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In which 1944 film does Felix Aylmer play the Archbishop of Canterbury, Max Adrian play the Dauphin and John Laurie play Jamy, a Scottish Captain in the English Army?
Henry V (1944) Author: Snow Leopard from Ohio Laurence Olivier's production of Shakespeare's Henry V adds some creative and colorful touches to Olivier's usual fine performance in the lead role. Like the play itself, it's not as deep as the best of Olivier's Shakespeare films, but it works quite well and is an entertaining movie. In the early scenes, the movie combines the play itself with a very detailed look at how the play would have been staged in Shakespeare's own day. It's very interesting, and is nicely done. It takes advantage of the slower parts in the early scenes to draw attention to the stage, the players, and the crowd, giving you a very good feel for what the theater was like then. Olivier also uses this device to liven up considerably the long historical discourse of the Archbishop of Canterbury in the play's second scene. After the early scenes, when the real action begins, the movie wisely pulls away from the theater setting and concentrates on the story itself. Olivier is always good in this kind of role, and the photography and settings do a good job of setting off the action. It is noticeable, though, that Olivier chose to omit several scenes or portions of scenes that have some of the commands showing Henry's harsher characteristics, so that the movie concentrates much more on the king's heroic side. What's left still works fine, but it does lose a little depth without this balance. The rest of the cast is certainly adequate, though most of them are overshadowed by Henry. A couple of the exceptions are Robert Newton, very well cast as Pistol, and Esmond Knight, who works well as Fluellen. Some minor aspects may keep it from being one of the best Shakespeare adaptations, but it's creative, distinctive, and good entertainment. You can rarely go wrong with anything that combines Olivier and Shakespeare. Was the above review useful to you?
Henry V
The smallest ground in the Football League Championship Huish Park is home to which club?
Download movie The Chronicle History of King Henry the Fift with His Battell Fought at Agincourt in France. Watch The Chronicle History of King Henry the Fift with His Battell Fought at Agincourt in France online. Download The Chronicle History of King Henry the Fift with His Battell Fought at Agincourt in France in HD, DVD, Divx and ipod quality. Download free movie The Chronicle History of King Henry the Fift with His Battell Fought at Agincourt in France preview. Anthony Newley Boy in English camp (uncredited) In the inspired Olivier concept, Shakespeare's play begins as a performance in the Globe Theatre, shifting in broad cinematic terms to an epic narrative of Henry V, who had developed from a dissolute youth to a purposeful monarch. Proving his ability as a soldier and skillful leader, he unites the dissident factions in the English army and goes on to crush the French, against enormous odds, at Agincourt. Arranging a treaty with the French court, he woos Princess Katharine to whom he is formally betrothed as part of the peace agreement. In the inspired Olivier concept, Shakespeare's play begins as a performance in the Globe Theatre, shifting in broad cinematic terms to an epic narrative of Henry V, who had developed from a dissolute youth to a purposeful monarch. Proving his ability as a soldier and skillful leader, he unites the dissident factions in the English army and goes on to crush the French, against enormous odds, at Agincourt. Arranging a treaty with the French court, he woos Princess Katharine to whom he is formally betrothed as part of the peace agreement.
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What is 2014 in Roman numerals?
2014 in Roman Numerals | In Roman Numerals.com 2014 in Roman Numerals Number 2014 in Roman Numerals is MMXIV Decimal Number People find this page searching for: roman numerals for 2014 what is 2014 in roman numerals, 2014 roman numeral, roman numbers 2014, roman numerals 2014, roman numeral 2014  
2014
What was the first name of the fifth daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria, in 1944 the last of her children to die?
Super Bowl 2015: Why does the NFL use Roman numerals, not numbers, for big game? | syracuse.com Super Bowl 2015: Why does the NFL use Roman numerals, not numbers, for big game? Super Bowl 49 logo XLIX Why does the NFL use Roman numerals, not numbers, in its logo? Super Bowl XLIX is Sunday. (Charles Krupa | The Associated Press) Why is the today's game Super Bowl XLIX, not Super Bowl 49 or Super Bowl 2015? Believe it or not, the NFL is trying to create less confusion. From the NFL's postseason media guide: The Roman numerals were adopted to clarify any confusion that may occur because the NFL Championship Game — the Super Bowl — is played in the year following a chronologically recorded season. That makes sense. We just got done with the 2014 season and are playing the Super Bowl in 2015. So is it the NFL title game of 2014 or 2015? The NFL started using Roman numerals with Super Bowl V and went back to add them from I to IV. View full size NFL  But it really doesn't explain, though, why Roman numerals are used, not numbers. In fact, for just one year, the NFL is not going use Roman numerals. Next year would have been Super Bowl L. The league reportedly went through 73 versions of a logo with the letter "L" and decided it didn't work . But after Super Bowl 50, it's back to Roman numerals. It'll be interesting to see what happens in 38 years for Super Bowl LXXXVIII. A quick Roman numeral conversion chart: I: 1
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Which canal passes through the centre of Lymm in Cheshire?
Bridgewater Canal Bridgewater Canal 0 694 days ago The Bridgewater Canal Successful throughout its long history, first as a commercial waterway and latterly following cessation of freight in 1974 as a leisure waterway The Bridgewater canal which took 35 years to complete is strategically located in the North West of England. The canal (39 miles long) runs through Lymm village and connects with the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook (via the Anderton lift), Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh, The Rochdale Canal and The Manchester Ship Canal in Manchester. The first section of the canal crossed the River Irwell by means of a unique stone aqueduct constructed over the river Irwell, later replaced by the equally famous Barton Swing Aqueduct over the Manchester Ship Canal. Affectionately known as the 'Dukes Cut' the Bridgewater Canal revolutionised transport in this country and marked the beginning of the golden canal era followed from 1760 to 1830 Named after its owner, Francis Egerton the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater and sometimes described as England’s first canal (opened in 1761), it was originally used to transport coal from mines in Worsley to Manchester. Its success helped inspire a period of intense innovative canal building, known as 'canal mania'. It later faced intense competition from the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Macclesfield Canal . Navigable throughout its history, it is one of the few canals in Britain not to have been nationalised, and remains privately owned. Have a look at further information on the Bridgewater Canal Trade and history . The Canal today The canal is owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Co. (MSC) who bought it from the Bridgewater Navigation Company in 1887. The MSC Co. manages the canal in conjunction with the Bridgewater Canal Trust. Today the Bridgewater Canal is a shared leisure facility, used by fishermen, pedestrians, and cyclists. Pleasure craft use the canal which forms part of the Cheshire Ring network of canals. It is known as a 'contour canal' because it maintains the same elevation along its length. This means that for barge owners journeys are not interrupted by the need to negotiate locks. Boating Most of the boats that you will see moored on the Canal are privately owned and belong to Members of theLymm Cruising Club They have monthly meetings and there are varied social events throughout the year. Short duration narrowboat trips are available from Worsley (The Bridgewater Heritage Boat Company) and from Manchester Castlefield (City Centre Cruises). Narrowboats can also be hired for holiday cruising from further afield along the Bridgewater Canal. There are also two rowing clubs: Manchester University Rowing Club , based just north of Dane Road Bridge, and Trafford Rowing Club , whose boathouse is in Walton Park that are worth a visit. Angling The Bridgewater Canal is a popular place for coarse fishing. Home to many species including Common and Mirror Carp, Tench, Bream, Roach, Perch, Pike and Rudd, thus meaning that different levels of skills and knowledge of the various fish are required. Fishing on the Bridgewater Canal is licensed to a number of fishing clubs. Please take a look at Warrington Angling Association and Lymm Anglers for details on membership. There are no day tickets. Fishing is permitted from the towpath side only. For those on Foot For those on foot the full route is still navigable (though access to the Mersey can no longer be gained) and the towpath forms part of the 'Cheshire Ring', a 97 mile circuit of canal side paths. Locally the canal can be used as a basis for circular walks of varying lengths, particularly in conjunction with the two other long distance routes which pass close by: the Trans Pennine Trail and the Mersey Valley Timberland Trail. The Canal towpath is tranquil, quite and beautiful in places. Plant highlights include the Hawthorn blossom in May, the Yellow Flag Irises in June and the enigmatic Royal Fern. Canada Geese and Mallard are always present and Mute Swans, Grey Herons, Cormorants and both Grey and Pied Wagtails are often seen. On summer days Dragonflies and brightly-coloured Damselflies fly amongst the vegetation at the water's edge. With many significant canal features, flora and fauna to be spotted along the towpaths and myriad reflections on the still waters, it makes for a peaceful day out. If you venture too far afield there is a Metrolink line from Manchester to Altrincham which runs alongside the Canal from Stretford Station to Timperley Station. Or bike Cyclists are encouraged to use improved sections of the canal towpath known as the Bridgewater Way, the much improved, wider, flatter, better-surfaced Canal towpath. Improvement is to be made to access points and provision of information and interpretation signs. It is being created, one short stretch at a time as funds become available. It will extend 65 km along the Canal. Have a look at places to visit along route . Share this article
Bridgewater
Who had bought the Corner Shop from Elsie Lappin in the first episode of ‘Coronation Street’?
The Cheshire Ring - Circular Canal Route in North West England, UK Manchester (Castlefield) to Lymm - 13 miles and no locks Lymm to Preston Brook Junction - 10 miles and no locks Preston Brook Junction to Anderton - 7 miles, 1 lock and 3 tunnels Anderton to Middlewich Junction - 10 miles and 4 locks Middlewich Junction to Kidsgrove (Hardings Wood Junction) - 13 miles and 31 locks Kidsgrove (Hardings Wood Junction) to Macclesfield - 16 miles and 13 locks Macclesfield to Marple Junction - 10 miles and no locks Marple Junction to Ashton (Portland Basin) - 8 miles, 16 locks and 2 tunnels Ashton (Portland Basin) to Manchester (Castlefield) - 8 miles and 27 locks (These figures are offered as a rough guide. They are not a suggested daily itinerary.) Many people will have more time available and may want to add some of the following extensions to the ring, as their time permits: along the Upper Peak Forest Canal to Whaley Bridge and Bugsworth Basin (7 miles and 4 lift/swing bridges each way) up the Huddersfield Narrow Canal to Stalybridge (2.5 miles and 7 locks each way) up the Huddersfield Narrow Canal to Uppermill (8 miles and 21 locks each way) along the Bridgewater Canal to Barton Swing Aqueduct and Worsley (4.5 miles each way) along the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn (mostly urban, 4.5 miles each way) down the Anderton Lift and onto the River Weaver (to Winsford Bridge, 7 miles and 2 locks each way, to Weston Point, 13 miles and 2 locks each way) through Harecastle Tunnel to Etruria, then along the Caldon Canal to Leek and Consall Forge or Froghall (up to 25 miles and 18 locks each way) The Cheshire Ring is also a popular walking route. There is a towpath along the entire route, except through Hyde Bank Tunnel, near Romiley, Preston Brook Tunnel, near Runcorn, and Saltersford and Barnton Tunnels, near Anderton, where there are direct paths over the tops of the tunnels. Some boaters have been put off the Cheshire Ring by stories of trouble in the Manchester area, especially on the Ashton Canal. These stories are now very much out of date! In the 1980s there were times when boats needed to be escorted through the area! Be assured that this is no longer the case - the Ashton Canal is now no worse than other urban canals and has been greatly improved with the construction of the Commonwealth Games facilities alongside. Nevertheless, boaters should be prudent when passing through any urban areas, especially those with lock flights. This includes locking the front cabin doors and putting valuables such as cameras out of sight. Where possible plan your journey so that you pass through urban areas during school term times. Where holidays or weekends cannot be avoided, plan to pass through the areas early in the day. For instance, the Ashton Canal typically takes 3 to 4 hours so can easily be done in a morning. However, even boaters passing through this area on weekend afternoons have experienced no trouble. "Incidents" can occur anywhere on the canal system - even in rural areas - so don't be afraid to venture into urban areas where the industrial archaeology can be very interesting. The contrasts along the route are part of what makes the Cheshire Ring so rewarding!
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Who is the wife of cartoon character Hagar the Horrible?
About Hagar | Hagar the Horrible Hagar the Horrible blog About Hagar Hägar the Horrible broke all records when it was launched on Feb. 4, 1973, becoming the fastest growing comic strip ever. The strip was created by Hi and Lois artist Dik Browne in his basement art studio/laundry room in Connecticut. The strip’s title was the family nickname for Dik Browne, and the characters were loosely based on Dik’s family and friends. The little red-bearded Viking has appeared in advertisements for IBM, Mug Root Beer, Skol Ale and in the opening titles for the TV show “Caroline in the City,” which starred actress Lea Thompson as a successful female cartoonist. Hagar has appeared on his own CBS special and is featured in Universal’s Islands of Adventure: Toon Lagoon theme park. The strip now appears in about 1,900 newspapers around the world. It appears in 56 countries and is translated into 12 languages and is now drawn by Dik’s son, Chris Browne. Chris Browne Chris Browne was born in South Orange, N.J., in 1952 and grew up in suburban Wilton, Conn. The son of award-winning cartoonist Dik Browne, he assisted his father on the comic strips Hi and Lois and Hagar the Horrible. He contributed gag writing to Hagar the Horrible from its inception in 1972. With his father, Chris co-authored “Hagar the Horrible’s Very Nearly Complete Viking Handbook” in 1985. When Dik Browne retired in 1988, Chris continued to write and draw the strip. In addition to Hagar the Horrible, Chris Browne has contributed cartoons to National Lampoon, Playboy, Esquire, Heavy Metal and The New Yorker.  He created the comic strip Raising Duncan, and he was a contributing editor to Sarasota Magazine. Chris’ brother Chance Browne draws Hi and Lois, and his son-in-law Dan Piraro writes and draws the King Features cartoon Bizarro. Chris Browne now lives in Sioux Falls, S.D., with his wife Carroll Browne and three ultra-cute dogs — two Chihuahuas and a Scotty! He has a blog of his sketchbook drawings at: www.thehistorylesson.blogspot.com The Cast Hagar He may look like a fierce warrior, but once you get past the sword and shield, Hagar is a loving husband, a devoted father and family man, and a reluctant taxpayer. While he has a voracious appetite for pillaging and plundering, they pale in comparison to his appetite for Helga’s home-cooked meals. Helga Helga is Hagar’s demanding wife. Dressed always in her horned helmet, she is a true Valkyrie, besting the beleaguered Hagar in battles on the home front. While Hagar may instill terror in the outside world, it’s Helga who “wears the skins” in the family. Helga is a devoted wife and mother, often doing what’s best for her family whether they want it or not. Lucky Eddie He’s everything a Viking shouldn’t be: not too bright, but very gentle. Totally without chin or aggression, Lucky Eddie makes the perfect foil for Hagar. He may be the only man in history to be knocked out by a slowly descending rainbow. Honi Hagar and Helga’s beautiful daughter and an old maid of 16. Not overly bright, she is, nonetheless, enduringly sweet. Her metallic blouse would ward off most suitors, but her love for Lute continues unabated. Hamlet Hagar’s brilliant son, and a mystery to his father. Industrious, clean and studious, Hamlet would rather read than pillage, or make a daisy chain than take up chain mail. Introspective and serious, Hamlet is plagued by Hernia, the local tomboy, who thinks he’s dreamy. Snert Hagar’s dog, who’s as rumpled and harassed as his owner. Kvack
Helga
Which duo had a Number Two hit in 1984 with Agadoo?
H�gar The Horrible: H�gar Knows Best (Hagar The Horrible: Hagar Knows Best) (1989) Animated Cartoon Special H�gar The Horrible: H�gar Knows Best H�gar The Horrible: H�gar Knows Best Alternate Title: Hagar The Horrible: Hagar Knows Best H�gar The Horrible: H�gar Knows Best (Hagar The Horrible: Hagar Knows Best) (1989) Animated Cartoon Special BCDB Rating: "H�gar The Horrible: H�gar Knows Best" has not yet received enough votes to be rated. This page has been viewed 39 times this month, and 2405 times total. Animated TV SpecialCartoonTelevisionSpecialCartoon Hanna-Barbera Productions, King Features Entertainment, Hearst Entertainment, Inc. Animation Studio: Wang Film Production Cartoon Characters: Hagar, Helga, Honi, Hamlet, Olaf, Lucky Eddy, Snert, Hamlet, Kvaak. Voice Actors: Peter Cullen. Directed By Ray Patterson. Produced By Charles Grosvenor, William Hanna, Joseph Barbera, Bruce L. Paisner, Jeff Segal, Stephen Wells, Douglas Wyman. Animated By Oliver E. Lefty Callahan. Written By Douglas Wyman, Dik Browne. Music: Sven Libaek, Paul Bisch. Editor: Gil Iverson, Terry W. Moore, Larry C. Cowan. Originally Released in Jan, 1989 (Estimate) .
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Which city in the German state of Saxony has the largest population?
German States - Basic facts, photos & map of the states of Germany German States Recent History - The States of Germany post WWII The modern German states were built after World War II during the allied occupation. The states in West Germany joined and formed the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) in 1949. Only 7 of the 16 new states existed before: Bavaria, Bremen, Hamburg, Baden and Saarland in the west, Saxony and Thuringia in Eastern Germany. All other states were amalgamations of formerly much smaller states and Prussian provinces. In 1952 three south-western states (Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. Five years later, France returned the Saarland to Germany. Berlin was not a state until the German reunification on 3rd October 1990. Berlin was under the sovereignty of the allies, USA, Great Britain, France and the Soviet-Union. There are 13 area states in Germany (Flächenländer), and 3 city states (Stadtstaaten), Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. The latter actually consists of Bremen and Bremerhaven. Head of a state is the Ministerpräsident in the area states, and the Bürgermeister in the city states. Overview of the 16 States This is a long page, so click on a link below for a quick jump to the state you are interested in. You can always come back here using the orange arrow . Enjoy the information about the states in Germany. Size: 70,551 km² - Population: 12,494,781 - Capital: Munich Bavaria is the largest state in Germany, and one of the oldest as well. After WW II Bavaria rehabilitated from an agrarian to an industrial state. Audi, BMW, Siemens and some major insurance companies are based in Bavaria. Alpine scenery on the way to Berchtesgaden The culture of Bavaria is distinct, and Bavarians love to be different. They are proud of their traditions, wear their Tracht (Lederhosen and Dirndl) and perform their folk music (Volksmusik) on special occasions. The most famous Volksfest in Germany, you know it, is the Octoberfest in Munich . The Catholic religion is also an important part of Bavarian culture. Bavarians are extremely proud that the former pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in their state. There are a lot of jokes about the German-Bavarian relations, some are even rather nasty. Nevertheless, Bavaria is another favourite holiday destination for Germans and international travellers around the year. After all, Bavaria has a small portion of the Alps within its territory, most enjoyed among ski enthusiasts, hikers and mountaineers. Apart from the alpine region, other favourite Bavarian tourist attractions include Munich, of course, the capital of Bavaria attracts thousands of visitors every year. Picturesque towns along the romantic road like Würzburg, Dinkelsbühl and Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Franconia - the region covers most of the northern & central parts of Bavaria. Bamberg, Nuremberg & Bayreuth are well-loved destinations, along with the above mentioned towns on the northern section of the Romantic Road. The most famous castle in Bavaria is definitely Neuschwanstein, but there are many more! Baden-Württemberg Size: 35,751 km² - Population: 10,744,383 - Capital: Stuttgart Winter in the black forest Baden-Württemberg is one of the most prosperous German states and considered one of the Four Motors of Europe. Despite world concerns like Daimler AG, SAP and Robert Bosch AG, mid-sized companies are the backbone of the economy. Citizens of Baden-Württemberg are known for being inventive and industrious. "Wir können alles, ausser Hochdeutsch" is a famous slogan to describe their unique dialect. It means we can do everything except (speaking) Standard German (of course they can). This reflects the hard-working people and their distinctive language. Swabian is my favourite dialect in Germany, although sometimes hard to understand. Baden-Württemberg is also a popular holiday destination, attractions are Freiburg, Baden-Baden and the black forest Lake Constance The Swabian Alb Heidelberg, with the oldest university in Germany, and the famous castle is well worth a visit Tübingen and Schwäbisch Hall are beautiful old towns Hessen - Hesse Size: 21,114 km² - Population: 6,060,841 - Capital: Wiesbaden Hessen is one of the smaller German states, but a fine one. What else can I say, Hessen is where I was born and have been living all my life. It is home of the Grimm Brothers, and Hanau is the start of the German fairy tale road that goes north to Bremen. Obermarkt in Gelnhausen The Rhine-Main-area is the second-largest metropolitan region in Germany. Frankfurt is the largest city in Hesse, and the only German city with a "world city" status. Germany's busiest airport, railway station and motorway intersections are also located in Frankfurt. Economy in Hessen is healthy, the main fields are chemical & pharmaceutical industries, and the financial centre in Frankfurt is the most important in Germany. Want to get away from the hustle and bustle? You don't have to go far. Hesse is the most wooded state in Germany. It has placid spa towns, lovely rivers & lakes, and romantic villages. Frankfurt has a picturesque old town around the Römerberg, although it is reconstructed because most parts of the city centre were destroyed during WW II Taunus, Odenwald and Spessart are beautiful mountainous areas in central Hesse, and easy to reach from Frankfurt Kassel is the major centre in north Hessen, famous for the "Documenta", an exhibition of modern art. The Documenta takes place every 5 years. North Hessen is the fairy-tale country. It was in Kassel where the Brothers Grimm collected many of their tales. Visit the Sababurg in the Reinhardswald forest, it is the home of Sleeping Beauty. If you've got some time, you can discover the country following the Grimm Trail in the Kasseler land. Gelnhausen, Büdingen, Seligenstadt are beautiful villages, to name only a few. Here is more info to discover the best holiday regions in the southern German states. Sachsen - Saxony Size: 18,418 km² - Population: 4,183,404 - Capital: Dresden Saxony is the economical leader of the five "new" states of Germany. Silicon Saxony is not just a nickname, it is an association of nearly 300 companies in the electronics and microsystems industry, including science and consulting organisations. Bertholdsburg palace in Schleusingen, Thuringia Dresden has been known as Elb-Florenz (Florence on the river Elbe) because of its baroque architecture and art collections The Erzgebirge (Ore mountains) is famous for its wooden Christmas ornaments Saxony Switzerland is known for its rugged mountains and rock formations Thüringen - Thuringia Size: 16,172 km² - Population: 2,261,236 - Capital: Erfurt Thuringia is a state where you can delve into German culture and history. Discover towns where famous German people were born, or lived for many years. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (Erfurt, Jena, Weimar), Friedrich Schiller (Weimar, Meiningen, Jena), Johann Sebastian Bach (Eisenach) and Martin Luther (Wartburg, Erfurt, Eisenach) have left their traces in Thuringia. The Rennsteig is a famous ridge walk in the Thuringian forest. At the end of the day a hearty Thuringian Bratwurst is waiting for you. Nordrhein-Westfalen - North-Rhine Westphalia Monschau in the northern Eifel region Size: 34,086 km² - Population: 17,904,653 - Capital: Düsseldorf Germany's westernmost and most populous state also includes the largest metropolitan area, the Rhine-Ruhr region. The subdivision Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet) is also known as the Ruhrpott and the Revier. Since the 19th century, coal mining and the steel industry have been the major industries for more than a century. Coal mining declined in the 1960s. Many of the industrial sites are now home to museums and event locations. Actually, Ruhr was the European Capital of Culture 2010. Apart from industrial cities, which also have their flair and lovely surrounding, North-Rhine Wesphalia has beautiful regions to spend a holiday at. Cologne invites with its famous cathedral and unique hospitality Düsseldorf is the place if you want to go shopping Nordrhein-Westfalen shares the stunning Eifel mountains with Rhineland-Palatinate Aachen was the place of coronation of German kings during the middle ages Monschau is a picturesque village in the Eifel The Münsterland is a cycling paradise, and the Sauerland is a favourite holiday region all around the year. Rheinland-Pfalz - Rhineland-Palatinate The Mosel near Piesport Size: 19,853 km² - Population: 4,020,917 - Capital: Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate is Germany's wine state. 80 to 90 % of Germany's wine exports are grown along the rivers Rhine, Mosel and Ahr. In the industry sector Rhineland-Palatinate is home of the largest chemical company in the world (BASF), one of the largest breweries, and car manufacturers. The most beautiful part of the middle Rhine valley is situated in Rheinland-Pfalz. Explore medieval castles overlooking the river, enjoy a wine sample tour in small villages with beautiful half-timbered houses. There is a lot to see... The Rhine Gorge between Bingen and Koblenz is an UNESCO World Heritage site since 2002 Famous castles like the Marksburg and Ehrenbreitstein Cochem, Beilstein, Bernkastel-Kues and many other villages along the Mosel Valley Eltz Castle and the Eifel mountains with the unique Maare Trier, Germany's oldest city, has fantastic buildings dating back to Roman era, more UNESCO listed site to visit Saarland Size: 2,568 km² - Population: 1,027,700 - Capital: Saarbrücken The Saarland is the smallest German state, both in area and population. The area consisted of several territories, ruled by different sovreigns for centuries. The region became part of France during the French revolution, but only until Napoleon's defeat. 1870 the French invaded the Saar region again, this was the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War 1870/71. The back and forth continued until Saarland joined the Federal Republik of Germany in 1957. With its history, and the fact of being close to France, many people in Saarland speak French fairly good.    Back to overview Holsten Tor in Lübeck Size: 15,799 km² - Population: 2,830,889 - Capital: Kiel Schleswig-Holstein is the land between the seas and the northernmost state in Germany. Bordered by the North Sea in the west, and the Baltic Sea in the east, it is the ideal holiday destination for everyone who loves to sail and surf. Agriculture, wind energy & tourismn are the main sections of the economy. Even if the weather is not perfect for a day on the beach, you can explore beautiful towns and cities like Kiel, Flensburg, Schleswig and Lübeck. The Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park is a highlight on the west coast and a delight for bird watchers. The North Frisian Islands (Sylt, Amrum, Pellworm and Föhr) are favourite holiday destinations Büsum, St. Peter-Ording and Husum are lovely villages on the west coast Helgoland is a small island in the Northern Sea, about 46km off the mainland The Kiel Canal, in German known as the Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, links the Northern Sea and the Baltic Sea. Here you can see really big ships floating through the landscape Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Brick gothic facade of the city hall in Stralsund Size: 23,185 km² - Population: 1,659,023 - Capital: Schwerin Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is the sixth-largest state with the least population density. Economy suffered a lot after the breakdown of the former German Democratic Republic. In the past 15 years economy recovered. Biotechnology, life science, maritime industry and tourism are growing sectors. The "land of thousand lakes" offers great holiday resorts and unspoiled nature. Favourite destinations are The old Hanseatic cities of Rostock, Schwerin, Greifswald & Stralsund with fantastic buildings in the brick gothic style. In German this is called Backsteingotik Rügen and Usedom are both beautiful islands in the Baltic Sea Kühlungsborn, Heiligendamm and Warnemünde are seaside resorts where visitors can relax and enjoy health & beauty treatment The Mecklenburg lake district with the Müritz national park is wonderful for nature enthusiasts, as well as the biosphere reserve Spree Forest. Sachsen-Anhalt - Saxony-Anhalt Castle hill & collegiate church in Quedlinburg Size: 20,447 km² - Population: 2,373,485 - Capital: Magdeburg The chemical industry plays a major role in the industrial sector, the area around Halle, Merseburg and Bitterfeld is known as the chemical triangle. The food industry counts on the best soil in Germany around Magdeburg. The oldest German chocolate factory is in Halle. The state is also famous for its Baumkuchen. Sachsen-Anhalt shares the Harz mountains with Niedersachsen. The Harz is Germany's northernmost Mittelgebirge (low mountain range), which comprises lots of sagas and legends. Must see places include Pretty cities and towns like Wernigerode, Halberstadt and Quedlinburg Discover Dessau, the Bauhaus style & the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm Martin Luther memorial places in Wittenberg and Eisleben The Brocken, with 1141 m it is the highest mountain in the Harz Naumburg with its famous cathedral Niedersachsen - Lower Saxony Frisian coast and the islands offshore Bremen Size: 404 km² - Population: 661,166 - Capital: Bremen Although Bremen is considered a city state, it actually consists of two enclaves, Bremen and Bremerhaven. Both cities are surrounded by the state of Lower Saxony, both are located on the river Weser. Bremerhaven is an important container port and home of the German Maritime Museum. The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is a very old city with a long history in trading. The Old Town (Altstadt) is the main attraction for visitors with the impressive Town Hall and the Cathedral St. Petri lining the market place. The statues of "Roland" and the "Bremer Stadtmusikanten" (from Grimm's fairy-tales) can be seen on the market square. Hamburg Hamburg Harbour Size: 755 km² - Population: 1,775,333 Hamburg's official name, the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg) refers to Hamburg's status in history. The city was a member of the Hanse, and a free imperial city during the Holy Roman Empire. The port of Hamburg is the second-largest port in Europe and a major tourist attraction. The harbour area with the old warehouse district (Speicherstadt) is fascinating, the church St. Michaelis (Michel) is a famous landmark, and sure everyone knows the red-light district Reeperbahn. Berlin Size: 891 km² - Population: 3,429,525 Berlin is the capital city of Germany, and one of the 3 city states in Germany as well. Located in the north-east, only 70 km from the Polish border, it is also Germany's largest city. Politics, culture, sports, recreation and a vibrant nightlife - you can get all that in our thriving capital. Don't miss...
Dresden
Which planet in the Solar System has diameter nearest to that of Earth?
Saxony travel guide - Wikitravel Talk[ edit ] Language of communication is naturally German, but the Sorbs in the Oberlausitz also speak their own language. Sorbian is a sister language of Polish and Czech. The Saxon accent is quite strange for most other Germans and therefore often ridiculed and used in comedy. Regardless, the Saxons are very proud of it and it remains a strong part of the region's identity. English is widely spoken and many, especially young people, have a basic knowledge of another foreign language, like French, Spanish or Italian. Russian might be understood by the middle-aged and older Saxons, but with a growing Russian-German community, you might even find a native speaker of the language. By plane[ edit ] Saxony has two major airports used for scheduled passenger flights in Dresden and between Leipzig and Halle . Flights to nearly all German cities and to some destinations in Europe are offered. The airport of Leipzig has a slightly better network and good Autobahn and rail connections. Dresden's airport is closer to the city and easily accessible with public transport and car. By Train[ edit ] Public transport is for the most part good fast and reliable. If you plan to do a day trip the "Sachsen-Ticket" might just be what you are looking for. It costs 22€ for one person plus 4 € for each additional up to five and covers all regional trains in Saxony, Saxony Anhalt and Thüringen plus public transport in Leipzig, Zwickau, Görlitz, Halle, Erfurt, Gera, Jena (not Dresden though). Validity is from 9 am on working days (all day on weekends) until 3 am the following morning.
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Who was appointed the first Minister of Technology in 1964 – he was General Secretary of the TGWU at the time?
Jack Jones - Telegraph Politics Obituaries Jack Jones Jack Jones, who died on April 21 aged 96, was general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union from 1969 to 1978, when he exercised more power over government economic policy than any other trades union leader in British history. Jones greets pensioners and trade unionists in Trafalgar Square, 25th February 1974 Photo: GETTY 1:58PM BST 22 Apr 2009 A crusading socialist, dedicated to the collectivist ideal of Each for All and All for Each, Jones was able to bend both Labour and Conservative administrations to his agenda. He proved far more fundamentalist in his approach than previous leaders of the TGWU, such as Ernest Bevin and Arthur Deakin. They had been great barons of unionism, paternally exercising the privileges of their fiefdom for the general good. Jones, by contrast, saw himself as the workers’ tribune, deriving his authority directly from the shop floor. Throughout his career he strove to increase the power and influence of shop stewards. He seemed wholly, indeed ostentatiously incorruptible, though he later faced allegations of being a KGB agent. He was certainly contemptuous of luxury — to the very end he lived in a council house . Yet it was at once his strength and his weakness that he operated in blinkers. While he could be genial enough so long as nothing was at stake, his puritanical sense of righteousness tended to exclude any compromise. Jones’s insistence on seeing issues in black and white — for instance, in dividing the world between “those who work” (virtuous) and “those who make money” (evil) — rendered it fatally easy for him to conclude that intransigence was a moral duty. His hot temper left him impatient of anyone, even fellow unionists, who doubted his good intentions. “I regarded every trade unionist as my brother or sister,” he recalled, “unless” — ominous rider — “they acted in an unco-operative way.” Related Articles Norman Willis 25 Jun 2014 His own co-operation, by contrast, was sparingly conferred. In 1969, when Harold Wilson and Barbara Castle attempted to subject the unions to legal sanctions, Jones led the opposition against the Labour government. As the debate raged, he organised a strike against the management of Ford, which was bent on introducing penalties for breaking contracts, and on securing “cooling off” periods before strikes. In Whitehall, Jones helped to ensure that endless sessions of “beer and sandwiches” at No 10 Downing Street failed to assuage union opposition to Labour’s plans. (“The beer was not very cold,” complained one of the miners, “and the sandwiches were so dry they were turned up at the edges.”) In the end, the Labour government had to be content with a “solemn and binding” voluntary agreement with the unions. This made it easy for the Tories to claim that Harold Wilson lacked the will to deal with Britain’s industrial problems. No one did more than Jack Jones to secure Labour’s defeat in the general election of 1970. The new prime minister, Edward Heath, had done what he could while in opposition to establish good relations with union leaders. There had even been an evening at his flat in Albany, when he had played The Red Flag — “not very well”, as Jack Jones remembered. But the men who had resisted Labour’s attempt to tame the unions were hardly going to support a Tory measure of the same kind. Brushing aside union leaders who seemed inclined to trim, Jones led the protest against the Conservatives’ Industrial Relations Bill. Some 120,000 took part in a march from Hyde Park to Trafalgar Square. Nevertheless the Bill became law, and in 1972 the TGWU was fined £55,000 by the new Industrial Relations Court after unofficial action in the docks against the container revolution. Jones had not originally supported this action; nevertheless, in July, after five dockers had been sent to prison, he was able to use the threat of a national dock strike to secure a general inquiry into working conditions in the ports, chaired by himself and Lord Aldington. Their report suggested measures which would guarantee the dockers a job for life, irrespective of whether there was any work for them to do. Heath felt obliged to accept the recommendations. Meanwhile, the unions had discovered that it was easy enough to circumvent the Industrial Relations Act. It sufficed to add the clause “This is not a legally enforceable agreement” to contracts, or simply to refuse to register under the Act. Later in 1972, with inflation out of control, Heath abandoned his defence of free wage bargaining, and sought a voluntary agreement with the unions on the control of prices and the restraint of wages. Vic Feather, the general secretary of the TUC, seemed prepared to accommodate him, but Jack Jones and Hugh Scanlon, president of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, remained obdurate, however hard Heath tried to win them round. The prime minister, Jones conceded, was “a very decent man... He was prepared to be patient and listen to our point of view and our arguments, and, within his limits as a Conservative prime minister, I think he did try to respond.” In his memoirs, Union Man (1986), Jones observed that Heath gained more respect from union leaders than Harold Wilson or Jim Callaghan. Much good it did him. Jones and Scanlon, “the terrible twins”, were all in favour of statutory control of prices; they utterly refused, though, to contemplate any curb on wage bargaining. Rather, they campaigned for frozen rents and higher pensions — one of their successes was the introduction of the £10 Christmas bonus for pensioners. In truth, Jones had no intention of accommodating Heath when he knew he could win a better deal from a Labour government. Early in 1972 a committee had been set up to liaise between the TUC and the Labour Party in determining the policy of the next Labour administration. This was the origin of the “Social Contract”, through which the unions would virtually dictate Labour’s domestic policy. So, although Jones conceded that Stage Three of the statutory incomes policy which Heath introduced at the end of 1973 had been specially designed to help the working man, there was never any question that he would support it. Instead, he helped to drum up TUC support for the miners’ strike which led to the Conservatives’ defeat in the election of February 1974. Harold Wilson returned to No 10 Downing Street; Jones, however, was running the country. The Industrial Relations Act was repealed; pensions were increased; an Act was passed to improve health and safety at work; the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) was set up; and employment legislation was drafted to reinforce the closed shop and to enhance the rights and privileges of shop stewards. The polls duly recorded that most Britons considered Jack Jones the most powerful man in the land. At the same time, though, the narrow margin of Labour’s victory in the election of October 1974 suggested that there was developing resistance to the rule of “Emperor Jones” (as Paul Johnson would dub him). In theory, Labour and the unions were working together for the general good; in practice, the government was legislating at the unions’ behest without gaining any advantage in return. By the beginning of 1975 the going rate for wage increases was about 30 per cent. Now it was Labour’s turn to be forced into a statutory incomes policy. Of course, Jones disliked this; he had learnt, though, that the destruction of a Labour government hardly served his ends. He proposed, therefore, that income increases should be limited to the same amount for all, a scheme designed to favour the lower paid. After much haggling with the Chancellor, Denis Healey, this sum was fixed at £6. By this time, though, Jones was losing control of the Left-wingers in his own union, whose ambitions he had so assiduously fostered. The Labour government, for its part, was showing increasing scepticism about his ability, and his desire, to hold down wage claims. It was significant that Healey, in his budget of 1976, took care to make his tax concessions for the low-paid dependent on TUC agreement to the next stage of the incomes policy. The decline of Jones’s influence was also evident in his failure to persuade the government to implement workers’ representation in the boardrooms or his plan for a 35-hour week. Opposition to Jones within the TGWU surfaced in 1977, when his plea for the union’s continued adherence to the Social Contract was decisively rejected. So when he retired as general secretary the next year, having reached the age of 65, his power was already in decline. The subsequent “Winter of Discontent”, in which striking workers allowed rubbish to pile up in the streets, and the dead to remain unburied, showed how right Jones had been to warn that the undermining of the Social Contract risked bringing Margaret Thatcher to power. Yet he himself had played a decisive part in ushering in 18 years of Tory rule. James Larkin Jones was born at Garston, south Liverpool, on March 29 1913. His mother had originally been married to a seaman, with whom she had had a daughter and two sons; after he died she went through a hard time fending for her family until she married a docker. She then had two more sons, of whom Jack (as he was always known) was the younger. Life was tough, and tuberculosis rife, in York Road, where Jack was brought up. From infancy he was steeped in the mythology of unionism; indeed, his second name reflected his father’s friendship with Jim Larkin, the revolutionary Irish trades unionist. At the local elementary school, Jack was more interested in football than study, though one of his brothers involved him in the Sea Scouts and even persuaded him to take an interest in Sunday School. Jack would reject Christian dogma, though he would later teach in socialist Sunday Schools. Aged 13 at the time of the General Strike in 1926, he shared in the sense of betrayal when the strike was called off. Shortly afterwards he was apprenticed to a firm making components for Harland & Wolff, the shipbuilders. Paid five shillings a week to work in appalling conditions, he was soon active in the TGWU, his father’s union, becoming a branch delegate at the age of 17. He had been secretary of his Labour Party ward from the age of 15. After his firm went bankrupt, he followed his father into the docks, where he began a long struggle against the system of casual employment. Another early and enduring campaign was that for safety at work, originally inspired by the sight of injured dockers being taken away on handcarts. He discovered, though, that “to speak your mind in the union then was like walking on glass”. His puritanical instincts were particularly offended by the TGWU area secretary, Harry Pugh, who wore a bowler hat, sported a flower in his buttonhole, smoked a cigar and found union jobs for his family — just the kind of man, in short, to inspire his opponents with a devotion to grass-roots democracy. To prepare himself for future responsibilities, Jack read Marx and Engels, and applied himself to Ruskin College correspondence courses on industrial law and workmen’s compensation. In 1934 he took part in the National Hunger March to London. Later, having been elected Labour councillor for Croxteth Ward, he worked with Bessie Braddock on the public assistance committee. He joined the Territorial Army, and was shocked to discover that some of the officers were Mosleyites. Soon, however, he was involved in military activity of another kind. Life in the docks brought him into contact with foreign sailors, fostering in him a lifelong concern for the struggle of workers in other countries. In 1937 he left for Spain to fight with the International Brigade in the Civil War — and in addition to act as an emissary from Ernest Bevin to Spanish unions. The reckless courage of the badly armed and ill-trained men with whom he fought made a deep impression on him. He became a commissar in the Major Attlee Company of the British Battalion, responsible for “political and moral education and vigilance”. Jones remembered chatting to an earnest undergraduate who was visiting Spain as part of a student delegation invited by the Republican Party. His name was Ted Heath. Oleg Gordievsky, the KGB’s highest ranking defector, later said that it was also in Spain that Jones was recruited by Soviet intelligence, an allegation Jones always denied. Gordievsky insisted that he was regarded by the KGB as a “very disciplined, useful agent”. Under fire while attacking Hill 481 on the Ebro river, Jones was surprised to receive a copy of the TGWU’s annual report and accounts from Ernest Bevin. Shortly afterwards shrapnel hit him in the right shoulder. The wound took some time to heal, and he returned to Britain. Back in Liverpool, he raised supplies for the Republican cause, earning the sobriquet “Potato” Jones. That same year, 1938, he married Evelyn Brown (née Taylor), whose first husband had been killed in Spain. The daughter of a soldier, Evelyn was also an active socialist and trades unionist who would give Jack Jones vital support. His career took a leap forward in 1939, when he was appointed TGWU district organiser at Coventry. He found union organisation there in a comatose state, for the TGWU boasted only 2,000 members in the city. The outbreak of war, however, gave him an opportunity which he did not intend to miss. (Ernest Bevin had arranged, against Jones’s “strong objections”, for him to be exempted from military service.) The emergency wartime labour legislation introduced by the government, while restricting the right to strike, offered potential for union activity through the appointment of conciliation officers before whom the workers could make their case. Jones persuaded union activists to seek employment in the factories, and soon built up a network of shop stewards who rapidly increased membership of the TGWU. His efforts took place against the background of 57 German air raids on Coventry, culminating in the great blitz on the night of November 14/15 1940, when some 600 people were killed and much of the town’s centre reduced to rubble. Jones and his family survived in the cellar of their house, though the rest of the building was destroyed. His baby son slept throughout. Jones helped see the city through the emergency, without ever relaxing his aim to better working conditions. Though on decent terms with some bosses, such as Sir John Black, the chairman of Standard Motors, he showed no disposition to make matters easy for employers; and when Black offered him the post of labour director at Standard he angrily turned him down. Illegitimis non carborundum became his motto — workshop Latin for “Don’t let the bastards grind you down”. After the war “the Coventry rate” gave TGWU members the highest wages in the country for shop floor workers. In 1946 an agreement with Standard Motors broke new ground by introducing a five-day week of 42.5 hours; next year this came into force nationally, so that for the first time the working class enjoyed a full weekend — to the deep concern of some moralists. In 1951 another agreement with Standard established two weeks’ paid holiday. By 1948 Jones had to all intents and purposes created a closed shop at Standard, the first in the engineering industry. The appointments he made frequently flouted the TGWU rule that no communist should hold office in the union, and incurred the wrath of Arthur Deakin, the general secretary, who also disapproved of his elevation of shop stewards. So when Jones was shortlisted in 1948 for the post of assistant general secretary, he discovered that another candidate had been appointed before he was even interviewed. By 1955, however, he had built up TGWU membership in Coventry to 40,000. That year he was made secretary for the entire Midlands region, at the head of some 250,000 members. With Frank Cousins becoming general secretary later that year, the union had moved decisively to the Left. In 1963, after Cousins suffered a heart attack, Jones was appointed assistant general secretary. He moved to London, and helped persuade Cousins to convalesce abroad. From that time Jones was the leading figure in the TGWU; and in 1964, after Cousins was appointed minister of technology, he became acting general secretary. Even when Cousins returned to the general secretaryship in 1966, Jones remained the dominating force in the union. At the end of 1968, he was elected general secretary by a majority of 520,000 to 28,000. His power base had been widened in 1964 when he was elected to the Labour Party’s National Executive Committee. He also served as the Labour Party’s representative on the economic committee of the TUC. Yet when Labour attained power in 1964, Jones rapidly made clear his opposition to the attempt of the economic affairs minister George Brown (whose loud-mouthed drunkenness excited his deepest contempt) to introduce a voluntary prices and incomes policy. Jones also contested the Labour government’s policy on the Vietnam War; demanded more effective measures to combat unemployment; and supported Cousins’s efforts to ban the bomb. He lost his seat on the NEC in 1967. In truth, Jones was never much interested in power outside the union movement, and showed no disposition to accept offers to join the Industrial Reorganisation Corporation, or to become a governor of the BBC. He was delighted, however, to be elected in 1968 to the general council of the TUC, on which he would serve for the next 10 years. Within the TGWU he still worked unflaggingly to increase membership, which had reached more than two million by the time of his retirement in 1978. Jack Jones was so eager to lead in every dispute that, by his own admission, he sometimes antagonised his own colleagues. In 1964 his aggressive involvement in a dispute in the docks resulted in the appointment of an inquiry under Lord Devlin which not only recommended substantial wage increases, but also provided the TGWU with ammunition for its campaign to end piecework. Yet when Devlin’s ideas were applied to end casual labour in 1967, many dockers objected to the new scheme, not least in Liverpool. Jones went to Merseyside, and exploited the situation to obtain better pay and working conditions. TGWU officials inclined to see the bosses’ point of view were apt to lose their jobs. Jones was shocked when, in 1968, 200 London dockers marched in support of Enoch Powell’s speech (“I see the river Tiber foaming with much blood”) against immigration. All his life he had fought any hint of racism. Equally he was an early protagonist of equal rights for women. At the Labour Conference of 1977, Jones inveighed against the buying of “grand country houses” by some Labour leaders. He also secured approval for the abolition of the House of Lords. Although this policy did not appear in the party’s manifesto for the general election of 1979, Jones was able to make a personal point when he refused the peerage offered to him on his retirement in 1978. He did, however, accept an appointment as a Companion of Honour in the same year. When he went to Windsor to be invested, an overtime ban among tanker drivers (members of the TGWU) had caused a delay in the delivery of oil to Windsor Castle. “We had to walk about with our overcoats on to keep warm, thanks to your members,” the Queen told him. For once in his life, though, Jones was impressed by privilege, noting that the Queen displayed “a remarkable awareness of human problems that I thought would be outside her ken”. Less happy was his observation, when shown round the treasures of the Castle, that one of the paintings looked a bit amateurish. “That’s mine,” said the Duke of Edinburgh. In 1982, Colonel Oleg Gordievsky was posted to London as the KGB rezident, the Soviet Union’s intelligence-gathering and espionage chief in Britain. He said that he asked Jones to provide information about prominent figures in the British trades union movement — specifically, which were potential recruits for the KGB. “For that I paid him £200,” Gordievsky asserted. Gordievsky also claimed that while he was rezident, he learned that Russian intelligence headquarters, Moscow Centre, had “asked Jones for 'technological information’ about the industries with which he was concerned”, information which was wanted for “military purposes”. Jones also allegedly passed on intelligence about what was happening in No 10 Downing Street, about the leadership of the Labour Party, and about the trades union movement. Jack Jones always staunchly denied Gordievsky’s charge, describing the idea that he was a KGB agent “a slur and an outrage”. He did concede, however, that he had “met Soviet officials at embassies and on visits to Russia on behalf of my members. They might have been KGB. I did not realise I was a target. If I had known I was a target for the KGB, or the CIA, I would have had nothing to do with them.” Jack Jones was appointed MBE in 1950. But the award he appreciated above all others was the Gold Medal awarded to him by the TUC. His flinty, selfless integrity never wavered. When the staff of the TGWU collected money for his retirement present, he put every penny towards the establishment of a Retired Members’ Association. He continued to work hard for pensioners, as vice-president of Age Concern, as president of the Retired Members’ Association, and as chairman of the National Pensioners’ Convention. His campaigning played an important part in the introduction of the Freedom Pass, which allows pensioners to use local public transport without paying. Jack Jones’s wife died in 1998. They had two sons.  
