddings? Stephen Yes, he did, but that wasn't the question I asked. Alan And did he say, "This is my wife . . . " – Six different people? Six different mothers-in-law all said of him, "He is my bloated, syphilitic son-in-law . . . " Stephen But by his second marriage, he said he'd never been married, because he never had a wife, because his first wife he could not be married to, Catherine of Aragon – Alan What about all the families who said, "Yes, you did: We were there!"? Stephen There was a wedding, but there was no legal – Alan They heard the speeches. They'd wake up in the morning, dead, wouldn't they? Stephen But there was no legal spousal status. That's the point we're trying to make. But, of course – Jeremy How many toast racks did he have? Stephen That's the . . . that's the d– . . . That's the way. Count the toast racks, and you'll find out. Alan Now, can I ask a question about that painting? Stephen Yeah, that's the one. He was never effete – Alan Played by the president of the gun club? Stephen He was an athletic . . . he was an athletic Italian homosexual. Alan I thought he was the wussy one! Stephen He may well have preferred man-on-man action; that doesn't mean – Alan No, I don't mean . . . When I say . . . Stephen – he was Julian Clary ! He could have been butch, like me! You see – Alan When I say "wussy one", I don't mean he was . . . he was gay; I mean he was a bit of a – [bends wrists and flops whole torso from side to side]. Stephen Stephen – but he preferred to take it up the Gary Glitter, and there we are. Er, now. Depending on whether you believe the Pope or, indeed, the king, or both of them together, Henry VIII, therefore, had either four wives or three. Erm, now, what English word rhymes with silver? Howard Is this one of the ones like "orange", where there is no rhyme for it? Stephen Forfeit: Klaxons sound. Viewscreens flash the word "NOTHING". Stephen You . . . you kind-of said that, didn't you? No. A lot of people think, like "orange", that there is no, er, rhyme for . . . for silver, but there is. Alan – "Russia". Russia! I said that! Stephen You did. Well done . . . you. Now, here's a quite interesting thing. Diamonds are made of pure carbon, er, and so is graphite, the stuff that, er, pencils are made from; the lead of a pencil, er . . . but with the carbon atoms arranged slightly differently, so slightly differently that diamond is the hardest-known substance on earth, with a score of 10 on the Moh Hardness Scale, but graphite is one of the softest – Alan "Mo' Hardness", like . . . as in "Mo' Better Blues"? Stephen No, as in "M-O-H", the name of the – Alan Ah. Stephen – fellow who gave us this hardness scale. Diamonds score 10, and . . . and graphite scores very, very low; 1.2, or something like that – Alan So cold. So . . . so much colder than that. Jeremy Blackpool! Stephen You're all doing well. No, astoundingly, light is, first, invisible; you can't see it; only what bumps into it, or it bumps into. If you could see it, you wouldn't be able to see anything else. Erm, it's often said that the speed of light is constant, but it isn't. Only in a vacuum, when it is 186,000 miles a second. In any other medium, er, the speed of light varies considerably, as a matter of fact. Through diamonds, for example, it goes less than half as . . . as fast: 80,000 miles a second – Alan Is that 'cause it's going, [impressed] "Wooo . . . !" Stephen Oh! That counts as "background," I'm afraid – Forfeit: Klaxons sound. Viewscreens flash the word "BACKGROUND". Stephen – that's gotta be . . . that's gotta be considered hugely wrong. Hugely wrong. I'm afraid you’ve fallen for it again. No, it doesn’t. It doesn’t; it doesn’t, it never has, it never will. Howard Temperature? Stephen But it suits its . . . Yes, we’ll give you . . . we’ll give you a couple for temperature, yes. Jo [presses buzzer, which dings once] Car? Stephen [drowned out by laughter] . . . "background" or "environment", in a way, doesn’t it? To match anything else around it. It doesn’t change colours to match anything. It changes colour according to mood. It could be mood or temperature or emotion . . . fear, for example; so on, like that. Alan But they’re changing to the colour of the branch that they’re hanging on. Stephen That is . . . that is . . . that is the, er, fallacy. Alan Do they know that? Has someone told them? Shouldn’t they be told? Stephen Well, they usually – Alan [to imaginary chameleon on desk] I don’t know what you’re doing that for; we can see you! Stephen The usual – Alan [pretends to hang onto plant] "I happen to be in a slightly dodgy mood. That’s all this is about. I’m not trying to look like this leaf." Stephen It used to be thought of chameleons; in fact, if you were to say . . . a hundred years ago, if you were to ask someone, "What is the . . . what is the well-known fact about chameleons?" they would say that they live on air, which was assumed to be, because they move so very, very little, and can very rarely be seen to be breathing. Another thing about er . . . erm, chameleons, is that their eyes can swivel independently. Alan I’m sure they do – Alan Or do they think the planet's just going – [wobbles hands around his eyes]. Stephen They must have worked it out. Right, well, it only leaves for me, therefore, ladies and gentlemen, to give you the final scores. And they are . . . quite interesting. Erm, I fear that in last place is Alan, with minus twenty-four points. In third place: Jeremy, with seven. Second is Howard, with thirteen, but in the lead, rousingly, is Jo, with thirty-six points! Jo Oh, my word. Stephen That’s about it for QI this week. There’s just time for me to thank Jeremy, Howard, Jo, and Alan, and to say something quite interesting to finish with, concerning an interesting property of graphite, taken from the Agony column in the Daily Mirror. "Dear Marge, I noted, in your column a few weeks ago, the pros and cons of women going without a bra. A few weeks ago, I saw a small item in the paper which may help to settle the matter. It is said that if a woman is not certain whether or not she should go braless, she should place a pencil under her bosom. If the pencil stays there, she should wear a bra. I would sign my name to this letter, but my wife still has my pencil." Good night. Thank you. Episode Notes Wonderful line. Stephen never gets around to finishing his anecdote in this episode. In the recording for 6x11 , however, he revealed that the line he so liked is, "Don't dicker with your pontiff." (His revelation did again not make it to the broadcast episode.) The actual line from The Agony in the Ecstacy, spoken by Pope Julius II, is: "You dare to dicker with your pontiff?" Julian Clary. Poor maligned Julian actually appears as a QI panellist three series hence, in 4x07 . Virgin train. The reliability of the Virgin rail service is again called into question in 5x01 , when Bill Bailey remarks that a toy train that "stops in the right place" can't be a Virgin train.	i don't know
Which legendary Greek hero killed the Minotaur with the help of Ariadne?	Minotaur \| Greek mythology \| Britannica.com Greek mythology Horus Minotaur, Greek Minotauros (“Minos’s Bull”), in Greek mythology , a fabulous monster of Crete that had the body of a man and the head of a bull. It was the offspring of Pasiphae , the wife of Minos , and a snow-white bull sent to Minos by the god Poseidon for sacrifice. Minos, instead of sacrificing it, kept it alive; Poseidon as a punishment made Pasiphae fall in love with it. Her child by the bull was shut up in the Labyrinth created for Minos by Daedalus. Theseus killing the Minotaur, detail of a vase painting by the Kleophrades Painter, 6th century … Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum This 1972 video, produced by Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation, shows how … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A son of Minos, Androgeos, was later killed by the Athenians; to avenge his death, Minos demanded that seven Athenian youths and seven maidens should be sent every ninth year (or, according to another version, every year) to be devoured by the Minotaur. When the third time of sacrifice came, the Athenian hero Theseus volunteered to go, and, with the help of Ariadne, daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, he killed the monster and ended the tribute. Theseus escaped with Ariadne. A modern version of the tale is told in Mary Renault’s novel The King Must Die (1958). Learn More in these related articles:	Theseus
Curio is a character in which Shakespeare play?	Myth of Theseus, the legendary king of Athens - Greeka.com Discover the myth of Theseus, the legendary king Having two fathers Aegeus, one of the prehistoric kings of Athens, although twice married, had no heir to the throne. So he made a pilgrimage to consult the celebrated oracle of Delphi . As he didn't get a clear-cut answer from the oracle, he sought advice from his wise friend Pittheus, king of Troezen (in Argolis). Pittheus happily gave away his daughter Aethra to his friend at a secret wedding. Aethra, after having lain with her husband on her wedding night, decided to take a walk in the moonlight, which took her through the shallow waters of the sea to the Sferia island, on the opposite coast of Poros . There she found Poseidon, god of the sea and earthquakes. Aethra, in the middle of the night and under the moonlight, was seduced by Poseidon. Thus she got doubly impregnated with the seed of a mortal and a god, giving birth to our hero, Theseus, blessed to be born with both human and divine qualities. King Aegeus apparently didn’t need a wife, only an heir. So, he decided to return to Athens after the birth of his son. Before his departure, however, he hid his sword and sandals beneath a huge rock in the presence of Aethra and told her to send Theseus to Athens when he was old enough and had the strength to roll away the rock and retrieve the evidence of his royal lineage. Theseus grew up in Troezen under the care of his mother and grandfather. From a young age, the brave young man was fired up with ambition to emulate the awesome exploits of his hero, Hercules, who had also achieved fame by destroying many villains and monsters. When, at the right time, Aethra led her son to the rock of his destiny, he easily rolled it away and retrieved the sword and sandals of his father. As Theseus was about to set out on his journey towards fate, Pittheus advised his grandson to avoid the robber-infested roads and travel by the shorter and safer sea-route to Athens. But our young hero would have none of it: he had already decided to make confronting and overcoming perils his lifetime hobby. So he chose the dangerous land-route around the Saronic Gulf on which he would shortly encounter a series of tremendous challenges. Adventures on the way to Athens It wasn't long before Theseus had his first adventure. At Epidaurus , a place sacred to the god Apollo and the legendary physician Asclepius, he met the famous Periphetes, son of Hephestus, who used to dash out the brains of travelers with an iron club. As his grandfather had already given him a description of Periphetes, Theseus immediately recognized him. In the savage encounter that followed Theseus paid back Periphetes in his own coin by dashing out the brains of the scoundrel with his own iron club. The brave youth kept the club as a trophy and soon reached the Isthmus of Corinth without further interruption. The inhabitants at the Isthmus warned Theseus about another danger to face: Siris (or, Sinnis) the bandit, guarding the passage from Corinth to Athens, had a more interesting method of treating travelers than the previous villain. Siris would tie his helpless victim between two trees which he would bend to the ground and then abruptly release it. This improvised catapult would hurl the victims into the air and then onto the ground, dashing them to their deaths. Well, it didn't take much time for our hero to finish off this task, too. Then Theseus thought this was a good time to lose his virginity, so he raped the daughter of Siris, named Perigune, who would beget him a son, Melanippus. The next adventure of Theseus occurred near the borders of Megara on a narrow trail leading to the edge of a cliff, where he found the evil bandit Scyron. This scoundrel would compel travelers to wash his feet with their backs to the sea, so that he could conveniently kick them into the waters below, where a sea monster or a giant turtle would eat them. This time, however, it was the villain Scyron who was eaten by the sea monster. Little farther away from Eleusina, by the banks of the river Cephissus, Theseus encountered his final adventure on the journey to Athens. The last bandit to play dice with his life against our hero was the giant Procrustes, nicknamed "the Stretcher". This amiable scoundrel had an imaginative way of showing his hospitality to travelers, for whom he always kept ready two iron beds, one too long and the other too short. He would offer the too short bed to the tall ones and, to help them to fit comfortably into the bed, would cut off their limbs. The same happened with the unlucky short men in the long bed: he would stretch their limbs to make a perfect fit, the victims dying in terrible agony when their limbs were ripped off. Theseus gave the Stretcher the same treatment, the giant Procrustes expiring in the short bed like his unfortunate victims. Today, Procrustes is known by the phrase "the Procrustean Bed". The Marathonian Bull Theseus finally arrived at his destination, Athens, without encountering any further challenge. He decided to delay the meeting with his father Aegeus until he had a hold on the surroundings. Being a smart and a tough hero, he did some research about the city and its king and gathered some disturbing news, including the intelligence that king Aegeus was in the helpless clutches of the evil sorceress Medea. So, when he came face to face with his father for the first time, he kept the sword and sandals, the tokens of his paternity, hidden. Medea, however, knew the true identity of the strange young newcomer through her occult powers. That didn't sit well with the sorceress who wanted her own son, Medus, to succeed to the kingdom of Athens. So, she conspired to poison the aged king's mind against the stranger, and suggested, in all innocence, to send the youth to capture the dreadful Marathonian Bull, a menace to the farmers of the countryside, so she could get rid of him easily, without resorting to the usual method on such occasions, murder. The Marathonian Bull proposal revived the flagging spirit of our hero who was getting rather bored in the absence of any real challenges to face. On his way to Marathon, Theseus had to seek refuge during a storm in the humble abode of an aged woman called Hecale. She promised the brave youth to make a sacrifice to Zeus, chief of the gods, if he succeeded in capturing the bull. Well, capturing the Marathon Bull was no big deal for our intrepid hero. But Hecale was dead when Theseus returned to her hut with the captured bull. Remembering her kindness to him, he would later name one of the regions of Attica "Hecale" to honor the old woman. This region exists with the same name till today, as Hecalei (Ekali, in modern Greek) in a luxurious area to the north side of Athems close to Kifisia. When the victorious Theseus returned to Athens with the dead body of the Marathon Bull, Aegeus, goaded on by Medea, became still more suspicious of him. So he had to assent to the plan of the sorceress to poison Theseus during the feast to celebrate his victory. However, as our hero was about to drink the poisoned wine, the eyes of Aegeus fell upon the sword and sandals the young stranger had just worn. Recognizing his son, Aegeus knocked the cup of poisoned wine off his hand and, embracing the youth with great joy and emotion, named Theseus as his son and successor before his subjects. Evil Medea was perpetually banished from Athens. Set sail to kill the Minotaur However, the adventures of Theseus did not end at this point. Soon, the young man learned that Athens was facing a great tragedy. For the past couple of decades, Aegeus had been paying a barbarous tribute to King Minos of Crete after he had been defeated in a long-running war, launched by the Cretans to avenge the murder of Androgens, the younger son of the Cretan king, by the Athenians. The tribute consisted of seven boys and seven maidens from the noblest families of Athens to be sent at every nine years to Crete to be devoured by Minotaur, the fearful half-man half-beast, who lived in the Labyrinth, an impressive construction with crossed paths from which no man could escape. Despite his father's objections, Theseus was determined to embark upon the perilous mission as one of the nine boys on the occasion of the third tribute. Before he set sail, he promised his father Aegeus that, should he return victorious from this task, the ship carrying him and the others would hoist white sails instead of the normal black sails. Theseus set sail with his fellow boys and maidens only after taking some wise precautions. He consulted an oracle which told him to make Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, his patroness. After making the necessary sacrifices to the goddess, he embarked on his fateful journey to confront the dreadful Minotaur. The love affair with Ariadne: truth or trick? Theseus and his fellow sacrificial lambs were given an audience by King Minos at the palace where Ariadne, daughter of the Cretan king, fell madly in love with our hero, instigated by Aphrodite. Ariadne somehow managed to meet the noble youth alone where they swore eternal love and fidelity to each other. She also provided him with a sharp sword (to slay the Minotaur) and a skein of thread (to find his way back within the complex maze). Thus armed, Theseus and his company entered the inscrutable Labyrinth. Following the advice of Ariadne, Theseus fastened the end of the thread at the entrance to the Labyrinth and continued to carefully unwind the skein as he was looking for the great beast. After a while, the brave youth finally found Minotaur in his lair. Their ensued a long and fierce battle which came to an end when Theseus killed the monster with the sword Ariadne had given him. Following the line of the thread, Theseus and his companions safely came out of the Labyrinth where an anxious Ariadne was waiting for him. Then, the two quickly embarked on the ship to Athens, before king Minos learnt that Minotaur was killed and his own daughter had helped Theseus. However, the happiness of the young lovers was to live short. At the island of Naxos, where the ship had touched, Theseus had a dream in which the wine-god Dionysus told him that Ariadne had been reserved by the Fates to be his bride and also warned him of innumerable misfortunes if he didn't give up the maiden. Although he had no fear of any monster or villain, Theseus had great respect for the gods and wanted to have their favour. So, Theseus and Ariadne took a tearful farewell of each other and the ship set sail to Athens. Unfortunately, everyone in the ship was distraught at parting from Ariadne and forgot to change the ship's sails to white. Another more credible version of the story says that Theseus pretended to be in love with Ariadne in order to obtain her help. After they left Crete safely, our hero abandoned the lovely maiden at Naxos , as he had no more use for her. The heartbroken Ariadne cursed Theseus and his companions and they all forgot to change the ship's sail from black to white. In any case, after Ariadne was abandoned to Naxos, god Dionysus made her his bride, lived together and had three sons, Thoas, Oenopion and Staphylus. Later on, Dionysus brought Ariadne to Mt Olympus to live with the other gods. In the meanwhile, Aegeus was waiting in anxiety for his son to come back from Crete. Every evening, he was going to Cape Sounion , the southernmost area of Attica, to see the ship coming from Crete. However, months had passed and his son had not returned. One day, as he was standing on a cliff, at Sounion, he finally saw the ship but the sails were black! He immediately thought that his son was dead and, in total despair, he fell into the sea and got drowned. From then on, the Athenians named the sea, the Aegean Sea, in memory of their beloved king. Becoming the king of Athens As the eligible heir, Theseus became King of Athens in the place of his father. He won the approval and admiration of the Athenian citizens who saw in him a wise and far-sighted ruler as well as a brave and fearless warrior. Theseus peacefully unified the disparate Attic communities into one powerful centrally-administered state. Agriculture and commerce flourished and Athens became a prosperous and important maritime port, as Theseus rightfully believed that the sea would give power to Athens. He also established the Isthmian Games to commemorate the tasks he had performed during his journey from Troizen to Athens and inaugurated many new festivals, including the Panthenaea festivals, dedicated to goddess Athena, the protector of the city. The Amazon Antigone, his first wife The next adventure of the restless Theseus got him into a lot of trouble and imperiled the safety of his kingdom. On a voyage of exploration, his ship set ashore on Lemnos, the land of the legendary female warriors, the Amazons . The lovely Antigone, sister of the Queen of the Amazons was sent as an emissary to find out whether the intentions of the strangers were peaceful or not. Theseus took one look at the beautiful emissary and forgot all about diplomatic affairs. He immediately set sail to Athens with the dumbfounded Antigone. The warrior-lady must have been impressed with the intrepid king of Athens, as she apparently didn't object to her own abduction. When they reached Athens, Theseus made her his queen and Antigone bore her husband a son, Hippolytus. The outraged Amazons did not waste their time and launched their attack towards Athens. Their attack was so strong that they managed to penetrate deep into the Athenian territory. Theseus soon organized his forces and unleashed a vicious counterattack that forced the Amazon warriors to ask for peace. The unfortunate queen Antigone, however, who had courageously fought alongside Theseus against her own people, died in the battlefield and was deeply mourned by her husband. The next great episode in the life of Theseus was his celebrated friendship with Prithious, prince of the Lapiths, a legendary people from Mt Pelion, Thessaly. Prithious had heard lots of stories about the brave deeds and awesome adventures of Theseus and he wanted to test the renowned hero. So he made an incursion into Attica with a band of followers and decamped with Theseus' herds of cattle. When our hero, along with his armed men, encountered Prithious, both of them were suddenly struck by an inexplicable admiration for each other. They swore eternal friendship and became inseparable friends. According to legend, the new friends were said to have taken part together in the famed hunt for the Calydonian Boar as well as the battle against the Centaurs, creatures who were part-human, part-horse. The latter event occurred when one among the Centaurs invited to Prithious' wedding feast got drunk and tried to rape the bride Hippodamia, joined by the other Centaurs, all of whom also tried to rape any woman that was in the celebration. Prithious and his Lapiths, with the help of Theseus, attacked the Centaurs and recovered the honour of their women. The abduction of Helen Later on, the two friends decided to assist each other to abduct a daughter of Zeus each. The choice of Theseus was Helen, who was later to become famous as Helen of Troy. The fact that Helen was only nine years old at that timed didn't deter our hero, as he wanted to abduct her and keep her safe until her time to get married would come. The duo kidnapped Helen first and Theseus left her in the safe custody of his mother, Aethra, at Troizen for a few years. However, the brothers of Helen, Castor and Pollux, rescued the girl and took their sister back to Sparta, their homeland. Phaedra, his second wife After the death of his Amazonian wife Antigone, Theseus had married Phaedra, the sister of Ariadne, the woman he had once betrayed. Phaedra, a young woman that was to have a tragic fate, gave her husband two sons, Demophone and Acamas. Meanwhile Theseus' son by Antigone, Hippolytus, had grown into a handsome youth. When he turned twenty, he chose to become a devotee of Artemis, the goddess of hunting, hills and forests, and not of goddess Aphrodite, as his father had done. The incensed Aphrodite decided to take her revenge, for this caused Phaedra to fall madly and deeply in love with her handsome stepson. When Hippolytus scornfully rejected the advances of his mother-in-law, she committed suicide from her despair. However, she had before written a suicide note saying that Hippolytus had raped and dishonored her, which is why she decided to kill herself. The enraged Theseus prayed to the sea-god Poseidon, one of his fathers, to punish Hippolytus. Indeed, Poseidon sent a monster that frightened the horses drawing the chariot of Hippolytus. The horses went mad overturning the chariot dragging along the youth who had been trapped in the reins. Theseus, in the meanwhile, had learned the truth from an old servant of Phaedra. He rushed to save his son's life, only to find him almost dead. The poor Hippolytus expired in the arms of his grief-stricken father. This great tradedy has inspired many authors and artists along centuries, starting from Hippolytus, the ancient tragedy of Euripides, till the numerous movies and plays that have been written based on this story. An end unsuitable for a hero This incident was the beginning of end for Theseus, who was gradually losing his popularity among the Athenians. His former heroic deeds and services to the state were forgotten and rebellions began to surface all around against his rule. Theseus finally abdicated his throne and took refuge on the island of Skyros. There Lycomedes, the king of the island, thought that Theseus would eventually want to become king of Skyros. Thus, in the guise of friendship, he took Theseus at the top of a cliff and murdered him, pushing him off the cliff into the sea. This was the tragic end of the life of one of the greatest Greek heroes and the noblest among the Athenians. Share it!	i don't know
What is the official language of Egypt?	Egypt \| Ethnologue Ethnologue Egypt A country in Africa The number of individual languages listed for Egypt is 15. All are living languages. Of these, 10 are indigenous and 5 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 2 are institutional, 5 are developing, 5 are vigorous, 2 are in trouble, and 1 is dying. Official Name Egyptian Spoken Arabic, Standard Arabic Literacy Rate 74% (2012 World Bank) Immigrant Languages Adyghe, Amharic (5,000), Armenian (6,000), Greek, North Levantine Spoken Arabic (84,600), Sudanese Spoken Arabic (1,520,000), Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic (84,600) General References Applegate 1970, Wehr and Cowan 1976 Language Counts The number of individual languages listed for Egypt is 15. All are living languages. Of these, 10 are indigenous and 5 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 2 are institutional, 5 are developing, 5 are vigorous, 2 are in trouble, and 1 is dying. Products	Arabic
Which famous US outlaw shot the cashier of a savings bank in Gallatin Missouri in 1869?	Ancient Egypt: Language, writing and numeral system Origins Ancient Egyptian is attached to the Hamito-Semitic language group (a name defined by linguists in the 18th century, more often called Afro-Asiatic by modern authors which gathers African and Middle East languages having common features in their vocabulary, their syntax and their grammatical forms, due either to a common origin, or to repeated contacts between populations. Besides Egyptian, this family includes Cushitic languages (between the southern border of Egypt and the north of Tanzania) and perhaps Omotic (south of Ethiopia), semitic languages (Babylonian, Canaanite or Assyrian, later Aramean, Arab, Hebrew, etc), Chadic and Berber languages. Many contradictory theories tried to define the origin of Egyptian language: Came semitic people from the east to settle in the valley of the Nile where they dominated the native Hamitic populations? Was Egyptian the common root of Hamitic and Semitic languages? Has Egyptian a Sudanian or Ethiopian origin? Afro-centric theories even class Egyptian in the Negro-African language group which would be the origin of many modern African languages. Today, many researchers believe that Afro-Asiatic could come from a language that was spoken in the area which is now Sahara, ca. 8000-6000 B.C. and spread in the north and the south when the former savanna turned into a desert... In Afro-Asiatic languages have as commun feature that words inflect by changes around a root, usually made up of three consonants (sometimes two, sometimes four) which define the general concept. Suffixes, prefixes and additional vowels specify the type of the word (noun, verb...), its syntactic value and its meaning. Thatï¿½s why writing those languages does not require compulsorily vowels: only consonants and semi-consonants (wa, yuï¿½) are written. Of course, this is today a problem for the modern pronunciation of hieroglyphs, since the use of the vowels has generally been forgotten, except when the words survived in Coptic or through other languages which had written them. The evolution of Egyptian language Of course, along its 4 500 years of use, the Egyptian language evolved in every aspect, sound, grammar and vocabulary. Obviously, even at the same time, the same language was not spoken in the same way from the north to the south of this large country, and it was influenced by the home area of the ruling dynasties which followed one another, with kings coming from one place or another. No wonder thus that the usually described linguistics periods more or less follow Egyptï¿½s great historical periods. The Egyptian languages known as of "the first phase" include first: Archaic Egyptian, the language used during the predynastic and the thinite period; Old Egyptian, used during the Old Kingdom and the first Intermediate Period. This dialect from the area of Memphis was the language of the texts of the Pyramids, inscriptions and documents of the 3rd to 6th dynasties of the Old Kingdom. the Middle Egyptian was used during the Middle Kingdom and the second Intermediate Period. This language remained the Classical Egyptian. It was only spoken during 500 years (from about 2000 to 1500 B.C.) but remained afterwards the traditional language of hieroglyphic inscriptions during almost all the history of ancient Egypt. This language was used for many literary texts, royal and private inscriptions, administrative documents and letters as well as a numerous religious literature. With the Egyptian languages known as ï¿½second phase" came new evolutions in every aspect (pronunciation, grammatical forms and use of the words, syntax, vocabulary, etc). they include: The Late Egyptian (or neo-Egyptian), derived from dialects form Upper-Egypt, which replaced the middle Egyptian in the spoken language and was used during the New Kingdom and the third Intermediate Period, until ca. 600 B.C. It was written using hieroglyphic as well as hieratic script. It was the common language for non-literary texts from the 19th to the 25th dynasties, while the ï¿½classicalï¿½ language remained in use during the same time. Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) would have tried to adopt the Late Egyptian as the official language, since it often appears in the literary and even official documents during his reign. At the Late Period, ca. 700 B.C., the languages spoken in the North and the South parted from one another, and so did the scripts. Under Psammetichus I, North and South were again unified. A new popular language appeared, the Demotic, which was used up to the 5th century A.D. Coptic (the word comes from "aiguptos", the name the greek gave to Egyptians), appeared as of the 2nd century B.C., under the influence of the Greeks, the Romans, and later of the rise of the Christian religion. Spoken by the peasants of Upper-Egypt until the 17th century, it still remains the liturgical language of the Coptic church. But itself divided in several dialects (fayumic, akhmimic, bohairic in the north, and sahidic in the south). Writing Apparently, hieroglyphic writing appeared suddenly as a very advanced system as of 3000 B.C. But maybe, it was rather the result of a long development, performed on materials which did not survive up to now. We thus know it only from the period where the country got unified. According to the ancient Egyptians, writing was of divine origin. The god Thot gave it to mankind. Anyway, it seems that the egyptian civilization developed its writing system without any external contribution. The drawings it uses indeed represent local animals, plants and practices. Besides, the attempts to link it with the cuneiform methods did not lead to convincing results. Hieroglyphs The first writing system is what we see on monuments and temples, royal tombs, religious and funerary texts, with an official and holy character: the hieroglyphic writing. Of course this writing evolved in order to comply with the requirements of the languageï¿½s evolutions, but it was nevertheless maintained throughout the Egyptian history, striving to maintain the tradition of the classical language. The old Egyptians called their writing "medou netcher" (divine word). The signs were engraved in stone or painted on plaster, generally with much detail. Hieroglyphs were used for writing old and middle Egyptian, but although middle Egyptian was no more talken about 1600 B.C., the writing of hieroglyphic inscriptions went on up to the end of the history of Ancient Egypt. During the Greco-Roman period, the number of signs increased, to reach the stage called Ptolemaic writing. The last known hieroglyphic inscriptions were found on the island of Philae, and date from 394 A.D. Everyday writing: Hieratic script Too complicated and long to draw, the hieroglyphic writing was very early transformed for daily use, using signs which were faster and easier to handle. When writing on papyrus or other material, it was impossible to keep the degree of detail which appeared on official inscriptions. A more cursive form thus developed very early. It was later called "hieratic" (sacred), although it was initially intended for daily use. It used very simplified signs, which allowed to write and take notes quickly, but where the original graphic can hardly be recognized ï¿½ somehow like our cursive script compared to printed block letters. Hieratic was written from right to left, in lines or columns. From the New Kingdom, hieratic writing drifted, and an official from Lower Egypt had more and more difficulties reading a text written by a scribe in Upper Egypt in "abnormal hieratic". Along with time, scribes developped a second simplified form, the demotic script, and hieratic was then devoted only to religious texts ï¿½ this explaining the name of Hieratic. Demotic writing Demotic appeared in Upper Egypt and was introduced as an official script during the 7th century B.C. The usual words were shortened, others were written with uniliteral signs used like an alphabet. The first demotic texts appeared about 650 B.C. This script was used for everyday documents (administrative, legal, economic), then in literature and scientific texts, whereas hieratic was maintained for religious texts and hieroglyphs for monumental inscriptions. In the Greco-Roman period, only priests could still read hieroglyphs. This is why the Rosetta Stone, for example, bears the same text in hieroglyphs and demotic, and also in greek, the official language of the Ptolemies. When the Roman emperor Theodosius, in 384, had the temples and thus the priest schools closed, the Pharaonic Egyptian scripts sank into oblivion. . Coptic writing When the Ptolemies seized power, Egyptian people were speaking and writing demotic. However, Greek became the official language. About 200 B.C., the greek alphabet got adapted to Egyptian: seven signs were added, taken from demotic, in order to represent sounds which did not exist in Greek. Thus, at the same time, the vowels were introduced in writing : the Coptic alphabet gathered 31 letters and used block and small letters. At the beginning, Coptic script was used first for the transliteration in Greek of formulas and names, of magic or astronomical texts, in order to respect the way they had to be pronounced. At the time of the christianization of Egypt, in the 4th century, the religious literature was written in coptic script, since demotic remained still associated with the ancient beliefs. After the Muslim conquest in th 7th century, Coptic language and writing declined and finally disappeared in daily use, replaced by Arabic. More about hieroglyphs One must have approached training to hieroglyph reading to discover all its richness and the place it leaves to magics, pharaonic values, art and intuition; most of all, you have to leave aside all the logic you are used to. Itï¿½s easy to imagine the efforts which were necessary for the first researchers, and the genius of Champollion, to decipher a writing method which included hundreds of signs (approximately 750 ï¿½usualï¿½ signs), aligned sometimes from the top to the bottom, from right to left or from left to right, without separation between words. Moreover, the hieroglyphs have a magic significance: pronouncing them makes them alive, and thus some signs, whose reading could be dangerous, are sometimes voluntarily mutilated. Even their color has a magic meaning, and the scribe had to be careful not to use one which may offend a god. Lastly, the sequence of the signs is not always that of reading: some royal or honorary signs are located in front of the word even if they are read at the end. And they are arranged so that the sentence is beautiful to look at, even if this means to mistreat the usual reading direction. Some principles the layout must be pleasant to look at. To reach this, the signs are often grouped by 3 or 4 in virtual "square blocks", called quadrats. The dimensions of the subject of the pictograms are not taken into account: an owl may be taller than a man. the direction of reading is determined by looking at the signs which represent living beings: if the animals or men are looking to the left site, reading occurs from left to right, and vice-versa. This allow to decorate in a symmetrical way the front of buildings, by writing the same inscription in both directions. " cartouches" (curvilinear frames) are intended to contain royal names. Lastly, the hieroglyphs may have varied functions: A hieroglyph can have the value of a pictogram (it was especially the case in the oldest writings), That is to say it means what it represents: (Per) a house, (Ra:) god-sun, (ra) the mouth. In this case, it is usually accompanied by a vertical bar. It can be also an ideogram, that is to say it symbolizes a different object: a mouth for the speech, the sun as a star. It can also be an image of the sound it represents, like in a rebus. These "sound signsï¿½ (or phonograms) include uniliteral signs, which evoke a single sound, like the consonants in our alphabet ( = R), biliteral (two successive consonants, = PR), or triliteral signs (three successive consonants). Sometimes "sound-signs" are there only to confirm the pronunciation of the sign which stands in front: in this case again, they are not pronounced... Lastly, the same sign (sun) can be sometimes a pictogram (god-sun), sometimes an ideogram (sun), sometimes a sound-sign (Ra), sometimes a determinative (the word which precedes is relating to time). In short: the training is enthralling, and accessible to those with really wish it, but not particularly simple! If Egyptian writing looks quite complex, the representation of numbers seems to us surprisingly easy. First of all, the numeral system is decimal. There is no zero, but a sign exists for each "rank" : a bar for the unit, a bridge for tens, a loop for hundreds, etc. In order to write a number, each sign (thousands, hundreds, tens and units) is drawn as many times as required. Reading thus results from a mental addition of the signs. Thus the order in which the signs are written does not have any significance, and they can be arranged in a way which facilitates reading and is pleasant to look at... However, the numbers have also a name, which can be written out using hieroglyphs! Writing fractions deserves a special paragraph: The Egyptians used for that a magic sign, the famous "eye of Horus" (called wadjet, wedjat or udjat) which is often used as an amulet. When Horus, the god Falcon, son of Isis and Osiris fought his uncle Seth to avenge his father, Seth snatched one of his eyes and cut it into pieces, but Thot, the healing god, reconstituted it and returned it to him. This eye consequently became a talisman which symbolizes health, light, and protection against... the "evil eyeï¿½! Indeed, the various parts of the eyeï¿½s drawing are used to write the binary fractions (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 and 1/64). As for the figures, the other fractions are written by using several of these signs (addition of fractions). For example 3/8 = 1/4 + 1/8	i don't know
Which actor narrated the 1970’s UK tv documentary ‘The World At War’?	“Spectacular series” Director Oliver Stone This ‘jewel in the nation’s crown’ is being re-released to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of its first broadcast which took place on 31st October 1973 The World at War is regarded by many to be one of the greatest documentary series of all time. This BAFTA and Emmy Award winning documentary series, which was first broadcast 40 years ago, was the first factual series of its kind to document the full history of World War II. The series was memorably narrated by legendary screen actor and stage icon Sir Laurence Olivier. The World at War has been inspiring film makers and historians for the past 40 years including such programmes as the BBC’s ‘Nazis a Warning from History’, produced by Laurence Reece, and more recently Oliver Stone’s ‘Untold History of the United States’ , both series creators’ laying claim to being inspired by The World at War. Available now to buy from Amazon Synopsis The World at War was conceived and produced by Sir Jeremy Isaacs and was first broadcast on the ITV Network on the 31st October 1973. Making use of of rare black and white and colour film archive footage supplied by the Imperial War Museum, this 26 part documentary series investigates the events surrounding World War II and features interviews with major members of the Allied and Axis campaigns, including civilian eyewitnesses, enlisted men, officers, government advisors and politicians, to create what is widely agreed to be the definitive history of World War II and a landmark in British television history. In 2010 the series went through a major digital restoration upgrade to HD - the archive film used in the series is the only World War II footage of its kind to be restored and remastered to HD 16.9 and 5.1 Sound. Lord Olivier provided brilliant narration for the series. DVD & Blu-ray Specifications	Laurence Olivier
Which online bookstore was originally called Cadabra.com?	“Spectacular series” Director Oliver Stone This ‘jewel in the nation’s crown’ is being re-released to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of its first broadcast which took place on 31st October 1973 The World at War is regarded by many to be one of the greatest documentary series of all time. This BAFTA and Emmy Award winning documentary series, which was first broadcast 40 years ago, was the first factual series of its kind to document the full history of World War II. The series was memorably narrated by legendary screen actor and stage icon Sir Laurence Olivier. The World at War has been inspiring film makers and historians for the past 40 years including such programmes as the BBC’s ‘Nazis a Warning from History’, produced by Laurence Reece, and more recently Oliver Stone’s ‘Untold History of the United States’ , both series creators’ laying claim to being inspired by The World at War. Available now to buy from Amazon Synopsis The World at War was conceived and produced by Sir Jeremy Isaacs and was first broadcast on the ITV Network on the 31st October 1973. Making use of of rare black and white and colour film archive footage supplied by the Imperial War Museum, this 26 part documentary series investigates the events surrounding World War II and features interviews with major members of the Allied and Axis campaigns, including civilian eyewitnesses, enlisted men, officers, government advisors and politicians, to create what is widely agreed to be the definitive history of World War II and a landmark in British television history. In 2010 the series went through a major digital restoration upgrade to HD - the archive film used in the series is the only World War II footage of its kind to be restored and remastered to HD 16.9 and 5.1 Sound. Lord Olivier provided brilliant narration for the series. DVD & Blu-ray Specifications	i don't know
Magyarorszag is the local name for which country?	Hungary - Country Profile - Magyarország Republic of Hungary \| Magyar Koztarsasag Country Profile Flag of Hungary Background: Hungary was part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. In the more open GORBACHEV years, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and steadily shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Hungary developed close political and economic ties to Western Europe. It joined NATO in 1999 and is a frontrunner in a future expansion of the EU. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) int'l long form: Republic of Hungary int'l short form: Hungary Time Zone: Central European Time (CET) Actual Time: Fri-Jan-20 09:32 Capital City: Budapest (est. pop. 2 million) Other Cities: Debrecen (220,000); Miskolc (208,000); Szeged (189,000); Pecs (183,000). Government: Constitution: August 20, 1949. Substantially rewritten in 1989, amended in 1990. Geography: Location: Central Europe, northwest of Romania. Area : 93,028 km² (35,918 sq. mi.) Terrain: Mostly flat, with low mountains in the north and northeast and north of Lake Balaton. Climate: Temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers. People: Population : 9.9 million (2012) Ethnic groups: Magyar 92%, Romany 4% (est.), German 2%, Slovak 1%, others 1%. Religions: Roman Catholic 68%, Calvinist 21%, Lutheran 4%, Jewish 1%, others, including Baptist Adventist, Pentecostal, Unitarian 3%. Languages : Magyar 98%, other 2%. Literacy: 99%. Natural resources: Bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land. Agriculture products: Wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products. Industries: Mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles.	Hungary
Who was the last English monarch to die on the battlefield?	Hungary travel guide - Wikitravel Understand[ edit ] Hungary is one of the 15 most popular tourist destinations in the world, with a capital regarded as one of the most beautiful in the world . Despite its relatively small size, Hungary has numerous World Heritage Sites, UNESCO Biosphere reserves, the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe ( Lake Balaton ), and the largest natural grassland in Europe ( Hortobágy ). In terms of buildings, Hungary has the largest synagogue in Europe (Great Synagogue), the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath), the third largest church in Europe (Esztergom Basilica), the second largest territorial abbey in the world (Pannonhalma Archabbey), the second largest Baroque castle in the world (Gödöllő), and the largest Early Christian Necropolis outside Italy (Pécs), the second underground in Europe and the third all over the world after New York and London (Millennium Underground). You can expect to find safe food and water, good safety and a generally stable political climate. Hungary doesn't attract terrorists and keeps drug and crime levels moderate. People[ edit ] Hungary has been ethnically diverse since its inception, and while today over 90% of the population are ethnically Hungarian, pockets of ethnic and cultural Slovaks, Romanians, Germans and others dot the country. Due to the border changes of Hungary after World War I, over 2 million ethnic and cultural Hungarians live in bordering countries, as well. The Hungarians, otherwise known as Magyars, are the descendants of several tribes from Central Asia, who were believed to be fierce, nomadic horsemen and came to Central Europe in the 9th century. Climate[ edit ] Temperatures in Hungary vary from -20°C (-4F) to 39°C (102F) through the year. Distribution and frequency of rainfall are unpredictable due to the continental climate of the country. Heavy storms are frequent after hot summer days, and rainfall is more frequent in the Autumn. The western part of the country usually receives more rain than the eastern part, and severe droughts may occur in summertime. Weather conditions in the Great Plain can be especially harsh, with hot summers, cold winters, and scant rainfall. The weather of the capital city is humid continental with agreeable temperatures in spring and autumn, during the summertime the climate is warm and sudden heavy showers are common, while the winter is cold and the temperatures are usually under 0 degrees. Cities[ edit ] Budapest — with jovial leafy parks, renowned museums, an extensive Medieval Castle District and a thriving nightlife, Budapest is one of Europe's most delightful and enjoyable cities Debrecen — the second largest city in the country, a cultural and ecclesiastical centre Eger — a beautiful northern town with an ancient castle and camera obscura Győr — there are many cafés, restaurants, boutiques, and night clubs in its lovely Baroque city centre Kecskemét — a town famous for its vibrant music scene, plum brandy, and Art Nouveau architecture Miskolc — with a unique cave bath in Miskolc-Tapolca , the third largest city in the country, located near the scenic Bükk Mountans Nyíregyháza — a medium-sized city with a busy water resort, museum village, and annual autumn festival Pécs — a pleasant cultural centre and university town Szeged — the sunniest city in Hungary with a particularly rich history Székesfehérvár — former Royal seat, currently famous for its Baroque architecture and museums Get in[ edit ] Hungary is a member of the Schengen Agreement . There are no border controls between countries that have signed and implemented this treaty - the European Union (except Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom), Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Likewise, a visa granted for any Schengen member is valid in all other countries that have signed and implemented the treaty. But be careful: not all EU members have signed the Schengen treaty, and not all Schengen members are part of the European Union. This means that there may be spot customs checks but no immigration checks (travelling within Schengen but to/from a non-EU country) or you may have to clear immigration but not customs (travelling within the EU but to/from a non-Schengen country). Please see the article Travel in the Schengen Zone for more information about how the scheme works and what entry requirements are. Recognised refugees and stateless persons in possession of a valid travel document issued by the government of any one of the above countries/territories are exempt from obtaining a visa for Hungary (but no other Schengen country, except Germany and, for refugees, Slovakia ) for a maximum stay of 90 days in a 180 day period. Citizens of Antigua and Barbuda are permitted to work in Hungary without the need to obtain a visa for the period of their 90 day visa-free stay. However, this ability to work visa-free does not necessarily extend to other Schengen countries. By plane[ edit ] Hungary's main international airports are Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport [1] in Budapest (formerly "Budapest Ferihegy International Airport") and Airport Debrecen [2] in Debrecen . In addition, there are less used international airports; these are Győr-Pér and Pécs-Pogány. There are several low cost carriers operating to Budapest: for example Ryanair [3] , Wizzair [4] , Easyjet [5] , Germanwings [6] and Airberlin [7] . Alternatively, a bus connection exists between Vienna International Airport and the capital, which is a 3 hour ride [8] . By train[ edit ] Budapest is an important railway hub for the whole country and large part of Eastern Europe, with frequent train connections from Austria , Germany , the Czech Republic and Slovakia . There is at least one daily train from Croatia , Romania , Russia , Slovenia , Serbia , Switzerland and Ukraine , as well as cars from Poland and seasonal sleepers from Bulgaria and Montenegro . For detailed info see Budapest#By_train . You can search for train connections and look up timetables at the official site of MÁV , Hungary's national train company, or at the German Railways website covering almost all of Europe. By private transfer[ edit ] Many types of private transfers are available from Budapest to close Capital cities: Prague, Vienna and Bratislava. Most private transfers include hotel pick-up and hotel drop-off and save you the hassle of getting to the airport/train station and back. For example with Airport Transfer Budapest . By car[ edit ] To enter the country, ensure that your International Motor Insurance Card is valid for Hungary(H) along with the Vehicle Registration and a Power of Attorney from the owner if the car is not yours. The border guards are very strict about allowing cars through without these documents (see excerpt below). The Hungarian border control is very strict and thorough. They will not hesitate to conduct a full vehicle search if necessary. Entry from Schengen countries (Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia) does not require such border control since the abolishment of physical borders in 2007. All remaining EU borders show light control (Romania, Croatia) and due to a bilateral agreement Serbian citizens are also no more to undergo a strict border control. However you have to take into consideration that if entering from the Schengen area you might have to undergo a so called domestic customs control at any time when moving/driving in the country. Non-Schengen passengers must count with having to face a strict control upon passing the border from Ukraine and Serbia. Coming from Serbia you are allowed to bring 2 packets of cigarettes into Hungary. Any excess will be confiscated and you will end up with a fine of €102. Hunting weapons can be imported from any EU member state provided that you have a European Licence. However you cannot buy or sell your a new weapon here. Automatic weapons can't be held at all, and there is little chance you'd ever get a license in Hungary to obtain such. The same is the situation with illicit drugs. Infringement of these rules will lead to your immediate arrest! Entry from non-Schengen countries can take quite a long time, in particular in the summer months on the weekends when EU-Nationals are returning back north along the E75 corridor from Belgrade, Serbia. The wait lines to get through the border have been as long as 7km with a wait time of up to 6 hours. Alternative border-crossing points in Hungary or Croatia can be used to by-pass. If you are driving in from an EU country e.g. Austria, you are required to pull over to check with authorities at the border, otherwise, the borders are open and usually the immigration control kiosk are empty. When driving into Hungary, make sure that the border crossing on the route you choose allows the passage of foreigners. Also some smaller crossings close in the afternoon for the night. It is also required to buy a vignette for driving on highways before entering them. [9] . Domestic (Budapest) car hire: [10] and International car rental supplier: [11] . By bus[ edit ] Several international bus lines go in or through Hungary. You can find timetables and book tickets on the homepage of Volánbusz [12] , which is the national bus company and also the local Eurolines representation. Alternatively, Orangeways bus company [13] offer services on routes between Budapest and Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. There are many taxi and minibus companies [14] going door to door at your request. By ship[ edit ] It is possible to enter Hungary by international shipping lines on Danube (Duna) or Tisza rivers. There is a scheduled hydrofoil service on the Danube to and from Vienna and Bratislava between May and September operated by Mahart. [15] From Slovakia[ edit ] Direct trains connect Budapest with Bratislava (9 trains daily, one nightly train in each direction) and Košice (2 trains daily in each direction). Reservations are not required, but possible. The other border crossing railway passenger services were cut back