Frank Cousins
What is the capital city of the Italian region of Liguria?
Colin Sparks: The Bureaucracy in the TGWU (February 1977) The Bureaucracy in the TGWU   Transcribed & marked up by Einde O’Callaghan for ETOL.   This month Jack Jones’s successor as General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union will be elected. The winner will succeed to one of the most powerful positions in the British labour movement. In this article, The bureaucracy in the TGWU, Colin Sparks analyses the power structure of Britain’s biggest union. See also the pamphlet by the TGWU Right to Work Campaign, TGWU – Who Rules (obtainable from 265 Seven Sisters Road, London N4). NOWHERE is the power of the trade union bureaucracy more dramatically evident than in the Transport and General Workers Union. And the TGWU is the largest and most powerful trade union in Britain, with nearly two million members. Its only rival in size and influence is the AUEW. When these two giants change course, the whole of the labour movement feels the pull. The leaders of the TGWU and the AUEW, Jack Jones and Hugh Scanlon, have headed the trade union bureaucracy’s shift to the right since the Labour victory in 1974. From the self-proclaimed grave diggers of capitalism they have become two of its staunchest defenders. Their latest project is a drive to raise productivity in the motor industry together with Eric Varley, the Industry Secretary, and the managers of the four major car companies. [1] The contrast between these two darlings of the Broad Left tells us a lot about the different ways the two unions work. In Scanlon’s case, the shifts inside the AUEW are there for all to see. There have been electoral victories for the re-emergent right wing; there has been the atrophy of the Broad Left, and the public humiliation of its standard bearer, Bob Wright; every election, every national committee, every court case, has had tremendous publicity. [2] There has been a debate inside the AUEW, there have been elections, there have been decisions – and the policy has shifted. But what about the TGWU? There Jack Jones’s emergence as the salesman of the Social Contract within the Labour movement has not been accompanied by major internal changes or debates. The 1975 Biennial Conference – by rule ‘the government of the Union’ [3] – endorsed the Social Contract by a huge majority. Until now there have been no elections which might have rocked the boat, and the General Executive Council, has only once, in December 1976, challenged the course that Jones has set for the union. The current election for the post of General Secretary is the first time in a good many years that the membership have had any opportunity to demonstrate their opinion. How is it that policies that affect the lives of two million workers have been drastically altered, with apparently no organised opposition.   The Power of the Officials One fundamental cause is the structure of the TGWU. There has been no debate because there is no channel for debate. The General Secretary is the only full-time official elected by the membership, and once elected he is there till he retires. All other full-timers are appointed by the Executive. The TGWU is one of the most bureaucratic of British unions. The reason why so little attention is paid to this fact is that the last two General Secretaries, Frank Cousins and Jack Jones, have been judged ‘progressive’ by the Broad Left and so a blind eye has been cast on the way the union is run. In theory, the TGWU does not seem that undemocratic. After all, the Biennial Delegate Conference, the governing body of the union, is made up of lay members. So also is the General Executive Council which runs the union between Conferences, and its subcommittee, the Finance and General Purposes Committee, which sees to the day-to-day affairs of the union. Cutting across this structure are the trade groups, which carry out negotiations with the employers on behalf of the members. For example, dockers, car workers, transport workers are all organised in separate sections of the union from national to district level. Within each trade group and right at the bottom, are the branches, which elect lay delegates to various bodies like the district committees. The rules of the union can be changed only by a Rules Conference, made up of lay members, which meets once every six years. But whatever the rules may say, the running of the TGWU is securely in the hands of the full-time officials, who make up a bureaucracy both willing and able to ride roughshod over the wishes of even a highly organised and militant section like the dockers, as during the 1972 docks strike. To understand the nature of this bureaucracy and its power, we must look at the union’s history.   The Origins of the Bureaucracy The TGWU was founded in 1922 from a group of 14 transport unions. Amalgamation with other unions has always been a major source of growth ever since. By 1954 the union had gone through 58 amalgamations. [4] Between the two world wars trade unionism was on the defensive, with membership falling and major battles being lost. Unemployment put a big strain on union finances, and on their bargaining power. In the circumstances amalgamation made very good sense. But the drive to amalgamation often came from paid officials seeing at as a means of maintaining their power and privileges. For many officials the drive to amalgamation was founded on the realisation that their little union would collapse otherwise. An example is the 1929 amalgamation between the TGWU and the Workers’ Union. The Workers’ Union, which started as a militant union open to all workers, had, by the early 1920s reached a crisis point. In 1927 an approach was made to the TGWU and a scheme was worked out which allowed the Workers’ Union to remain as a national group inside the TGWU for two years, when the bulk of its membership went into the General Workers’ Trade Group. The former officials of the Workers’ Union fared well out of amalgamation. According to Richard Hyman: ‘It would be wrong ... to suggest that there was general dissatisfaction among the former Workers’ Union officials. All valued the consolidation of trade-union strength which the amalgamation achieved, and most found scope for organising initiative at least as great as within the Workers’ Union itself.’ [5] There was some friction as the officials learned that they were now junior partners in a bigger union, but the preservation of their organisation allowed them to adjust to the fact that they were now one pressure group among others. The pattern of trade groups allowed the TGWU to absorb other unions, and in particular their officials, without too much trouble. The full-timers retained considerable bargaining rights with the employers, and representation on the Executive allowed them to argue their case within the union. The price, of course, was and is subordination to the General Secretary. As the only elected officer of the union, and as the only representative of the union as a whole, the General Secretary can claim an obvious authority over the various, appointed, representatives of the various sectional pressure groups. The General Secretary of the TGWU is like a feudal king, playing off the sectional interests of the different barons in order to wield for himself supreme power. There have been only five General Secretaries in the 55-year history of the union, and four of them, Ernest Bevin, Arthur Deakin, Frank Cousins and Jack Jones, have played central roles in the labour movement as well as being masters inside the TGWU.   Bevin’s Reign Ernest Bevin, the first General Secretary was the pivotal figure in the history of the British working class in this century. He was also a class traitor on a scale that makes Jones or Chapple look like Little Red Riding Hood. Among Bevin’s major contributions to class treachery were: a key role in the sell out of the miners on Black Friday (April 15 1921) and also in the sell out of the General Strike in 1926; as Minister of Labour in Churchill’s wartime coalition government the remarkable feat of agreeing ‘dilution’ with the major unions within 24 hours of his appointment [6] ; the role as Foreign Secretary in Attlee’s Labour government of an architect of NATO and one of the prime movers of the Cold War. The list is endless. Bevin’s career as a full-time official began in 1910 at the age of 29, six months after joining a union for the first time – the Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers Union. In 1922 he became first General Secretary of the TGWU. He never participated in a strike in his life, although he led some, and broke some, as a full-timer. He was never elected to office in the trade union movement. The election as General Secretary was unanimous, as Bevin had spent several months beforehand carving up possible rivals. The special form of the TGWU, and the special power of the General Secretary, are very much Bevin’s creation. He told the union’s founding conference in 1922: ‘I hate strikes.’ and then continued, ‘but as a leader it is my duty to lead.’ [7] There was no contradiction in this. In order to retain his hold on the membership he had to show them from time to time that he was prepared to fight on their behalf; also, the occasional display of muscle serves to remind the employers what the price of ignoring Bevin would be. All the same, Bevin was always happier with class collaboration. After the defeat of the General Strike he was one of the moving figures in opening talks with ‘progressive employers’ like Sir Alfred Mond. When appointed Minister of Labour in 1940 he said that he would hold the office for 50 years. In a sense, he was right, for his appointment by Churchill to this post was a formal recognition by the ruling class that they needed to come to terms with the trade union bureaucracy and integrate it into the state machine. Jack Jones in championing the Social Contract is merely following in Bevin’s footsteps. The major danger facing a bureaucrat with these policies is that rank-and-file workers will get out of hand. The classic example of how Bevin dealt with this threat was the 1937 Coronation strike by London Busmen. Bevin let the Communist-led London busmen’s rank-and-file movement organise the strike while blocking the extension of the strike necessary for victory. [8] He consciously used the strike to smash the rank-and-file movement. During the strike, Bevin was having a meal in an expensive restaurant with a journalist, and they could hear other customers blaming him for the strike. Bevin said: ‘These people think that this is an ordinary sort of industrial dispute which ought to be stopped because it inconveniences them ... They never try to put themselves in the bus drivers’ place and they don’t give a damn that what is really going on now is a struggle to get hold of the London Busmen’s organisation. They’ve got to walk but I’m fighting for my life and the life of my union and I’m not going to stop until I’ve crushed them once and for all, flat, finished.’ [9] It was not, of course, the employers that Bevin was going to crush flat, but rather his own members’ rank-and-file movement.   Bevin’s Heirs Bevin’s successors left the power structure intact. Deakin, Bevin’s chosen heir and a full-time TGWU official for 26 years before his election in 1946, completed Bevin’s work. His rabid anti-communism fitted the Cold War atmosphere of the time and, with the pace of amalgamation slowing down, it was possible to unite the officials more closely under his leadership. The role of the full-timers changed somewhat. They were no longer reluctant junior partners in an amalgamation, but now depended entirely on the favour of the General Secretary for their future. The bureaucracy finally emerged in its present form as a separate and distinct group cut off from the membership and answerable only to the General Secretary. Deakin died in 1955, but his chosen successor, A.E. Tiffin, only survived him by a year. In 1956 Frank Cousins as elected General Secretary almost without opposition. Cousins’ biographer wrote: ‘As a regular attender at TGWU conferences, both in Deakin’s and in Cousins’ time, I have always been amazed at the ease with which both leaders commanded the conference. Even more amazing is the way in which union policy switched between General Secretaries. Up to Deakin’s death it was consistently to the right. [1*] After Cousins took over it was equally consistently to the left.’ [10] In 1958 Cousins, virtually alone in the TUC, opposed the Tory government’s attempt to freeze wages in the public sector, and supported the London busmen’s strike. But then he retreated under TUC pressure not to spread the dispute and allowed the strike to be lost. Like Bevin before him and Jones today, Cousins was obsessed with the role the TGWU could play under a Labour government. In 1964 Harold Wilson appointed him Minister of Technology. Cousins resigned in 1966 in protest against the pay freeze imposed by Wilson and George Brown. Cousins’ left policies certainly stopped short of any change in the structure of the union aimed at permitting democratic rank-and-file control. He once allowed the TGWU delegates to the Labour Party Conference to vote on how the union’s block vote should be cast in a particular debate (in this case over unilateral nuclear disarmament, which Cousins supported), but when the vote went against him ‘Cousins saw to it that it never happened again.’ [11] Much of Jack Jones’s surviving reputation as a ‘left’ derives from his record in the 1960s in leading the opposition to Labour’s pay freezes and anti-union legislation. However, even during the most openly right-wing phase of the 1970-74 Tory government, Jones was far more cautious in his opposition to the Industrial Relations Act than even Scanlon. Even before becoming architect of the Social Contract, he played an increasingly reactionary role, selling out the dockers’ strike in 1972 and negotiating with Heath over his wage controls. Since Labour came to power in 1974, Jones has of course, placed the survival of the Labour government before his members’ jobs and living standards. The peculiar power of the bureaucracy in the TGWU involves more than simply the role of the General Secretary. The bureaucracy is especially capable of policing its rank and file. In 1959 the TGWU had one full-time official for every 2,222 members, compared with one per 6,345 of the AEU, one per 5,236 of the NUGMW, and one per 16,152 of the NUR. The national average was one per 3,793 members. [l2] While the General Secretary keeps a tight hold on the full-timers, they in turn keep a tight hold on the members. In addition, the Executive has the power to appoint a full-time secretary for a branch and ‘the branch shall not, as long as such arrangement continues, be entitled to elect a branch secretary.’ [13] Branch secretaries, even elected ones, receive 12½ per cent of all dues collected. Contributions range from 18p to 26p, and some branches have over 5,000 members. This acts as a powerful pressure on even elected local officials to behave like a privileged elite, more interested in staying in office than in representing the members.   Changing the Union The TGWU is firmly led and controlled by its full-time bureaucracy under the direction of the General Secretary. It cannot be changed by any individual official (even the General Secretary) or section of the bureaucracy, forming as they do a closely-integrated group committed to collaboration with the employers and the capitalist state. Any change within the TGWU will have to come from the rank and file, and will have to involve a thorough democratisation of the union, in particular the election and regular re-election of all full-time officials. The problem of changing the TGWU will not be an easy one. The diversity of the membership, and their organisation into semi-independent trade groups, means that a union-wide rank-and-file opposition will be very difficult to build. All previous oppositions, like the London busmen and the dockers, have been defeated. They found themselves easily isolated within a union with large numbers of passive members. It is very difficult to build a rank-and-file movement that unites the docker, the carworker and the food, drink and tobacco worker. However, today the machine is likely to be under increasing strain under the impact of the crisis. Traditionally ill-organised sections like the food, drink and tobacco workers will have to fight or go under. Traditionally militant groups like carworkers and dockers will find the old sectional methods of struggle inadequate when they are faced with the national bureaucracy and the state. Meanwhile, the union leadership can no longer preside over rising living standards as in the palmy days of the boom. All it has to offer its membership is falling real wages and rising unemployment. The situation is one that is favourable to rank-and-file politics within the TGWU. However, this will mean operating at different levels. A number of rank-and-file movements can be built among specific sections of the membership and often including members of other unions (e.g. in the car industry). The immediate aim for the union as a whole, however, is the more modest one of a campaign around issues such as union democracy and the right to work.     Note by ETOL 1*. In the printed text the word is “left”, but from the context it is clear that it should be “right”. Notes 1. Financial Times, December 29 1976. 2. See J. Deason, The Broad Left in the AUEW, International Socialism 79. 3. Rules of the TGWU, 1976, Rule 4.1, p.10. 4. V.L. Allen, Power in Trade Unions, p.23. 5. R. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, pp.165-66. 6. Dilution was one of the key issues in the origins of the shop stewards’ movement during the First World War. See J. Hinton, The First Shop Stewards’ Movement. The fact that no such opposition developed during the Second World War is only partly a result of Bevin’s role as Minister of Labour: ‘The political situation in the 1939-45 War was much more settled and it was difficult to impute strikes to political motives. The Labour Party was a full coalition partner; a trade union leader, Ernest Bevin, held a Cabinet post which in terms of power was second only to that of the Prime Minister; and, after Russia entered the War in 1941, Communists in industry who would have been the natural leaders of unofficial movements lent all their energies to supporting the war ... ‘It is significant that the only political strike worth recording in World War II was attributed to Trotskyists ... Mr Bevin, however, believed that many of the strikes ... were politically inspired, and it was in this belief that he obtained the agreement of the Cabinet to make it an indictable offence to incite and instigate strikes.’ V.L. Allen, Trade Unions and the Government, p.43. The strike in question was in March 1944 and started among engineering apprentices on Tyneside, spreading to involve some 11,000 apprentices. 7. Quoted in F. Williams, Ernest Bevin: Portrait of a Great Englishman, p.109. 8. See P. Glatter, London Busmen: Rise and fall of a rank-and-file movement, International Socialism 74. 9. Quoted in Williams, op. cit., p.115. 10. M. Stewart, Frank Cousins: A study, p.22. 12. Clegg, Killick and Adams, Trade Union Officers, pp.38-9. 13. Rules, Rule 11.3 (a), p.27.  
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Which gas makes up about 96% of the atmosphere of the planet Mars?
Mars' Atmosphere: Composition, Climate & Weather Mars' Atmosphere: Composition, Climate & Weather By Tim Sharp, Reference Editor | August 3, 2012 02:50pm ET MORE The thin atmosphere of Mars today composed mainly of carbon dioxide as depicted in this artist's illustration Credit: NASA Mars has a thin atmosphere — too thin to easily support life as we know it. The extremely thin air on Mars can also become very dusty. Giant dust storms can blanket the entire planet and last for months. What is Mars' atmosphere made of? The atmosphere of Mars is about 100 times thinner than Earth's, and it is 95 percent carbon dioxide. Here's a breakdown of its composition: Carbon dioxide: 95.32 percent Also, minor amounts of: water, nitrogen oxide, neon, hydrogen-deuterium-oxygen, krypton and xenon Climate and weather Mars' thin atmosphere and its greater distance from the sun mean that Mars is much colder than Earth The average temperature is about minus 80 degrees F (minus 60 degrees C), although it can vary from minus 195 degrees F (minus 125 degrees C) near the poles during the winter to as much as a comfortable 70 degrees F (20 degrees C) at midday near the equator. The atmosphere of Mars is also roughly 100 times thinner than Earth's, but it is still thick enough to support weather, clouds and winds. Giant dust devils routinely kick up the oxidized iron dust that covers Mars' surface. The dust storms of Mars are the largest in the solar system , capable of blanketing the entire planet and lasting for months. One theory as to why dust storms can grow so big on Mars starts with airborne dust particles absorbing sunlight, warming the Martian atmosphere in their vicinity. Warm pockets of air flow toward colder regions, generating winds. Strong winds lift more dust off the ground, which in turn heats the atmosphere, raising more wind and kicking up more dust. At times, it even snows on Mars . The Martian snowflakes, made of carbon dioxide rather than water, are thought to be about the size of red blood cells. The north and south polar regions of Mars are capped by ice, much of it made from carbon dioxide, not water. Possibility of life Mars could have once harbored life. Some conjecture that life might still exist there today. A number of researchers have even speculated that life on Earth might have seeded Mars , or that life on Mars seeded Earth . Oceans may have covered the surface of Mars in the past, providing an environment for life to develop. Although the red planet is a cold desert today, researchers suggest that liquid water may be present underground, providing a potential refuge for any life that might still exist there. Several studies have shown that there is abundant water ice beneath the surface. Related:
Carbon dioxide
Who was found dead in the first episode of ‘East Enders’?
NOVA - Official Website | How to Get an Atmosphere NOVA How to Get an Atmosphere By Peter Tyson Posted 04.04.06 NOVA Saturn's moon Titan belongs to a very select club within the solar system. It is one of only four "terrestrial" planets or moons—those with solid bodies, as opposed to those made largely of gas, like Jupiter and Saturn—that has a substantial atmosphere. The other three that wear blankets of gas are Venus, Mars, and our own Earth. Why just these four? Why not also Mercury, or Jupiter's biggest moons, or our own moon? How did those lucky four come by their atmospheres? It turns out that getting an atmosphere, and holding on to it, really comes down to how big and how close to the sun you are—or, for Titan, how close you are to a really big planet. For astrophysicists, it's infinitely more complex than that. But if you just want the quick and dirty answer, that's it, and here's why: How did Saturn's moon Titan secure an atmosphere when no other moons in the solar system did? The answer lies largely in its size and location. Here, Titan as imaged in May 2005 by the Cassini spacecraft from about 900,000 miles away. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Original gas The story of planetary atmospheres begins back at the beginning of our solar system, when the planets were forming. During that period, the so-called inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—all developed the same kind of air, a so-called primary atmosphere. It consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium, the two elements that today make up 98 percent of the sun and gas giants like Jupiter. Like planet-sized magnets, the proto-planets had sufficient gravity to draw these two gaseous elements in from the solar nebula, the vast cloud of gas and dust that surrounded the sun early in the solar system's history. In that primordial time, the sun was not very bright and thus not very hot, and this allowed the four inner planets to hold onto those atmospheres. Three factors play into a gas's ability to escape the pull of a planet's gravity: temperature, molecular mass, and escape velocity, the speed a molecule needs to achieve to escape into space. Hotter, lighter, and faster particles more easily slip out of a planet's gravitational grip into space than cooler, heavier, and slower particles. Hydrogen and helium are two of the lightest molecular-weight molecules out there. And as the sun grew brighter and hotter, the molecules of hydrogen and helium that the four inner planets had been able to retain became hotter and faster, finally reaching escape velocity. When that happened, perhaps within a few hundred million years after the formation of the inner planets, these gases escaped into space, leaving Earth and its three companions little more than balls of rock in space. The four giant outer planets, meanwhile—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—were able to keep their hydrogen and helium because of their size. Their gravitational pull is mighty enough to contain those two light gases, and the sun is too far away for its heat to make any difference. So those four gas giants still host their primary atmospheres. Notwithstanding its rocky core, one might say that Saturn, seen here in an image taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, is nothing but atmosphere, like its fellow "gas giants" Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Putting on air Fortunately for us, there are secondary atmospheres, otherwise we wouldn't be here. These are atmospheres that arise long after a planet's primary atmosphere has vanished into the ether. Yet not all rocky bodies have the means to sustain them. Mercury, for one, is too close to the sun to hold onto any type of gas. So how did the four solid bodies that have them win the atmospheric lottery? Leaving Titan aside for the moment, Earth, Mars, and Venus all began developing their secondary atmospheres in the same way. Over time their envelopes of air would become as unlike as heaven and hell—in the case of Earth and Venus, for example—but initially they likely appeared largely the same. The reason is that, despite their differences today, these three planets lie in roughly the same neighborhood of the solar system and are thought to consist of roughly the same mix of elementary stuff. Earth became heavenly, Mars froze solid, and all hell broke loose on Venus. What happened? While Earth, Mars, and Venus eventually got to the point where they could no longer embrace hydrogen and helium, they did have sufficient gravity and cool enough surface temperatures to retain heavier molecular-weight gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. And they had plenty of these two substances stored away in one form or another within their stony bodies. The CO2 and H2O came from two sources: the original building blocks out of which the planets formed as well as comets that regularly slammed into the planets early in their history. Fortunately, again, for us, these crucial substances of CO2 and H2O—and also nitrogen, which comprises 78 percent of our atmosphere—were not irretrievably locked in the rocks. These substances had a catalyst that helped free them: heat. Within each planet, a molten core created during the planet's initial formation released heat, and so did the slow decay of radioactive elements deep beneath the surface. This heat kept each planet toasty enough to produce volcanic eruptions, which spewed these gases out of the interior. Despite increased warmth from the sun, these heavier molecules could not escape the gravity of Earth, Mars, and Venus, respectively, and so they began building up just above each planet's surface. The result was a secondary atmosphere—or what most of us know simply as the air. But, in time, Earth became heavenly, Mars froze solid, and all hell broke loose on Venus. What happened? These clouds, photographed on Mars by the Viking 1 lander, are not condensed water vapor as they would be on Earth but condensed carbon dioxide. Any water long since froze out of the atmosphere and is now locked as ice beneath the Red Planet's surface. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA From heaven to hell This is where the how-close-you-are-to-the-sun part comes in. On Earth, all that water vapor belched out of volcanoes condensed in the young atmosphere into liquid water, then fell to the surface as rain. Over eons, this formed the oceans. Most of the CO2, meanwhile, became incorporated into the seas and into sedimentary rocks. Most, but not all, and this is crucial. Enough CO2 remained as gas in the atmosphere to create the greenhouse effect, which maintains our planet at a life-sustaining average global temperature of about 59°F. Everything eased into a wonderful balance, all brought about by our ideal distance from the sun. As for Mars, its secondary atmosphere had two strikes against it from the start: the planet's size (too small) and its distance from the sun (too far). In its first 500 million years or so, the Red Planet had a warm atmosphere and liquid-water oceans, just like Earth. But Mars is so small that its internal heat engine burned out early on, and it is so far away from the sun that all the water vapor that its once-active volcanoes had erupted eventually froze out of the atmosphere, becoming trapped beneath the surface as ice. All this left the Red Planet as cold and barren and apparently lifeless as the moon. Mars still has an atmosphere, but its pressure is 100 times less than Earth's and it's almost entirely composed of CO2—about the last thing we'd want to breathe. Venus has roughly the same concentration of CO2 as Mars, yet its atmosphere went in precisely the opposite direction. Size wasn't an issue: Venus has about the same mass as Earth so is plenty hot within. But distance from the sun has made all the difference. Venus is near enough to our star that all the water vapor released from its volcanoes burned off long ago, and without liquid water, the planet could not form oceans that could absorb the CO2. The result has been a runaway greenhouse effect. While a greenhouse effect raises the temperature of Mars by about 5°F and Earth by about 35°F, on Venus it has jacked up the temperature by around 500°F. The resulting atmosphere is truly nasty from our perspective: hotter than a self-cleaning oven, with a density about 10 percent that of water and a pressure about what you'd feel a half-mile down in the ocean. Venus is a furnace of a planet, with a noxious atmosphere bearing a pressure 90 times that on Earth. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA/JPL A moon with atmosphere And what about Titan? Why did it get an atmosphere when, for example, none of Jupiter's big moons, which are a lot closer to the sun, did? Well, in this case, distance from the sun doesn't really come into it; the moons of the outer planets are so far away that it's a moot point. But distance does factor in—distance to a giant planet. And, again, size matters. In fact, a moon needs the right balance of nearness to a giant neighbor and adequate gravity—that is, size—to gain and hold an atmosphere, and of all the moons in the solar system, only on Titan did Nature strike that balance. Clearly atmospheres can change drastically—look at Mars. Titan is close enough to Saturn that it gets squeezed by tidal forces powerful enough to heat up its interior. So the volcanic activity that long ago died out, for instance, on our similarly sized moon has continued there. That activity releases CO2 and water vapor, but since Titan's mean surface temperature is -289°F, both of those quickly fall out as ice on the surface. That leaves nitrogen, which remains a gas at that temperature, and methane, which builds up in an interaction between sunlight and CO2 ice. The result is an atmosphere that is roughly 90 percent nitrogen and 7 percent methane. (Interestingly, as radically different as Titan's atmosphere is to our own, it is still worlds closer in composition and pressure to Earth's nitrogen-rich air than are the CO2-dominant atmospheres of either Mars or Venus.) Saturn makes Titan's gases come out; Titan's size ensures some of them stick around in an atmosphere. Jupiter's moon Io, being so close to its humungous neighbor, has plenty of volcanic activity, but the moon's mass is too small to wield the kind of gravity needed to maintain a hold on the gases that gush out of its insides. While the air on both Mars and Venus is over 95 percent carbon dioxide, atmospheric CO2 on our planet amounts to just 0.03 percent—just enough to give us a pleasant global average temperature of about 59°F. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA Up in the air Some atmospheric scientists say that the different tacks the four terrestrials with atmospheres took should offer a cautionary tale to us as we unintentionally monkey with ours. By burning fossil fuels, we are releasing far more CO2 into the atmosphere than Nature has done anytime in the recent geologic past—an atmosphere that has been likened in thinness to a dollar bill wrapped around a standard-sized globe. This may upset the exquisite equilibrium between carbon in the air and carbon in the rocks and seas that our planet has maintained to one degree or another for billions of years, with unknown but potentially dire consequences. Clearly atmospheres can change drastically—look at Mars. Whether we humans could ever severely or permanently alter our own atmosphere is unknown, but some experts are now asking, Do we really want to take that chance? This feature originally appeared on the site for the NOVA program Voyage to the Mystery Moon . Peter Tyson is editor in chief of NOVA Online. Further Reading
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What is the English name of Tintin’s dog?
What was Tintin's dog's name? | Reference.com What was Tintin's dog's name? A: Quick Answer Tintin, the title character of a comic series by Belgian artist Herge, is joined in his adventures by his dog Snowy. In the original series, Snowy is known as Milou, after a pet name the artist had for his first girlfriend. Full Answer Snowy is a white fox terrier, and Herge has stated that he chose this particular breed due to its popularity at the time of creating the comic. Additionally, the artist found inspiration at a cafe he frequented; the cafe landlord was the proud owner of a fox terrier. Initially in the series, Snowy and Tintin can directly communicate. Over time, though, other main characters are added and the terrier's speaking role is omitted in favor of a non-verbal comedic one.
Snowy
Complete the title of the 1976 Number One by Paper Lace - Billy, don’t be a _______ .
How To Pronounce Tintin - YouTube How To Pronounce Tintin Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 28, 2012 how to pronounce tintin. tintin pronunciation. how to say tintin. how do you pronounce tintin. how to say tintin pronounce tintin how do you say tintin pronunciation tintin how to pronounce tin tin. tin tin pronunciation. how to say tin tin. how do you pronounce tin tin. how to say tin tin pronounce tin tin how do you say tin tin pronunciation tin tin what is tintin? Tintin is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin, the series of classic Belgian comic books written and illustrated by Hergé. Tintin is the protagonist of the series, a reporter and adventurer who travels around the world with his dog Snowy. Please comment, share and like!!! Category
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The Guardian Fiction Prize was replaced in 1999 by the Guardian First Book award. Whose novel White Teeth was the second winner?