in the recent years, making difficult to cross the border. However, at some places it is easier to walk through the border. There are many suburban trains from Budapest (or from Győr) to Komárom, and from Bratislava to Komárno. Although there's no train crossing the border, the two stations are in relatively close walking distance. In the eastern part of the country, the MÁV operates hourly trains to Sátoraljaújhely, from where Slovenské Nové Mesto railway station accessible with a 2 km walk, where there are many trains to Kosice, offering an alternative to the daily 2 direct trains. Student Agency [16] operates buses from Prague via Bratislava to Gyor and Budapest (currently 2 daily buses in each direction). These buses are very comfortable and somewhat cheaper than trains. Ticket can be easily bought online and even returned (without a cancellation fee!) until 5 hours before the departure time. Advance reservation is recommended, as these buses tend to be booked up. Several private companies operate microbuses between Košice and the Budapest International Airport. Look around the city center of Košice, you'll find travel agencies displaying these offers. Alternately, there is a local bus 801 from Bratislava to Rajka just across the border. From Rajka, a few local trains depart daily to Győr, where you can change for a Budapest-bound train. Keep in mind this is much slower than taking a direct bus or a direct train and costs about the same. The only difference is the route taken, since direct trains between Bratislava and Budapest do not travel through Győr, instead they follow an entirely different route through Nové Zámky, Štúrovo and Szob. Štúrovo railway station is connected with Esztergom railway station by local buses: [17] By plane[ edit ] Hungary presently has no regular domestic flights. As Budapest lies in the center of the country and pretty much any point can be reached within three hours by train or bus, there isn't much need for scheduled domestic flights. However there are many opportunities for people with a valid pilot's license to rent a plane and explore by air. A Pilot's Academy of Malev Flying Club [18] +36(20)565-6467, Dunakeszi. Lightweight gliders and other stuff. By train[ edit ] The Hungarian National Railway is MÁV [19] and GYSEV [20] (some lines in the west of the country). MÁV has an online schedule and pricing site [21] , which can be used in English as well. The train network is star-shaped (hub-and-spoke), fanning out from the centre at Budapest . This is caused by history because half of the once complete train system went to the neighbor countries after World War I. If neither the starting or ending point is Budapest, expect to travel for a long time often with change in Budapest. Intercity (IC) trains are the fastest, and they're up-to-date, well maintained and clean. They link the major cities with Budapest. Expect to pay about HUF550 (=EUR2) extra fee independently from the distance for the mandatory seat reservation (not in international ICs, ECs). In some cases the extra charge can be lower. Compared to the majority of Western European ticket prices, Hungary's IC trains are amongst the cheapest, with an excellent record of speed and comfort. In almost all cases they also have a restaurant car. At the weekends many students use these IC trains to commute between Budapest and other cities, so an early advance booking is recommended on Friday afternoons for the trains leaving Budapest and on Sunday evenings for trains towards Budapest. Working with a notebook is generally safe, unless it's heavy overcrowded. Other train lines usually are not that fast, and not always cleaned up to the high standards (even in the 1st class), and often vandalised (mostly in Budapest region); however quality standards are improving. During summer trains linking Balaton to Budapest are sometimes overcrowded with the IC usually being sold out. The next choice is the gyorsvonat (fast train, with a moderate extra fee). Pricing depends only on the distance and on the car class. Cash desks assume 2nd class by default for non-IC trains (at least in Budapest for English speakers), so if you didn't catch your IC, consider asking 1st class, paying small extra for much more comfort. Smoking is prohibited on all trains, as well as on the station platforms. Young people (under 26 years) may travel with 33% reduction at the weekends (Friday afternoon included). Children (under 6 years) and retired (citizens from EU countries over 65 years) can travel free except on InterCity and fast trains where the extra fee (reservation) must be paid. It is possible to travel with an Inter Rail pass in Hungary. Check whether buying tickets for each journey is cheaper. By bus[ edit ] Hungary’s national bus network is operated by 28 state run companies, united under Volán Association [22] . Connections are frequent, prices are close to those on non-Intercity trains. Buses, especially longer distance ones are efficient and quite similar in speed to the train, sometimes even faster as they do not need to connect through Budapest unlike the train. Demand for bus transport is high and buses tend to get overfilled. To guarantee a seat on a long-distance bus it is therefore recommended to queue on time for the bus at its departing platform. Tickets are purchased from the bus driver, this usually includes most long-distance buses. Have sufficient cash on you as it is not possible to pay by card. It is a good idea to reserve your tickets for national holidays, Friday and Sunday evenings beforehand. If you use the public Budapest airport busline (No. 200E), make sure you validate your ticket after buying it. (You can buy it from the bus driver as well.) The small orange boxes on the bus are used for validating tickets. Ticket inspectors can show up and if you have not validated your ticket you are liable for a 8000HUF on the spot fine. By boat[ edit ] There are several scheduled riverboat and hydrofoil lines operated by MAHART PassNave Ltd. from the capital city Budapest to towns in the Danubebend, like Szentendre , Visegrád and Esztergom . [23] In the capital city there are several sightseeing and night cruises opereated by MAHART PassNave Ltd. and other shipping companys, like Legenda Ltd. Although from May to September there is a good hydrofoil boat connection [24] between Vienna and Budapest . There are some ferries on Danube and Tisza but their undetermined working hours make them non-recommended. You can trust the ferry on Lake Balaton, though, for a modest price. By car[ edit ] Most roads in Hungary are two lane apart from modern motorways. Main roads are mostly in good shape, however cracks, potholes and bumpy roads are common on minor roads and in major cities though they are constantly being repaired. Usually you can travel by using a map and the road signs. Motorists frequently pass cars at the last possible moment resulting in a daily symphony of near, head-on collisions. As there are few shoulders alongside Hungarian roads, motorists are frequently passing bicyclists and the numbers of fatalities have risen sharply in recent years. Generally speaking, Hungarians tend to drive very aggressively, tailgating, flashing, and honking is very common, especially on motorways. In large urban areas, you can sometimes see motorists fighting each other during traffic jams, and they may even sometimes pull you out of your car if they think you have offended them in some way, though such occurrences are rare. Another problem is the police. Besides maintaining public safety, they sometimes concentrate on fining motorists and revoking driving licences. You can expect speed cameras in many places (hidden in roadside bushes, behind trees, garbage bins, parked vehicles, and so on). Road defects are often fixed with 30km/h speed limit signs, and police cars equipped with speed cameras may show up shortly after the sign has been installed. Expressways are not free, but there are no other toll roads or tunnels. A vignette system is used, similar to that in neighbouring Austria and Slovakia, but as of 2008 the vignette is stored electronically and checked for using gantries that read license plate numbers. You can purchase them in intervals of 10 days, 1 month, or 1 year. The vignette is very important and it is a good idea to buy it even if you don't plan to use the highway. Control is automatic with video cameras and you will get a high ticket (HUF70,000) automatically without any warning. If you travel by normal roads the speed limit is 90km/h between cities and 50km/h inside, which slows you to the average around 60km/h. Roads often have high traffic (especially main roads like #8 to the west, #6 to the south and #4 to the east). On highways, the speed limit is 130km/h unless explicitly noted otherwise, but in the inside lane it is still very common to have someone speed by you. As elsewhere in Europe, you are expected to use the right lane for travel, and move into the left lane only for passing. Passing on the right in not allowed on highways. When you cross the country from the west to the east (or vice versa), take into account that there are only a few bridges crossing the Danube outside Budapest . There are some ferries available though. Outside urban areas, it is a legal requirement to drive with headlights on, even during the day. A peculiar custom in Hungary is that the flashing of one's headlights in an intersection means that the driver is giving up his or her right of way and letting the other party ahead. Hungary has a policy of zero tolerance for driving under the influence of alcohol. If you are caught driving even after only having a couple of units of alcohol you are most likely to be arrested. Highways[ edit ] There is a fast growing highway network in Hungary (1,480km in total). Each highway starts in Budapest. M0 - Motorway ring around Budapest, with a missing section in the north-west. M7/M70 - connection to Lake Balaton , Croatia and Slovenia (south-west) Planned: M4 - will provide connection to Romania via Szolnok by the year 2015 (east) M44 - will provide connection between the M5 at Kecskemét and the Romanian border via Békéscsaba (east) M8/M9 - will cross the country east-west by 2015 A single vignette is required to use all highways. Vignettes can be purchased online with bankcard on [25] , at filling stations and at ÁAK (State Motorway Management Co.) offices. A 10-day vignette for a passenger car costs HUF 2975 (~EUR 10) during summertime, the 4-day ticket for car has been cancelled. Vignettes are controlled automatically through a camera system. See [26] or [27] for details. By taxi[ edit ] Inspect the change that taxi drivers give you. Cabbies commonly rip off tourists by giving them change in outdated Romanian currency, which looks similar to Hungarian currency, but is worthless and cannot be redeemed. : See also: Budapest#By taxi . By Metro[ edit ] Within the city centre of Budapest, you will find there is local metro (underground) stations throughout the capital and within proximity to many tourist attractions, usually indicated with large "M" signs. Tickets are available at kiosks and at automatic ticket machines (newer ones accept coins, banknotes and credit cards as well). If buying single tickets remember that they must be validated (punched) at the machines in front of the escalators (or if travelling on buses and trams at the machines inside the vehicle). Single tickets are valid for one journey on one service. If you change between metro lines, you don't have to validate a new ticket, but in any other cases (changing from metro to bus or tram, bus to bus, tram to bus etc.) you have to use a second ticket. If you make only occasional journeys, save by buying a book of 10. However, be warned that many ticketing staff do not speak English and some times it is best to use the available ticket machine which has an English option. However, if you do plan to see a number of attractions with public transport, it is best to get a 24 hour travel card. It is valid for a full 24 hours from the time of purchase. There are also 3 day and weekly tickets. If you buy a three day Budapest Card, this includes public transport and entry to many museums. Many travellers will find that there are metro ticket inspectors virtually at every stop. If you are caught with invalid fare, you will be asked to pay a fine of 8000 HUF on the spot or you will be taken to the police station. When you approach the ticketing machine, you will see a number of options. Short fare is intended for only 3 stops, and only on metro lines, regardless of which one you catch or change to. Regular fare instructions is as listed, but be sure to validate your fare or it'll be considered invalid. For more information: [28] See also: Hungarian phrasebook Hungarians are rightly proud of their unique, complex, sophisticated, richly expressive language, Hungarian (Magyar pronounced "mahdyar"). It is a Uralic language most closely related to Mansi and Khanty of western Siberia. It is further sub-classified into the Finno-Ugric languages which include Finnish and Estonian ; it is not at all related to any of its neighbours: the Slavic, Germanic, and Romance languages belonging to the Indo-European language family. Although related to Finnish and Estonian, they are not mutually intelligible. Aside from Finnish, it is considered one of the most difficult languages for English speakers to learn with the vocabulary, complicated grammar, and pronunciation being radically different. So it is not surprising that an English speaker visiting Hungary understands nothing from written or spoken Hungarian. Hungary did adopt the Latin alphabet after becoming a Christian kingdom in the year 1000. English-speakers tend to find most everything about the written language tough going, including a number of unusual sounds like gy (often pronounced like the d in "during" and ű (vaguely like a long English e as in me with rounded lips), as well as agglutinative grammar that leads to fearsome-looking words like eltéveszthetetlen (unmistakable) and viszontlátásra (goodbye). Also, the letters can very well be pronounced differently than in English: the "s" always has a "sh" sound, the "sz" has the "s" sound, and the "c" is pronounced like the English "ts", to name a few. On the upside, it is written with the familiar Roman alphabet (if adorned with lots of accents), and--unlike English--it has almost total phonemic orthography. This means that if you learn how to pronounce the 44 letters of the alphabet and the digraphs, you will be able to pronounce almost every Hungarian word properly. Just one difference in pronunciation, vowel length, or stress can lead to misinterpretation or total misunderstanding. The stress always falls on the first syllable of any word, so all the goodies on top of the vowels are pronunciation cues, and not indicators of stress, as in Spanish. Diphthongs are almost-nonexistent in Hungarian (except adopted foreign words). Just one of many profound grammatical differences from most European languages is that Hungarian does not have, nor need to have the verb "to have" in the sense of possession - the indicator of possession is attached to the possessed noun and not the possessor, e.g. Kutya = dog, Kutyám = my dog, Van egy kutyám = I have a dog, or literally "Is one dog-my". Hungarian has a very specific case system, both grammatical, locative, oblique, and the less productive; for example a noun used as the subject has no suffix, while when used as an direct object, the letter "t" is attached as a suffix, with a vowel if necessary. One simplifying aspect of Hungarian is that there is NO grammatical gender, even with the pronouns "he" or "she", which are both "ő", so one does not have to worry about the random Der, Die, Das sort of thing that occurs in German, "the" is simply "a". In Hungarian, family name precedes given name, the same as with Asian languages. And the list of differences goes on and on, such as the definite and indefinite conjugational system, vowel harmony, etc. Attempting anything beyond the very basics will gain you a great deal of respect since so few non-native Hungarians ever attempt to learn any of this small, seemingly difficult, but fascinating language. Foreign languages[ edit ] Since English is widely taught in schools and universities, if you address people in their teens, twenties or lower thirties, you stand a good chance that they will speak very good English. However, due to Hungary's history, the older generation will tend to not speak English. These Hungarians may speak Russian, which was compulsory in the Communist era, although most have not used it since. German is very useful and is almost as widely spoken as English, and almost universally near the Austrian border and especially Sopron, which is officially bilingual and has huge contacts with Vienna due to it being accessible by Vienna suburban trains. In these areas, and with older people in general, German will most often take you a lot further than English. Spanish, French and Italian are secondary languages in schools and are increasing in prominence where there are increasing numbers of firms basing subsidiaries in the country. You will have a much better chance finding someone speaking a foreign language (mostly English and German) in larger cities, especially in those with universities such as Budapest , Debrecen , Miskolc , and Szeged . Hungary has several World Heritage sites . These are: Buda Castle by night Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape Other major tourist destination is Lake Balaton , with winehills, thermal spa in Hévíz around. There are also some amazing things to see. Tiszavirágzás. In mid- June the Tisza produces swarms of mayflies which are likened to flowers. Once decimated by pollution, the population is rebounding. (They're famous for living only for 1-2 days.) Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Birdwatching Hungary is an excellent destination for birdwatching (aka birding) holiday. There are wooded hills, vast fish-pond systems and grasslands, the puszta. Particularly good areas include the Kiskunsag and Hortobagy National Parks and the Aggtelek, Bukk and Zemplen Hills. Horse riding Vast areas of open countryside coupled with the long traditions of horsemanship make Hungary an ideal country for riding. Wide open plains in the south and forested hills in the north offer varied riding terrain. Baths[ edit ] Thermal waters abound in Hungary with over 1000 thermal springs in the country (more than 100 just in the Budapest area) many of which have been turned into baths and spas. The most famous being the Szechenyi baths in Budapest . It was completed in 1913 and built in Modern Renaissance style. This is the biggest thermal bath complex in Europe, its venue is the Budapest City Park. There are, however, hundreds of individual baths all around the country. The cave baths at Miskolc-Tapolca and the spa at Egerszalók are some nice examples. The first thermal baths were erected by the Romans more than 2000 years ago. See Budapest , Nyíregyháza for details. More thermal bath and spa from Hungary: [29] [30] "Budapest History Museum" There are three major sections. The Roman Antiquities and Archaeology section (Aquincum Museum). The Medieval section (Castle Museum). And the Modern Age section (Kiscelli Museum). "Holocaust Memorial Center" It is an interactive exhibition that shows original documents and objects from the Holocaust. There is also a library, bookshop, a coffee shop, and the Braham Information Centre. (also guided tours are available) "House of Terror Museum" Its exhibitions commemorate the victims of the racist and communist regimes in Hungary in the 20th century. (including those detained, interrogated, tortured or killed in the building.) It portrays the country's relationship with Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during their years of occupation. "Lake Balaton" The biggest lake in Central Europe and there are numerous villages on its edges catering to tourists. It is one of the most popular holiday destinations. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] The unit of Hungarian currency is known as the forint (HUF). The Hungarian "cent" (fillér) is long since obsolete. Bank notes come in denominations of HUF20,000, 10,000, 5,000, 2,000, 1,000 and HUF500, coins are HUF200 (two coloured, similar to a one euro coin), HUF100 (two coloured, similar to €2), HUF50, HUF20, HUF10 and HUF5. Euros are now accepted at most hotels and some of the restaurants and shops. Make sure you check the exchange rate though, sometimes even well known places (like McDonald's) will exchange at unrealistic rates. You can use major credit cards (EuroCard, Visa) in major shops and larger restaurants, but never expect that without checking first. Small places cannot afford to handle cards. ATMs are available even in small cities, the coverage is good. While completing any monetary transactions, it's best to pay in forint when you can. Some restaurants and hotels charge a steep rate for euro exchange and often, due to the fluctuation in exchange rates, cost and services stated may vary drastically. Money Exchange[ edit ] There were 285 forints to the US dollar and 300 forints to the euro in March 2015. Shopping in Hungary is extremely cheap for people from the US and the euro zone. Exchange rates for EUR and USD are roughly the same downtown (at least in Budapest and Eger ). Rates will likely be much worse in airports and large train stations - so change exactly what you need to reach downtown. A good habit is to compare the buy and sell rates: if they are drastically different, you're best going somewhere else. Official exchange offices always give a receipt and normally have a large glass between client and a cashier making all steps transparent for client. Travellers report that unofficial money changers operating nearby an official money changing booth offer unfavourable rates--and recommend to use official exchange offices. It's worth noting that such exchanges are illegal. If someone offers to change at a very good rate, it is to actually slip you less money with some hand trickery, hoping that you won't notice till later. If you arrive to Budapest at late nights or state holidays it is quite likely you won't be able to find any working bank or exchange office. In this case you may attempt to exchange your money with any random taxi driver. They will rip you off by HUF100-200 (around €1), but it's better than nothing. There is an ATM in the arrival hall at Budapest Ferihegy, and the rates for using ATMs with a card are often better than the bureau de change. There are many banks machines in Budapest which will accept European and North American debit/credit cards, if it becomes necessary, it maybe in your best interest to draw a sufficient amount for your stay and it will often give a more much favourable rate. What to buy?[ edit ] Apart from classical tourist souvenirs like postcards and trinkets, here are some things unique to Hungary or just hard to find elsewhere. Cold-smoked sausages Spices: Paprika and Hungarian Saffron Gundel set of cheese: aged in Gundel wines or with walnut pieces or seasonings. Most easily found in 350g sets of three kinds in duty-free of Ferihegy Airport in Budapest (at least in Terminal 2), but is likely available in Gundel 1894 Food & Wine Cellar (see Pest#Eat ). Keep in mind that shelf life for this cheese is only 2 months. Wines: Tokaji, Egri Bikavér (see Liquor), red wine from Villány area etc. Pálinka: very famous and strong brandy made from fruits. Unicum: a herbal digestive liqueur. Herend: luxury hand painted and gilded porcelain. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Kolbász, Hungarian sausage Main courses in menus are normally HUF2,500-3,000 in touristy places in Budapest, HUF1,500-1,800 outside it, or in towns like Eger and Szentendre (March 2009). A lunch in Budapest is HUF900-8000 per person, and half or one third of that outside Budapest. (Chinese fast food menu is around HUF500). In restaurants, a service charge is frequently included into bill, 10% or even 12%, but this has to be clearly pointed out on the menu. If it's not mentioned, the place has no right to include a service charge in the bill. Even if there's no service charge, unless the service was preposterous most Hungarians tend to leave a generous tip (10% minimum). Unlike in most western countries, tip is usually not left on the table, but rather the amount is specified to the waiting staff when you pay. There were some places (mainly in downtown Pest) that tried to rip off drunk tourists at night by charging ridiculously high prices for drinks. Most of these places are closed now, but it's still a good idea to always check the prices on the menu before ordering. In major cities and next to the highways you can find restaurants of the major international chains such as KFC, McDonald's, Burger King, Pizza Hut, Subway and TGI Friday's. Cuisine[ edit ] Szeged-style goulash from pork, served with flour dumplings Hungarians are quite proud of their cuisine (Magyar konyha), and most of the time not without a reason. Food are usually spicy (but not hot by general standards), and it's tasty rather than healthy — many dishes are prepared with lard or deep-fried. The national spice is paprika, made from ground sweet bell peppers and which actually has some flavor when fresh. The national dish is, of course, goulash, but Hungarians call the thick paprika-laden stew known as goulash elsewhere by the term pörkölt and reserve the term gulyás for a lighter paprika-flavoured soup. Palacsinta filled with nuts and chocolate sauce. Meat is popular- especially pork (sertés), beef (marha) and venison (őz). Less common is lamb and mutton. The best fish in Hungary are river fish: Carp (Ponty) and Fogas (Zander), though many restaurants will serve fish from far away. Chicken (csirke) and Turkey (pulyka) and common, and you will also find game birds excellent in smarter restaurants and country areas- Pheasant (Fácán), Partridge(Fogoly) and duck (Kacsa). A typical meal will involve soup, often like a consommé (erőleves), meat with potatoes (burgonya) and a side salad, and a dessert like pancakes (palacsinta). Paprika Less well known in the rest of the world are paprikás csirke, chicken in paprika sauce, and halászlé, paprika fish soup often made from carp. Goose is also quite popular in Hungary. While tourists gorge on goose liver (libamáj), still cheap by Western standards, probably the most common dish is sült libacomb, roast goose leg. Stuffed (töltött) vegetables of all kinds are also popular, and Hungarian pancakes (palacsinta), both savoury and sweet, are a treat. Common snacks include kolbász, a Hungarianized version of the Polish kielbasa sausage, and lángos, deep-fried dough with a variety of toppings (mostly sour cream, cheese and/or garlic). A Hungarian meal is almost always — even at breakfast — accompanied by Hungarian pickles called savanyúság, literally "sourness". These are often dubbed saláta on menus, so order a vitamin saláta if you want fresh veggies. Starch is most often served as potatoes, rice or dumplings (galuska' or nokedli), the primary Hungarian contribution in this field is an unusual type of small couscous-like pasta called tarhonya. It is worth to visit a "Cukrászda" if you are in Hungary. These are very popular with delicious cakes and coffee. Try the traditional Krémes (with vanila cream), Eszterházy (lots of nuts) or Somlói Galuska. You should visit Auguszt, Szamos or Daubner if you want the best! Daubner is a little out of the way, Auguszt Cukrászda is an absolute must. They have a shop downtown near Astoria metro station, founded in 1969. Another favourite is Lángos, it is basically deep fried bread, similar to "whales-tail or beaver-tail" but in Hungary, it can be served with any fillings imaginable. Most common is plain, with salt, garlic (fokhagyma) and soured cream (tejföl). If you do come across a Langos stand, there are usually a large number of options from pizza langos, or eggs with mayo or nutella and bananas. A very popular vegetarian dish throughout Eastern Europe is Kaposzta Teszta (kaposhta tasteta) Cabbage with noodles. In Poland, it's called kapusta z kluski or haluski, in the Czech Republic, it's known as nudle s zelí, and Slovaks call it haluski. This can be a strictly vegetarian dish, sometimes with mushrooms. This side dish or main-course offering holds up well on a buffet table. Vegetarian food[ edit ] Vegetarians and Vegans will have about as much ease eating out as in any other western country. Budapest is not a problem, as there is a wide variety of restaurants to choose from, but in an ordinary Hungarian restaurant the non-meat mains on the menu are pretty much limited to rántott sajt (fried cheese) and gombafejek rántva (fried mushrooms). However, in recent years, Italian food has become a lot more popular, so as long as you don't mind a pasta heavy diet as a vegetarian you will find a wider choice. If one self-caters from supermarkets or local shops and markets, however, the selection of fruits and vegetables is quite good, especially in summer. Hungarian peaches and apricots are delicious (buy from farmers at local markets). There are plenty of vegetarian and vegan restaurants, and a lot's of healthfood stores that offer all sorts of vegetarian/vegan products (including cosmetics). Regular stores like Groby among other brands sell everything from vegan sausages to mayonaise. A good place to start is looking at Budaveg [31] and Happy Cow [32] for specific information. Over all, apply the same rules as you do at home, and you should be well fed. Hills, grape plantations and wine cellars near Villány , southern Hungary. Tokaji from Hungary Barack palinka a hungarian apricot brandy, served cold with a glass of mineral water. Hungary has several famous vine regions, most known are Villány , Eger , Badacsony , Tokaj , Szekszárd . Prices are reasonable. Egri Bikavér (Bull's Blood of Eger) (HUF 1000 for a good one) is a strong red Hungarian wine which supposedly saved a clever Hungarian girl from her fate with a Turkish sultan. During the time of the Turkish occupation, it is said a young girl was summoned to become a member of the local sultan's harem. Not wanting this fate for his daughter, her father gave her a bottle of Egri Bikavér to take to the sultan. He told her to tell the ruler it was bull's blood, and would make him invincible. The sultan, being Muslim, was unaccustomed to alcohol, and proceeded to pass out, leaving the daughter unharmed. There is another story connected to why Bull's Blood is called so, and it also comes from the Turkish era. According to that one, the defenders of the different castles used to drink this red wine. When they saw the color on the mouths of the Hungarians, they thought that it must have been from a bull, thus the name. Tokaj is known for its sweet dessert wines (Tokaji aszú), (HUF 2000 < x < 6000) which acquire their distinctive taste from grapes infected by the "noble rot" Botrytis cinerea. The favorite tipple of aristocracy, past fans of Tokaji include Louis XIV (who called Tokaj as "The king of the wines, the wine of the kings"), Beethoven, Napoleon III and Peter the Great — which is still reflected in the steep pricing of the best varieties. Almost uniquely among white wines, Tokaj keeps very well for long time. If new to Hungarian wine, be aware that both champagne ("pezsgő") and wine, red or white, are quite likely to be sweet ("Édes"). If dry wine is your preference, look for the word "Száraz" on the label. When buying bottled wine, don't bother with types cheaper than 6-700 HUF, as these are usually very low quality (maybe not even produced from grapes). In wine cellars, however, high quality may be available at surprisingly low prices. Liquor[ edit ] In Hungarian, pálinka denotes strong brandy-like liquor distilled from fruit. Pálinka is a very social drink: just as the English drink tea, the Hungarians, especially in rural areas, will offer pálinka to guests upon arrival. The best-known varieties are barackpálinka, made from apricots, körtepálinka from pears, and szilvapálinka made from plums. Factory-made pálinka is widely available, but keep an eye out for homemade házipálinka. Pálinkas usually contain around or above 50% of alcohol, often more for the homemade ones. Pálinka bottles marked mézes will be heavily sweetened with honey. (HUF 3000 for something good) Unicum is a strong digestif made from a secret mix of over 40 herbs. It comes in striking black bottles emblazoned with a red and white cross, and has a very strong and unusual taste. Unicum Next has a lighter, citrusy flavor, and is rather more palatable. Definitely worth trying, the bottle itself may also be used for decoration, and keeps very well for a long time. Beer[ edit ] Hungarian beer is quite average compared to other Central European countries like Germany and the Czech Republic as it has long been a wine culture. The most common beers are Dreher, Szalon, Borsodi, Soproni and Arany Ászok, available in the styles világos (lager) and barna (brown). All of Hungarian breweries are owned and managed by international brands such as: Dreher Sörgyár (Budapest) - SAB-Miller; Heineken Hungaria (Sopron and Martfű) - Heineken; Borsodi Sörgyár (Bőcs) - Interbrew; Pécsi Sörfőzde (Pécs)- Ottakinger. They cost about 200-300 Forints at a store and 400-600 at a bar. Some expensive club can charge up to 900 in Budapest. Imported beers like Pilsner Urquell, Staropramen and Budweiser-Budvar (the Czech variety) are widely available in bars and markets for not much more than the ubiquitous Hungarian brands. When offering a toast with beer, be warned that most Hungarians will politely refuse. This is due to an old tradition due to remembering soldiers killed in the 1848 revolution, whereby it was decreed no Hungarian would toast with beer for 150 years. It's been so long, however, that most Hungarians no longer know the origins of this tradition or that they've been free to make toasts over beer for the past ten years. Coffee[ edit ] Cafe culture is alive and well in Hungary, although it may never recover the romance of its turn-of-the-century intellectual heyday. Unless asked, it's a good idea to specify what kind of coffee you prefer. The word kávé means the strong, espresso like coffee to most Hungarians, although American-style coffee (known as hosszú kávé in Hungarian, usually translated as "long coffee") is now also available at most places. Tea[ edit ] Tea houses are now getting popular in cities, especially among the young. There is a growing number of tea houses, mainly in Budapest and some bigger cities where people can buy several types of loose tea. As it is quite fashionable to spend time in a tea house, more and more people will be able to serve good tea even at home. The best teas to go for are the herbal and fruit varieties. In restaurants and cafes, lemon juice is frequently served in a small bottle. In traditional restaurants or cafes however, good teas are hard to find, as coffee and beverages are preferred. When you ask for a black tea in a budget cafe, frequently Earl Grey is served instead--remember to specify if that does matter for you. Mineral water[ edit ] Ásványvíz (mineral water) is widely available and good practice to have with you a bottle during hot summer. It should be noted though that as it is the case of most European countries, in Hungary, it is safe to drink tap water anywhere, even 'remote' settings. Bottled waters are offered in a large selection, both the fizzy (blue bottle cap buborékos) and still (red/pink bottle cap) water and it is cheap (starts from less than 100 HUF for one and half liter). The only notable exception of the drinking water are trains where the tap water is not drinkable and other places where tap water is labeled as such. Hostels[ edit ] Prices vary greatly. For the cheapest room in a youth hostel in Budapest expect to pay between €6 and €10, but the normal rate in a hostel is €20-22 per person. Farmhouses[ edit ] Village Tourism is popular and very well developed in Hungary, and can be a remarkable experience. Start your research with 1Hungary [33] , National Federation of Rural and Agrotourism [34] and Centre of Rural Tourism [35] . Near Budapest it is also possible to find rural houses to rent, for instance the Wild Grape Guesthouse [36] , what makes a good combination to explore the capital and a National Park while staying at the same accommodation. Learn[ edit ] Hungarian universities are open to all foreign students. Many European exchange students come through the EU's Erasmus program. There are quite a lot students from Asia and the Middle East as well, particularly because despite the high standard of education, fees are still considerably lower than in the more developed Western European countries. Those interested should visit Study in Hungary [37] or University of Debrecen [38] websites. Work[ edit ] It could be very difficult for an individual to seek (legal) employment in Hungary because of the complexity, cost and time involved. Most foreign workers in Hungary have received their visas and other necessary documents through the company they are employed by. It is hoped, however, that since the joining of Hungary to the EU a reduction will follow in the amount of red tape involved. Citizens of Antigua and Barbuda are permitted to work in Hungary without the need to obtain a visa for the period of their 90 day visa-free stay. However, this ability to work visa-free does not necessarily extend to other Schengen countries. Many students (usually on a gap year) work as second language teachers at one of Budapest's many language schools. Be advised that a qualification is required (ESL/TEFL/TESOL) and that experience is preferred. One option is to teach through the Central European Teaching Program [39] . For a placement fee they will take care of paperwork and set you up in a school in Hungary teaching English on a local salary. Contracts are for one semester or a whole school year. Qualified ESL/EFL teachers can find employment in Hungary at private language schools which offer better rates of pay and without having to pay a placement fee. Stay safe[ edit ] Hungary is, in general, a very safe country. According to the 2012 study of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Hungary had an intentional homicide rate of only 1.3 per 100,000 inhabitants. This is lower than the European average intentional homicide rate of 3.5, and also lower than the North American average intentional homicide rate of 3.9 per 100,000 inhabitants. However, petty crime in particular remains a concern, just like in any other country. Watch your baggage and pockets on public transport. There is a danger of pickpockets. Passports, cash, and credit cards are favorite targets of thieves. Keep items that you do not store in your hotel safe or residence in a safe place, but be aware that pockets, purses and backpacks are especially vulnerable, even if they close with a zipper. There are also reported cases of people who got their baggage stolen while sleeping on the train, so watch out for that. Generally, Hungary is rather quiet during the night compared to other European countries, and crime to tourists is limited to pickpocketing and eventual cheating on prices and bills and taxi fares. Everyone is required to carry their passport or (for EU/EFTA/Monaco nationals) ID card. Not doing so can end you in trouble with the police. The police will be most pragmatic if a color copy of your passport is provided. The police force is professional and well trained. However, one must have a good knowledge of Hungarian to ask them for assistance as most of the policemen hardly speak any English. See the Budapest travel guide for more specific and valuable information about common street scams and tourist traps in Hungary. Driving conditions[ edit ] While the majority of Hungarians observe the traffic rules, some drive dangerously, which resulted 739 deaths on the roads in 2010. This is largely due to careless driving habits. Many drivers do not observe the speed limits and you should be extra careful on two-way roads where local drivers pass each other frequently and allow for less space than you may be used to. Car seats are required for infants. Children under age 12 may not sit in the front seat. Seat belts are mandatory for everyone in the car. You may not turn right on a red light. The police issues tickets for traffic violations and charge fines on the spot. In practice the laws are widely ignored. Also, Hungarian laws have zero tolerance to drink and drive, and the penalty is a severe fine. It means no alcoholic beverage is allowed to be consumed if driving, no blood alcohol of any level is acceptable. Failure to pay fines may result in your passport getting confiscated, or even a jail term until or unless you pay the fine. More importantly, the police stops vehicles regularly for document checks. You shouldn't worry when you are stopped because by law, everyone needs to have their identification papers checked. Hungary has some of the harshest, if punishing penalties if people are involved in a car accident. Involvement in a car accident results in a fine, and maybe a jail sentence from 1 year to 5 years (depending on the aggravating circumstances). Stay healthy[ edit ] Food and water is generally safe, even in remote villages. Private health care providers are high quality, but limited in scope once outside Budapest. Dentistry is both famously high quality and cheaper than in Western Europe (8-10000 HUF for an appointment and x-ray), and physiotherapy also (3000HUF for a half hour treatment), but check the price with the provider before you confirm the appointment. Outside Budapest and Sopron you will likely have to speak basic Hungarian to communicate your needs as few doctors will have any English or German skills. Public health care is free for qualifying (insured) people, and is of adequate quality in urban areas. The country has joined the EU, so basic coverage is present for EU citizens, but check before entering the country how far are you insured and what you have to pay for. Do not expect at this time that the local doctor will know the EU rules, prepare to provide info. The European Health Insurance Card is required from EU citizens applying for free treatment under this regulation; European health card for 1 June 2004 [40] Pharmacies are everywhere, you may expect high prices, but very good pharmaceutical coverage. The only problem might be communicating with the pharmacist as most of them speak only Hungarian outside Budapest. Even some rusty Latin might come handy quite unexpectedly. For travelers from Eastern Europe, some of familiar medications might be unavailable -- so be prepared to find a substitute in advance. Respect[ edit ] The 1956 Revolution continues to be a sensitive subject with the right wing community and many of the elderly. You shouldn't discuss the Treaty of Trianon (1920) with nationalists - they can take it pretty sensitively. Open display of the Communist red star and hammer and sickle symbol, the Nazi swastika and SS symbols, and the Hungarian fascist Arrow Cross, is prohibited by law. Make sure your clothing does not have these symbols on it, even if it's just a joke. You can be fined for it. Members of the Gypsy community may find the traditional Hungarian label 'Cigány' (pron. 'tzigan') slightly offensive, preferring to be labeled as Roma. As a rural tradition, Hungarians affectionately refer to themselves as "dancing with tears in our eyes" ("sírva vígad a magyar"), as in a bittersweet resignation to the perceived bad luck in their long history. Avoid mocking Hungarian history and Hungarian patriotism. When entering a home, shoes should generally be taken off. Uncommon customs[ edit ] Even if you meet someone of the opposite sex for the first time, it's not unusual to kiss each other on the cheeks instead of shaking hands as a greeting. It's an old tradition (although nowadays not held by everyone) that Hungarians do not clink beer glasses or beer bottles. This is due to the legend that Austrians celebrated the execution of the 13 Hungarian Martyrs in 1849 by clinking their beer glasses, so Hungarians vowed not to clink with beer for 150 years. Obviously this time period has expired, but old habits die hard. This is not so much followed by the youngest generation. Contact[ edit ] Broadband Internet access is now widespread in Hungary. It's quite usual to find free Internet access (Wi-Fi) in Shopping centres; in Budapest, most cafes and pubs. You'll have wifi access even in small towns. Look for the "Wi-Fi" signs, you may have to ask for the access password, however, if you consume, it will be freely given.	i don't know
The National Motor Museum is in which English county?	Motor Museums in England - GoThisPlace motor museums in england motor museums in england 1-25 of about 30 results in 0.80 seconds England has an unenviable selection of motor museums from Buses, Bubble cars and Buggies. Though for petrolhead heaven head for Hampshire's National Motor Museum at Beaulieu. Home: London, UK London Motor Museum - 0 Miles (5.8) On display are classic American cars from 1950 to 1970. Similar Brooklands Museum - 0 Miles (4.8) Brooklands Museum, The Birthplace of British Motorsport and Aviation. the museum offers The Brookl… Similar Mercedes Benz World - 0 Miles (5.8) Mercedes-Benz World is a brand experience centre. At this impressive destination, visitors will fin… Similar Bentley Wildfowl - 25 Miles (5.1) A wildfowl reserve with an amazing collection of ducks, geese and swan. it also has a motor museum… Similar Oxford Bus Museum - 38 Miles (6.1) the bus collection as of national importance. Over 40 vehicles are on display. Most are buses in … Similar Beaulieu Estate - 52 Miles (9.1) Beaulieu, National Park, National Motor Museum, Palace House and historic Beaulieu Abbey. Similar Heritage Motor Centre - 53 Miles (9.6) The Heritage Motor Centre is home to the worlds largest collection of historic British cars. The vi… Similar Cotswold Motoring Museum - 55 Miles (5.8) You can visit Brum at his home and see where he was filmed. Along with cars and motor cycles, Brita… Similar	Hampshire
Mal de mer is the French term for which ailment in humans?	Motor Museums in England - GoThisPlace motor museums in england motor museums in england 1-25 of about 30 results in 0.80 seconds England has an unenviable selection of motor museums from Buses, Bubble cars and Buggies. Though for petrolhead heaven head for Hampshire's National Motor Museum at Beaulieu. Home: London, UK London Motor Museum - 0 Miles (5.8) On display are classic American cars from 1950 to 1970. Similar Brooklands Museum - 0 Miles (4.8) Brooklands Museum, The Birthplace of British Motorsport and Aviation. the museum offers The Brookl… Similar Mercedes Benz World - 0 Miles (5.8) Mercedes-Benz World is a brand experience centre. At this impressive destination, visitors will fin… Similar Bentley Wildfowl - 25 Miles (5.1) A wildfowl reserve with an amazing collection of ducks, geese and swan. it also has a motor museum… Similar Oxford Bus Museum - 38 Miles (6.1) the bus collection as of national importance. Over 40 vehicles are on display. Most are buses in … Similar Beaulieu Estate - 52 Miles (9.1) Beaulieu, National Park, National Motor Museum, Palace House and historic Beaulieu Abbey. Similar Heritage Motor Centre - 53 Miles (9.6) The Heritage Motor Centre is home to the worlds largest collection of historic British cars. The vi… Similar Cotswold Motoring Museum - 55 Miles (5.8) You can visit Brum at his home and see where he was filmed. Along with cars and motor cycles, Brita… Similar	i don't know
CDN is the international car registration for which country?	Canada Auto Transport Quotes \| International Shipping Seaboard International Shipping Companies Car Transportation Between the US and Canada In most cases, citizens of the US and Canada can bring their cars into and out of either country without too many restrictions. However, if you plan to stay in either country for more than just a few days, you need to take steps to register it officially. The rules vary depending on whether you are importing the car on a permanent or a temporary basis. There are very few restrictions for a temporary stay in either country. However, if you plan on permanently shipping a car from Canada to the US or the other way around, you need to comply with a series of vehicle safety and emissions requirements. Import Requirements Canada for example, requires all US vehicles that are brought into the country to have the equivalent of daytime running lights installed on the vehicle within 45 days after it is imported into the country. Canada’s tough emission standards prohibit certain cars from being imported into the country from the US as well. The US, meanwhile, has tough standards for vehicle safety, and does not permit the import of vehicles that are more than 25-years old. Trans-Border Car Shipping Companies Canada international shipping companies will pick up your car from your door and transport it across the border for you and handle all customs processes on your behalf as well. You will be required to provide the shipping company with your original title documents, registration, and bill of sale. If your vehicle ever had a safety recall, you will also be required to get a certification directly from the manufacturer stating that the recall issue has been addressed. Complete Suite of Shipping Services Most major Canada international car shipping companies offer vehicle inspection as part of their services. They will do a complete, bumper-to-bumper inspection of your vehicle to see if there are any issues related to safety or emissions that you need to address before you can ship your vehicle across the border. If you want a shipping company to transport your car, you will need to give them your original title. Cars that cross the border without a title will be stored in a customs-bonded warehouse, from which you will need to clear it subsequently. You will be charged a storage fee for every day that your car remains in the customs warehouse. In general, importing or exporting cars between the U.S. and Canada is a fairly straightforward process if you know what to do. Canada international shipping companies can make the task of transporting your car across the border even simpler by taking all the guess work out of the process. Importing a car to Canada from the United States is a relatively straightforward process so long as you know what needs to be done. People in Canada often buy cars in the U.S. and want it shipped back to their country. Or, you might need to ship a car to Canada because you are relocating to the country for job purposes, settling there permanently, or going there for studies. The important thing to remember is that, regardless of why you want to import a car to Canada, the process for doing it remains the same. Vehicle Admissibility Before you can even begin the process of shipping a car to Canada you will need to first determine if your American vehicle is eligible for import into the country. Canada’s Registrar of Imported Vehicles maintains a list of vehicles that are admissible in the country. Find out if the vehicle you plan on importing is on the list and determine whether it needs any major modifications in order to meet Canadian requirements. Preparing for Import If you are driving the vehicle across to Canada, make sure to send a copy of your car’s title at least 72-hours in advance to the officials at the U.S border crossing through which you intend to enter the country. If you plan on shipping a car to Canada using car transporters, you will need to place the original title of the vehicle in the glove compartment. Vehicles will not be permitted into the country without the original title. Clearing Canadian Customs Make sure to have your title, registration, proof of insurance, and all sales bills and receipts when you enter Canada. Customs officials in the country will inspect these documents and give you a Vehicle Import Form that will need to be filled. Depending on the vehicle you are importing, you will be required to pay applicable sales and excise taxes, as well as import tariffs. If your vehicle is accepted, you will have 45-days to complete any required modifications. You will then need to bring the imported car for another inspection, and, if it passes that inspection, you will get a sticker saying that your car is ready for Canadian registration. If you are shipping your car using professional car transportation services , your car will be taken to a bonded customs warehouse, where you will need to complete all of the same formalities. Additional Information There are a few additional factors you need to be aware of listed below: Before you ship a car to Canada, find out if it meets Canadian emissions requirements. Be aware that Canada levies a fairly steep emissions tax on high emission vehicles. Sometimes, any required modifications to your vehicle, such as installing day-time running lights, will need to be done by a qualified dealer of the vehicle. That can be expensive. If your vehicle has ever had a safety recall, you will need to obtain a recall clearance letter from your dealer before you can import a car to Canada. The task of importing a car to Canada can be accomplished quite quickly and painlessly so long as you pay attention to all the required formalities. You can import a car from Canada to the U.S. using a car shipping company or by driving it yourself without any restrictions so long as the vehicle is under 25 years old and is intended for personal use. Safety Requirements The vehicle needs to have been originally manufactured to meet all US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety standards. Cars that are certified to Canadian vehicle safety standards are also eligible for import, because many of the requirements are the same. Even so, the Canadian vehicle manufacturer will have to formally certify that your particular vehicle meets all U.S. federal standards in order for you to be able to ship a car from Canada to the US. Importing from Canada is Straightforward In general, importing a car to the US from abroad can be a complex and costly undertaking, especially if the car is not designed to meet US safety, emissions and environmental standards. Fortunately, importing a car from Canada is not very tricky at all, and can be achieved in a fairly straightforward manner. Typically, you can import a car from Canada either on a permanent basis or on a temporary basis. Temporary and Permanent Imports If you are importing a car from Canada temporarily, you can get an approval permit to keep it in the US for up to one year as long as it is intended for personal use, and so long as you do not plan on selling the car. If you plan to keep the vehicle longer than one year, you will need to submit a written request to the U.S. Department of Transportation at least 30 days before your temporary permit expires. When your permit expires, you will need to show proof that you exported the vehicle back to Canada. For a temporary import, you generally do not have to show that the vehicle is in compliance with US safety standards. Using a Registered Importer If you are shipping a car from Canada to the U.S. on a permanent basis, you will need to show that your vehicle is compliant with all safety requirements. If your vehicle is not compliant, you will still be allowed to import the vehicle through what is known as a Registered Importer or RI. An RI is a person or company that is qualified to make modifications to imported cars in order to bring them into compliance with US safety requirements. You will have 45-days to bring your car in compliance. During that time, you will be required to deposit a bond amount equivalent to 150 percent of the value of the car. In case you fail to bring the car into compliance within the allotted time, or if you haven’t exported it back by then, you will forfeit that money. Emission Requirements When shipping a car from Canada, pay attention to US emission requirements. Though the emission requirements in both countries are more or less the same, the forms that are required to be filled when you bring you car in from Canada are different depending on model years and vehicle class. Generally speaking, it is easy to ship a car from Canada to the US, but you can make it easier on yourself if you hired a professional open or enclosed auto transport service to haul your car across the border for you. Popular Languages	Canada
FILA is an international federation for which sport?	Travel advice and advisories for Mexico Risk level(s) MEXICO - Exercise a high degree of caution There is no nationwide advisory in effect for Mexico. However, you should exercise a high degree of caution due to high levels of criminal activity, as well as demonstrations, protests and occasional illegal roadblocks throughout the country. Northern states - Avoid non-essential travel Global Affairs Canada advises against non-essential travel to the northern states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León (except the city of Monterrey), Sinaloa (with the exception of Mazatlán), Sonora (except the cities of Hermosillo and Guaymas/San Carlos), and Tamaulipas due to high levels of violence linked to organized crime. See Safety and security for more information. Travel Health Notice - Zika virus The Public Health Agency of Canada has issued a Travel Health Notice for the Global Update: Zika virus infection recommending that Canadians practice special health precautions while travelling in affected countries. Pregnant women and those considering becoming pregnant should avoid travel to Mexico. See Health for more information. Safety and security Safety and security You are advised to sign up with the Registration of Canadians Abroad service if travelling to or residing in Mexico. Northern states (see Advisory ) We strongly recommend travelling to Mexico by air, to avoid land border crossings in potentially dangerous regions, particularly in the northern states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora and Tamaulipas. In northern Mexico, particularly along the border with the United States, organized crime and urban violence greatly affect security. Confrontations between organized criminal groups and Mexican authorities continue to pose a problem. Shootouts, attacks and illegal roadblocks may occur without warning. Avoid inter-city road travel in the northern states. Heavily armed gangs have attacked travellers driving through Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo and Reynosa, in the state of Tamaulipas, as well as on several highways in the states of Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León and Sinaloa. Criminals especially target sport utility vehicles and full-size pickup trucks for theft and carjacking along highways. Exercise a high degree of caution when travelling in the city of Monterrey. After dark, avoid movement outside the suburb of San Pedro Garza García. Western states (see Advisory ) Criminal activity has significantly increased in the states of Guerrero, Jalisco and Michoacán. Reports of illegal roadblocks and demonstrations are also more frequent. The deterioration of the security situation is particularly noticeable in the rural areas of Guerrero and Michoacán. The rapid expansion of vigilante militias is troubling, and there have been instances where such groups have fired at vehicles that did not adhere to their roadblocks. Crime Crime rates in Mexico are high. Arrest and detention rates are low and contribute to high levels of criminality. However, the level of crime in resorts and major tourist cities and destinations isn’t nearly as high. More than 1.9 million Canadians travel to Mexico each year, the vast majority of them without incident. On the evening of January 17, 2017, a shooting occurred at a Mexican government office in downtown Cancun. In the early hours of January 16, 2017, a gunman opened fire in the Blue Parrot Club in Playa del Carmen, killing at least five people and injuring others. If you are the victim of a crime, report it immediately to the local branch of the state prosecutor’s office ( Agencia del Ministerio Público ) nearest to the crime scene. No criminal investigation is possible without a formal complaint to Mexican authorities. Complaints must be made in person before leaving Mexico. You must present photo identification. It is especially important to report the loss or theft of your identification documents, both to Mexican authorities and to the nearest Canadian consular point of service in Mexico, in order to protect yourself should the documents later be misused. Organized crime Criminal groups, including drug cartels, are very active in Mexico’s northern states and they also carry out operations in the western states. ‎Clashes between cartels or gangs over drug smuggling routes are common, resulting in a very high level of violence in these areas. Mexican citizens and government officials are also targets of violent crime, including kidnapping, extortion and homicide. Foreigners are not specifically targeted, although they occasionally fall victim to violent crime when they are in the wrong place at the wrong time. See Advisories for areas where non-essential travel should be avoided. The Yucatán Peninsula, which includes the tourist destinations of Cancun, Cozumel, Merida, Progreso and Riviera Maya, has not been significantly affected by violence or insecurity. Due to high levels of organized crime in rural areas, including on major highways, you should exercise caution in the states of Baja California (North), Colima, Morelos, Nayarit, State of Mexico, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz and Zacatecas. Popular tourist areas of South Nayarit (from Nuevo Vallarta to La Peñita de Jaltemba), the tourist zone of Puerto Vallarta and the cities of Tepoztlan, Guadalajara, Manzanillo, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Xalapa and Zacatecas remain relatively safe. Some municipalities popular with Canadian tourists in the state of Jalisco experienced an increase in drug-related violence in early 2015, as Mexican security forces battled organized criminal groups who engaged in violent retaliatory actions. Bystanders could be affected by violence and should be aware of their surroundings at all times. Remain vigilant, stay in tourist areas and follow local media closely. Exercise caution if you do venture outside urban areas, including on major highways. Avoid travelling at night. In some parts of the country, military and federal police forces have been deployed in efforts to combat organized crime and improve security conditions. They maintain a visible presence patrolling the streets, setting up roadblocks and conducting random vehicle checks. Armed clashes between security forces and criminal groups do occur in certain areas without warning. Bystanders could get caught in the crossfire. Theft Theft—including armed robbery, purse snatching and pickpocketing—is common in Mexico. If you are threatened by robbers, stay calm and do not resist. Canadians have been injured while trying to resist armed robberies. You should be aware of your surroundings at all times, even in areas normally considered safe, and take precautions to secure your belongings and minimize your risk of becoming a target for thieves. Keep your luggage secure at all times. Stay in hotels and resorts with good security. In resort areas, leave your passport and valuables in your hotel safe, not in your hotel room or on the beach, while you are swimming. Dress down and avoid wearing expensive jewellery. Foreigners have been targeted in robbery incidents, which sometimes involve assault. Victims have been followed after exchanging or withdrawing money at airports, currency exchange bureaus (casas de cambio) and automated banking machines (ABMs). Avoid withdrawing or exchanging money in public areas of the airport. If a financial transaction is absolutely necessary, ensure only small amounts are involved and execute the transaction before exiting the customs area. Withdraw or exchange money at ABMs or exchange bureaus during daylight hours only, or inside reputable financial institutions, hotels and malls rather than on the street, to lower the risk of card skimming (the illegal collection of data from the magnetic strip of a credit or debit card). Always conceal the keypad when entering your personal identification number, even if nobody else is around. Keep your credit card in sight when paying for goods and services. Canadians have been robbed on buses, usually at night. Keep an eye on your luggage, money and personal documents at all times. Assault Incidents of physical and sexual assault against foreigners have been reported, in some cases implicating hotel employees, taxi drivers and security personnel at popular tourist destinations. Ensure your accommodations have adequate security features, as not all resorts offer the same level of security. Cameras and security guards with radios present the greatest deterrent to crime. Avoid walking after dark, especially alone, and avoid deserted or under-populated areas. You should only frequent bars and nightclubs as part of a group and avoid separating from the group. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption, and do not accept invitations or rides from strangers or recent acquaintances, as this can make you a more vulnerable target for criminals. In cases of sexual assault, police authorities will require a medical examination. Be wary of accepting snacks, beverages, gum, or cigarettes from new acquaintances, as the items may contain drugs that could put you at risk of sexual assault and robbery. Kidnappings Mexico has one of the highest kidnapping rates in the world. Traditional kidnapping for ransom is a serious problem in northern border cities and in Mexico City. Kidnappers target both the wealthy and middle class. Foreigners are not specifically targeted but may be if perceived as being wealthy. The kidnapping of Canadian citizens (and contractors working for Canadian businesses) has occurred primarily in areas included in our Travel Advisory, mostly outside the areas of stronger institutional control of police and government authorities. If you become a victim of a kidnapping, comply with the kidnappers’ requests and do not attempt to resist them. Express kidnappings, that is, attempts to get quick cash in exchange for the release of an individual, occur in large urban areas. The most common practice involves thieves working in cooperation with, or posing as, taxi drivers. The thieves force victims to withdraw money from ABMs with their debit or credit cards in exchange for their release. Victims are sometimes held overnight so that a second withdrawal up to the victim’s daily bank withdrawal limit can be made the following day. Only use the taxi services located at major hotels or call a reputable taxi company. To reduce your risk of becoming a victim, do not show signs of affluence and be aware of your surroundings at all times. A common scam used by gangs and other criminals throughout Mexico is virtual kidnapping. Virtual kidnapping is a form of extortion where a perpetrator identifies a person who is temporarily unreachable by cell phone or email, or steals their cell phone, and then contacts that person’s family claiming that their loved one has been kidnapped and demanding an immediate ransom for their release. When the family members cannot reach their loved one in Mexico, they assume that the person has been kidnapped. Perpetrators use various means of gathering information about potential victims. They may use social media sites or they may eavesdrop on your conversations when in the country. Do not discuss travel plans, your room number or any other personal information within earshot of strangers. Do not divulge personal information or business affairs to strangers either in person or over the phone, especially using hotel phones. Hotel guests are targeted in a scam where the hotel manager is complicit in the virtual kidnapping crime. If you are threatened or harassed on the phone, hang up immediately. Stay in hotels with good security. Scam artists have also gathered information on luggage tags in hotel lobbies and later convinced guests to give them their contact information in Canada. Afterwards, they have called parents of travelling Canadians to report that their child has been detained or hospitalized and have requested that money be wired to Mexico. If this occurs, parents or friends should request the name and note the number of the caller and report the call to local police in Canada. Any kidnapping, real or virtual, should be reported to the local Mexican police as well as to the Embassy of Canada in Mexico City, the nearest Canadian consulate or the Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa (see Assistance ). Scams Criminals posing as police officers approach tourists and ask for their passports or for foreign currency. Legitimate police officers have extorted money from tourists or arrested tourists for minor offences or traffic violations. If this occurs, do not hand over your money or your passport. Instead, ask for the officer’s name, badge and patrol car number, the location of the arrest, and the written fine payable at a later date. Should you feel the fine cannot be justified, proceed to the nearest tourism office or local branch of the state prosecutor’s office (Agencia del Ministerio Público) to file a complaint. Demonstrations Since January 1, 2017, demonstrations have been taking place in many parts of the country in response to the recent increases in petrol prices. Protests often include roadblocks and have the potential to turn violent. Protests and roadblocks are common in Mexico City, including to and from the airport, and in the states of Chiapas, Chihuahua, Guerrero, Michoacán and Oaxaca. Such incidents may last for an extended period of time, leading to shortages of fresh food, medicine and gasoline, as well as the interruption of inter-city bus transportation. Avoid large gatherings, which could erupt into violence at any time. Participation in political demonstrations by foreigners is prohibited and may result in detention, expulsion and the denial of future entry into Mexico. Monitor local media reports for up-to-date information and follow the advice of local authorities. Road travel Mexican driving styles and road safety standards are very different from those in Canada. Police do not regularly patrol the highways. Be prepared for drivers that fail to observe speed limits, indicate lane changes or stop at red lights. Pedestrians should be extremely cautious at all times. Fatal hit-and-run accidents occur. Road conditions vary and can be poor in some areas. Dangerous curves, poorly marked signs and construction sites, roaming livestock, slow-moving or abandoned vehicles and other obstacles pose hazards. Avoid road travel at night between cities throughout the country. Toll (cuota) highways are safer than secondary highways. Overnight, ensure that you only stop in major centres, at reputable hotels or at secure campsites. At all times, keep your car doors locked and the windows rolled up, especially at traffic lights, where you can be a target for thieves. Be prepared for military checkpoints throughout the country, where the military searches for drugs and firearms. Remain calm and answer their questions. In the event of a vehicle breakdown or roadside emergency, the Green Angels (Angeles Verdes), a highway patrol service offered by Mexico’s Ministry of Tourism (Secretaría de Turismo de México or SECTUR), provides free assistance on all major toll highways from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. In case of an emergency, dial 078 or 01 800 006 8839 (toll free in Mexico). Taxis Avoid hailing taxis on the street and use reputable taxis companies, such as hotel taxis or taxis based at designated stands (sitios). In Mexico City, all government-authorized taxis have licence plates starting with an A or a B. Taxis from designated stands have both the logo of their company and the plate number stamped on the side of the car. Always ask the dispatcher for the driver's name and the taxi’s licence plate number, model and colour. When arriving at Benito Juárez International Airport in Mexico City, prepay the taxi fare inside the airport, use only airport taxis and ask to see the driver’s official identification. Public transportation Although public transportation is relatively safe, be vigilant in airports, at bus stations, on buses and in the Mexico City metro, areas that are often very crowded and popular for pickpockets. Avoid travelling late at night and during rush hour, if possible, and exercise caution at all times. Bus accidents occur frequently. You should travel during daylight hours and on first-class buses only. Air travel The Government of Canada does not assess foreign domestic airlines’ compliance with international aviation safety standards. See Foreign domestic airlines for more information. Recreational activities and rentals Ensure that the recreational activities you choose are covered by your travel insurance or by a local insurance policy, and that sporting and aquatic equipment is safe and in good condition, especially for scuba diving. Many operators do not conduct regular safety checks. Canadians have been involved in accidents in the past where operators of recreational vehicles such as watercrafts have demanded compensation in excess of the value of the damage caused to the vehicle or equipment. The number of moped and scooter accidents involving tourists is increasing. Avoid renting from operators who do not provide insurance and who do not provide a helmet with the rental. Be vigilant while driving. Avoid driving on roads in disrepair and refrain from driving at night. Beaches and water activities Strong currents and undertow are common on many of Mexico's beaches, and drownings of Canadians have occurred. Take posted warnings about swimming conditions seriously and familiarize yourself with the beach flagging system. Many beaches do not offer warnings of dangerous conditions or are not sufficiently supervised by lifeguards. Beach resort lifeguards may not always be prepared for emergencies. When in doubt, consult hotel staff. Storm swells (known locally as Mar de Fondo), can result in one- to four-metre high waves and generally occur on the west coast of Mexico between the months of May and November. The period of unusually high waves can last for several hours to several days at a time. Avoid swimming in the ocean, walking on the beach, and practicing any water sports when a Mar de Fondo alert is issued by local authorities. Follow the instructions of lifeguards and civil protection authorities, and withdraw all small vessels from the sea and safeguard them. General security information Monitor local news sources on a regular basis to learn about events that could affect your personal safety. Leave your itinerary and contact information with friends or family in Canada. Hitchhiking is not a common practice in Mexico and is not recommended. Exercise caution when standing close to balcony railings, as falls have resulted in deaths and injuries. Height standards for balcony railings in Mexico can be considerably lower than those in Canada. Entry/exit requirements Entry/exit requirements It is the sole prerogative of every country or territory to determine who is allowed to enter or exit. Canadian consular officials cannot intervene on your behalf if you do not meet entry or exit requirements. The following information has been obtained from the Mexican authorities and is subject to change at any time. The country- or territory-specific entry/exit requirements are provided on this page for information purposes only. While every effort is made to provide accurate information, information contained here is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, express or implied. The Government of Canada assumes no responsibility, and shall not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided. It is your responsibility to check with the Embassy of the United Mexican States or one of its consulates for up-to-date information. Official (special and diplomatic) passport holders must consult the Official Travel page, as they may be subject to different entry requirements. Passport Canadian citizens, including those with dual citizenship, must present a valid passport in order to enter and exit Mexico. The passport must be valid until the date of expected departure from Mexico. Before you leave, ask your transportation company about its requirements related to passport validity, which may be more stringent than the country’s entry rules. Permanent residents and landed immigrants of Canada should check for specific entry requirements with Mexico's immigration agency, the Instituto Nacional de Migración (INM ) (in Spanish). Temporary passport holders may be subject to different entry requirements. Check with diplomatic representatives for up-to-date information. Visas Persons seeking to enter Mexico for purposes other than tourism must have a proper visa. Foreigners involved in unauthorized activities will be expelled. Special and diplomatic passport holders require a visa to visit Mexico. Consult the Embassy of Mexico in Canada for more information. Canadian tourists visiting for work do not require a visa for stays of 72 hours or less within the border zone (21 kilometres from the U.S. border). Business visa: required Work visa: required Student visa: required It is recommended that you apply for your visa yourself. However, if a prospective employer is processing your business (or work) visa for you, ensure that you receive copies of all correspondence between the employer and Mexican immigration authorities, and that these copies are stamped by the immigration authorities as proof that your papers are indeed being processed. You should also request a receipt from your employer for any documents (for example, your Canadian passport) that you provide for purposes of obtaining the visa. It is not recommended that your employer keep your passport for you. Tourist card Canadians must be in possession of a tourist card, called the Multiple Migratory Form for Foreigners or FMM. The tourist card is provided by airlines or by immigration authorities at Mexican points of entry. In order to obtain a tourist card, Canadians must present a valid passport. If you fail to obtain a tourist card upon arrival, your entry will be considered illegal and you might be fined, detained or expelled from the country. Canadian tourists do not require a tourist card for stays of 72 hours or less within the border zone (21 kilometres from the U.S. border). Ensure that you have your tourist card stamped by immigration authorities upon arrival (whether by plane, bus, private vehicle or on foot). If you enter Mexico by land, it is your responsibility to stop at the immigration facility located at the border. Consult the Embassy of Mexico in Canada for more information on land border entry . An immigration official will determine the number of days you can remain in Mexico. In most cases, you will be granted the full 180 days. You will not be able to request an extension or change the condition of your stay from inside the country. Authorities can demand to see your tourist card at any time. You must carry the original at all times and surrender it when leaving Mexico or face a fine and/or expulsion. Tourism tax Mexican authorities impose a tourism tax (approximately US$20) on all visitors to Mexico. This fee is normally included in airline ticket prices. Visitors arriving by road (car or bus) or sea will be asked to pay this fee at any bank in Mexico. There is a bank representative at every port of entry. The bank receipt must be attached to the tourist card for submission at departure. Visitors entering by land for tourism purposes only are exempt if their stay does not exceed seven days. Visitors for less than 72 hours to the northern border zone (21 kilometres from the U.S. border) and those going to Mexico on cruise ships are exempt. Dual citizenship Mexico recognizes dual citizenship for persons born in Mexico or abroad to Mexican parents. Under Mexican law, dual citizens entering and departing from Mexico must identify themselves as Mexican citizens. Travellers who possess both Mexican and Canadian citizenship must carry valid travel documents of both countries. A Canadian citizenship certificate is not a travel document. See Laws and culture for additional information. Criminal records Canadians with a criminal record may be refused entry and returned to Canada on the next available flight. If you find yourself in this situation, contact the Embassy of Mexico prior to making travel arrangements. Children and travel Children need special documentation to visit certain countries. See Children for more information. Yellow fever See Health to obtain information on this country’s vaccination requirements. Health Travellers are advised to take precautions against bites . Chikungunya There is currently an outbreak of chikungunya in this country. Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through the bite of an infected mosquito that typically causes fever and pain in the joints. Protect yourself from mosquito bites, particularly around sunrise and sunset. There is no vaccine available for chikungunya. Dengue fever Dengue fever occurs in this country. Dengue fever is a viral disease that can cause severe flu-like symptoms. In some cases it leads to dengue haemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal. The risk of dengue is higher during the daytime, particularly at sunrise and sunset. Protect yourself from mosquito bites. There is no vaccine or medication that protects against dengue fever. Zika Virus Locally acquired mosquito-associated Zika virus is currently being reported in this country. Zika virus infection is primarily spread by the bite of an infected mosquito and can cause fever, rash, and joint pain. It can also be transmitted through blood, semen and from an infected pregnant woman to her developing baby. Most people do not develop symptoms and recover fully without severe complications. There is scientific consensus that Zika virus infection is a cause of both microcephaly and Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Other neurological disorders have also been associated with Zika virus infection. Protect yourself from mosquito bites in daylight and evening hours. There is no vaccine for Zika virus infection. Malaria Malaria There is a risk of malaria in certain areas and/or during a certain time of year in this country. Malaria is a serious and occasionally fatal disease that is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. There is no vaccine against malaria. Protect yourself from mosquito bites. This includes covering up, using insect repellent and staying in enclosed air-conditioned accommodations. You may also consider pre-treating clothing and travel gear with insecticides and sleeping under an insecticide-treated bednet. Antimalarial medication may be recommended depending on your itinerary and the time of year you are travelling. See a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic, preferably six weeks before you travel to discuss your options. Animals Animals and Illness Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats. Some infections found in Central America and Mexico, like rabies , can be shared between humans and animals. Person-to-Person Person-to-Person Infections Crowded conditions can increase your risk of certain illnesses. Remember to wash your hands often and practice proper cough and sneeze etiquette to avoid colds, the flu and other illnesses. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV are spread through blood and bodily fluids; practise safer sex. Medical services and facilities Medical services are easily available in large cities but limited in remote areas. Standards of patient care differ from those in Canada and vary greatly among medical facilities, especially in beach resort areas. Make sure you have adequate travel health insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment and medical evacuation, if required. Contact your insurance company promptly if you are referred to a medical facility for treatment. Private hospitals and clinics in major cities offer good-quality care but are generally expensive and expect payment in advance. Many will not agree to deal directly with medical insurance companies. Be prepared to pay for treatment yourself and then request a refund from your insurer. If medical services are required, contact your tour representative or the closest Canadian government office to obtain a list of reputable facilities and physicians in the area. Medication Pharmacies in main cities carry most medicines. It is advisable to consult a physician before purchasing medicine in Mexico. If you take prescription medication, bring along an adequate supply and a copy of the prescription. Ensure that both the generic and trade names of the drug are stated. To determine whether a particular medication is controlled in Mexico and requires a prescription from a doctor, consult Mexico’s Federal Commission for Protection Against Sanitary Risk (primarily in Spanish) or the Embassy of Mexico in Canada . Medicine cannot be sent to Mexico from Canada via courier services. Health tips When travelling to Mexico City, you may experience health problems caused by high altitude or by air pollution, which is at its peak during the winter months. Individuals with heart, lung or respiratory problems should consult their doctor before booking their trip. Keep in Mind... The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety. Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a travel health kit , especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres. Laws and culture Laws & culture You are subject to local laws. Consult our Arrest and detention page for more information. Penalties for breaking the law in Mexico can be more severe than in Canada, even for similar offences. Penalties for drug offences are very strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences. You should avoid any involvement with illegal substances or people who deal with them. You should also avoid borrowing a vehicle or picking up hitchhikers; drivers are legally responsible for their vehicle’s contents, as well as for the legal status of passengers and the items carried by passengers. The Mexican government strictly enforces its laws concerning possession, entry and trafficking of firearms. Anyone (including foreign armed forces personnel) entering Mexico with a firearm or ammunition without prior written authorization from Mexican authorities is subject to imprisonment. It is also illegal to enter the country with certain types of knives. You can obtain a complete list of forbidden items and import permit requirements from the Embassy of Mexico in Canada . It is illegal to drink alcoholic beverages in non-designated public areas. The minimum age at which people are legally allowed to purchase or consume alcoholic beverages is 18 years old. It is illegal to possess archaeological artefacts or to export such items from Mexico. Dual citizenship Dual citizenship is legally recognized in Mexico. However, Canadian officials may be limited in their ability to provide you with consular services if local authorities consider you a Mexican citizen. Dual citizens must identify themselves as Mexican citizens during their stay in the country. Citizenship is determined solely by national laws, and the decision to recognize dual citizenship rests completely with the country in which you are located when seeking consular assistance. See Travelling as a dual citizen for more information. Customs Tourists are allowed to bring in their personal effects duty free. Failure to declare personal effects will result in their confiscation and a fine. Mexican customs provides information regarding entry into Mexico by air or land. When carrying more than US$10,000 or the equivalent in other currencies, cash, cheques, money orders or any other monetary instrument, you must declare the amount exceeding US$10,000. Failure to make this declaration is against Mexican law and often results in detention. If you wish to donate goods, contact the Embassy of Mexico in Canada before sending or importing goods to Mexico in order to fulfill the importation permit requirements. Identity documents Mexican authorities require that the names indicated on your identity documents (generally your passport) be identical to those appearing on your birth certificate before issuing official documents, such as marriage certificates, immigration documents or Mexican passports. Many Canadians have encountered significant difficulties due to this requirement, as middle names are often left off Canadian identity documents. If you plan on residing in Mexico or dealing with the Mexican Civil Registry, you should obtain a Canadian passport that will meet Mexican requirements. Renting vehicles A Canadian driver’s licence is valid in Mexico. The police sometimes ask foreigner drivers to show identification and proof of their legal status in Mexico. You should always carry with you valid photo identification, your Canadian passport, visa and other documents. Leave a certified copy of your vehicle registration with relatives or friends in Canada. When renting a car, the contract must be in the traveller’s name and include a full description of the vehicle. If driving a company-owned vehicle, you must produce proof of employment and of the vehicle’s ownership by the company. Auto insurance Canadian automobile insurance is not recognized in Mexico. You must obtain additional insurance at the Mexican border. Full coverage is recommended, including coverage for legal assistance. Automobile insurance is much more expensive in Mexico than in Canada. Many local drivers do not have any form of car insurance. For more information on Mexican driver's permits, vehicle inspection, road tax, or mandatory insurance, contact the SECTUR at 1-866-640-0597 (toll free from Canada). Importing vehicles and boats Mexico has very strict rules regarding the importation of foreign vehicles and boats. Do not enter Mexico without having obtained the proper importation permit and car/boat insurance. Without a permit, you may be fined and have your vehicle seized. Contact the Mexican embassy or a consulate in Canada to verify the latest regulations and requirements regarding vehicle and boat importation or visit the Mexican embassy's Travelling to Mexico by land website. Complete information on temporary importation is available from Mexico’s tax department, Servicio de Administración Tributaria (in English). If you wish to travel beyond the border zone (21 kilometres from the U.S. border) with your car, you must obtain the Temporary Vehicle Importation Permit (Solicitud de importación temporal de vehículos). The permit can only be obtained at the port of entry or online at Banco Nacional del Ejército, Fuerza Aérea y Armada (in English) before crossing the border into Mexico. You are only allowed to bring one vehicle into the country at a time. Those travelling with a recreational vehicle are not entitled to tow a second vehicle unless it is registered in the name of an accompanying traveller. The second vehicle should not exceed the weight limit of 3.5 tons. It is the owner’s responsibility to obtain the permit through the Banco Nacional del Ejército, Fuerza Aérea y Armada , 10 to 180 days before departure. Permits can also be obtained at a Mexican consulate in the United States (located in Albuquerque, Austin, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Sacramento and San Bernardino), at a customs office located along the U.S.-Mexico border or, in some cases, within an authorized border zone. Watch for signs indicating customs checkpoints and Bank locations (where permits can be issued and cancelled). If you stay beyond the date indicated on the Temporary Vehicle Importation Permit, your vehicle may be seized. When leaving Mexico, you must return your Temporary Vehicle Importation Permit in person, along with the vehicle with which you entered the country, to any customs office at the border so that the permit can be cancelled. Keep a copy of the cancellation documents. Neither the Embassy of Canada in Mexico City nor the Embassy of Mexico in Ottawa can return these permits on behalf of Canadian citizens. It is not permissible to mail your permit to the border point. As long as the permit remains in effect, you will be unable to import another vehicle into Mexico. You may be able to cancel the permit on a future visit to Mexico if you enter at the same border point with the same vehicle; however, a fine may be imposed. In cases where the permit holder cannot exit the country with the vehicle (for example, in case of death or sickness), the person driving the car out of Mexico must be a foreigner with a valid tourist card and have documentation to prove the relationship with the car owner, such as a marriage or birth certificate. It is the owner’s responsibility to obtain the importation permit for a boat through the Banco Nacional del Ejército, Fuerza Aérea y Armada 7 to 60 days before departure. Permits can also be obtained at one of the Mexican consulates located in Albuquerque, Austin, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Sacramento and San Bernardino. Further information and online application forms can be found at Banco Nacional del Ejército, Fuerza Aérea y Armada . For more information on Mexican driver's permits, vehicle inspection, road tax or mandatory insurance, contact the SECTUR at 1 866 640 0597 (toll free from Canada). Purchasing/selling a vehicle Foreigners who wish to purchase a car in Mexico must hold either temporary or permanent residency in Mexico, be able to pay vehicle taxes and obtain Mexican licence plates. If you are interested in buying a car, consult local authorities. It is illegal to sell your imported vehicle in Mexico. If you do, your vehicle may be seized and you may be subject to a fine and deportation. Auto accidents and driving infractions In case of an accident or theft of your vehicle, you should immediately obtain a police report from the nearest local branch of the state prosecutor’s office (Agencia del Ministerio Público) and present it to the Mexico City customs office (Aduanas) in order to cancel the Temporary Vehicle Importation Permit no later than five days after the incident. If you are involved in a traffic accident, you may face serious legal problems, including imprisonment. You could be taken into custody until responsibility for the accident is determined and all penalties are paid. If you do not have Mexican liability insurance, you could be prevented from leaving the country until all parties agree that adequate financial satisfaction has been received. Depending on the extent of injuries or damages, drivers may face criminal charges. Motor vehicle insurance is considered invalid in Mexico if the driver is found to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the accident, or if the driver has no valid driver’s licence. If you receive a fine for a driving infraction in certain parts of the country, the issuing police officer is obligated by law to retain your driver’s licence or registration until the fine is paid. Expect delays in recovering the document. Driving restrictions In order to reduce air pollution, time and day restrictions are imposed on driving in Mexico City and other regions of the country. Based on licence plate numbers, there is at least one day each week and two Saturdays per month when driving is forbidden. This applies equally to permanent, temporary and foreign plates. These regulations are strictly enforced. Offenders face heavy fines and temporary confiscation of their vehicle. A supplementary driving restriction has been implemented in Mexico City. Vehicles without plates from the State of México (Estado de México) or the Federal District (Distrito Federal) are not allowed to circulate from Monday to Friday from 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. and Saturdays from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. For more information, consult the Mexico City Ministry of the Environment (in Spanish). An exemption to this driving restriction may be obtained for cars with foreign plates by requesting a permit, the tourist pass (Pase Turístico), which is granted either for two periods of seven days or one period of 14 days within a six-month period. In order to obtain the tourist pass, you must register at Pase Turístico (in Spanish). Real estate You may acquire real estate in Mexico. However, you should consult a lawyer, as real estate transactions, laws and practices can be complex and differ considerably from those in Canada. Choose your own lawyer or notary and avoid hiring the one recommended by the seller. Mexican real estate agents are not licensed or regulated. Research potential property purchases carefully, as irregularities occur, most frequently title challenges, which may result in litigation and possible eviction. Trusts do not guarantee that the purchase is legitimate. Visit the local property registry (Registro de Propiedad) and ask to see the property registry to confirm the name of the last owner and the fact that the property is free of any mortgage. Reports of problems with time-share arrangements (including cancellation of contracts and fraudulent sales) have increased. Be prepared for the possibility of being approached by persistent time-share representatives on the street, as well as at the airport or on the way to your hotel. Be prepared for common pressure tactics, such as being told that promotions are only valid for that day or being offered free tours, meals, gifts or alcoholic beverages. Before purchasing a time-share, gather as much information as possible, including researching the properties and getting a legal opinion. If you do decide to buy, be sure to carefully review the contract. Anything not included in the contract will not be honoured. Only provide your credit card if you are certain you wish to make the purchase. Time-share companies have requested that their clients sign a waiver that prevents them from cancelling the contract. Such practices are illegal. Mexican law stipulates that consumers are legally entitled to cancel a time-share contract without penalty; however, the cancellation must be done within five working days starting from the day following the original date of purchase. Cancellations of contracts must be done in writing and must be presented directly to the time-share company. Keep copies of all correspondence. Fraudulent companies and individuals may approach you claiming to have a buyer for your time-share and asking you to pay taxes beforehand. After payment of the so-called “taxes,” Canadians have discovered that their time-share was never sold. Scam artists also often impersonate Mexican Government officials. If you experience any difficulties with a time-share company, or suspect fraud in real estate procedures, you should immediately contact the Mexican Consumer Protection Agency (Procuraduría Federal del Consumidor or PROFECO ). If you are considering purchasing or selling property in Mexico, or suspect you may have fallen victim of a scam, consult a lawyer in Mexico specializing in real-estate. Rental accommodations Rental agreements between two individuals in Mexico are considered a private matter and are not regulated by the government. Should you encounter difficulties with a rental agreement and wish to take legal action, you will be required to obtain the services of a Mexican lawyer. Money The currency is the Mexican peso (MXN/MXV). Automated banking machine services are available throughout the country. Canadian debit and credit cards are widely accepted; however, Canadian currency and traveller’s cheques are not. Some Canadians have recently reported that they were unable to withdraw cash from ABMs using Canadian debit cards. Consult with your bank before you travel. There is a limit to the amount of U.S. dollars that both residents and foreigners can exchange in Mexico, depending on your immigration status in Mexico. Although the rule does not apply to Canadian dollars, some financial institutions, hotels and currency exchange bureaus do not make the distinction. Natural disasters and climate Natural disasters & climate In the event of a natural disaster such as a hurricane, earthquake, tsunami, landslide, flood or volcanic eruption, official information is available from the Mexican government’s national civil protection agency, Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil (in Spanish). Hurricane Season The hurricane season extends from June to the end of November. The National Hurricane Center provides additional information on weather conditions. Stay informed of regional weather forecasts, and follow the advice and instructions of local authorities. Rainy season The rainy season extends from June to November, and flooding and mudslides occur during this time throughout the country. Transportation routes may be affected. If you are planning to travel to possible affected areas, contact your airline or tour operator to determine whether the situation could disrupt your travel arrangements. Exercise caution, monitor local news and weather reports, and follow the advice of local authorities. Seismic activity Mexico is located in an active seismic zone. For further information, consult Mexico’s National Seismological Institute, Servicio Sismológico Nacional (in Spanish). Some volcanoes in Mexico are active. You may obtain updated information on the status of the Colima volcano from the University of Colima’s Centre for Studies and Research of Volcanology, Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones de Volcanologia (in Spanish) and of the Popocatépetl volcano in central Mexico from Mexico’s national centre for disaster prevention (Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres or CENAPRED ) (in Spanish). Assistance Consular assistance Mexico City - Embassy of Canada Street AddressCalle Schiller No. 529, Colonia Polanco, 11580 México, D.F., MéxicoPostal AddressP.O. Box 40-045, 06141 México, D.F., MéxicoTelephone52 (55) 5724-7900Fax52 (55) 5724-7943Email [email protected] Internet www.mexico.gc.ca ServicesPassport Services AvailableFacebook Embassy of Canada to Mexico Twitter @CanEmbMexico Consular districtAguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Morelos, Mexico City, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luís Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas Acapulco - Consular Agency of Canada Street AddressPasaje Diana, Avenida Costera Miguel Alemán 121, L-16, Fracc. Magallanes, 39670 Acapulco, Guerrero, MéxicoTelephone52 (744) 484-1305 / 52 (744) 481-1349Fax52 (744) 484-1306Email [email protected] Facebook Embassy of Canada in Mexico Twitter @CanEmbMexico Consular districtGuerrero, MichoacánOther social media @EmbCanMexico	i don't know
American 1940’s murder victim Elizabeth Short was known by what posthumous nickname?	General Knowledge Quiz - By Zarbo84 The fictional character John Clayton is better known by what name? La Paz is the administrative capital of which South American country? Actor Charles Buchinsky was better known by what name? The medical condition ‘aphonia’ is the inability to do what? In Greek mythology, Pygmalion was the king of which Island? Who played the title role in the 1953 film ‘The Glenn Miller Story’? A third wedding anniversary is traditionally represented by which material? In the Bible, what sign did God give Noah that the earth would not be flooded again? In August 2011 NASA announced that photographic evidence had been captured of possible liquid water of which planet in our solar system? The restored tomb of which dramatist was unveiled in Paris in November 2011, after being ruined by lipstick smears left by thousands of kisses? What was the name of the hurricane which hit the East Coast of America in August 2011? On 11th March 2011 a 9.1 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of which country? Convict George Joseph Smith was known as the ‘Brides in the ‘what’ murderer’? In the human body, Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis is commonly known by what name? A peregrine is what type of bird? What is the name of the highly toxic protein obtained from the pressed seeds of the castor oil plant? Which British pop musician/actor was actress Sadie Frost’s first husband? British singer Gaynor Hopkins is better known by what name? Who played Ron Kovic in the 1989 film ‘Born on the Fourth of July’? Ben Gurion International Airport is in which country? Which basketball star is kidnapped by cartoon characters in the 1996 film ‘Space Jam’? In the tv series The A Team, what does B.A. stand for in the name B.A. Baracus? In medicine, metritis is the inflammation of which part of the body? In which year was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour in the USA? In the human body, where is the atrium? The OK Corral is in which US town? In Greek mythology, Amphitrite, queen of the sea, was the wife of which god? Which British boxer bought one of the original ‘Only Fools and Horses’ Reliant Robins in 2004? Actor Roy Harold Scherer was better known by what name? Anna Gordy was the first wife of which late soul singer? Who played Heinrich Himmler in the 1976 film ‘The Eagle Has Landed’? Which is the fastest rotating planet in our solar system? Which country was invaded by Iraq in 1990? Cobalt, Cyan and Cerulean are shades of which colour? In 1936, Joseph Bowers was the first inmate to attempt an escape from which prison? In the 18th Century, the British Royal Navy ordered limes and lemons to be carried on board ships as a remedy for which disease? In which US state were the 1692 Witch Trials held? Question Who was the father of English monarch Edward VI? Vermicide is a substance used for killing which creatures? Miss Gatsby and Miss Tibbs were two elderly residents in which UK tv sitcom? Who was US actor Mickey Rooney’s first wife? The resort town of Sliema is on which Mediterranean island? In the Bible, what is the Decalogue more commonly known as? In Greek mythology, Hypnos was the god of what? Which real-life couple starred in the 1994 remake of the film ‘The Getaway’? American 1940′s murder victim Elizabeth Short was known by what posthumous nickname? British monarch Henry VIII married which of his wives in 1540? In February 1983 which US writer choked to death on the cap from a bottle of eye drops? Which US gangster was released from Alcatraz prison in November 1939? Who built the Roman wall which divided England and Scotland? In the human body, the hallux is more commonly known by what name? The liqueur Maraschino is flavoured with which fruit? Which famous US outlaw shot the cashier of a savings bank in Gallatin Missouri in 1869? Kathmandu is the capital of which country? TAP is the chief airline of which European country? In November 2002, which member of the British royal family was convicted and fined for violating the Dangerous Dogs Act? Tommy Lee plays which instrument in the band Motley Crue? The Wang River is in which Asian country? Who played Danny Ocean in the 1960 film ‘Ocean’s Eleven’? In which US state was the late singer Michael Jackson born? According to the Bible, what was the first bird to be sent out of the Ark by Noah? Which famous racehorse is buried next to the finishing post of the Aintree Racecourse? Winston Churchill’s tribute ‘Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few’, was paid to which of the UK’s armed forces? The company Starbucks is reportedly named after a character in which novel? What was the name of the 42 year old African-American who became famous for refusing to give her seat up to a white bus passenger in Alabama in 1955? In 1954, which British athlete broke the Four Minute Mile? Which film, starring Yul Brynner and Deborah Kerr, was released in June 1956? The infamous Insein Prison is in which Asian country? Which heavyweight boxing champion retired in April 1956 without losing a professional boxing match? Who played Davy Crockett in the 1960 film ‘The Alamo’? ‘Better to die than be a coward’ is the motto of which British Army regiment? An apple seed contains which poisonous substance? In which English city was the UK tv soap ‘Albion Market’ set? In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, was assassinated in which Bosnian province? Question	Black Dahlia