Literature: Year In Review 2000 | Britannica.com Literature: Year In Review 2000 Written By: Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content. Overview Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The brightest literary star of the year 2000 came out of South America, but flashes of incandescent brilliance appeared in other areas of the world as well. With La fiesta del chivo, Mario Vargas Llosa of Peru produced what many readers considered Latin America’s finest novel ever. Interweaving three separate narratives in a series of alternating chapters, Vargas Llosa chronicled the 31-year reign and ultimate demise of Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo and evoked the chaos and confusion that followed Trujillo’s 1961 assassination. Nobel Prize winner Derek Walcott of St. Lucia also took up a Caribbean theme in his book-length poem Tiepolo’s Hound. Walcott examined his own life and that of Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro. The volume’s dual narrative highlighted their shared experiences of exile and artistic achievement as well as the cultural influences of Europe and the West Indies, which created a certain division in each of them. Russian author Viktor Pelevin (see Biographies) led a banner year in Eastern European fiction with his wildly imaginative novel Buddha’s Little Finger, a hallucinatory recasting of the life of the legendary Bolshevik commander Vasily Chapayev as told by a time-traveling asylum inmate. Acclaimed Hungarian author György (“George”) Konrád brought out Stonedial, a striking work that combined elements of the intellectual teaser and whodunit with the more expansive tapestry of a historical novel covering the years from World War II through the early 1990s. Chinese novelist Mo Yan—famed for the scathing satire and historical sweep of such works as Red Sorghum (1993) and The Garlic Ballads (1995)—produced an even more stunning novel, the savage and hallucinatory farce The Republic of Wine. Following alarming reports of widespread corruption and infanticidal cannibalism in the province of Liquorland, Communist Party officials dispatch a special investigator to the scene, but he himself soon falls prey to debauchery and mental breakdown and fails to survive the province’s insidiously pervasive (and wildly funny) destructive tendencies. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Sri Lankan-born Canadian writer Michael Ondaatje published Anil’s Ghost, a superb novel set in his native country during its vicious mid-1980s civil war. Though the politically tinged murder mystery that dominates the main plotline is never fully resolved, the novel succeeds beautifully in all other aspects. In the gripping novel In Search of Walid Masoud, Arab author Jabra Ibrahim Jabra tracked the disappearance of a Palestinian intellectual who had been a member of an organization engaged in the armed struggle against Israel. The author artfully used a lengthy but disconnected tape recording of jumbled utterances to compose a series of revealing monologues that together produced a penetrating study of both individual and national character. English United Kingdom. Although many critics complained that 2000 was a thin year for fiction, a number of literary debuts showed promise. The most remarkable one was that of Zadie Smith, whose White Teeth was a panoramic and germane tale addressing issues of ethnic and cultural hybridity in northwestern London. The novel, which sold robustly, was penned by Smith while she was a student at the University of Cambridge and was greeted enthusiastically for its ambitious scope and confident characterizations. Another promising newcomer was Jason Cowley. He was hyped on the cover of his Unknown Pleasures as a “cool, edgy new voice,” but The Literary Review, though praising his book for its feverish readability, found his style more old-fashioned, with “more than a hint” of Graham Greene. Meanwhile Kristin Kenway’s Precious Thing, an acerbic tale of a disillusioned anarchist in search of love, was compared to Martin Amis’s debut novel, The Rachel Papers (1973). Among the most praised fictional titles of the year were two collections of short stories. Equal Love by Peter Ho Davies was hailed as a “feat of ventriloquism.” Though the stories’ themes were unexceptional (a funeral, a hospital visit, or marital problems), they were infused with a graceful quirkiness that lifted them above the mundane. The nine stories in Anita Desai’s Diamond Dust constituted an unsentimental examination of overlapping cultures; in one of the most striking, “Winterscape,” two old Indian widows visiting Canada see snow for the first time. Another novel singled out for particular praise was John Banville’s Eclipse, a story about an actor whose career ends when he dies on stage; it was greeted by The Guardian newspaper as a “spectacularly beautiful . . . work of art.” Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Other offerings from more established fiction writers were met with varying levels of enthusiasm. Will Self’s third novel, How the Dead Live—about the death of a middle-aged woman from cancer—showed more humanity than his glitteringly clever earlier books, but some critics found it, like many other novels of the year, too long at 404 pages. Michèle Roberts’s The Looking Glass, an exuberant tale of an orphan’s way through the world, examined the complexity of feminine needs and projected desires. Doris Lessing, entering her ninth decade, delivered Ben, in the World—a sequel to her best-selling The Fifth Child, published 12 years earlier—but most agreed that it failed to match the forcefulness of its predecessor. American Football: Fact or Fiction? Besides the aforementioned, other Booker Prize hopefuls included Julian Barnes, A.S. Byatt, Muriel Spark, and Fay Weldon, but they were passed over in favour of four somewhat obscure authors. Three of those four short-listed had together sold only 553 copies of their works. Only Kazuo Ishiguro and Margaret Atwood were instantly recognizable. The Observer newspaper noted that all the selections had strong narratives and predicted that the millennial shortlist would prove a turning point away from the more innovatory offerings of past years. Nevertheless, the clear favourite—the bookmakers put it as an odds-on winner at two-to-one—was The Blind Assassin by Atwood, the doyenne of Canadian fiction. A structurally baroque account of an elderly woman looking back on her life and her relationship with a long-dead novelist sister, the book welded together themes of rivalry, female fulfillment, politics, and history. Ishiguro’s When We Were Orphans—a detective story set in 1930s England, where the sleuth investigated the disappearance of his own parents—was the second odds-on favourite. Critics found in these pages the assurance displayed in Ishiguro’s earlier winner, The Remains of the Day (1989). Though the lesser-known works were ranked as outsiders, many fancied The Hiding Place by Trezza Azzopardi. The only debut novel on the shortlist, it was narrated by a gambler’s daughter from the Maltese community living in the Welsh town of Cardiff in the 1960s. Michael Collins, at 36, was the youngest writer represented. His third novel, The Keepers of Truth, was a story about a burnt-out local reporter in the U.S. Midwest. Matthew Kneale’s English Passengers, a historical novel about a 19th-century voyage to Tasmania, was given only a six-to-one chance, while Brian O’Doherty’s The Deposition of Father McGreevy (1999) was judged the least likely to win. The latter was a tale of rural Ireland narrated by a defrocked priest. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano Atwood, who had been short-listed three times earlier (The Handmaid’s Tale [1985], Cat’s Eye [1988], and Alias Grace [1996]), was victorious. Simon Jenkins, the chairman of the judges, declared that the panel had agreed that her book was “far reaching, dramatic and structurally superb,” demonstrating Atwood’s “poet’s eye for both telling detail and psychological truth.” The winner of the Orange Prize for Fiction, awarded annually to a woman novelist, was Linda Grant for her When I Lived in Modern Times. The work told of a Soho hairdresser who travels to 1940s Palestine to become a citizen of the new country of Israel at its formation. Soon after she was announced as the unanimous choice of the judges, she faced accusations of plagiarism. A.J. Sherman claimed that she had overly relied on his academic study Mandate Days (1997) for her period detail and for certain passages. Although Sherman dismissed the allegations, Grant and her publisher, Granta Books, agreed to acknowledge his book in future editions. The world’s richest literary prize, the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, worth £Ir 100,000 (about $120,000), went to Nicola Barker, the 34-year-old author of Wide Open (1998). This novel dealt with a group of mismatched individuals struggling to live on a remote island amid a backdrop of startlingly funny Magic Realism. The judges praised the book’s “razor-sharp comic sensibility and flawless structure.” The Carnegie Medal, a major award for a children’s or young-adult book, went to Aidan Chambers for Postcards from No Man’s Land (1999). Owing to the frank treatment of such themes as adultery, homosexuality, and euthanasia, the choice surprised some. The author, a 65-year-old former monk, defended his outspokenness: “At 15 people . . . are very interested in thinking about important questions for the first time. . . . I refuse to sell young people short by compromising on language or subject matter.” The other children’s author to capture headlines was J.K. Rowling. Her Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth in the blockbuster series, appeared amid a frenzy of advance publicity and anticipation. Its publisher, Bloomsbury, arranged a special tour for Rowling upon a steam-engine train dubbed “Hogwarts Express,” the name of the magic train in the story. Despite her phenomenal commercial success, the author narrowly missed winning the Whitbread Book of the Year Award for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999). The judges were reportedly divided between Rowling and poet Seamus Heaney, whose translation and adaptation of the Old English epic Beowulf (1999) had been rapturously received by the critics. One of the judges, biographer Anthony Holden, commented, “Potter is charming, but I think it’s derivative, traditional and not particularly well-written, and to compare it to Heaney is absurd.” Another judge, writer Robert Harris, countered that it was time to close the gap between the “arbiters of literary taste” and the reading public. After a 5-to-4 vote, the award, worth £21,000 (about $34,000), went to Heaney. Former model Jerry Hall, whose appointment as a judge had been interpreted as a gesture toward acknowledging popular taste, voted with the Heaney faction. Martin Amis (see Biographies) released one of the most discussed nonfiction titles, his long-anticipated memoir, Experience. It was praised as both “entertaining” and “profound.” There were accusations, however, that Amis had affected to be closer than in fact he was to his cousin Lucy Partington, who had been famously kidnapped and murdered in 1973. Nevertheless, the book was deemed a success both as an autobiography and as a depiction of Amis’s close relationship with his late father, novelist Kingsley Amis. Another major autobiography was Max Hastings’s Going to the Wars, a portrait of decades of war reporting in Northern Ireland, Biafra, Indochina, Jordan, and the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Anecdotal rather than analytic, it was praised for casting some fresh light on how modern-day wars had been fought. World War II continued to provide fodder for more scholarly questioning. Eric A. Johnson’s massive Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans (1999) reappraised the extent to which “ordinary Germans” could be held jointly responsible for the genocide of Jews in the Nazi camps. He concluded that most citizens were not as terrorized by the Gestapo as had been assumed and could have known what was really happening to those transported to the camps; on the other hand, he warned that their culpability and lack of moral concern might be found in any society where there was deeply embedded hostility “to those perceived as outsiders.” William Shawcross, meanwhile, questioned whether the United Nations had the ability to prevent such atrocities in the future. His Deliver Us from Evil: Warlords & Peacekeepers in a World of Endless Conflict concluded that the mushrooming of horrific local wars, refugees, and mass killings would be addressed effectively only if the UN’s Charter could be fully realized. History was a recurring theme of the year, dominated by Simon Schama’s epic A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World?: 3000 BC–AD 1603, the first of two volumes accompanying a highly successful BBC documentary series and described as “magnificent” by The Guardian. Philip Wilkinson’s What Did the Romans Do for Us? was published to complement another BBC documentary series and discussed the legacy (including bridges, roads, decorative arts, and cuisine) of the 400-year Roman occupation of Great Britain. Another major best-seller was the paperback edition of The Isles: A History by Norman Davies. It challenged the anglocentricity of other such histories and stressed the importance of the influence of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland on the British Isles as a whole. The Times (London) hailed it as a masterwork, declaring it a “tract for the times.” Also noteworthy was Piers Brendon’s 880-page narrative, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s. Its main theme was the role of propaganda and falsehood in a European society still dominated by class. A refreshing historical analysis came from The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought. Edited by Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield, this collection of scholarly and eloquent essays probed how the ancients viewed and ran their societies and how their ideals of loyalty to the state and security evolved along with their development of differing kinds of constitutions. Among the biographies was a scrupulously researched account by Claire Harman of Fanny Burney, the novelist whom Virginia Woolf once described as the “mother of English fiction.” Burney’s long and illustrious life straddled the 18th and 19th centuries, but her biographer had to sift through a phlethora of rumour and gossip—some of it engendered by Burney herself—in order to present a faithful portrait. Janet Todd in Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life similarly dispensed with myth when she disregarded the heroine worship that had surfaced in hindsight for the author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) and dispassionately conveyed a woman who was far from perfect. Samuel Pepys by Stephen Coote was said to be the first life portrait of the famous Restoration diarist in a generation and depicted Pepys’s relationship with his contemporaries, including architect Christopher Wren. A more unusual offering was Peter Ackroyd’s remarkable London: A Biography; the author explained that the city was for him a “living organism” and thus not a subject of mere history or geography. Among the literary figures who died were Dame Barbara Cartland, the best-selling author of popular romantic fiction, and Penelope Fitzgerald, a novelist of quiet incisiveness who in 1999 had won a PEN award for lifetime achievement. Siobhan Dowd United States. In 2000 it was the year of the great hype about the electronic book, the e-book, or whatever other catchy phrases Internet technologists and their publisher partners used to refer to work that appeared on the Internet rather than in a book-bound format. In addition, such genres as fiction, poetry, and nonfiction became known as electronic “content.” It was the year that novelist Stephen King pulled an old manuscript out of his reject drawer, offered it as a serial on the Internet for a dollar or two per chapter, and drew thousands of subscribers. It was also a year in which some of the finest novelists went on writing well and publishing in the traditional fashion. Philip Roth, for example, brought out The Human Stain—the third volume in his contemporary American trilogy, a bruising, bawdy, and finally rather magisterial novel about identity and race, freedom of thought, and sexual repression—in which his by-now-ubiquitous narrator Nathan Zuckerman tells a story as powerful as anything Roth had ever told. John Updike worked at no less a level of accomplishment, turning out two works of fiction in a year—the ingenious Gertrude and Claudius, a moving retelling of the Hamlet story from the point of view of the troubled Dane’s parents, and the story collection Licks of Love, in which Updike treated the American readership to a novella-length coda about the late Rabbit Angstrom (the protagonist in his tetralogy) and his heirs. Other masters produced new work, some of it flawed, such as Ravelstein, Saul Bellow’s fictional version of the life of teacher and philosopher Allan Bloom; Evan S. Connell’s bloodstained pseudochronicle of the Crusades, Deus Lo Volt!; and E.L. Doctorow’s avowedly modernist but not entirely successful novel City of God. Joyce Carol Oates’s version of the Marilyn Monroe story, a 700-plus-page novel called Blonde, also received mixed reviews. Herbert Gold’s newest San Francisco novel, Daughter Mine, reprised themes of family and paternity and showcased the veteran writer’s skill, in his own seriocomic way. In his novel The Married Man, Edmund White returned to his by-now-familiar material of love and death among the American and European homosexual middle class. Family played a central role in a number of effective works of fiction by younger writers. In Jayne Anne Phillips’s moving MotherKind, a married woman and mother cares for her dying female parent. In What Remains, Nicholas Delbanco turned a fictional memoir into a moving story of trans-Atlantic crosscurrents in a Jewish family based in London. Susan Richards Shreve deployed dark comedy in Plum & Jaggers, in which a group of children, orphaned after a terrorist bombing, turn to theatre for therapy. Though not tragic, a rather bittersweet tone was heard both in Charles Baxter’s novel, The Feast of Love, set in Ann Arbor, Mich., and in Cornelia Nixon’s stories, set mainly in Chicago, that made up the novel Angels Go Naked. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, Michael Chabon’s wonderfully entertaining third novel, recounted the education of a couple of wonder boys in the burgeoning comic-book industry during the early 1940s. A number of other novels had historical themes. In The Heartsong of Charging Elk, James Welch took an obscure historical incident—that of a Sioux warrior who finds himself marooned in Marseille while traveling in France with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show—and turned it into a story with great cumulative power. Josephine Humphreys turned to life among the mixed-blood Native Americans of North Carolina during the Civil War to create a lovely historical texture in the narrative voice of Nowhere Else on Earth. In Harry Gold, Millicent Dillon elaborated on the private life of one of the famous spies for the Soviet Union in the 1950s. In addition to the Updike stories, several fine story collections worth noticing appeared, among them Sherman Alexie’s The Toughest Indian in the World and Alice Elliot Dark’s In the Gloaming. Russell Banks weighed in with his collected stories in The Angel on the Roof. The most promising first volume of stories, Sam the Cat and Other Stories, came from Matthew Klam; many of his stories had first appeared in The New Yorker magazine. It was also an interesting year for first novels. Veteran story writer Molly Giles debuted as a novelist with her biting, ironic fiction in Iron Shoes, the story of a late-blooming California librarian who is both tightly bound to and at odds with her eccentric, ailing mother. Kate Wheeler, a onetime PEN/Faulkner nominee for her first collection of stories, signed in with an impressive first novel, When Mountains Walked, set in contemporary Peru. Porter Shreve carried on the literary efforts of his family into the second generation when he came out with his well-received first book, The Obituary Writer, in which a young staff writer in search of a place in the world of journalism stumbles on some troubling news. Lucinda Rosenfeld’s What She Saw in Roger Mancuso, Günter Hopstock, Jason Barry Gold, Spitty Clark, Jack Geezo, Humphrey Fung, Claude Duvet, Bruce Bledstone, Kevin McFeeley, Arnold Allen, Pablo Miles, Anonymous 1–4, Nobody 5–8, Neil Schmertz, and Bo Pierce—the quirky, erotic, and ultimately quite charming novel about a New Jersey girl’s entry into the world of love, sex, and work—met with mostly favourable reviews. The most successful experiment of the year was Los Angeles writer Mark Z. Danielewski’s horror novel, House of Leaves. Many of the most interesting and appealing works of nonfiction came in the form of autobiography, memoir, and biography. Among the memoirs, magazine editor Dave Eggers’s A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius was the most highly publicized and, for the most part, extremely well received. Leap, an unconventional prose meditation on life and art, came from Terry Tempest Williams. A Life in the Twentieth Century by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., was probably the most interesting of mainstream work. Lauren Slater’s Lying had a certain subversive appeal on the subject of looking back on one’s life. Doris Grumbach took a long view of her literary past in The Pleasure of Their Company, and novelist Larry Woiwode signed in with the first volume of his memoir, What I Think I Did, the title of which was a play on the title of his first novel, What I’m Going to Do, I Think (1969). King, fresh from a roadside accident in which he nearly lost his life, combined autobiography and his thoughts on the making of fiction in On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Poet Maxine Kumin reported about her near-fatal horseback-riding accident in Inside the Halo and Beyond. The late Sylvia Plath was represented by The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath, 1950–1962, edited by Karen V. Kukil. Prizewinning poet C.K. Williams told of family bitterness in his memoir, Misgivings. In Miles and Me, poet Quincy Troupe looked back on his encounters with great jazz musician Miles Davis. Among literary biographies, James Atlas’s Bellow was first among equals, at least as far as the interest it stirred. A mix of straightforward biography and shorthand literary criticism, the book was a warts-and-all account of the life and work of Saul Bellow, the Nobel Prize-winning octogenarian. In light of some of the gossip included about Bellow’s sex life and marital problems, Bellow probably wished that he had never given his consent to the project. Since most of the subjects of David Laskin’s Partisans: Marriage, Politics, and Betrayal Among the New York Intellectuals were dead, they could not feel the uneasiness that Bellow had to be suffering. The New Yorker’s former editor Frances Kiernan released Seeing Mary Plain: A Life of Mary McCarthy, a gathering of mostly oral testimony on the life of the once enormously popular novelist. Journalist Michael Herr was appreciative and affectionate toward Stanley Kubrick in Kubrick, his short tribute to the recently deceased motion picture director. Among other literary memorabilia, Bonnie Kime Scott edited the Selected Letters of Rebecca West, and John F. Callahan and Albert Murray edited Trading Twelves: The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison and Albert Murray. Historian David Levering Lewis published W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963, the second installment of the biography; Lewis had won an array of prizes for the first volume. One of the best-known American socialist organizers in the second half of the 20th century served as the subject of Maurice Isserman’s The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington. American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century was Christine Stansell’s interesting subject. Alice Kaplan produced The Collaborator: The Trial & Execution of Robert Brasillach. It was a grand year for poetry; both the outgoing and incoming U.S. poet laureates brought out new books. Robert Pinsky published Jersey Rain: “It spends itself regardless into the ocean./ It stains and scours and makes things dark or bright:/ Sweat of the moon, a shroud of benediction,/ The chilly liquefaction of day to night,// The Jersey rain, my rain soaks all as one . . . ,” and Stanley Kunitz released The Collected Poems: “Summer is late, my heart,/ Words plucked out of the air/ some forty years ago/ when I was wild with love/ and torn almost in two/ scatter like leaves this night/ of whistling wind and rain./ It is my heart that’s late,/ it is my song that’s flown. . . .” C.K. Williams published Repair (1999), John Ashbery brought out Your Name Here, Yusef Komunyakaa offered Talking Dirty to the Gods, and Jay Wright weighed in with Transfigurations, his collected poems. Among other collections were Stanley Plumly’s Now That My Father Lies Down Beside Me: New & Selected Poems, 1970–2000 and August Kleinzahler’s Live from the Hong Kong Nile Club: Poems, 1975–1990: “Drifting, drifting, a single gull between sky and earth,/ He said of himself, alone at night on the Yangtze,/ Bent grasses and gentle wind./ And asked where his name was/ Among the poets./ No answer, moon’s disk on the great river.” Also emerging on the scene were Charles Wright’s Negative Blue: Selected Later Poems and two volumes by Gjertrud Schnackenberg, Supernatural Love: Poems 1976–1992 and The Throne of Labdacus. Several volumes on Native American themes appeared: William Jay Smith’s The Cherokee Lottery, Sherman Alexie’s One Stick Song, and Adrian C. Louis’s Ancient Acid Flashes Back. A large group of accomplished lyric poets brought out new volumes, including Richard Tillinghast (Six Mile Mountain), Lawrence Raab (The Probable World), MacArthur fellowship winner Anne Carson (Men in the Off Hours), Michael Collier (The Ledge), and Lloyd Schwartz (Cairo Traffic). The literary world mourned the loss of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Gwendolyn Brooks, who died in December. (See Obituaries.) It was a fecund year for unorthodox literary criticism. Novelist Nicholas Delbanco included a novella on themes out of Ernest Hemingway’s life among the essays in his collection, The Lost Suitcase: Reflections on the Literary Life. Joan Acocella created an expanded version in book form of her provocative essay for The New Yorker in Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism. In For Rabbit, with Love and Squalor, novelist Anne Roiphe featured essays on male characters in contemporary American literature, such as Updike’s Rabbit Angstrom and Richard Ford’s Frank Bascombe, with whom she became enamoured, she explained, as she read. Harold Bloom focused on How to Read and Why, and Kumin was reflective in Always Beginning: Essays on a Life in Poetry. In Canon and Creativity: Modern Writing and the Authority of Scripture, Robert Alter looked to the Bible as a template for modern literature. David Rosenberg also looked to Hebraic texts as his focus in Dreams of Being Eaten Alive: The Literary Core of the Kabbalah. Cynthia Ozick took a temperately Old Testament tone in Quarrel & Quandary, a collection of her recent critical essays. Experimental writer Carole Maso encouraged readers and writers to Break Every Rule. A bit more conventional was Updike: America’s Man of Letters, William H. Pritchard’s intelligent critical assessment of John Updike, one of the deans of contemporary literature. Art critic Arthur C. Danto collected his pieces from The Nation magazine in The Madonna of the Future. Eric Bentley’s collection What Is Theatre? (2nd edition) gathered criticism and reviews from 1944 to 1967. Poet Mark Strand joined in with The Weather of Words: Poetic Invention. Michigan poet Thomas Lynch, a mortician by profession, wrote about art and life in Bodies in Motion and at Rest. Short-story writer Jhumpa Lahiri captured two awards, the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and the PEN/Hemingway Award for first fiction. C.K. Williams won the Pulitzer for poetry. Embracing Defeat (1999) by John W. Dower, a study of Japan in the aftermath of World War II, took the general nonfiction Pulitzer. Ha Jin (see Biographies) won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. The PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story went to Ann Beattie and Nathan Englander. Alan Cheuse Canada Ghosts of many kinds enlivened the fictional offerings of 2000. In Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost, it is one of the many victims of Sri Lanka’s interminable guerrilla war whom Anil, a forensic anthropologist, seeks to rescue from anonymity. In Margaret Atwood’s The Blind Assassin, the younger sister, a long-ago suicide, bedevils the elder as the latter spins interlocking anecdotes of deceit and betrayal arising from their love for the same man. In Susan Musgrave’s Cargo of Orchids, a blackly funny and bleakly honest account of one woman’s sojourn to death row, the haunting is by the ghost of what might have been. Spirits of mythic proportions inform Eden Robinson’s first novel, Monkey Beach, about a young native woman grappling with the death of her beloved brother amid the shifting mists of the British Columbia coast. In Steven Heighton’s The Shadow Boxer, the ghosts of the doomed freighter Edmund Fitzgerald serve as companions to a young man seeking to find his own way in a deserted lighthouse on the shore of Lake Superior. The presence hovering over Elizabeth Hay’s A Student of Weather is still alive, but no less potent; in another tale of sibling betrayal, two sisters compete for the same sweet fellow. Flight and denial were also common themes. In Catherine Bush’s The Rules of Engagement, a young woman flees into exile to avoid discovering the outcome of a duel fought over her. In Burridge Unbound by Alan Cumyn, a survivor of terrorism returns to the place of his incarceration, and Fred Stenson’s The Trade encompasses a host of fugitives—from the law, civilization, or themselves—forced to face the cold realities of the northern fur trade. Anita Rau Badami dealt with several levels of denial in The Hero’s Walk, in which an old man, suddenly responsible for his young granddaughter, must face a future foreign to him, his family, and his caste. Mercy Among the Children by David Adams Richards presented the consequences of a pact with God as not entirely unlike those arising from a pact with the devil. Short fiction naturally spawned a number of diverse works. In Carol Shields’s Dressing Up for the Carnival, a high-class midway was full of familiar yet unique people. Luck in all of its manifestations—good, bad, and indifferent—attends an engagingly eclectic assortment of individuals in the late Matt Cohen’s Getting Lucky. In Lynn Coady’s Play the Monster Blind, the cultures of the coasts of Canada were revealed through the idiosyncratic excesses of their inhabitants. Terence Young’s Rhymes with Useless was a mixed bag of ordinary families coping in their separate ways with an extraordinary world. The first collection by Madeline Sonik, Drying the Bones, featured a series of investigations into and beyond the obvious. Though Al Purdy (see Obituaries), one of Canada’s major poets, died in April, his voice lives on in the posthumously published Beyond Remembering: The Collected Poems. Another death, that of Patrick Lane’s mother, informed his latest collection, The Bare Plum of Winter Rain. The death of Charles Lillard, poet and husband, was mourned in Rhonda Batchelor’s Weather Report. Winona Baker expressed the essence of life’s transient seasons through haiku in Even a Stone Breathes. Although death was not ignored, a lighter note was struck in bill bissett’s b leev abul char ak trs. In Ruin & Beauty: New and Selected Poems, Patricia Young explored the necessary contradictions at the heart of life, a concept that also animated A Pair of Scissors, Sharon Thesen’s examination of how opposites work against each other to create something new. For Don McKay in Another Gravity, it was the contrariness of nature and the ambivalence of human nature that formed the dramas of people’s lives. George Bowering, in His Life: A Poem, spins his timeless meditations on the rotations of solstice and equinox. What the Small Day Cannot Hold: Collected Poems 1970–1985 summed up Musgrave’s mordant take on life in the late 20th century. Elizabeth Rhett Woods Other Literature in English In addition to hosting the 2000 Summer Olympic Games, Australia laid claim to English-language writers who accomplished literary feats of Olympic proportion during the year. Leading the way was poet and novelist David Malouf, who released Dream Stuff, a collection of short stories, before taking home the gold twice by winning both the Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the Lannan Prize for fiction. Close behind were Thea Astley, who garnered the Miles Franklin Award for the fourth time (this time for her novel Drylands [1999]), and Lily Brett, whose novel Too Many Men (1999) received the Commonwealth Prize for Best Book in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. Other highlights included works by such well-established authors as Colleen McCullough (Morgan’s Run), Frank Moorhouse (Dark Palace), and poet Les Murray (Conscious and Verbal [1999]), as well as by newcomer Ben Rice with his first novel, Pobby and Dingan. In nearby New Zealand, Kapka Kassabova’s novel Reconnaissance (1999) won the regional Commonwealth Prize for Best First Book, while veteran authors C.K. Stead (Talking About O’Dwyer [1999]) and Fleur Adcock (Poems: 1960–2000) had important new books as well. Michael King published Wrestling with the Angel, his biography on the remarkable life of novelist Janet Frame. Africa offered its usual fare of outstanding works in English, including Chinua Achebe’s Home and Exile, in which he provided a personal account of his intellectual and writing life; it was the Nigerian’s first book in 13 years. Achebe was widely considered the patriarch of the modern African novel. Poet, fiction writer, and critic Tanure Ojaide brought out a selection of poems spanning more than three decades, Invoking the Warrior Spirit (1998), in which the eponymous warrior is the poet himself at battle within his troubled Nigeria. Countryman Funso Aiyejina received the Commonwealth Prize for Best First Book in Africa for his collection The Legend of the Rockhills and Other Stories (1999), and South African J.M. Coetzee continued his commercial and critical success by winning the top Commonwealth Writers Prize for 2000 for Disgrace (1999). Master storyteller André Brink released The Rights of Desire, a fictional meditation on aging and love, loneliness and fulfillment, guilt and innocence, and loss. Also noteworthy was the publication of Yesterday, Tomorrow: Voices from the Somali Diaspora (1999) by the much-heralded Somalian exiled writer Nuruddin Farah, along with outstanding fiction debuts from Ugandan-born Moses Isegawa (Abyssinian Chronicles) and South African-born Sindiwe Magona (Mother to Mother [1998]), both of whom also lived in exile. Drawing on his own experience of exile in Europe and Africa and going home to an emerging democracy still trying to define itself, Mandla Langa of South Africa offered The Memory of Stones, his most ambitious work to date. The memory of Ken Saro-Wiwa of Nigeria was kept alive with the publication of the critical anthology Before I Am Hanged: Ken Saro-Wiwa—Literature, Politics, and Dissent, edited by Onookome Okome. Dambudzo Marechera of Zimbabwe was remembered with the posthumous release of his poetry collection Cemetery of Mind.
Zadie Smith
Ray McAnally won a posthumous BAFTA in 1990 for his role as Paddy Brown in which film, his last, released the previous year?
Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction 2017 | Book Trust Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction 2017 Latest update 'BookTrust no longer runs the Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction ' The Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction will now be managed by the Society of Authors The Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction   the Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction was set up to celebrate excellence, originality and accessibility in writing by women throughout the world. Known from 1996 to 2012 as the Orange Prize for Fiction and in 2013 as the Women's Prize for Fiction, it is the UK's most prestigious annual book award for fiction written by a woman and also provides a range of educational, literacy or research initiatives to support reading and writing. The Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction is awarded annually for the best full novel of the year written by a woman and published in the UK. Any woman writing in English - whatever her nationality, country of residence, age or subject matter - is eligible. The winner receives a cheque for £30,000 and a limited edition bronze figurine known as a 'Bessie', created and donated by the artist Grizel Niven. The 2015 winner, awarded on 3 June at the Royal Festival Hall, London, was Ali Smith for her novel How to be Both (Hamish Hamilton).   The full list of previous winners are: Ali Smith for How to be Both (2015); Eimear McBride for A Girl is a Half-Formed Thing (2014); A.M. Homes for May We Be Forgiven (2013); Madeline Miller for The Song of Achilles (2012);  Téa Obreht for The Tiger's Wife (2011); Barbara Kingsolver for The Lacuna (2010); Marilynne Robinson for Home (2009); Rose Tremain for The Road Home (2008); Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for Half of a Yellow Sun (2007); Zadie Smith for On Beauty (2006);  Lionel Shriver for We Need to Talk About Kevin (2005); Andrea Levy for Small Island (2004); Valerie Martin for Property (2003); Ann Patchett for Bel Canto (2002); Kate Grenville for The Idea of Perfection (2001); Linda Grant for When I Lived in Modern Times (2000); Suzanne Berne for A Crime in the Neighbourhood (1999); Carol Shields for Larry's Party (1998); Anne Michaels for Fugitive Pieces (1997); and Helen Dunmore for A Spell of Winter (1996).
i don't know
What is the hyphenated name of the lemur, Daubentonia madagascariensis, the world’s largest nocturnal primate?
EDGE :: Mammal Species Information Order: Primates Family: Daubentoniidae The aye-aye’s continuously growing incisor teeth led to it being classified as a rodent during part of the 19th century. It was not until around 1850 that the species was widely accepted as a primate. Lemurs belong to the suborder Strepsirhini, which also includes bushbabies, pottos and lorises. These groups are the most basal living primates. Ancestral prosimians, possibly resembling today’s mouse lemurs, are thought to have colonised Madagascar from mainland Africa 50-60 million years ago. In the absence of competition from other non-primate mammals, these species diversified to fill a wide range of unusual ecological niches. There are five distinct families of lemurs: Lemuridae, Indriidae, Megaladapidae, Cheirogaleidae and Daubentoniidae. The aye-aye is the most evolutionarily distinct of all the lemurs, being the only living representative of an entire family of primates (Daubentoniidae). It is so unique that it has proved difficult to determine which other lemurs are its closest relatives, although some researchers have suggested that it is most closely related to the indriids. Remains of a second, extinct species of aye-aye (Daubentonia robusta) are known from a few sites in southern Madagascar. This species is thought to have been up to five times heavier than the living species, and was probably driven to extinction by human activities. Description Head and body length: 360-440 mm Tail length: 500-600 mm Weight: 2-3 kg The highly distinctive aye-aye is the world’s largest nocturnal primate. It has a thick coat of coarse black or brown hair flecked with white from longer guard hairs, and a long bushy tail which more than doubles the length of the body. The species has a number of extreme morphological adaptations to its unusual feeding habits, making it one of the most bizarre-looking animals on the planet. It has huge, leathery bat-like ears and prominent yellowish-orange eyes. The fingers are long and narrow and tipped with curved claw-like nails. The third finger on each hand is skeletal in appearance. It is extremely long and thin, and is primarily used for extracting insect larvae from holes in trees. Ecology A nocturnal species, the aye-aye spends its days sleeping in an elaborate nest of intertwined twigs and dead leaves. These nests can take up to 24 hours to construct, and are often located high up in the crowns of tall trees. As they move from place to place individuals either build new nests or make use of those constructed by other aye-ayes. Male aye-ayes have large overlapping ranges of around 100 to 200 ha, which usually contain several females. The home ranges of females are smaller and do not overlap. Individuals mark their ranges with urine and scent from glands in their necks, cheeks and rumps. Breeding is thought to occur throughout the year, with females advertising their readiness to mate through distinctive calls. They are thought to give birth to a single young every two to three years. Although regarded as a generally solitary species, males and female aye-ayes have been observed foraging together outside of breeding periods. Aye-ayes appear to have evolved to fill the niche occupied by woodpeckers and squirrels in other parts of the world (neither of these occur in Madagascar). They can locate grubs living in cavities under tree-bark by tapping their skeletally thin middle fingers on the branch and listening to the reverberations through the wood. Once a promising cavity has been found the aye-aye cocks forward its large ears and listens for the sound of grubs burrowing beneath the bark. If a grub is heard the aye-aye will rip open the cavity with its teeth and hook out the grub with its middle finger. Aye-ayes also eat fruit, nuts, nectar, seeds and fungi. Their sharp teeth and long middle fingers enable them to extract flesh from hard fruits such as coconuts and ramy nuts (Canarium madagascariensis). Habitat Found in a variety of habitats including primary and secondary rainforest, deciduous forest, dry scrub forest, and cultivated areas. Distribution Endemic to Madagascar, the species was previously believed to be highly restricted and nearly extinct. It is now known to occur at low densities throughout the eastern rainforest belt as well as in the dry forests of the northwest and west of the island. View this species distribution with the Google Earth plug-in Population Estimate The current size of the aye-aye population is unknown. An order of magnitude estimate for the species would be 1,000-10,000 individuals. Status Classified as Endangered (EN A2cd, C2a) on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Threats Habitat loss is the main threat to the continued survival of the aye-aye. The forests in which it lives are being cleared to make way for agriculture and development. Since the species occurs at low densities, large tracts of forest are required to sustain viable populations. The loss of its forest habitat has led the aye-aye to invade plantations and raid crops such as coconuts and lychees, bringing it into conflict with villagers, who often kill it as a crop pest. Local superstitious beliefs have also played a role in the decline of the species. In some areas aye-ayes are thought to embody the ancestral spirits and bring good luck. However, elsewhere they are regarded as harbingers of death and killed upon sight. The species is rarely hunted for food because of its evil reputation. Conservation Underway The species is listed on Appendix I of CITES. It is known to occur in at least 16 protected areas within Madagascar, although many of these reserves require better protection. In 1966 nine aye-ayes were introduced to Nosy Mangabe Special Reserve, an island off the northeast coast of Madagascar, in the hope of establishing a breeding colony to safeguard against extinction on the mainland. Aye-ayes have been bred in captivity at the Duke Primate Center, and the Durrell Wildlife Preservation Trust (Jersey Zoo). There are also breeding pairs at London Zoo, Bristol Zoo, Paris Zoo and Tokyo Zoo. There are currently around 45 aye-ayes in captivity. A European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) was created for the species by Durrell Wildlife in January 2005 to effectively manage the captive population. Conservation Proposed Further surveys are needed to assess the status and distribution of the aye-aye both within and outside of protected areas. Many of these areas are in need of better protection. Further research and monitoring of wild populations is also recommended. Laws against killing aye-ayes need better enforcement, and should be coupled with public awareness campaigns to discourage the killing of aye-ayes. A programme to compensate farmers for damage to crops caused by aye-ayes may also be beneficial. Links
Aye-aye
Who died in the Petersen House at 516 10th Street NW in Washington DC on April 15th 1865?
9 of the World's Most Unusual Animals 9 of the World's Most Unusual Animals 9 of the World's Most Unusual Animals These are animals that you simply have to see to believe! By Jenn Savedge Updated January 24, 2016. You have probably never heard of any of these creatures before, but that doesn't make them any less real. Or any less strange.  The giant coconut crab is the world's largest terrestrial crab. Getty Images 1.  Giant Coconut Crab With a body length around 16 inches and a leg span that averages around three feet, the giant coconut crab has earned the titled of the largest land-based arthropod on the planet.  Unlike most crabs, giant coconut crabs cannot swim and will drown in open water. They are nocturnal creatures that got their name due to their habit of climbing coconut trees to get to the fruit. In addition to coconuts, they will also eat nuts, seeds, and fleshy fruits as well as insects, and small mammals and reptiles. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge The aye-aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis is a lemur, a strepsirrhine primate native to Madagascar that combines rodent -like teeth and a special thin middle finger to fill the same ecological niche as a woodpecker. Danita Delimont/Getty Images 2.  Aye-Aye More formally known as Daubentonia madagascariensis, the aye-aye is a type of lemur found only in Madagascar. It's actually only recently that the aye-aye was even recognized as a lemur. Some ecologists debate that the aye-aye should be classified as a rodent due to its continually growing incisors. Aye-ayes are nocturnal animals that forage with a method similar to that used by woodpeckers. They tap a tree and then listen for insects. Aye-aye will spend roughly 80 percent of their waking hours in search of food. The red-lipped batfish, Ecuador, South America. Reinhard Dirscherl/Getty Images 3.  Red-Lipped Batfish Just one glance will tell you that the red-lipped batfish is one unusual looking animal. But this fish is unique for more than just its appearance. Th red-lipped batfish doesn't swim. Instead, he walks on his pectoral fins on the bottom of the ocean floor .  The Blobfish, Psychrolutes Macricus. NOAA.gov 4.  Blobfish With it's unusual features and sour expression, the blobfish, or Psycholutes Marcidusis, wins the award for the funniest face on a fish. This fish lives in very deep water off the coast of Australia and Tasmania. Their gelatinous mass gives them a density slightly lower than that of water. This lets them "swim" (while really just bobbing around) without expending too much energy.  Blobfish eat any organic matter that swim in their path. The panda ant is not really an ant after all - it's a wasp!. Imgur.com 5.  Panda Ant The panda ant, or Euspinolia militaris, clearly got its name because its markings that resemble that of a panda. But it's actually not an ant but a species of wingless wasp. Found in Chile, panda ants are elusive creatures. The females resemble large hairy ants, but don't be fooled by their cute appearance. Their sting has been known to pack a wallop! Japanese spider crab, the world's largest crustacean. Jeff Rotman/Getty Images 6.  Japanese Spider Crab As its name implies, the Japanese spider crab, or Macrocheira kaempferi, lives in the waters near Japan. It has the largest leg span of any arthropod, reaching around 12 feet in length.  Despite its huge size and intimidating appearance, the Japanese spider crab has been reported to have a gentle disposition. It eats both plants and animals and will even scavenge dead animals if they are available. Even scientists don't know what to make of the umbonia spinosa!. Imgur.com 7.  Umbonia Spinosa If you're not quite sure what to make of the umbonia spinosa, don't worry - you are not alone. Even scientists can't quite figure out what it is.  The best guess is that it is some sort of cicada. Ecologists do know that the umbonia spinosa uses its beak to pierce plant stem and drink their sap.  The pink fairy armadillo can swim the ground like its water. http://imgur.com/a/Jexvo 8.  Pink Fairy Armadillo The teeny-tiny pink fairy armadillo is less than five inches in length. But don't worry about this guy. he can burrow into the ground in seconds, and use his large front claws and torpedo shape to swim through the ground like it's water. Pink fairy armadillos are nocturnal animals that burrow near ant colonies to feed on the ants and ant larvae nearby. The yeti crab gets his name from his white and fluffy appearance. http://imgur.com/a/Jexvo 9.  Yeti Crab The yeti crab, also known as the Kiwaidae, gets his name from his resemblance to the mythical yeti. He is a deep sea dweller that is thought to be blind. 
i don't know
The Russian port of Murmansk lies on Kola Bay, an inlet of which sea?