What is the title of the humorous country song released by Australian singer Slim Dusty in 1957, the first Australian single to ‘go gold’?	Elizabeth Short \| Deranged LA Crimes ® Deranged LA Crimes ® True 20th Century tales of murder, mayhem, political corruption, and celebrity scandal Search 6 Aggie at a crime scene in the 1940s. Aggie Underwood was born on December 17, 1902 and Deranged L.A. Crimes was born on December 17, 2016, so there’s a lot to celebrate today. We have so many candles on our birthday cake it will take a gale force wind to blow them all out. It was Aggie’s career as a Los Angeles journalist that inspired me to begin this blog. She began her career as a temporary switchboard operator at the Daily Record in late 1926.. In her 1949 autobiography, Newspaperwoman, she described the Record’s newsroom as a “weird wonderland” and promptly fell in love with the newspaper business. It didn’t take her long to realize that she wanted to be a reporter and she pursued her goal with passion and commitment. During a time when most female journalists were assigned to report on women’s club activities and other social events, Aggie covered most, if not all, of the most important crime stories of the day. She attended Thelma Todd’s autopsy in December 1935 and was the only Los Angeles reporter to score a byline in the Black Dahlia case in January 1947. Like Aggie, I’ve become obsessed with the villains and victims in Los Angeles. The stories touch me as often as they frighten and repulse me. I want to understand why people do the things they do, and sometimes I feel like I get close. I don’t expect to ever completely answer that question–but the quest is a rewarding one. Whether you are new to the blog or have been following Deranged L.A. Crimes for a while, I want to thank you sincerely for your readership. There will be many more stories in 2017 and a few appearances too. I will keep you posted. Joan 2 Joseph Du Mais was one of the many false confessors to the January 15, 1947 slaying of Elizabeth Short, the Black Dahlia. He had figured prominently in the mystery surrounding Short’s murder and his photo appeared on the front page of the Herald in early 1947. The former Army combat veteran and M.P. had offered military investigators a rambling 50 page statement in which he declared that he had dated Beth on January 9 or 10 in 1947 and then blacked out for several days. He said that it was during this black out that he believed he had murdered Elizabeth Short. There were serious problems with Joseph’s statement. Soldiers who knew him reported seeing him at Fort Dix in New Jersey on January 10, 11, 12 and 17 of 1947 which, unless the military man could bi-locate, would have made it impossible for him either to have dated, or to have killed, the Black Dahlia. Joseph’s headline news days were over quickly, but he popped up again in September 1948 in a brief article buried in the back pages of the L.A Times when he was busted in Evanston, Illinois for car theft. He told the cops that he was held for 83 days in Army detention at Ft. Dix in connection with the slaying of his wife, Elizabeth Short. He said that he knew her as Eunice Fortune. The cops in Evanston didn’t buy Joseph’s story and it was a simple matter for them to contact LAPD and verify their hunch that Joseph was spinning a yarn. His confession to the gruesome murder had been disproved by LAPD and his claim that he had married Beth in 1937 was completely absurd. In 1937 Beth Short was a twelve year old school girl. LAPD detectives were exasperated by the lack of viable leads in the murder of Elizabeth Short; and they were especially frustrated by the parade of false confessors who sent them down blind alleys – wasting their time and resources. AFTERWORD: In the nearly 70 years since the murder there have been many false confessors and leads that haven’t panned out. The vacuum has been filled with books written by a handful of people who claim that they are related to the killer. Other books have posited conspiracy theories that beggar belief. In my opinion all of the books written to date are as believable as Joseph Du Mais’ claims. I don’t know if we’ll ever learn the identity of Beth’s killer–but we can always hope. Reply A couple of weeks following the one year anniversary of the slaying of Elizabeth Short, the Black Dahlia, LAPD detectives were still working hard to solve the case that would eventually become L.A.’s most infamous unsolved homicide. Cops thought maybe they’d finally caught a break in the case when twenty-three year old Charles E. Lynch telephoned the homicide squad asking that they come and arrest him for Short’s slaying. Lynch was arrested and brought to Central Jail for interrogation. The young transient was questioned at length by Detective Lieutenants Harry Hansen and Finis A. Brown. They had been assigned to the case since January 15, 1947 when Short’s body was found in a Leimert Park vacant lot. Dr. J. Paul De River, police psychiatrist, accompanied Hansen and Brown to ovserve the questioning of the new suspect. The seasoned detectives and the shrink quickly concluded that Lynch was lying to them. When he was challenged on the details of his confession Lynch promptly repudiated it. Of course the detectives wanted to know what had motivated Lynch to confess to the gruesome murder in the first place, and that’s when he told them that the idea came to him after he read a newspaper “one year anniversary” account of the crime. The newspaper account of the Black Dahlia case may have initially motivated Lynch to confess, but his real inspiration came from a Benzedrine inhaler. He told Hansen, Brown and De River that he bought an inhaler, tore off the wrapper, ate the contents and washed them down with a glass of water — it was then, Lynch said, that he decided to confess. Another frustrating dead end. Reply U.S. Army Corporal Joseph Dumais [Photo courtesy of LAPL] On February 8, 1947 the Herald-Express announced that the Black Dahlia case had been solved. They had found the killer! The Herald-Express story began: “Army Corporal Joseph Dumais, 29, of Fort Dix, N.J., is definitely the murdered of “The Black Dahlia”, army authorities at Fort Dix announced today.’ Dumais, a combat veteran, had returned from leave wearing blood stained trousers with his pockets crammed full of clippings about Short’s murder. According to the Herald, Dumais made a 50 page confession in which he claimed to have had a mental blackout after dating Elizabeth Short in Los Angeles five days before her body was found. The good looking corporal seemed like the real deal. He told the cops that “When I get drunk I get pretty rough with women.” Unfortunately, when police checked his story against known facts the solider’s confession didn’t hold up. Dumais was sent to a psychiatrist. Two days after Dumais’ false confession the Herald put out an Extra with the headline: “Werewolf Strikes Again! Kills L.A. Woman, Writes B.D. on Body”. The victim of the “Werewolf Killer” was forty-five year old Jeanne French. Her nude body had been discovered at about 8 a.m. on February 10, 1947 near Grand View Avenue and Indianapolis Street in West L.A. Cops at the scene of Jeanne French’s murder. [Photo courtesy LAPL] Jeanne Thomas French had lived an incredibly fascinating life. She had been an aviatrix, a pioneer airline hostess, a movie bit player and an Army Nurse. And at one time she had been the wife of a Texas oilman. The way she died was monstrous. A construction worker H.C. Shelby was walking to work around 8 o’clock that morning along Grand View Blvd. when he saw a small pile of woman’s clothing in weeds a few feet from the sidewalk. Curious, Shelby walked over and lifted up a fur trimmed coat and discovered French’s nude body. French had been savagely beaten, and her body was covered with bruises. She had suffered some blows to her head, probably administered by a metal blunt instrument — maybe a socket wrench. As bad as they were, the blows to her head had not been fatal. Jeanne died from hemorrhage and shock due to fractured ribs and multiple injuries caused by stomping — she had heel prints on her chest. It took a long time for French to die. The coroner said that she slowly bled to death. Mercifully, Jeanne was unconscious after the first blows to her head so she never saw her killer take the deep red lipstick from her purse, and she didn’t feel the pressure of his improvised pen as he wrote on her torso: “Fuck You, B.D.” (later thought to be be “P.D.”–but was it?) and “Tex”. French had last been seen in the Pan American Bar at 11155 West Washington Place . She was seated at the first stool nearest the entrance and the bartender later told cops that a smallish man with a dark complexion was seated next to her. The bartender assumed they were a couple because he saw them leave together at closing time. Jeanne’s estranged husband, Frank, was booked on suspicion of murder. The night before she died Jeanne had gone to the apartment where Frank was living and they’d quarreled. Frank said that his wife had started the fight, then hit him with her purse and left. He said that was the last time he saw her. He told the cops she’d been drinking. David Wrather, Jeanne’s twenty-five year old son from a previous marriage was also brought in for questioning. As he was leaving the police station he saw his step-father for the first time since he’d learned of his mother’s death. David confronted Frank and said: “Well, I’ve told them the truth. If you’re guilty, there’s a God in heaven who will take care of you.” Frank didn’t hesitate, he looked at David and said: “I swear to God I didn’t kill her.” Frank was cleared when his landlady testified that he’d been in his apartment at the time of the murder, and when his shoe prints didn’t match those found at the scene of the crime. Cops followed the few leads they had. French’s cut-down 1929 Ford roadster was found in the parking lot of a drive-in restaurant, The Piccadilly at Washington Pl. and Sepulveda Blvd. Witnesses said that the car had been there since 3:15 the morning of the murder, and a night watchman said it was left there by a man. The police were never able to find out where Jeanne had been between 3:15 a.m. and the time of her death which was estimated at 6 a.m. Scores of sex degenerates were rousted, but each was eliminated as a suspect. Officers also checked out local Chinese restaurants after the autopsy revealed that French had eaten Chinese food shortly before her death. French’s slaying, known as the “Red Lipstick Murder” case, went cold. Three years later, following a Grand Jury investigation into the numerous unsolved murders of women in L.A., investigators from the D.A.’s office were assigned to look into the case. Frank Jemison and Walter Morgan worked the French case for almost eight months, but they were never able to close it. They came up with one hot suspect, a painter who had painted the French’s house about four months prior to her death. He even dated her several times. The suspicious thing about the painter was that the day after Jeanne’s murder he had burned several pairs of his shoes. Also he wore almost the same size shoes as the ones that had left marks on French’s body. Jemison and Morgan thoroughly investigated the painter, but he was eventually cleared. There were so many unsolved murders of women in the 1940s that in 1949 a Grand Jury investigation was launched into the failure of the police to resolve the cases. There haven’t been any leads in Jeanne French’s case in decades; however, there is always a detective assigned to Elizabeth Short’s murder case. A couple of years ago it was a female detective and, surprisingly, she received several calls a month. To this day there are people who want to confess to the Black Dahlia murder. The detective was able to eliminate each one of the possible suspects with a simple question: “What is the date of your birth?” Sketch of Jane Doe #1 prior to her ID as Elizabeth Short. Max Handler with Det. Ed Barrett (in hat and glasses). [Photo courtesy LAPL] Dozens of men had been interviewed as possible suspects in the murder of Elizabeth Short. None of the interviews had panned out. A seemingly endless stream of false confessors appeared at various police stations around town; guys like Max Handler, a film bit player, who was the 25th man to claim he had murdered the Black Dahlia. During a lie detector test he admitted that his confession was false and that he “wanted to get away from a gang of men who have been following me constantly”. In the photo he looks to have been on a lobotomizing bender. Daniel S. Voorhies, a 33 year old army vet, also confessed to killing Short. He said that he’d had an affair with her in L.A. — the problem with his story was that at the time he claimed that he and Short were having a torrid affair, Beth was a very young teenager living on the east coast. The local landscape was littered with crumpled up false confessions given by every sad drunk and deranged publicity seeker — and most of the confessors were men; but not all of them. False confessor, Minnie Sepulveda. [Photo courtesy of LAPL] A gal named Minnie Sepulveda stepped up and said that she had killed the Black Dahlia. She hadn’t. Mrs. Marie Grieme said that she had heard a Chicago woman confess to the Black Dahlia’ murder. Her story didn’t lead anywhere. Even though none of the women who had confessed had been guilty, the cops were beginning to think that it wasn’t out of the question that Short’s slayer had been a woman. After all, L.A. had had its share of female killers. The Herald-Express ran side-by-side photos of three infamous homicidal women who had been busted in L.A., Louise Peete (one of only four women ever to have been executed by the State of California) was a serial killer. She’d been busted for murder in the 1920s, did eighteen years, and following her release from prison committed yet another murder for which she paid with her life. Winnie Ruth Judd committed two murders in Arizona. She was busted in L.A. when a trunk containing the dismembered remains of Hedvig Samuelson and Anne Le Roi began to get a little ripe and leak bodily fluids in the baggage claim section of a local train station. Winnie Ruth Judd’s trunks. [Photo courtesy LAPL] In 1922, Clara Phillips (aka “Tiger Girl”) murdered Alberta Meadows, the woman she suspected was a rival for her husband’s affections. She struck Meadows repeatedly with a hammer and, for the coup de gras, she rolled a 50 lb. boulder on top of the corpse. Body of Alberta Meadows — victim of Clara Phillips’ wrath. [Photo courtesy of UCLA] So, the notion that a woman could be Short’s killer wasn’t far-fetched at all. The Herald-Express had featured a series of columns written by psychologist Alice La Vere. La Vere had previously profiled Short’s killer as a young man without a criminal record, but she was very open to the idea of a female killer. She abruptly shifted gears from identifying a young man as the slayer to “…a sinister Lucrezia Borgia — a butcher woman whose crime dwarfs any in the modern crime annals — are shadowed over the mutilated body of 22-year-old Elizabeth Short.” Obviously La Vere was an expert for hire, and if the Herald-Express editors had asked her to write a convincing profile of the killer as a mutant alien from Mars, she’d likely have done it. Still, she made some compelling comments in her column for the newspaper. “Murders leave behind them a trail of fingerprints, bits of skin and hair. The slayer of “The Black Dahlia” left the most tell-tale clue of all–the murder pattern of a degenerate, vicious feminine mind.” Even more interesting was La Vere’s exhortation to the cops to look for an older woman. She said: “Police investigators should look for a woman older than ‘The Black Dahlia’. This woman who either inspired the crime or actually committed the ghastly, unspeakable, outrage, need not be a woman of great strength. Extreme emotion or high mental tension in men and women give great, superhuman strength.” If you compare Alice La Vere’s profile of the possible killer to a profile created by John E. Douglas , who is retired from the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) — La Vere’s sixty-nine year old profile holds up rather well. What I find interesting about La Vere’s profile of a female perpetrator is that she said that the woman would be older than Short. In recent years an older woman did become an integral part of a theory about the crime. It is a theory put forward by researcher, Larry Harnisch . Larry wrote an article for the Los Angeles Times on the fiftieth anniversary of Short’s death. Subsequently, he has done a lot more digging into the case and has unearthed an important connection between the body dump site near 39th and Norton, and two medical doctors. One of the doctors, Walter Alonzo Bayley, had lived in a house just one block south of the place where Elizabeth Short’s body had been discovered. At the time of the murder he was estranged from his wife who still occupied the home. Bayley had left his wife for his mistress, Alexandra Partyka, also a medical doctor. Partyka had emigrated to the U.S. and wasn’t licensed to practice medicine, but she did assist Bayley in his practice. Following Bayley’s death in January 1948, Partyka and Dr. Bayley’s wife, Ruth, fought over control of his estate. Mrs. Bayley claimed that Partyka had been blackmailing the late doctor with secrets about his medical practice that could have ruined him. There is also a link between Bayley’s family and Short’s. In 1945 one of Dr. Bayley’s adopted daughters, Barbara Lindgren, was a witness to the marriage of Beth’s sister, Virginia Short, to Adrian West at a church in Inglewood, California, near Los Angeles. Larry discussed Dr. Bayley in James Ellroy’s 2001 “Feast of Death”. [Note: Be forewarned that there are photos of Elizabeth Short in the morgue.] It is clear that a woman could have murdered Elizabeth Short; but could the woman have been Dr. Bayley’s mistress, Alexandra Partyka? The chances are that we’ll never know–or at least not until Larry Harnisch finishes his book on the case. Perhaps in time for the 70th anniversary? I hope so. NEXT TIME: Another confession, and another murder. Reply On January 17, 1947 only two days after Jane Doe #1 had been found butchered in a vacant lot, she was identified as twenty-two year old Elizabeth Short of Medford, MA. Short’s mother, Phoebe, had been cruelly tricked by the Herald-Express into believing that her much loved daughter had won a beauty contest, only to be told minutes later than Elizabeth had been murdered. Phoebe told reporters: “I’ll do everything possible to see that the fiend is caught. He can’t be human.” She immediately hopped on the next plane for Los Angeles. From left to right is Adrian West, Short’s brother-in-law; Mrs. Phoebe Short, mother; and Mrs. Virginia West, Short’s sister and Adrian’s wife. [Photo courtesy of LAPL.] Murder victims lose their right to privacy; all of their secrets are revealed, and in an effort to fill column space while multiple leads were being tracked, the Herald looked to psychiatrists, Beth’s acquaintances, and even mystery writers, to speculate on the case, which they did with creative abandon. The psychiatrist whose expert opinion was sought by the Herald was Dr. Paul De River, LAPD’s very own shrink. He wrote a series of articles for the paper in which he attempted to analyze the mind of the killer. DeRiver wrote that the killer was a sadist and suggested that: “during the killing episode, he had an opportunity to pump up affect from two sources — from his own sense of power and in overcoming the resistance of another. He was the master and the victim was the slave”. In one of his most chilling statements, De River hinted at necrophilia — he said: “It must also be remembered that sadists of this type have a super-abundance of curiosity and are liable to spend much time with their victims after the spark of life has flickered and died”. Dr. De River People who had only a fleeting acquaintance with Elizabeth Short were interviewed and they weighed in on everything from her hopes and dreams to her love life. Beth was, by turns, described as “a man-crazy delinquent”, and a girl with “childlike charm and beauty”. Many people who claimed to be close to her said that she aspired to Hollywood stardom. The interviews yielded nothing of value in the hunt for Beth’s killer. While the experts opined, Aggie was busy canvassing Southern California for leads. Underwood had been with the Herald-Express for twelve years when the Black Dahlia case broke wide open. In her 1949 autobiography, Newspaperwoman, she said that she came across Elizabeth’s nickname when she was checking in with Ray Giese, an LAPD homicide detective-lieutenant. According to Aggie, Giese said: “This is something you might like, Agness. I’ve found out they called her the ‘Black Dahlia’ around that drug store where she hung out down in Long Beach.” A few days passed and the mystery man known only as Red, was located. He was Robert M. “Red” Manley, a twenty-five year old married salesman. Early on the morning of January 20, 1947, Aggie interviewed Manley. The first thing she said to him was: “You look as if you’ve been on a drunk.” Manley replied: “This is worse than any I’ve ever been on.” Red Manley being frisked prior to being held for questioning in the Black Dahlia case. [Photo is courtesy of LAPL.] Aggie proceeded to tell him that he was in one hell of a spot, and advised him to come clean. Harry S. Fremont, an LAPD homicide detective looked over at Manley and said: “She’s right, I’ve known this lady for a long time, on lots of big cases, and I can tell you she won’t do you wrong.” Manley began to tell his story, and Aggie was smart enough not to interrupt him. He told of having picked Beth up on a street corner in San Diego early in December. And he also revealed that the night he’d spent with Beth in a roadside motel had been strictly platonic. He concluded with: “I’ll never pick up another dame as long as I live.” The story ran in the Herald with the headline: ‘Red’ Tells Own Story of Romance With ‘Dahlia’, and Aggie got the byline. The morning following her interview with Red Manley, Aggie was unceremoniously yanked off of the case. She said that she was in the midst of reporting on the Dahlia when: “…the city editor benched me and let me sit in the local room without a blessed thing to do.” The no-assignment routine resumed the next day as well. Aggie said that she sat for about three hours then started on an embroidery project! Anyone who came into the city room that day and saw Aggie with her embroidery hoop just roared with laughter. She kept it up until quitting time. Day three — Aggie was prepared to do more embroidery when she was told by the assistant city editor that an overnight decision had been made — Aggie was to go back to LAPD homicide and continue her work on the Black Dahlia case. Red Manley reunited with his wife. He had some explaining to do! [Photo is courtesy of LAPL.] Aggie barely had time to pull out her notebook before she was pulled off the case again! This time it was for good. An announcement was made that Aggie’s new assignment would be the city desk. She was flabbergasted. She had just become the one of the first women in the United States to hold a city editorship on a major metropolitan daily! Why had Aggie been removed from the Black Dahlia case? There are those who believe that there was a cover-up and that Aggie was getting too close to a solution to Short’s murder, so someone with enough juice had her promoted to keep her out of the way. That doesn’t make sense to me, as city editor she’d have been directing the activities of all the reporters working the case, and she wasn’t the sort of person who could have been bought. Nevertheless, the timing of Aggie’s promotion remains an intriguing part of the Black Dahlia case. Reply Elizabeth Short’s murder dominated the front pages of the Evening Herald & Express for days. But even in a murder case as sensational as that of the Black Dahlia the more time that elapses following the discovery of a crime, the fewer clues there are on which to report. The fact that the case was going cold didn’t dampen the Herald’s enthusiasm for reporting on it. As I mentioned on Thursday, the paper sought out psychiatrists psychologists, and mystery writers who would attempt, each in his/her own way, to analyze the case — and fill column space in the paper. Decades before the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) was founded the shrinks and writers whose work appeared in the Herald-Express were engaging in speculative profiles of both the victim and her killer. One of the psychologists tapped by the Herald to contribute her analysis of the victim and slayer was Alice La Vere. La Vere was introduced as “…one of the nation’s most noted consulting psychologists”. According to the newspaper, Miss La Vere would give to readers: “an analysis of the motives which led to the torture murder of beautiful 22-year-old Elizabeth Short”. La Vere’s analysis seems surprisingly contemporary. Here is an excerpt from her profile of Short’s personality: “Some gnawing feeling of inadequacy was eating at the mind of this girl. She needed constant proof to herself that she was important to someone and demonstrates this need by the number of suitors and admirers with which she surrounded herself.” La Vere went on to describe the killer: “It is very likely that this is the first time this boy has committed any crime. It is also likely that he may be a maladjusted veteran. The lack of social responsibility experienced by soldiers, their conversational obsession with sex, their nerves keyed to battle pitch — these factors are crime-breeding.” She further stated: “Repression of the sex impulse accompanied by environmental maladjustment is the slayer’s probable background.” How does La Vere’s profile of Elizabeth Short and her killer compare to a an analysis by retired FBI profiler John Douglas? Douglas suggested that Beth was “needy” and that her killer would have “spotted her a mile away”. He said that the killer “would have been a lust killer and loved hurting people.” On the salient points, I’d say that La Vere and Douglas were of like minds regarding Elizabeth Short and her killer — wouldn’t you? At the time of Elizabeth Short’s murder, mystery writer Craig Rice (pseudonym of Georgiana Ann Randolph Walker Craig) was one of the most popular crime writers in the country. In its January 28, 1946 issue, Time Magazine selected Rice for a cover feature on the mystery genre. Sadly, Rice has been forgotten by all except the most avid mystery geeks (like me). Craig Rice was invited by the Herald-Express to give her take on the Black Dahlia case in late January 1947. Rice described Elizabeth Short in this way: “A black dahlia is what expert gardeners call ‘an impossibility’ of nature. Perhaps that is why lovely, tragic Elizabeth Short was tortured, murdered and mutilated Because such a crime could happen only in the half-world in which she lived. A world of–shadows.” NEXT TIME: Aggie Gets Benched Reply Sixty-nine years ago today Elizabeth Short walked out of the Biltmore Hotel and headed south. She may have stopped in at the Crown Grill–a few of the patrons recalled seeing her there on the evening of January 9th. Whether Beth vanished immediately after exiting the lobby of the Biltmore, or whether she made it to the Crown Grill or even as far as Hollywood hardly matters. What’s important is that there are no verifiable sightings of her until her body was discovered by a Leimert Park housewife, Betty Bersinger, on January 15th. Short had been cruelly murdered and then her killer had mutilated her remains. There are more questions than answers in the unsolved murder. Who? Where? Why? All we know for sure is that she died about ten hours before she was found, her body was obscenely posed and meant to be found. Photo is from the L.A. Police Museum’s 2012 Black Dahlia exhibit. Reply Sixty-nine years ago, on January 8, 1947, Robert “Red” Manley drove to the home of Elvera and Dorothy French in Pacific Beach, in the San Diego area , to pick up a young woman he’d met a month earlier. Her name was Elizabeth Short. Robert “Red” Manley [LAPL Photo] Manley was a twenty-five year old salesman with a wife and baby at home. The Manley’s had been married for fifteen months and lived in the suburbs of Los Angeles. Red would later tell investigators that he and his wife had had “some misunderstandings” so he decided that he should “make a little test to see if I were still in love with my wife.” The woman Manley used to test his love for his wife was twenty-two year old Elizabeth Short. Elizabeth (who often called herself Betty or Beth) had asked Red to drive her back to L.A. – she told him that she didn’t like San Diego. Red agreed to help her out – it was the final part of his love test. Beth and Red weren’t on the road for too long before they stopped at a roadside motel for the night. They went out for dinner and drinks before returning to their room to go to bed. According to Red his night with Beth had been strictly platonic – he took the bed and she slept in a chair. The pair left the motel at about 12:20 p.m. on January 9, 1947 for Los Angeles. Beth had one week to live. Next time: The Black Dahlia: Part Two — January 9, 1947 4 On January 15, 1947 the body of twenty-two year old Elizabeth Short was discovered in a Leimert Park vacant lot. There were scant clues in the case and LAPD homicide detectives Finis Brown and Harry Hansen were hoping for a break. Ten days later some of Short’s belongings were found in a trash dump at 1819 E. 25th Street. Among the items found were a black patent leather purse, one black shoe, and a brown leather address book which contained more than 75 names. The “little brown book” book had the name Mark M. Hansen (no relation to Harry) stamped on the cover. Hansen, an attorney and night club owner, was a self-made man. He was a Danish immigrant, who had arrived in the U.S. in 1910 and who, by the 1930 census, was a theater proprietor. By the late 1940s he was part-owner of the Florentine Gardens, a popular Hollywood night spot, and had business interests in several movie theaters. Detectives grilled Hansen about his relationship with Beth Short, particularly how she came to have the leather address book. Hansen’s explanation was that Beth Short must have taken it from his desk sometime during November 1946. Beth had access to his desk because she was one of several young women who had rented rooms in Hansen’s home at 6024 Carlos Avenue (located behind the Florentine Gardens). Photo courtesy of LAPL Among the women who had lived at the Carlos Avenue address was Ann Toth, a bit player in the movies. Toth was an acquaintance of Short’s and like everyone else who had known the dead girl she had been questioned by the police. There wasn’t much Toth could tell investigators about Beth who, like so many other young women in post-war L.A., had no fixed address. Photo of Ann Toth from http://www.theblackdahliainhollywood.com/ Detectives dug deep into Hansen’s story and determined that he was telling the truth about the last time he’s seen Beth. No one, particularly a successful businessman, was looking for the kind of publicity that attends a horrific murder like Beth’s. Hansen must have breathed a sigh of relief when he was cleared of any involvement in the crime. For the next couple of years the club owner, described by the L.A. Times as a “man-about-town”, continued to run the Florentine Gardens and bed chorus girls. He was a married man but he and his wife, Ida, had been estranged for about two decades. For most of 1948 and into 1949, Hansen had been routinely pestered for a job by a blonde dime-a-dance cutie from Oakland, Lola Titus. Lola’s real name was Beverly Alice Bennett, and she had been working as a stripper and taxi dancer in Oakland when she got the notion to hop on a bus for L.A. to hook-up with Mark Hansen. Lola’s sudden decision to leave Northern California was precipitated by an argument she’d had with her mother. Her mom strenuously objected to her daughter’s lifestyle. Lola would later tell investigators: “I made up my mind that he (Hansen) was either going to love me, marry me or take care of me or I was going to kill him.” Lola had another reason for traveling to L.A.–she believed that Hansen was behind rumors that she had killed the Black Dahlia. The rumors were all in Lola’s head because her name had never been mentioned in connection with the case. Lola boarded a bus from San Francisco to Hollywood on Thursday, July 14, 1949. She’d packed the essentials: nude photos of herself and the .25 automatic she’d purchased several months before in an Oakland pawnshop. On Friday morning she turned up on Hansen’s doorstep with the gun in her pocket and her nude photos tucked under her arm. She knocked on the door of the bungalow and while she waited she debated whether to shoot him as soon as he opened the door or to wait until she got inside. She opted to wait. Once Hansen had invited her in, Lola showed him the nude photos of herself. Hansen decided to compare the photos to the real girl, and he “auditioned” the blonde dancer in the back bedroom. Following the audition Hansen went into the bathroom and began to shave with his electric razor. Lola figured it was as good a time as any to shoot him. She went into the front room where she’d left her coat, pulled the gun out of the pocket and went to the bathroom where she shot him once. The wound was a through and through. The bullet missed Hansen’s heart by 7/10 of an inch and lodged in the bathroom wall. Lola then pulled on her clothes and left. Although he was severely wounded Hansen managed to get to the telephone. He phoned a business associate who called for a doctor. As he was being rushed to the hospital in an ambulance Hansen said that before Lola pulled the trigger she had called him a “goddam cop lover”. NEXT TIME: Lola calls the cops.	i don't know
How many books make up the New Testament of the Bible?	What Books Make Up the Bible? What Books Make Up the Bible? Related Which Bible Translation Is Best? Most modern versions of the Bible contain 66 books, 39 in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament. Originally, the number of books in the Bible was 49 because the Jews divide the 39 Old Testament books into 22 books by combining several books into one (e.g., they combine the twelve Minor Prophets into one book). The New Testament canon has remained stable at 27 books since early times. A complete list appears below. Old Testament I. The Gospels and Acts 1. Genesis II. The Epistles of Paul 6. Joshua-Judges 7. Book of Kingdoms (I & II Samuel, I & II Kings, considered one book) 7. I Corinthians 11. The Twelve (The "Minor" Prophets, considered one book) 11. Philippians 21. Ezra-Nehemiah (considered one book) 22. Chronicles (considered one book) The church of God does not accept the Apocrypha (the books of Esdras, Tobit, Judith, The Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, the books of Maccabees, etc.) or any other so-called apostolic or early church writings as canonical. The Berean: Daily Verse and Comment Sign up for the Berean: Daily Verse and Comment , and have Biblical truth delivered to your inbox. This daily newsletter provides a starting point for personal study, and gives valuable insight into the verses that make up the Word of God. See what over 135,000 subscribers are already receiving each day. Email Address: We respect your privacy. Your email address will not be sold, distributed, rented, or in any way given out to a third party. We have nothing to sell. You may easily unsubscribe at any time.	27
Which nuclear physicist is known as the ‘father of the atomic bomb’?	3. The Historical Books of the New Testament \| Bible.org 3. The Historical Books of the New Testament Introduction As previously mentioned, the New Testament falls into three categories based on their literary makeup—the historical, the epistolary, and the prophetical. The four Gospels make up about 46 percent and the book of Acts raises this to 60 percent. This means 60 percent of the New Testament is directly historical tracing the roots and historical development of Christianity. Christianity is based on historical facts. This is inherent in the very nature of the gospel. Christianity is the message of the gospel and what is a gospel? It is good news, information derived from the witness of others. It is history, the testimony of historical facts. “The gospel is news that something has happened—something that puts a different face upon life. What that something is is told us in Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. It is the life and death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.” 10 Following this four-fold account, Acts gives the historical account of the extension of the gospel message from Jerusalem, into Judea and Samaria, and to the farthest parts of the earth, into the Gentile world. It begins: 1:1 I wrote the former account (the Gospel of Luke), Theophilus, about all that Jesus began to do and teach 1:2 until the day he was taken up to heaven, after he had given orders by the Holy Spirit to the apostles he had chosen. 1:3 After his suffering he had also presented himself alive to these apostles by many convincing proofs. He was seen by them over a forty-day period and spoke about matters concerning the kingdom of God. 1:8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come on you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the farthest parts of the earth. Luke is volume one and Acts is volume two of Dr. Luke’s treatise about the historical life and ministry of the Savior as begun by the Lord Jesus. This was continued by the Savior through the Holy Spirit working in the life of His apostles following Christ’s ascension into heaven. Acts thus provides the historical outline of the apostles’ ministry in the life of the early church. This becomes crucial to our understanding of much of what we have in the epistles, which were historical letters written to living people in historical places. The New Testament, then, is a historical book of the Good News of the living God at work in human history, not just in the past, but in the living present and the future in light of the promises of God. The Synoptic Gospels Before beginning a survey of each of the Gospels, it might be well to say a bit about the use of the term, The Synoptic Gospels. Though each Gospel has its distinct emphasis and purpose, the first three are sometimes referred to as the Synoptic Gospels because they “see together,” that is, they have the same point of view with regard to the life of Christ, agreeing in subject matter and order. Further, they also present the life of Christ in a way that complements the picture given in the Gospel of John. The following show a number of areas that are common to each of the first three Gospels: The announcement of the Messiah by John the Baptist (Matt. 3, Mark 1, and Luke 3). The baptism of Jesus (Matt. 3, Mark 1, and Luke 3). The temptation of Jesus (Matt. 4, Mark 1, and Luke 4). The teaching and miracles of Jesus (The major portion of each Gospel). The transfiguration of Jesus (Matt. 17, Mark 9, and Luke 9). The trial, death, and burial of Jesus (Matt. 26-27, Mark 14-15, Luke 22-23). The resurrection of Jesus (Matt. 28, Mark 16, Luke 24). The Purpose and Distinctive Focus of the Four Gospels 16:13 When Jesus came to the area of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, “Who do people say the Son of Man is?” 16:14 They answered, “Some say John the Baptist, others Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets.” 16:15 He said to them, “And who do you say that I am?” 16:16 Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” Matthew 16:14 gives the four stock answers or schools of thought for a large number of people in Jesus’ day. Only a few at first, a believing remnant, recognized Him for who He really was, the Son of God. Thus, under the inspiration of the Spirit, the Gospel writers set about to reveal just who Jesus really was as to His person and work. In a four-fold way, each with their own distinctive focus, but in accounts that are complementary, the four Gospels answer the questions posed by the Lord to the disciples. They declare just exactly who Jesus is. They show Him to be the Messiah of Old Testament expectation, the Servant of the Lord, the Son of Man, the Son of God, and the one who is the Savior of the World. The Gospels give us God’s portrait of the person and work of Christ with four distinct pictures. In Sidlow Baxter’s Explore the Book, he calls our attention to the interesting similarity between the vision in Ezekiel 1:10 and the Gospels, though he does not suggest the four living creatures were a type of the Gospels. He writes: Most of us, perhaps, are familiar with the parallel which has often been noted between the four Gospels and the four “living creatures” in the opening vision of the prophet Ezekiel. The four “living creatures,” or cherubim, are thus described in Ezekiel 1:10: “As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side; and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle.” The lion symbolizes supreme strength, kingship; the man, highest intelligence; the ox, lowly service; the eagle, heavenliness, mystery, Divinity. In Matthew we see the Messiah-King (the lion). In Mark we see Jehovah’s Servant (the ox). In Luke we see the Son of Man (the man). In John we see the Son of God (the eagle). It needs all four aspects to give the full truth. As Sovereign He comes to reign and rule. As Servant He comes to serve and suffer. As Son of man He comes to share and sympathise. As Son of God He comes to reveal and redeem. Wonderful fourfold blending—sovereignty and humility; humanity and deity! 11 Matthew addresses his Gospel primarily to the Jews to convince them that Jesus of Nazareth is their Messiah, the King of the Jews. With the genealogy of Jesus, Matthew also uses ten fulfillment quotations by which he seeks to show that this Jesus, though rejected and crucified, is the long-awaited Messiah of the Old Testament (Matt. 1:23; 2:15; 2:18; 2:23; 4:15; 8:15; 12:18-21; 13:35; 21:5; 27:9-10). But though rejected by the nation as a whole and crucified, the King left an empty tomb. Mark seems to be addressed to the Romans, a people of action but of few words, and presents Jesus as the Servant of the Lord who came “to give His life a ransom for many.” In keeping with this, Mark, the shortest of the Gospels, is vivid, active or lively, and presents a very clear eyewitness account, especially of the last week of Jesus’ life on earth. “A full 37 percent of this Gospel is devoted to the events of His last and most important week.” 12 Luke, the doctor historian, presents Jesus as the perfect Son of Man who came “to seek and to save that which was lost” (Luke 19:10). Luke strongly stresses the true humanity of Christ while also declaring His deity. Some believe that Luke particularly had the Greeks in mind because of their keen interest in human philosophy. John immediately (1:1-2) focuses the reader on the deity of Christ by presenting Jesus as the eternal Son of God who gives eternal and abundant life to all who would receive Him by believing in Him (John 1:12; 3:16-18, 36; 10:10). Though written to all mankind, John’s Gospel is especially written to the church. Five chapters record the farewell discourses of Jesus to His disciples to comfort them just a few hours before His death. In addition, seven miraculous signs of Jesus are set forth to demonstrate that Jesus is the Savior and to encourage people everywhere to believe in Him that they might have life (John 20:30-31). Matthew Author and Title: Each of the Gospels receives its name from the human author who wrote it. Though this first Gospel, as with each of the Gospels, never names its author, the universal testimony of the early church is that the apostle Matthew wrote it, and our earliest textual witnesses attribute it to him by giving it the title, “According to Matthew” (Kata Matthaion). Matthew, who was one of the original disciples of Jesus, was a Jew writing to Jews about the One who was their own Messiah. His original name was Levi, the son of Alphaeus. Matthew worked as a publican collecting taxes in Palestine for the Romans until he was called by the Lord to follow Him (Matt. 9:9, 10; Mark 2:14-15). His quick response may suggest his heart had already been stirred by the ministry of Jesus. At an early date this gospel was given the title Kata Matthaion, “According to Matthew.” As this title suggests, other gospel accounts were known at that time (the word gospel was added later) … 13 Date: A.D. 50s or 60s Suggestions for the dating of Matthew range from A.D. 40 to A.D. 140, but “the fact that the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 is viewed as an event yet future (24:2) seems to require an earlier date. Some feel that this was the first of the Gospels to be written (about A.D. 50), while others think it was not the first and that it was written in the 60s.” 14 Theme and Purpose: As evident in the questions Jesus asked His disciples in 16:14f., Matthew wrote to Jews to answer their questions about Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus had plainly declared that He was their Messiah. Was He really the Old Testament Messiah predicted by the prophets? If so, why did the religious leaders fail to receive Him and why didn’t He establish the promised kingdom? Will it ever be established, and if so, when? Thus, Matthew is addressed primarily to a Jewish audience to show them that this Jesus is the long-awaited Messiah. This is seen in Jesus’ genealogy (1:1-17); the visit of the Magi (2:1-12); His entry into Jerusalem (21:5); the judgment of the nations (25:31-46); the often mentioning of the “kingdom of heaven” as is common with the other Gospels, and in the Old Testament fulfillment quotations mentioned previously. Key Words or Concept: Jesus, the Messiah, the King of the Jews. Key Verses: 1:20-23. But when he had considered this, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary as your wife; for that which has been conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit. 21 And she will bear a Son; and you shall call His name Jesus, for it is He who will save His people from their sins.” 22 Now all this took place that what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet might be fulfilled, saying, 23 “BEHOLD, THE VIRGIN SHALL BE WITH CHILD, AND SHALL BEAR A SON, AND THEY SHALL CALL HIS NAME IMMANUEL,” which translated means, “GOD WITH US.” 16:15-19. He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” 16 And Simon Peter answered and said, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” 17 And Jesus answered and said to him, “Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven. 18 And I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades shall not overpower it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” 28:18-20. And Jesus came up and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. 19 Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” Key Chapters: Chapter 1 is key in that it introduces the genealogy and birth of Jesus as son of David, son of Abraham, and as one born by the miraculous work of the Spirit, with Joseph being the legal father by adoption, but not the physical father. Chapter 12 is key because in this chapter we see the turning point when the religious leaders formally reject Jesus as their Messiah by attributing His miraculous power to Satan. At this point Jesus began to speak in parables to hide truth from the unresponsive. From this point on more time is given to His disciples. Christ as Seen in Matthew: As previously stressed, Matthew’s goal is to demonstrate that Jesus is the Messiah of Old Testament expectation. He is the son of Abraham and David. Thus He is the King who comes offering the kingdom. The phrase “the king of heaven” occurs some thirty-two times in this Gospel. Further, to show that this Jesus fulfills expectations of the Old Testament, ten times he specifically stresses that what happened in the life of Jesus fulfills the Old Testament. Further, he uses more Old Testament quotations and allusions than any other book of the New Testament, some 130 times. Outline: Matthew naturally falls into nine discernible sections: I. The Person and Presentation of the King (1:1-4:25) II. The Proclamation or Preaching of the King (5:1-7:29) III. The Power of the King (8:1-11:1) IV. The Program and Progressive Rejection of the King (11:2-16:12) V. The Pedagogy and Preparation of the King’s Disciples (16:13-20:28) VI. The Presentation of the King (20:29-23:39) VII. The Predictions or Prophecies of the King (24:1-25:46) VIII. The Passion or Rejection of the King (26:1-27:66) IX. The Proof of the King (28:1-20) Mark Author and Title: Mark’s Gospel is actually anonymous since it does not name its author. The Greek title, Kata Markon, “According to Mark” was added later by a scribe sometime before A.D. 125, but there is strong and clear evidence (external and internal) that Mark was its author. “The unanimous testimony of the early church fathers is that Mark, an associate of the apostle Peter, was the author.” 15 In A.D. 112, Papias cited Mark as “the interpreter of Peter.” Dunnett points out, “A comparison of Peter’s sermon in Acts 10:36-43 with Mark’s Gospel shows the former to be an outline of the life of Jesus which Mark has given in much greater detail.” 16 Though Mark was not one of the original disciples of Christ, he was the son of Mary, a woman of wealth and position in Jerusalem (Acts 12:12), a companion of Peter (1 Pet. 5:13), and the cousin of Barnabas (Col. 4:10). These associations, especially his association with Peter who was evidently Mark’s source of information, gave apostolic authority to Mark’s Gospel. Since Peter spoke of him as “Mark, my son,” (1 Pet. 5:13), Peter may have been the one who led Mark to Christ. In addition, he was also a close associate of Paul. Ryrie writes: He had the rare privilege of accompanying Paul and Barnabas on the first missionary journey but failed to stay with them through the entire trip. Because of this, Paul refused to take him on the second journey, so he went with Barnabas to Cyprus (Acts 15:38-40). About a dozen years later he was again with Paul (Col. 4:10; Philem. 24), and just before Paul’s execution he was sent for by the apostle (2 Tim. 4:11). His biography proves that one failure in life does not mean the end of usefulness. 17 Date: A.D. 50s or 60s The dating of Mark is somewhat difficult, though many scholars believe this Gospel was the first of the four Gospels. Unless one rejects the element of predictive prophecy, 13:2 clearly shows that Mark was written before A.D. 70 and the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem. Ryrie points out: In fact, if Acts must be dated about A.D. 61, and if Luke, the companion volume, preceded it, then Mark must be even earlier, since Luke apparently used Mark in writing his gospel. This points to a date in the 50s for Mark. However, many scholars believe that Mark was not written until after Peter died; i.e., after 67 but before 70. 18 Theme and Purpose: The theme of Mark is ‘Christ the Servant.’ This thrust is brought in 10:45, “For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and give His life a ransom for many.” A careful reading of Mark shows how the two themes of this verse, service and sacrifice, are unfolded by Mark. Mark is addressed primarily to the Roman or Gentile reader. As a result, the genealogy of Jesus is omitted along with the Sermon on the Mount and the condemnations by the religious leaders receive less attention. Also, since Mark presents Jesus as the Worker, the Servant of the Lord, the book focuses on the activity of Christ as a faithful Servant effectively going about His work. This focus seems evident by Mark’s style as seen in his use of the Greek euqus, “immediately, at once,” or “then, so then,” which occurs some 42 times in this Gospel. Its meaning varies from the sense of immediacy as in 1:10, to that of logical order (“in due course, then”; cf. 1:21 [“when”]; 11:3 [“shortly”]). 19 Another illustration of this active focus is Mark’s prominent use of the historic present to describe a past event, which was evidently done for vividness. Key Word: Servant, Servant of the Lord. Key Verses: 8:34-37. Then Jesus called the crowd with his disciples and said to them, “If anyone wants to come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me and the gospel will save it. What advantage is it for someone to gain the whole world, yet forfeit his soul? What can a person give in exchange for his soul?” 10:43-45. “But it is not this way among you. But whoever wants to be great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first among you must be the slave of all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served but to serve, and to give his life a ransom for many.” Key Chapters: Chapter 8 forms a key chapter in Mark, much like chapter 12 in Matthew, because here there is a change in both the content and course of the ministry of Jesus. The pivotal event that brings about the change is the confession of Peter, “You are the Christ (the Messiah)” (8:29). This is followed immediately by a warning that they should tell no one, the revelation of His death, the call to discipleship, and the transfiguration. That faith-inspired response triggers a new phase in both the content and the course of Jesus’ ministry. Until this point He has sought to validate His claims as Messiah. But now He begins to fortify His men for His forthcoming suffering and death at the hands of the religious leaders. Jesus’ steps begin to take Him daily closer to Jerusalem—the place where the Perfect Servant will demonstrate the full extent of His servanthood. 20 Christ as Seen in Mark: Of course, Mark’s contribution especially centers on presenting the Savior as the Sacrificing Servant who gives His life obediently for the ransom of many. The focus is clearly on His ministry to the physical and spiritual needs of others always putting them before His own needs. This emphasis on the Savior’s servant activity is seen in the following: Only eighteen out of Christ’s seventy parables are found in Mark—some of these are only one sentence in length—but he lists over half of Christ’s thirty-five miracles, the highest proportion in the Gospels. 21 Outline: With the theme of the book being that of Christ the Servant. The key verse, 10:45, provides the key for two natural divisions of the Gospel: the Servant’s service (1:1-10:52) and the Servant’s sacrifice (11:1-16:20). We can divide this into five simple sections: I. The Preparation of the Servant for Service (1:1-13) II. The Preaching of the Servant in Galilee (1:14-9:50) III. The Preaching of the Servant in Perea (10:1-52) IV. The Passion of the Servant in Jerusalem (11:1-15:47) V. The Prosperity of the Servant in Resurrection (16:1-20) Luke Author and Title: Both Luke and Acts, which are addressed to Theophilus as a two-volume work, are attributed to Luke, and while Luke is nowhere named as the author of either, a great deal of evidence points to Luke, “the beloved physician” (Col. 4:14) as the author of both books. Significantly, these two books make up about 28 percent of the Greek New Testament. The only places where we find his name in the New Testament are Colossians 4:14; 2 Timothy 4:11; and Philemon 24. It is also believed that Luke referred to himself in the “we” sections of Acts (16:10-17; 20:5-21:18; 27:1-28:16). These “we” sections of Acts show that the author was a close associate and traveling companion of Paul. Since all but two of Paul’s associates are named in the third person, the list can be narrowed to Titus and Luke. By process of elimination, Paul’s “dear friend Luke, the doctor” (Col 4:14), and “fellow worker” (Phm 24) becomes the most likely candidate. His authorship is supported by the uniform testimony of early Christian writings (e.g., the Muratorian Canon, A.D. 170, and the works of Irenaeus, c. 180). 22 It seems evident from Colossians 4:10-14 that Luke was a Gentile for there Paul differentiates him from the Jews. Here the apostle states that, of his fellow-workers, Aristarchus, Mark, and John were the only ones who were Jews. This suggest that Epaphras, Luke, and Demas, also mentioned in these verses, were Gentiles, not Jews. “Luke’s obvious skill with the Greek language and his phrase “their own language” in Acts 1:19 also imply that he was not Jewish.” 23 We know nothing about his early life or conversion except that he was not an eyewitness of the life of Jesus Christ (Luke 1:2). Though a physician by profession, he was primarily an evangelist, writing this gospel and the book of Acts and accompanying Paul in missionary work … He was with Paul at the time of the apostle’s martyrdom (2 Tim. 4:11), but of his later life we have no certain facts. 24 Date: A.D. 60 Two commonly suggested periods for dating the Gospel of Luke are: (1) A.D. 59-63, and (2) the 70s or the 80s, but the conclusion of Acts shows us that Paul was in Rome, and since Luke is the former treatise, written before Acts (Acts 1:1), the Gospel of Luke must have been written in the earlier period, around A.D. 60. However, suggesting that Luke’s Gospel received its final form in Greece and not in Rome, some have suggested A.D. 70. Theme and Purpose: The purpose of Luke is clearly stated in the prologue of his Gospel. 1:1-4 Now many have undertaken to compile an account of the events that have been fulfilled among us, 1:2 like the accounts passed on to us by those who were eyewitnesses and servants of the word from the beginning. 1:3 So it seemed good to me as well, because I have followed all things carefully from the beginning, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 1:4 so that you may have certainty regarding the things you were taught. Several things need to be noticed regarding his approach to presenting the gospel: Luke states that his own work was stimulated by the work of others (1:1), that he consulted eyewitnesses (1:2), and that he sifted and arranged the information (1:3) under the guidance of the Holy Spirit to instruct Theophilus in the historical reliability of the faith (1:4). This is a carefully researched and documented writing. 25 As a Gentile, Luke must have felt responsible to write his two-volume account of the life of Christ so it would be available to Gentile readers. This seems evident from the fact that Luke “translates Aramaic terms with Greek words and explains Jewish customs and geography to make his Gospel more intelligible to his original Greek readership.” 26 Luke, written by the “the beloved physician,” is the most comprehensive and longest of the Gospels. It presents the Savior as the Son of Man, the Perfect Man who came to seek and save the lost (19:10). In Matthew we see Jesus as Son of David, Israel’s King; in Mark we see Him as the Lord’s Servant, serving others; in Luke we see Him as the Son of Man, meeting man’s needs, a perfect man among men, chosen from men, tested among men, and supremely qualified to be the Savior and High Priest. In Matthew we see groupings of significant events, in Mark we see the snapshots of significant events, but in Luke we see more details of these events by the physician/historian. His perfect human nature as the Son of Man, yet also Son of God, is brought out by the following: 1. His physical birth with his genealogy traced all the way back to Adam (3:38) (Matthew goes back only to Abraham). 2. His mental development is stressed in 2:40-52. 3. His moral and spiritual perfection is also stressed as evidenced at His baptism by the voice of the Father from heaven and by the anointing of the Holy Spirit. So in Jesus we have One who is perfect manhood—physically, mentally, and spiritually. Key Word: Jesus, the Son of Man. Key Verses: 1:1-4 Now many have undertaken to compile an account of the events that have been fulfilled among us, 1:2 like the accounts passed on to us by those who were eyewitnesses and servants of the word from the beginning. 1:3 So it seemed good to me as well, because I have followed all things carefully from the beginning, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 1:4 so that you may have certainty regarding the things you were taught. 19:10 For the Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost. Key Chapters: Chapter 15. In view of the theme stressed in 19:10, the emphasis on ‘seeking’ in the three parables of chapter 15 (the lost sheep, the lost coin, and the lost son) makes this a key chapter in Luke’s Gospel. Christ as Seen in Luke: The humanity and compassion of Jesus are repeatedly stressed in Luke’s Gospel. Luke gives the most complete account of Christ’s ancestry, birth, and development. He is the ideal Son of Man who identified with the sorrow and plight of sinful man in order to carry our sorrows and offer us the priceless gift of salvation. Jesus alone fulfills the Greek ideal of human perfection. 27 Outline: The Prologue: The Method and Purpose of Writing (1:1-4) II. The Identification of the Son of Man with Men (1:1-4:13) III. The Ministry of the Son of Man to Men (4:14-9:50) IV. The Rejection of the Son of Man by Men (9:51-19:44) V. The Suffering of the Son of Man for Men (19:45-23:56) VI. The Authentication (by resurrection) of the Son of Man Before Men (24:1-53) John Author and Title: From early in the second century, church tradition has attributed the fourth Gospel to John the apostle, son of Zebedee and brother of James. Jesus named John and James, “Sons of Thunder” (Mark 3:17). Salome, his mother, served Jesus in Galilee and was present at His crucifixion (Mark 15:40-41). He was not only close to Jesus as one of the Twelve, but he is usually identified as “the beloved disciple” (13:23; 18:15, 16; 19:26-27), was one of the inner circle and one of three Christ took with Him to the Mount of Transfiguration (Matt. 17:1). He was also closely associated with Peter. After the ascension of Christ, John became one whom Paul identified as the “pillars” of the church (Gal. 2:9). In the strict sense of the term, the fourth Gospel is anonymous. No name of its author is given in the text. This is not surprising because a gospel differs in literary form from an epistle (letter). The letters of Paul each begin with his name, which was the normal custom of letter writers in the ancient world. None of the human authors of the four Gospels identified himself by name. But that does not mean one cannot know who the authors were. An author may indirectly reveal himself within the writing, or his work may be well known in tradition as coming from him. Internal evidence supplies the following chain of connections regarding the author of the Fourth Gospel. (1) In John 21:24 the word “them” refers to the whole Gospel, not to just the last chapter. (2) “The disciple” in 21:24 was “the disciple whom Jesus loved” (21:7). (3) From 21:7 it is certain that the disciple whom Jesus loved was one of seven persons mentioned in 21:2 (Simon Peter, Thomas, Nathanael, the two sons of Zebedee, and two unnamed disciples). (4) “The disciple whom Jesus loved” was seated next to the Lord at the Last Supper, and Peter motioned to him (13:23-24). (5) He must have been one of the Twelve since only they were with the Lord at the Last Supper (cf. Mark 14:17; Luke 22:14). (6) In the Gospel, John was closely related to Peter and thus appears to be one of the inner three (cf. John 20:2-10; Mark 5:37-38; 9:2-3; 14:33). Since James, John’s brother, died in the year A.D. 44, he was not the author (Acts 12:2). (7) “The other disciple” (John 18:15-16) seems to refer to the “disciple whom Jesus loved” since he is called this in 20:2. (8) The “disciple whom Jesus loved” was at the cross (19:26), and 19:35 seems to refer to him. (9) The author’s claim, “We have seen His glory” (1:14), was the claim of someone who was an eyewitness (cf. 1 John 1:1-4). Putting all of these facts together makes a good case for the author of the Fourth Gospel having been John, one of the sons of a fisherman named Zebedee. 