Russia Prepares for Arctic Terrorism Russia Prepares for Arctic Terrorism By MarEx 2015-12-30 17:55:20 Russian president Vladimir Putin has decided to establish a counter-terrorism center in Murmansk amid fears that terrorism is coming to the Arctic. The Barents Observer reports a government degree stating the center will “organize use of force” and “manage counter-terrorism operations” in Russian territorial waters, the economic zone and on the Russian continental shelf. Similar centers will be built in Kaspiisk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka and Sevastopol, local media reports. Murmansk lies above the Arctic Circle on the shores of Kola Bay, an inlet of the Barents Sea. Russia has been building its military capabilities in the Arctic over the last few years including building and upgrading bases on the New Siberian Islands and Franz Josef Land. Early in 2015, the Russian Armed Forces officially established its new Arctic Brigade, a force partly based on the 80th Independent Motor Rifle Brigade in Alakurtti and the 200th Independent Motor Rifle Brigade in Pechenga, both of them located near the borders of Norway and Finland. The Barents Observer reports that the new unit conducted a major anti-terrorism exercise in October.  Also in October, Russia's defense ministry said it has built a military base in the far northern Arctic where 150 soldiers can live autonomously for up to 18 months.
Barents Sea
Victoria Eugenie the daughter of Princess Beatrice married the King of which European country in 1906?
murmansk : Northern Experiments 25 FACTS ABOUT MURMANSK BuroMoscow 1.Murmansk is the largest city above the Arctic Circle with an average yearly temperature of 0 degrees. Murmansk is the center of the Murmansk region, part of the Northern Economic Zone of Russia. In the north, in the east, and partially in the south, the Region is washed by the waters of the Barents and White Seas. The Murmansk Region borders on Finland and Norway to the east, and on the Republic of Karelia to the south. According to the Russian regional classification, the Kola Peninsula, despite its arctic location, belongs to the "Near North". This is because it is well developed and populated, located relatively close to the country’s industrial centers (1,000 km from St. Petersburg, and 1,600 km from Moscow), and connected to them by rail, road and flight networks. 2.Murmansk is the largest port of the Barents region (14 million tons), 97% of the turnover is export The influence of the North Cape Gulf Stream keeps the port open year-round, even though it lies 124 miles north of the Arctic Circle. Murmansk commercial seaport is the second largest port in Northwest Russia in terms of cargo turnover (after St. Petersburg). The port lies at the Northern Sea Route, which is the shortest sea link between Europe and South-East Asia. The main cargo shipped through Murmansk commercial port is currently coal from Kuzbass. The year-round navigation is supported by the nuclear-powered icebreakers. The railroad, however, has a dead-end 20 kilometers from the port, and many routes to Murmansk are one way only. This means that transport to the port is limited by the current capacity of the railroad link between Murmansk and other parts of Russia. With the development of Murmansk Transport Hub until the year 2010, the port will be capable of handling 28,5 million tons of goods. By the year 2020, 52 million tons of goods can be transported instead of the current 14 million. 3.Murmansk is expected to become the core city of Shtokman gas field development The Shtokman gas and condensate field was discovered in 1988. This field is located in the central part of the Russian sector of the Barents Sea shelf, about 600 km northeast of the city of Murmansk at local sea depths varying from 320 to 340 m. The field’s reserves account for 3.8 trillion m3 of gas and circa 37 million tons of gas condensate. The Shtokman development project envisages producing some 70 billion m3 of natural gas and 0.6 million tons of gas condensate annually, comparable to the annual gas output of Norway, one of the largest European gas suppliers. On February 21, 2008 Gazprom, Total and StatoilHydro signed a Shareholder Agreement establishing Shtokman Development AG as a special purpose company. Gazprom owns 51%, Total 25% and StatoilHydro 24% of the company’s stock. 4.Murmansk is an island of commercial activity flanked by inaccessible areas Established in 1915 at the end of a railroad line to the Kola Peninsula, it is now surrounded by two categories of towns based on their specializations: closed towns with military functions (Zaozersk, Ostrovnoy, Polyarniy, Severomorsk, Snezhnogorsk), and one-company towns such as Kirovsk, Kandalaksha, Nickel, Pechenga, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk and Kovdor. The east part of the Kola Peninsula is almost uninhabited and has neither rail nor motor roads. It is mostly covered by swamp areas and tundra. The only transportation route to rare small settlements is by helicopter and, in some instances, by boat. The west part of the peninsula has some forests and a few motor roads connecting it with Finland and Norway. 5.Murmansk lies between several hills, Kola bay to the west and swamps to the east These geographic conditions limit city spreading. City development happened mainly on flat plateaus to avoid construction difficulties. Left-over hill sites are voids in the city, hardly used as recreational areas. Murmansk has no park. 6.Murmansk inner city rivers are the most polluted areas in Barents region With the growing care for the environment, cleaning the city should become a political tool. Unless the companies exploiting Shtokman field register subsidiaries locally, they will end up paying their taxes in Moscow rather than in the Murmansk region, which would mean locals not benefiting from their presence 7.Only 1% of residential buildings are one-family houses Ecological Footprint analyses show that housing density, distance from the city centre, and the type of housing unit determine the total Footprint of the separate households. Such analyses provide a basis for discussing the different models for sustainable towns. On the one hand, there are those who propose that relatively dense housing patterns, with a low percentage of detached houses, result in lower per-capita consumption. Such compact towns, it is claimed, not only satisfy the principles for energy-saving physical planning, but also generally match up with the demands of sustainable development. On the other hand, there are those who propose a relatively open town structure: green towns, involving the development principle of a potential reduction in the circulation of local resources. The calculations suggest there is a basis for promoting a decentralized concentration as a profitable compromise between the two models. Such an approach involves support for establishing compact "mini-towns". 8.Murmansk is divided into three districts with their own sub-centers The division in 3 parts is a result of the juxtaposition of a linear structure over the hilly landscape. The band–like structure is curving around the hills, forming three districts. The oldest central district Oktyabrsky was built after the WWII in the style of Stalin architecture, Leninsky - Khhruschka’s 5-story buildings were built in 60-ies style and Pervomaysky boasts 9 story-housing from the 70-80ies. 9.The city is defined by two types of territory, fully accessible modernist setup and inaccessible industrial areas The modernist city model has no gradation of public space. Private ownership exists only on the level of housing and parking. 10.Ground floor housing is often abandoned and offers opportunities to extend public space 90% of city buildings are housing blocks with dwellings on the ground floor. As the city shrunk and there was more choice of houses than needed, people started to shift and exchange their ground floor apartments for apartments on higher floors, leaving a visible amount of houses empty. The city should anti-squat them: give them away for private initiative of small users. 11.Murmansk is a generic soviet artificial city with architecture under-challenged in its specific location There has been no considerable building development in the city since the end of the 80-ies. Murmansk doesn’t necessarily need more housing; it needs better and larger housing. There is a need for sustainable northern shelter that can provide the necessary level of comfort and feeling of ownership. 12.Murmansk prefab housing has limited life span Khruchevs 637 5-story housing blocks have reached their time limit and have to be replaced now. The majority of Murmansk housing was built in the1970’s-1980’s in prefab panel construction. This type of building has a life span of 100 years. 13.Murmansk is a city on the water with no access to the water Water always fascinates man. A city on the water is beautiful as long as the water can be used. A house with a view onto and access to the water is a luxury. With so little luxuries available in this severe place, one should create some. Amsterdam and Rotterdam, Hamburg and Barcelona traded off there historical harbors for the more efficient container terminals outside the cities, leaving the waterfront free for building development, creating new city centers. The project is usually divided between different developers responsible for sanitation of the ground. The same model could be applicable to Murmansk. 14.Murmansk is a linear city The ideal linear city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors. Generally, the city would run parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind would blow from the residential areas to the industrial strip. The sectors of a linear city would be: 1.a purely segregated zone for railway lines 2.a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational institutions 3.a green belt or buffer zone with major highway, 4.a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a "children's band" 5.a park zone 6.an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (sovkhozy in the Soviet Union). 15.‘Garage towns’ occupy major parts of the city Murmansk has more garages per capita then any other city in Russia. If put together they would occupy the whole Oktyabrsky district. 16.Murmansk is a city of heroes Murmansk military glory of the past wars is the main theme strongly represented in city’s iconography. The image of the city is tough; it is heroic, severe, hard-working, uncompromised. 17.Murmansk is a shrinking city with great expectations The biggest city north of the Arctic Circle in the late 1980s with a population of more than 450,000, Murmansk experienced major exodus after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The drop to 313,300 in 2008 comes after a year of lower birth rates and higher death rates. In addition to the negative natural population growth came a net exodus of 2100 people. With the Shtokman development 50 000 are expected to arrive, which will reach the level of 1978. 18.Murmansk is a city of constant migration In Soviet times Northern cities attracted workers with up to 100% higher salaries, longer and fully paid holidays at the Black sea, earlier retirement, special food and clothing supplies. One had to sign up for at least 5 years in Murmansk. Not much of these policies are left, yet Murmansk remains a temporary home for most of its inhabitants. 19.Murmansk is not specialized – neither a port nor a bureaucratic center The city is big enough to not be one-sided. It has a healthy variety of places of labor. The elderly population, though, is increasing dramatically. 20.Murmansk offers extreme sports and leisure activity Snow boarding, kite boarding, diving, paragliding, off road driving, snow safari, skiing, yachting, Kola salmon fishing, wild bear hunting, not to mention icebreakers, nuclear waste and post communist atmosphere. 21.Murmansk sees daylight only 300 days a year, out of which 14 with sunshine The polar night (i.e. when the sun doesn’t show at all even during daytime) begins on 22 November and ends on 15 January. The polar day period begins on 18 May and ends on 24 June. The period when heating of houses is required is ten months per year. The first ray of sunlight in January is largely celebrated by everyone singing the song “The ray of golden sun” that was sung by Muslim Magomaev in the 70-ies cartoon. 22.Murmansk has piercing south/north winds with a decrease of comfort temperature up to 20 degrees In April 2008 the first windmill was plugged into the Kola electric grid. The Dutch company Wind Life Arctic plans to build a 200-megawatt wind park in the near future. One should find more alternatives to prevent the planned extension of the Kola Nuclear Power plant with two new nuclear reactors 23.Murmansk has 131 days of rain, 168 days of snow - more days of precipitation than any city in Europe The weather in Murmansk is formed by cyclones and anticyclones from the Barents Sea and the Golf stream. In Murmansk they say: June – no summer yet, July – no summer already. In the Russian Federation, 92 locations are dryer, 46 are wetter. Globally, 871 locations are dryer, 3341 are wetter. 24.One can see polar light in Murmansk 26 days a year There seems to be an important trend in tourism towards weather phenomena, and the northern lights have become of great interest to tourists. It is a bit like a safari, in that one cannot guarantee seeing the northern lights. Murmansk is one of the best places to see them, along with Greenland, Bear Lake, Alaska, Fairbanks and Iceland. 25.Murmansk has been ranked the third best medium sized city in Russia This research of “The Institute of City Economics” compared the numbers that describe the level of services, such as the number of kindergartens, schools, shops and hospitals per capita and the average salary and housing Buromoscow is an architectural firm specialized in architecture, urbanism and research based in Moscow, Russia. Buromoscow has introduced an analytical and conceptual approach to design tasks not common yet to the Russian building market. In the past years the office has realized several social housing projects with the focus on improving prefabricated panel construction systems. The office is investigating alternative urban typologies in the framework of the changing soviet city. Due to the tremendous building volume in Russia the office production cover a range of projects from XS to XXL. Recently Buromoscow opened its dependence office Buroberlin in Berlin. Team: Olga Aleksakova, Julia Bourdova, Andreas Huhn, Igor Aparyn, Bastian Henning, Lidiya Koloyarskaya, Natalia Remizova, Natalia Suhova, Olga Vlasenko, Dimitrij Zadorin
i don't know
What is the two-letter postcode for addresses in Birkenhead and Wallasey?
Map of CH44 4AZ postcode Map of CH44 4AZ postcode Local places Loading... Note, all information provided above comes directly from Google Maps. If you would like anything removed, contact them. This will also remove the data from Google websites. Nearest station:
CH
‘Seventy-Six Trombones’ is a song from which Meredith Wilson musical?
Wirral Postcode Wirral Postcode Wirral is a post town. The Wirral postcode town comprises the following postcode district(s): The Wirral postcode town is within the Chester postcode area (also known as the CH postcode area ). The postcodes of the other post towns within the Chester postcode area are as follows:
i don't know
Who plays Yorick in the 1996 film version of ‘Hamlet’, played in flashback?
Film Review: Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet | Kirkville Film Review: Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet Buy from Amazon.com , Amazon UK , iTunes Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet is not only the longest version (just under four hours, not counting the credits), but also the most sumptuous version of Shakespeare’s great revenge tragedy on film. With exterior shots of Blenheim Palace, in Woodstock, England, and interiors designed to reflect the English baroque style of that massive country house, Branagh’s Hamlet shows the king and prince of Denmark in an opulent, luxurious setting. This Hamlet pulls out all the stops. Not only is the setting lavish, but the cast is full of recognizable names. In addition to Derek Jacobi as Claudius (Jacobi notably played Hamlet in the BBC’s television version of the play, filmed in 1980), this film features Julie Christie as Gertrude, Kate Winslet as Ophelia, Michael Maloney as Laertes, Richard Briers as Polonius, and Nicholas Farrell as Horatio. The cast also includes such well-known actors as Robin Williams, Gérard Depardieu, Jack Lemmon, Billy Crystal, Rufus Sewell, Charlton Heston, Richard Attenborough, Judi Dench, John Gielgud and Ken Dodd. So, with big names and a big set, does this Hamlet work? First, you need to settle down for the long haul. At just under four hours, this is a long film. There is an intermission (at around 2:38), so if you can’t plan to see the entire film in one sitting, you can split it at that point. Branagh based this film on a conflated version of the Hamlet text. (There is a book version of the Hamlet Screenplay – Amazon.com , Amazon UK – though this has no notes on the text. The best standard version is probably the Arden Shakespeare edition ( Amazon.com , Amazon UK .) There are three main texts of Hamlet, the First Quarto of 1603, the Second Quarto of 1604, and the First Folio of 1623. There are a number of differences among the texts, and each one contains some lines that are not in the others. Branagh used all of the texts, rather than editing a specific version. Branagh plays Hamlet splendidly, using the character’s feigned (or real?) madness as a prop, and leveraging the luxurious sets and excellent actors. While there are some areas where you could call this film bombastic, it never quite goes over the top. Branagh is, at times, very moving (the graveyard scene), and a bit excessive (the play-within-the-play), but the overall impression is that of a character fully in control of his destiny, with no other option but to head toward his tragic end. The cast is generally magnificent. Derek Jacobi is brilliant as Claudius, and Julie Christie is excellent as Gertrude, especially in the cabinet scene where she see’s Hamlet’s madness up close. Kate Winslet is sublime as Ophelia, and some of the smaller roles feature fine actors, such as Charlton Heston, Richard Attenborough, Judi Dench, and John Gielgud. One element that Branagh introduces that is not in the play is flashbacks. He shows Hamlet making love to Ophelia; Claudius killing King Hamlet; Yorick playing with young Hamlet; and a number of flashbacks and flash-presents of Fortinbras, particularly as his army is preparing to storm the castle. This makes the film much more cinematic, though it does alter the story a great deal. When reading the play, or seeing it on stage, it’s clear that Hamlet is in love with Ophelia, but showing sexual relations lifts the veil on any ambiguity about their relationship, which isn’t spelled out in the play. On the other hand, showing Claudius poisoning King Hamlet is simply an illustration of what the reader or spectator knows has happened, and serves as a counterpoint for the dumb show that precedes the play-within-the-play. Some elements of the play are a bit excessive. Kate Winslet, as Ophelia, seen in a straitjacket and padded room, seems to be a bit too much. Billy Crystal’s New York accent – he’s one of the gravediggers – is out of place. And the final sword fight almost jumps the shark, as Branagh kills Claudius by throwing his sword, then swings from a chandelier. But none of this detracts much from the overall impression one gets watching this version of Hamlet. This large-scale approach makes the story much bigger, and instead of the king and queen being the rulers of a handful of people (as is the case on stage), we see them in a more realistic environment. There are many ways to direct Hamlet, and this, a Hamlet of extremes, is the best example of one approach. You may prefer others; there are several on film. But if you like Hamlet, you probably won’t be disappointed by this version. Related Posts:
Ken Dodd
In Greek myth who was the father of Hector?
Film Review: Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet | Kirkville Film Review: Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet Buy from Amazon.com , Amazon UK , iTunes Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet is not only the longest version (just under four hours, not counting the credits), but also the most sumptuous version of Shakespeare’s great revenge tragedy on film. With exterior shots of Blenheim Palace, in Woodstock, England, and interiors designed to reflect the English baroque style of that massive country house, Branagh’s Hamlet shows the king and prince of Denmark in an opulent, luxurious setting. This Hamlet pulls out all the stops. Not only is the setting lavish, but the cast is full of recognizable names. In addition to Derek Jacobi as Claudius (Jacobi notably played Hamlet in the BBC’s television version of the play, filmed in 1980), this film features Julie Christie as Gertrude, Kate Winslet as Ophelia, Michael Maloney as Laertes, Richard Briers as Polonius, and Nicholas Farrell as Horatio. The cast also includes such well-known actors as Robin Williams, Gérard Depardieu, Jack Lemmon, Billy Crystal, Rufus Sewell, Charlton Heston, Richard Attenborough, Judi Dench, John Gielgud and Ken Dodd. So, with big names and a big set, does this Hamlet work? First, you need to settle down for the long haul. At just under four hours, this is a long film. There is an intermission (at around 2:38), so if you can’t plan to see the entire film in one sitting, you can split it at that point. Branagh based this film on a conflated version of the Hamlet text. (There is a book version of the Hamlet Screenplay – Amazon.com , Amazon UK – though this has no notes on the text. The best standard version is probably the Arden Shakespeare edition ( Amazon.com , Amazon UK .) There are three main texts of Hamlet, the First Quarto of 1603, the Second Quarto of 1604, and the First Folio of 1623. There are a number of differences among the texts, and each one contains some lines that are not in the others. Branagh used all of the texts, rather than editing a specific version. Branagh plays Hamlet splendidly, using the character’s feigned (or real?) madness as a prop, and leveraging the luxurious sets and excellent actors. While there are some areas where you could call this film bombastic, it never quite goes over the top. Branagh is, at times, very moving (the graveyard scene), and a bit excessive (the play-within-the-play), but the overall impression is that of a character fully in control of his destiny, with no other option but to head toward his tragic end. The cast is generally magnificent. Derek Jacobi is brilliant as Claudius, and Julie Christie is excellent as Gertrude, especially in the cabinet scene where she see’s Hamlet’s madness up close. Kate Winslet is sublime as Ophelia, and some of the smaller roles feature fine actors, such as Charlton Heston, Richard Attenborough, Judi Dench, and John Gielgud. One element that Branagh introduces that is not in the play is flashbacks. He shows Hamlet making love to Ophelia; Claudius killing King Hamlet; Yorick playing with young Hamlet; and a number of flashbacks and flash-presents of Fortinbras, particularly as his army is preparing to storm the castle. This makes the film much more cinematic, though it does alter the story a great deal. When reading the play, or seeing it on stage, it’s clear that Hamlet is in love with Ophelia, but showing sexual relations lifts the veil on any ambiguity about their relationship, which isn’t spelled out in the play. On the other hand, showing Claudius poisoning King Hamlet is simply an illustration of what the reader or spectator knows has happened, and serves as a counterpoint for the dumb show that precedes the play-within-the-play. Some elements of the play are a bit excessive. Kate Winslet, as Ophelia, seen in a straitjacket and padded room, seems to be a bit too much. Billy Crystal’s New York accent – he’s one of the gravediggers – is out of place. And the final sword fight almost jumps the shark, as Branagh kills Claudius by throwing his sword, then swings from a chandelier. But none of this detracts much from the overall impression one gets watching this version of Hamlet. This large-scale approach makes the story much bigger, and instead of the king and queen being the rulers of a handful of people (as is the case on stage), we see them in a more realistic environment. There are many ways to direct Hamlet, and this, a Hamlet of extremes, is the best example of one approach. You may prefer others; there are several on film. But if you like Hamlet, you probably won’t be disappointed by this version. Related Posts:
i don't know
In ‘Absolutely Fabulous’ what is the surname of the character with given names Eurydice Colette Clytemnestra Dido Bathsheba Rabelais Patricia Cocteau, known as Patsy?
Embarrassing First Name - TV Tropes Embarrassing First Name You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share YMMV Everything's gonna be fine, Tits. "It's crazy enough that my parents decided to call me that, but it's even more crazy that some government worker let them make it official... Both groups are at the top of my must-kill list." — Battler Ushiromiya, Umineko: When They Cry Similar to Embarrassing Middle Name and Embarrassing Last Name , this trope covers instances when a character has a first name that they don't like to be called by. Such characters use a variety of tactics to avoid their real first name: Getting a nickname (often one that hints at their embarrassing name). Picking a new first name. Claiming their middle name is their first name. Insisting that everyone call them by their last name . If the first name is just the beginning in terms of embarrassment, then you might want to file the whole thing under Unfortunate Names . A Giver of Lame Names causes this. If people continue to call the character by that first name anyway, it may lead to a Do Not Call Me "Paul" scenario.     open/close all folders      Anime & Manga  Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam has a male lead named Kamille, who naturally hates his feminine-sounding name. He eventually falls in love with a girl named Four, who has similar issues with her name (in her case, because it signifies that she is a number rather than an individual ). It becomes hilarious when you realize there never would have been a Zeta Gundam if he hadn't been named Kamille, and the AEUG probably would have lost or at the very least have a longer and bloodier war. Ranma � actually uses this as a plot point for one character: one Chinese village has a tradition that the person who gives a newborn baby its first bath must be the one to name it. Unfortunately, this gave panty stealing pervert Happosai the chance to name a baby, and since he loves women's garments so much he thought that the perfect name for a little boy would be Pantyhose Taro. Pantyhose Taro hates his name, and is on a constant quest to force Happosai to give him a new one, since Happosai is the only one who can change it. Unfortunately, his own choice of replacement first names aren't much better. For the curious, the other names Pantyhose Taro could have ended up with (Happosai begins trying to list some alternatives in Pantyhose Taro's first story before he finally decides that he just can't think of a better name than "Pantyhose Taro"), include, between the anime and the manga, "Loincloth Shiro", "Underwear Saburo", "Cockroach Goro", "Bellywrap Shishiro", and "Heartburn Rokuro". All of those were shot down, of course, much to Happosai's chagrin, because he spent a lot of time to come up with specifically ridiculous names for Taro. Bear in mind that the two things Happosai did was bathe him in the Jusenkyo Springs and name him, and he finds the name more offensive than the Involuntary Transformation bit (then again, he's well aware it's a Cursed with Awesome situation - he turns into a winged minotaur , which he later gives Combat Tentacles ). For those who wonder why he just doesn't use his first name if it's so awful, that's a case of Dub-Induced Plot Hole . In Japanese, his name is a single word, with Pansuto (pantyhose) being the prefix and taro being the suffix. So, in Japanese, it'd be sort of like "my name's Bob, but call me Ob". Unfortunately, it doesn't translate well into English. The Token Mini-Moe of Flame of Recca was very reluctant in giving her name to the heroes. The reason? Her name is Ganko (Stubborn). Cue much taunting and laughing from The Hero and The Big Guy . In Naru Taru , Shiina Tamai writes her first name in katakana (phoenetic characters) because she hates the kanji used for it, which is read as "empty husk" or "a seed that shall never sprout". It actually becomes a critical plot point near the end of the manga. The male lead of Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan is named Sakura . Poor guy. In Mahou Sensei Negima! , the leader of a group of powerful, dangerous, though punch-clocky bounty hunters calls himself Alexander Zaytsev, also known as the " Twilight Zaytsev ". His real name? Chiko-tan . Fate Averruncus, Arch-Enemy of the lead character, leader of a group of Psycho Ranger rogues and Big Bad of the current arc. His real name is Tertium and he hates being called by it. Hey, let's be fair—anyone who can get away with using the name "Fate" is gonna prefer it to anything else. Bleach : Ichigo. Sure, the kanji reading amounts to "protects one thing" but the name is also homonymous with "strawberry" (and his hair is orange). Even worse, it's also a girl's name. It doesn't help him maintain a badass image. Characters, and even the manga-ka in chapter titles, are not above exploiting this. He's even called "Berry-tan" to his face by Mashiro . Lampshaded when he first meets Ikkaku who takes note of his name because they share "Ichi-" as part of the name, concluding it's an awesome, lucky omen for both of them. Ichigo observes that he's not used to that kind of reaction when admitting what his name is. Run-Run/La-La in Mahoujin Guru Guru is utterly embarrassed by her name, and can get violently angry if people constantly repeat it or, worse, sing it. She will also go do all in her power to prevent people who don't know her name from ever learning it and is annoyed by Nike's persistence in the matter. The main character of the manga Okama Report is named, well, Okama, which more or less means "gay guy." In the Read or Die OVAs, Nancy "Miss Deep" Makuhari is embarassed by her Western first name and prefers to go by her code name. Though she also finds her code name a bit embarrassing as well, as she muses that it sounds like a porn star's name. D.Gray-Man has badass, Jerkass , sword-wielding Mr. Fanservice Kanda Yu. Calling him by his first name will lead to swift annihilation. In the original Japanese version of Dragon Ball (the original), Bulma hesitatingly says her name when Goku asks what it is. This is because she originally thought her name was embarrassing because of what it sounded like (in the manga; in the anime, Goku just though it was a "funny name"). All of this got lost in both the Vancouver dub, and in Funimation's redub. In the original, Bulma is called Buruma, which is a Japanese pronunciation of "bloomers", a type of women's underwear (compare her son Trunks and her father Dr. Briefs ). Then there's Goku's original name, Kakarot, used for his original purpose, when he was sent to Earth to cleanse all life from it. He rejected that name after rejecting his mission, but Vegeta and a few villains still refer to him by that name, even though he'd rather they not. Hanai from Big Windup has "Azusa", which is commonly given to girls, for his first name. He hates it so much that he makes his own mother call him by their family name instead. In Bakugan Dan's last name is "Kuso". "Kuso" essentially means "shit". It's odd since the series is Japanese so it's not a Critical Research Failure , and it's a kid show at that. note Although Japan is very lax with strong interjections and seems to have little, if any concept of "cuss words". You can find various words that translate to "damn" and "shit" used in children's anime quite often. Durarara!! has a running gag of people making fun of Mikado Ryugamine's extremely pretentious name (lit. "The Emperor of Dragon Peak"). At least one person thought it was a really awesome name. Most people, however, (including Mikado himself) want to ask Who Names Their Kid "Dude"? K has Misaki Yata and Saruhiko Fushimi (Saru means "monkey"), who allow each other to use those names, and very few others... of course, once they become enemies , they use the names to taunt each other, though it maintains an air of intimacy and a suggestion that they will someday get back together. Juliet Nao Zhang of Mai-Otome strongly dislikes her first name, and everyone except Shiho (who strongly dislikes her) and some of her gang members call her "Nao". Gou Matsuoka from Free! is considered to be referred to by her first name due to having a boy's name . She wants to be called Kou, as it sounds more feminine, but no one else calls her by that name. Lucy (abbrv.) Yamagami from Servant � Service , hates the fact that her first name is TOO LONG Strangely enough, both of the main characters in part 7 of Jojos Bizarre Adventure : Jonathan Joestar (who changed into Johnny specifically because of the nickname Jo Jo ) and Iulius Caesar Zeppeli (yes, that Julius Caesar). Sapphire from Sound! Euphonium is embarrassed by her name and prefers to be called "Midori". In Aruosumente , Jasmin Fiorella really hates his name, especially his first name, blowing up on Lante every time the latter calles him that — naturally, Lante is not fazed. Oddman 11's Shiraishi is on a Last Name Basis with almost everyone, a fact unknown to the audience and the protagonist until she is called by her actual name on a whim by Fujou . There seems to be nothing wrong with it, but she tends to get violent whenever it's used. Setsu: Shiraishi, is 'Kirara' your first name? It's cute. Shiraishi: Call me that one more time and I'll pierce your hymen with my fist . Umibozu from City Hunter prefers to go by that nickname (meaning sea monster) or his old codename Falcon (mostly used by people connected to his time in the US, including his wife) rather than his real name Hayato Ijuin. That's not because Hayato is a strange name, but because it's utterly normal-and so completely embarrassing for a gigantic Professional Killer whose strong points are demolitions and enough strength to do Guns Akimbo with a machine gun and a bazooka.     Comedy  "Melvin" was an inherently funny name used quite a bit by the comedy duo Martin and Lewis , and was Lewis' character's name in the film Sailor Beware. In various old Finnish radio shows hosted by Pertti "Spede" Pasanen, the parrot G. Pula-aho prefers to be called as such. In a later episode, he is forced to reveal his first name to the police: Gunhild (a female name). According to him, a baby parrot is so small that even with a magnifying glass you can't tell its gender. Comedian Stephen K. Amos was born in St. Stephen's Hospital, " so you can imagine how hard my parents worked to come up with my name ". He's not the one with the embarrassing name. That would be his twin sister, Hospital.     Comic Books  In Preacher , Bad Ass Irish vampire Cassidy goes by his last name. His first name: Proinsias (the Irish form of "Francis", but that wouldn't help his image any). "It's... a perfectly respectable Gaelic name... Oh Jaysis, Jesse, don't tell anyone!" Archie Comics : Jughead and Jellybean Jones are named Forsythe and Forsythia respectively. In one story, Jughead goes out of his way to keep Jellybean's name from being revealed to the public via billboard, and both characters have had stories where people who try to call them by their real names ended up with misfortune. Oddly, in Jughead's case, his distaste for his name is partly because any girl who hears it thinks it's suave and romantic and starts chasing him. Even odder, Reggie seems to suffer a string of continuous bad luck whenever he mentions Jellybean's real name, making him warn everybody not to say it, thinking it's a curse. In the first comic Archie insists on being called "Chick" instead of "Archibald" or "Archie". This is never mentioned again. In the Tintin comics, the first name of Captain Haddock is only mentioned once (in the last finished album, no less). The Captain gets momentary amnesia after getting hit on the head, and when told by Tintin that his first name is Archibald he snarks and says that the name is ridiculous. Which might explain why nobody ever calls him by his first name otherwise. Then again, few people get called by their first name in the series, except Tintin, who doesn't seem to have any other name, and minor characters like Igor, Irma, and Allan. Few characters in the Brit series of comics realize that the title character's name is short for Brittany. In Knights of the Dinner Table , Crutch is a tough as nails biker and ex-con. It turns out his given name is Leslie. When Batman foe the Penguin first revealed his full name, he said, "Yes, my name is Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot. And, please, no jokes." Although many would consider his middle name and surname more embarrassing than the first one... Jubilation Lee in X-Men . Her friends call her Jubilee . Deadshot 's first name is Floyd. Even Harley Quinn thinks its weird how the most dangerous marksman in the world is named that. It turns out that Galactus 's first name is Kirby . In Le Scorpion , Hussar's first name is Aristotle. His father thought it would help him become a great philosopher. In The Sandman spinoff mini-series Death: The Time of Your Life, Foxglove's "minder" is Boris, who partly fits the trope of a Scary Black Man . Unfortunately, there are some things you can't hide from Death, so when in the course of a conversation she addresses him by his real name, Endymion, he hastens to point out to everyone present that he really prefers to be called Boris. Quasar 's first name is Wendell, and whilst he doesn't exactly hate it, he was apparently called Elvis (his middle name) in college. Gen13 team member Grunge has the unenviable first name Percival. Naturally, he goes by his middle name, Edmund. Being that this isn't much of an improvement, he prefers the nickname Grunge. Volume 2 of DC Comics 's Star Trek series introduces Federation protocol officer R. J. Blaise, assigned to Kirk to rein him in after a number of high-profile interstellar incidents in quick succession. It's never revealed during her original appearance what "R. J." stands for, though when she whispers it to Uhura while the pair are relaxing on shore leave, it's made clear to be quite embarrassing, with Uhura trying hard not to laugh. It's finally revealed by Kirk (whom she told it to off-camera during a tryst) when she returns a number of years later in a story in Star Trek Special #1: Raspberry Jam. Hilariously, the name was the result of a reader contest run by the series's editors. Spider-Man supporting character Flash Thompson, who has been a big part of the feature from the very first story. Roger Stern eventually revealed that his real first name is Eugene. Sonic's name is a nickname in the Archie Comics' Sonic the Hedgehog continuity. Sonic is embarrassingly referred to by his father as "Maurice". It is quickly revealed to be merely his middle name, implying that Sonic's actual birth name is the unspeakably worse (Ogilvy). In the X-Force sequel mini-series Dead Girl, Dead Girl finally admits to Dr. Strange that she can remember that her first name is "Moonbeam". Apparently her parents must have been hippies.     Comic Strips  The Dog from Footrot Flats has a given name so embarrassing that he refuses to let it ever appear in the comic , and tends to attack anyone who tries to say it. The title character of Frazz is actually Edwin Frasier. Caulfield: Then why do you call yourself "Frazz"? Frazz: Because my first name is Edwin.     Fan Works  In Kira Is Justice , Justin's real name is Justice. Let's say it's both suitable and ironic since he's Kira. In this (pre-Alpha) Homestuck fanfic, Bro's first name turns out to be Calvin, with "Charles" (the name he used in the author's previous Bro fics) being only his middle name. A Harry Potter round-robin story, "The Most Private Journal of Auror Captain Harry James Potter", features a character with the name "Liar Whore Who Sucks Men�s Screaming Souls Out Through Their Penises" — known as Lia for short. Of course, since she's a succubus, her name is more like a job description... at least until she's accidentally bound to Harry. In Haruhi Suzumiya canon, Sasaki's given name is unknown, so when Fujiwara asked her what it was in You Got HaruhiRolled! , the writer decided to give her the name of... Zelda . She's so embarrassed about this that even her mother is on a Last Name Basis with her. In Origins , a Mass Effect / Star Wars /Borderlands/Halo Massive Multiplayer Crossover , a villain is introduced as "The Lady," a mysterious figure who exerts power over Cerberus and other less-than-upright individuals by providing them with advanced technology. This person has immense power, wielding a combination of Siren abilities and the Dark Side of the Force. Her name (in an Aerith and Bob setting)? Sarah. It turns out this has special meaning from her creators, "Selfless Servant of the (Eridian/Forerunner) Mantle", that just happens to translate, but still... Played for Laughs several times, though she accepts it over time and other characters stop teasing her about it. In Prison Island Break , Shadow the Hedgehog 's full name is "Ursula Leslie Robotnik", which is why he insists that everybody call him Shadow, but Sonic occasionally embarrasses him with it. At one point he explains that it means "Oops, we expected a girl." Worth pointing out that Leslie used to be a boy's name. In Nine Lives One Love , the Grand Highblood's real name is Hakuna Makara. This is even lampshaded at one point. You call him by his given name, knowing full well it�ll tick him off. Hakuna hate's his name because it sounds stupid as fuck, and he�s right. The Lightning Man in Calvin and Hobbes: The Series is eventually revealed to have the first name "Percy". The heroes struggle not to laugh when they find out. In the Shaman King Fan Fic Oversoul , Kali's spirit guardian's name is Chikushou. It sounds and is even spelled like a Japanese swear word. As a result, she usually just goes by Chi.     Films — Animation  In Tangled , the thief Flynn Rider's true name is Eugene. He changed his name because he thought it wasn't cool enough and it's implied so people wouldn't realize that he is a bastard . In the film adaptation of Coraline , we have Canon Foreigner Wyborne "Wybie" Lovat. Implied to be the case with Keith in Hoodwinked as it doesn't sound evil enough. Whenever the Big Bad gives orders to his minions, it begins with a lot of tasks for everyone and ends with "Keith...Change that name of yours!".     Films — Live-Action  Bud's real first name in The Abyss is revealed to be Virgil. Hilts, from The Great Escape . Actually, he'd prefer Captain Hilts, but please, just don't call him Virgil. Mervyn, the Sheriff of Rottingham from Robin Hood: Men in Tights . (Apparently this name is only allowed if one is the Governor of the Bank of England). Another character had her name changed TO Latrine before the movie took place. It used to be Shithouse. "It's a good change." The dominatrix from Shortbus is named Jennifer Aniston . Ash from the Evil Dead movies. His real first name is actually Ashley... which is probably why he goes by Ash even as the clueless yuppie from the first movie . In Quantum of Solace , the agent sent to pick up James Bond in Bolivia only gives her name as "Fields," and deflects further questions about it. Given that the credits give her first name as Strawberry , it's hard to blame her. Especially given Bond's love of bad quips . "Bud" White's real name is Wendall in L.A. Confidential . Cobra 's title character is actually named Marion Cobretti. He lampshades it at one point, when he explains "I'd prefer something a little tougher... like Alice." Boss Spearman in Open Range doesn't reveal his actual name, "Bluebonnet," until he thinks he's facing his death. And then of course, there's Michael Bolton, poor put-upon office worker (and not the "no-talent ass clown") from Office Space . "Why should I change my name? He's the one who sucks." In The Wrestler , Randy "The Ram" Robinson hates being called by his real name, Robin Raminski, partly because it's an embarrassing name and partly because he can't give up his wrestling alter-ego. In The Whole Town's Talking , Wilhelmina Clark prefers going by Clark. Stripes : "The name's Francis Soyer, but everybody calls me Psycho. Any of you guys call me Francis, and I'll kill you." Lighten up, Francis. In Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , the lumberjack brothers were all given names from the Bible in alphabetical order. Since there was no "F" name, the sixth brother got stuck with Frankincense. He violently insists on being called Frank. In Ten Inch Hero , Priestly's first name is Boaz and Tish is short for Platisha. None of their friends know this about them because they hate their given names so much. Priestly's boss doesn't even know his first name. Rubber Duck from Convoy reacts with embarrassment when he is addressed to by his whole real name which is Martin Penwald. Roy O'Bannon from Shanghai Noon hides his whole real name, too, which happens to be Wyatt Earp. Judging by Chon Wang's reaction upon this, it is a truly embarrassing name. Indiana Jones series: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade reveals that Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones Jr. was named after his father, but apparently resentful enough of it to go under his dog 's name instead. Mutt Williams from Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull isn't fond of his own name, either - Henry Williams, although originally Henry Walton Jones III. In The Dark Knight Rises , John Blake goes by his middle name. His real first name is Robin. In Lockout , Snow never uses his first name. His old man was a big John Wayne fan, so he named him Marion. "My name is Irwin M. Fletcher . I write a newspaper column under the name of 'Jane Doe.' What the heck, it's better than Irwin." In Beyond The Lights , Kaz'z first name is actullay Kazam. His parents thought it sounded "African or something". In Life of Pi the main character is named 'Piscine' after a French swimming pool. Unfortunately this is pronounced very similarly to the English word 'pissing', as his classmates are quick to point out. He shortens his name to 'Pi' as a result.     