28 Date: A.D. 85-90 Some critics have sought to place the dating of John well into the second century (about A.D. 150), but a number of factors have proven this false. Archeological finds supporting the authenticity of the text of John (e.g., John 4:11; 5:2-3), word studies (e.g., synchrontai, 4:9), manuscript discoveries (e.g., P52), and the Dead Sea Scrolls have given powerful support to an early dating for John. So it is common today to find nonconservative scholars arguing for a date as early as A.D. 45-66. An early date is possible. But this Gospel has been known in the church as the “Fourth” one, and the early church fathers believed that it was written when John was an old man. Therefore a date between 85 and 95 is best. John 21:18, 23 require the passing of some time, with Peter becoming old and John outliving him. 29 Theme and Purpose: Probably more than any other book of the Bible, John clearly states the theme and purpose of his Gospel. Significantly, this statement of purpose follows Thomas’ encounter with the resurrected Savior. If you recall, Thomas had doubted the reality of the resurrection (John 20:24-25). Immediately after this the Lord appeared to the disciples and addressed Thomas with these words, “Put your finger here, and examine my hands. Extend your hand and put it into my side. Do not continue in your unbelief, but believe.” Thomas then declared, “My Lord and my God!” The Lord then said to Thomas, “Have you believed because you have seen me? Blessed are the people who have not seen and yet have believed.” It is following this exchange and the focus on the need of believing in Jesus that John gives us the theme and statement of purpose: 20:30 Now Jesus performed many other miraculous signs in the presence of his disciples that are not recorded in this book. 20:31 But these are recorded so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name. In keeping with this statement of purpose, John selected seven sign-miracles to reveal the person and mission of Christ that it might bring people to believe in Jesus as Savior. The term used of these miracles is shmeion, “a sign, a distinguishing mark,” and then “a sign consisting of a miracle, a wonder, something contrary to nature.” John always refers to Jesus’ miracles by this term because shmeion emphasized the significance of the action rather than the miracle (see, e.g., 4:54; 6:14; 9:16; 11:47). These signs revealed Jesus’ glory (see 1:14; cf. Isa 35:1-2; Joel 3:18; Am 9:13). These seven signs consisted of the following: (1) the turning of water into wine (2:1-11); (2) the cure of the nobleman’s son (4:46-54); (3) the cure of the paralytic (5:1-18); (4) the feeding of the multitude (6:6-13); (5) the walking on the water (6:16-21); (6) the giving of sight to the blind (9:1-7); and (7) the raising of Lazarus (11:1-45). John’s special theme and purpose is also easily discerned by the distinctive nature of his Gospel when compared to Matthew, Mark, and Luke. When one compares the Gospel of John with the other three Gospels, he is struck by the distinctiveness of John’s presentation. John does not include Jesus’ genealogy, birth, baptism, temptation, casting out of demons, parables, transfiguration, instituting of the Lord’s Supper, His agony in Gethsemane, or His Ascension. John’s presentation of Jesus stresses His ministry in Jerusalem, the feasts of the Jewish nation, Jesus’ contacts with individuals in private conversations (e.g., chaps. 3-4; 18:28-19:16), and His ministry to His disciples (chaps. 13-17). The major body of the Gospel is contained in a “Book of Signs” (2:1-12:50) which embraces seven miracles or “signs” which proclaim Jesus as the Messiah, the Son of God. This “Book of Signs” also contains great discourses of Jesus which explain and proclaim the significance of the signs. For example, following the feeding of the 5,000 (6:1-15), Jesus revealed Himself as the Bread of Life which the heavenly Father gives for the life of the world (6:25-35). Another notable and exclusive feature of the Fourth Gospel is the series of “I am” statements that were made by Jesus (cf. 6:35; 8:12; 10:7, 9, 11, 14; 11:25; 14:6; 15:1, 5). The distinctiveness of this Gospel must be kept in perspective. The Gospels were not intended as biographies. Each Gospel writer selected from a much larger pool of information the material which would serve his purpose. It has been estimated that if all the words from the lips of Jesus cited in Matthew, Mark, and Luke were read aloud, the amount of time taken would be only about three hours … 30 Key Words: The key concept in John is Jesus, the Son of God, the one who is the Logos, the very revelation of God (John 1:1, 14, 18). But there are a number of other key words in the presentation of Christ like truth, light, darkness, word, knowledge, believe, abide, love, world, witness, and judgment. The verb believe (Greek, pisteuw) occurs 98 times in this Gospel. The noun, “faith” (Greek, pistis) does not occur. Key Verses: 1:11-13. He came to what was his own, but his own people did not receive him. But to all who have received him—those who believe in his name—he has given the right to become God’s children—children not born by human parents or by human desire or a husband’s decision, but by God. 1:14. Now the Word became flesh and took up residence among us. We saw his glory—the glory of the one and only full of grace and truth, who came from the Father. 3:16. For this is the way God loved the world: he gave his one and only Son that everyone who believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. 20:30-31. Now Jesus performed many other miraculous signs in the presence of his disciples that are not recorded in this book. But these are recorded so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name. Key Chapters: It is difficult to choose a key chapter in John’s Gospel, but surely the Lord’s conversation with Nicodemus in chapter 3 rates as one of the key chapters. John 3:16 is perhaps quoted more than any other verse in the Bible. Also important in this chapter are the words of the Savior regarding the need to be born again or from above (see 3:3-6). Other key chapters are John 4, the encounter with the woman at the well, the discourses with the disciples preparing them for His absence, John 13-16, and the Lord’s prayer to the Father in John 17. Christ as Seen in John: While the deity of Christ is a prominent theme in the Bible in many places, there is no book that presents a more powerful case for the deity of Jesus as the incarnate Son of God than does this Gospel. The fact is that one who is identified as “The man called Jesus” (9:11) is also called “God, the One and Only” (1:18 NIV), “Christ, the Son of the Living God” (6:69 KJV) or “the Holy One of God” (6:69 NIV, NASB, NET). This declaration of the deity of Jesus Christ is further developed by seven “I AM” statements made by Jesus and recorded in John’s Gospel. These seven statements are: I am the bread of life (6:35), I am the light of the world (8:12), I am the gate (10:7, 9), I am the good shepherd (10:11, 14), I am the resurrection and the life (11:25), I am the way, the truth, and the life (14:6), I am the true vine (15:1, 5). Another distinctive of John’s Gospel, again focusing on the person of Christ, are the five witnesses that witness to Jesus as the Son of God. In John 5:31f., Jesus is responding to the arguments of His opponents. They were claiming that His witness was without other witnesses to corroborate His testimony, but Jesus shows that is not true and proceeds to remind them that there are other witnesses to the validity of His claims: there is His Father (vv. 32, 37), there is John the Baptist (v. 33), His miracles (v. 36), the Scriptures (v. 39), and Moses (v. 46). Later, in 8:14 He declares that His witness is indeed true. … On certain occasions, Jesus equates Himself with the Old Testament “I AM,” or Yahweh (see 4:25-26; 8:24, 28, 58; 13:19; 18:5-6, 8). Some of the most crucial affirmations of His deity are found here (1:1; 8:58; 10:30; 14:9; 20:28). 31 Outline: H. Concerning the World (15:18-16:6) I. Concerning the Holy Spirit (16:7-15) J. Concerning His Return (16:16-33) V. The Intercession of the Son of God (17:1-26) VI. The Crucifixion of the Son of God (18:1-19:42) VII. The Resurrection of the Son of God (20:1-31) A. The Empty Tomb (20:1-9) B. The Appearances of the Risen Lord (20:10-31) VIII. The Epilogue: The Appearance by the Lake (21:1-25) A. The Appearance to the Seven Disciples (21:1-14) B. The Words to Peter (21:15-23) C. The Conclusion of the Gospel (21:24-25) Acts Author and Title: Although the author is unnamed in Acts, the evidence leads to the conclusion that the author was Luke. As previously mentioned, Acts is the second volume of a two-part treatise written by Luke, the physician, to Theophilus about “all that Jesus began to do and teach.” In support of Luke as the author, Ryrie writes: That the author of Acts was a companion of Paul is clear from the passages in the book in which “we” and “us” are used (16:10-17; 20:5-21:18; 27:1-28:16). These sections themselves eliminate known companions of Paul other than Luke, and Colossians 4:14 and Philemon 24 point affirmatively to Luke, who was a physician. The frequent use of medical terms also substantiates this conclusion (1:3; 3:7ff.; 9:18, 33; 13:11; 28:1-10). Luke answered the Macedonian call with Paul, was in charge of the work at Philippi for about six years, and later was with Paul in Rome during the time of Paul’s house arrest. It was probably during this last period that the book was written. If it were written later it would be very difficult to explain the absence of mentioning such momentous events as the burning of Rome, the martyrdom of Paul, or the destruction of Jerusalem. 32 Regarding the title, all available Greek manuscripts designate it by the title Praxeis, “Acts,” or by the title, “The Acts of the Apostles.” Just how or why it received this title is uncertain. Actually, “The Acts of the Apostles” is perhaps not the most accurate title since it does not contain the acts of all the apostles. Only Peter and Paul are really emphasized, though the promise of the coming of the Spirit was made to all the apostles in Acts 1:2-8 who were then to go into all the world preaching the gospel in the power of the Spirit (however, see 4:32). Many have felt that the book would be more accurately titled, “The Acts of the Holy Spirit” since it describes the spread of Christianity from the time of the coming of the Spirit in Acts 2 as promised in Acts 1:8. Date: A.D. 61 The issues regarding the dating of the book are summarized by Stanley Toussaint as follows: The writing of Acts must have taken place before the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Certainly an event of such magnitude would not have been ignored. This is especially true in light of one of the basic themes of the book: God’s turning to the Gentiles from the Jews because of the Jews’ rejection of Jesus Christ. Luke scarcely would have omitted an account of Paul’s death, traditionally dated from A.D. 66-68, if it had occurred before he wrote Acts. Nor did Luke mention the Neronian persecutions which began after the great fire of Rome in A.D. 64. Furthermore, a defense of Christianity before Nero by using the Book of Acts to appeal to what lower officials had ruled regarding Paul would have had little point at the time of the Neronian antagonism. At that time Nero was so intent on destroying the church, the defense set forth in Acts would have had little effect in dissuading him. The date usually accepted by conservative scholars for the writing of Acts is around A.D. 60-62. Accordingly the place of writing would be Rome or possibly both Caesarea and Rome. At the time of writing, Paul’s release was either imminent or had just taken place. 33 Theme and Purpose: The book of Acts stands out as unique among the New Testament books for it alone provides a bridge for the other books of the New Testament. As Luke’s second treatise, Acts continues what Jesus “began to do and to teach” (1:1) as recorded in the Gospels. It begins with Christ’s Ascension and continues to the period of the New Testament Epistles. In it we have the continuation of the ministry of Jesus Christ through the Holy Spirit at work in the apostles who went forth preaching and establishing the church, the body of Christ. Acts is the historical link between the Gospels and the Epistles. Not only does it make this bridge for us, but it provides an account of the life of Paul and gives us the historical occasion for his letters. In the process, Acts recounts the first 30 years of the life of the church. After summarizing various views on the purpose of Acts, Toussaint writes: The purpose of the Book of Acts may be stated as follows: To explain with the Gospel of Luke the orderly and sovereignly directed progress of the kingdom message from Jews to Gentiles, and from Jerusalem to Rome. In Luke’s Gospel the question is answered, “If Christianity has its roots in the Old Testament and in Judaism, how did it become a worldwide religion?” The Book of Acts continues in the vein of the Gospel of Luke to answer the same problem. 34 Acts 1:8 expresses the theme of Acts—the indwelling Holy Spirit empowering God’s people to be the Savior’s witnesses both in Jerusalem (home base), and in all Judea and Samaria (the immediate and surrounding areas), and even to the remotest part of the earth (the world). Key Word: Key people include: Peter, Stephen, Philip, James, Barnabas and Paul. Christ as Seen in Acts: The resurrected Savior is the central theme of the sermons and defenses in Acts. The Old Testament Scriptures, the historical resurrection, the apostolic testimony, and the convicting power of the Holy Spirit all bear witness that Jesus is both Lord and Christ (see Peter’s sermons in 2:22-36; 10:34-43). “To Him all the prophets witness that, through His name, whoever believes in Him will receive remission of sins” (10:43). “Nor is there salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved” (4:12). 35 Outline: Acts can be naturally outlined around Acts 1:8, the spread of the gospel from Jerusalem to Judea and Samaria, and to the uttermost part of the earth. 36 I. The Witness in Jerusalem (1:1-6:7) A. The Expectation of the Chosen (1:1-2:47) Progress report no. 1: “And the Lord added to their number daily those who were being saved” (2:47). B. The Expansion of the Church in Jerusalem (3:1-6:7) Progress report no. 2: “So the Word of God spread. The number of disciples in Jerusalem increased rapidly” (6:7). II. The Witness in all Judea and Samaria (6:8-9:31) A. The Martyrdom of Stephen (6:8-8:1a) 1. The Arrest of Stephen (6:8-7:1) 2. The Address of Stephen (7:2-53) 3. The Attack on Stephen (7:54-8:1a) B. The Ministry of Philip (8:1b-40) C. The Message of Saul (9:1-19a) D. The Conflicts of Saul (9:19b-31) Progress report no. 3: “Then the church throughout Judea, Galilee, and Samaria … was strengthened; and [it was] encouraged by the Holy Spirit, it grew in numbers, living in the fear of the Lord” (9:31). III. The Witness to the Extremity of the Earth (9:32-28:31) A. The Extension of the Church to Antioch (9:32-12:24) Progress report no. 4: “But the Word of God continued to increase and spread” (12:24). B. The Extension of the Church in Asia Minor (12:25-16:5) Progress report no. 5: “So the churches were strengthened in the faith and grew daily in numbers” (16:5). C. The Extension of the Church in the Aegean Area (16:6-19:20) Progress report no. 6: “In this way the Word of the Lord spread widely and grew in power” (19:20). D. The Extension of the Church to Rome (19:21-28:31) Progress report no. 7: “Paul … welcomed all who came to see him. Boldly and without hindrance he preached the kingdom of God and taught about the Lord Jesus Christ” (28:30-31). 10 Machen, p. 17. 11 J. Sidlow Baxter, Explore The Book, A Basic and Broadly Interpretative Course of Bible Study From Genesis to Revelation, Vol. 5, Inter-Testament and the Gospels, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, 1960, p. 120. 12 Bruce Wilkinson and Kenneth Boa, Talk Thru The Bible, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, 1983, p. 305. 13 Wilkinson/Boa, p. 308. 14 Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Moody, p. 1509. 15 John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck, editors, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Victor Books, Wheaton, 1983,1985, electronic media. 16 Walter M. Dunnett, Professor of New Testament, Moody Bible Institute, New Testament Survey, Evangelical Teacher Training Association, Wheaton, 1967, p. 17. 17 Ryrie, p. 1574.	i don't know
The Brazos Cliffs is a famous rock formation in which US state?	Top 12 Most Famous Rocks in the United States - Listosaur \| Hungry for Knowledge Listosaur \| Hungry for Knowledge Top 12 Most Famous Rocks in the United States Home Travel Top 12 Most Famous Rocks in the United States 60 Famous rocks have been part of the American experience since 1620, when the Pilgrims first established a colony at Plymouth Rock. Since then, notable rocks have served as route markers for America’s westward expansion, been used as movie props, provided giant canvases upon which to carve political and military leaders, and given us some interesting places to visit. Here are the 12 most famous rocks or rock formations in the United States. 12. Haystack Rock Haystack Rock is the most famous of several large “sea stacks” caused by the erosion of ancient lava flows along the Oregon coast. Located near Cannon Beach, the 235-foot formation can be reached by foot during low tide. The best public access point is three-quarters of a mile south of the rock at Tolovana Beach State Park. 11. Shiprock Shiprock, the core of a 30-million-year-old volcano, towers more than 1,500 feet over the surrounding terrain in northwest New Mexico. Long a sacred place for Navajo Indians, today the site draws hikers, photographers and climbers, although the climbing is a sore spot with local Navajo. 10. Beacon Rock Located in Washington State along the Columbia River a few miles west of the Bonneville Dam, Beacon Rock was an imposing sight for explorers Lewis and Clark, who originally named the 848-foot-tall monolith “Beaten Rock.” The rock, which is the core of an ancient volcano, is regarded as the second-largest, freestanding monolith in the world, after the Rock of Gibraltar. Incredibly, it was once slated for destruction to provide rock for a Columbia River jetty before common sense prevailed. In the early 20th century, the owner — who purchased the rock for $1 — painstakingly carved a switchback trail into the side of the rock, allowing hikers access to the top. Today, the three-quarter-mile trail is maintained as part of Beacon Rock State Park. 9. Devils Tower Although geologists classify it as an “igneous intrusion,” Devils Tower in northeast Wyoming is better known to many as one of the most famous movie props of all time, from its appearance in Steven Spielberg’s science fiction classic Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Native Americans have long regarded the tower as sacred ground. Today, the 1,267-foot formation stands as the centerpiece of Devils Tower National Monument. 8. Natural Bridge, Virginia Frederic Edwin Church’s 1852 painting of Natural Bridge in Virginia. Carved through the millennia by a simple creek, Natural Bridge in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley is one of the most famous natural sites from early American history. A young George Washington reportedly once surveyed the feature, and Thomas Jefferson owned the property for a time. Standing 215 feet high, with a span of 90 feet, the formation is open to the public. There is also a notable natural bridge in Kentucky, as well as many natural bridges in several national parks and monuments in the Western United States. Natural Bridge makes this list mainly because its early supporters were extremely persistent in promoting Natural Bridge, once hailed as “The Eighth Wonder of the World.” 7. Stone Mountain Confederate States of America icons Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis, along with their horses, are chiseled into the face of Stone Mountain, located just east of Atlanta, Georgia. Work on the carving began in 1916, but was abandoned in 1925. The sculptor who unexpectedly walked away from the Stone Mountain Carving, Gutzon Borglon, didn’t stay out of sight long — he began work on his signature achievement, Mount Rushmore, two years later. The Stone Mountain Carving was abandoned for nearly 40 years before resuming from 1963 until its completion in 1972. The carving, which is the largest bas-relief sculpture in the world, is 400 feet above the ground and measures 90 wide by 190 feet tall. In case you’re wondering, the heads of the four presidents on Mount Rushmore measure about 60 feet tall. 6. The Wave One of the most surreal landscapes in the United States, the Wave is a rock formation located on the Arizona/Utah border in the Coyote Buttes area of Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs National Monument. Erosion through millions of years created the swirls and ridges in the sandstone that give the area such an otherworldly appearance. Of all the rocks on this list, this is the most difficult to visit, requiring a tough 6-mile, round-trip hike. Now for the really hard part: Access to the Wave is limited to 20 visitors per day, and applications must be made months in advance. 5. El Capitan Towering some 3,000 feet above Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park, the granite face of El Capitan is a photographers’ and rock climbers’ dream come true. Known worldwide by rock climbers, the rock formation features numerous climbing routes, all of them extremely challenging. If all that sounds too taxing, grab your camera and pretend you’re Ansel Adams, whose breathtaking photographs of El Capitan and Yosemite helped popularize the park. 4. Half Dome Yosemite National Park’s Half Dome may or may not be as picturesque as its fellow Yosemite formation El Capitan; that’s a popular debate that can never be settled. But Half Dome is certainly easier to climb than its Yosemite Valley neighbor. Each year, thousands of hikers take the 8-mile hike from the valley to the summit, climbing the final 400 feet on a steep ascent with cables as handholds. The hike has become so popular in recent years that the National Park Service instituted a permit program in 2011. 3. Delicate Arch Arches National Park in Utah is revered for its stunning scenery, but amid all that natural wonder, the world-famous Delicate Arch stands out above the rest. The 52-foot-high sandstone formation is the state symbol of Utah, appearing on state license plates and “Welcome to Utah” signs. If you’re going to Arches N.P. to see Delicate Arch, be prepared for a somewhat strenuous 3-mile round-trip hike. And if you’re going to catch a sunset during the park’s spring or summer season, be prepared for a packed parking lot at the trailhead. 2. Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts The least physically imposing of the rocks on this list, this rock more than makes up for that with its historic status. Even kindergarteners are well versed in the story of how the Pilgrims landed in America at Plymouth Rock in 1620. It’s a great story, except for a couple of facts: First, the Pilgrims didn’t initially land at Plymouth Rock, but rather further east on Cape Cod. And there’s no proof that they came anywhere near the rock, which wasn’t recognized as the landing site until more than a century later. Still, Plymouth Rock remains an important part of American heritage. The rock is a popular attraction in Plymouth, Massachusetts. 1. Mount Rushmore Arguably the most famous monument in the United States, Mount Rushmore was carved out of a granite mountainside in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Each year, almost 3 million people visit the monument to stare at the faces of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. Original plans called for the sculpture to feature the four presidents all the way to the waist, but construction ceased in 1941 after 14 years when funding ran out. Written by Arthur Weinstein The author is a longtime professional journalist who has interviewed everyone from presidential contenders to hall of fame athletes to rock 'n' roll legends while covering politics, sports, and other topics for both local and national publications and websites. His latest passions are history, geography and travel. He's traveled extensively around the United States seeking out the hidden wonders of the country. Share:  Tagged:	New Mexico
Which country has the internet domain .is?	14 Stunning Places To Visit - New Mexico Tourism - Travel & Vacation Guide Ghost Ranch VALLES CALDERA New Mexico’s Super Volcano! This 89,000 acre National Preserve is in the heart of one of three super volcanoes in the United States. Known for its expansive high mountain valleys, large elk herds, and diverse history, the Preserve is a favorite among the locals and visitors alike. CARLSBAD CAVERNS Secretly tucked below the desert terrain are more than 119 known caves - all formed when sulfuric acid dissolved the surrounding limestone. TENT ROCKS The cone-shaped tent rock formations at this breathtaking National Monument are the products of volcanic eruptions that occurred 6 to 7 million years ago leaving pumice, ash, and tuff deposits over 1,000 feet thick. WHITE SANDS Awesome wave-like dunes of gypsum sand engulf 275 square miles of desert creating one of the world’s great natural wonders – the glistening white sands of New Mexico. Enchanted Skies Star Party The darkness and clarity of the New Mexico sky is a special treat that is all too rare today. Have you ever seen the Andromeda Galaxy or the Great Nebula in Orion or the Beehive Star Cluster with your naked eye? Here, you can see these and more! Photo Courtesy Knate Myers www.knatephoto.com TAOS GORGE At 650 feet above the Rio Grande, the Taos Gorge Bridge is the fifth highest bridge in the United States. Stand overhead to capture magnificent photos of the Rio Grande, or raft through it for more adventure. BLUE HOLE The Blue Hole in Santa Rosa, NM is a natural, bell-shaped pool that is 80 feet deep, has astonishing clarity and a constant water temperature of 61 degrees. This geological phenomenon makes Santa Rosa the scuba diving capitol of the southwest. BRAZOS CLIFFS Rising over 2000’ above the Chama River, the sheer granite of the Brazos Cliffs is some of the oldest rock found in New Mexico. Catch this monolith at sunset for spectacular lighting! BANDELIER Bandelier National Monument spans 33,000 acres of ruggedly beautiful canyon and mesa country that contain some of the most unusual and interesting ancient ruins in the Southwest. BOSQUE DEL APACHE At this spectacular national wildlife refuge tens of thousands of birds--including sandhill cranes, Arctic geese, and many kinds of ducks--gather each autumn and stay through the winter. Try to capture a photo when they all erupt in flight then head for a hike or a picnic while taking in the sights. SHIPROCK This magnificent landmark can be seen 50 miles in any direction. Shiprock, or Shiprock Peak, rises nearly 1,583 feet above the high-desert plain on the Navajo Nation in the Four Corners region of New Mexico. Shiprock is a sacred mountain to the Navajo people and point of interest for hikers, photographers and film producers. It is illegal to climb without a permit from the Navajo Nation. Photo Courtesy Hank Blum http://www.hankblum.com/ GILA CLIFF DWELLINGS The Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments offers a glimpse of the homes and lives of the people of the Mogollon culture who lived there over 700 years ago. Their dwellings, built within five of the natural caves of Cliff Dweller Canyon or in the open, are accessible to the public. BISTI BADLANDS The Bisti Badlands / De Na Zin Wilderness Area was once a coastal swamp of an inland sea, home to many large trees, reptiles, dinosaurs and primitive mammals. Today the preserved record of this swamp offers some of the most unique scenery in the Four Corners region.	i don't know
Which British scientist discovered acetylene in 1836?	Acetylene Manufacturing Technology - Process Detail of Acetylene Production Sales Helpline : +91-9810700052 ACETYLENE GAS Acetylene is a highly flammable gas which is colorless, lighter than air and has a garlic-like odor. Being colorless and inflammable gas, it is employed as a fuel and a chemical building block. It remains unstable in pure form so it is usually handled as a solution.The chemical compound with the formula C2H2 a compound of carbon and hydrogen. It is not only a hydrocarbon, but also the simplest alkyne. How to generate acetylene? Acetylene is commercially generated by the chemical reaction between calcium carbide and water. The reaction generates a significant amount of heat, which must be alleviated to avert the acetylene gas from exploding as in the BDM acetylene gas plants. The chemical reaction between calcium carbide and water to generate acetylene Discovery of Acetylene Gas Edmund Davy, a professor of Chemistry and world fame scientist, had discovered acetylene all the way back in 1836 as a "new carburet of hydrogen". And in1860, it was re discovered by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, who invented the name "acetylene".Marcellin has worked very hard to create the gas by passing vapours of organic compounds like methanol, ethanol, etc.via a red-hot tube and collecting the effluent. In addition, he also succeeded to create it by sparking electricity through mixed cyanogen and hydrogen gases. The pure gas does not have odor, while commercial gas has garlic-like odor due to the presence of impurities like hydrogen sulphide and phosphine. Acetylene creation through thermal cracking process Chemical Properties of Acetylene Gas Molecular Weight: 26.038 Flammable Limits: 2.5-100% in Air CGA Valve: 510	Edmund Davy
What type of creature is a pintail?	Welding History: Timeline and Information Timeline B.C. A.D 14th - 17th Centuries 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century Modern Welding Future Trends As metalworking goes, welding history is relatively recent starting in approximately 1000 B.C. The history starts with the discovery and shaping of metals in ancient civilizations with a progression from copper, bronze, silver, gold and iron. Metalworking then progressed on to steel. The first welded pieces are thought to be gold ornaments. Technology stayed pretty much the same until the Industrial Revolution in the 1700's to 1800s. At this time forge welding technology was developed which uses heated metal to join two pieces together. This was similar to the familiar blacksmith shop. At the beginning of the 19th century acetylene was discovered, providing a controllable source of heat for welding. Modern welding didn't start until the widespread availability of electricity at the start of the 20th century. The need for military related welding in World War I and II accelerated welding technology and methods. Prior to WWI welding wasn't trusted to join metals in critical objects such as ships due to cracking. The welding history timeline below details how the technology developed. Metalworking and Welding Timeline Welding B.C. The first metal to be shaped in welding history is thought to be copper since it can be hammered and bent. 4000 B.C. Welding history is thought to begin in Egypt in starting in 4000 B.C. In general, civilizations started with copper and then progressed to bronze, silver, gold and iron. 3500 B.C. Discovery of Tin 3000 - 2000 B.C. Humans started working with bronze between 3000 and 2000 B.C. During the bronze age small gold circular boxes were made by pressure welding lap joints together. During this period metal is shaped into jewelry, dining utensils and weapons. 3000 B.C. The Sumerians made swords that are produced using hard soldering. Egyptians use charcoal generated heat to turn iron ore into sponge iron. Particles produced are hammered into together producing first instance of pressure welding (also called solid phase) Queen Pu-abi tomb contains a gold bowl with a handle that is brazed to the bowl wall. Gold goblet also discovered that has a braze fillet on the outside of the goblet. 2250 B.C. Golden Death Mask of Tut-Ench-Amun Welding and Cutting Journal 2005 1000 B.C. Iron work started in 1000 B.C., bending the metal with the use of furnaces to produce swords and spearheads. (one type called the Catalan furnace) Gold boxes found in Ireland that were fabricated by hammering lapped joints (form of pressure welding) 900 to 850 B.C. The Egyptians followed with iron tool making in 900 to 850 B.C. In this era iron grew slowly in popularity due to the familiarity and usefulness of bronze and copper. Iron weapons have been found and traced to the Babylonians to about 900 B.C. 589 B.C. The Chinese during the Sui Dynasty developed the ability to turn wrought iron into steel in 589 A.D. The Japanese manufactured steel through a welding and forging process to produce Samurai swords. A.D. Welding History 60 A.D. First time in welding history that gold brazing process is recorded by Pliny. He describes how salts acted as a flux and how metal color determines brazing difficulty (color indicated s the presence of oxides). The Iron Pillar in India The Iron Pillar of Delhi is fabricated using iron billets. Blacksmiths forge welded the structure that is approximately 25 feet high and weighs 6 tons. 310 A.D. Welding was used in the Iron pillar in Delhi, India, about 310 AD, weighing 5.4 metric tons. (pictured above). Other structures with similar construction found in England, Scandinavia and Rome. Source of iron was meteors. 1000 - 1099 A.D. (11th Century) The manuscript written by monk Theophilus has a description of mixing flux for silver brazing. He indicates the use of Sodium Chloride and Potassium Tarpate. Metals are 66 percent Silver-Copper. 1375 Discovery of the metal Zinc The Middle Ages (5th to 15th century) brought a phase in welding history where forge welding was front and center. Blacksmiths pounded hot metal until it bonded. Diagram of Welding History Photo Credit: Welding - A Journey to Explore Its Past 14th Through 17th Centuries 1540: Vannoccio Biringuccio released De la pirotechnia, which includes descriptions of the forging operation. Renaissance craftsmen gained skilled in the process, and the welding continued to grow during the following centuries. 1568: Benventuto Cellini, an Italian goldsmith, writes about brazing a silver/copper alloy using a soldering process 1599: First instance of the root of the word weld (originally well) 16th century: the first cast iron cannon is produced 18th Century Most innovations during this time in welding history used blast furnaces. This small incremental progress lasted until the middle of the 18th century and the beginning of the industrial revolution. Even then the progress was more in how work was performed. Instead of one person completing an entire project, work was divided in smaller parts and assigned to semi-skilled labor. 1735: Evidence that platinum used by pre-Columbian Indians in Ecuador 1751: Pure nickel created by Axel F. Cronstedt, a Swedish chemist using German Ore. 1766: Hydrogen gas properties described by Henry Cavendish, an English chemist and physicist 1774: Principles of oxygen cutting established by Lavoisier (French). 19th Century 1800: Sir Humphrey Davy invented the electric arc. The arc was created between 2 carbon electrodes that were powered by a battery. Voltaic cell is discovered by Allesandro Volta where two different metals can be connects and become a conductor when wet. 1808-1827: Sr. Humphrey Davy proves that aluminum exists. It is actually discovered by Friederich Wohler in 1827. 1828: Sponge platinum is welded together via cold-pressing and then hammering when hot. 1836: Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, but was not practical in welding until about 1900, when a suitable blowtorch was developed. 1838: Patent issued to Eugene Desbassayrs de Richemont for fusion welding 1839: Discovery of voltage generation with a homopolar device by Michael Faraday. 1841: Air hydrogen blowpipe developed by German H. Rossier for soldering lead. 1846: Key moment in welding history with a major improvement made in the forge welding process. James Nasmyth while working for the British Admiralty discovered that preparing welding surfaces with a slightly convex surface, the swarf and flux are squeezed out of the joint. This improves the strength of the joint. 1850s: Workable and practical electrical generating devices were invented and developed by 1850. Credit goes to Ampere, Oersted, Wheatstone, Faraday Ohm and Henry for advances in electric current research. By the middle of the 19th century workable electrical generating devices were available. 1856: James Joule welded a bundle of wireds by using an electric current and internal resistance to create heat. The resistance welding process was later perfected by Elihu Thomson. 1860: Wilde develops electric welding. Issued a process patent in 1865. 1862: Friederich Wohler uses calcium carbide to create acetylene gas 1876: Otto Bernz Company develops and sells a gasoline powered torch. 1881: The first documented use of fusion welding was in 1881 by Auguste de Meritens where he welded lead battery plates together with a carbon electrode. Welding took place in a box with a fixed electrode. Original Benardos Carbon Electrode Apparatus - 1885 Advances in welding continued with the invention of the metal electrode by a Russian, Nikolai Slavyanov, and an American, C.L. Coffin late in the 1800s. They were not aware of each others work. Credit also goes to Eli Whitney who invented the idea of interchangeable parts . This led to the manufacture of iron dies and molds. 1882: The discovery of bare metal electrode welding was recognized in Europe in 1892. It was introduced in 1888 by N.G. Slavianoff. Slavianoff is credited by most historians for discovering the use of bare metal electrodes for arc welding. 1885: Two students of Augeste de Meritens, N. Benardos and S. Olszewski continued his work, and were issued a patent for a welding process that used carbon electrodes (carbon arc welding) and an electric power source in 1887/88. Carbon arc welding uses an arc between a carbon electrode and the weld pool. The process is used with or wihtout shielding or the application of pressure. The primary stated use was repair welding. The patent issued in 1885 to Augeste and N. Benardos notes that the carbon welding process can be used for welding two metals, for severing metals and to punch holes in metal. The patent described both a solid carbon electrode and and a hollow electrode that would be filled with powdered metals. Since they intended the powder to melt and flow to the weld, they are credited by some with inventing metallic arc welding. Ultimately because of the limitations of this approach, they are not credited with this accomplishment by most historians. 1886: Elihu Thomson applied for 2 process patents for "Apparatus for Electric Welding." Invention of resistance welding (RW) with the first patents going to Elihu Thompson in 1885. He produced advances over the next 15 years. 1888: A patent is issued to Olczewski and Bernardos for carbon arc welding. 1889 - 1892: C.L. Coffin is considered to be the pioneer of welding in the United States: 1889: received patent for flash-butt welding, equipment and process 1890: 2 patents for spot welding. Awarded first patent for metal electrodes. 1892: patent for bare metal electrode arc welding process is awarded 1890: First known instance of a "torch" being used to break into a bank vault 1892: Commercial acetylene is produced in North Carolina by mixing water and calcium carbide Baldwin locomotive starts to use Carbon Arc Welding to repair locomotives 1895: Combustion of acetylene and oxygen discovered by Henri LeChatelier. Argon discovered by Sir William Ramsey and Lord Reyleigh 1897: Kleinschmidt introduced the use of copper electrodes 20th Century Welding 1900: Foresche and Charles Picard developed the first commercial oxyacetylene welding torch. The process is used without the application of pressure (AWS). Around 1900, A. P. Strohmenger developed a coated metal electrode in Britain, which had a more stable arc. 1901: Oxygen Lance invented by Ernst Menne 1903: Thermite welding is invented, another process, oxyfuel welding, also became well established as a commercial process. First machine for resistance butt welding after merger between Allgemeine Elektricitats-Gesellschaft (AEG) and Union-Elektricitats-Gesellschaft (UEG). 1906: First resistance spot welding machines are produced. Up to 1910 approximately 367 spot and seam welding machines are produced. The LaGrange-Hobo welding method is introduced. In this method one end is connected to a current producing machine and the other end is immersed under water. The current that flows through the part causes partly ionized gas to form in the water. The resistance of the part to the electrical flow and the gas created energy which created heat at the weldment. When the part to be welded hit welding heat, it was taken out of the water bath and welded. 1907 - 1908: Oscar Kjellberg received a patent for the electrode coating process called Shielded metal arc welding. The coating helped to stabilize the arc, producing better welds than bare electrodes. Shielded metal arc welding uses an arc between a covered electrode and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding from the deposition of the electrode covering without the application of pressure, and with filler metal from the electrode. Arc welding industry in U.S. starts with two companies: The Siemund-Wienzell Electric Welding Co. is formed in the U.S. and patents a metal arc welding method. A second company also from German founders is started called Enderlien Electric Welding Co. Lincoln Electric manufactures the first variable voltage DC welding machine. 1908: Bernardos patented electroslag process which enabled the welder to weld thick plates in a single pass. The process he outlined is popular today. 1909: The plasma arc system using gas vortex to stabilize the arc is invented by Schonner while working as BASF. The Quasi-arc electrode is invented which is wrapped with an asbestos yarn by A.P. Strohmenger. 1910: Patent issued to Charles Hyde for brazing steel tubes. 1911: First pipeline created using oxyacetylene welding. Occurs outside of Philadelphia. Matters develops the plasma arc torch for heating a metal fusing furnace. 1912: Kjellberg received a second patent for an electrode with a heavier coating of asbestos and a binder made out of sodium silicate. Lincoln Electric introduces first commercial welding machines First auto body is welded by E.G. Budd using spot welding Coated metal electrodes introduced by A.P. Strohmenger. Coatings were made from Clay or Lime. Also awarded a patent for an electrode coated with blue asbestos and a sodium silicate binder. First time an electrode produced a impurity free weld. 1919: Alternating current welding was invented by C.J. Holslag, but did not become popular for another decade. Electric arc welding was the method used in the United States until 1920. The problem with the method was that the welding arc was unstable and the welds were not as strong as the metal being welded. At first, oxyfuel welding was the more popular welding method due to its portability and relatively low cost. As the 20th century progressed, it fell out of favor for industrial applications. It was largely replaced with arc welding, as metal coverings (known as flux) for the electrode that stabilize the arc and shield the base material from impurities continued to be developed. Welding Circa World War I Welding For Ships Was Not Reliable Due to Cracking Until World War I World War I caused a major surge in the use of welding processes, with the various military powers attempting to determine which of the several new welding processes would be best. 1917: Gas shortage in England resulted in industry turning to electric arc welding for producing bombs and mines. 1919: President Wilson establishes the United States Wartime Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. Establishment of the American Welding Society Development of the paper coated electrode by Reuben Smith 1920s: During the 1920s, major advances were made in welding technology, including the introduction of automatic welding in 1920, in which electrode wire was fed continuously. Shielding gas became a subject receiving much attention, as scientists attempted to protect welds from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. Porosity and brittleness were the primary problems, and the solutions that developed included the use of hydrogen, argon, and helium as welding atmospheres. The stick welding process advanced quickly due to the improvements in core wire and electrode coatings. X-ray technology made it possible to check the soundness of a weld. Research on coated electrodes resulted in better core wire and improved electrode coatings. The British primarily used arc welding, even constructing a ship, the Fulagar, with an entirely welded hull. At one point the ship ran aground and stayed whole because it was welded and not riveted. The Americans were more hesitant, but began to recognize the benefits of arc welding when the process allowed them to repair their ships quickly after a German attack in the New York Harbor at the beginning of the war. Arc welding was first applied to aircraft during the war as well, as some German airplane fuselages were constructed using the process. The Germans used electric arc welding on airplanes The German merchant marine sabotaged their ships in NY harbor before fleeing. Weld repairs were successfully used, it put welding on the map. The auto industry started to use automatic welding. General Electric employee P.O. Nobel developed Direct Current automatic welding. Before 1920, welding was done with D.C. current produced by batteries. In the late 1920 to early 1930s A.C. welding machines gained in popularity. During the following decade, further advances allowed for the welding of reactive metals like aluminum and magnesium. This, in conjunction with developments in automatic welding, alternating current, and fluxes fed a major expansion of arc welding during the 1930s and then during World War II. 1923: Founding of Institute of Welding Engineers 1924: First all welded buildings constructed by U.S. Boiler 1926: P.K. Devers and H.M. Hobart test welding using helium and argon as a shielding gas. Naval research laboratory releases a paper on the use of X-Rays to test welds. 1927: A.O. Smith employee JOhn J. Chyle patents first extruded all position titanium electrode later called the E6010 type. 1928: First welded railroad bridge created by Westinghouse to transport large generators. 1929: American Welding Society establishes welding symbols . 1930: Patent issued to H.O. Hobart for arc welding, and the process that became GMAW ( Gas Metal Arc Welding ). Submerged arc welding developed by National Tube Company All welded merchant ship created Release of stud welding, which soon became popular in shipbuilding and construction. Submerged arc welding was invented the same year, and continues to be popular today. By 1930, arc welding was lower in cost than riveting and gas welding. Patent issued to Devers and Hobart for use of an electric arc within an inert gas atmosphere. Not well received by the welding industry because of high cost of gas (helium and argon) and unsuitable torch availability 1931: Welding of stainless steel (originally called shotwelding) by E.G. Budd Manufacturing During the middle of the century, many new welding methods were invented. 1934: A timing controller for resistance welding is developed by Westinghouse (originally called an Ignitron) 1935: SAW (submerged arc welding) process using continuous wire feed and granulated flux is introduced. Process originally called Union Melt. British welding electrode standard established and solid extruded electrode released. 1936: First A.C. welding machine introduced by Miller Electric Manufacturing. The method had a high rate of metal deposition (ratio of the weight of deposited metal to the net weight of electrodes consumed, exclusive of stubs) and an absence of arc blow (the deflection of an electric arc from its normal path due to magnetic forces). 1937: The use of welding is confirmed in structural steel buildings with BS 538 (metal arc welding in mild steel). 1938: Gravity welding introduced by K.K. Madsen Germans weld ships to reduce weight and to enable the design of larger vessels 1939: Use of aluminum spot welding recognize as being useful in aviation 1940 - 1941: Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), after decades of development, was finally perfected in 1941 (patent issued in 1942). Invented by Russel Meredith. Developed by the Linde Company. Also called HELIARC or TIG. The water cooled torch was capable of high amperage. Gas Tungsten arc welding uses an arc between a tungsten electrode which is nonconsumable and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding gas and without the application of pressure. Army finds usefulness of stainless steel, aluminum and magnesium in equipment such as fighter planes. Formation of the Canadian Welding Association . Dip soldering technique developed for printing wiring boards. First mass soldering process. 1942: Firecracker welding process patent given to George Hafergut. 1943: Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is invented by C.B. Voldrich, P.J. Rieppel and Howard B. Cary. Developed at Dow and Northrup Corporations and then licensed to Linde Corporation. The sciaky company starts to sell a three phase resistance welder. 1945: Development of an experimental hand-held MIG gun at the Battelle Memorial Institute (Columbus, Ohio) Welding replaced riveting as the main method of assembly for ships with 5,171 vessels constructed through 1945. 1948: Gas metal arc welding followed in 1948 (GMAW superseded earlier terms of metal inert gas (MIG) and metal ative gas (MAG)), allowing for fast welding of non-ferrous materials, but requiring expensive shielding gases. The "shielded intert gas metal arc process was introduced by the Air Reduction Company at the AWS show in Philadelphia. Gas metal arc welding uses an arc between a continuous filler metal electrode (consumable) and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding from an externally supplied gas and without the application of pressure. The first Department of Welding Engineering department is started at Ohio State University. Inert Gas Metal Arc Process (MIG) is developed at the Air Reduction Company. SIGMA (Shielded Intert Gas Metal Arc) welding developed to weld thicker plates. 1949: Westinghouse introduces Selenium Rectifier welding machines. 1950s: Shielded metal arc welding was developed during the 1950s, using a consumable electrode and a carbon dioxide atmosphere as a shielding gas, and it quickly became the most popular metal arc welding process. A.C. - D.C. rectifier welding machines were introduced with built-in frequency for GTAW welding. Miller Electric developed the Miller controlled wave a.c. welder which was used for critical welds on missiles and aircraft. Electric beam welding process launched by A.J. Stohr Printed wiring board process wave soldering is introduced. E.O. Paton welding institute develops Electrostag Welding (ESW). 1951: DryRod Electrode oven introduced to control moisture levels in electrodes. 1954 - 1957: Flux-cored arc welding process debuted (FCAW), in which the self-shielded wire electrode could be used with automatic equipment, resulting in greatly increased welding speeds, and that same year, plasma arc welding was invented. Patented in 1957 by National Cylinder Gas Company. 1956: Friction welding process introduced by Russia 1958-1959: Electroslag welding was released in 1958, and it was followed by its cousin, electro-gas welding, in 1961. Other recent developments in welding include the 1958 breakthrough of electron beam welding, making deep and narrow welding possible through the concentrated heat source. Short arc process introduced. The process uses wires with small diameters and a refined power supply. 1960: Following the invention of the laser in 1960, laser beam welding debuted several decades later, and has proved to be especially useful in high-speed, automated welding. Both of these processes, however, continue to be quite expensive due the high cost of the necessary equipment, and this has limited their applications. Welding process called explosive welding introduced. 1962: Sciaky welds Mercury Space capsule (created with an outer and inner titanium shell). Mercury Space Capsule Due to the small size of each titanium sheet, the metal needed to be triple sheet welding, and then welding to other sheets. The TIG process was used without a filler metal Source: NASA Manual, Welding Procedures for Titanium and Titanium Alloys 1963: Marked by developments in weld testing. The Varestraint Test determines if a base metal can be welded and the viability of different welding processes. Wall-Colmony introduces the Fusewelder Torch. Wall-Colmony Fusewelder Torch The fusewelder is an oxyacetylene torch that is frequently used when a weld needs to be built up and to finish hard surfacing welds. 1965 - 1967: Welding and cutting by CO2 laser Gravity welding starts in the U.K. 1969: Russians weld in space on SOYUZ-6. 1970: New soldering technologies are introduced to support electronic miniaturization: - vapor phase Friction Stir welding introduced by TWI. 1999: The Edison Institute develops a method that leads to 300% increase in flux penetration into a weld. 2000: Introduction of magnetic pulse welding. An X-Ray is used to weld a metal/matrix composite Use of diode laser welding expanded to metals such as stainless steel titanium foil. 2008: Development of laser-arc-hybrid welding 2013: Development of Gas Metal Arc Welding-Brazing, an process for welding steel used in autos. Process uses a filler metal comprised of silicon with a copper alloy. Low-carbon steel and aluminum welding using a lap joint and laser technology. Future Welding Trends Welding operations must be more completely integrated into agile manufacturing processes and process control schemes. Welding will become increasingly automated as it is integrated into the entire manufacturing design and coordinated with improved information systems. Future products requiring welded joints will be composed of designed-to-be-weldable materials, such as highstrength steels that are also smart materials containing embedded computer chips to monitor the weldment’s lifecycle performance. Such materials could create new opportunities for using welding as a joining technique in the coming decades. In the future, the modeling of welding will be part of the new emphasis on integrating welding across the entire manufacturing cycle Welding and materials engineers will develop new materials and adapt existing materials, which are specifically designed to be welded into world-class, fabricated products. The development of materials that will reduce energy requirements. Welding Jobs in Your Area	i don't know
British monarch Henry VIII married which of his wives in 1540?	1000+ images about Henry VIII and His Wives on Pinterest \| Queen anne, Mary boleyn and Aragon Forward Henry called Catherine Howard his "Rose Without a Thorn". Catherine married Henry VIII on 28 July 1540, at Oatlands Palace, in Surrey, almost immediately after the annulment of his marriage to Anne of Cleves was arranged. However, Catherine Howard was beheaded after less than two years of marriage to Henry on the grounds of treason for committing adultery while married to the King. Catherine was the third of Henry's consorts to have been a member of the English gentry. See More	Anne of Cleves
Which country hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup?	Wives & War: To what extent did these two aspects undermine Henry VIIIs rule in his last 7 years as King, 1540-47? - A-Level History - Marked by Teachers.com Wives & War: To what extent did these two aspects undermine Henry VIIIs rule in his last 7 years as King, 1540-47? Extracts from this document... Introduction Wives & War: To what extent did these two aspects undermine Henry VIII?s rule in his last 7 years as King, 1540-47? Howard Putley Contents * Abstract Page 3 * Introduction- King Henry VIII Page 3 * Chapter 1- Henry?s Earlier Reign Page 4 * Chapter 2- ?I like her not!?: Henry?s Wives 1. Anne of Cleves 2. Katherine Howard 3. Katherine Parr Page 5 * Chapter 3- A bloody matter: Henry?s Wars 1. France 2. Scotland Page 11 * Conclusion- The King is dead: What has been discussed and found Page 15 * Evaluation Page 16 * Bibliography and critique of sources Page 18 Abstract This dissertation is going to be about the later years of Henry VIII?s reign and how the different aspects of marriage along with conflict effected King Henry?s actions and image. This investigation considers analysis as well as comparison between different events in Henry?s marital and military life prior to the years of 1540 to his death in 1547, by doing this dissertation it is to create a clear picture on how Henry VIII?s last seven years on the throne was undermined, destabilized and diluted. Key events considered in this investigation are Henry?s marriages with the Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard and Katherine Parr along with England?s military conflicts with both France and Scotland. Together with these aspects other certain factors becomes apparent in this dissertation such as political and religious matters which is also widely explored. At the end of this dissertation it has concluded from considering if wives and war undermined Henry?s rule, that most notably it was King Henry himself who undermined his own rule due to his poor decisions. Introduction King Henry VIII King Henry VIII is arguably the most recognised, influential and one of the greatest monarchs ever to sit on the throne of England. He is most notably remembered for his dramatic transformation of English politics, his policies against the ruling Catholic faith and the fact that he had six wives. ...read more. Middle In due course both Henry and Katherine used each other as puppets, pulling the strings of each other for their own interests, as the William Howard School (2010) speculates, which is supported by Starkey (2009). Katherine Parr In the fullness of time, Henry once again was a widower for a number of months until 12th July 1543 when he married the childless, twice widowed Katherine Parr (Ives 2007, pg 82). Porter?s (2010) investigation, which provides hard evidence but must be considered carefully, on Katherine Parr suggests that she was a woman of splendour, who had ?intelligence and fortitude?, even though she favoured a man named Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, she married Henry gracefully. This supports that she was sophisticatedly knowledgeable and she new her duty by marrying Henry, eventually as Starkey (2002, pg 105) argues Henry found the ideal suitor for his needs. This is publicized showing to be a difference in Henry?s attitudes, as Ives (2007, pg 83) follows on to express that Henry was looking for companionship and not looks, signifying his need for amity in addition to having someone to rely on in his present state of poor health. This point is most likely reliable and fact, as that has been shown with the Anne of Cleves and Katherine Howard as they both were significantly much younger compared to Henry however Katherine Parr was in the same age bracket when she married Henry. Demonstrating most likely Henry married Katherine Parr for her elegance and partnership. The account by Bingham (2011, pg 81) gives a concise description on Katherine?s manner as queen of England and as Henry?s wife. She gives an insight on how by the year of 1544 Queen Katherine developed into a nurse type figure for Henry, ?moving out of her queenly apartments and establishing herself in a small room beside her husband?s bedchamber ready to comfort him whenever he needed her?. ...read more. Conclusion I found it somewhat harder in trying to link sources together in comparison, however over time I felt more confident in my research skills to link sources together which I am extremely proud about. Also no matter how much I wanted to I tried to not to discuss off topic events which did not relate to my chosen question, but I felt I made do by maintaining my organisational skills I keeping on track with the matter in question. Henry VIII?s reign has so many sources, accounts and foundations available because it is such a widely discussed subject which is researched by so many individuals. I felt that I not only gave you as the reader full factual scene on Henry?s progression as king but I also gave you arguments which supported by sources and conclusive evidence to sustain this, I did find it difficult not to trail of into a timeline/storyline way of writing as I was unsure what to write, but I felt I directed myself of this to a certain degree. Having the chance to part take in this Extended Project programme to write a dissertation has given me the courage in myself and the discipline to help me to write any independent pieces of work in the future either in education or the workplace. I felt my chosen title and my chapter ideas were very good and suited my style of writing, however sometimes I begun to dread writing certain points as unclear as I wanted to, but I feel I maintain the important aspects in my essay. I am a little disappointed that my investigation did not come out with new and distinctive points in my conclusion, but I feel it has made me understand more of the importance of evaluating arguments from sources. All in all I feel extremely content on how my dissertation seemed to fall in place and link in together and I felt very pleased for my exploration of sources written by successful historians. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our AS and A Level British History: Monarchy & Politics section. Found what you're looking for? Start learning 29% faster today 150,000+ documents available	i don't know
In February 1983 which US writer choked to death on the cap from a bottle of eye drops?	Williams Choked on a Bottle Cap Williams Choked on a Bottle Cap By SUZANNE DALEY ennessee Williams choked to death on a plastic cap of the type used on bottles of nasal spray or eye solution, New York City's Chief Medical Examiner said yesterday. The 71-year-old playwright, whose body was found Friday morning on the floor of his Manhattan hotel suite, was first thought to have died of natural causes. But an autopsy yesterday found the bottle cap blocking the larynx -''swallowed or inhaled or some combination,'' said the Medical Examiner, Dr. Elliot M. Gross. Dr. Gross said that there was no suspicion of foul play and that ''deaths of this type are usually classified as accidental.'' He said, however, that he would not make that determination until the results of all the chemical tests were complete. He said they would take several weeks. The Medical Examiner's initial findings left many questions unanswered about the death of the playwright, who had moved between illness and hypochondria, often relying on alcohol and drugs to keep going. An empty bottle of wine and several types of medication were found in Mr. Williams's room, the police said. But Dr. Gross would not say whether they had been a factor in the death. The Medical Examiner also would not speculate on how the bottle cap might have got into Mr. Williams's throat. He did say there were a number of medical dispensers in Mr. Williams's two-room suite at the Hotel Elysee at 60 East 54th Street. He would not say whether any was missing a cap like the one that caused the playwright's death. Dr. Gross said he had discussed his findings with Mr. Williams's personal physician, whom he would not name. Alcohol and drugs, along with strong coffee and cigarettes, became a regular part of Mr. Williams's life in the mid-1950's after ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' brought him a second Pulitzer Prize. As the playwright saw it, that great success was a turning point, and a long decline began. Though Mr. Williams continued to write prolifically, he never again achieved the success or the greatness of his earlier works, ''The Glass Menagerie'' and his first Pulitzer Prize play, ''A Streetcar Named Desire.'' At his best, Mr. Williams was a master of dramatic moments who created lost, tortured characters struggling for dignity and hope in a world that often denied both. Suffered From Several Ailments Obsessed with sickness, failure and death, he constantly thought his heart would stop beating. He had suffered from several ailments, including cataracts, arthritis and heart disease. ''I've had every disorder known to man,'' he once said. Several weeks ago, when Mr. Williams returned to New York from his house in Key West, Fla., he told close friends that he was exhausted, overworked and suffering from a shoulder condition. Mr. Williams's body was found Friday morning by his secretary, John Uecker, who shared the playwright's two-room suite. Mr. Uecker said he had heard a noise in Mr. Williams's room at about 11 P.M on Thursday, but did not investigate. At about 10:45 A.M. Friday, Mr. Uecker entered the room and found Mr. Williams lying next to his bed. Dr. Gross said Mr. Williams had died sometime in the late evening on Thursday or the early morning of Friday. According to doctors, normal nerve reflexes at the back of the throat would ordinarily force a person to gag and therefore eject any object that was caught in the opening of the larynx, called the glottis. No Test for Alcohol Yesterday, Dr. Gross said that, while ''a number of reasons'' could have impaired the gag reponse, ''it frequently happens when a person is under the influence of alcohol or drugs.'' He said that Mr. Williams's blood had not been tested for alcohol, a procedure that often takes less than an hour to complete, but that testing would start tomorrow. Dr. Gross issued a brief statement yesterday at a 2:30 P.M. news conference in the lobby of the Medical Examiner's headquarters at 520 First Avenue. The statement, which refers to Mr. Williams by the name he was given at birth, said: ''An autopsy was performed this morning on the body of Thomas L. Williams. The cause of death is asphyxia due to obstruction of the glottis (the opening to the larynx or upper airway) by a plastic over-cap (of the type used to cover the opening of nasal spray or ophthalmic solution dispenser). Further studies, including chemical tests, will be performed.'' The police were unable to say what the bottle cap might have belonged to. ''All the medication was taken from the apartment by the Medical Examiner's office,'' said Captain Gene Burke of the Manhattan detective squad. ''We don't have any information on it.'' Plans for funeral services for Mr. Williams remained incomplete yesterday. A memorial service was scheduled for Wednesday at the Tennessee Williams Fine Arts Center in Key West and a viewing, open to the public, was set for Sunday through Tuesday from 10 A.M. to 8 P.M. at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Home, 1076 Madison Avenue.	Tennessee Williams
The character of Adam the servant was said to have been played by Shakespeare in which of his plays?	Literature/ Tennessee Williams term paper 19409 Literature/ Tennessee Williams term paper 19409 Literature term papers Disclaimer: Free essays on Literature posted on this site were donated by anonymous users and are provided for informational use only. The free Literature research paper (Tennessee Williams essay) presented on this page should not be viewed as a sample of our on-line writing service . If you need fresh and competent research / writing on Literature, use the professional writing service offered by our company. View / hide essay Tennessee Williams was born Thomas Lanier Williams on March26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He was the second of three children of Cornelius Coffin and Edwina Dakin Williams. His early childhood was troubled with illnesses that left Tennessee a terminal hypochondriac throughout the rest of his life. He turned to writing as a method of escaping the unhappiness that surrounded him. His first published work was a response to an essay question that appeared in Smart Set magazine in 1927. In 1929, Tennessee began college at the University of Missouri. During this time he wrote poetry, pledged a fraternity, and began a life-long dependency with alcohol. Upon failing ROTC in his junior year, his father sent him to work in the International Shoe Company warehouse. This experience was one of boredom and endless repetition that launched Tennessee into depression and eventually into a nervous breakdown. Only after many years could he use this horrifying ordeal to be portrayed through the partially autobiographical character of Tom in The Glass Menagerie. Tennessee spent time recovering from the breakdown with his grandparents in Memphis. It is during this time that he was introduced to drama. His first attempt as a playwright was through a farce entitled Cairo, Shanghai, Bombay. The play was performed by the Memphis Garden Players on July 12, 1935. He was so captivated with theatre that he decided to enroll in Washington University and pursue writing as a career. In 1937, Tennessee's sister, Rose, was institutionalized as a schizophrenic. He was extremely close to his sister, and her hospitalization had a great affect on him. He transferred to the University of Iowa and completed his Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1938. After graduation, Tennessee worked in sseveral places while continuing to write short stories, poetry, and plays. The decade of the 40's brought much recognition to the budding playwright of the era. The Glass Menagerie is perhaps one of his most successful plays written in the 1940's. The Battlefield of Angels and 27 Wagons Full of Cotton are only two more of the plays from this prolific time for Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire came out in 1947 and earned Tennessee his first Pulitzer Prize. Finally successful and Monetarily secure, Tennessee had a difficult time adapting to his good fortune. He became more and more dependent on alcohol to help him cope. The 1950's saw Tennessee attempt to write longer fiction as well as continuing to write plays and poetry. A short novel, The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone was published in 1950. Not only did this period bring changes in Tennessee's writing style, but it also was the beginning of a new lifestyle. This lifestyle was the modrately quite and basically monogamous relationship with his friend, Frank Merlo. The relationship lasted until Frank's death from lung cancer in 1963. Some of his plays that evolved in the 50's were The Rose Tatoo, Camino Real, and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, which won Tennessee his second and last Pulitzer Prize. In 1957 after his play, Orpheus Descending, failed to become a hit, Tennessee went into psychoananlysis. His dependency on alcohol was growing as rapidly as his claustrophobia, depression, and his fear of suffocation. His concern for his schizophrenic sister never subsided during this troubled time. The era of the 60's found Tennessee's writing more startling and more personal than in the previous years. His works were intensely emotional and not as critically well received as his earlier plays. The Night of the Iguana, which was Tennessee's last award winning play, appeared in 1961. Although he did not win any more awards. Tennessee did not stop creating plays. In 1969 Tennessee's after poorly received play In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel closed, he had a nervous collapse. It was during this time of recovery that he broke his drup and alcohol dependency. During the 1970's, Tennessee continued to write plays with none of them being critically applauded. The only fruitful work of this era was the publication of his memoirs. On Februaury 25, 1983, in a New York hotel, Tennessee Williams choked to death on the cap of a bottle of eye drops, thus permanently extinguishing the life of one of the respected playwrights of the twentieth century. Bibliography	i don't know
Which writer created the fictional detective Charlie Chan?	Investigating The Real Detective Charlie Chan : NPR Investigating The Real Detective Charlie Chan Embed Embed Investigating The Real Detective Charlie Chan Investigating The Real Detective Charlie Chan Embed Embed Heard on Morning Edition American actor Sidney Toler played Detective Charlie Chan in 22 films, including The Jade Mask, released in 1945. He took over the role of the fictional Chinese-American detective from Swedish actor Warner Oland, who played Chan in 15 films. The Kobal Collection/Monogram Pictures hide caption toggle caption Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History By Yunte Huang Action speak louder than French. Door of opportunity swing both ways. Smart fly keep out of gravy. Tongue often hang man quicker than rope. All gems of fortune-cookie-worthy wisdom spoken by Charlie Chan, the crafty, fictional Chinese detective. In a series of novels and movies, Chan captured American imaginations between the 1920s and the 1950s. But today, he's considered a stereotypical relic from a less racially sensitive time. English professor Yunte Huang hopes to change that with his new book, Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History. Huang was a student in Buffalo, N.Y., when he first stumbled onto Chan's character. "I went to an estate sale, and I found these two Charlie Chan novels," he tells NPR's Linda Wertheimer. "I had never been to an estate sale before because they don't really exist in China." (In China, there is a stigma attached to buying items that belong to a person who has died, Huang explains.) "I was literally terrified to buy these two books," he admits. " But I did anyway, and I took them home — and I was immediately hooked." Article continues after sponsorship Huang subsequently left Buffalo to teach at Harvard, where he researched E.D. Biggers, the author who created the character of Charlie Chan. Huang was surprised to learn that Chan was based on a real Chinese policeman who "had been neglected in history," he says. Huang set out to give that honorable policeman, Chang Apana, the recognition he deserves. Apana "was a 5-foot-tall Cantonese cop in Honolulu in the early 20th century," Huang explains. Originally, Apana had worked as a paniolo, or Hawaiian cowboy. In 1898 — the same year that the United States officially annexed Hawaii — he joined the police force. "As a police officer, he worked almost the most dangerous beats in Chinatown, carrying a bullwhip in hand," says Huang. "He never used a gun, and he was a master of disguise. One time, he single-handedly arrested 40 people without firing a shot" — apprehending a large group of Chinese gamblers using only his bullwhip. Yunte Huang is an English professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is also the author of Transpacific Imaginations and Transpacific Displacement. Miriam Berkley hide caption toggle caption Miriam Berkley Yunte Huang is an English professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is also the author of Transpacific Imaginations and Transpacific Displacement. Miriam Berkley Though Apana was an adventurous, fearless figure, Biggers took several liberties when he transformed the Hawaiian cowboy into a wise, stereotypical detective. In his films, especially, Chan barely resembles Apana — while his real-life counterpart was small and wiry, the onscreen investigator is portly, formally dressed, and effeminate in his movements. In the well-known Charlie Chan films, the detective wasn't played by actors of Chinese descent — but rather by Swedish actor Warner Oland and American Sidney Toler. It seems an odd casting choice now, but consider the racial climate of the U.S. in the 1920s. Chan made his first appearance in 1925, just one year after the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act was passed — a law Huang describes as "the first kind of legislative, shall we say, racism against foreigners." The act limited immigration for people of Southern-European, Eastern-European and Japanese origin. It did not restrict Chinese immigration, but only because a different law passed in 1882 had already done so. "At that critical moment when the country had just closed its door to so-called foreigners," Charlie Chan appeared "with all his exoticism [and] aphorisms," Huang says. The complicated reactions Americans had to Chan would be echoed later by Asian-Americans, who had a "love-hate relationship" with the character. Curiously enough, Chinese natives were much less conflicted when they were introduced to Charlie Chan. His movies were big hits across Asia — and in China especially — despite the fact that Chan was being played by a white man. Book Review: Giving 'Charlie Chan' A Second Chance Huang has a theory about why the Chinese embraced the faux-Chinese Chan. "I grew up in China, and I used to watch a lot of Chinese operas," he explains. "And it is a very common thing in Chinese opera to do these kind[s] of ventriloquism, or to have cross-dressing, for instance. So performing 'the other' — that kind of imitation — is always part of ... artistic culture of China." When Chan movies were being shown in the 1930s, "people flocked to the theaters and they loved him — especially with his pseudo fortune-cookie aphorisms," Huang says. It's hard to know what to make of Chan's odd and unexpected popularity with Chinese audiences — but perhaps its significance is in the eye of the beholder. As Chan himself might have said: Optimist only sees doughnut. Pessimist sees hole. Excerpt: 'Charlie Chan' August 17, 20104:52 PM ET Yunte Huang Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History By Yunte Huang W.W. Norton & Co. List price: $26.95 In the spring of 2002, I was scheduled to give a talk on my new book, Transpacific Displacement, followed by that rite of passage most authors come both to anticipate and to dread, the book signing. Without my knowledge, an amiable secretary in the English Department at Harvard, where I was then teaching, made a flyer for the event at the Harvard Book Store in Cambridge. Her concoction was — how shall we say it — an intriguing collage. My name and the book title were highlighted in bold, with a map of the Pacific Rim fading out in the background. A silhouette of the Swedish actor Warner Oland, playing Charlie Chan, stood atop the sprawling, vast Asian continent and peered menacingly in the direction of North America. The secretary told me that she, a Caucasian woman in her late fifties, had grown up watching Charlie Chan movies. My inveterate -wisecracking — which I was not shy to dispense around the -department — had reminded her of her favorite, aphorism-spouting Chinese detective. Given my affection for her and my own sense of civility, I did not dare question her creative enterprise, informing her that this image of a bellicose Chan would be offensive to most Asian Americans. I did not initiate that conversation because I knew it would take a book's worth of pages to explain the tortured legacy of Charlie Chan in America, even to myself. Instead, I thanked her in my polite Chinese manner for her sprightly design. And now I have written this book about Charlie Chan, in part to carry on my imaginary dialogue with this well-meaning lady. So, who is Charlie Chan? To most Caucasian Americans, he is a funny, beloved, albeit somewhat inscrutable — that last adjective already a bit loaded — character who talks wisely and acts even more wisely. But to many Asian Americans, he remains a pernicious example of a racist stereotype, a Yellow Uncle Tom, if you will; the type of Chinaman, passive and unsavory, who conveys himself in broken English. In this book, however, I would like to propose a more complicated view. As a ubiquitous cultural icon, whose influence on the twentieth century remains virtually unexamined, Charlie Chan does not yield easily to ideological reduction. "Truth," to quote our honorable detective, "like football — receive many kicks before reaching goal." To write about Charlie Chan is to write about the undulations of the American cultural experience. Like a blackface minstrel, Charlie Chan carries both the stigma of racial parody and the stimulus of creative imitation. It is no coincidence that Stepin Fetchit, the most celebrated black comic actor in the 1930s, and one of the most reviled since the civil rights movement, had also starred in Charlie Chan movies. Fetchit played a lazy, inarticulate, and easily frightened Negro. And so did Mantan Moreland, another popular black comedian, who brought to the Chan movies his extraordinary vaudeville talent. Charlie Chan's racial ventriloquism in the hands of such white actors as Warner Oland, Sidney Toler, and Roland Winters finds strong historical parallels with Aunt Jemima, Uncle Tom, and Nigger Jim. Before jumping to any ideologically reductive conclusion, we should pause and think: What would American culture be without minstrelsy, jazz, haiku, Zen, karate, the blues, or anime — without, in other words, the incessant transfusion (and co-opting) of diverse cultural traditions and creative energies? A glance at Charlie Chan's fictional biography reveals just how far his nimble steps have taken him into the American psyche. Most Americans don't realize that he is based on a real person: Chang Apana, a legendary Honolulu police officer, whose biography will make up a large part of this book. Like Apana, Charlie Chan came of age in colonial Hawaii, riven by endemic racial tension. As a young man, he worked as a houseboy for a rich white family in Honolulu. As a detective, he traveled extensively in the islands, the American West, Asia, and Europe. He stood witness to the plights and sufferings of his fellow Chinese as indentured laborers on sugarcane plantations, as gold miners bullied by their white competitors, as railroad builders taking on the most dangerous jobs, and as laundrymen toiling away with steam and starch, supposedly muttering, "No tickee, no washee." Some of these ethnic experiences and stereotypes are so deeply ingrained in American culture that even as late as the 1990s, a Republican senator would use the infamous phrase, "Not a Chinaman's chance," when addressing the loss of manufacturing jobs to China at a congressional hearing. Abercrombie & Fitch would sell T-shirts that read, "Wong Brothers Laundry Service. Two Wongs Can Make It White." In many ways, Charlie Chan is a distillation of the collective experience of Asian Americans, his résumé a history of the Chinese in America. Although Charlie Chan embodies some stereotypical traits, his fictional creator, the early twentieth-century novelist Earl Derr Biggers, succeeded in minting a unique and appealing image. As a Chinaman, Charlie Chan is like a multilayered Chinese box or a Russian doll. He may have slanted eyes, a chubby and inscrutable face, and a dark goatee, but he prefers Western suits to his native garments and wears a Panama hat in the tropical sun. He is no fan of tea; he prefers to drink sarsaparilla. Moreover, unlike a timid, inarticulate Chinaman, Chan is voluble and enjoys spouting fortune-cookie witticisms that are alternately befuddling and enlightening. This is the strength of his character: his beguiling Oriental charm, his Confucian analects turned into singsong Chinatown blues. When Chan debuted on the silver screen in 1926, anti-Chinese hysteria had already quieted down on the West Coast and in Hawaii. A series of anti-Chinese laws in place since 1882 had effectively limited immigration from China. America was ready for an image of a Chinaman more benign than the chimera of a decade earlier, Dr. Fu Manchu, a Mongol Satan who plotted to take over the West. Chan's Hollywood career took off. The film series had a grand run of more than two decades, and Chan became one of America's most beloved movie characters. Being the country's first beloved Chinaman is not, however, the only legacy of Charlie Chan. In the decades after World War II, his influence reached into the hard-boiled world of film noir, where characters with Chinese names and Charlie Chan mustaches loom ominously in the dark background. Terms such as Shanghai, Manchurian, and opium den ricochet around like eerie echoes from a stylized underworld. Chinatown becomes synonymous with all that is rotten in the sordid urban space of midcentury America, standing in abject contrast to the clean, white, suburban sprawls of Leave It to Beaver and Father Knows Best. In the hackneyed symbolism of Chinatown and the clichéd notion of Chinese inscrutability, Charlie Chan has maintained a haunting presence. Given the perpetuation of this insidious brand of Orientalism, it was hardly surprising that Asian American activists and writers, pioneers such as Frank Chin and Jessica Hagedorn, began a campaign in the 1980s to heighten the public's awareness of these negative racial tropes and deeply trenched stereotypes. Given this climate of silence that had stilled debate or scrutiny for decades, one can hardly blame Hagedorn for pronouncing, "Charlie Chan is dead." Carrying the historical weight of the Asian American experience, Hagedorn's shocking rhetoric was necessary to create a new consciousness, to make all Americans aware of how Charlie Chan had been used in the past to reinforce negative cultural symbols. But, contrary to Hagedorn's dramatic pronouncement, rumors of Chan's death may have been exaggerated. Newly restored versions of the old movies are being released on DVD every year to enthusiastic response, Web sites extol his mystique, and spoofs and sequels are produced constantly. We can no longer explain Chan's longevity by referring simply to the persistence of racism. There is a deeper American story we need to retrieve and properly frame. As a detective, Charlie Chan should take his place in film history alongside sagacious gentlemen like Sam Spade, Philip Marlowe, Hercule Poirot, and Lieutenant Columbo, yet his ethnic identity marks him as different. Charlie Chan is far from the emasculated Chinaman his critics have claimed he is. Anyone with a passing knowledge of the movies and novels would know that Chan can be as mentally brazen and combative as Bruce Lee or Jackie Chan. His courage matches that of his real-life original, Chang Apana, who, despite his diminutive height, walked dangerous beats carrying a coiled bullwhip and caught dozens of criminals singlehandedly without firing a shot. But the core strength of Chan's character lies in his pseudo-Confucian, aphoristic wisdom. Unlike the Kung Fu movies, which showcase a Chinese penchant for ass-kicking and sword-brandishing, Chan reveals the Chinaman as a sage: a wise, calm, responsible, and commonsensical man who also happens to be a hilarious wisecracker. These depictions prepared television audiences of the 1970s for Kung Fu, featuring David Carradine as a Shaolin master wandering the American West and fighting for justice in a constant sea of flashbacks. There is even a good deal of Charlie Chan's wit in the torqued physicality of Jackie Chan's slapstick. For me, a real Chinaman, who didn't grow up in this country but hasn't been shielded from the arrows of American racism, it is fascinating that Charlie Chan is an American original, "made in the U.S.A." Make no mistake: Charlie Chan is an American stereotype of the Chinaman. Anyone who believes that Chan is Chinese would probably also believe that the fortune cookie is a Chinese invention. Charlie Chan is as American as Jack Kerouac, that stalwart of the American hipster who was born French Canadian and spoke the dialect of joual as his first language. Call it the melting pot or the pu pu platter, but Brahmin Boston is where the chop suey of Charlie Chan was first stir-fried by the Harvard-educated Biggers, only to be recast later by wisecracking screenwriters and directors in bronzed and lacquered Hollywood. What Stanley Crouch calls cultural miscegenation as the catalyst of the American experience has found another exemplar in Charlie Chan. Simply put, Charlie Chan's Chinatown beat, like jazz, is a distinctly American brand, not a Chinese import. My goal in writing this book, then, is to demonstrate that Charlie Chan, America's most identifiable Chinaman, epitomizes both the racist heritage and the creative genius of this nation's culture. To my chagrin, because I am a big fan of the genre, this book is no high-speed detective fiction with gun molls and badinage. The mystery of Charlie Chan is as deep as any "Confucius say." I have had to unravel it by tracing several dry streams to the source of long dormant wells. It wasn't hard to get them roiling again, like an old and faithful geyser in the American psyche that dependably gives insult. The clues I found in these backwaters would not always converge, but I have come to see this as the true nature of American legends: they need something foreign to make them live again. Hollywood has always known this, with such directors as Billy Wilder and Ang Lee producing scalding interpretations of the most American of stories. But I must confess that I am not in the packaging business. The legends that Hollywood perpetuates can never be entirely circumscribed, wrapped up with string. Instead, in my far-flung research and peripatetic travels, I found not one but four unique stories of Charlie Chan. The first story, of course, is the man himself, beginning with Chang Apana, the bullwhip-toting Cantonese detective in Honolulu. Then there is Earl Biggers's story, unwinding from the cornfields of small-town Ohio to the old-boy parlors of Harvard Yard, followed by Chan's reinvention on the silver screen, a legend annealed in Hollywood and America's racial tensions. And, finally, there is Chan's haunting presence during the era of postmodern politics and ethnic pride in contemporary America. Each of these streams is a story in itself, a slice of bona fide Americana. Together, they form the biography of Charlie Chan, the honorable detective whose labyrinthine matrix we have only now begun to fathom. Excerpted from Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History by Yunte Huang. Copyright 2010 by Yunte Huang. Excerpted by permission of W.W. Norton & Co.	Earl Derr Biggers
Who built the Roman wall which divided England and Scotland?	The Resurrection of Charlie Chan The Resurrection of Charlie Chan On 9/2/10 at 4:00 AM Pop Culture's Worst Racial Stereotypes Bettmann-Corbis Culture Who under the age of 50 remembers Charlie Chan? Like his more bloodcurdling kinsman, Dr. Fu Manchu, and like Stepin Fetchit, Amos and Andy, and many other racial stereotypes who once populated American novels and movies, he has been politically corrected out of the cultural landscape. It’s as though they never existed, like all those vanished commissars erased from photographs in the Stalin era. Charlie Chan was one of the first to go, because he labored under a double onus: he was created by a white mystery writer, Earl Derr Biggers, and he was most famously played in films by Warner Oland, an actor who was not only white but born in Sweden. It was inevitable that Asian-American rights groups would campaign zealously to get Charlie off the shelves and out of the late-night TV movie slot. So it comes as at least a mild surprise to encounter Yunte Huang’s excellent and very sympathetic treatment of the fictional detective in Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous With American History. A native of China and now a resident of the United States, Huang, though not without some reservations, is fond of Charlie. He points out that, unlike Fu Manchu, Charlie in no way embodied Western fears and suspicions of the Asian world. He may have been a little inscrutable, but more important, he was smart, funny, a good father, an even better detective and, most important, he was the hero of the tales in which he appeared. This was not just a matter of Americans being indulgent. In the heyday of the Charlie Chan films, from the early ’30s to the late ’40s, he was a huge hit in China. Even Warner Oland, when he toured China, drew clamorous crowds. You don’t need to be a fan of Charlie’s to enjoy Huang’s narrative, maybe because he’s told so many stories here, all of them intriguing. Try Newsweek for only $1.25 per week The origin myth is a little muddy, but the simplest version is that while sitting in the reading room of the New York Public Library, the Ohio-born, Harvard-educated Biggers became fascinated—and inspired—by a newspaper story describing the exploits of a Chinese detective named Chang Apana, who worked for the Honolulu Police Department. Charlie soon appeared as a minor character in the next Biggers novel, but the public demanded more of him. In subsequent Biggers mysteries, Charlie was the star, and a bestselling star at that, so much so that thereafter Biggers was something like Arthur Conan Doyle—chained to his hero whether he liked it or not. Biggers took generous liberties with Chang Apana’s legend. The Honolulu detective was neither fat nor droll—he was, in fact, unable to read English or Chinese, although he was fluent in Hawaiian. But he was colorful—an acrobatic man known for scaling walls and leaping from rooftop to rooftop. His weapon of choice was a bullwhip, with which he corralled gamblers, drug dealers, and especially anyone he caught molesting an animal (his first law-enforcement job was animal protection). A former Hawaiian cowboy, or paniolo, he was always more comfortable in the saddle than in a car (he never learned to drive). Someone once asked Biggers, a man not above using the word “chink” in conversation, why he made Charlie speak in pidgin English (“Advice after mistake is like medicine after dead man’s funeral,” “Caution very good life insurance”). Biggers said none of his readers would have been interested in a Chinese detective who spoke dully correct English. But it’s hard to believe that any fictional character could be much more colorful than the real Apana, whose funeral in 1933 drew one of the largest crowds in Hawaiian history. All this—the lives of Biggers and Apana, Charlie’s career in novels, movies, TV shows, cartoons, and comic books—is told in the context of an America in the throes of nativism. Asian-Americans then were held in the same suspicion and contempt directed today at Arabs and Latinos, a fact that gives this story a lamentable but inescapable currency. In the ’20s, when Biggers began the Chan series, the Ku Klux Klan was at the height of its power, Congress was passing the racist Immigration Act of 1924, which established a harsh quota system that limited annual immigration to 2 percent of a nationality’s U.S. population and barred some nationalities, mostly Asian, and routinely denied citizenship to many more. Hollywood forbade love scenes between whites and people of color, and Asians were routinely played by whites (Native Americans, in similar fashion, were routinely played by Jews or Hispanics as late as the ’60s). The miracle, then, is that somehow, in the midst of all this, Charlie Chan became an American hero. As Huang notes, “There are stereotypical aspects of Charlie Chan that smack of racial parody and mockery.” And yet, there is also something positive about him, something lost if we only concentrate on the crudeness of his portrayal. “Out of the crucible we call art,” Huang says, “there is rarely if ever what might be described as good, clean fun.” A couple of pages later, he amplifies that statement: “Whether it’s a jazzy tune coming from the lips of a blackface Jew or a yellow lie told by a ventriloquist Swede, the resilient artistic flower has blossomed in spite of as well as because of racism. This undeniable fact, insulting and sobering, has uniquely defined America.” Or, as Charlie Chan says, “Door of opportunity swing both ways.”	i don't know
Which company introduced the first triple blade cartridge razor, the Mach 3, in 1998?	Boston.com / Business / The war of the razors The war of the razors Gillette-Schick fight over patent shows the cutthroat world of consumer products By Naomi Aoki, Globe Staff, 8/31/2003 David VerNooy is happy to talk about almost any detail of Schick-Wilkinson Sword's new Quattro, the world's first four-blade razor. Any detail, that is, except the positioning of the blades themselves. ADVERTISEMENT VerNooy, a mechanical engineer who led Quattro's design team, will tell you about giving the handle a certain heft -- akin to a weighty knife or fork that feels good in the hand-- to convey a sense of quality. He'll tell you about attaching electrical nodes to mens' wrists to determine the most ergonomically sound handle. He'll even tell you about a design feature he calls "synchronized dynamic blade pack," which distributes pressure across the blades, ensuring they move in unison to avoid nicks and cuts. But he remains mum on the position of the blades. "With the litigation going on, I can't talk about that part of it," VerNooy said. "I can't go down that road." That's because this month Gillette Co. of Boston, maker of the three-blade Mach3, the world's best selling razor, sued Schick's parent, Energizer Holdings Inc. of St. Louis, claiming the Quattro infringes on a patent critical to its Mach3 and Venus razor blades. In a motion filed Friday in federal court in Boston, Gillette sought a preliminary injunction to stop Quattro's introduction next month. At issue is what Gillette calls its patented "progressive blade geometry," in which each blade gets closer to the skin than the last one, giving what Gillette says is "the closest, most comfortable shave in a single stroke." The suit is the latest round in an increasingly acrimonious rivalry between the two companies. Gillette filed its patent suit on the same day Schick formally announced the Quattro -- less than six weeks before its scheduled rollout. At first glance, the lawsuit may seem like a publicity stunt to foil the launch of a competing product. But patent attorneys say the legal battle offers a glimpse into the cutthroat world of consumer products. Though companies battle more frequently over advertising claims and trademark rights than patents, consumer product giants like Gillette and Procter & Gamble Co. aggressively patent seemingly small advances to gain a competitive edge. "Small improvements often result in enforceable patents," said Gary Hecker, chairman of Hecker Law Group, a Los Angeles firm specializing in patent litigation. "The examples are endless -- toothbrushes, sunglasses, waterbeds, toys, knives, headphones." P&G and Kimberly-Clark Corp. fought for years in court over dueling patents for diaper leg cuffs meant to stop leaks. Nike sued L.A. Gear in the early 1990s, claiming L.A. Gear's Catapult sneakers infringed on a Nike patent on a heel wedge designed to act like a spring and another on covering how the shoes are laced. Razors are among the most heavily patented consumer products, with more than 1,000 patents covering everything from lubricating strips to cartridge-loading systems. Gillette has more than 50 patents covering its Mach3 franchise. Schick holds eight patents protecting the Quattro and has other applications pending at the US Patent and Trademark Office but won't say how many or whether any address blade geometry. The patent volume in part reflects the competitive nature of the business. Around the world, people last year bought $7.5 billion of razors and blades, and Gillette and Schick are the two main players. Capitalizing on a history of innovation, Gillette dominates the market, with 72 percent of sales. Schick's 18 percent share is a distant second. With Quattro, however, Schick could pull off a rare feat of technological one-upmanship. Schick isn't backing down. The company denies infringing on the patent and says it will go ahead with Quattro's introduction as planned. "This will be the only four-bladed razor on market," VerNooy said. "It's different from everything." Gillette went to work on a three-blade razor in the early 1970s -- not long after introducing the world's first twin blade. But early prototypes developed in its research labs in Reading, England, had a fatal flaw: They irritated the skin. Gillette turned to other technologies, including the pivoting Atra and the Sensor, which had blades mounted on a spring. In the early 1990s, the company finally developed a prototype of a three-blade razor that in internal shaving tests beat the Sensor. Code named Manx (because one of the engineers hailed from the Isle of Man, where the inhabitants are known as Manxmen) the razor used a new blade alignment that positioned the blades progressively closer to the skin, each one cutting closer than the last. In 1998, after more than $750 million of research and testing, Gillette introduced Mach3, the world's first triple-blade razor. It spent $300 million in the first year to promote it. One ad showed a fighter jet breaking through the sound barrier -- Mach 1 -- and starting to disintegrate after passing Mach 2. As the jet broke through Mach 3, the pilot morphed into a man in a bathroom, where a razor flew into his hand. "Adding more blades will give you a closer shave," said Gillette spokesman Eric Kraus. "But that's not the magic. The more blades, the more drag you have and the more chance of irritation. We know from years and years of testing that progressive blade geometry is critical." Schick declined to say exactly how long or how much it spent developing Quattro, but the company said the project consumed years and thousands of engineering hours. This summer, Schick began distributing samples of its new razor to retailers in preparation for the launch. Schick told them the Quattro had outperformed Mach3 in numerous tests involving hundreds of people. Even before filing suit, Gillette called those claims "highly subjective." But earlier this summer, Gillette got hold of 10 of the sample cartridges. Kraus declined to say how. Company engineers dismantled the Quattro blades, examining their design and studying the positioning of the blades. They measured the exposed blade edges using a special microscope. After thorough testing, Kraus said, Gillette determined the Quattro infringed on its patented progressive blade geometry by using its design and simply adding another blade. Filed in 1994, patent No. 6,212,777 describes the technology in exacting detail. The patent covers a group of three blades with parallel sharpened edges located between a plastic cap at the top of the cartridge and a guard at the bottom. The blade closest to the cap must stick out no more than .2 mm. The last blade, closest to the guard, must be recessed into the cartridge at least .2 mm. The middle blade must fall in between. Positioned accordingly, the first blade is designed to lift the hair, the second to cut it and the third to cut it even closer. And though the patent refers to three blades, Kraus said it applies to any three blades similarly aligned, regardless of whether they are part of a four-, five- or 20-blade razor. In this regard, patent attorneys say, Gillette is likely on firm ground. But little else is certain. Schick has not responded in court yet to Gillette's suit, and Schick declined to go into detail on how it will defend itself. Patent lawyers say Schick could argue that it doesn't infringe on the patent because it has found a way to design around the patents claims. Failing that, it could also argue that the patent is invalid because the technology wasn't really new, or because it would have been obvious to someone schooled in razor blade design. "Every word in each of the patent's claims needs to be defined," said Andrew Beckerman-Rodeau, a professor at Suffolk University Law School. "It's not always so clear what a patent covers. And it's not going to be clear until they start litigating the case." Patent cases can take years and millions of dollars to litigate. If, at the end of the day, Schick is found to be infringing on Gillette's patent, it could be forced to stop selling the Quattro, turn over all its profits from Quattro sales to Gillette, and destroy any remaining Quattro inventory. In addition, it would also likely be ordered to refund to consumers the cost of a Quattro razor they can no longer use. That's what happened to Eastman Kodak Co. In 1990, 14 years into a bitter patent fight, a federal judge ordered the company to pay Polaroid Corp. $909.5 million for infringing on its instant photography patents. An earlier decision in the case forced Kodak to withdraw its instant cameras from the market, destroy its inventory and give refunds to people who had bought the cameras. Tallying all the expenses, patent attorneys said, the case cost Kodak about $3 billion. "That's the strategic decision a company has to make," said Constance E. Bagley, an associate professor at Harvard Business School. "If you lose the fight, everything you've made literally goes into a landfill. It's high-stakes litigation, and it's a gamble." Naomi Aoki can be reached at [email protected]. © Copyright 2003 Globe Newspaper Company.	Gillette