Literature  Several protagonists from novels by Robert A. Heinlein . Glory Road has Evelyn Cyril Gordon, who went by E.C., often elided to "Easy", and later by "Scar" after he was injured in the Vietnam War . Which got misheard by his employer, the Empress of the Nine Universes, so he became "Oscar". The Puppet Masters has "Sam", a secret agent who goes through several false identities. Only late in the novel does he go right up to his father and ask, "Dad, why did you name me Elihu?" The Number of the Beast has Dejah Thoris Burroughs, who goes by D.T., or "Deety", and her husband Zebadiah John Carter, who goes by "Zebbie". Both names are a Shout-Out to the John Carter of Mars novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs, heavily lampshaded Tunnel in the Sky has Dr. Jesse Evelyn Ramsbotham, saddled with a complete Gender-Blender Name package of an Embarrassing First Name and an Embarrassing Middle Name . The text speculates he might have been an athlete rather than a scientist had he a pair of masculine names. This is a staple of P. G. Wodehouse 's Jeeves and Wooster books. This is likely due to Pelham Grenville Wodehouse disliking his first two names intensely, hence his use of initials. Jeeves' first name was eventually revealed to be Reginald. This is shocking not because the name doesn't suit him, but because we always assumed Jeeves didn't have a first name. Brinkley/Bingley's tendency to call him "Reggie" made matters even more embarrassing for all concerned. In "Big Money", the rich man's name is T Patterson Frisby. What does the "T" stand for? Torquil. Naturally, he doesn't use it, after all the bullying he got at school. in the Drones Club has a nickname, which makes the most sense for characters like "Tuppy" (Hildebrand) Glossop. In Thank You, Jeeves, "Chuffy" Chuffnell has gone his whole life concealing that his first name is Marmaduke. In one book, Lemuel Gingulphus Trotter goes by his initials, and has refused a knighthood because he could not stand the thought of being "Sir Lemuel". At one point, Bertie and Jeeves unsuccessfully try to blackmail him over this. In his Establishing Character Moment , Psmith tells Mike, "In conversation you may address me as Rupert (though I hope you won't)". This becomes Hilarious in Hindsight when he gets a Sudden Name Change three books later ("Ronald", since Leave it to Psmith was set at Blandings Castle and there was already a character there named Rupert .) In White Plume Mountain by Paul Kidd, the tough-as-nails ranger known only as The Justicar is eventually revealed to have been named Evelyn by his birth parents. Mr. Krupp, aka Captain Underpants , is named Benny. This could be a Shout-Out to Harlan Ellison , who named the horrible, well-hung monkey thing from I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream 'Benny'. You know a guy hates his name when he prefers being known as Captain Underpants... Mr. Krupp is a Hypno Fool . He doesn't know he's a superhero and vice versa. In Little Women , Laurie's actual first name is Theodore. That's not bad in itself, but considering that his friends used to call him "Dora", it's not surprising that he went with a variation of his last name, Lawrence. Good Omens : Pepper's full name is Pippin Galadriel Moonchild , a relic from her mother's hippie phase. Don't call her that, though . Harry Potter 's Nymphadora Tonks, "who prefers to be known by her surname only" ("So would you if your fool of a mother had called you 'Nymphadora'"). While her mother Andromeda presumably uses this first name, and her father calls her "Dora," everyone else uses Tonks. Voldemort's actual name, Tom Marvolo Riddle, also counts as he has a very common first name and dislikes anything that makes him common. Robinette Broadhead is the male protagonist of Frederik Pohl's Heechee Saga . Terry Pratchett likes this trope. Ermintrude from Nation changes her name to "Daphne" at the first possible opportunity. Pratchett also likes inversions, e.g. Agnes in Discworld and Kirsty in the Johnny Maxwell Trilogy , both of whom are disappointed by their very ordinary-sounding names and insist on going by others. Moist von Lipwig . He's learned to live with it, though, and Adora Belle comments that it must be his real name because nobody would choose it for their false name. And his other half, Adora Belle Dearheart. One Man Bucket in Reaper Man . He comes from a tribe where they name you after the first thing your mother sees when you're born, and his full name is One Man Pouring A Bucket Of Water Over Two Dogs. It's his slightly older twin brother you really have to feel sorry for, though. Windle Poons: Don't tell me, "Two Dogs Fighting"? One Man Bucket: Two Dogs Fighting? He'd have given his right arm to be called Two Dogs Fighting . The very end of The Sherwood Ring reveals that Pat Thorn's real first name is one of these — Peaceable, named after his ancestor. The protagonist and titular characters of Percy Jackson and the Olympians attends by Percy, as his first name is Perseus, ironically, named after a demigod that is disliked by his father Poseidon. The 1632 series features three kids whose parents were hippies, and thus are all named after Tolkien characters (Faramir, Gwaihir and Elrond); their father later sobers up a bit and gives them the pseudonyms of Frank, Gerry and Ron so they don't get beaten up at school. The War Against the Chtorr . Colonel Badass Elizabeth Tirelli is always referred to by her nickname Lizard (a pun on 'Liz'), even by her boyfriend. In The Wheel of Time : Tomboy Min Farshaw hates her full name, Elmindreda, which is most notorious as a folklore character who is shallow and flighty — not to mention very, very girly. Another example is Zarine "Faile" Bashere, who hates her first name because to her it's a name for a woman who reclines on cushions while eating grapes. Her chosen name means Falcon. Ty Grady in the Cut & Run series goes by his middle name for the most part, his legal first name being "Beaumont." According to his mother, he developed a fondness for nicknames when he was four because he disliked his own first name so much, even flat out refusing to tell his partner what it was. In Lois McMaster Bujold 's Vorkosigan Saga , Lieutenant Koudelka ("Kou" to his friends) and Miss Droushnakovi ("Drou" to her friends) are embarrassed at their wedding when they have to publically admit to their first names, Clement and Ludmilla. (Drou continues to go by her nickname even though she chooses to take her husband's last name) The title character of Yann Martel's Life of Pi is named Piscine Molitor Patel (after a swimming pool in France that his uncle greatly admires). He shortens this to Pi Patel to escape the inevitable schoolyard taunts about "Piscine" sounding like "pissing." As well as the disembodied spirit Pizpot Gargravarr from The Restaurant at the End of the Universe . Witch Week takes place in a world where witchcraft is a serious crime. Dulcinea Pilgrim is a girl who is named after the most famous witch in history, so it's small wonder she goes by "Nan" and has asked the headmistress of her school to keep her real name a secret. Of course, the headmistress forgets.... As L.A. Confidential says: "They stick you with a name like 'Wendell', you look for an alias." Diana Gabaldon has a few examples: As if "Percy" wasn't silly enough, Lord John's lover/stepbrother in Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade isn't actually named Percival, but Perseverance. In An Echo In The Bone, we meet brothers Herman and Vermin. This trope is speculated upon. A little more excusable given that they are in actuality the sisters Hermione and Ermintrude. And in A Breath Of Snow And Ashes, Roger christens a little girl, who the family name in his honor... Rogerina. In Beyond the Magic Sphere, the main character's name is S.B. Fields. She refuses to tell anyone her real first name, which turns out to be Strawberry. Gratuity "Tip" Tucci in The True Meaning of Smekday . Gratuity's mom wasn't all that bright, and didn't know what the word Gratuity meant. The male lead in David Palmer's Emergence tells the narrator, with a suggestive smirk , "Just call me Adam." She thinks that's pretty cheesy (they're both eleven years old), but doesn't blame him nearly so much after she finds out his parents christened him " Melville Winchester Higginbotham Grosvenor Penobscot-Jones IV ." In Hope Was Here by Joan Bauer, the title character changes her name to Hope at the age of 13. She absolutely hated her original name: Tulip. In The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler by Gene Kemp, Tyke often refers to one teacher using "my real name, the one I hated", without saying what it is. At the very end, we learn it's Theodora . To quote The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , "There was once a boy named Eustace Clarence Scrubb. And he almost deserved it." Doctrine of Labyrinths : Mild-may-your-suffering-be-at-the-hands-of-the-wicked. (His mother got religion.) He goes by Mildmay. He also mentions knowing a prostitute originally named "Fly-from-fornication-and-blasphemy"; apparently, "Butterfly" went over better with her clients. Corbie apparently isn't too happy about having been named "Gartrett," either. One The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency novel mentions, in passing, a former classmate of Mma Makutsi's, whose parents saddled him with a name meaning "Look out, the police have arrived" in Setswana. Apparently, he tried very hard to get people to call him something else... But names, like false allegations, stick, and he had gone through life with this unfortunate burden, reminded of it every time he had to fill out an official form; looking away so that the person examining the form could be given the opportunity to smile, which they all did. In the Inspector Morse detective novels by Colin Dexter, Morse refuses to tell anyone his first name: the closest he comes is when he jokes that it's Inspector. Only in the penultimate book in the series is it revealed that his name is Endeavour. Freakonomics examines the Real Life case study of NYPD officer Loser Lane and (to a lesser extent) his brother Winner . In regards to the former, "Although he never hid his name, people were uncomfortable using it. 'So I have a bunch of names,' he says today, 'from Jimmy to James to whatever they want to call you. But they rarely call you Loser.' Once in a while, he said, 'they throw a French twist on it: � Losier .�' To his cop friends he is known as Lou." For added Irony , his brother Winner is notable for his impressive criminal record. Lucifer C. Dye is the protagonist of The Fools in Town Are on Our Side by Ross Thomas. He would go by his middle name, but that's "Clarence." Nonopherian Fisk from the Knight and Rogue Series , who's so strictly on a last name basis that his Heterosexual Life-Partner has to learn his first name from his sister. Lupe dy Cazaril, the protagonist of The Curse of Chalion . The book has a fantasy setting where naming conventions aren't quite as we know them , but it's clear that "Lupe" is considered embarrassing In-Universe both because the protagonist doesn't use it unless he has to and because of the other characters' reactions when it does come out. It means "wolf" and people used to make fun of him by howling like wolves. In Keys to the Kingdom , the main character's best friends in his new school are called 'Leaf' and 'Branch'. Branch goes by 'Ed' instead. In the YA vampire novel Team Human , the protagonist, Mel, tells us fairly early that her name is not short for Melanie and she's not going to tell us what it is short for, except that it was arrived at in the same spirit of experimentation that saw her brother named "Lancelot". Eventually her best friend gives her a Full Name Ultimatum and reveals it to be Mellifluous. The protagonist from Anna Dressed in Blood is "Theseus Cassio Lowood"—a name that came from his father's love of Greek Mythology and his mother's love of Shakespeare. He insists people call him "Cas". Theodor Fontane's Der Stechlin has two examples. Dubslav von Stechlin, the main character, hates his first name because it is a name atypical of Brandenburg (the province of Prussia in which he lives) and typical of the neighbouring province of Pomerania. Czech supporting character Nils Wrschowitz dislikes his first name partly because it is Northern Germanic and does not fit with his Slavic surname, but more importantly because his father named him after the 19th century Danish composer Nils Gade, whom he, as a very pronounced Wagnerian, has come to detest. Wrschowitz thus went to the effort of earning a doctorate in music so that he could print "Dr. Wrschowitz" on his calling-cards without the embarrassing first name. In the novel he is shown so touchy about his first name that people are advised not to mention anything or anybody Scandinavian in his presence as he will suspect you of obliquely reminding him of his Danish first name! Melvin O'Neal, better known as Boots, from Gordon Korman's Macdonald Hall series. The title character of Horatio Hornblower thinks his first name is pompous and ludicrous, and nicknames just make it worse. He uses simply "H." as a signature on personal correspondence. Security Officer V. Stelmach from Deathstalker. Much speculation on behalf of Captain John Silence and Investigator Frost as to what the V Stands for. Turns out it stands for "Valiant," and he's somewhat ashamed that he hasn't lived up to his name, ending up only a Security Officer (rather like a political officer.) His similarly-named siblings have all made much greater strides towards living up to their names than he has. It's a mild example, but Mr. London from Dinoverse gets annoyed when his students call him Bob. One of his students, upon discovering this, introduces him to people by saying they should call him that. In The Year Of The Rat two of the characters' faithful cows are named no less than Disease and Death, because they took part in a half-ritual carnival involving the banishment of disease and death. Idlewild : Doom the vampire. Aloysius Doom. The Duchess of Abrantès devotes a long paragraph of her Mémoires to saying how she thinks her husband's first name (Andoche, a very rare Burgundian first name) was ridiculous and didn't even rhyme with anything besides brioche. She makes a point of only calling him by his last name afterwards. Stacey of The Baby-Sitters Club doesn't reveal her real first name (Anastasia) to the rest of the club until Book 13. Whenever it's mentioned thereafter, its either because she's in trouble or as a source of hilarity. In Don't Call Me Ishmael! , Ishmael blames his social awkwardness and various misfortunes on his first name, diagnosing himself with �Ishmael Leseur�s Syndrome�. When he gains confidence later in the series his name becomes much less of a problem for him. Case from The Black Company series only goes by his last name, thanks to his mother's penchant for naming all her children after flowers - girls and boys. My name is Case. Philodendron Case. Thanks to my Ma. [...] A girl named Iris or Rose, what the hell, hey? But I got a brother named Violet and another brother named Petunia. What kind of people do that do their kids? In The Hunger Games , while the people themselves don't seem to mind, Katniss notes that a lot of District 1's denizens should be embarrassed by their names, the likes of which include Glimmer, Marvel, Cashmere, and Gloss. This doubles as Hypocritical Humor , given District 12 has some bizarre name, such as Peeta the baker. Pita bread? Then there's the likes of Beetee and Wiress in District 3. Plus a tribute named Woof in Catching Fire. This is the plot of children's book Chrysanthemum. The titular character loved her name until she began school. The other kids began teasing her for having a long name and being named after a flower. Eventually Chrysanthemum learns to like her name again when her teacher reveals her name is "Delphinium" and she wants to name her child "Chrysanthemum" if they're a girl. Jube Stump in the Redwall installment Mattimeo; "Glad you like it. I don't." It's short for Jubilation, his father's response when Jube was born after they already had ten girls. The previous book has Brother Alf becoming Abbot and having to reveal that his full name is Mordalfus. Black Widowers : The solution to "The Fourth Homonym" hinges on the real name of the dying man's eldest son, Frank. His given names are B. Franklin. The Widowers assume that the B stands for Benjamin, until Henry points out that he would no reason to be embarrassed by the name Benjamin, or not to use Ben as a nickname. His father was fascinated by Roman history and his eldest son's first name as actually Brutus. Red, one of the titular protagonists of Hope and Red , was named Rixidenteron by his artistic mother. Years later, making his way as a thief in the slums of Paradise Circle, he sticks to "Red" to hide his privileged background.     Live-Action TV  Our Miss Brooks : Stretch Snodgrass' real name is "Fabian". Angel : Lorne's full name is "Krevlornswath" in his native dimension, and even he isn't too fond of the shortened nickname. (He has green skin, which apparently made some people think of Lorne Greene .) iCarly : "Fredward" Benson. No wonder he goes by "Freddy". Bill McNeal from NewsRadio was actually Evelyn William McNeal. Cheers : Late in the show's run, Vera reveals that Norm's first name is Hillary; not only did the name sound embarrassing, he was named after his grandfather who "once killed a man for laughing at him". (When Cliff asks him if that story about his grandfather is true, Norm replies, "Not exactly � he was a surgeon and he sort of botched an operation." ) Carla's boyfriend Eddie's real name is Guy. Pronounced "Ghee." In one episode Carla's mother insists that Carla follow the family tradition of naming one of her sons after her (Carla's) father with her mother's maiden as the middle name. Problem: Carla's father's name was Benito and her mother's maiden name was Mussolini . In the end her son Gino agrees to change his name legally, while keeping Gino as a nickname. Night Court : In one episode, Dan Fielding reveals that his real name is Reinhold (the creator of the show was Reinhold Weege.) Also, Fielding is actually his middle name; his real last name is Elmore. (The guy who tells everyone this in the episode also mentions that Dan played the accordion as a child. The guy really didn't like him.) When Mac and Quon Li's daughter is born, she wants to name her after the storybook horse Flicka. They make it her middle name after Renee. MacGyver always seemed embarrassed by his first name. Even former lovers only ever called him "MacGyver" (his grandfather called him "bud"). In one of the show's final episodes, his first name was revealed to be "Angus", which isn't really all that embarrassing. His embarrassment was probably based on the name originally scripted for him, which was "Stacey". Seinfeld : Kramer infamously went several seasons before finally revealing his first name was Cosmo. Also, Elaine dates a man who shared his name with serial killer Joel Rifkin. After one too many embarrassing moments, he opts to change it. This leads to his breakup with Elaine as neither likes the other's choices for a new first name. One episode of Kids Incorporated revealed that the character who had previously been known only as "The Kid" was embarrassed by his traditional African first name, Ras'san (Also the actor's first name; with two or three exceptions, every character on the show was The Danza ). After a Very Special Episode taught him not to be ashamed of his heritage, everyone started calling him Ras'san. Right up to the end of the episode, after which it was never mentioned again . The guy left the show shortly afterwards. Fox Mulder of The X-Files once told Scully that he made his parents call him Mulder. Interestingly, his middle name is the perfectly normal William. When his parents actually show up, though, they call him Fox — in fact pretty much everyone but Scully and the Lone Gunmen calls him Fox occasionally, and he never seems to have a problem with it. Doctor McKay of Stargate Atlantis prefers to be addressed by his middle name, Rodney, because his first name is Meredith. Strangely his teammates don't know it; you'd expect that it would've been in his file, unless he had it legally changed. Good luck getting his sister to stop calling him that, though. An Alternate Reality McKay goes a step further and prefers to be called Rod. Then again alternate-McKay is so damn awesome that maybe he goes by Meredith but his reputation precedes him enough for everyone to call him Rod, if you know what I mean. The McKay from the main timeline laments that he could never get anyone to call him "Rod." Jesse's real first name on Full House was Hermes. He had it changed in Kindergarten. In one episode of Married... with Children a male stripper who calls himself Raul admits to Al that his actual name is "Wilbur" when he returns Marcy's wedding ring (after she lost it while tipping him). One of the murder victims in The Conditions of Great Detectives is called Kabuko which means "child of turnip". Inspector Morse 's first name was not revealed for some time on the show, because he was embarrassed about it. Even lovers only called him "Morse". His first name was eventually revealed to be Endeavour. This practice has a history with him: one of his college friends from Oxford reveals that his nickname all through school was "Pagan", because he refused to give his Christian name. Boycie in Only Fools and Horses is actually named Aubrey Boyce. Even his wife calls him Boycie. There's an episode of The Wonder Years in which one of the characters is challenged to find out the name of the school psycho. Eventually he discovers the guy's name is Florence. Hence the craziness. Dr. Cox of Scrubs has the first name Perry. This isn't notable (and probably not said) until you know that he hates apparently 'gay' names like Quinn or, well, Perry. His first name is actually revealed to be Percival, for which Perry is short. Gay Perry? Does that remind anybody of anything? And in the most recent season, Perry's full name is revealed to be Percival Ulysses Cox. Uncle Phil from Mad About You thought he was dying and made the Buchmans promise to name their first son after him. He then revealed that his real first name was "Deuteronomy". He didn't hold them to their promise. When his "dying" proved to be a false alarm, he revealed that his reasoning was sound if a little odd-Deuteronomy is such an unusual name that there would never be any of the confusion in child identification that so plagues the parents who were foolish enough to name their child "Joe". Later they ended up naming their daughter Mabel, which it could be argued was a lateral move at best. Due South 's second Ray goes by his middle name; his name is actually Stanley Kowalski. His father "had a thing for Marlon Brando." The themed naming is exacerbated by an ex-wife named Stella. In one episode of Life Support , the character Penne finally gets her revenge on her parents for giving her an awful name by sending them to Germany and getting them arrested under its strict child-naming legislation. On the show Boy Meets World , Mr. Feeny reveals Cory's real name in the series finale. Mr. Feeny: So, Mr. Matthews... Cory: You think we've known each other long enough for you to call me Cory? Mr. Feeny: I think we've known each other long enough for me to call you Cornelius. Cory: Ssh! Mr. Feeny, come on! Not even Topanga knows that! Another episode showed Feeny knowing the real name of professional wrestler Vader as Leslie (Although it's actually Leon in Real Life ...) Amy Matthews also refers to him as Francis at one point, and he doesn't correct her. And, of course, there's Topanga, who's middle name is so embarrassing she won't reveal it. Myron Lawrence Finkelstein fron Dharma and Greg , who usually goes by his middle name. Adam Klaus in Jonathan Creek turns out to be using a stage name when his older sister Kitty arrives and refers to him exclusively as Chester, not a name with much credibility for a stage illusionist. (Kitty's Scottish accent throws suspicions on Adam's supposed American-ness as well.) Andy (a girl) in Kyle XY , who lets everyone believe that her name is short for Andrea... it's actually short for Andromeda. Lt. Provenza of The Closer has yet to reveal his first name. ("What's your first name?" "Lieutenant.") An affadavit later shows his full name as "Louie M. Provenza." Peter Falk gave the same answer when asked what Columbo's first name was. (A close-up of a badge seen in the second episode reveals it to be "Frank," though this wasn't clear until the show came out on DVD.) Absolutely Fabulous : Eurydice Colette Clytemnestra Dido Bathsheba Rabelais Patricia Cocteau Stone, or "Patsy" for short. In Friends Chandler's first name is considered embarrassing, though not so embarrassing that he doesn't use it. In one episode, they name one of Phoebe's brother's triplets after him: Chandler: So uh, now that little Chandler turned out to be a girl, what are they gonna name her? Phoebe: They're gonna call her Chandler. Chandler: That's kind of a masculine name, don't you think? Phoebe: Works on you. He also has an embarrassing last name: Chandler: From now on, I have no first name. Joey: So - you're just Bing? Chandler: I have no name. Not to mention his middle name . In short, the reason Chandler uses his first name is because it's the least embarrassing of his embarrassing names. Ross: "Chandler Muriel Bing. Boy, your parents never even gave you a chance, did they?" As per the quote at the top of the page, Ross and Rachel discuss the name of their as-of-yet unborn child. They agree beforehand that if the other person doesn't like the name, for whatever reason, they can "veto" the name. The argument goes on for long enough that eventually Phoebe pipes up with "Is it just me, or is 'Vito' starting to sound really good?" On The Pretender , Dark Action Girl Miss Parker once threatened to shoot someone who was about to reveal her first name (hardly an empty threat). Her first name is unknown to this day, though it might be Angel. Get Smart 's Chief unwillingly reveals his first name, Thaddeus, under oath. Also, Hymie the robot. Maxwell Smart: Hymie? Hymie: My father's name was Hymie. On Desperate Housewives , Mike and Susan name their son Maynard, after Mike's deceased grandfather. Susan's not happy about this and would have preferred Connor, afraid for what her poor son will have to suffer through in school. They compromise by calling him MJ (the 'J' standing for "James", the name of Mike's other grandfather). All in the Family - Archie's given name is Archibald Bunker. The Vicar of Dibley Geraldine Granger's actual first name is revealed to be Boadecea, although this is inconsistent with the later revelation that her name is actually Geraldine Julie Andrews Dick Van Dyke Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious Chim Chiminey Chim Chiminey Chim Chim Cher-ee Granger. Doc Cochran from Deadwood has the first name of Amos. He won't allow Merrick to print it in the vaccine announcement. Beulah Lisa Wilkes, Will's once-fiancee on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air . In The Nanny , C.C. Babcock's real name is Chastity Claire. Dr. Leslie Arzt from Lost . Hurley: I think Leslie's a bitchin' name. Power Rangers Ninja Storm has Waldo Brooks — known as "Dustin" to his friends. Cappie from GREEK . We know that his real first name is embarrassing for a long time before we learn what it actually is; eventually it's revealed that his full name is Captain John Paul Jones, thus making Captain his first name. It's hard to tell if the real name of The Kid in the cowboy drama The Young Riders is embarrassing, but we can assume so, given the lengths he goes to to conceal it. After he whispers it to his friend, Teaspoon, who's officiating at his wedding to another of the Riders, Lou (Louise), Teaspoon looks perplexed and aghast before deciding just to go with Kid instead. Must have been bad! Sully in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman goes by his last name all the time. His first name is Byron. Even his dead wife, in her sole appearance in Mike's dream, calls him Sully, although that may be a reflection of how Mike thinks of him. Most of the characters from Are You Being Served? . Mr. Humphries's full name is "Wilberforce Clayborne Humphries". Mr. Harman's first name is "Beverly". Mr. Rumbold's first name is "Cuthbert". Mr. Lucas's first name is "Dick", which everyone else seems to find hysterical. In NCIS , Leroy Jethro Gibbs. JAG : Harmon Rabb, known as Harm to his friends. Also Albert Jethro Chegwidden. In Doctor Who , Dorothy Gale McShane prefers going by 'Ace,' possibly because she doesn't think an Action Girl should be called Dorothy. Firefly has fearless transport pilot Hoban. Hoban Washburne, that is, better known as "Wash". As he explains in the Serenity novelization, "Why would anyone call themselves Hoban?" The trope is notably averted by Jayne, who seems manly enough to pull off a name that sounds exactly like "Jane." River: Jayne is a girl's name. Jayne: Well, Jayne ain't a girl! If she starts in on that girl's name thing, I'll show her good and all I got man parts. Simon: I'm trying to think of a way for you to be cruder. I just... It's not coming. William Andrew Phillip Bodie, in The Professionals only ever went by the name "Bodie". In Mr. Belvedere , the title character's first name is Lynn. In A Touch of Frost , Detective Inspector Frost is known to all and sundry by the obvious nickname of Jack, despite his real name being the normal-sounding William. He prefers it that way. Glee : "And then I thought of the best baby name ever: Drizzle. " Jackie Daniels was also in the running. To be clear, they don't actually end up naming the baby Drizzle; they name her Beth. Later on in the series, Quinn's first name is revealed to be Lucy. Baby Sinclair of Dinosaurs is named 'Ah Ah I'm Dying You Idiot' by the Great Elder just before he drops dead. The new Elder decides that 'Baby' is a much better name. In the Korean drama series My Lovely Sam-soon , a major part of the series is devoted to Kim Sam-soon's embarrassment about the name "Sam-soon", which roughly means "Third daughter". Sam-soon isn't weird because of its meaning. In Korean the meaning of a name doesn't really matter in Korean. Any name with either 'Sam' or 'Soon,' is considered either embarrassing or old-fashion. Samsoon can also mean 'thirty years,' and the character Kim Samsoon is thirty years old. Samantha Spade acknowledged in Without a Trace that her mother named her after the Maltese Falcon character. CSI D.B. Russell-one word: Diebenkorn. Punky Brewster 's actual first name was Penelope. When the baliff in the debut story arc "Punky Gets A Home" announces it in a custody trial, she interrupts and insists on being announced as Punky. From Teen Wolf , we don't actually know Stiles' real first name, but his lacrosse coach knows, and he's sure that it constitutes child abuse. ('Stiles' derives from his last name, Stilinski.) Leonard Hofstadter from The Big Bang Theory once revealed he hates his first name, because the last syllable sounds like "nerd" . To make things worse, his middle name is Leakey (after Louis Leakey, the famous anthropologist his father used to work with and has nothing to do with his history of bed-wetting). Also, Sheldon's father apparently thought this about Sheldon. Sheldon (re-telling a fight between his parents): "Stop yelling! You're making Sheldon cry!" - "I'll tell you what's making Sheldon cry: that I let you name him Sheldon!" Spike in Flashpoint tries to avoid mentioning his real name if he can help it. Though Parker calls him by it when he gets cocky. It's Michelangelo. In Boardwalk Empire , Enoch Thompson is called "Nucky" by everyone. In the first episode, when a woman says that she would like to name her unborn child after him, he responds: "Enoch? You couldn't possibly be that cruel." The Conners' old friend Ziggy on Roseanne was named Norbert. Even worse, his mom used to call him Norby. Rizzoli & Isles : Det. Frost's first name is Barold. He normally goes by Barry. The World Ends with You : "Beat"'s true first name, "Daisukenojo", is so stupid, Neku wasn't even able to recognize it as a name when he first heard it (he thought 777 was cursing at Beat). What's especially painful for him is that it's just a more sucky version of the perfectly nice Japanese name "Daisuke". Had his parents just held back the last two kana, they would have saved him a lot of suffering. Resident Manipulative Bastard Mr. Kitaniji counts as well. His first name is Megumi, which is a unisex name, but it's more typically used as a girl's name than as a boy's. The manga based upon the game goes further, implying that the childhood trauma of being teased for having a girl's name was one of the driving reason behind Kitaniji's ultimate goal. Konishi: "But I thought you hated your name due to getting picked on about it sounding feminine?" Kitaniji: "Konishi! Salt. Wounds. Stop." In Fallout 3 there's an NPC soldier who uses the code name " Captain Gallows ". No one in the Brotherhood of Steel (not even in the Lyon's Pride ) knows his real name , to the point where there's a large betting pool for whoever finds the name . If the player has a high enough speech skill then they can convince him to reveal that his real name is Irving. In Fallout: New Vegas DLC Honest Hearts, if you ask Joshua Graham on the origins of Caesar's Legion he'll mention Caesar's real name: Edward. Nagisa (a male cop) from Battle Arena Toshinden 3 gets teased by Tracy for his girly first name , and he hates it. In Paper Mario , your final partner is a Lakitu who prefers to be called "Spike", but is really named Lakilester. In Tony Hawk's Downhill Jam , slow-witted skating burnout Crash's real name is Gaylord Ootbagh. Ouch. In Sin and Punishment , the main male character is named Saki which is a feminine first name. It doesn't help that his styled hair makes him look like a girl . The main protagonist of Tales of Vesperia is named Yuri Lowell. Yes, it's a Russian name (roughly the equivalent of "George"), but still... Many gamers and anime fans are probably familiar with Yuri Lowenthal, and if not that, then Yuri from Dirty Pair would also have desensitized them to the name. And for a certain group, there's Yuri Hyuga . His mother was passing as Russian. The Final Boss of the SNK crossover fighting game Neo Geo Battle Coliseum is named Goodman. Yes, Goodman. Doesn't that just strike fear into the hearts of men? The male lead is named Yuki, as well. For the record, that is pretty much exclusively feminine. This is coming from SNK, which named one of the most difficult bosses in video gaming... Geese . After a while, you forget how weird it sounds. Emperor Tachyon, the Big Bad from Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools Of Destruction . Ratchet: Your name is Percival?! While it's never really touched on in either the games or the anime (probably because it wasn't an issue in the original Japanese), the male Magma Admin in Pok�mon Ruby and Sapphire /Emerald has the decidedly feminine name "Tabitha". Similarly, the manga-only Aqua Admin (both Team Magma and Team Aqua have two male admins in the manga as opposed to the one in the games and anime) is named "Amber". Otacon from Metal Gear Solid prefers to be addressed by his nickname, as he claims to dislike his actual name, "Hal". Somehow being named after the supercomputer from 2001: A Space Odyssey is more embarrassing than choosing the abbreviation for " Otaku Convention" as your nickname. Go figure. Ironically, as soon as he becomes romantically attracted to Naomi Hunter in MGS4, he insists that she call him Hal. Which she does. This becomes a huge Tear Jerker when she later dies and then afterwards post-humously leaves an encoded message in which she rather lovingly addresses him and says her final good-byes. Pecker the monkaw from Jak and Daxter . He blames it on the fact that his mother was "very vindictive." You gotta wonder what Pecker did as a baby to make his mother name him that. He probably had a dickish personality Samantha "Sam" Pearce of Backyard Sports hates being called "Samantha." Hisui Hearts of Tales of Hearts , whose name is a girl's in Japanese and translates to the equally feminine "Jade". For some reason, Hisui himself is only called out on this passingly (in a sidequest where the revelation of his name tears down a badass bruiser image he'd built), and his predecessor Jade Curtiss in Tales of the Abyss not at all. The eponymous Hanna of Hanna Is Not a Boy's Name doesn't seem to be embarrassed at all by his name , but the question of why he wouldn't go by his middle name to avoid confusion is answered when his full name is revealed to be Hanna Falk Cross. The protagonist of Nuzlocke Comics simply goes by "Ruby". It's not until he receives a letter in the middle of the Pokémon White playthrough that you learn his first name is Ruberto. In Whats Shakin , the evil fire god's name is Fred. This is lampshaded with the heros saying, "Wow, worst villain name ever!" Anaesthesia "Anna" Grout from Survival of the Fittest . Arguably Dacey Ashcroft , although replace embarrassing with 'too feminine'. V4 character Yelizaveta 'Bounce' Volkova, even though that's just the roughly corresponding Russian name for Elizabeth. Tech Infantry has Andrea Treschi. It's a guy, but he's not too concerned about the name. On the other hand, there's Corporal Tess. Corporal Reichenspurger Tess, whose parents moved from a planet that followed the Asian custom of "family name first" to one that followed the Western custom of "family name last". The bureaucrat processing their paperwork screwed hers up, so she just has everyone call her by her "last" name. The full name of Dr. Poque, the Big Bad of Mega64 , is "Dr. Diarrhea Poque", as revealed at the end of episode 4 of season 2. Derek and Rocko find out much earlier on in the first season's second episode, though the name wasn't actually revealed then. Rocko does comment that it sounds like "some kind of butt disease," however. In Yu-Gi-Oh! The Abridged Series , Yami Bakura's real name is Florence. He hates his name, and it's one reason why he's evil. In one of the Evil Council videos, he has a dream where some of his greatest wishes come true: among them, Florence being voted one of the manliest names ever. (This is the result of ' Ascended Fanon ', as Bakura only mentioned that his parents wanted to call him 'Florence,' but the fans just latched onto it.) Joe Hokage in Naruto: The Abridged Comedy Fandub Spoof Series Show . Ordinary compared to other examples on this page, but he still gets mocked for it ("Joekage"). Chronicle of the Annoying Quest has Voliostromort Guy. He hates his first name, so only goes by his surname. Voliostromort sounds like a great name for a warlock. According to To Boldly Flee , The Cinema Snob 's Embarrassing First Name is Bradakin. This is a portmanteau of Snob's actor's first name, Brad, and Anakin Skywalker , to continue the spoof of the Star Wars movies his character centered on. On the other hand, while everyone else thinks Terl's first name is embarrassing (it's Ferdinand), Terl himself is quite proud of it. According to Atop the Fourth Wall The Movie , 90's Kid's real name is Evelyn . Subverted with 'Doobs', Amir's rival from Jake and Amir . His full name is Penis Anthony Dubligné, but neither he nor Amir see his first name as embarrassing, which baffles Jake. Jake: 'Doobs'? Well, the middle name can be pretty Badass ... On Adventures of the Gummi Bears , the evil Duke Igthorn's secret first name was... Sigmund. Duke Sigi Igthorn. On Drawn Together , Captain Hero's first name is Leslie. Dexter's Laboratory : In the episode "A Boy Named Sue", Mandark revealed that his hippy-dippy parents had named him Susan , much to his humiliation. The title of the episode is itself derived from the song written by Shel Silverstein and sung by Johnny Cash , about a boy who wants to kill his father for naming him Sue. It doesn't help that when Dexter meets Mandark for the first time, he has long hair and wears a girly dress, and Dexter calls him a little girl, despite Mandark's insistence that he is a boy. And when Dexter asks him what his name is and Mandark gives an affirmative answer, Dexter starts laughing at him. This, apparently, is what sets their rivalry into motion. Though his introductory episode had him introduced as Ivan Astronomonov. Recess : Tomboy Spinelli's first name is Ashley. This embarrasses her mainly because her sworn enemies are a gang of girls called "The Ashleys". Other examples include Conrad "Connie" Mundy and Irwin Lawson. Like Spinelli, they also go by a Last Name Basis . Evil, ambitious Mad Scientist and high school principal Cinnamon J. Scudworth in Clone High . Yes, he is the primary antagonist of the series, and, yah, he's male. Drill Sergeant Nasty Emily Dickinson Jones in Duck Dodgers is a subversion; while Dodgers finds it funny, Emily himself insists that the 25th-and-a-half century no longer has gender-specific names and genuinely has no problem with his mother naming him after her favorite poet. While it may have been a reasonable first name when the comic books were first written, the Animated Adaptation of Teen Titans pokes fun at the fact that Beast Boy has the first name... Garfield . In Lilo & Stitch: The Series , it's revealed that Pleakley 's first name is... Wendy. While he insists that it means "powerful warrior" on his planet, it still earns him lots of chuckles, and he refuses to go by it unless he has to. In Phineas and Ferb 's Cliptastic Countdown, we find Major Monogram's first name is Francis, much to the amusement of Dr. Doofenshmirtz (who isn't really one to talk, considering his first name is Heinz). Cartoon or comic, Will Vandom of W.I.T.C.H. can never escape her real name. In the comics , it's "Wilhelmina" and in the first episode of the cartoon, it's revealed to be "Wilma". The comics made a recent example when Will flipped out over her relatives calling her baby brother (named William) "Will"... and then, they all started calling her "Wilhelmina" once they found out her real name, much to her displeasure. Although he had always had it since his first appearance in the games, Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog portrays Miles "Tails" Prower as "hating" his real name. In the episode in question, "Tails' New Home", not only does Sonic threaten to reveal that to everyone if he didn't bail, it also caused Sonic to realize he had been duped by Robotnik. note  Sonic had thought they found Tails' missing parents and returned Tails to them. As he's remininsing, he realizes they called him "Tails", not "Miles". While he never expressed any dislike for his real name, Shaggy from Scooby-Doo almost never went by his real name of Norville Rogers... for some incomprehensible reason. Skunky Beaumont from Doug not only lost his Ghost status after Disney took over, he also got a truly Embarrassing First Name , namely Walter. In fact, most characters in this show should feel more embarrassed about their names than about their skin colors , but probably the only other character to whom this applies would be Skeeter (a.k.a. Mosquito) Valentine. Total Drama World Tour uses this in a Villain Sucks Song : "She steals and lies, and she's evil, bros, and her real name isn't Blaineley! It's Mildred!" In Time Squad , we have Buck Tuddrussel, whose first name is Beauregard, as revealed in "Kubla Khan't". In Tiny Toon Adventures , one of the few sure ways to get a rise out of perpetually cool Babs Bunny is to refer to her as "Barbara-Anne". Rocky and Bullwinkle 's "Fractured Fairy Tales" has a segment about a young girl named Tussinelda Wolfenpinkle, "but she had such lovely gold curls that everybody called her Goldilocks, which was probably just as well." In "Son of Rumpelstiltskin ", the titular character goes through the same motions as his father. The princess admits defeat, but demands to know what his name is before she hands her child over. He realizes he doesn't know, and spends the rest of the short trying to find out. When he discovers his name is "Rumpelstiltskin", he's too embarrassed to go back and claim his prize. Twister from Rocket Power hates it when people call him by his first name, Maurice. Milhouse Van Houten from The Simpsons , named after Richard Milhous Nixon . It was the most unfortunate name Matt Groening could think of for a kid. In the episode where Lisa learns Italian, his middle name is revealed to be Mussolini . The first name of school bully Jimbo Jones from The Simpsons is revealed to be "Corky" in one episode. Another episode has Nelson calling him by the far less embarrassing and more justifiable "James." That Other Wiki and a few other resources, however, show Jimbo's full name as "Conrad James Jones." In the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "Family Appreciation Day", we find that Diamond Tiara's dad is saddled with the name Filthy Rich. He prefers to be called just "Rich", obviously. His grandfather is named Stinking Rich. Binky from Arthur doesn't even remember his name as everyone calls him "Binky". When he learns it is "Shelly" he hates it and spends the episode learning to appreciate it. Curly from Hey Arnold! is Thaddeus Gammelthorpe. Stoked : Reef's real name is Leslie. He's not happy about it. On American Dad! , Snot's real name is Schmueli. Not that Snot is such a good name either. Mike Mazinsky doesn't like to be called "Michelanne". In season 5 of The Venture Bros. , panicky bodyguard Sargeant Hatred reluctantly reveals that his first name is Courtney, thanks to an old-fashioned mother. Despite being an EX-villain, accidentally growing breasts, and being highly emotional, "Hatred" suits him far better.
Rock (geology)
Which of The Canterbury Tales, the first, features cousins Arcite and Palamon and their pursuit of Emily?