Which famous London museum was established at the Baker Street Bazaar in 1835?	MACH 3: Anatomy of Gillette's Latest Global Launch Marketing, Media & Sales MACH 3: Anatomy of Gillette's Latest Global Launch Can a consumer product be launched globally in a short time? It can if sufficient resources and time are allocated to planning the effort. In May 1994, months before the Gillette Company first shipped its hugely successful Sensor Excel razor in the United States, marketing plans were already under way for the product that would succeed the Sensor Excel. That month, four Gillette marketing executives met with B.B.D.O., the firm's advertising agency, to set the marketing agenda for a new razor that would render Sensor Excel all but obsolete. That new razor, which would later be named Mach 3, was introduced with all the attendant fanfare in the summer of 1998. At Gillette, there is no such concept as getting ahead of oneself. New products go on the drawing board as much as a decade before they are introduced, and it is a safe bet that even as Mach 3 was hitting retail store shelves, Mach 4 or Mach Excel or whatever the company calls its next breakthrough razor was well along in its development cycle. When it comes to blades and razors, Gillette is not content with merely having an innovative product. The company has also turned marketing into a quantitative science, pouring time and resources into marketing plans that are almost military in their precision and implementation. The Mach 3 shaving system, a blend of leading-edge technology and relentless consumer testing, took seven years and $750 million to develop. The first industrial design of the sleek new razor existed in 1993. The product was named two full years before it was first shipped, and the efforts were so secretive that the directors, including billionaire and major shareholder Warren E. Buffett, were not allowed to see the product until nine months before its launch. Gillette has poured another $300 million into marketing the new product -making Mach 3 the world's only billion-dollar razor -and the results are already off the chart. Sales of the Mach 3 have far surpassed Sensor and Sensor Excel, which both dominated the market in their day and have exceeded even Gillette's lofty expectations. Despite the skepticism of some in the financial press, who felt the new razor was gimmicky and too expensive, in just six months Mach 3 has become the top-selling razor and blade in North America and Europe. If success can be choreographed, Gillette has done it. No other company takes shaving as seriously as Gillette. The $10.1 billion Boston-based consumer products giant also sells Duracell batteries, Braun appliances and Parker pens. But blades and razors are the bedrock of Gillette's indomitable global brand. Like other great marketers, Gillette simply knows its customers better than its competitors do. It tests, measures and rates products and preferences ceaselessly around the world. When an Italian man or an Australian woman performs his or her morning ablutions, Gillette has a pretty good idea of what razor will be used and why. The company has parlayed its laserlike focus on its marketplace, and its unmatched ability to forecast what men and women will buy, into a 72 percent market share in both the United States and Europe. This dominance is born from a relentless pursuit of better shaving technologies, a willingness to invest whatever is needed to manufacture its products effectively, and a formulaic, integrated marketing strategy that works everywhere. The Shaving Legacy Ever since 1901, when King Camp Gillette invented the safety razor, Gillette has built a corporate culture around finding better, more lucrative ways to remove unwanted hair from human beings. For much of this century, Gillette was as much a part of the American lifestyle as Campbell Soup and Coca-Cola. The first televised baseball game in 1939 featured ads for Gillette razors. In 1971, Gillette shook up the shaving marketplace when it introduced Trac II, the first twin-blade razor with two parallel blade edges housed in a single cartridge. With Atra in 1977, Gillette increased performance and pressed its "comfort and closeness" mantra with an innovative pivoting head. And in the same time period, Gillette, mired in a new battle of disposable razors with the likes of Bic, unveiled the Good News, the first twin-bladed disposable. By the mid-1980's, with disposable razors taking up a whopping 50 percent of the market, Gillette executives decided to break out of what they saw as a dead-end strategy. With disposables, the razor had become a commodity, and the buying decision was based solely on price and convenience. For a company like Gillette, this was a debilitating situation. Gillette needed a differentiator, a product upon which the brand could be elevated and market share substantially increased. So rather than compete on the existing playing field, Gillette simply created a new category, the shaving system, and took control of it while at the same time eroding the market share of the disposables category. In 1990, after 10 years of research and development, Gillette introduced its Sensor twin-bladed shaving system. As with Trac II and Atra, the blade cartridges were disposable. But there was more. With blades mounted on springs that allowed the razor to adjust to a man's face as he shaved, Sensor raised the shaving bar to new heights. The shave really was better -significantly better. The design not only produced markedly closer shaves but also brought Gillette out of the disposables morass and back into an indisputable leadership position. But Gillette never rests on its laurels. If two blades could produce a close shave, what might three blades do? For much of this decade, scientists at Gillette's research lab in Reading, England, studied metallurgy, skin and hair and came up with new blade edges -the first since the 1960's -designed to allow men to shave with less force and feel less irritation. In order to insure that consumers would not simply scoff at three blades as a marketing gimmick, the shave had to be demonstrably better. "What you need when you go to the board and ask for $750 million in development money is a product that can't fail," said William J. Flynn, the business director of blades and razors at Gillette. "It has to be preferable to what the customer is currently using." Like other great marketing companies, Gillette acknowledges that product quality is the core value proposition around which everything else swirls. "If you have a significantly and demonstrably superior product or service, it really is quite meaningful," said Benson P. Shapiro, a marketing consultant in Concord, Mass. "Procter & Gamble has traded on this for years. When they introduce a new and improved product, it really is new and improved. It really solves a personal problem. What Gillette has done is develop a new technology that worked. The tougher task is getting people to try it." Indeed, many superior technologies have slipped away, unnoticed and unrewarded, in the history of consumer products. At Gillette, gaining consumers' share of mind is an art form. Getting them to try a new product and offering a "reason to believe" has never been better orchestrated than with Mach 3. The first and most important step is creating a clear value proposition for the consumer. For the Mach 3, the value proposition had to be compelling, succinct and easily understood by a vast consumer base around the world. Like everything else in the development process, it was a painstaking endeavor. Indeed, the value statement took two full years, countless meetings and innumerable focus groups to write. The value had to be there for a wide cross section of shavers, from the serious system user to the disposables user. It had to work for the blue-collar worker in Des Moines as well as the executive in Milan. Having tested the product with thousands of men, Gillette knew what mattered. Shaving evokes certain key reactions in men: It is time-consuming, irritating and often unpleasant. Not surprisingly, men around the world crave the same thing: a close, clean, comfortable shave without nicks and cuts. Most men, Mr. Flynn said, take between 100 and 500 strokes when they shave, often going over the same area again and again. So a bridge was needed to get from the idea of a close shave to a less irritating shave. Add to that mix the disposables user, who values the quickness of a shave, and the value proposition emerged: The Mach 3 offers "the closest shave ever in fewer strokes -with less irritation." What sounds so simple and obvious was a "Eureka" revelation inside Gillette. With this statement, all marketing efforts would have a common foundation upon which to build. Gillette could not only woo its own Sensor Excel customers to move up, but also grab market share among disposables users. "If you don't put it into language that gives a promise of something better, people won't try it," Mr. Flynn said. "But if you can create an appeal that gets them to try the product, the product will sell itself." Going Global Gillette's vaunted marketing machine is actually the sum of many parts, all tied inextricably together by time-honored traditions within the company. The Horizon Committee, for example, is chartered to capture the future, looking five to 20 years ahead for what the hair removal experience is likely to be. Even today, Gillette is looking beyond wet shaving to lasers and other forms of technology for potential products. The Mach 3 group, code-named the 225 Task Force, worked for five full years in concert with R&D to produce and orchestrate the introduction of the new product. They concentrated as much on creating a great new brand as developing a great new product. The five years were characterized by ceaseless product improvement, constant consumer testing around the world and, eventually, creation of a marketing strategy to not only press the new value proposition but also substantiate the claims. To Gillette's chief executive, Alfred M. Zeien, the company looks at the world "as one nation," and global product positioning is de rigueur. By mid-1996, under John Darman, vice president of business management for male shaving, the task force began to pull together specific plans for a global introduction. With Mach 3, Gillette had a distinct advantage; the company had essentially been there before. The company's experience with both the Sensor and the Sensor Excel had created a template for the manufacturing and global marketing and promotion of a shaving system. Sensor had been so successful that it had turned the company's earnings around and set off a string of 32 straight profitable quarters at Gillette. The lessons were clear: Because the product would probably take off immediately, manufacturing had to insure that it had enough capacity to avoid shortages at the outset. To facilitate a smooth global introduction, all packaging, point of sale and other promotional and support material had to be the same, simply translated into 30 languages for other geographies. In the same vein, all marketing and advertising was based on a single campaign that was released in every market, again with minor local adjustments and translations. Pricing needed a built-in elasticity, but by carefully testing the concept with consumers, Gillette fixed a profitable price point based on the expected number of blades per user per year. The plans needed to be thorough, coordinated and highly secretive. Early on, Mr. Darman brought executives from Gillette's satellite offices around the world together with B.B.D.O. executives. B.B.D.O., the company's agency since 1988, had come up with the signature descriptor "Gillette: the Best a Man Can Get" in the late 1980's and had been an integral part of the development team on Sensor and Mach 3. Like a military strike, a global introduction had to be carefully planned and orchestrated to be successful. Gillette had introduced Sensor in all of its markets in just 18 months. But Mach 3 would be completely introduced around the planet in under one year. The new product would be introduced in North America in July 1998, in Europe and Russia on Sept. 1, in Japan in February 1999 and in the rest of Asia, Latin America and Australia by mid-year. "We want to accelerate sales and profit growth," Mr. Flynn said. "A global launch is the means to do that." The faster the product is in the market globally, the faster existing Gillette customers will trade up to the new product and the faster new users will be drawn from competitors. Such quick-strike thinking not only leads to better financial results, adds Mr. Shapiro, a former Harvard Business School marketing professor, but prevents competitors from thwarting Gillette's efforts in remote markets before the product is shipped. The naming process began in July 1995, three years before the rollout. B.B.D.O.'s computers yielded such suggestions as Vector, Synchro and Triad. But the eventual name had to work as well in Germany and Latin America as it did in North America. Thousands of one-on-one interviews around the world with consumers confirmed that the name Mach 3 would fly. Keeping it a secret became a C.I.A.-like operation, with all executives required to sign confidentiality agreements -telling spouses was strictly verboten -and no one was exempt. By 1996, specific plans started to come together. The task force drew up advertising budgets, capital costs, sampling costs and formulas for achieving more profit per user per year. In this manner, the strategic business plans for 1997 and eventually 1998 were written. Gillette has always carefully tracked blade usage. With the Atra razor, men used an average of 30 to 32 blades a year. The number dropped to the high 20's with Sensor, and, because of its superior performance, the number is expected to drop even more for Mach 3. Based on these estimates, the company set out pricing strategies. Because of the success of Sensor, which had been priced at a 25 percent premium over the previous offering, Gillette was extremely aggressive in its pricing for Mach 3. Mach 3 was priced 35 percent higher than Sensor Excel -at $6.49 to $6.99 for the razor and a similar increase for blades -and again, consumers did not blink. "In our consumer-use test study, we asked questions about what they'd pay," Mr. Flynn said. "As we increased the price, their preference actually improved. That was the first time we'd ever seen that happen." To orchestrate the product unveiling successfully, Gillette followed strict guidelines about all advertising, marketing and promotion. Everything from packaging to point-of-sale displays to retail sales guidelines was created with a single audience in mind rather than individual geographies. Thus, all packaging, point-of-sale displays and support material are the same around the world. The color scheme, an aqua green, and all typefaces and design elements are also the same. Mach 3 packages from Spain, Germany, Britain and Italy are identical except for the language on the package. The company purposely keeps the number of words on the front of the package to a minimum to avoid the need for design alterations to the packaging. Gillette also knows its markets intimately. For countries like Italy and Spain, where many stores are small, Gillette created a special display for the Mach 3. More than 100,000 of these displays were sold in the first six months after the premiere. Even the television and radio advertising is the same. A single Mach 3 television commercial is being used in all countries. Though some local production had to be done in certain markets, the commercial is essentially the same everywhere -male models have to have faces that are "acceptable" in all regions. By creating a single look and feel to the entire global campaign, the Mach 3 achieved a branded look almost instantaneously. A believer in big-budget advertising, Gillette seeks to surround the consumer with its message, embracing every medium, from television to billboards to the Internet. It stepped up its public relations efforts for Mach 3 and received 10 times as many mentions in the media, called share of voice, for the product rollout as it had for Sensor. Gillette tracks the media as closely as it tracks its customers. Mr. Flynn described a visit to Spain shortly after the Mach 3 inauguration. He was walking in Madrid where Mach 3 billboard ads dominated the sidewalk. He walked into a drugstore and was met immediately with the Mach 3 display, which mirrored the sidewalk advertising. And almost as if on cue, a radio commercial for the razor came on over the store's speakers. "It really told me why the brand is doing so well in all markets," he said. Mr. Flynn points out that the Mach 3 will be "advertising driven" for its first two years and then, as the product becomes entrenched in the marketplace, advertising efforts will slow while a sampling campaign commences. He points out that 75 percent of Mach 3 sales go to Sensor Excel users who are moving up to the new product. To win over disposable users, sampling is crucial. "Sampling is extremely effective," Mr. Flynn said. "I was the marketing manager for Sensor Excel, and I went to a focus group in New Jersey. One guy admitted that he was a system user, but he had been a hardcore disposable user until he got a Sensor in the mail. We'd have never gotten that user otherwise." Another Winner By early 1999, Gillette could safely declare victory. Mach 3 simply blew away the skeptics and became the type of whirlwind success that product developers and marketers dream about. The Mach 3 has easily supplanted the Sensor Excel as the No. 1 brand on the market. In fact, said Mr. Flynn, it took Sensor two years to reach the sales level that Mach 3 achieved in six months. In the United States alone, Mach 3 razors have outsold Sensor four to one compared with Sensor's first six months on the market and outsold Sensor blades three to one. Mach 3 razors brought in $60 million in the first six months, compared with $15 million in Sensor sales during its first six months. Mach 3 blades generated $68 million in sales in its first six months; Sensor blades brought in just $20 million in its first six months. Mach 3 razors already have a 15 percent market share in the United States and as much as 17 percent in Italy. (See Exhibit I.) It took Sensor two full years to reach that market share. Gillette is happy but hardly satisfied. The company expects a 20 percent to 30 percent market share for Mach 3 razors and blades over the next two years as it sells more than a billion blades annually around the world. And though it is closemouthed about future products, there is little doubt that Gillette sees an opportunity to move Mach 3 into the women's market, much as it did with Sensor. If and when Gillette introduces a women's Mach 3, it will undoubtedly be with a blitzkrieg approach. In a competitive global economy, Mr. Shapiro said, Gillette understands that every consumer it can get to try a new product sooner is one less customer who is likely to get away. The European Campaign Gillette's ability to introduce its new products globally is built upon best practices gleaned from decades of experience, particularly with its highly successful Sensor razor products. From Sensor to the new Mach 3, Gillette has initiated rollouts with remarkable success. But despite the almost military precision with which Gillette attacks the global marketplace, there are issues specific to certain geographies that require careful planning. William J. Flynn, business director of blades and razors for Gillette, talked with Glenn Rifkin about unveiling Mach 3 in Europe. S&B: You actually launched the Sensor Excel, Mach 3's predecessor, in Europe before North America. And then you did just the opposite with the Mach 3 launch. Why? William Flynn: We went into Europe with Sensor Excel first because Europe is a bigger market than the U.S. It's about 20 percent bigger, in fact. At that point in time, 1991, we looked at the economy in Europe, which was lagging and not as bullish as the U.S., and felt the market there needed a shot in the arm. We needed to get some energy going and thought launching there first would do that while at the same time demonstrate that we are an international company. With Mach 3, we wanted to launch in July 1998, but realized that August is not the greatest time to advertise in Europe. Everyone is out at their summer homes. In truth, the time factor was not that significant. We launched in Europe two months later. S&B: How do you evaluate each individual market? William Flynn: We look with great detail at each market. We know that the primary growth driver is the media, so we have to make sure we are spending our money wisely. Where is the greatest opportunity for profit growth? What does the competitive environment look like? We create a media spending model that is predicated on things such as profit by country, share of voice, trade-up potential, incremental profit above the competition. We do this in 17 markets in Europe. When we launched Sensor, we created the Sensor Derivation Model, which was essentially how much money we spent and what share of voice we achieved. So with Mach 3, if we replicated the Sensor launch, what would it look like? How would it play out? S&B: What did that model tell you with the Mach 3 launch? How do you build share of voice? William Flynn: For example, we knew that we spent more in Italy than Germany. The Italian market is much more devoted to disposable razors, so we had to concentrate more media in Italy. All this helps create the final plan. And we had to lay on top of that new elements for the Mach 3 program. With Sensor, it was basically a television plan, heavy television advertising. With Mach 3, we had print, outdoor, radio and the Internet. It was more of a multifaceted media effort. We had to factor all this into the Sensor Derivation Model. S&B: What does the model help you achieve? William Flynn: It is the foundation for our media spending plan. We needed to go to all the geographies and put together a rationale for what we were recommending per market. We base our plans on gross rating points, or G.R.P.'s, which equate to the number of spots you have on television. It gives some perspective to the weight of the advertising you do. And we have figured out a way to [equate] everything to a G.R.P., so we can take all media and come up with an assumption that equates to a 30-second television commercial. So we might say we'll need 3,500 G.R.P.'s in Germany, but only 3,000 in Spain because the cost of media is not as high in Spain. It's a model and a baseline to work from. S&B: So you leave little to chance. William Flynn: That's right. We have advertising tracking studies, TV versus radio versus print. We learn from history which medium is most effective. Our primary thrust is to surround the consumer with all media. Television may be more impactful than radio, but if you do both, it's even better. And that has to be scrutinized in terms of the overall objective of the plan. The plan is to make Mach 3 part of the landscape -get it everywhere. Make it part of people's vocabulary. S&B: Is your ability to achieve that different from country to country? William Flynn: Yes. From a competitive point of view, we're stronger in Germany, the U.K. and France. We're not as strong in Italy. There is a big difference in terms of systems like the Sensor and Mach 3 and disposables. Germany is a very big systems market. Only 20 percent of that market is disposables. Italy and Spain are both 50 percent disposables. S&B: What do you do about that? William Flynn: Media has always worked well in Italy. That is why when we went out with Sensor, we spent more on media in Italy than any other country. And it worked. One of the big success stories with Sensor was in Italy. The local Gillette folks did a fabulous job. They built the systems business back in 1991 better than anyone else. They did it with media, merchandising and a good story to the trade. Before Sensor, the market was 60 to 40 in favor of disposables. They shifted 10 percent of users to systems. S&B: How do you get even more men to shift to Mach 3? William Flynn: We're still focused on heavy media spending, doing a lot of the fundamentals. It really comes down to a lot of blocking and tackling. You need to sell the program to the retail trade and get their full support. With Mach 3, the display activity has been tremendous. If you go into any store in Italy and look for Mach 3, you won't have trouble finding it. There are big displays everywhere with tremendous visibility. It's a bit like looking for Coca-Cola. You see it everywhere. S&B: Are you seeing a payoff from this already? William Flynn: Major league. We've already achieved a 16 percent blade value or dollar share in Italy, which is the highest blade share of all Gillette's North Atlantic markets. And it's harder to get distribution in Italy, which makes this even more impressive. We've achieved with Mach 3 in Europe in three months what we achieved with Sensor in 18 months. S&B: What other factors contributed to this early acceptance? William Flynn: There are a lot of things that make it happen with each individual market. In Italy, the amount of work that was happening a full year before the launch was amazing. They go back to the Sensor launch and they say: "This is what you achieved for Sensor. We're going to achieve volumes that meet or exceed that, and we don't want to be out of stock." So manufacturing has to be on target with its forecasts. We want the product cut in at the point of sale, and we want to be able to meet demand. So the team works with individual accounts, and well before the official launch, they'll go in and reset the aisle. Before they had started to ship, either the Gillette sales force or outside contractors went in and reset the blade and razor section of the retailers to leave space for Mach 3. There were signs saying, "This is where Mach 3 will be." When the Procter & Gamble folks saw this in the stores, they were amazed -the way space was set for the product; the coordination in getting displays up when the advertising broke. There was a lot of preplanning to make sure that Mach 3 was in a leadership position from the outset and make sure that out-of-stocks were minimized. S&B: How do you get the retailers to buy into this so intensely? William Flynn: By making sure that things are coordinated. It's the blocking and tackling. And when you have public relations that creates the buzz, it is quite significant. Retailers see another Sensor coming, and they see that the sales force wasn't kidding. S&B: All that upfront work is phenomenal. William Flynn: That's something Gillette does the best, from an executional point of view. The company prides itself on this. A year before launch, the manufacturing people pegged how many cartridges and razors they could produce: between 50 million and 70 million razors and 400 million cartridges. They were able to call it a year in advance. You need extraordinary people to do that. S&B: So you can get other geographies on board quickly by having the answers before they ask the questions? William Flynn: You have to get it to the point where they realize that everything has been fully vetted eight ways to Sunday. We've done our research. We tested everything thoroughly in all their markets. We tested the name throughout Latin America and Europe and the scores we had showed that Mach 3 was even stronger than Sensor had been. We had impact scores, diagnostic scores, scores to show how it was different from Germany to Spain to Italy. We had tests to see how the name was pronounced in different countries. We took the value proposition and created an advertising campaign. The commercial tested better than any other commercial we've ever run in the blade and razor business. S&B: But does that guarantee buy-in from country managers? William Flynn: It sold because we had evidence that it had tested extremely well. It had to come across as extremely credible. When we first showed the European marketing directors and general managers the packaging under the tent, we had to get them in on translations and on local advertising. They challenged us, but they came away feeling we had another Sensor. It really is incumbent to get everybody on board through test results. S&B: Now that the launch has been overwhelmingly successful, how do you sustain the momentum? William Flynn: We do not go back to business as usual. We are wrestling with that now. How do we get the Mach 3 afterburn? How do we convince [country managers] to spend the money on this brand? How much money should you put against each individual unit? We need to get them to spend the amount of money we recommended last year. We can't take our foot off the accelerator. We need to spend a specific amount over the next two to three years to keep it going. We have numbers on this that are very convincing. We have to continue the tremendous efforts in point-of-sale displays, for example. We have to make sure they have all the tools necessary to continue with a razor program in which a customer buys a razor and gets a free package of other shaving products. We've established marketing guidelines for the year 2000. We created a very good Sensor Excel program that tied in with radio. They were humorous radio ads, and we worked with local markets to develop the ads for drive time for each local market. We tied that in on a cooperative basis with retailers. We called it the Challenge program: "Try Sensor Excel and you won't go back." We think we can do that with Mach 3 as well. Reprint No. 99205	i don't know
The Bernstein and Sondheim song ‘Somewhere’ was written for which musical?	Songwriters Hall of Fame - Stephen Sondheim Exhibit Home Hal Leonard Sondheim - the name be-speaks theatrical excitement and applause. He is one of the singularly gifted within the ranks of the Broadway musical elite, a man who has spent his entire career making wonderful music. While Stephen Sondheim may be best known in the public view as a Broadway composer, his musical skills actually go far beyond that rather limited sphere. Sondheim has written prolifically and profusely for motion pictures, television dramas, and background songs and scores for legitimate theater, in addition to his extensive catalog of Broadway scores. In fact, Sondheim is one of the very few tunesmiths to have garnered both Tony awards and Oscars for his multi-directional output, not to mention literally countless other accolades for his unique talents. Stephen Sondheim was born in 1930 and raised in New York City. He graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, MA, where he began a lifetime of award winning, taking down the renowned Hutchinson Prize for Music Composition, following which he studied theory and composition with Milton Babbitt. Sondheim's creativity came into play soon after departing from college when he wrote lyrics for such highly skilled composers as Leonard Bernstein ("West Side Story") and Jule Styne ("Gypsy") within the two year span of 1957 to 1959. Soon thereafter, in 1962, came one of Sondheim's most notable successes, "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum," in which he created both the music and lyrics. Two years later, a virtually unending series of successful musicals featuring both music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, began their collective run extending well into the 1990s. Beginning in 1964 with "Anyone Can Whistle," the list includes "Follies," "A Little Night Music," "The Frogs," "Pacific Overtures," "Sweeney Todd," "Merrily We Roll Along," "Sunday in the Park with George," "Into the Woods," "Assassins," "Passion" and "Company." During the 30-year run, which features a major Broadway entry approximately once every three years, he was also the lyricist for "Do I Hear a Waltz" and "Candide" and organized revue-style anthologies of his works for such Broadway presentations as ï¿½Side by Side by Sondheimï¿½, ï¿½Marry Me a Littleï¿½, ï¿½Youï¿½re Gonna Love Tomorrowï¿½ and ï¿½Putting it Togetherï¿½. Again, during the same immensely productive 30-year span, Sondheim addressed the motion picture field, composing scores for "Stavisky" and "Reds" and songs for "Dick Tracy," one of which, "Sooner or Later" won the Academy Award in 1990 for Best Song. For television, he wrote songs for "Evening Primrose," co-authored the film, "The Last of Sheila" and provided incidental music for the plays "The Girls of Summer," "Invitation to a March" and "Twigs." Sondheim is the owner of five Tony Awards (Best Score for a Musical) for "Into the Woods,ï¿½ Sweeney Todd," "A Little Night Music," "Follies" and "Company." All these shows also won New York Drama Critics Circle Awards, as did "Pacific Overtures" and "Sunday in the Park with George," the latter also receiving the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1985, with music and lyrics by Sondheim and book by James Lapine. Stephen Sondheim has served on the CounciI of the Dramatists Guild, the National Association of Playwrights, Composers and Lyricists, and served as its president from 1973 to 1981. In 1983, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and in 1990, he was appointed the first visiting professor of Contemporary Theater at Oxford University. In 1993, he was the recipient of the prestigious Kennedy Center honors.	West Side Story
Catamarca, Mendoza and Formosa are all provinces in which South American country?	West Side Story \| musical by Bernstein and Sondheim and Robbins \| Britannica.com musical by Bernstein and Sondheim and Robbins Written By: Romeo and Juliet West Side Story, theatre music by American composer Leonard Bernstein that premiered August 19, 1957, in Washington, D.C., before moving to Broadway for a second opening on September 26, 1957. The musical is a 20th-century American adaptation of the Shakespearean tale of Romeo and Juliet . It has become one of the most frequently performed of all American musicals, and many consider it to be the definitive Bernstein composition . For the creation of this musical, Bernstein was joined by lyricist Stephen Sondheim , playwright Arthur Laurents , choreographer Jerome Robbins , and impresario Harold Prince . It ran for 732 performances, and it might have won the 1958 Tony Award for best musical had its competition not been The Music Man. In 1961, adapted for the silver screen, West Side Story took 10 Academy Awards, including best picture. Leonard Bernstein at the MacDowell Colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire. Bernice B. Perry/Courtesy of The MacDowell Colony Bernstein’s score blended various styles, including jazzy sounds evocative of the decade in which the music was written, as well as Latin rhythms. Additionally, he drew upon some of the time-honoured techniques of opera composition. For example, in the song “ Tonight, ” he has several characters reflect on their hopes and expectations for the night to come. For each individual, Bernstein crafted music that mirrors those visions, whether romantic or sultry or combative. Members of the Sharks street gang dancing the choreography of Jerome Robbins to the music of … Copyright 1961 Mirisch Pictures Inc. All Rights Reserved	i don't know
In humans, the medical condition aglutition is the inability to do what?	Aglutition - definition of Aglutition by The Free Dictionary Aglutition - definition of Aglutition by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Aglutition 1. (Med.) Inability to swallow. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Swallow
Pouchong tea is traditionally scented with the leaves of which flower?	Aglutition - definition of Aglutition by The Free Dictionary Aglutition - definition of Aglutition by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Aglutition 1. (Med.) Inability to swallow. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
Which Palestinian paramilitary group seized eleven Israelis at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games?	Background & Overview: Munich Olympic Massacre \| Jewish Virtual Library Munich Olympic Massacre: Tweet It was 4:30 in the morning on Sept. 5, 1972, when five Palestinian terrorists wearing track sweat suits climbed the six-foot six-inch fence surrounding the Olympic Village. Although they were seen by several people, no one thought anything was unusual since athletes routinely hopped the fence; moreover, the terrorists' weapons were hidden in athletic bags. These five were met by three more men who are presumed to have obtained credentials to enter the village. The Palestinians then used stolen keys to enter two apartments being used by the Israeli team at 31 Connollystraße. Israeli wrestling referee Yossef Gutfreund heard a faint scratching noise at the door of the first apartment. When he investigated, he saw the door begin to open and masked men with guns on the other side. He shouted “Hevre tistalku!” ( Hebrew : "Guys, get out of here!") and threw his nearly 300-lb. (135-kg) weight against the door to try to stop the Palestinians from forcing their way in. In the confusion, coach Tuvia Sokolovsky and race-walker Dr. Shaul Ladany escaped and another four athletes, plus the two team doctors and delegation head Shmuel Lalkin, managed to hide. Wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg, attacked the kidnappers as the hostages were being moved from one apartment to another, allowing one of his wrestlers, Gad Tsobari, to escape. The burly Weinberg knocked one of the intruders unconscious and stabbed another with a fruit knife before being shot to death. Weightlifter and father of three Yossef Romano, 31, also attacked and wounded one of the intruders before being killed. The Arabs then succeeded in rounding up nine Israelis to hold as hostages. At 9:30, the terrorists announced that they were Palestinians and demanded that Israel release 200 Arab prisoners and that the terrorists be given safe passage out of Germany. The Palestinians were led by Luttif Afif (“Issa”), his deputy Yusuf Nazzal (“Tony”), and junior members Afif Ahmed Hamid (“Paolo”), Khalid Jawad (“Salah”), Ahmed Chic Thaa (“Abu Halla”), Mohammed Safady (“Badran”), Adnan Al-Gashey (“Denawi”), and his cousin Jamal Al-Gashey (“Samir”). (Top, L-R): Moshe Weinberg; Yossef Romano; Yossef Gutfreund; David Berger (Second Row): Yacov Springer; Ze'ev Friedman; Amitzur Shapira; Eliezer Halfin (Third Row): Mark Slavin; Andre Spitzer; Kehat Shorr After hours of tense negotiations, the Palestinians, who it was later learned belonged to a PLO faction called Black September, agreed to a plan whereby they were to be taken by helicopter to the NATO air base at Firstenfeldbruck where they would be given an airplane to fly them and their hostages to Cairo. The Israelis were then taken by bus to the helicopters and flown to the airfield. In the course of the transfer, the Germans discovered that there were eight terrorists instead of the five they expected and realized that they had not assigned enough marksmen to carry out the plan to kill the terrorists at the airport. After the helicopters landed at the air base around 10:30 p.m., the German sharpshooters attempted to kill the terrorists and a bloody firefight ensued. At 11, the media was mistakenly informed that the hostages had been saved and the news was announced to a relieved Israeli public. Almost an hour later, however, new fighting broke out and one of the helicopters holding the Israelis was blown up by a terrorist grenade. The remaining nine hostages in the second helicopter were shot to death by one of the surviving terrorists. At 3 a.m., a drawn and teary-eyed Jim McKay, who had been reporting the drama throughout the day as part of ABC's Olympic coverage, announced: “They're all gone.” In July 2012, German magazine Der Spiegel reported that Germany had in fact been warned about the possibility of a Palestinian terrorist attack at the Games but took no actions to secure the Olympic Village. Five of the terrorists were killed along with one policeman, and three were captured. A little over a month later, on Oct. 29, a Lufthansa jet was hijacked by terrorists demanding that the Munich killers be released. The destroyed helicopters on the runway in Munich The Germans capitulated and the terrorists were let go, but an Israeli assassination squad was assigned to track them down along with those responsible for planning the massacre. According to George Jonas in Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team , eight of the 11 men targeted for death were killed. Of the remaining three, one died of natural causes and the other two were assassinated, but it is not known for sure if they were killed by Israeli agents. The elevent terrorists on the list were: - Kamal Adwan: Chief of sabotage operations for Al Fatah in the disputed territories - Hussein Abad Al-Chir: PLO contact with KGB in Cyprus - Mohammed Boudia: Linked with European PLO - Abu Daoud: Admitted member of the Black September Organization - Dr. Wadi Haddad: Chief terrorist linked with Dr. George Habash - Mohmoud Mahshari: PLO member and coordinator of Munich incident - Kamal Nassir: Official PLO spokesman and member of the PLO Executive Committee - Dr. Basil Paoud Al-Kubaisi: Responsible for logistics within the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) The Jonas book was the basis for two movies about Munich, “The Sword of Gideon ” and Steven Spielberg's 2006 Oscar nominee, “Munich.” In the subsequent publicity about Spielberg's film, reports have discredited the account in Jonas, which was largely based on what the author was told by a former self-described Mossad agent, Juval Aviv, who claimed he was the leader of the assassination team. In fact, journalists Yossi Melman and Steven Hartov found that “Aviv never served in Mossad, or any Israeli intelligence organization. He had failed basic training as an Israeli Defence Force commando, and his nearest approximation to spy work was as a lowly gate guard for the airline El Al in New York in the early 70s.” In contrast to the account of “Operation Wrath of God” offered by Jonas, Mossad agents have told reporters subsequently that no one team was sent to kill a specific list of terrorists. Meanwhile, the mastermind of the massacre remained at large. Abu Daoud was shot thirteen times on July 27, 1981 in a Warsaw hotel coffee shop, but survived the attack. Daoud was allowed safe passage through Israel in 1996 so he could go to a PLO meeting convened in the Gaza Strip to rescind an article in its charter that called for Israel's eradication. In 1999, Abu Daoud admitted his role in the massacre in his autobiography, Memoirs of a Palestinian Terrorist . Daoud, who lived with his wife on a pension provided by the Palestinian Authority , claimed his commandos never intended to harm the athletes and blamed their deaths on the German police and the stubbornness of then-Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir . On December 27, 2005, Daoud reiterated that he had no regrets about his involvement in the Munich attack, and that Steven Spielberg's new film about the incident would not deliver reconciliation. Daoud died of kidney failure at age 73 on July 3, 2010, in Damascus. Bassam Abu Sharif, a member of the PFLP at the time, said the motive for the operation in Munich was to attract publicity for the Palestinian cause and to win the release of Palestinian prisoners. The massacre of 11 Israeli athletes was not considered sufficiently serious to merit canceling or postponing the Olympics. “Incredibly, they're going on with it,” Jim Murray of the Los Angeles Times wrote at the time. “It's almost like having a dance at Dachau .” On December 1, 2015, new information about the Munich massacre was released to the public for the first time via an article in the New York Times. The article shed light on long-hidden details from that day, and included interviews with Ilana Romano and Ankie Spitzer, who were both widowed following the attack. Among the most horrific new details revealed was that Yossef Romano, Ilana Romano's husband, was beaten and brutally castrated by the terrorists while the Israelis were being held hostage. Most of these specific and gory details about the tragedy were not revealed to the victims families until September 1992, when the German government released hundreds of pages of reports on the attack and photographs of the crime scenes that they had previously claimed did not exist. Ilana Romano and Ankie Spitzer attended a memorial ceremony in their husband's honor on August 3, 2016, in Rio de Janiero, Brazil, the host city of the 2016 Olympic Games. The ceremony, led by the president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Thomas Bach, was followed by one minute of silence in the Olympic village to honor the murdered Israeli athletes. In addition to the remembrance ceremony, the IOC inaugurated a new tradition in honor of the athletes; a place of mourning to be established at every future olympics in the olympic village. Ankie Spitzer told reporters that, “This is closure for us. This is incredibly important. We waited 44 years to have this remembrance.”	Black September
Which element is represented by the letters Hg in the periodic table?	Munich 1972 : Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games by David Clay Large (2012, Hardcover) \| eBay Munich 1972 : Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games by David Clay Large (2012, Hardcover) Sold by lukezack41199 See details for delivery est. Sold by cliffsex See details for delivery est. Sold by rockymtntext See details for delivery est. All listings for this product Any Condition Synopsis Synopsis Munich 1972 tells the compelling story of the most controversial of all modern Olympiads within the turbulent context of simmering global tensions: the ongoing Cold War, political posturing between the two Germanys, seemingly endless warfare in Indochina, lingering recriminations surrounding decolonization in Africa, and, of course, the cauldron of religious and ethnic hatred known euphemistically as the Middle East Conflict. It was, of course, this last conflict that spilled over so tragically into the Munich festival, which will forever be remembered for the murder of eleven Israeli Olympians by Palestinian terrorists: a grisly episode that ruined a much-anticipated coming-out party for newly democratic West Germany and for new Munich itself, the erstwhile capital of Hitler's Nazi movement. What began as a putatively merry celebration of peaceful play and beery bonhomie turned into a tragic milestone in the signature horror of our times: political and religious terror.Crucial as the Munich Massacre is to the story of the '72 Games, however, it is by no means the only story. There was plenty of high drama in the athletic competitions as well, which were themselves hardly free of unsportsmanlike acrimony. Controversies over biased judging, commercialization, political posturing, and (above all) doping helped to make this Olympic festival very much a mirror of its contentious times.Drawing on a wealth of contemporaneous sources, including recently opened files in the German and Olympic archives, eminent historian David Clay Large offers a comprehensive exploration of the 1972 festival. He interweaves the political drama surrounding the Games with the athletic spectacle in the arena of play, itself hardly free of political controversy. Writing with flair and an eye for telling detail, Large brings to life the stories of the indelible characters who epitomized the Games, ranging from the city itself to the visionaries who brought the Games to Munich against all odds to the athletes, obscure and famous alike. With the Olympic movement in constant danger of terrorist disruption, and with the fortieth anniversary of the 1972 tragedy upon us in 2012, the Munich story is more timely than ever.,Set against the backdrop of the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s, this compelling book provides the first comprehensive history of the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, notorious for the abduction of Israeli Olympians by Palestinian terrorists and the hostages tragic deaths after a botched rescue mission by the German police. Drawing on a wealth of newly available sources from the time, eminent historian David Clay Large explores the 1972 festival in all its ramifications. He interweaves the political drama surrounding the Games with the athletic spectacle in the arena of play, itself hardly free of controversy. Writing with flair and an eye for telling detail, Large brings to life the stories of the indelible characters who epitomized the Games. Key figures range from the city itself, the visionaries who brought the Games to Munich against all odds, and of course to the athletes themselves, obscure and famous alike. With the Olympic movement in constant danger of terrorist disruption, and with the fortieth anniversary of the 1972 tragedy upon us in 2012, the Munich story is more timely than ever." Product Identifiers Reviews Reviews "...superb...",A detailed and well-written history of the Munich Olympics. The massacre naturally plays a central role but the book is much more comprehensive . . . as a chronicle of a problematic Olympic era where politics were central before, during, and after the Games. Large succeeds by focusing on the sporting events rather than politics, telling a compelling story from multiple perspectives. . . . His book will hold great appeal not only for those who remember the dramatic events of these Games, but also for those interested in Olympic history from an organizational, economic, and political perspective.,A gripping account of the 'Olympics of Terror,' when the games went on, despite the tragedy that arguably signaled the new challenges and dangers of our world. Well-researched and crafted, Munich 1972 is an excellent, haunting book, one that matters even more now.,Although Israel's offer was later disputed by some German officials, according to Munich 1972 author Large, the Israeli offer and German reluctance to accept it seems quite plausible,David Clay Large has written a captivating history of the 1972 Munich Olympics. Munich 1972 is both terrific sporting history and a gripping chronicle of the Black September terror attack that took the lives of eleven Israeli Olympians. It is a tale of human frailty, incompetence, and unintended consequences. It will surely stand as the definitive history of a turning point in the Olympic saga.,David Clay Large's Munich 1972 is an almost ideal matching of historian and subject. Mr. Large has written one excellent book about Munich under the Nazis and another on the Berlin Olympics of 1936. Moreover, he was in Munich in 1972. In this superb chronicle, Mr. Large evokes the febrile atmosphere of that time and place, as the sporting festivities that were supposed to celebrate Germany's return to the fellowship of democratic nations turned into a nightmare: the ideology-driven murder of Jews on German soil. . . . Many Germans still regard the Munich massacre as the darkest day in the history of the Federal Republic, yet to date Germany has not commemorated the victims properly. With the captivating Munich 1972, Mr. Large offers a memorial of sorts--and a reminder that, long before 9/11, a war on Western civilization, emanating from the Middle East, had already been declared.,In 1972, Munich was the site of the Olympics, thirty-six years after Adolph Hitler "s Nazi regime hosted the games in Berlin. Now the Federal Republic had the chance to show off a new German face âamid Cold War tensions with the Communist German Democratic Republic âand a very different Munich, in some ways the cradle of the Nazis and Hitler "s favorite city. But that is not what is remembered. Well into the games, amid woeful security centered on chain-linked fences, terrorists seized and then after a standoff killed Israeli athletes. David Clay Large follows his fine study of Hitler "s Olympics with a gripping account of the Olympics of Terror, " when the games went on, despite the tragedy that arguably signaled the new challenges and dangers of our world. Well-researched and crafted, Munich 1972 is an excellent, haunting book, one that matters even more now.,Large (history, Montana State Univ.; Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936), a specialist on German history, here addresses the many factors that resulted in the lax security at the 1972 Olympics, thus facilitating the tragic assault on the Israeli athletes by the Palestinian organization Black September. Large explores numerous themes in his analysis, including economic costs, international race relations, international and domestic security threats, and pressures of the games themselves. Rather than losing the narrative with so many themes, he writes with such depth and detail that each element melds seamlessly with the others. VERDICT While seemingly a daunting and complex subject, this is an encompassing, detailed, and engaging account for serious readers not only of the Olympics themselves and the Munich 1972 games, but of shifting international pressures and the effects that historical and social conflicts can apply to even declared apolitical events. Large's emotions come through in his judgment of lapses and of the terrorism we have confronted over the years. Those interested in the multiple shifting global influences on sports and politics will find this a valuable addition to their collections.,Large explores numerous themes in his analysis, including economic costs, international race relations, international and domestic security threats, and pressures of the games themselvesHe writes with such depth and detail that each element melds seamlessly with the othersThis is an encompassing, detailed, and engaging account for serious readers(Cont âŠnot only of the Olympics themselves and the Munich 1972 games, but of shifting international pressures and the effects that historical and social conflicts can apply to even declared apolitical events)Those interested in the multiple shifting global influences on sports and politics will find this a valuable addition to their collections,Munich 1972 Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games is by far the most comprehensive treatment of the Munich tragedy. Just about every detail, personality, and emotion is given both a caustic as well as humane treatment. Large's exquisite and eloquent literary style makes this book a very reader friendly book, a page-turner from beginning to end; a joy to read, yet a somber and sober literary experience to behold and remember.,Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games is by far the most comprehensive treatment of the Munich tragedy. Just about every detail, personality, and emotion is given both a caustic as well as humane treatment. Large's exquisite and eloquent literary style makes this book a very reader friendly book, a page-turner from beginning to end; a joy to read, yet a somber and sober literary experience to behold and remember.,Outstanding. . . . [A] meticulous reconstruction of the tragedy. . . . Large has turned up fascinating material in archival research. . . . Munich 1972 is a massively researched, eminently readable history. Although his prose is calm and his approach evenhanded, for most readers his book will evoke astonishment, exasperation, and, finally, grief.,Outstanding. . . .[A] meticulous reconstruction of the tragedy. . . .Large has turned up fascinating material in archival research. . . .Munich 1972 is a massively researched, eminently readable history. Although his prose is calm and his approach evenhanded, for most readers his book will evoke astonishment, exasperation, and, finally, grief.,Read this book! Munich 1972 is a sad, important, morally complicated story with many unexpected details and shocking revelations. What makes it a page-turner, as well as an elemental bit of 20th-century history, is that its author is a real writer-sometimes caustic, always humane-as well as an eminent historian of modern Germany. David Large, the wry professor, has done it again.,Superb book. . . . Large, an American scholar of contemporary Germany, adds to his impressive stack of books with a gripping, finely researched chronicle of those Games set against the backdrop of the tumultuous politics of the 1960s and 1970s.,The most scarring Olympics are covered in the exceedingly good Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games. David Clay Large, a Montana State University history professor, writes with bite, had access to new sources, and brings intense context.,This fluent, measured, and thorough book is a worthy successor to David Large's fine earlier study of the Nazi Games in Berlin. Once more, Large uncovers surprising twists in an ultimately tragic story and adeptly skewers the pretensions and hypocrisies of the modern Olympic movement.,This is a detailed account of the Games, focusing on the lax security measures that lead to the attack on Israeli athletes. Large provides a complete recounting of the games, from the decision of the International Olympic Committee to select Munich as a site to the closing ceremony. A German history specialist at Montana State University, Large's analysis is all encompassing including both domestic and international terror information. This highly detailed account is for anyone wanting an inside look at what goes on behind the scenes at the Olympics.,This timely book reminds readers that politics have always shaped the Olympic Games. A respected authority on the Third Reich, Large explains how the XX Olympic Games in Munich marked a turning point in Olympic and sports history generally. He thoroughly details the murder of Israeli athletes by pro-Palestine Black September terrorists. The author's description is especially valuable because he places the attack within the larger contexts of contemporary international tensions (Cold War, Vietnam War protests, African decolonization, Middle Eastern conflicts) and West Germany's attempt to distance itself from the so-called 'Nazi Olympics' of 1936 Berlin. Munich 1972 also describes the first superexpensive Olympic Games, complete with artist competitions, extravagant ceremonies, and huge building projects. Large pays great attention to the competition itself and writes vibrantly about many sports. The book therefore nicely blends the work of scholar and fan. . . . This thoughtful, readable piece on a major event of the modern era will appeal to many people. Summing Up: Highly recommended.,To commemorate the 40th anniversary of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany--where outstanding performances by U.S. swimmer Mark Spitz and USSR gymnast Olga Korbut were overshadowed by the slaying of 11 Israeli team members by Palestinian gunmen--Montana State University history professor Large (Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936) provides a densely detailed look at what he calls "history's first globally televised act of terrorism." Using newly released sources, he chronologically explores the political, social, cultural, and athletic dimensions of the Games of the XX Olympiad, focusing on the hostage crisis that began on Sept. 5 when members of the Black September organization broke into the Olympic Village's Israeli living quarters, claimed hostages, and demanded the release of 236 Palestinian prisoners from Israeli jails. The subsequent standoff and botched rescue attempt resulted in the deaths of all the captives and most of their captors. Though the deadly stalemate takes up the bulk of Large's book, and will therefore make this comprehensive take on the games appeal primarily to historians, the author doesn't forget his sports fans. While the tragedy unfolded, the games continued on, and Large devotes considerable attention to the many athletic feats and conflicts.,âŠsuperb bookâŠ.Large, an American scholar of contemporary Germany, adds to his impressive stack of books with a gripping, finely researched chronicle of those Games set against the backdrop of the tumultuous politics of the 1960s and 1970s.,…superb book….Large, an American scholar of contemporary Germany, adds to his impressive stack of books with a gripping, finely researched chronicle of those Games set against the backdrop of the tumultuous politics of the 1960s and 1970s. Best Selling in Nonfiction	i don't know
What is the national flower of Switzerland?	National, Native and other Popular Flowers of Switzerland - The Flower Expert - Flowers Encyclopedia National, Native and Popular Flowers of Switzerland National Flower of Switzerland One of the best known European mountain flowers, belongs to the sunflower family, Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) is the national flower of Switzerland. The scientific name of the flower is Leontopodium which means "lion's paw". The flowers are felted and woolly with white hairs, with characteristic bloom consisting of five to six small yellow flower heads surrounded by leaflets in star form. Other Native and Popular Flowers of Switzerland Variation in climate and altitude produces a varied flora and fauna. In the lowest zone, Chestnut, Cypress, and Palm trees Grow, as well as Rhododendron, Larches, Dwarf, Cembra Pine, and Whortleberries are found. above the snow line, more than 100 species of flowering plants grow including Alpine Androsace ,Gentiana, Hairy Alpen Rose, Negritella Or Vanilla Orchis, Bell-Flower , Cirsium Spinosissimum, Fungi Flowers and Biobrains. Lilies, Colorful Roses, Sunflowers, Orchids, Gerberas, Daffodils and Daisy are some of the popular flowers which are passionately liked by the people Switzerland for gift purposes on various occasions. Online Florists Switzerland A few of the major online florists who cater to Switzerland are PickupFlowers and Flora2000, Flora2000 is headquartered in Gibraltar, but is a true micro national: Servers in the US, customer services in India and Payment gateways in Germany. For a list of Switzerland florists who do business online, please visit our page on Online Florists in Switzerland . Send Flowers to Switzerland The Flower Expert has arrived at a few parameters on which florists can be compared so that the customers can select a good florist who suits their needs. You can go through the comparative analysis of the top florists presented in this table. This comprehensive table will help you decide which florist gives the best service when you want to send flowers to Switzerland. Facts about Switzerland Switzerland also known as Confoederatio Helvetica, is a small, landlocked country in the heart of Europe. "Confoederatio" stands for "confederation", "Helvetica" derives from the Latin word "Helvetier", the name of the people who lived in the area which became later Switzerland. Though being a peaceful, prosperous, and stable modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP larger than that of the big Western European economies, Switzerland is considered the most competitive economy of the world, according to the Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007. Switzerland is the first and only country to implement rights of the people in the system of government also known as direct democracy, which involves the constitutional initiative (public petitions) and the referendum. A 2006 survey found that Zurich and Geneva had respectively first and second highest quality of living in the world, whereas Switzerland has the 2nd highest life expectancy in Europe (after Sweden). Subscribe Get 10% off on pickupflowers.com explore	Leontopodium alpinum
In January 1953 over 70% of all TV sets in the USA were tuned in to watch the star of which show go to hospital to give birth to her son?	National Flowers - Austria and Switzerland - Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) - Pixdaus National Flowers - Austria and Switzerland - Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) ;-) 2010-05-18 13:49:29 That is really beautiful, Pigeonhole. I used to sing that song in the school choir many years ago.... :) 2010-05-18 13:42:23 "Edelweiss, Edelweiss Every morning you greet me Small and white clean and bright You look happy to meet me Blossom of snow may you bloom and grow Bloom and grow forever Edelweiss,Edelweiss Bless my homeland forever!"	i don't know