Embarrassing Middle Name - TV Tropes Embarrassing Middle Name You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share — Cracked , "The 9 Most Baffling Monuments to Great People" No matter the genre, some characters have a tendency to have one or more middle names they keep a deep, dark secret from everybody. Also can apply when a newlywed woman appends her husband's name to her own, creating a funny combination. Often comes out when a character's mother, wife, or other significant figure launches into a Full Name Ultimatum . It can also be used as a retort to Metaphor is My Middle Name . Similar to, but easier to hide than, the Embarrassing First Name and the Embarrassing Last Name . Could be a component of an Unfortunate Name . See also Tomboyish Name . Once the name is revealed, another character often repeats it immediately after. Usually in a humorously questioning tone. There are examples of this in Real Life — some cultures believe that to publicly reveal the name of their newborn child will curse them (or attract unwanted infernal attention); their solution is to give the child a 'placeholder' name that is purely humorous or inappropriate , and allow them to take their 'real' name when they reach a certain age. It's also common in some cultures for infants to be named in honor of ancestors (typically grandparents) or as part of a multi-generational naming tradition. This can result in embarrassment as names become unfashionable or strongly associated with a certain gender over time (e.g., Meredith, Hilary, Ashley). May also lead to a Who Names Their Kid "Dude"? . Examples:     open/close all folders      Anime & Manga  Mahou Sensei Negima! has the powerful, legendary, Noble Demon vampire Evangeline A. K. McDowell. According to Albireo "Colonel Sanders" Imma, The K stands for Kitty. Of course, it actually stands for Katherine. Yu-Gi-Oh! : Marik Ishtar's middle name, according to The Abridged Series , is Sebastian. It's a title rather than a name, and it only appears in the novels , but Lina Inverse, star of Slayers , has the official Wizard Guild title of "Lina the Pink Sorceress". Seeing as how she's a tomboyish Chaotic Neutral Tsundere , this embarrasses the hell out of her. William B. Baxter, a minor character in Eureka Seven "Don't ask what the "B" stands for; it's an embarrassing name my father came up with when he was drunk."     Comic Books  Iron Man is a bit defensive about his middle name. Computer: Identity confirmed: Anthony Edward Stark. Spider-Man: Anthony Edward Stark? Iron Man: You got a problem with that? Spider-Man: Nosir. In the Archie Comic adaptation of Sonic the Hedgehog , Sonic's middle name is Maurice. His parents call him by that name, but he dislikes it. (His first name is implied to be more embarrassing.) It is. Word of God said that it's "Olgilvie". Don't worry, they've promised that they'll never, ever bring it up. The Flash : Wally West's full name is Wallace Rudolph West. Probably due to the fact that it's his father's first name, and his dad was kind of a dick who cheated on his wife constantly and wasn't terrifically supportive of his son.     Fan Works  Mephisto Marley in Sara's Girl's Foundations . In his archaic pureblooded family, it's tradition that the second child gets the mother's first name as their middle name. Mephisto is the second child. His mother's name is Florence. At one point, Harry calls him "Flo" as revenge for him calling Harry "Wonder Boy" all the time. Maya Fey of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Idiot universe is taunted for her middle name "Gilligan" every time she appears in court. Her responses vary wildly throughout the series dependent on how many burgers she's eaten, or whether her voice actor was a man or a woman that day. Sirius ''Valentine'' Black. Iron Cross recipient Waffen-SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Joachim Wilbur Hoch from the Uplifted series made known in the third story. Three examples in the Hunger Games fanfiction Some Semblance of Meaning : Lark's middle name is revealed to be Asphodel (which his mother apparently thought sounded manly at the time). Vale's middle name is Chastity, while Obsidian's is Agamemnon. (The latter is actually inverted , in that Obsidian doesn't seem to understand why Vale thinks his middle name ought to embarrass him at all. He does find her middle name pretty snicker-worthy, though.)     Film  In the film/play/now a film again The Producers , Adolf Hitler 's middle name is revealed to be Elizabeth. ("Not many people know it, but ze Fuhrer vass descended from a long line of English kveens.") Coincidentally, director and English (drag)queen Roger DeBris in the same movie shares this middle name. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , you learn Dumbledore's full name, all of which are Meaningful Names : Albus ("white") Percival (a knight of the Round Table) Wulfric (a famous healer in the 11th century) Brian ("exalted; high-minded") Dumbledore (Old English for "bumblebee"). In the movie, he proudly rattles off his name until "Brian" comes up, which he mutters, picking up the volume for his surname. Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella does this with the entire royal family, giving them each an embarrassing (or rather, disarmingly prosaic ) antepenultimate name. For example, the crown prince is "Christopher Rupert Windemere Vladimir Carl Alexander Francois Reginald Lancelot Herman Gregory James." Which makes one wonder... who would torture a child with a middle name like Windemere ? His parents have "Sidney" and "Maisie" as their respective embarrassing names. The king actually refers to the queen as "Maisie" when they are alone, despite the fact that it's unusual, likely as a term of endearment. Mel Brooks ' character in High Anxiety is renowned psychologist Dr. Richard H. Thorndyke. The "H" stands for "Harpo." In House Party , Kid asks Sydney what her middle name is. She says it's LaToya, obviously not liking the name much. Kid then says, "'Sydney'... that's a nice name." In Meet the Parents , Pam's middle name is Martha, which was fine until she got engaged to Gaylord Focker. In Alfred Hitchcock 's North By Northwest , Roger Thornhill's middle initial is O, making his initials R.O.T. Doesn't stop him from having his matchbooks monogrammed, though. A subversion, actually, as Roger explains that the O doesn't stand for anything, he just added it so it looked like he had a middle name. In 18 Again!, Jack, who has switched bodies with his 18-year-old grandson David, boasts in a college lecture hall that he knows the true story behind Harry S. Truman claiming to have no real middle name (in reality, Truman's parents chose "S" as his middle initial to please both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The "S" did not stand for anything, a common practice among the Scots-Irish). Jack, who knew Truman personally, says Truman told him the embarrassing truth: that he was named after a Russian uncle, Sergei, but due to anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.A. at the time, he cooked up the "two grandfathers" story on the spot. A different take on this trope is in Edge of Tomorrow . William Cage tells Rita Vrataski her middle name which he got in a past "Groundhog Day" Loop . Rita is a hardcore Action Girl who refuses to connect with anyone because (having been stuck in her own time-loop in the past) she knows the pain of having a friend die on you again and again . She tells Cage he got it wrong, and suggests she told him the wrong name just to shut him up. Later as Rita dies yet again in his arms, she tells Cage her actual middle name is Rose .     Literature  In the Discworld novel Carpe Jugulum , thanks to the naming being performed by a flustered and absent-minded Omnian priest, Magrat's daughter is accidentally named Esmerelda Margaret Note Spelling of Lancre. (Her mother was trying to make sure he said "Margaret" rather than "Magrat".) The same novel had a passing reference to a former ruler of Lancre called King My He's Heavy the First, and a man called James What The Hell's That Cow Doing In Here Poorchick (or Moocow Poorchick to his friends). The culture has a rule that whatever is actually said at the naming ceremony must become their permanent, official name, with no allowance for error or provision to change it. There's also One Man Bucket, or to give him his full name, One Man Throwing A Bucket Of Water Over Two Dogs. His tribe names children after the first thing the mother sees when she looks out of the tent after the birth. Apparently his twin, born a few minutes earlier, 'would have given his right arm to have been called Two Dogs Fighting' (a reference to an ancient American joke.) Also, Miss Dearheart's full name is Adora Belle Dearheart. Really, it's little wonder that her fiance calls her 'Spike'. Lord Peter Wimsey 's middle name is Death, though he doesn't seem particularly embarrassed by it; in Murder Must Advertise, he even uses it as an alias. Death from de'Ath (Ath is a town in Belgium). Not necessarily - it could come from playing Death in nativity plays (like Angel or Life), or an old word for a leatherworker. Incidentally, "Death" is a quite genuine surname, though most people afflicted with it understandably prefer to spell it like the town in Belgium. In the McGurk mystery series by author E. W. Hildick, the character Jack P. McGurk's middle name is outed as being Perseverance . In Stephen King 's The Dark Tower series, Eddie Dean's middle name is Cantor. He asks Jake not to spread it around. In Species Imperative: Survival, the main character typically goes by "Mac". When dealing with an alien species that places honor on long names, she is forced to intro herself fully as "Mackenzie Winifred Elizabeth Wright Connor" — in front of her best friend, who nearly bursts out laughing. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was stuck with a slew of these in the original Oz novels, as he explains to Princess Ozma in this quotation from "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz": "That is true," answered the little Wizard; "therefore it will give me pleasure to explain my connection with your country. In the first place, I must tell you that I was born in Omaha, and my father, who was a politician, named me Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs, Diggs being the last name because he could think of no more to go before it. Taken altogether, it was a dreadfully long name to weigh down a poor innocent child, and one of the hardest lessons I ever learned was to remember my own name. When I grew up I just called myself O. Z., because the other initials were P-I-N-H-E-A-D; and that spelled 'pinhead,' which was a reflection on my intelligence." In the THIRDS Series , the main character is a law enforcement agent called Dexter Justice Daley. Polly in The Old-Girl Network has the middle name Esther, which doesn't sound embarrassing... until you find out that Polly's father gave her that middle name after a hippie friend named his daughter Silke, and you try saying Polly's name fast. Good Omens gave us a young girl named Pippin Galadriel Moonchild , who is perfectly happy to flatten anyone who doesn't call her Pepper. P. G. Wodehouse was very fond of embarrassing names, first, middle, or otherwise. Bertie Wooster's middle name was Wilberforce (his father won money on a horse named Wilberforce), which seemed to cause him varying levels of discomfort depending on his mood. A character called Mr. Trotter avoids knighthood for fear of having his first name, Lemuel exposed to public view. He can't use his middle name either, because it's Gengulphus. Bertie's uncle, Tom Trotter's middle name is Portarlington. The protagonist of The Fools in Town Are On Our Side by Ross Thomas hates his middle name of Clarence. So much that he actually prefers (barely) his first name: Lucifer. In The Sherwood Ring , Peaceable Sherwood. Nymphadora Tonks from the Harry Potter novels doesn't like it when people use her first name, and is thus only called "Tonks". When a fan asked J.K. Rowling why Tonks doesn't use her middle name instead of her first, the author revealed that Tonks' middle name is " Vulpecula ", in keeping with the Black family tradition of naming children after constellations, stars and other heavenly phenomena. Nita Callahan of the Young Wizards series inexplicably hates her middle name, Louise. Carmela, on the other hand, doesn't mind her own middle name ("Emeda") at all, despite the incredibly weird story behind it. In the YA novel Soul Beach by Kate Harrison, the main character's middle name is Florence because her parents conceived her in an Italian hotel on their wedding anniversary. It's not as bad as her older sister's middle name, which is London. It could've been worse, though, because her elder sister's middle name was supposed to be 'Shepherd's Bush', but apparently her "mother knew that would be a step too far." Discussed in Septimus Heap , where Merrin Meredith takes on a pseudonym because he's embarrassed of the "Meredith" part in his name. In Patricia A. McKillip 's "The Kelpie", Emma and Ned, discussing how to know each other better, confide their middle names to each other. Tunnel in the Sky has Dr. Jesse Evelyn Ramsbotham, saddled with a complete Gender-Blender Name package of an Embarrassing First Name and an Embarrassing Middle Name. The text speculates he may have been an athlete rather then a scientist had he a pair of masculine names. It's not presented as being necessarily embarrassing, since she does admit to it without pause, but in The Babysitters Club , Dawn's middle name is Read. Absolutely no explanation for where here parents came up with that one is ever offered. Nelson Demille's Deadpan Snarker cop John Corey is embarrassed by his middle name: Aloysius, insisting that it is, in fact: "Danger." Dian Curtis Regan's My Zombie Valentine has twelve-year-old Joseph "Joey" Milford Ocean as its main character. Joey's younger sister takes great pleasure in reminding him that "Milford" was their grandparent's dog, who died the night Joey was born, a fact which greatly annoys him. Tai Pan : Dirk Struan is deeply unsettled when a man he has never met addresses him by his full name, which he has taken great pains to conceal. Apparently "Lachlan" is just that embarrassing. David Blessing Brown, the dog in Living Alone by Stella Benson Certainly other dogs did not care for him. David said that they had found out that his second name was Blessing, and that they laughed at him for it.     Live Action TV  On The Dick Van Dyke Show , Ritchie's middle name is revealed to be, for convoluted reasons, Rosebud. Technically it was R.O.S.E.B.U.D. for Robert Oscar Sam Edward Benjamin Ulysses David Friends : Chandler's middle name is Muriel. This is revealed after eight years of the show establishing that Chandler suffers from both an Embarrassing First Name and surname . There was a reason he went around telling everyone who asked that the 'M' was a letter that stood for nothing. Ross: "Chandler Muriel Bing. Boy, your parents never even gave you a chance, did they?" Hortense Jefferson Library Bellacourt Space: Above and Beyond : Colonel T.C. McQueen never goes by any other name than "Colonel" or "Sir", to cover up the fact that T.C. stands for Tyrus Cassius. It even becomes a plot point, when the otherwise unflappable Colonel refuses to give his real name to a police interrogator. Phil Miller's middle name on The Last Man on Earth is Tandy. After another Phil Miller arrives, the original Phil has to go by Tandy to distinguish the two. Even after the other Phil dies, Tandy still goes by that name. It's later revealed that the other Phil had a middle name that he kept secret - Stacy.     Newspaper Comics  In Bloom County , Steve Dallas' middle name is revealed to be Milhouse, the same as former president Richard Nixon . However, he was called "Steven R. Dallas" at other points in the strip. The Burkiss Way has a sketch in which Richard Nixon's advisers tell him successful Presidents have silly middle names like "Delano" and "Fitzgerald", so they've invented a computer program designed to give Nixon one too. Unfortunately when they test it on the Vice President it gives him silly first and last names (Spiro Agnew). When it offers suggestions for Nixon's middle name, he picks... Stonehouse (which he doesn't realise is the surname of a disgraced British politician).     Radio  In Hancock's Half Hour we find Anthony Aloysius St. John [pr. Sinjen] Hancock; William Montmorency Beaumont Kerr; and Sidney Balmoral James. All named after their respective actors, but the middle names (except John) are fake. In Hello Cheeky , Barry Cryer explains that his parents had a difference of opinion regarding his middle name, so they wrote their suggestions down and picked it out of a hat. As such, his full name is Barry Seven-And-Three-Eights Cryer. To which John responds by saying that his full name is John "Glug, glug" Junkin. "The vicar fell in the font."     Tabletop Games  Penny Arcade : Jim Darkmagic's middle name is Winifred     Video Games  The full name of the Big Bad of the Crash Bandicoot series is Neo Periwinkle Cortex. A rare case, as he doesn't find it very embarrassing. According to Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Captain Qwark's full name is Copernicus Leslie Qwark. He just uses "Copernicus S. Qwark" in A Crack in Time. Guybrush Threepwood's middle name is stated to be "Ulysses". For obvious reasons, this doesn't bother him. In Sprung, Danny's full name is Danny Leslie Murray, then cue Lucas teasing him about it.     Web Animation  Referenced on Homestar Runner in Marzipan's Answering Machine 15 , where the King of Town accuses Marzipan of letting it leak that his middle name is Wad. Captain Isaiah Jameson Clarabell Puddykins Gunnelsworth III absolutely insists on being addressed only by his rank . Commodore Terrence Bags has a case of really poor initials, but has a similar method of identification. In Space Tree , the Commander is quick to point out that even though his name is spelled Michelle, it's pronounced Michael.     Webcomics  El Goonish Shive has Tedd Drew Verres, (Tedd D. Verres) which isn't all that bad but embarrasses him anyway. The author has noted that a tortured resemblance to "Teddy bears" was completely fortuitous. Note that Tedd has never been called "Teddy" by anyone except Grace, who presumably can get away with it. It's inverted with Tiffany "Susan" Pompoms, where the middle name is the only bit that doesn't completely mortify her. the Narrator of Books Don't Work Here has threatened to make Robin Galling's middle name start with a C, although it hasn't actually happened yet. Dave Prescott Davenport of Narbonic . In the Spinoff Babies strip Li'l Mell, we get another: Melody Wildflower Kelly. Helen's full name is Helen Beta Narbon. This is mostly embarrassing because it's the tipoff that her "mother" is actually the woman she was cloned from. Hanna Is Not a Boy's Name brings us paranormal investigator Hanna Falk Cross. Oddly, he doesn't seem to realize how embarrassing his first name is. In Kagerou , Red's full name is James Valentine Beethovan. Not exactly the kind of middle name most people would want, especially not Red. But I'm a Cat Person stars Sparrow Elbereth Applebaum. Her mother will concede that the middle name is not very Jewish, but insists that her first name is. Torg of Sluggy Freelance has the middle name of "Sluggy". Not much better is Riff's middle name of Tubesox. In Two Guys and Guy , it's revealed that Wayne's full name is "Wayne W. Wayne", because his parents just didn't care. Though he's not keen to admit it, it's implied that the "W." stands for "Wayne" as well.     Web Original  In the Whateley Universe stories, heroine Chaka (Toni Chandler) does the 'my middle name is danger' schtick and then admits that her middle name is Marc. She used to be a boy named Anthony Marc Chandler. On Gravity Falls , according to Word of God , Wendy's middle name is Blerble. On Bob's Burgers , recurring character Logan's middle name is "Barry". Not embarrassing on its own, until you read "Logan Barry Bush" out loud.     Other  There's a popular bit of Les Mis�rables fanon that insists that Inspector Javert's full name is "Shnookums Q. Javert". British comedian Alexei Sayle had a joke that his name in full is Alexei Lenin Molotov Sputnik Grain Harvest Glorious Five Year Plan Sayle. It's not, but his parents really were? According to a contest circa 1998, the middle name of Cracked magazine's mascot Sylvester P. Smythe was "Phooey." Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. For women with embarrassing married names     open/close all folders      Fan Works  Hunted Tribes : After Wolverine Mechwarrior Geoffrey Cale gets his girlfriend Cally Henderson pregnant and announces his intent to marry her, Mechwarrior Cale's CO goes ballistic, asking, among other things, how he is going to deal with giving his wife a pornstar name. Mechwarrior Cale offers to smack his CO around in a Circle of Equals for insulting his fianceé, and says she decided to go by her full name, Calandra, after their wedding, which sounds a lot more classy.     Film  In Meet the Parents , Pamela Martha Byrnes (Teri Polo) marries Greg Focker (Ben Stiller), and her parents realize this would make her Pamela Martha Focker. Also Greg isn't his real name—nor is it even Gregory:, it's Gaylord . Subversion: in Dumb and Dumber , the female lead's first name is Mary, and the male lead's last name is Christmas, but they don't end up getting married. Carry On Cleo - Senna was a nice name, until she married someone called Pod. The Wedding Singer - Drew Barrymore's character, had she gone through with her intended marriage, would've been Julia Guglia (pronounced Goo-lia) during a scene in which she's practicing greeting her wedding guests in front of a mirror, she says the full name aloud and nearly bursts into tears. This is a shout out to Jerry Hall being engaged to Bryan Ferry in the 80s. She didn't go through with it either.     Literature  Again in P. G. Wodehouse , Bertie Wooster is leery of marrying Gertrude Winkworth because then they'd "...be known to all and sundry as 'Bertie and Gertie', like some bad music-hall act." His middle name is Wilberforce, a fact he likes to hush up except in times of crisis.     Live Action TV  Married... with Children had next door neighbor Marcy (post-divorce) get married to Jefferson D'Arcy in an impulsive fit. She spent an episode lamenting the fact that she was now "Marcy D'Arcy." Grey's Anatomy : "Dude. She's Callie O'Malley." Murphy Brown — Corky Sherwood marries into the Forrest family, and hyphenates it to Corky Sherwood-Forrest. In one episode of The West Wing , Sam reveals that before he joined the Bartlet campaign, he was engaged to a woman named Lisa Sherbourne. CJ asks if the reason they didn't get married was because her name would've been Seaborn-Sherbourne. Subverted and lampshaded in The Office (US) . From the beginning of the series to partway into it, Pam is engaged to Roy Anderson. When she eventually breaks up with him, she notes how close she came to becoming Pamela Anderson . Discussed in What I Like About You , as one of Holly's reasons for not being interested in a guy; his last name is "Wood", which would make her married name "Holly Wood". Inverted with Jill Casey in Royal Pains . Her maiden name is McGillicuddy, which she finds embarrassing, so she keeps her ex-husband's last name.     Newspaper Comics  One memorable Garfield strip had Garfield watching a TV show where a woman named Philomena Scott Aphat decides not to marry a man named Thaddeus Ramsbottom, because her name would become "Philomena Scott Aphat Ramsbottom".note "Philomena's got a fat ram's bottom."     Radio  The "New Zealand" episode of British radio series Giles Wemmbley Hogg Goes Off features Giles realising his friend is about to marry into the name Arabella Fonte, as in "daylight come and me wanna go home" .     Webcomics  In Questionable Content , Raven is an inversion and a subversion. Her first name is Blodwyn (her parents are Welsh), which she avoids like the plague , so she uses her middle name instead. The subversion comes into play since she was originally introduced as an emo goth (before she became a Perky Goth ), and Faye makes fun of her for naming herself after "a disease-carrying avian," unaware it is one of her birth names.     Western Animation  The Simpsons — not exactly the same, but Selma has quite a name going at this point: Selma Bouvier Terwilliger Hutz McClure Stu. She cited this as her reason for refusing to marry Apu, saying that the last thing she needed was to add "Nahasapeemapetiwhatever" to the mix. At that point, Selma was only Selma Bouvier Terwilliger Hutz McClure. Selma's current name is... Drum Roll... forgive me, it's probably not in order... Selma (Middle Name) Bouvier Terwilliger Hutz McClure Leonard Hombre Itchy Stu Terwilliger Simpson... thank you, thank you. The Disco Stu Marriage was annulled � therefore no effective marriage took place. Also, Stu´s real surname is ...wait for it...Discotheque. Stuart Discotheque. So, when she was married to him, it went as following: Selma Bouvier Terwilliger Hutz McClure Discotheque. An aversion in Phineas and Ferb . One would think that Charlene Doofenshmirtz would consider her married name embarrassing, but she fully embraces it, going so far as to keep the name even after getting a divorce. In The Mighty B! , Bessie's middle name is Kajolica, which she's kept hidden from the world not because it sounds ridiculous, but because merely saying it causes random acts of chaos to occur . :: Indexes ::
i don't know
Whose oratorio The Creation was composed in the 1790s?
Franz Joseph Haydn | Biography & History | AllMusic google+ Artist Biography by Rovi Staff Franz Joseph Haydn is the composer who, more than any other, epitomizes the aims and achievements of the Classical era. Perhaps his most important achievement was that he developed and evolved in countless subtle ways the most influential structural principle in the history of music: his perfection of the set of expectations known as sonata form made an epochal impact. In hundreds of instrumental sonatas, string quartets, and symphonies, Haydn both broke new ground and provided durable models; indeed, he was among the creators of these fundamental genres of classical music. His influence upon later composers is immeasurable; Haydn 's most illustrious pupil, Beethoven , was the direct beneficiary of the elder master's musical imagination, and Haydn 's shadow lurks within (and sometimes looms over) the music of composers like Schubert , Mendelssohn , and Brahms . Part and parcel of Haydn 's formal mastery was his famous sense of humor, his feeling for the unpredictable, elegant twist. In the Symphony No. 94 ("Surprise") (1791), the composer tweaks those audience members who typically fall asleep during slow movements with the sudden, completely unexpected intrusion of a fortissimo chord during a passage of quietude. Haydn 's pictorial sense is much in evidence works like his epic oratorio The Creation (1796-1798), in which images of the cosmos taking shape are thrillingly, movingly portrayed in tones. By one estimate, Haydn produced some 340 hours of music, more than Bach or Handel , Mozart or Beethoven . Few of them lack some unexpected detail or clever solution to a formal problem. Haydn was prolific not just because he was a tireless worker with an inexhaustible musical imagination, but also because of the circumstances of his musical career: he was the last prominent beneficiary of the system of noble patronage that had nourished European musical composition since the Renaissance. Born in the small Austrian village of Rohrau, he became a choirboy at St. Stephen's cathedral in Vienna when he was eight. After his voice broke and he was turned out of the choir, he eked out a precarious living as a teenage freelance musician in Vienna. His fortunes began to turn in the late 1750s as members of Vienna's noble families became aware of his music, and on May 1, 1761, he went to work for the Esterházy family. He remained in their employ for the next 30 years, writing many of his instrumental compositions and operas for performance at their vast summer palace, Esterháza. Musical creativity may often, it is true, meet a tragic end, but Haydn lived long enough to reap the rewards of his own imagination and toil. The Esterházys curtailed their musical activities in 1790, but by that time Haydn was known all over Europe and widely considered the greatest living composer. (He himself deferred to Mozart in that regard, and the friendly competition between the two composers deepened the music of both.) Two trips to London during the 1790s resulted in two sets of six symphonies each (among them the "Surprise" symphony) that remain centerpieces of the orchestral repertoire. Haydn 's final masterpieces included powerful choral works: the Creation and Seasons oratorios and a group of six masses. Haydn stopped composing in 1803, after which he prefaced his correspondence with a little musical quotation (from one of his part-songs) bearing the text "Gone is all my strength; I am old and weak." He died in Vienna on May 31, 1809.
Joseph Haydn
Where was the ship SS Great Britain from 1886 until 1970, when it was returned to Bristol?
The Creation in English by Joseph Haydn - his masterpiece, performed by the MIT choir [HD] - YouTube The Creation in English by Joseph Haydn - his masterpiece, performed by the MIT choir [HD] Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 2, 2014 The Creation (German: Die Schöpfung) is an oratorio written between 1796 and 1798 by Joseph Haydn (H. 21/2), and considered by many to be his masterpiece. The oratorio depicts and celebrates the creation of the world as described in the biblical Book of Genesis and in Paradise Lost. It is scored for soprano, tenor and bass soloists, chorus and a symphonic orchestra [..]. The Creation is written in three parts, whose musical numbers are given below. As in other oratorios, the larger musical numbers (arias and choruses) are often prefaced with a brief recitative; here, the recitative gives the actual words of Genesis, while the following number elaborates the bare Biblical narrative in verse. Haydn was inspired to write a large oratorio during his visits to England in 1791--1792 and 1794--1795, when he heard oratorios of Handel performed by large forces. Israel in Egypt is believed to have been one of these. It is likely that Haydn wanted to try to achieve results of comparable weight, using the musical language of the mature classical style. The work on the oratorio lasted from October 1796 to April 1798. It was also a profound act of faith for this deeply religious man, who appended the words "Praise to God" at the end of every completed composition. He later remarked, "I was never so devout as when I was at work on The Creation; I fell on my knees each day and begged God to give me the strength to finish the work." Haydn composed much of the work while at his residence in the Mariahilf suburb of Vienna, which is now the Haydnhaus. It was the longest time he had ever spent on a single composition. Explaining this, he wrote, "I spent much time over it because I expect it to last for a long time." In fact, he worked on the project to the point of exhaustion, and collapsed into a period of illness after conducting its premiere performance. Franz Joseph Haydn (/ˈdʒoʊzəf ˈhaɪdən/; German: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdən] ( listen); 31 March 1732 -- 31 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn, was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent of the Classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these forms. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form. A lifelong resident of Austria, Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family on their remote estate. Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, "forced to become original". At the time of his death, he was one of the most celebrated composers in Europe. Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. He was also a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven. -----------------------------------
i don't know
Which African country has land borders with Sudan, Ethiopia and Djibouti?
Africa Africa Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African state. With a total border length of 3,192 kilometers (1,984 miles), Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali to the north and west; Niger to the east; and Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire to the south. Cameroon Located on the west coast of Central Africa, Cameroon covers an area of 475,400 square kilometers (183,695 square miles), slightly more than California. Land boundaries extend for a total of 4,591 kilometers (2,853 miles) between Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.) to the east, and the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea to the south. Cape Verde Cape Verde is an archipelago of 10 islands and 5 islets situated 483 kilometers (300 miles) due west of Dakar, Senegal, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Cape Verde's total land area is 4,033 square kilometers (1,557 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the U.S. Central African Republic The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari, now the Central African Republic (CAR), is well named; it is a landlocked country in the center of the African continent. Land boundaries extend for 5,203 kilometers (3,233 miles) connecting Cameroon to the west, Chad and Sudan to the north, and the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the south. Chad The former French colony of Chad, a landlocked country located in northern Central Africa, is more than 3 times the size of California. The country has an area of 1,284,000 square kilometers (495,755 square miles), with a land boundary length of 5,968 kilometers (3,708 miles). Congo, Republic of The; The Republic of the Congo (ROC) is located in Western Africa and has an area of 342,000 square kilometers (132,000 square miles). It has a modest coastline of 169 kilometers (105 miles) along the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest and shares land borders with Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic on the west and north. Côte D'ivoire Côte d'Ivoire (which means "Ivory Coast") is a West African country bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia. It has an area of 322,460 square kilometers (124,502 square miles) of which 318,000 square kilometers (122,780 square miles) are occupied by land while water occupies the remaining 4,460 square kilometers (1,722 square miles). Djibouti Djibouti is situated in the Horn of Africa, at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, bordering the Gulf of Aden. To the north lies Eritrea with a shared border of 113 kilometers (70 miles); to the north, west, and southwest lies Ethiopia, with a border length of 337 kilometers (209 miles); and to the southeast lies Somalia, with a border length of 58 kilometers (36 miles). Egypt The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya to the west, the Gaza Strip to the east, and Sudan to the south. With an area of 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,659 square miles) and a coastline of 2,450 kilometers (1,522 miles), Egypt is slightly more than 3 times the size of New Mexico. Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea is a small West African nation of 28,051 square kilometers (10,830 square miles), roughly the same size as Maryland. It consists of a mainland enclave called Río Muni, on the west coast of Africa bordering Cameroon and Gabon, and 5 small islands off the coast of Cameroon in the Bight of Biafra: Bioko, Annobón, Corisco, and the 2 small islands known together as Islas Elobey. Eritrea Eritrea is an eastern African country occupying an area of 121,320 square kilometers (46,841 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the state of Pennsylvania. It borders Sudan to the north and west, Ethiopia and Djibouti to the south, and the Red Sea to the east. Ethiopia Located in the Horn of Africa— the pointy peninsula-like landmass that emanates out of the eastern part of the continent—Ethiopia has a total area of 1,127,127 square kilometers (935,183 square miles), rendering it slightly less than twice the size of Texas. A landlocked country completely surrounded by other states, Ethiopia has a total border length of 5,311 kilometers (3,300 miles). Gabon The Gabonese Republic lies along the equator on the west coast of Africa with a border length of 2,551 kilometers (1,585 miles) and a coastline of 885 kilometers (550 miles). Gabon is bounded to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the north by Equatorial Guinea (350 kilometers/218 miles) and Cameroon (298 kilometers/185 miles), and to the east and south by the Republic of the Congo (1,903 kilometers/1,183 miles). The Gambia The Republic of The Gambia measures 11,295 square kilometers (4,361 square miles) and consists of a long narrow ribbon of land sitting astride the river Gambia, one of the major waterways in West Africa. Apart from the 50-kilometer (31-mile) stretch of coastline on the Atlantic ocean, it is entirely surrounded by Senegal. Ghana The Republic of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, is a West African country lying on the Gulf of Guinea. It has a total border of 2,093 kilometers (1,300 miles), including 548 kilometers (341 miles) with Burkina Faso to the north, 688 kilometers (428 miles) with Côte d'Ivoire to the west, and 877 kilometers (545 miles) with Togo to the east. Guinea Guinea lies on the West African coast, bordered by Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal to the north, and Mali and Côte d'Ivoire inland to the east. It has 320 kilometers (199 miles) of coastline, and a land area of 245,857 square kilometers (94,925 miles). Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau lies on the west coast of Africa, with Senegal to the north and Guinea to the east and south. With a total area of 36,120 square kilometers (13,946 square miles), the country is a bit less than 3 times the size of the U.S. Kenya Located in east Africa, Kenya has a total area of 582,650 square kilometers (224,962 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of Nevada. With a coastline of 536 kilometers (333 miles), Kenya borders the Indian Ocean to the east, Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, and Tanzania to the south. Malawi Malawi is located in southeast Africa, landlocked between Mozambique to the east and south, Zambia to the west, and Tanzania to the north. Malawi is separated from Mozambique and Tanzania to a large extent by Lake Malawi, which lies on the country's eastern edge. Mali Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa covering an area of 1.24 million square kilometers (478,764 square miles), of which 1.22 million square kilometers (471,042 square miles) is occupied by land and 20,000 square kilometers (7,722 square miles) is occupied by water. Its border is 7,243 kilometers (4,500 miles) long. Mauritania Located in northwestern Africa, bordered by Western Sahara (occupied by Morocco) and Algeria on the north, by Mali on the east and south, by Senegal on the southwest, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the country has an area of 1,030,700 square kilometers (398,000 square miles), making it slightly larger than 3 times the size of New Mexico. Its total estimated boundary length is 5,828 kilometers (3,622 miles), including 754 kilometers (469 miles) of coast on the Atlantic Ocean. Mozambique Located in southeast Africa, Mozambique has a total area of 801,590 square kilometers (309,493 square miles)—an expanse which is slightly less than twice the size of the state of California. The coastline of the country, which spans 2,470 kilometers (1,535 miles) along the entire eastern frontier, borders the Mozambique Channel and the Indian Ocean. Namibia The Republic of Namibia lies across the Tropic of Capricorn in the south of Africa and covers an area of 824,292 square kilometers (318,259 square miles), making it slightly more than half the size of Alaska. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Botswana and Zimbabwe on the east, Angola on the north, and the South Atlantic Ocean on the west. Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda is a land-locked country located in central Africa. It is bordered on the east by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with which it shares the shores of Lake Kivu; on the north by Uganda; on the west by Tanzania; and on the south by Burundi. São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe is located in the Gulf of Guinea 290 kilometers (180 miles) west of Gabon, which is located on the western edge of Africa. The 2 mountainous main islands of the republic are São Tomé and Príncipe; other rocky islets include Caroco, Pedras, and Tinhosas off Príncipe Island, and Rolas off São Tomé Island. Senegal A relatively small country located in West Africa, Senegal has a total area of 196,190 square kilometers (75,748 square miles), making it slightly smaller than the state of South Dakota. Water composes 4,190 square kilometers (1,618 square miles) of this area, while the coastline, which borders the North Atlantic Ocean, stretches for 531 kilometers (330 miles). Seychelles The Seychelles are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean about 925 kilometers (575 miles) northeast of Madagascar. The country consists of 115 small islands with a total land area of 455 square kilometers (176 square miles) and a total coastline of 491 kilometers (305 miles). Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is located in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, with an area of 71,740 square kilometers (27,925 square miles) and a total coastline of 402 kilometers (250 miles). The country shares a border with Guinea in the north and east and with Liberia in the southeast. Somalia Somalia, formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a coastal country covering a land area of 637,657 square kilometers (246,199 square miles) and a water area of 10,320 square kilometers (3,985 square miles), with a land-bordered circumference of 2,366 kilometers (1,470 miles). It has a coastline of 3,025 kilometers (1,880 miles) stretching along the Indian Ocean to the southeast and along the Gulf of Aden in the southern mouth of the Red Sea to the north. South Africa South Africa is situated at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. Ranging from west to east across its northern border are the neighboring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; Mozambique lies to the east, as does the small nation of Swaziland, which is nearly encircled by South Africa. Sudan Sudan is located in North Africa. Sudan borders the following countries: Central African Republic (1,165 kilometers, 724 miles), Chad (1,360 kilometers, 845 miles), Democratic Republic of the Congo (628 kilometers, 390 miles), Egypt (1,273 kilometers, 791 miles), Eritrea (650 kilometers, 404 miles), Ethiopia (1,606 kilometers, 998 miles), Kenya (232 kilometers, 144 miles), Libya (383 kilometers, 238 miles), and Uganda (435 kilometers, 270 miles). Swaziland Swaziland is a small landlocked country in southern Africa, with an area of 17,363 square kilometers (6,704 miles), extending 176 kilometers (109 miles) north to south and 135 kilometers (84 miles) east to west. By comparison, it is slightly smaller than the state of New Jersey. Tanzania A relatively large country located in East Africa, Tanzania has a total area of 945,087 square kilometers (364,900 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of California. The area of Tanzania includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Unguja; the latter 2 form a semi-autonomous region called Zanzibar that is part of an official union with the republic of Tanzania. Tunisia Situated in northern Africa, Tunisia is bordered by Algeria on the west and Libya on the southeast and by the Mediterranean Sea on the north, where it has a coastline of 1,148 kilometers (713 miles). Tunisia has an area of 163,610 square kilometers (63,169 square miles), making it slightly larger than the state of Georgia. Uganda A landlocked state in Eastern Africa, west of Kenya and east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), Uganda has an area of 236,040 square kilometers (146,675 square miles) and a total land boundary of 2,698 kilometers (1,676 miles). Comparatively, the area occupied by Uganda is slightly smaller than the size of Oregon.
Eritrea
Westminster Abbey is dedicated to which Saint?
AfDB approves $133 million to combat drought in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan | Caperi AfDB approves $133 million to combat drought in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan AfDB , Draught , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Horn of Africa , Somalia , Sudan November 26, 2014 (Abidjan) – The Board of Directors of the African Development Bank Group (AfDB) has approved a US $133-million program that will help countries in the Horn of Africa region to break free from cycles of drought and famine, the AfDB said on Wednesday. This is the second AfDB Group Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Program in the region which will help Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan to increase the income of agro-pastoralists through improved livestock production and related services (animal production and health, rangeland management, marketing, etc.) and the development of irrigation schemes. Women and youth will particularly benefit from the project as specific activities (including value addition) will be designed to enhance their economic and social empowerment. The project will focus on water resources development and sustainable land management to enhance livestock production, market access and trade through development of market support infrastructure, information and value chain system as well as improve livestock mobility and trade in livestock products. Under the project, the diversification of the sources of livelihood as well as improvement and conservation of water resources will reduce the region’s vulnerability to climate change shocks and exposure to inter/intra-community conflicts that arise from competition over access to water sources for livestock. This will, in turn, contribute to fostering peace and social resilience within the target communities and countries. [ad#co-1] According to the bank, the project is in fulfilment of AfDB’s commitment to the international community to increase support to countries in the region after an historic trip in October 2014 to the Horn of Africa by the UN Secretary-General, World Bank Group and Islamic Development Bank Presidents, along with high-level representatives of the African Union Commission, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and Intergovernmental Agency for Development. The AfDB highlighted that an estimated 20 million agro-pastoralists (of which 50% are women) affected by drought and land degradation will directly benefit from the project. Other direct beneficiaries include the governments of the region whose capacities will be strengthened to enhance drought resilience activities, natural resources management and shared benefits, and regional integration. A study commissioned by the AfDB in 2008 on sustainable livestock development in the Horn of Africa observed that as a result of serious degradation of natural resources due to overuse and climate change, conflicts among communities in many parts of the Greater Horn of Africa occur as communities compete for increasingly scarce resources within and across countries. A majority of these communities are nomads who do not respect national or subnational boarders and thus move easily across the borders to neighbouring countries in search of water and pasture, developing resources in one country would attract communities across the border, thereby fuelling conflict. Against this backdrop, developing and ensuring resources availability in neighbouring countries and communities would enhance conflict resolution. Building on the study, the AfDB has designed a multi-phase program which has received pledges of US $300 million. The first phase of the Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Program, approved by the AfDB Group Board in December 2012, is being implemented in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya and the IGAD Secretariat. By Editorial Team not in eritrea make sure what you write popopo complain with the source, the african bank you oppressor of freedom of speech and media reporting Jerry Fish Well what ever happened to PIA’s hard line self-dependency stance. He is sucking up aid-development money not unlike any other repressed African country. And do not get fooled, PIA is also accepting large tonnages of imported cereal. Eritrea deserves much better and is capable of much better. Hope PIA goes before he reached Mugabe’s age.. Jhon Kurkur Actually eritrea is the poorest and the most unstable little rag ‘country’ in the world. the bank should save our country from being the next somalia ..stateless anarchy. Jhon Kurkur Actually eritrea is the poorest and the most unstable little rag ‘country’ in the world. the bank should save our country from being the next somalia ..stateless anarchy. all the money should be given to us eritreans! Eritrea
i don't know
Which England Rugby Union player has the nickname 36?