Silent film star Charlie Chaplin was born in which European city?	ï¿½ Charles Chaplin, Silent Film Star - goldensilents.com Charles Chaplin (1889-1977) "The Little Tramp" Legendary silent film comedian Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in London, England on April 16th, 1889 into a relatively well-to-do theatrical family. His father, Charles, and his mother Hannah were both headliners in their day in the English music halls. Charlie's childhood became Dickensian in its poverty and tragedy however, for his father separated from his mother when he was a young boy and remarried another woman, rarely providing financial support to his first family, Hannah, Charlie and his older half brother Sydney Chaplin . Hannah had another son by comic Leo Dryden named Wheeler, but that relationship ended as well. She tried to resurrect her stage career, but her voice began to suffer from weakness and lack of projection, and ultimately she had to leave theater work behind, however not before Charlie had had a chance to perform in his mother's place on stage, singing a popular tune to thunderous applause. Hannah became a seamstress to try and make a living to support Charles and Sydney for whom she had custody. For awhile she was successful; her clients were her old friends from her music hall days; Charlie and Sydney went to school and life was relatively normal. Young Charles had little contact with his father growing up, and Charles Sr. eventually died from alcoholism. After his death what little extra support Hannah had been receiving from him disappeared. Her sewing jobs began to diminish, and her mind began to fail from malnutrition; any food she bought she gave to her two boys instead. Charles and Sydney spent the rest of their childhoods in and out of charity homes and workhouses, wandering the streets, or doing occasional acting jobs to make some extra income. Young Syd left to join the navy as soon as he was able, and for a time Charlie was alone, living with his insane mother in a slum area of London, waiting desperately for his older brother to send them money. Charlie avoided school in the hopes of not being discovered, so that he would not be separated from his mother. But Hannah was eventually discovered by neighbors to be completely insane and she was committed to an asylum in 1903. She remained there until 1921, when Charlie moved her to California to a more professional nursing home. Hannah died in 1928. Charlie Chaplin with his frequent leading lady Edna Purviance Charlie's first real stage experience began at the age of eight with the music hall troupe The Eight Lancashire Lads. He loved the experience. At age seventeen Charles joined the Fred Karno Company and toured Britain performing, and then excitedly went off with them to America for their first tour in 1910. He and the troupe traveled by train and performed in several major U.S. cities. Charlie fell in love with America, its fast pace and positive, upbeat atmosphere. While performing with Karno on a second trip to the United States, Charlie's popular stage act was seen by a young filmmaker named Mack Sennett . Charles was persuaded by Sennett to leave the stage for that new fangled form of entertainment, the "flickers." At first Charlie was loath to leave but when the salary was mentioned he quickly changed his mind. It was much more than he was earning on the stage. Charles Chaplin and Tom Wilson in "A Dog's Life" (1918) Charles Chaplin made his screen debut in a Keystone short called "Making a Living" (1914), but he did not make a big impression at first. Anxious to succeed, Charlie improvised with costumes in his private dressing room, until one day he experimented with a combination which felt perfect to him: droopy trousers, tight coat, derby hat, floppy shoes, and cane. The Little Tramp was born. Charlie found immediate success with the new character; even the crew members and co-stars on his sets laughed at the little fellow's antics. He made 35 films for Sennett in his first year, then moved on to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National studios. Searching for ways to increase his artistic freedom and his profits he joined with friends Mary Pickford , Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith to form United Artists in 1919. By then Charlie was an international film star whose films such as "The Immigrant" (1917), and "Shoulder Arms" (1918) were tremendous box office successes. Other hit films for Charlie included "The Kid" (1921), which featured his child discovery, young Jackie Coogan , "The Gold Rush" (1924) and "The Circus" (1928). Essentially a mime and a dancer, Charles resisted the coming of sound as long as possible. He made two classics after the advent of sound: "City Lights" (1931) a completely silent film with musical soundtrack, and "Modern Times" (1936) which had a musical soundtrack, sound effects, and a few talking sequences. Charles was the first person in Hollywood to dare make fun of the German dictator, Adolph Hitler, with his film "The Great Dictator" (1940). However he claimed later that he would not have made the film if he had known of the existence of the concentration camps and the magnitude of Hitler's genocide. Although critics at the time did not like the film the public loved it, and the film made a fortune for Chaplin. Charlie Chaplin, his wife Oona Chaplin, and their first two children, Geraldine and Michael, in March 1946 Charlie's professional success in films was tempered by much unhappiness and controversy in his personal life. His first two marriages, to actress Mildred Harris, who had a son with Charlie who lived only a few days, and to actress Lita Grey ended in bitter divorce. Charlie had two sons with Lita named Charles Jr. and Sydney, but he had restricted access to them for years after the divorce. A third marriage to actress Paulette Goddard was a happier experience, though it too ended in divorce when the two grew apart professionally and personally. His fourth marriage to Oona O'Neill, daughter of the playwright Eugene O'Neill, in 1943 was his happiest and most stable marriage, lasting until Charlie's death in 1977. The fact that Oona decided to give up her own acting ambitions to be a wife and mother no doubt contributed to the success of the marriage; for once Charlie had a mate who was not in competition with him. Charles had eight children with Oona, including Geraldine Chaplin, who went on to become an actress and to appear as Tonya in David Lean's classic "Dr. Zhivago" in 1965. In the early years of Charlie's relationship and marriage to Oona he had to undergo the stress of a paternity suit charged to him by an imbalanced actress named Joan Barry who had been obsessed with him. A blood test proved that Charles could not possibly be the father of Barry's illegitimate baby; nevertheless Charlie had to submit to two trials on the matter, the second one finding him guilty. At the time blood tests were not admissible in court as evidence. He was ordered to pay child support for a baby that was not his biological child. This incident, combined with the investigation into his life and political views by J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI and the House Committee on Un-American Activities, finally helped Charles and Oona decide they were better off raising their children in Europe. Although the U.S. government never had anything concrete they could pin on him - in fact they seemed to forget the millions of dollars he had raised for them in war bonds during World War One and the millions United Artists had paid in taxes to the U.S. government - Charles and Oona left Hollywood and their old friends and family behind and moved to Switzerland, where they lived out the remainder of their lives in relative peace and quiet, raising their children, traveling, entertaining, and involved in occasional film projects. Charles published his autobiography, "My Autobiography" in 1964, an interesting, if incomplete read, filled with accounts of his poignant childhood and his personal encounters with the humble and famous. He published a second autobiographical volume, "My Life in Pictures", in 1974. Charles made several sound films in the 1940's and 1950's, including the memorable "Limelight" (1952), which featured an appearance by his old contemporary and friend Buster Keaton . The last film he made in which he appeared as an actor was "A King In New York" (1957), in which his son Michael also appeared. During the years Charles had helped both his brothers Sydney and Wheeler land film work in Hollywood, and Sydney had also acted as Charlie's business manager. His last film project was as director for "A Countess from Hong Kong" (1966), starring Marlon Brando, a failure at the box office. However both "Limelight" and "Countess" featured beautiful musical scores created by Charles Chaplin. He also composed lovely Victorian style melodies for his classic "City Lights" score. In 1971 Charles Chaplin returned to the United States to a warm welcome, to receive a special Academy Award for lifetime achievement in film. He wept as he received his Oscar and seemed genuinely humbled by the experience and appreciative of all the good will bestowed on him. A British subject until his death, Charles Chaplin was knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 1975. He died peacefully in his sleep on Christmas Day, 1977. Much of Charlie Chaplin's silent film work has survived, and has been restored and transferred to video and DVD for future generations to rediscover and enjoy. ~ Copyright © 2004 goldensilents.com Charles Chaplin's Silent Films	London
What type of creature is a minke?	People - Image Bank - Charlie Chaplin paulette goddard (actress) Paulette Goddard (June 3, 1910 – April 23, 1990) was an American actress. A child fashion model and a performer in several Broadway productions as a Ziegfeld Girl, she became a major star of the Pa... edna purviance (actress) Edna Purviance (October 21, 1895 - January 11, 1958) was an American actress during the silent movie era. She was the leading lady in many of Charlie Chaplin's early films and in a span of eight ye... merna kennedy (actress) Merna Kennedy (September 7, 1908 - December 20, 1944) was an American actress of the late silent era. sydney chaplin (actor) Born Sidney John Hill(1885-03-16)16 March 1885 London, England, UK. Died 16 April 1965(1965-04-16) (aged 80) Nice, FranceOccupation. ActorYears active 1905–1929. Spouse(s) Minnie (d.1936) Henriette... virginia cherrill (actress) Virginia Cherrill (April 12, 1908 – November 14, 1996) was an American actress known for her role as the blind flower girl in Charlie Chaplin's City Lights (1931). mack swain (actor) Mack Swain (February 16, 1876 - August 25, 1935) was an American actor and vaudevillian, prolific throughout the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s. georgia hale (actress) pictures \| more... \| wiki oona o'neill Oona, Lady Chaplin (May 14, 1925 – September 27, 1991) was the daughter of Nobel and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill and writer Agnes Boulton, and the fourth and last wife of Briti... jackie coogan (actor) John Leslie Coogan (October 26, 1914 – March 1, 1984), known professionally as Jackie Coogan, was an American actor who began his movie career as a child actor in silent films. Many years later, he... henry bergman (actor) Henry Bergman (February 23, 1868 – October 22, 1946) was an American actor of stage and film, known for his long association with Charlie Chaplin. Born in San Francisco, California, he acted in liv... eric campbell (actor) Alfred Eric Campbell (26 April 1879, Cheshire – 20 December 1917, Hollywood), known as Eric Campbell, was an English actor who for many years was wrongly believed to be Scottish. He was a key membe... dawn addams (actress) Dawn Addams (21 September 1930 – 7 May 1985) was an English actress, particularly in Hollywood motion pictures of the 1950s and on British television in the 1960s and 1970s. harry myers (actor) Harry C. Myers (5 September 1882 – 25 December 1938), sometimes credited as Henry Myers, was an American film actor and director. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and died in Hollywood, Calif... claire bloom (actress) martha raye (actress) Martha Raye (August 27, 1916 – October 19, 1994) was an American comic actress and standards singer who performed in movies, and later on television. She was honored in 1969 with an Academy Award a... al ernest garcia (actor) Al Ernest Garcia was an American silent film actor. He starred with Charlie Chaplin in films such as The Gold Rush (1925), The Circus (1928), City Lights (1931), and Modern Times (1936). albert austin (actor) Albert Austin (13 December 1881 or 1885 – 17 August 1953) was an actor, film star, director and script writer, noted mainly for his work in Charlie Chaplin films. He was the brother of actor Willia... douglas fairbanks (actor) Douglas Fairbanks (May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He was best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films such as The Thief of B... lita grey (actress) Lita Grey (April 15, 1908 – December 29, 1995) was an American actress and the second wife of Charlie Chaplin. She was born in Hollywood, California, in 1908, to a Mexican-born mother and a father ... hannah chaplin (actress) Hannah Chaplin (August 11, 1865 – August 28, 1928) was a stage and musical actress and the founding matriarch of the Chaplin family of actors as the mother of Sir Charlie Chaplin. roland totheroh (cameraman) Roland Totheroh (1890–1967) was an American cinematographer most notable for being the regular cameraman on the films of Charlie Chaplin. Born in San Francisco, he worked with Chaplin from 1915 unt... betty morrissey (actress) Betty Morrissey (1908 – 20 April 1944), was an American film actress. She appeared in 12 films between 1923 and 1931. She was born and died in New York. She plays the feminine lead in The Leather P... hank mann (actor) Hank Mann (born David William Lieberman, May 28, 1888 - November 25, 1971) was a comedian and silent screen star who was the last surviving member of the Keystone Cops. According to fellow actor an... reginald gardiner (actor) Reginald Gardiner (27 February 1903 – 7 July 1980) was an English-born actor in film and television and a graduate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in Great Britain. His parents wanted him to ... josephine chaplin (actress) Josephine (Josie) Hannah Chaplin (born March 28, 1949 in Santa Monica, California) is an actress and the daughter of filmmaker Charlie Chaplin and his last wife, Oona O'Neill. She has been in a num... buster keaton (director) Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American comic actor, filmmaker, producer and writer. He was best known for his silent films, in which his trademark was phy... michael chaplin (actor) Michael John Chaplin (born 7 March 1946) is an American actor born in Santa Monica, California. He is the second child and eldest son from Charlie Chaplin's fourth and final marriage to Oona O'Neil... jack oakie (actor) Jack Oakie (November 12, 1903 – January 23, 1978) was an American actor, starring mostly in films, but also working on stage, radio and television. carl miller (actor) Carl Miller (9 August 1893 – 22 January 1979), was an American film actor. He appeared in 44 films between 1917 and 1942. He was born in Wichita County, Texas and died in Honolulu, Hawaii. henry daniell (actor) Henry Daniell (5 March 1894 – 31 October 1963) was an English actor, best known for his villainous film roles, but who had a long and prestigious career on stage as well as in films. Daniell was gi... harry crocker (actor) Harry Crocker (July 2, 1893 – May 23, 1958) was an American actor of the 1920s. He appeared in Charlie Chaplin's The Circus in 1928. He was a Los Angeles Examiner newsman. charles reisner (actor) Charles "Chuck" Reisner (14 March 1887 – 24 September 1962) was an American film director and actor of the 1920s and 1930s. He directed over 60 films between 1920 and 1950 and acted in over 20 film... sophia loren (actress) Sophia Loren (20 September 1934) is an Italian actress. Loren is widely recognized as Italy's most renowned and honored actress. She was the first actress of the talkie era to win an Academy Award ... winston churchill (politician) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, best known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the... pictures \| more... \| wiki chester conklin Chester Cooper Conklin (January 11, 1886 – October 11, 1971) was an American comedic actor who appeared in over 280 films, about half of them in the silent film era. robert florey (director) Robert Florey (14 September 1900, Paris - 16 May 1979, Santa Monica, California) was a French-American director, screenwriter, film journalist and occasional actor. Born in Paris, and at first a fi...	i don't know
Which playing card is known as ‘Lancelot’?	Playing Card History Home » Playing Card History Playing Card History Playing cards are thought to have originated in China around 950 A.D. Ancient Chinese playing cards used four suits – coins, strings of coins, myriads of coins, and tens of myriads. Each of these suits represented the value of cards in ascending order, respectively. It is suggested that the first cards may have been actual paper currency, representing the stakes played for as well as the tools of the game. The 52-card playing deck, as we know it today, first entered Europe from Egypt in the late 14th century. These cards were made by hand and imprinted on woodcuts. Thus, they were considerably expensive. Around 1400, soon after the first recorded manufacture of paper in Christian Europe, the printing of playing cards was transferred to paper. Suits In the 15th century, most decks had four suits, although five suited cards were common as well. In Germany, typical suits included hearts, bells, leaves, and acorns. These suits are still used today in particular games in Eastern and Southeastern Germany. Italian and Spanish decks used cups, coins, swords, and batons. The four suits used in most of the world today – spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs – originated in France in about 1480. It is assumed that the club was derived from the acorn and the spade from the leaf of the German deck. England originally used the Italian and Spanish suits but ultimately adopted the French suits. In earlier games, the King was considered the highest card in the deck. Over time, however, the Ace was given special significance and ultimately surpassed the King. It is thought that the 18th century French Revolution specially accelerated the rising of the Ace as a symbol of the lower class gaining power over the royalty. During the 18th century French Revolution, Kings, Queens, and Jacks were substituted with Liberties, Equalities, and Fraternities. This was due to the belief that a good revolutionary would not play with symbols of royal designation. However, in 1805, the suits were reverted back to Kings, Queens, and Jacks with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. The United States introduced the Joker into the playing card deck. The Joker was created specifically for the game of Euchre, which gained popularity during the mid-19th century. It is thought that the name “Joker” was derived from the name “Euchre.” Starting in the 15th century, French card manufacturers designated each of the four Kings in a playing card deck as a historical figure. The King of Spades is King David, King of Hearts is Charles, King of Diamonds is Julius Caesar, and King of Clubs is Alexander. The King of Hearts is known as the “suicide king”, as he is represented as sticking a sword into his head. The King of Hearts is the only king that does not have a mustache. The King of Diamonds is the only king carrying an axe instead of a sword and so he is called “the man with the axe”. French card manufacturers also designated each of the four Queens in a playing card deck as a historical figure. The Queen of Spades is Athena, the Queen of Hearts is Judith, the Queen of Diamonds is Rachel, and the Queen of Clubs is Argine. While English playing card manufacturers did not designate a historical figure for each of the queens, it is thought that the Queen of Hearts in an English deck is Elizabeth of York. The Queen of Spades is known as the “bedpost queen” and the “black lady”, and the Queen of Clubs, holding a flower, is known as the “flower queen”. The Jack was originally called the Knave, defined as a male servant of royalty. In 1864, Samuel Hart published playing cards substituting a “J” instead of the “Kn”. One reason for the change from “Kn” to “J” was because “knave” and “King” created confusion among players. In a French style deck, the Jack of Spades is Ogier the Dane or Holger Danske, the Jack of Hearts is La Hire, the Jack of Diamonds is Hector, and the Jack of Clubs is Lancelot. The Jack of Diamonds is known as “laughing boy”. The Ace of Spades is called the “death card”. While all the face cards are drawn up-front, the Jack of Spades, Jack of Hearts, and King of Diamonds are drawn in profile. These particular cards are called “one-eyed”. Design While earlier cards did not have a standard design, current decks are designed with the value of each card imprinted at the corners. This design allowed the players to hold their deck of cards in one hand in a fan-like shape, with the value of each card exposed. The first Anglo-American deck with such design was the Saladee’s Patent, printed in 1864. However, the design was actually patented in 1875 by the Consolidated Card Company. The Ace of Spades in the common playing card deck usually displays the manufacturer’s logo. This tradition began in the mid-16th century, when King James I of England required an insignia on all decks as proof that a specified tax on the manufacture of playing cards was paid. Until 1960, all playing card decks printed in England were subject to this tax and the insignia of the manufacturer imprinted on the Ace of Spades and the government duty wrapper was proof that this tax has been paid. 52 Cards Legend holds that each of the 13 suits of cards, that is, the Ace through 10 plus the Jack, Queen, and King represents the 13 months of the traditional lunar year. The number of cards in a deck, 52, represents the number of weeks in a year. As a year is comprised of 364 days, the 52 cards in the deck, denoting the weeks in a year, account for each of the 364 days. We hope that you have found the history of poker informative. Next time you are playing black jack in a casino or enjoying a game of Texas Holdem Poker with a group of friends, you will appreciate the historical development of playing cards over the course of a thousand years! Customer Service	Jack (playing card)
The Azores island group is administered by which country?	Playing Card History Home » Playing Card History Playing Card History Playing cards are thought to have originated in China around 950 A.D. Ancient Chinese playing cards used four suits – coins, strings of coins, myriads of coins, and tens of myriads. Each of these suits represented the value of cards in ascending order, respectively. It is suggested that the first cards may have been actual paper currency, representing the stakes played for as well as the tools of the game. The 52-card playing deck, as we know it today, first entered Europe from Egypt in the late 14th century. These cards were made by hand and imprinted on woodcuts. Thus, they were considerably expensive. Around 1400, soon after the first recorded manufacture of paper in Christian Europe, the printing of playing cards was transferred to paper. Suits In the 15th century, most decks had four suits, although five suited cards were common as well. In Germany, typical suits included hearts, bells, leaves, and acorns. These suits are still used today in particular games in Eastern and Southeastern Germany. Italian and Spanish decks used cups, coins, swords, and batons. The four suits used in most of the world today – spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs – originated in France in about 1480. It is assumed that the club was derived from the acorn and the spade from the leaf of the German deck. England originally used the Italian and Spanish suits but ultimately adopted the French suits. In earlier games, the King was considered the highest card in the deck. Over time, however, the Ace was given special significance and ultimately surpassed the King. It is thought that the 18th century French Revolution specially accelerated the rising of the Ace as a symbol of the lower class gaining power over the royalty. During the 18th century French Revolution, Kings, Queens, and Jacks were substituted with Liberties, Equalities, and Fraternities. This was due to the belief that a good revolutionary would not play with symbols of royal designation. However, in 1805, the suits were reverted back to Kings, Queens, and Jacks with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. The United States introduced the Joker into the playing card deck. The Joker was created specifically for the game of Euchre, which gained popularity during the mid-19th century. It is thought that the name “Joker” was derived from the name “Euchre.” Starting in the 15th century, French card manufacturers designated each of the four Kings in a playing card deck as a historical figure. The King of Spades is King David, King of Hearts is Charles, King of Diamonds is Julius Caesar, and King of Clubs is Alexander. The King of Hearts is known as the “suicide king”, as he is represented as sticking a sword into his head. The King of Hearts is the only king that does not have a mustache. The King of Diamonds is the only king carrying an axe instead of a sword and so he is called “the man with the axe”. French card manufacturers also designated each of the four Queens in a playing card deck as a historical figure. The Queen of Spades is Athena, the Queen of Hearts is Judith, the Queen of Diamonds is Rachel, and the Queen of Clubs is Argine. While English playing card manufacturers did not designate a historical figure for each of the queens, it is thought that the Queen of Hearts in an English deck is Elizabeth of York. The Queen of Spades is known as the “bedpost queen” and the “black lady”, and the Queen of Clubs, holding a flower, is known as the “flower queen”. The Jack was originally called the Knave, defined as a male servant of royalty. In 1864, Samuel Hart published playing cards substituting a “J” instead of the “Kn”. One reason for the change from “Kn” to “J” was because “knave” and “King” created confusion among players. In a French style deck, the Jack of Spades is Ogier the Dane or Holger Danske, the Jack of Hearts is La Hire, the Jack of Diamonds is Hector, and the Jack of Clubs is Lancelot. The Jack of Diamonds is known as “laughing boy”. The Ace of Spades is called the “death card”. While all the face cards are drawn up-front, the Jack of Spades, Jack of Hearts, and King of Diamonds are drawn in profile. These particular cards are called “one-eyed”. Design While earlier cards did not have a standard design, current decks are designed with the value of each card imprinted at the corners. This design allowed the players to hold their deck of cards in one hand in a fan-like shape, with the value of each card exposed. The first Anglo-American deck with such design was the Saladee’s Patent, printed in 1864. However, the design was actually patented in 1875 by the Consolidated Card Company. The Ace of Spades in the common playing card deck usually displays the manufacturer’s logo. This tradition began in the mid-16th century, when King James I of England required an insignia on all decks as proof that a specified tax on the manufacture of playing cards was paid. Until 1960, all playing card decks printed in England were subject to this tax and the insignia of the manufacturer imprinted on the Ace of Spades and the government duty wrapper was proof that this tax has been paid. 52 Cards Legend holds that each of the 13 suits of cards, that is, the Ace through 10 plus the Jack, Queen, and King represents the 13 months of the traditional lunar year. The number of cards in a deck, 52, represents the number of weeks in a year. As a year is comprised of 364 days, the 52 cards in the deck, denoting the weeks in a year, account for each of the 364 days. We hope that you have found the history of poker informative. Next time you are playing black jack in a casino or enjoying a game of Texas Holdem Poker with a group of friends, you will appreciate the historical development of playing cards over the course of a thousand years! Customer Service	i don't know
Which was the first Latin-American country to legalise same-sex marriage?	Gay Marriage in Latin America - Countries with Same Sex Marriage (Source: Loco085/Wikimedia Commons ; Thumbnail: Loco085/Wikimedia Commons ) With public policies toward gay marriage varying widely, this is a critical moment to look at citizens’ opinions with respect to same-sex marriage. First, we examine levels of support for same-sex couples having the right to marry. Then, we assess both individual- and national-level determinants of variation in that level of support. Analysis is drawn from data from the American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) survey, which includes 42,238 respondents from 25 nations in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean were asked this question: We asked the following question: How strongly do you approve or disapprove of same-sex couples having the right to marry? Responses were given based on a 1-10 scale, where ‘1’ meant “strongly disapprove” and ‘10’ meant “strongly approve.” These responses were then recalibrated on a 0-100 basis. Figure 1 displays each country’s average score with its confidence interval. The average level of support for same-sex marriage in the Americas is only 26.8 points on a 0-100 scale. But there is striking variation across countries. At the one extreme, citizens of Canada, Argentina and Uruguay express relatively high levels of support and fall on the high end of the 0-100 continuum, with mean scores of 63.9, 57.7, 50.5, and 47.7 points, respectively. At the other extreme, El Salvador, Guyana and Jamaica (where sexual acts between men are punishable with jail) show the lowest levels of support: 10.3, 7.2 and 3.5 units, respectively. The remaining countries lie in between these extremes, with those nations in which same-sex civil union has been legalized (i.e., Brazil, Mexico and Colombia) ranking in relatively high positions. Notably, despite the fact that the newly approved constitution grants full rights to homosexual civil unions, Ecuador is positioned well below the regional average with 18.4 points on the 0-100 scale. Figure 1. Average Support for Same-Sex Marriage in the Americas, 2010 Explaining Variations in Support What factors explain variation in support for same-sex marriage? To assess this question, we first focus on the potential impact of individual-level factors by means of a linear regression model. Following the publication of seminal research on political tolerance that examines the impact of religious values toward homosexuals (Gibson and Tedin 1988; Golebiowska 1995), we include two variables that are considered to be key: importance of religion and religious group participation. The former measures how important religion is in the respondent’s life, and the latter measures the respondent’s self-reported level of attendance at meetings of any religious organization. Several scholars have found that disapproval of homosexual rights is highest among individuals with strong religious identities and who attend religious services frequently (Ellison and Musick 1993; Herek 1998; Herek and Capitanio 1995, 1996; Olsen, Cadge, and Harrison 2006; Seltzer 1993; Wilcox and Wolport 2000). Therefore, we expect these variables to have a negative impact on support for same-sex marriage. Beliefs about homosexuality and support for gay rights have been found to vary substantially by religion. Therefore, we also included two dummy variables, Evangelical and Atheist, in order to capture the effect of religious affiliations. While Atheists are expected to express tolerance toward minorities’ rights, membership in evangelical denominations has been found to be linked to intolerance of homosexuals in the United States (Jelen, 1982). While this finding could be partly attributed to differences in demographic or political variables, or to general religiosity, Wilcox and Jelen (1990) demonstrated that intolerance among Evangelicals persists even after controlling for these considerations. Also included in the regression is a variable that captures the respondent’s political ideology. This variable is based on a 1-10 scale, where ‘1’ means left or liberal and ‘10’ means right or conservative. For obvious reasons, we expect more conservative respondents to be less prone to support same-sex marriage than liberal ones. Finally, we take into account a number of variables measuring basic socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that are thought to play a role in shaping public opinion toward homosexuality. We include education, age, gender, wealth, and city/town size. The expectation is that more educated individuals will have more liberal sexual attitudes and express higher levels of support for same-sex marriage than less educated persons (Ellison and Musick 1993; Gibson and Tedin 1988; Herek and Capitanio 1996; Treas 2002). Similarly, we expect older people to be less tolerant toward gays/lesbians than younger people. As found in prior research, we also expect men to be more inclined to disapprove of homosexuality than women (Herek 2002; Kite 1984; Kite and Whitley 1996), and people with higher incomes to be more tolerant than people with lower incomes (Hodgess Persell, Green, and Gurevitch 2001). Following research by Stephan and McMullin (1982), we expect urbanism to be positively associated with tolerance toward homosexuals and support for same-sex marriage. Our analysis supports these expectations. First, even when controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors and the impact of country of residence (the “country fixed effects”), both the importance of religion and attendance at religious meetings variables have a statistically significant negative impact on support for same-sex marriage. Specifically, the more important religion is to respondents’ lives and the more frequently they attend religious meetings, the lower the support they express for same-sex couples having the right to marry. Second, we find that Evangelicals, compared to individuals who profess other religions, are significantly less likely to support same-sex marriage, while those who say that they are Atheists or agnostic about religion are more likely to support it. Third, holding all other variables constant, respondents’ ideological self-placement works as we expected. The statistically significant negative impact of the political ideology variable indicates that the more conservative respondents are, the lower the level of support for same-sex marriage they express. We also find that all the socioeconomic and demographic variables included in the model are statistically significant in how we had envisioned it. First, size of the geographic area of residence is positively linked to our dependent variable, indicating that residents of large cities express higher levels of support than those living in rural areas and small cities. Second, citizens with more years of completed education express higher support than individuals with less formal education. Third, both wealthier and younger persons express more tolerance toward homosexual marriages than poorer and older people. Fourth, the positive effect of the gender (female) dummy variable indicates that women express higher levels of support than men. Predicting Support for Same-Sex Marriage: The Effect of Contextual Variables In addition to the individual-level characteristics, other factors at the country-level of analysis may help explain variation in the degree to which citizens in the Americas support same-sex marriage. Extensive research on political tolerance in democratic regimes has underscored the important effects of economic development and education on acceptance of diversity. To empirically test these propositions, we estimated separate multi-level regression models. The models include the respondents’ individual characteristics alongside measures of each country’s level of economic development or education, depending on the model. These variables are measured by GDP per capita and a composite index of adult literacy and gross enrollment, respectively. The statistical results are graphically shown in Figures 2 and 3. As they show, the impact of individual characteristics remains almost unchanged when compared to our previous results, while the contextual variables have the expected positive relationships to support for same-sex marriage. More concretely, citizens who live in richer and more educated countries express significantly higher levels of support compared to those who live in poorer and less educated nations. Figure 2. A Multilevel Analysis of the Determinants of Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2010: The Impact of GDP. Figure 3. A Multilevel Analysis of the Determinants of Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2010: The Impact of Education. The specific effects of economic development and education at the national-level on support for same-sex marriage are displayed in Figures 4 and 5 respectively. These figures show the fitted lines from the two multi-level regression models using national GDP per capita and the education index. Holding constant all the individual-level variables at their mean value, the models predict similar results compared to the ranking depicted in Figure 1. As a noteworthy exception, Trinidad and Tobago dramatically improves its position in Figure 4 compared to Figure 1. This suggests that the country is strongly influenced by other variables not included in our model. Nonetheless, the results show that higher levels of economic development and education predict substantially higher levels of support for same-sex marriage. Substantively, if a citizen from Nicaragua with a given set of socioeconomic characteristics were to move to Argentina, ceteris paribus, and none of her personal characteristics were to change, this person would demonstrate a level of support for same-sex marriage that would be about 20 points higher on average than if this individual were to remain in Nicaragua. Figure 4. The Impact of Economic Development on Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2010 Figure 5. The Impact of Education on Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2010 The data reconfirm that citizens in Latin America and Caribbean, on average, express relatively low levels of support for same-sex marriage. But there is also significant cross-national variation. At the individual-level of analysis, our statistical analysis indicates that strong religious values and more conservative ideologies have a significant negative impact on individual support for homosexuals having the right to marry. In addition, we found that levels of support are higher among wealthier people, individuals living in larger cities, and women. In our analyses of national-level factors, we found strong empirical evidence supporting the classic claim that both economic development and education increase tolerance for homosexual rights. These results are consistent with those for studies of tolerance over a broad range of minority rights issues, which collectively highlight the significance of education at both the individual and national level. To promote tolerance of minority rights, policymakers and politicians should consider the importance of expanding access to education among their citizens. Although some have argued that tolerance of diversity might have no real consequences for democracy (Mueller 1988), others have found strong evidence of its positive effects on the construction of democratic policies (Gibson 1992). An important implication is that the vision offered by liberal democratic theorists of a society that accepts diversity and protects minority rights is more likely to develop to the extent that policymakers pay close attention to improving citizens’ well being and education. Higher economic development and education tend to be linked with greater tolerance because they stimulate individual value priorities that are conducive to greater openness to diversity. Notes Much of the funding for the 2010 AmericasBarometer round was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Other important sources of support were the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and Vanderbilt University. The Insights Series is co‐edited by Professors Mitchell A. Seligson and Elizabeth Zechmeister with administrative, technical and intellectual support from the LAPOP group at Vanderbilt University.	Argentina
In which event did Amy Williams win a gold medal for Britain at the 2010 Winter Olympics?	Same-sex marriage: How many countries allow gay marriage? Home / Modern families / Same-sex marriage: How many countries allow gay marriage? Same-sex marriage: How many countries allow gay marriage? Posted on A number of countries have legalized same-sex marriage. Others allow for same-sex civil partnerships. 1. The Netherlands The first legal gay marriage in the world took place in Amsterdam in the Netherlands on April 1, 2001. 2. Belgium Belgium legalized gay marriage shortly after the Netherlands in 2003. 3 and 4. Spain and Canada The first same-sex couple married in Spain in 2005. National legislation was passed in Canada to allow for same-sex marriage in 2005. 5. South Africa South Africa was the first African country to legalize gay marriage in 2006. 6 and 7. Norway and Sweden Norway and Sweden legalized gay marriage three years later in 2009. 8, 9, 10. Portugal, Iceland and Argentina In the following year (2010) three more countries legalized gay marriage: Portugal, Iceland and Argentina. Argentina became the first Latin American country in the world to legalize gay marriage. 11. Denmark finally past the post Same-sex marriage became legal in Denmark in June 2012. This law was passed 23 years after their civil partnership act in 1989. 12 and 13. Uruguay and New Zealand The second Latin American country to legalize gay marriage was Uruguay . This happened in April 2013. The marriage equality law was approved by the Senate 23 votes to eight. The second country to legalize gay marriage in 2013 was New Zealand. The bill passed with a wide majority. Seventy votes in favor and 44 against. New Zealand was the first country in the Asia Pacific region to legalize gay marriage. 14. France France’s upper house of parliament voted to legalize gay marriage in April 2013. They approved the bill with small changes. The bill was passed in the lower house in May 2013. France was the fourteenth country to legalize same-sex marriage. 15. Brazil Brazil also legalized same-sex marriage in 2013. This happened in May. This development followed years of having the rights of same-sex couples in the spotlight. In 2011 same-sex couples were legally entitled to legal recognition of their relationship but only if they lived together. It wasn’t until May 2013 when a ruling required civil registers in Brazil to perform same-sex marriages. 16. The UK In 2013 the UK government backed a bill to legalize gay marriage. The Queen’s Royal Assent was granted to the bill on July 18th 2013. The bill became law once its Royal Assent was announced in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords formally approved the bill on July 15th 2013. The bill went back to the House of Commons for final approval on July 16th 2013 to ensure protections for transgender couples. The new law enabled married individuals to change their legal gender without having to end their marriage. Established Churches of England and Wales are still banned from conducting same-sex marriage. Regardless, the first gay wedding took place one minute past midnight on Saturday March 29th 2014. 17. Luxembourg A Partenariat (PACS), which is a legal alternative to marriage, was available to heterosexual and same-sex couples in Luxembourg in 1994. Ten years later lawmakers in Luxembourg approved same-sex marriage in June 2014. The same-sex marriage bill passed with a majority of 56 votes to four votes. 18. Ireland Ireland was the first country in the world to approve same-sex marriage by a referendum. Voters were asked whether to add to the Constitution that “marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex.” The referendum took place on May 22nd 2015. All major political parties supported the change. It was approved by over one million voters (1,201,607 people or 62% of voters). 19. The USA The US Supreme Court ruled on Friday June 26th 2015 that all Americans, no matter their gender or sexual orientation, are legally allowed to marry. The ruling passed five votes to four. The change followed decades of campaigning to ensure civil marriage rights for same-sex couples. Campaigning for this started in the US in the seventies. The 2015 ruling stated that all states must issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. They must also recognize same-sex unions that have been legally performed in other states. The ruling followed on from the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) two years earlier in June 2013. The repeal of DOMA meant that the US federal government recognized same-sex marriage . However, US states were still able to make their own decisions regarding the legalization of same-sex marriage. The justices presiding over the 2015 ruling said that same-sex marriage protects families as “without the recognition, stability, and predictability marriage offers, children suffer the stigma of knowing their families are somehow lesser.” Recognition in countries In some countries same-sex marriage can only be legally performed in some states or it is only recognized in some states. This is the case in Mexico where same-sex marriages are recognized by all states and the federal government, but same-sex marriages can only take place in Mexico City and Quintana Roo. Israel recognizes same-sex marriages performed in other countries. Since June 2014, same-sex couples have been able to use British law to marry in Australia. But, Australians in same-sex relationships can’t marry under Australian law. Same-sex civil unions are allowed in Malta. The first civil union in Malta took place in 2014. Growing support for same-sex marriage The number of countries that legalize gay marriage keep growing. In Slovenia, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage has been pending since March 2015. A bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Finland was approved in 2014 and is due to take effect in 2017. The number of countries that legalize same-sex civil unions is increasing. The body of research that shows the benefits of these developments is growing. These changes are, in part, due to the tireless efforts of all the campaigners who champion LGBTI rights around the globe. Pink Families acknowledges their contribution. These changes make a tangible difference to the lives of many families and individuals. Watch one of our favorite films that supports the legalization of same-sex marriage. This film is from Australia, a country where same-sex marriage isn’t legal. The film is from Get Up! Action for Australia. Tagged	i don't know
‘Tanach’ describes the whole of the scriptures of which religion?	BBC - Religions - Judaism: The Torah The Torah Last updated 2009-08-13 This article examines The Torah - what it is, how it is used and how it is constructed. On this page Print this page What is the Torah? The Torah is the first part of the Jewish bible. It is the central and most important document of Judaism and has been used by Jews through the ages. Torah refers to the five books of Moses which are known in Hebrew as Chameesha Choomshey Torah. These are: Bresheit (Genesis), Shemot (Exodus), Vayicra (Leviticus), Bamidbar (Numbers), and Devarim (Deuteronomy). Jews believe that God dictated the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai 50 days after their exodus from Egyptian slavery. They believe that the Torah shows how God wants Jews to live. It contains 613 commandments and Jews refer to the ten best known of these as the ten 10 statements. The Torah is written in Hebrew, the oldest of Jewish languages. It is also known as Torat Moshe, the Law of Moses. The Torah is the first section or first five books of the Jewish bible. However, Tanach is more commonly used to describe the whole of Jewish scriptures. This is an acronym made up from the first letter of the words Torah, Nevi im (prophets), and Ketuvim (writings). Similarly, the term Torah is sometimes used in a more general sense to incorporate Judaism’s written and oral law. This definition encompasses Jewish scripture in its entirety including all authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history. The word Torah has various meanings in English. These include: teaching, instruction and law. For Jews the Torah means all of these. How is the Torah used? The Torah scrolls are taken out from the Ark (Aron ha kodesh) and portions read in the synagogue three times each week. On Mondays and Thursdays small sections are read. The main reading is on the morning of Shabbat (Sabbath). Over the course of the year the whole scroll is read in sequence. This begins from the end of Sukkot which is an autumn festival. The special portions for the readings are called parshioth and are usually three to five chapters in length. The reader has to be very skilled to read from the scroll because the letters are written without corresponding vowels. They have to know the portion very well to avoid making mistakes. The reading is conducted using an ancient tune and is sung rather than spoken. The scrolls are not directly touched when unfurled on the Bimah (raised platform in middle of the synagogue). A pointer or Yad (hand) is used instead. This is in the shape of a hand with an outstretched finger. The reading or chanting is performed by a person who has been trained in this task. However it may be carried out by the rabbi. It is a very great honour for a congregant to be asked to attend at a reading during a synagogue service. This is called having an Aliyah which is Hebrew for going up. The weekly portion or Sedrah is followed by the recitation of part of another of the Jewish holy writings. How is a Torah scroll constructed? The Torah scrolls are entirely handwritten in Hebrew by a sofer (scribe) on parchment from a kosher animal. This is usually a cow. It can take up to 18 months to complete the whole process from the complex preparation of the animal skins to the writing of the final words. Great accuracy is needed when the sofer writes the scroll. If he makes any mistakes it can make the whole scroll pasul (invalid). The completed scroll is known as a Sefer Torah from sefer which is the Hebrew for book. A Sefer Torah is so sacred to Jews it is said that if one is accidentally dropped in the synagogue the whole congregation must fast for 40 days. When Jewish communities have suffered persecution, great efforts would be made to preserve these scrolls. This demonstrates just how symbolically and physically important the Torah is to Jews. Oral law Alongside the written law Jews believe God also told Moses the spoken or oral law. This is known as the Torah she b’al pei or literally Torah from the mouth. The letter Pei as well as being the Hebrew word for mouth is the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Pei has a numerical value of 80 which Jews believe is the age that Moses was when he led them out from slavery in Egypt. Although given at the same time this law was to be passed down orally from generation to generation. It is the information Jews need to practise fully the commandments in the written law. It was codified in the 2nd Century C.E.	Judaism
Who played Vicky Pollard’s twin sister in the 2006 Comic Relief episode of ‘Little Britain’?	כתבי הקדשׁ - Kitvei HaKodesh - The Hebrew Scriptures The Hebrew Scriptures - Printer-Friendly Version Kitvei HaKodesh - כִּתְבֵי הַקּדֶשׁ The Hebrew Bible is called the Tanakh (sometimes transliterated as Tanach in English), an acronym for Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim (note the gerashayim in the Hebrew acronym תנ״ך‎). The Tanakh is divided into three main sections, as follows: (Teaching) The first five books of Moses. The actual Torah itself is referred to as the Sefer Torah, or sacred Torah scroll. The Chumash is a book form of the Torah, usually subdivided into 54 smaller literary units called parashiot (the name of each parashah comes from a key word of the section). The word Torah is better understood as "teaching" or "understanding" rather than "law." (Torah makes the "t" of Tanakh). (Prophets) The prophetical books are subdivided into two parts: Four books of the "Former" prophets and 15 books of the "Latter" prophets (Nevi'im makes the "n" of Tanakh). (Writings) Assorted sacred writings, including Psalms, Proverbs, and some historical books. There are 12 books in this division of the Tanakh (Ketuvim makes the "k(h)" of Tanakh). Notes: Some Jews refer to the entire Hebrew Bible (Kitvei HaKodesh) simply as the Torah -- without making the distinction of the divisions shown above. Though the Christian Old Testament is the result of the canonization of the Jewish scriptures, the order of the books in the Tanakh is not identical to the Christian Old Testament (though content is the same), and chapter and verse references are not always identical between the Old Testament and the Tanakh. Some Jews refer to the Torah and Nakh - referring to the Nevi'im and Ketuvim as separate from written Torah (i.e., Nakh). Traditionally, weekly Torah readings (called parashiyot) of the entire Torah are completed during one year. Weekly Nevi'im readings are known as haftarah. Most Jews put the Oral Law (Talmud) and the halakhah (Rabbinic rulings) on the same level as the written Torah. The Thirteen Principles of Faith Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) is considered by many Jews to be the most important medieval sage. Influenced by Thomas Aquinas and Avicenna, Maimonides sought to systematize the Jewish faith along scholastic lines. His Shloshah-Asar Ikkarim, or Thirteen Principles of the faith, is still widely recited as a sort of Jewish credo among many orthodox Jews. The Thirteen Principles of Faith Related Items: Tanakh Plus. Bilingual Hebrew-English Bible with concordances and amazing Gematria tools. This software program allows you to do research on the Scriptures that more expensive programs cannot do. It includes a complete Hebrew concordance of the Jewish Bible. Click for details Transliterated Hebrew Bible. This unique resource goes verse by verse through the Hebrew Bible, listing 1) the Hebrew text, 2) a complete phonetic transliteration, and 3) an English translation. It's like having three Bibles in one! In addition, an accompanying audio CD includes the entire Bible narrated in Hebrew (mp3 format) -- over 65 hours of recording -- that you can use to further reinforce your learning! Click for details The B'rit Chadashah The New Testament is called the B'rit Chadashah in Hebrew (בְּרִית חֲדָשָׁה), meaning "New Covenant" (the word B'rit means "covenant" and Chadashah means "new"). Like the Tanakh, it can be divided into three main parts: Gospels/Acts (corresponding to Torah), Letters (corresponding to Ketuvim), and Revelation (corresponding to Nevi'im): Download the PDF File B'rit Chadashah: Three Main Divisions Like the Tanakh, the B'rit Chadashah can be divided into three main parts: Gospels/Acts (corresponding to Torah), Letters (corresponding to Ketuvim), and Revelation (corresponding to Nevi'im): [Gospels] The four portraits of the Messiah of Israel as given by His messengers (Luke/Acts may be considered as a unit). Besorah means "good news" and Ge'ulah means "redemption." [Letters] Eight "general" letters to Messianic Jewish communities and thirteen letters from Paul, the emissary to the Gentiles. The word Iggeret (pl. Iggerot) means "letter." Hitgallut [Revelation] The revelation of Yeshua the Messiah as given to His emissary Yochanan (John). The word Hitgallut means "revelation" or "unveiling" (sometimes the word Chazon ("vision") is used instead). b'khol-zot lanu rak-elohim echad, hu avi-'ad, asher mimenu hakol v'lo anachnu, v'adon echad Yeshua hamashiach, asher hakol al-yado, v'al-yado gam-anachnu. Yet for us there is one God, the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist, and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist. 1 Corinthians 8:6 Notes: Just as there were 400 years of silence before Adonai sent Moses to deliver Israel from her bondage to Pharaoh, so there were 400 of years of silence before Adonai sent His own Son, Yeshua the Messiah, to utterly deliver Israel from her ultimate bondage to sin and death. Moses himself foretold of the coming of the Messiah (see Deuteronomy 18:18 ). Some Messianic believers think that the order of the B'rit Chadashah books should be reworked so that the "Hebrew epistles" (i.e., the eight letters to the Messianic communities) appear before the Pauline letters. Why? Because the message of the Good News of Redemption is "to the Jew first, and also to the Greek," as Paul himself notes in the letter to the Romans ( Romans 1:16, 2:10 ). The New Testament was originally written in (Koine) Greek, not Hebrew. There are several Hebrew New Testaments that have been translated from Greek. This site relies upon the Hebrew New Testament (The Society For Distributing Hebrew Scriptures, 1886/1999) and The Hebrew New Testament (Trinitarian Bible Society, 1966/1998).	i don't know

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