Twickenham warms to Billy Twelvetrees - a name we'll remember - Telegraph England Twickenham warms to Billy Twelvetrees - a name we'll remember The England rugby centre's name made almost as much of a stir as his Six Nations debut against Scotland Billy Twelvetrees: 'It generates funny nicknames, it’s a cool name and people respond to it' Photo: Getty Images Comments Sports commentators are no strangers to hyperbole. They will often claim that the name of this or that sportsman or woman will “live long in the memory” following some extraordinary display of skill. In the case of Billy Twelvetrees, the England centre who made his international debut in the Six Nations at Twickenham on Saturday, it may well be true. Win or lose, few were likely to forget that surname. The 24-year-old won roars of approval from the crowd of 80,000 as he powered past the Scottish defence to score his first try for England, helping the team to a 38-18 victory. But since then he and his family have been asked as many questions about his unusual name as his prowess on the pitch. Will Greenwood, the former World Cup winner, praised the “horticultural theme developing in the England centre shirt”, while Clare Balding said she wanted to name a racehorse after Twelvetrees. Related Articles Twelvetrees or Tuilagi for Dublin? 04 Feb 2013 “Everyone has been asking where it came from,” says Walter Twelvetrees, 88, Billy’s proud grandfather, at his home in Wisborough Green, West Sussex. The answer actually lies with Billy’s mother, Beverley, he explains. She was the last of Walter’s three daughters to get married and her sisters had already abandoned their maiden names. Beverley not only wanted to keep her name, but even asked her husband, Kevin, to change his from Fentiman to Twelvetrees. “Kevin always says she told him she wouldn’t marry him unless he changed his name,” Walter recalls. There was, though, another reason. “Twelvetrees” fitted well with Kevin’s job – as a tree surgeon. The couple have since set up Twelvetrees Treecare. A coincidence, of course. However, there is a theory called nominative determinism that suggests Beverley’s name could have influenced her decision to join her husband in his work. “You would think you couldn’t make this case up,” explains Richard Coates, professor in linguistics at the University of the West of England. “But if someone has a particular surname, it might subliminally nudge them into choosing a line of business they had not thought of. Some people treat it as a self-fulfilling prophecy.” Billy’s team-mates tease him over his name, he says. Christened William Wesley Twelvetrees, he is known in the rugby world as 36, thanks to the way his Irish former team-mate at Leicester, Geordan Murphy, pronounced his name. “In an Irish accent it sounds like 'twelve threes’,” he explains. This joshing is fine by Billy. “I’m glad [my dad] took the name and I have it, too. It generates funny nicknames, it’s a cool name and people respond to it.” The family has found it harder to trace the name’s origins. Although they have found Twelvetrees living in Lincolnshire in the 1600s, Walter cannot explain the meaning of the name. “It is a mystery where it comes from,” agrees Prof Coates. Research suggests the name is a derivation of “Tweltrick”, which originated in the 1500s, but Prof Coates says this obscures its meaning even further. “It clearly has nothing to do with trees originally – the first 'tree’ doesn’t appear in the name until nearly the end of the 17th century,” he says. “It is also an open question whether or not it has anything to do with 12.” Whatever its origins, Paul Longley, professor of geographic information science at University College London, confirms that people bearing the name of Twelvetrees are very rare. He has a database that matches surnames to a world map and says: “There are 1.25 of them per million. Not a lot of people know that.” His map also shows the Twelvetrees have a “taste for the good life”, with the highest concentrations in Majorca and Hawaii. “The problem with people who have names like this is that they are in danger of becoming extinct [because there are so few of them],” says Prof Longley. “They should pal up with the Sevenoaks.” Sporting chants are not known for their accuracy, but Prof Longley’s research suggests there really may be only one Billy Twelvetrees.  
Billy Twelvetrees
Complete the title of the 2009 animated science fiction film Cloudy with a Chance of _______________.
Twickenham warms to Billy Twelvetrees - a name we'll remember - Telegraph England Twickenham warms to Billy Twelvetrees - a name we'll remember The England rugby centre's name made almost as much of a stir as his Six Nations debut against Scotland Billy Twelvetrees: 'It generates funny nicknames, it’s a cool name and people respond to it' Photo: Getty Images Comments Sports commentators are no strangers to hyperbole. They will often claim that the name of this or that sportsman or woman will “live long in the memory” following some extraordinary display of skill. In the case of Billy Twelvetrees, the England centre who made his international debut in the Six Nations at Twickenham on Saturday, it may well be true. Win or lose, few were likely to forget that surname. The 24-year-old won roars of approval from the crowd of 80,000 as he powered past the Scottish defence to score his first try for England, helping the team to a 38-18 victory. But since then he and his family have been asked as many questions about his unusual name as his prowess on the pitch. Will Greenwood, the former World Cup winner, praised the “horticultural theme developing in the England centre shirt”, while Clare Balding said she wanted to name a racehorse after Twelvetrees. Related Articles Twelvetrees or Tuilagi for Dublin? 04 Feb 2013 “Everyone has been asking where it came from,” says Walter Twelvetrees, 88, Billy’s proud grandfather, at his home in Wisborough Green, West Sussex. The answer actually lies with Billy’s mother, Beverley, he explains. She was the last of Walter’s three daughters to get married and her sisters had already abandoned their maiden names. Beverley not only wanted to keep her name, but even asked her husband, Kevin, to change his from Fentiman to Twelvetrees. “Kevin always says she told him she wouldn’t marry him unless he changed his name,” Walter recalls. There was, though, another reason. “Twelvetrees” fitted well with Kevin’s job – as a tree surgeon. The couple have since set up Twelvetrees Treecare. A coincidence, of course. However, there is a theory called nominative determinism that suggests Beverley’s name could have influenced her decision to join her husband in his work. “You would think you couldn’t make this case up,” explains Richard Coates, professor in linguistics at the University of the West of England. “But if someone has a particular surname, it might subliminally nudge them into choosing a line of business they had not thought of. Some people treat it as a self-fulfilling prophecy.” Billy’s team-mates tease him over his name, he says. Christened William Wesley Twelvetrees, he is known in the rugby world as 36, thanks to the way his Irish former team-mate at Leicester, Geordan Murphy, pronounced his name. “In an Irish accent it sounds like 'twelve threes’,” he explains. This joshing is fine by Billy. “I’m glad [my dad] took the name and I have it, too. It generates funny nicknames, it’s a cool name and people respond to it.” The family has found it harder to trace the name’s origins. Although they have found Twelvetrees living in Lincolnshire in the 1600s, Walter cannot explain the meaning of the name. “It is a mystery where it comes from,” agrees Prof Coates. Research suggests the name is a derivation of “Tweltrick”, which originated in the 1500s, but Prof Coates says this obscures its meaning even further. “It clearly has nothing to do with trees originally – the first 'tree’ doesn’t appear in the name until nearly the end of the 17th century,” he says. “It is also an open question whether or not it has anything to do with 12.” Whatever its origins, Paul Longley, professor of geographic information science at University College London, confirms that people bearing the name of Twelvetrees are very rare. He has a database that matches surnames to a world map and says: “There are 1.25 of them per million. Not a lot of people know that.” His map also shows the Twelvetrees have a “taste for the good life”, with the highest concentrations in Majorca and Hawaii. “The problem with people who have names like this is that they are in danger of becoming extinct [because there are so few of them],” says Prof Longley. “They should pal up with the Sevenoaks.” Sporting chants are not known for their accuracy, but Prof Longley’s research suggests there really may be only one Billy Twelvetrees.  
i don't know
The International New York Times was known by what title until last October?
New York Times Chronology: NYS Newspapers: New York State Library NYSED / OCE / NYSL / Research Library / Newspapers / The New York Times : 1851-2010 The New York Times: A Chronology: 1851-2010 Researched and Compiled by Bill Lucey, June 25, 2006, revised May 23, 2010 September 18, 1851: Henry J. Raymond, Speaker of the New York State Assembly and George Jones, an Albany banker, begin publishing The New-York Daily Times at 113 Nassau Street. Note: Raymond worked for Horace Greeley at the New York Tribune before teaming with Jones. September 11, 1852: Raymond Rotham writes the first theater review for The Times. September 14, 1857: The New York Times replaces The New-York Daily Times as the new name of the paper. April 21, 1861: The New York Times launches a Sunday edition. The first edition sold for 2 cents. Note: The Sunday Monitor (Baltimore, MD) published the first Sunday newspaper on December 18, 1796. September, 1869: Maria Morgan is the first female reporter to occupy a desk in The Times newsroom, where she's assigned to stock news, horse shows, and racing. Note: Sara Jane Clark was the first woman reporter on The Times payroll, submitting travel pieces from the West and Europe using the pen name Grace Greenwood July 22, 1871: The Times expose the crooked dealings of Tammany Hall's William Marcy Tweed, or "Boss Tweed", who, along with others, had been stealing millions from the New York City Treasury, according to documents presented to the paper by his enemies. The story displayed figures from the Controller's books showing large chunks of money were being diverted to the Tammany Ring. George Miller, a carpenter, according to the ledger, was to have received $360,747 for repairing a courthouse, which was never completed. Miller never received a dime. The checks were actually endorsed by firms in partnership with Tweed. The deception evident in these revelations marked the beginning of the end for Tweed and his underhanded operation. He was convicted on corruption charges and sentenced to prison. This page one story ran under a three-column headline and is believed to have been the paper's first display heading. The first Times article to report Tweed's malfeasance appeared July 8th. Note: Tweed's associates offered The Times $5 million if they would kill the story. The Times refused. 1872: The New York Times promotes itself as "the only Republican paper in New York." March 25, 1878: In a short lived experiment, The Times begin publishing the first of three supplements written in Spanish. April 13, 1893: The Times is sold to The New York Times Publishing Company. Charles R. Miller, the editor of the paper, was named president. Managing editor George F. Spinney became the publisher and business manager. In announcing the new management team on April 14th, the paper reports "The Times will be a Democratic newspaper." August 19, 1896: Adolph S. Och's name first appears on The Times editorial page listing him as publisher after becoming principal owner the previous day. September 6, 1896: The first photographs appeared in the Illustrated Sunday Magazine, the paper's first regular supplement. The magazine was discontinued after the September 3rd, 1899 edition. Note: The first half tone illustration was published in The New York Daily Graphic on March 4, 1880. October 8, 1896: The Times begin publishing summaries of major news stories on page one under the logo: "The News Condensed." October 10, 1896: The Times begins a book review section, The Saturday Review of Books and Art, based on the assumption books can and should be treated as news. October 25, 1896: The Times slogan: "All the News That's Fit to Print" makes its first appearance on the editorial page. Note: A portion of the slogan: "All The News" was actually taken from The Philadelphia Times; Ochs and The Times' editors merely added "Fit To Print". December 1, 1896: The hyphen from The New York Times is dropped once a style change is universally accepted. Note: The New-York Historical Society is the only institution to keep the hyphen in its name. February 10, 1897: The Times motto: "All The News That's Fit To Print", is moved from the editorial page to page one. July 4, 1897: The Times spends $5,000 on a finer quality print in order to publish photographs of Queen Victoria's procession during her Jubilee celebration in June. August 14, 1900: Adolph Ochs officially takes control of The Times when the Equitable Life Insurance Society votes to give him the controlling stock in the company after showing a profit for three consecutive years. September 25, 1901: The Times publishes its Jubilee Issue, which includes a 40-page supplement on the history of the paper. May 31, 1903: In celebration of New York's City's 250th anniversary, historian Thomas A. Javier writes for The Times 7 condensed chapters on its founding: I. "The Planting of the City", II. `The Dutch West India Company", III. "The Dutch Rule of New Netherland", IV. "How New Netherland Became New York", V. Our First Reform Governor" VI. "New York Under English Rule" and chapter VII. "The Lessons of Three Hundred Years". January 18, 1904: New York City boasts 13 dailies, including The Times. By March of 1964, ten of those 13 either folded or merged. Of those that survived, The New York Post (1801) beginning April 6, 1942, under Dorothy Schiff, changed from being a broadsheet into a 6-day a week tabloid. The Morning Telegraph (1897) segued into a horse racing paper and reporting news from Broadway before folding on April 10, 1972. The Times (1851) was the only paper to keep its format unaltered since its inception. Note: After the New York City newspaper strike of 1962 that lasted 114 days and caused the industry financial hardship beyond repair, the city's daily newspapers are quickly pared down. In 1963, The Mirror declared bankruptcy. The Herald Tribune ceased operations in 1966 and a year later two others folded: The World Telegram and Sun and The Journal-American. The New York Daily News began publishing on June 26, 1919, as the Illustrated Daily News, the first tabloid in America. New York Newsday launched on September 11, 1983, and closed after the July 16, 1995 issue. Its parent newspaper, Newsday, founded by Alicia Patterson in Hempstead, Long Island, was first published on September 3, 1940. April 8, 1904: "Long Acre Square" is re-named "Times Square" after the New York City Board of Alderman passes an ordinance. Note: On May 1, 1894, The Times report the triangle bordering 32nd and 34th Streets and Broadway and Sixth Avenue was named "Greeley Square", home to Horace Greeley's New York Tribune. Less than a year later, on February 5, 1895, the New York City Board of Alderman passed a similar ordinance naming the area around Broadway and 35th and 36th Street "Herald Square" in honor of James Gordon Bennett Jr. and his New York Herald. October 28, 1904: The New York Times writes extensively about the opening of the NYC Subway that extends from City Hall to One Hundred and Forty-Fifth Street and Broadway accompanied by a map on page 2 showing the stations on the route. The paper reported a number of notable firsts, such as: F.B. Shipley, from Philadelphia, was the first man to give up a seat for a woman; the first subway ticket was purchased by Joseph Curran of 310 West Forty-eighth Street; the first theft on the subway was reported by Henry Barrett of 348 West Forty-sixth Street who noticed his diamond horseshoe pin missing 3 minutes after buying his ticket; and the first subway delay took place two hours after the subway opened on the express train at the 14th Street Brooklyn Bridge Station due to a broken brake hose. The most prophetic statement came from an unnamed passenger who reportedly said: "Mark my words; the Subway is going to boom the newspaper business. When you get in there's nothing to look at except the people, and that's a tiresome job." Note: On April 9, 1890, the first Rapid Transit Commission was created recommending a steam railroad run on a viaduct from the Brooklyn Bridge to Astor Place and from there a subway to 42nd Street. January 1, 1905: The final issue of The New York Times is printed at the old Jones Building (41 Park Row) in Lower Manhattan, famed Newspaper Row, where more than a dozen New York City dailies once called home. It includes a 48 page illustrated supplement on their new building, Times Tower, at 42nd and Broadway. January 1, 1905: The New York Times begins placing a poem on the editorial page. Fredrick Craig Martiner conceived the idea. The last poem to appear on the editorial page was on June 16, 1973. Note: Beginning February 17, 2002, The Times started a new feature in the Book Review section, in which they will publish original poetry from accomplished writers as well as unknown poets. October 29, 1905: A separate section is created devoted to music drama and society. January 7, 1906: Paul Piper introduced a comic strip in the rotogravure section of The Times--the only one in the paper's history--chronicling the travels of two bears: The Roosevelt Bears. The comic strip lasted through July 22nd. Many believe it was modeled after Teddy Roosevelt, an avid bear hunter. Note: The New York Daily Telegraph was the first newspaper to feature a comic strip beginning September 11, 1875 called "Professor Tigwissel's Burglar Alarm". The New York World was the first to feature Sunday comics in 1893. December 31, 1906 Adolph Ochs drops an illuminated globe from the top of his new building, Times Tower in Times Square on New Year's Eve. This public relations innovation marked the beginning of an annual ritual. Note: The only time the ball didn't drop from Times Square on New Year's Eve (since 1907) were two years during World War II, 1942 and 1943, due to a wartime dim-out. June 5, 1910: The New York Times publishes the full-text transcript of former president Theodore Roosevelt's address he delivered at the Guildhall in London, where he roundly criticized British foreign policy in Egypt. This is thought to have been the first time the paper reproduced a speech of any kind word-for-word. January 29, 1911: The Book Review moves from Saturday to Sunday. October 9, 1912: The Times report on the mass gathering surrounding the paper's new electric scoreboard at Times Square to watch the New York Giants play the Boston Red Sox during game one of the 1912 World Series. The scoreboard allowed fans outside of the Polo Grounds-- for the first time-- to watch every play of a baseball game. At the time of publication, this was the largest crowd ever to assemble at Times Square. December 15, 1912: The Times launch "Hundred Neediest Cases", a public donation appeal for the less fortunate during the holiday season. February 2, 1913: The Times Annex at 229 West 43rd Street is opened. April 23, 1913: The Times writes on the unveiling of The New York Times Index, a quarterly publication that will provide readers for the first time with citations (date, page, column, along with a brief summary) to articles previously published. Items are to be indexed by name and subject and will include cross-references, making it an indispensable news source for tracking current events. NOTE: In 1886, Henry J. Raymond and others published the "Index to The New York Times For 1865", containing 182 pages of news references. Earlier indexes were made available for staff members only. March 29, 1914: The Times along with 6 other newspapers introduce rotogravure sections showing pictures from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The other papers were: The Boston Sun Herald, The Philadelphia Public Ledger, the Chicago Tribune, The (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, The St. Louis Post-Dispatch and The Kansas City Star. Note: The last issue of The Times picture rotogravure section was published on February 8, 1942, when it merged with The Sunday Magazine. August 23, 1914: The Times publish the British White Paper in its entirety, the document outlining Britain's decision to enter the war. November 10, 1918: A cartoon by Hy Mayer was published alongside a news story on the eve of the armistice of World War I depicting the abdication of the German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm. This is thought to be the first cartoon to accompany a news story in a daily newspaper. September 18, 1921: The Times publishes its 70th Anniversary issue, coinciding with the publication of a new book by Times staff writer Elmer Davis: "History of The New York Times." 1927: To entice libraries into archiving their paper, The Times calls itself "The Paper of Record". November 6, 1928: The Times begins to display election results for pedestrians on the exterior of The Times Tower at the corner of Broadway and 42nd Street. March 7, 1930: The New York Times is the first major newspaper to begin using the word Negro in the upper case. An editorial stated future references to the race would be treated as equitably as other races and nationalities. Note: Negro is the Spanish and Portuguese word for black. The English borrowed it during the 16th Century. June 7, 1931: Waldemar Kaempffert, an engineer, who had been writing on Science topics for The Times beginning in 1927, introduces a regular Science column in the Sunday edition. April 23, 1933: Magazine advertisements begin using color ads. Note: The New York Recorder published the first color ad on April 2, 1893. April 26, 1933: Arthur Krock, The Times Washington bureau chief, begins attaching his name to a column on the editorial page, representing the first signed column to appear on the editorial page. Note: The first initials attached to an editorial were on March 2, 1871, when C.R.M. appeared at the bottom of an editorial written by Charles R. Miller February 13, 1935: When the Navy's dirigible Macon exploded off the California coast, The New York Times experimenting with fax technology for the first time, published photos of the disaster the following day thanks to a portable facsimile transmitter sending the photos over a phone line from San Francisco to New York. NOTE: The first successful fax transmission from a news organization took place on January 1, 1935, when the wire photo service of the Associated Press sent eight newspapers aerial photos of a plane crash in the Adirondack Mountains, a short distance from Newhouseville, NY. August 4, 1934: The first weather map in the paper's history is published extending three-columns and accompanies a news story. January 25, 1935: The Times ushers in a new Sunday section: The "News of the Week in Review" under the direction of Lester Markel. Note: The New York Sun is believed to have been the first major newspaper to offer a summary of the week's news events when introduced "It Happened This Week" on December 26, 1931. The feature lasted until 1946. April 8, 1935: Adolph Ochs dies Note: As a tribute, teletypes at the Associated Press fell silent for two minutes when news of his death is learned. May 7, 1935: Arthur Hays Sulzberger, Adolph Ochs son-in-law, is elected president and publisher of The New York Times Company by the board of directors. In conjunction with that announcement, a new position -general manager- was created and filled by Ochs nephew, Julius Ochs Adler. November, 1935: Back issues of The New York Times from 1914-1927 become available on microfilm. Note: The New York Herald Tribune was the first newspaper to make microfilm available of its current issues beginning with the January 1, 1936 edition. February 1, 1937: The first woman in Times history to sit on the editorial board is Anne O'Hare McCormick. She begins a column: "Affairs in Europe", later re-named "Abroad." Note: McCormick was also the first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize in 1937. February 6, 1937: The Times begins the first of 50 editorials ("Remaking The Judiciary") attacking President Franklin Roosevelt on his court-packing scheme. June 15, 1938: The New York Times predicts war is at hand in Europe and encourages the United States to free itself from the Neutrality Act and play an active role in the approaching conflict when it writes: "The U.S. would and should be prepared to defend a way of life which is our way of life and the only way of life worth living." Note: This marks the beginning of a new activism in Times news coverage and it has been observed this was an editorial that Adolph Ochs would never have allowed. October 9, 1939: Times writer Meyer Berger introduces a new column: "About New York". June 7, 1940: With European countries falling like dominoes at the hands of Nazi Germany, New York Times editorial calls for compulsory military training as a first step to protecting the country's national security. April 21, 1941: The Times reach a settlement on a Guild contract covering all commercial departments--business, circulation, promotion, and advertising. The contract, however, does not extend to news and editorial employees. February 15, 1942: The crossword puzzle makes its first appearance in the Sunday Magazine. Note: The first crossword puzzle to appear in a daily newspaper was in The World on December 21, 1913, at the suggestion of Arthur Wynne. May 1, 1942: The Times agrees to a Guild contract covering the news and editorial departments. August 9, 1942: The Book Review section introduces a "Best Seller's List." March 22, 1943: Maintenance workers are brought under the Guild's jurisdiction. December 7, 1943: Abraham Michael ("Abe") Rosenthal submits his first story for The Times ("Spirit of C.C.N.Y. A Sad, Sad Story") as a 12 dollar a week college stringer. He became a full-time employee in 1944, and on October 20, 1945, his official byline: A.M Rosenthal appears for the first time. July 18, 1944: The Federal Communications Commission approves The Times purchase of radio station WQXR, which will be used for hourly newscasts as well as facsimile short-wave experiments. 1945: George Streator was the first African-American reporter to be hired at The New York Times. April 26, 1945: The Times report on a four-page wire edition that was sent by facsimile and delivered to members of a United Nations conference in San Francisco just after midnight (West Coast time) of the paper's next morning edition. The facsimile transmission consisting of conference and international news marked a journalism milestone. Note: The Associated Press and the Richmond (Calif.) Independent assisted The Times with the transmission of the special wire edition. August 11, 1946: The Times introduce an editorial change announcing they will no longer refer to the race of persons suspected of a crime unless race is relevant to the story. November 3, 1946: The Times unveil a fashion section: "Fashion of the Times"‘, which began with a spring preview of 1947. June 20, 1949: The Times begin printing an International Edition in Paris, making it available in Europe 24 hours after publication. Prior to that, on December 11, 1948, the paper started an International Air Edition. It was produced in New York and flown to Paris daily. Note: On May 17, 1967, The Times report on the closing of their offices in Paris after agreeing to merge the International Edition with their Paris competitor: The New York Herald Tribune-The Washington Post International. The new publication was named the International Herald Tribune beginning May 22, 1967. September 11, 1950: The daily publication of The Times now includes a crossword puzzle. September 17, 1951: The Times publishes its One Hundredth Anniversary issue, carrying the headline: "A Century of the Times." In celebration of hitting the century mark, The Times previously assigned staff writer Meyer Berger to write a book on the history of the paper, entitled: "The Story Of The New York Times 1851-1951." November 16, 1952: Clellon Holmes, in a Sunday Magazine article, introduces readers to the "Beats", the post World War II generation disconnected from American mores, who rebel against its moral and political conformities through drug use, hanging around jazz clubs, and putting thoughts to words in poetry, essays, and other literary contributions. Holmes observed: "There are those who believe that in generations such as this there is always the constant possibility of a great new moral idea, conceived in desperation, coming to life. Others note the self-indulgence, the waste, the apparent social irresponsibility, and disgrace." Note: The term Beats was coined by John Kerouac in his novel "The Town and the City": "It was several years ago, when the face was harder to recognize, but he has a sharp, sympathetic eye, and one day he said, "You know, this is really a beat generation." September, 1954: The first black woman appears on The Times Society page. October 27, 1954: Cy Sulzberger begins writing his "Foreign Affairs" column. January 5, 1956: A New York Times editorial ("Voice Of A Free Press") responds to the menace of McCarthyism and in particular to Senator James Eastland's subcommittee investigating suspected Communists infiltrating media organizations. According to the editorial, the subcommittee appeared to be targeting Times staff members in their witch-hunts, due to the paper's criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy, including its reporting on the "abusive methods" used while questioning witnesses. The editorial concludes: "Long after Senator Eastland and his present subcommittee are forgotten, long after segregation has lost its final battle in the South, long after all that was known as McCarthyism is a dim unwelcome memory, long after the last Congressional committee has learned that it cannot tamper successfully with a free press, The New York Times will still be speaking for the men who make it, and only for the men who make it and speaking without fear or favor, the truth as it sees it." Note: Charles Merz wrote the editorial and many considered it representative of The New York Times principles. Until the newsroom was remodeled, the manifesto hung on the wall of the editorial department's 10th Floor reception area. McCarthyism, a political term for witch-hunting, was coined by Max Lerner in an April 5th, 1950 New York Post article, which carried the headline: "McCarthyism: The smell of Decay". March 13, 1956: The Times publishes an in depth study of the American South chronicling how selected states in the region are adapting to the May 17, 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision abolishing segregation in public schools. The lead paragraph of the study warned there was a social revolution facing the country with "profound implications." Note: Another pioneering survey of the Deep South was published by U.S. News & World Report on March 23, 1956, when reporting on blacks putting economic pressure on white owned businesses through a series of well orchestrated boycotts. The businesses boycotted were supporting groups promoting racial superiority. Another group of white owned business owners were similarly being boycotted from members of their own race who were upset with them for giving financial support to civil rights organizations, such as the NAACP, compounding the region's racial strife. August 20-23, 1956: The Times experiment again with fax technology--this time during the Republican Convention--where news pages produced in New York were transmitted over phone lines to San Francisco and then distributed to delegates at the convention hall. Note: On February 28th, 1959, The Times report the selling of The Times Facsimile Company to Litton Industries for $1,250,000. March 19, 1959: The New York Times was the first publication to reveal details of a secret government project code-named Project Argus, in which 3 atomic bombs were launched in the South Atlantic and detonated in space. The tests were significant from a military standpoint in that the government learned a great deal about nuclear emissions in space, which would help them with the development of an anti-ballistic missile system. The story described the atom blasts as "the greatest scientific experiment of all time." The first firing was conducted on July 31, 1958. Note: The Times had knowledge of the tests even before they took place but withheld reporting on it after leading scientists cautioned them that if word of this experiment were made public--protests in all likelihood would follow--which would have forced them to scrap the project. July 6, 1959: A bridge column is added as a regular feature to The Times daily edition by Albert H. Morehead. Note: There was a bridge column in the drama section of The Times beginning in 1935. January 10, 1961: The Times give readers a preview of the Bay of Pigs operation in the making when they report on U.S. military forces operating in Retalhuleu, Guatemala training anti-Castro forces for what is believed to be a planned offensive against Cuba. April 25, 1961: Orvil E. Dryfoos is named The Times new publisher by the board of directors after Arthur Ochs Sulzberger steps down, assuming the title of chairman. August 14, 1961: With Babe Ruth's 60 home run record in danger of being broken by Mickey Mantle who just hit his 45th home run followed by Roger Maris's 44, fans question whether the ball has been altered or "juiced", which may account for the recent home run surge. Accordingly, The Times commission a scientific analysis conducted by Foster D. Snell Inc. Consulting Chemists and Engineers that compares baseballs from 1961 against those from 1927, the year Ruth set his record. Their conclusions? The analysis proved inconclusive, though, it did find baseballs from 1961 were livelier and lighter in weight distribution than the ones from 1927, taking into consideration that it could be due to "age deterioration." April 16, 1962: Al Horowitz introduces a chess column for the Sunday edition of The Times. Robert Byrne succeeded Horowitz in the 1970's. June 1, 1962: The Times writes an editorial in Latin ("Quatenus Mortua Lingua Latina?") in response to the language's removal from the public school curriculum. September 23, 1962: Fred J. Cook, in a Sunday Magazine article for The Times, previews a new nationwide telephone system soon to take effect: All Number Calling (ANC) in which a simple seven digit extension will replace the present cumbersome system of dialing the area code, followed by the first two letters of a persons name along with an identifying numeral (exchange designation) and finally the four numbers of a customer's exchange before a long distance call can be made. Cook notes: "Somewhere around the corner looms a new phenomenon, global dialing, where, by the use of area codes, you can call London or Afghanistan (assuming you know anyone in Afghanistan)". Other traces of the future reported by Cook include: A system for redirecting telephone calls to another location by punching a two-number code; touch-tone dialing replacing rotary dialing was yet another new feature that was being tested in Findlay, Ohio and Greensburg, Pa. The story also mentions "pushbuttons" (known today as speed dialing) as the wave of the future, making connections possible by a mere press of a button. NOTE: The first transcontinental telephone call occurred on January 25, 1915, between New York and San Francisco and it was reported in The Times on June 7, 1958, that The New York Telephone Company was planning to experiment with person-to-person dialing with Mid-Manhattan residents. October 1, 1962: The Times begin publishing a Western edition. NOTE: The West coast edition was discontinued after October 24, 1964 May 25, 1963: Orvil E. Dryfoos dies. June 21, 1963: At age 37, The Times announce the naming of Arthur Ochs ("Punch") Sulzberger as the new publisher. October 12, 1963: The obituary of playwright and poet, Jean Cocteau, represents the first obit that began The Times tradition of writing detailed biographical sketches of prominent figures at the urging of the metropolitan editor at the time, A.M. Rosenthal. December 17, 1963: The Times breaks new ground reporting on social issues with their page one story centering on the homosexual community ("Growth of Overt Homosexuality In City Provokes Wide Concern") around Manhattan's Greenwich Village. The story explores whether homosexuals are growing to alarming proportions as the headline suggests, or rather, if a more liberated public tolerates freer sexual expression. Attempts to understand homosexuality from a medical and sociological perspective through the gathering of opinions from specialists is examined. The story also reports on a piece of street lingo gaining currency: "There is a homosexual jargon once intelligible only to the initiate, but now part of New York slang. The word gay has been appropriated as the adjective for homosexual." Note: Not until 1987 does The New York Times begin using the word gay as a synonym for homosexual. March 9, 1964: The U.S. Supreme Court in Times v. Sullivan overturns a previous $500,000 libel award and rules that a public official cannot sue a newspaper for compensatory damages merely for negative reporting unless deliberate malice can be proved. In the case, Montgomery Ala. Commissioner L.B. Sullivan sued The Times along with four Alabama ministers: Ralph D. Abernathy, Fred L. Shuttlesworth, S.S. Seay Sr. and J.E. Lowery over a full-page advertisement that ran in The Times on March 29, 1960, entitled "Heed Their Rising Voices". The ad was soliciting funds for Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement in the South, which attacked the criminal treatment of blacks, including the bombing of Dr. King's home by "Southern violators." Despite no public official being named, Sullivan nonetheless argued the illegal activity described in the ad unjustly implicated him, resulting in defamation of character. The Times maintained the suit was brought against them for no other reason than to intimidate news organizations from reporting on public official's unlawful actions in the South. NOTE: The case was a landmark decision in determining how newspapers and television networks would pursue reporting on race relations in the South. Prior to the decision, libel actions brought against news organizations ballooned to nearly $ 300 million from Southern states, forcing many to tread lightly when reporting on civil rights violations for fear of being held liable. It has been argued, if The Times lost the decision, it could have conceivably stilled the aggressive reporting of news organizations like The Times and left the lawlessness in the region to go unreported. May 29, 1964: The New York Times published a page one story about the Blood Brothers, a black youth gang operating in Harlem who were reportedly recruiting and training forces planning to kill whites. The Times met with an outpouring of criticism once the story rolled off the presses. Questions were raised, for instance, whether there ever was such a gang by that name. Even if they existed, a Times' editor acknowledged, they carelessly relied too much on police accounts of the gang and the danger they posed to the community, which later were to be found exaggerated. The reporter who wrote the story eventually resigned. Other papers picked up on it reshaping it with sensational headlines, such as "HARLEM MAU MAU"--creating a sense of hysteria in the community and may have contributed to the riot that inflamed Harlem on July 18th (lasting through the 23rd) after a black youth was shot by an off-duty white police lieutenant, leading to scores of arrests, injuries, and causing $50,000 in property damage. Note: Two other major riots that engulfed Harlem occurred on March 19, 1935, when a group of Harlem residents went on a rampage after erroneously learning a black youth, caught stealing in a store, was beaten to death by police; and on August 1, 1943, a black military policeman was shot by a white police officer after the soldier reportedly tried to steal the officer's night stick while arresting a woman for disorderly conduct. A riot ensued when Harlem residents heard the black military officer was killed. In fact, the soldier was merely treated for a minor arm injury at Sydenham Hospital. February 9, 1965: The first Times editorial to question President Lyndon Johnson's escalation of the war in Vietnam is published. It corresponded with the Vietcong attack on Pleiku and the U.S. decision to assist the South Vietnamese in the bombing of North Vietnam. April 25, 1966: The Times publishes their first real analysis of the CIA that examines if the agency is running an "invisible government" operating independently outside the control of the executive branch. Questions were additionally raised why the CIA, unlike other agencies, is protected from outside oversight and review. The story set off sirens within the halls of Congress about the growing influence of the agency and whether it should be subject to greater scrutiny. February 21, 1967: The period that followed "The New York Times" masthead on page one is dropped. March 6, 1967: The New York Times is the first major newspaper to begin publishing a large type weekly for the visually impaired. December 11, 1968: Arthur Hays Sulzberger dies in his sleep at his (1115) Fifth Avenue residence. Note: Sulzberger's obituary appeared the following day along with an essay by editorial-page editor John Oakes who was the first cousin to Sulzberger's widow, Iphigene Ochs, and son of George Ochs--the younger brother of Adolph Ochs. His family changed their name from Ochs to Oakes during World War I due to their dislike toward Germans. April 29, 1968: Assistant managing editor A.M Rosenthal attends the opening of the Broadway play "Hair." After the performance, he learns a group of Columbia University students staged a sit-in at the school and police were planning to make arrests later that evening. Rosenthal witnesses first hand the violence that unfolds when police storm the campus building. He becomes so enraged at the demonstrators, the violence they incited, and the damaged caused to the buildings, that he writes an impassioned account of the night's events, which appeared May 1, 1968, on page one. Note: According to Harrison E. Salisbury, former editor at The Times and author of "Without Fear or Favor: An Uncompromising Look at The New York Times," Rosenthal paid a price for letting his emotions get the better of him. The Times top executives, for one, were upset with him for pushing his story onto page one; the publisher of the paper, Punch, had to contend with a group of picketers in front of his Fifth Avenue apartment; and Rosenthal himself would be thought of as a "right-winger" -- a label, Salisbury maintains--particularly among the youth--that would remain with him throughout his career. January 14, 1969: The New York Times goes public. The issue opens for $42 a share on the American Stock Exchange. September 21, 1970: The Op-Ed section makes its debut opposite the editorial page, moving the obituary page to another section of the paper. Note: The name Op-Ed (opinion-editorial) was derived from a page in the New York World called Op-Ed under the direction of Herbert Bayard Swope, who organized a collection of columns by staff writers. In addition, The Chicago Tribune featured opinion pieces as far back as 1912. The Times, however, at the suggestion of John Oakes, was the first to seek outside writing contributions from persons with expertise in different fields from all walks of life. The first editor of the page was Harrison E. Salisbury. June 13, 1971: The Times published the first in a series of articles by Neal Sheehan, Hedrick Smith, E.W. Kenworthy and Fox Butterfield that disclosed the contents of a government report commissioned by the Defense Department, which was highly critical of the U.S. government's role in the Vietnam War particularly to the extent to which it distorted its role to the American public. The guts of the classified material were passed on to The Times through the photocopying efforts of Daniel Ellsberg, a military analyst, who over time grew disillusioned with the war. Note: Shortly after publishing the Pentagon Papers, the Justice Department blocked further publication through an order from the United States district court. The Supreme Court subsequently overturned that ruling by a 6 to 3 vote and on July 1, 1971, The Times resumed publishing its contents. 1972: The Times discontinue using the word Negro when referring to African Americans after managing editor A.M. Rosenthal criticized a copy editor for taking out a reporter's use of black and replacing it with Negro. Rosenthal wrote: "The decision as to whether to use black or Negro should be made by the reporter writing the story. The reason is that there are many subtleties and the reporter is best qualified to decide which usage is the proper one given the context of the story and people about whom he was writing." June 2, 1972: The Times begins publishing a "Correction" box directly under the news summary and index for stories previously reported with factual errors. November 14, 1972: The Times report on the first computerized installation of The New York Times Information Bank, which allows researchers, students, and faculty at the University of Pittsburgh to access abstracts and articles previously published by the paper. This experimental hook-up marks the first time New York Times articles became accessible electronically to the outside public. January 31, 1973: The Times report on the hiring of President Richard Nixon's speech writer, William Safire, who will begin writing a twice-a-week column on the Op-Ed page from Washington D.C. July 29, 1974: The Times along with the New York Daily News embrace the information revolution when settling on a new contract with members of the Typographical Union No 6, which eliminates the union's handcraft as computers and electronic typesetting machines are introduced. In exchange for agreeing to the deal, the union is guaranteed lifetime job security, including a buy-out package if they opt for early retirement. The story ran on page one. An analysis of the agreement on the inside pages carried the headline: "City Papers on Threshold of Future As Result of 11-Year Automation Pact." Note: Within two months of this landmark contract, The Times London and Washington Bureau's begin filing stories electronically. December 22, 1974: Perhaps the most critical assessment of the CIA up to this point, splashed across page one of The Times when it reported how they illegally targeted anti-war demonstrators and other dissident groups (including at least one member of Congress) during the Nixon administration, compiling as many as 10,000 dossiers on persons suspected of being opposed to government policies and placing them under surveillance. The story also uncovered how the agency beginning as early as the 1950's engaged in a number of illegal crusades in order to root out foreign agents suspected of operating within the U.S.--using wiretaps, opening mail without the recipient's knowledge, and randomly breaking into homes--activity clearly outside their jurisdiction and prohibited by law. Note: As a result of Seymour M. Hersh's exclusive, Congress places the question of CIA acting as a "shadow government" on the top of their agenda including stepped up efforts to impose oversight requirements. July 12, 1975: The New York Times publish a feature on a new dance growing in popularity called the "Hustle", the forerunner to disco--the dance craze that would sweep the country off its feet in 1976 and 1977. The story is accompanied with a step-by-step dance illustration. A sentence from the article reads: "Whether it is part of nostalgia craze or a turning point in the history of popular dancing, it seems that the hustle will be around for a while." Note: The hustle and the early stages of disco were thought to have been taken from similar dances performed at black and Puerto Rican bars in Queens around 1970 and later at underground gay clubs like the Sancutary in New York's Hell's Kitchen, The Tenth Floor on W.33rd St, and Le Jardin's inside the Diplomat Hotel on W. 43rd Street. The opening of Infinity (633 Broadway) in 1975, however, brought disco out from the underground and into the mainstream, attracting a diverse mix of uptown, downtown, gay, and straight dancers. A couple of related notes: One of the first articles to observe disco as a "spreading social phenomenon" appeared in Rolling Stone Magazine on September 13, 1973, and the 1977 motion picture "Saturday Night Fever", which propelled disco to new heights was loosely based on Nik Cohn's New York Magazine cover story ("Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night") published June 7, 1976. August 18, 1975: The New York Times report classified advertisements have been automated replacing the linotype machines and "hot type", allowing ads to be searched faster on a computer and then sorted automatically (alphabetized, arranged by size) using a photocomposition machine. Note: Linotype machines used in the composition rooms of newspapers produced lines of words on single strips of metal for casting type. Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the machine in 1884. The New York Tribune was the first paper to use the linotype machines for its July 3, 1886 issue. February 2, 1976: The Times publishes a book review of their new style manual: "The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage," which hadn't been updated since 1962. The book reveals for the first time the paper's policies on datelines and the importance of protecting the anonymity of news sources. Reflecting the rise of feminism, the manual notes changes in how women should be addressed but refuses to accept the words "chairwoman," "chairperson", "spokeswoman" and "Ms." as acceptable usage. February 19, 1976: The New York Times report on the paper's alliance with the Harris Corporation of Cleveland to computerize the editorial department in two phases: the first video terminals will replace typewriters by May 1 with the remaining likely to be up and running by the middle of 1977. Note: The first editorial system computerized was the Today newspaper in Cocoa Fla. in 1970. April 6, 1976: The Times announces the Sunday and news departments will be brought under the immediate control of A.M. Rosenthal, the managing editor. The story also announced the appointment of Max Frankel as the new editorial-page editor effective January of the following year replacing John Oakes, who would assume the position of senior editor as an op-ed columnist. April 30, 1976: The Times begins publishing a four-section daily newspaper, including the launching of the Friday Weekend section. September 12, 1976: The redesigned Arts & Entertainment section debuts. October 2, 1976: The Times begin publishing the Weekly News Quiz. November 10, 1976: The Living Section is introduced, comprising restaurant reviews, cooking columns, home furnishings, consumer issues, such as personal health and finance, as well as arts and entertainment features. March 17, 1977: The Home section debuts. December 25, 1977: The Times examines the CIA's relationship with the press chronicling how the CIA shapes public opinion by having agents disguised as accredited journalists within newspapers and major news services (mostly overseas) who, in their reporting, orchestrate propaganda campaigns against foreign countries with the hope these occasional false reports and blatant inaccuracies get disseminated through American news outlets. Note: In the October 20, 1977 issue of Rolling Stone magazine, Carl Bernstein disclosed Times' reporter Cy Sulzberger in his early years as a foreign correspondent, cooperated with the CIA by sharing information on certain sources in order to gain access to classified material. In fact, one memo shows Sulzberger was regarded as an "active asset by the agency"; even The Times itself, according to the magazine article, provided a cover for 10 CIA operatives from 1950 to 1966. The story further claimed the publisher of the paper at the time, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, the uncle of Cy Sulzberger, had signed a "nondisclosure" statement with the agency, which was an agreement not to reveal the source of their information. The Times denied the allegations. A libel suit was never brought against Bernstein or the magazine. January 1, 1978: Cy Sulzberger retires from The Times. An editorial applauding his career is published under the headline: "Reporter Extraordinary." January 9, 1978: Sports Monday is introduced. Note: Beginning September 14, 1986, the Sunday Sports section was redesigned to accommodate additional stats and features. May 17, 1978: Business Day debuts. July 1, 1978: The Times converts to cold type, completing the computerization of the newsroom. November 14, 1978: Science Times is introduced as a new section. July 23, 1979: Walter Mattson assumes the title of chief operating officer--a move intended to bring increased organization to the corporate side of the paper. January 20, 1980: In a Sunday Magazine cover story, metropolitan editor Sydney Schanberg writes of his experiences as a foreign correspondent during the Cambodian civil war between 1973 and 1979, describing the friendship formed with his assistant Dith Pran and recounting grim tales of the one to three million people who were either massacred, uprooted from their homeland, or starved to death at the hands of the Khmer Rouge in the so called "Peasant Revolution". Pran, presumed dead since 1975 when he was captured, thrown into a slave labor camp and tortured, eventually escaped and reunited with Schanberg on October 9, 1979 at a Thai refugee camp. The article formed the basis of the 1984 motion picture "The Killing Fields" starring Sam Waterson and Dr. Haing S. Ngor. Schanberg was awarded a Pulitzer Prize (May 3, 1976) for his dispatch (May 9, 1975) on the inhumanity, bordering on genocide, inflicted upon millions of fleeing Cambodians by Communists who invaded Phnom Penh on April 17th, 1975. He eventually fell out of favor with The Times over his op-ed piece (July 27, 1985) involving a proposed underground highway, known as the Westway Project, in which he attacked "New York newspapers" (meaning, The Times) for failing to adequately report on the billions worth of overruns the project was costing. The New York State Department of Transportation proposed filling 200 acres of the Hudson River shoreline with a section of the federal interstate highway between W. 34th Street and Battery Park City so that additional luxury high rise apartments could be built. Schanberg considered the project a scandal and a gross "misuse of scarce public funds". The Times didn't share his sentiments. According to Edwin Diamond, author of "Behind the Times", the publisher of The Times, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., was a "Westway enthusiast." Schanberg left The Times and joined New York Newsday as a columnist in 1986 when attempts were made to have him re-assigned. Note: After a string of legal battles between the state and environmental groups concerned about the potential danger such a project would cause to the Hudson, the U.S. House of Representatives, on September 11, 1985, voted to withdraw funding for the Westway project. The money was instead redirected into upgrading New York's subway system in the early 1990's. April 18, 1980: The Times launch a national edition calling for the paper to be printed from other plants throughout the U.S. March 13, 1981: One of the first Times articles to notice rap music as an enduring genre that extends beyond predominantly black New York City neighborhoods is published in the review of The Sugar Hill Band who headlined at the Ritz along with a gathering of other rappers, including Grand Master Flash, the Fabulous Five, and the Funky 4 Plus 1. The reviewer observed: "Rapping is probably familiar to most New Yorkers as an intrusive noise on the subway or in the park--the noise that comes out of blaring cassette players and portable radios. But as the Ritz showed demonstrated, rapping has a much broader appeal than one might have anticipated." Note: Rap music took root in the South Bronx and Harlem neighborhoods around 1973 when it was first referred to as "break-beat music", in which percussive portions of records were danced at private house parties. By 1976, deejays began scratching records clockwise and then counterclockwise ("back-queuing a record") on live sound systems. This technique soon became a staple of rap recordings, attributing to its growing popularity. A few of the early venues that gave rise to rap were at the Hevalo, the Black Door, the Bronx River Community Center, and the Audubon ballroom. As rap's reputation spread, clubs like the Peppermint Lounge, the Mudd Club, Negril, Danceteria, and the Roxy absorbed the larger crowds. The first two rap recordings were "King Tim III (Personality Jock)" by the Fatback Band and "Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Band, both were released in 1979. July 3, 1981: The first Times article about the AIDS disease was reported by Lawrence Altman, carrying the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals." The story ran on page A-20. Note: Another early article about the disease appeared in The Wall Street Journal on December 10, 1981, by Jerry Bishop, which documented how the Federal Center for Disease Control reported 74 patients, mostly homosexuals and drug users, died from an apparent defect in their immune systems. The findings were largely based on a series of articles from the New England Journal of Medicine (December 10, 1981 Volume 305 Number 24). The first New York Times article to define AIDS was on August 8, 1982, under the headline: "A Disease's Spread Provokes Anxiety." September 28, 1981: The Times report on their new online computerized system, which allows for full-text searching of articles dating back to June 1, 1980. Each item will contain a brief description of its contents. Also listed will be the page and column number including whether the article is accompanied with a graph, photo, or map. As part of the new system, The Times introduces two techniques for finding articles: "free-text" and "controlled" searching. Free text searching involves finding an article using words or phrases contained within the article. Controlled searching is retrieving articles through a subject and geographic directory. March 4, 1983: The Times introduces an "Editor's Note" positioned under the "Correction Box" for stories that were factually correct but may have been misleading and unclear requiring clarification. February 6, 1983: Lexis Nexis announce they will make full-text articles of New York Times available to subscribers, 24 hours after publication. The full-text archive extends back to June 1, 1980. Articles in abstract form are accessible from January 1, 1969 through June 1, 1980. Note: Beginning in November of 1979, full-text articles of the Washington Post, U.S. News & World Report, Newsweek, the Economist, the Associated Press, and Reuters were made available through Lexis Nexis. In 1978, The Toronto Globe and Mail, was the first newspaper worldwide to offer full-text access to its editorial content through a commercial database: The Globe and Mail. December 10, 1983: The Times for the first time names a same-sex partner in the obituary of actor David Rounds. June 20, 1986: In an Editor's Note, The Times acknowledge the term "Ms." had become common usage and accordingly will be adopted as an honorific in news columns and when an identity of a woman is unknown. Executive editor A.M. Rosenthal ordered the change. Note: Joseph C. Goulden, in his book "Fit To Print: A.M. Rosenthal And His Times" wrote that when Gloria Steinem was alerted to The Times policy change, she immediately sent Rosenthal flowers along with a thank-you note compliments of the Ms Magazine staff. October 12, 1986: The Times report executive editor A.M. Rosenthal was stepping down from the post. Editorial page editor Max Frankel was named his successor beginning November 1. The story also announced Arthur Gelb was appointed managing editor and Jack Rosenthal would assume Frankel's position as editor of the editorial page. Note: A.M. Rosenthal became a full-time Op-Ed columnist on January 6, 1987. October 30, 1990: In celebration of the Op-Ed page's 20th anniversary, a collage of memorable essays and illustrations are reproduced in a special section. April 17, 1991: The Times reveals the identity of the alleged rape victim in a cause célèbre, when Sen. Ted Kennedy's nephew, William Kennedy Smith, is accused of raping Patricia Bowman in Palm Beach Fla. April 21, 1991: Anna Quindlen, an op-ed columnist, put her job on the line when she criticized The Times for their coverage of Patricia Bowman, the woman who accused William Kennedy Smith of rape. The paper's profile on Bowman suggested her poor driving record and sexual history, which was described as a "wild streak," cast a shadow over the validity of her charge. Quindlen accused her own papers' editors of sexism and of falling below their normal high standards when they identified her simply because of the prestige attached to the Kennedy name and because another media competitor, NBC, already revealed her identity. Quindlen never mentions Bowman's name. Note: Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones in "The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times" wrote that when Quindlen passed Arthur Sulzberger Jr. in the hallway after her column appeared, he put his arm around her and said "That was a good column yesterday." The Times, in fact, revealed the identity of an alleged rape victim on another occasion, when on December 23, 1959, they report Laura Haines, the daughter of playwright and novelist William Wister Haines, was beaten by a cab driver who tried to rape her near La Guardia Airport. April 26, 1991: The Times under an Editors Note, offer a clarification concerning their April 17th biographical sketch of Patricia Bowman, stating they didn't mean to imply they were questioning her character or the legitimacy of the rape charges. Note: The Editor's Note referred readers to a page A14 article, which chronicles challenges news organizations face when reporting on rape victims. January 16, 1992: Arthur Sulzberger Jr. is named the new publisher of The Times. April 28, 1992: The New York Times report on the launching of a Russian language edition of the paper (the first foreign-language edition in the paper's history) in a joint venture with The Moscow News beginning in early 1993. It's slated to be a bi-weekly publication called "News in Review", consisting of 16 to 24 pages of articles and editorials previously published from The Times. Note: "News in Review" was discontinued in February of 1994. May 3, 1992: "Styles of The Times" debuts. Note: On June 26, 1994, "Style of The Times" reduced its space and moved to the back of the Metro Section. On October 12, 1997, it re-emerged as a separate color section renamed "Sunday Styles," although it was available only to subscribers in the northeast. On September 30, 2001, it was incorporated into the national edition as a freestanding section. June 21, 1992: Robert Coover, a novelist, in an article for The Times Book Review entitled: "The End of Books" wrote that books were in danger of being replaced by a new technology--hypertext--where all print publications eventually will be converted into this digitized language and be read on a computer screen. June 28, 1992: Forecasting the end of print newspapers as we know them, The Times profile Roger Fidler, director of new media technology at Knight- Ridder, who envisions the coming (in about 5 years) of an electronic newspaper, which will give readers access to selected stories using a "lightweight pen" from a computer screen at a nominal cost. Note: Senator Al Gore, while chairing the Senate subcommittee on science technology and space, advocated building a new nationwide network for storing computer information in a July 15, 1990 Washington Post article. Gore wrote that the network had the potential of reaching into homes and "providing anyone with a personal computer access to a whole universe of electronic information." September 11, 1992: Washington editor Howell Raines was named Jack Rosenthal's successor as editorial-page director. Rosenthal would assume the role of assistant managing editor and editor of The Sunday Magazine effective January 1, 1993. September 17, 1992: Lance Primis was appointed president of The New York Times, replacing Walter Mattson. June 10, 1993: The Times acquires The Boston Globe for 1.1 billion. The deal became official on the 13th. September 6, 1993: Gerald Boyd, former metropolitan editor, assumes the title of assistant managing editor, making him the first African America to have his name appear on The Times masthead. Note: In the same year, Bob Herbert was named The Times first African America Op-Ed columnist and Margo Jefferson became the paper's first black arts critic. November 19, 1993: The New York Times report they will deliver published articles to customers using a facsimile service called TimesFax on a trial basis beginning in the spring. Note: TimesFax was created by The New York Times Company in January of 1990 for distribution of Times articles in the Far East. On September 10, 1990, it began producing a special military edition consisting of news and sport summaries, which were transmitted daily by fax to U.S. armed forces stationed in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. TimesFax was re-named Times Digest in 2001. December 6, 1993: The New York Times Company and Dow Jones & Company agree to a deal that makes The Times news stories available on Dow Jones computer service, marking the first time the daily content of The Times becomes accessible to subscribers of an electronic news service on the same day of publication. April 8, 1994: The New York Times report Joe Lelyveld, current managing editor will succeed Max Frankel as executive editor on July 1. Eugene L. Roberts Jr., former Times national news editor, long time executive editor of The Philadelphia News, and current professor of journalism at the University of Maryland, was named Lelyveld's successor as new managing editor, making him the first top editor chosen outside the paper's ranks since 1904 when Carr V. Van Anda was hired as managing editor from the New York Sun. Note: On October 2, 1994, Frankel began writing a new column for The Sunday Magazine focusing on communication called "Word & Image". June 9, 1994: In a joint agreement, The New York Times and America Online begin offering AOL subscribers access to the paper's electronic database, with a main emphasis on arts and entertainment features. Note: In the spring of 1992, selected articles from The Chicago Tribune became accessible through AOL including an assortment of classified advertisements. The full-text of the Tribune, called Chicago Tribune Online, became available on AOL in early 1993. January 19, 1996: The New York Times Internet edition goes online, offering free access to current news stories. NOTE: The first news organizations to offer Internet editions were USA Today, which launched on April 17, 1995, followed by CNN on August 30, 1995. August 18, 1996: W. 43rd Street is re-named Adolph S. Ochs Street. September 21, 1996: The New York Times give readers a sense of the power struggles taking place within upper management when reporting on the resignation of Lance Primus as president and chief operating officer of the paper because he wasn't given assurances he would one day assume the duties of chief executive, a position that was currently held by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger. The story cited sources who speculate Sulzberger's refusal to give Primus any hope of succeeding him meant that title would eventually be filled by his son, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., the publisher of the paper. Russell T. Lewis, who had been president and general manager, replaced Primus. Janet L. Robinson, senior vice president for advertising, assumed the title of president and general manager. September 22, 1996: Arthur Sulzberger Jr. is named chairman of The Times. October 16, 1997: The first page one color photo appears in The Times. Note: The first color photo believed to have appeared on page one of a major newspaper was on October 21, 1959, when the Minneapolis Star ran an Associated Press color photo of the funeral of General C. Marshall. On June 8, 1939, AP transmitted a half-tone color picture of President Roosevelt and King George VI from the nation's capital. February 26, 1998: The New York Times introduces "Circuits", a new weekly section focusing on digital technology and how it affects every day users. November 4, 1999: A.M. Rosenthal, Op-Ed columnist for The Times since 1987, retires--completing a 55-year career as reporter, foreign correspondent, metropolitan editor, assistant managing editor, associated managing editor, managing editor, executive editor, and finally columnist. His final column appears the following day along with a biographical sketch by Clyde Haberman. May 21, 2001: The New York Times announce the naming of editorial page editor Howell Raines as the paper's new executive editor replacing Joseph Lelyveld who announced his retirement. The change takes effect in September. June 22, 2001: The Times publish the naming of Gail Collins as the new editorial page editor, making her the first woman in the paper's history to occupy such a position. June 25, 2001: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that a group of magazine and newspaper publishers were guilty of copyright infringement when individual articles written by freelancer writers became accessible through electronic databases without their consent. Jonathan Tasini, president of National Writers Union, filed the lawsuit. As a result of the ruling, The New York Times begins removing freelance articles from their electronic databases unless given permission to continue archiving them. Note: Newspaper publishers expressed disappointed with the decision, labeling it a "blow to the public interest in easy access to information" while representatives from an assortment of library groups praised the historic ruling, reminding everyone that unlike Lexis-Nexis, historical records of newspapers and magazines are still available in public libraries at no cost. July 26, 2001: The Times announce Gerald Boyd, assistant managing editor, will assume the title of managing editor beginning in September, succeeding Bill Keller who will become an op-ed columnist and senior writer for The Sunday Magazine. September 18, 2001: The Times is 150 years old. Their special anniversary edition originally scheduled for publication on September 20th, is put on hold due to the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, where a group of terrorists linked to the Al Qaeda network headed by Osama bin Laden destroyed the Twin Towers on a suicide mission using commuter jets. Over 3000 people were killed not including the 184 lives lost at the Pentagon building in a similar airplane collision and another 40 victims on a hijacked plane that crashed in western Pennsylvania. Despite the attacks stunning the world, paralyzing New York City for days, including concerns of another attack just around the corner, Americans remained defiant--coming together in a show of patriotism not seen since World War II. A new section is launched on this day: "A Nation Challenged" devoted exclusively to terrorism in the U.S. and the anticipated war in Afghanistan. It's especially noted for presenting short tender biographical sketches of the victims lost at the World Trade Center. Note: The Times discontinued publishing "A Nation Challenged" as a separate section after the December 31, 2001 issue. October 23, 2001: The Times introduce an electronic (fee-based) version of their print edition at Newstand.com, where an exact replica of their metropolitan edition, including ads and photos can be downloaded and read on a desktop for seven days. The service is only accessible through broadband. A dial-up modem service was still being planned. November 14, 2001: The Times publish their 150th commemorative issue, nearly 2 months after its official anniversary (September 18). The 56-page supplement featured a timeline, an assortment of photographs from its archives, along with featured articles on the paper's history from staff writers, as well as past Times' writers, including Anna Quindlen, David Halberstam, and former executive editor Max Frankel.  April 8, 2002: The New York Times wins a record seven Pulitzer Prizes, six for their coverage of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, which included "A Nation Challenged", a daily special section that chronicled the consequences of September 11, and the perilous political and international landscape facing the United States in the new age of terrorism. February 21, 2002: Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, publisher of the New York Times from 1963 to 1992, retires from the board of the New York Times, a position he held since his election in 1959. The Times report that Sulzberger's daughter, Cathy J. Sulzberger, partner in the LHIW Real Estate Development Partnership, had been nominated to the 13-member board. April 5, 2002:  The New York Times introduce Escapes, a new weekly section that will be devoted to weekend pleasure trips, accompanied with maps and other travel columns. April 22, 2002: The New York Times and Discovery Channel agree to collaborate on a series of documentaries, to be hosted by Pulitzer winning columnist Thomas L. Friedman, beginning in 2003, focusing on world events, which will include interviews with political and social policy experts. August 17, 2002: Howell Raines, executive editor of The New York Times, recognizing a growing trend toward formal commitment ceremonies, announces that beginning next month, they will publish same sex "commitment ceremonies" and formal registration of gay and lesbian partnerships in the Sunday Styles section. August 27, 2002: John Steuart Wilson, the first popular music critic at the New York Times beginning in 1952, who wrote on the first rumblings of Rock n' Roll, as well as Latin and folk music; but was best remembered for capturing the echo of jazz that stirred the air at popular clubs like the Basin Street East and Cafe Society, died at a Princeton N.J. nursing home at age 89. October 22, 2002: The New York Times' announce they have bought the Washington Post's share of the International Herald Tribune for less than $75 million, a newspaper that was founded as The Paris Herald in 1887 by James Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald, ending the two companies split ownership of the Tribune that dated from 1991. Beginning on January 2, 2003, the Herald Tribune appears for the first time under the sole ownership of the New York Times. Note: In 1934, Bennett's Herald acquired the Paris edition of The Chicago Tribune; the following year, "Tribune" was added to its name. After the Herald Tribune folded in 1966, the Washington Post and New York Times each acquired one-third of the newspaper from Whitney Communications; and in 1991, they became co-owners when they bought out the Whitney shares. February 25, 2003: The New York Times reports that a DNA story originally published on May 16, 1953, about encoding and transmission of genes ("Form of 'Life Unit' in Cell Is Scanned."), a pioneering breakthrough at the time, based on findings first reported in the journal Nature by Francis Crick and Dr. James D. Watson, could not be found in the Times' database, the only logical explanation for its omission was that more than likely it ran its early edition only, and was pulled in later editions in favor of more pressing news. March 3, 2003: Associate managing editor, Nicholas D. Kristof, 43, who first joined the New York Times in 1984, holding a number of positions, among them, bureau chief in Hong Kong, Beijing and Tokyo, is appointed op-ed columnist by Arthur Sulzberger Jr., publisher of the Times, and Gail Collins, editorial page editor. March 19, 2003: The Times' report with the war in Iraq looming, many news organizations, including the Times, are instructing employees to leave Baghdad, and would rely on wire services for their coverage, according to Catherine Mathis, a spokeswoman for the newspaper. May 1, 2003: Executive editor of the Times', Howell Raines, announces that Times reporter Jayson Blair resigned from the company after allegations surfaced over whether he lifted passages from a story originally published by the San Antonio Express-News. In an Editor's Note, the paper wrote: "The Times regrets this breach of journalistic standards." On May 11th, the Times publishes a 7102 word article ("Correcting the Record"), chronicling the journalistic crimes committed by Blair, which included false datelines, fabricated quotes, and outright plagiarism in at least 36 stories, spanning a six-month period. May 14, 2003: The New York Times senior management team holds a town meeting to answer questions from staff members about the journalistic fraud committed by Blair, how it could have happened in the first place, what steps were being taken to restore the sunken morale of the newsroom, and how it planned to repair the damage the scandal had inflicted on the Times as an institution. Raines, the executive editor, fielded a battery of tough questioning, the most bruising coming from business reporter Alex Berenson, who wondered whether he would resign. The publisher of the Times, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., was quick to defend his executive editor, saying "he would not accept Mr. Raines's resignation even if offered." May 28, 2003: Rick Bragg, Pulitzer Prize winning columnist based in the South, turns in his resignation, five days after the paper published an "editors note" explaining he had relied heavily on the work from free lance writer, J. Wes Yoder, in his report about oystermen of the Florida Gulf Coast (June 15, 2002) without properly attributing the free lancer, delivering yet another ethical blow to the Times still reeling from the Jayson Blair scandal. June 5, 2003: Executive editor Howell Raines and managing editor Gerald M. Boyd stand in the middle of the 3rd floor newsroom to announce their resignation, a move that despite the cordial facade, was in reality a firing of the newsrooms two senior managers as pressure mounted on the publisher of the paper, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., to restore the morale of the newsroom badly shaken by the ethical breaches committed first by Jayson Blair and then Rick Bragg. While the paper planned to accelerate their search for a replacement, Joseph Lelyveld, the former executive editor, agreed to come out retirement and take control of the newsroom. July 14, 2003: Publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr., announces that Bill Keller, the senior magazine writer, a former managing editor, and a Pulitzer Prize recipient for international reporting in 1989, had been appointed executive editor of the Times', effective July 30th. July 24, 2003: David Brooks, former editor of the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal, a contributing editor at Newsweek and The Atlantic Monthly, was named the newest addition to the Times' op-ed page. His first column was scheduled to appear in September. July 26, 2003: Harold C. Schonberg, chief music critic for the Times from 1960 to 1980, who rose to prominence when he became the first music writer to claim a Pulitzer Prize in 1971 for his critical reviews on classical music and opera, died at St. Luke's Hospital in Manhattan at age 87. Schonberg first landed at the doorstep at the Times in 1950, becoming record editor in 1955, before replacing Howard Taubman as chief music critic in 1960. July 31, 2003: Bill Keller, fresh from assuming the executive editor duties, announces for the first time in the paper's history, it will have two senior managing editors, with the appointment of Jill Abramson, the Washington bureau chief, as the new managing editor of news gathering, and John M. Geddes, the Times' deputy managing editor, becoming managing editor for news operations, with an emphasis on production, budgeting, and staffing. In an effort to rebuild the public trust in the aftermath of the Jayson Blair scandal, Keller also announces he will appoint a public editor, another first for the Times, in the coming weeks. October 21, 2003: The Times introduces a new typeface to its page one, when it begins using Times Cheltenham, adding thickness to the headlines, while eliminating Latin Extra Condensed, News Gothic, Bookman Antique, and Century Bold Italics. But the Times did not part company with the Cheltenham Bold Italic, the font that was created in 1896 by the Cheltenham Press, a private publisher in New York City, and first appeared on Times' front page in 1906. In addition, the text typeface, Imperial, which has been parked on Times' pages since 1967 was left untouched. October 27, 2003: Reacting to the 25 journalist committee's recommendations, commissioned shortly after the Jayson Blair scandal, Daniel Okrent, 55, former managing editor of Life and editor of Time Inc.'s new media operations, is named public editor of the New York Times by executive editor Bill Keller. Okrent's tenure as ombudsmen becomes effective December 1 and will last for 18 months. As the Times first public editor, Okrent will respond to readers complaints and concerns of the Times coverage without interference from the senior management structure or the editorial board of the paper; his commentaries will be published in the Sunday Week in Review section, and other days as he deems it necessary. Note: The first newspaper to appoint a public editor was The Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times in 1967. In 2006, there are approximately 40 newspapers that have public editors or ombudsmen. November 21, 2003: The Pulitzer board decides against stripping Walter Duranty of The New York Times of the Pulitzer he earned in 1932 for his series of articles about the Soviet Union, despite waves of protests from Ukrainians and other historians, who claimed his reporting accommodated the Soviet propaganda machine of Josef Stalin, and most egregious of all--failed to report the famine of 1932-33, which resulted in the death of several million Ukrainians. While the board did acknowledge that Duranty's reporting failed to live up to the standards of today's international reporting, there was "no clear and convincing evidence of deliberate deception." February 19, 2004: Russell T. Lewis, announces he is retiring as president and chief executive of the New York Times at the end of the year, a position he held since 1997; and will be succeeded by Janet L. Robinson, senior vice president for newspaper operations. Lewis career at the Times was launched in 1966 as a copy boy; he was later elevated to news assistant and reporter; he left the Times for a short time, earning a law degree from the Brooklyn Law School (1973) and practicing at the law firm of Cahill, Gordon & Reindel in New York City. When he returned to the Times in 1977, he worked in the paper's legal department as staff lawyer before becoming vice president and deputy general manager in 1992, president and general manager the following year, and president in 1996. August 12, 2004: Times' reporter Judith Miller is subpoenaed by a Washington grand jury investigating whether any senior administration official intentionally leaked the identify of CIA operative, Valerie Plame, to syndicated columnist Robert D. Novak, when her name first appeared in his July 14, 2003 column. It's considered a felony for a high ranking administration official to leak such sensitive information. Miller became a target of the grand jury investigation when prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald learned Plame's name came up in conversations I. Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, had with Miller, along with four other reporters: Time Magazine reporter Matthew Cooper, Meet the Press host Tim Russert, and Washington Post reporters, Walter Pincus and Glenn Kessler. October 1, 2004: The Times' introduces a new correction policy on page A2, when it begins classifying corrections under two groupings: "Corrections" which will clarify factual errors that have clouded the readers understanding of a news topic; and "For the Record, which are narrow corrections, such as grammatical errors, misspellings, and historical dates of reference. November 15, 2004: The Times' announce that William Safire, 74, Richard Nixon's former speech writer, will write his final op-ed column on January 24, 2005, after 32 years, but will continue contributing his "On Language" column for the Sunday Magazine, which he has done since 1979. January 1, 2005: A new masthead is introduced on the editorial page, which will list management positions by "News Sections", "The Opinion Pages," and "The Business Management." in an effort to make clear to readers these are separate divisions with each department head responsible for reporting to the publisher. February 15, 2005: A federal appeals court in Washington rules that Times reporter Judith Miller and Matthew Cooper, of Time magazine, should be jailed for contempt of court for refusing to identify their sources on who identified Valerie Plame as "an agency operative on weapons of mass destruction"; their ruling shoots down the contention that reporters are shielded by the First Amendment, because, the court contends, these reporters may have witnessed a federal crime, and they backed up their ruling citing a precedent, Branzburg v. Hayes, a 1972 Supreme Court case, in which a reporter was ordered to testify after witnessing the production of illegal drugs. Responding to the ruling through a prepared statement, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., publisher of the New York Times, said: "The Times will continue to fight for the ability of journalists to provide the people of this nation with the essential information they need to evaluate issues affecting our country and the world, and we will challenge today's decision and advocate for a federal shield law that will enable the public to continue to learn about matters that directly affect their lives." Note: Miller was sentenced to jail on July 6, 2005, by a federal judge for "defying the law" for refusing to name a confidential source. March 1, 2005: John Tierney, 51, a New York Times Sunday Magazine columnist, who first started as general assignment reporter in 1990, is named op-ed columnist; his columns will appear twice weekly beginning in April. March 10, 2005: The New York Times announce that former Times theater critic Frank Rich, beginning in April, will move from the Arts & Living section to the Sunday op-ed page and write mammoth style essays on popular culture, twice the length of the traditional op-ed columns- when the Week in Review op-ed section is expanded into two pages. In a challenging move by executive editor Bill Keller and editorial page editor Gail Collins, the announcement (April 11) of the expanded section led to some spirited anger from loyal readers, when it was learned Maureen Dowd and Thomas L. Friedman, the section's two biggest boppers, would be penciled out of the Sunday lineup. April 14, 2005: Representatives of the New York Times, a minority partner of the Boston Red Sox, which owns 17 percent of the team, who finally laid to rest the "Curse of the Bambino," were given World Series rings by the New York Yankees' chief rival at a ceremony at Fenway Park. Russell T. Lewis, recently retired president of the Times, was one of 4 Times' representatives on hand to receive the rings. May 9, 2005: The internal committee appointed by executive editor Bill Keller to examine how the Times could regain readers trust, makes their findings available on the Times' company website at www.nytco.com. Among the committee's recommendations: The Times should expand their coverage of religion in America, increase their coverage of cultural and lifestyle issues, cut down on their use of anonymous sources, and make reporters, editors, and other staff members more accessible to the outside public through emails. May 16, 2005: The New York Times announce a new fee-based feature on their website, TimesSelect, which will charge users $49.95 a year to read op-ed columnists, reports from the International Herald Tribune, and other features, including gaining access to the Times online archives. Most of the material on the website, the company emphasized, would remain free of charge. May 22, 2005: Daniel Okrent writes his final column as public editor of the New York Times, and passes the baton to Byron Calame who begins his tenure on June 5th. May 25, 2005: Responding to the economic reality of declining readership, sagging advertising revenue, and the high cost of newspaper print, the Times announces it will eliminate 190 jobs, 130 at the Times, including approximately 20 editorial positions, the rest will come from its flagship newspaper, The Worcester Telegram & Gazette, and the Boston Globe. Bill Keller, the executive editor, also announced buyout packages would be offered to a limited number of the editorial staff. September 29, 2005: Judith Miller leaves prison after nearly three months when her confidential source, believed to be I. Lewis Libby, came forward and released her from their bond of confidentiality, encouraging her to testify before a federal grand jury about whether a senior White House official leaked the identity of a CIA operative. "Oh boy, am I happy to be free and finally able to talk to all of you", Miller told reporters after her testimony outside a federal courthouse in Washington. October 25, 2005: "I've always liked Judy Miller" Maureen Dowd's much discussed opening lead paragraph in which she tears into Judith Miller, questioning her credibility as a journalist by acting as a pawn for the Bush administration's "Weapons of Mass Destruction" propaganda; and then for not coming clean to her editors about her role in the Valerie Plame leak case. Dowd ended her column suggesting the Times' integrity as an institution would be seriously comprised if Judy "Run Amok", should ever step foot in the Times newsroom again. November 9, 2005: Judith Miller, a New York Times reporter for 28 years, agrees to resign from the paper after a couple tough weeks of negotiations with top editors over her proper exit strategy. She was initially denied by editors to be allowed to write an essay on the op-ed page, challenging some of the criticism she received from staff members over the past weeks. But the paper did agree to publish a letter she wrote to the editor explaining her position. In her letter, titled "Judith Miller's Farwell" she said she had chosen to resign "because over the last few months, I have become the news, something a New York Times reporter never wants to be." December 16, 2005: Times reporters James Risen and Eric Lichtblau disclose for the first time that just days after the September 11 attacks, President Bush, without seeking court approved warrants, authorized the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on Americans suspected of terrorist activity. This alarming disclosure sparked a spirited debate over how much power a President should be allowed to have in order to fight terrorism. As a result of this chilling expose, Risen and Lichtblau were awarded with Pulitzers in the category of National Reporting on April 17th, 2006. January 26, 2006: Executive editor Bill Keller names Joe Sexton The Times's new metropolitan editor, replacing Susan Edgerley, who was named assistant managing editor. April 3, 2006: The New York Times announces a major redesign of its Web site NYTimes.com, including a newly designed home page and section front pages; new ways to personalize the site; enhanced search capability; and more original video. May 10, 2006: Pulitzer Prize winning A.M Rosenthal, a former op-ed page columnist, and the pioneering executive editor of the New York Times from 1977 to 1986, who spoke with a sharp tongue, ruled with an iron fist, but was largely credited with giving the Times a much needed facelift during a crucial phase of its illustrious history, died in Manhattan, at age 84. July 1, 2006: Executive editor Bill Keller and L.A. Times executive editor Dean Baquet write an op-ed piece explaining their reasons for disclosing a secret government program to monitor international banking transactions. http://nyti.ms/arCS8x September 7, 2006: The New York Times launches a mobile Web site, allowing readers to access New York Times content from their mobile phones. October 13, 2006: Times publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr. names Andrew Rosenthal the newspaper’s new editorial page editor. Mr. Rosenthal, son of the late A. M. Rosenthal, a former executive editor of The Times, replaces Gail Collins, who will begin a new column on the Times’ Op-Ed page after her return from a leave of absence to write a book. May 3, 2007: Clark Hoyt, a 1973 Pulitzer recipient for national reporting, and a former Washington editor at Knight Ridder is named The Times’s third public editor since the position was first created in 2003. Mr. Hoyt’s responsibilities take effect May 14th and last for two years. His tenure is later extended an additional year to end in June 2010. September 17, 2007: The Times announces that after two years, TimesSelect, a fee-based program, which charged online subscribers $49.95 a year for access to The Times’s columnists and newspaper archives was ending, making access free, once again, to all visitors to its Website. TimesSelect attracted 227,000 paying subscribers and generated $10 million in annual revenue, but the company believed potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site would be more beneficial. November 19, 2007: The New York Times Company officially opens its new building, a dazzling 52-story tower located at 620 Eighth Avenue during a gala celebration, hosted by Arthur Sulzberger Jr., chairman of the Times Company and Bruce Ratner, chairman of Forest City Ratner Companies with Senator Chuck Schumer, Governor Eliot Spitzer, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg in attendance. The New York Times Building, co-owned by the Times Company and Forest City Ratner Companies, was designed by Pritzker Prize–winning architect Renzo Piano in association with FXFOWLE Architects. December 29, 2007: The Times announces William Kristol, editor and co-founder of The Weekly Standard, a conservative political magazine, will write a weekly column for the Times beginning January 7th. NOTE: On January 26, 2009, the Times and Mr. Kristol mutually agreed to end their relationship after little more than a year. February 14, 2008: Executive editor Bill Keller announces The Times will eliminate 100 of its 1,332 newsroom employees in 2008 through buyouts and layoffs if necessary, if not enough employees accept the buyout package. July 10, 2008: The New York Times announces the release of the NYTimes iPhone application , which gives readers offline reading capabilities of their favorite New York Times stories. September 5, 2008: In an effort to save money on production costs, The Times announces beginning October 6th, they will eliminate the Metro report and Sports as stand alone sections. Metro will move inside the newspaper’s A section, while the Sports section (on Tuesday through Friday) will slip inside the Business Day section. Sports will remain a separate section on the weekends and on Mondays. September 26, 2008:  NYTimes.com hosts live streaming video of the 2008 presidential debate -- its first live video feed on the homepage. October 13, 2008: Paul Krugman, an economics professor at Princeton and Op-Ed columnist for The Times since 1999, is awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for his insightful analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity, research that Mr. Krugman began in 1979. March 30, 2009:  The International Herald Tribune, the global edition of The New York Times, joins forces with The New York Times on the Web to create a new online Global Edition, which combines the international voice of the IHT with the worldwide breadth of reporting of The Times and the digital expertise of NYTimes.com. May 24, 2009: The Times launches Metropolitan, a new section in its Sunday edition.  The section, which includes narrative profiles, reported essays and innovative storytelling about New York and its suburbs, will replace The City section and the New Jersey, Connecticut, Westchester and Long Island sections, which were eliminated to cut costs, as well as the New York report pages in the main news section. April 20, 2009: The Times wins five Pulitzer Prizes, the second most in its history for breaking news, investigative reporting, international reporting, criticism, and feature photography, giving The Times a total of 101 Pulitzers since journalism’s top prize was first awarded in 1917. The Times previously won seven Pulitzers in 2002, the most by any newspaper. June 19, 2009: Times reporter David Rohde, abducted outside Kabul, Afghanistan, on Nov. 10 while researching a book, escapes from the clutches of the Taliban after seven months of captivity in the mountains of Pakistan and Afghanistan. NOTE: Beginning October 18, 2009, Mr. Rohde begins the first of a five-part series of a first-person account of his seven months of captivity in Pakistan. http://nyti.ms/9Yhj0h   August 5, 2009: Sam Sifton, the Times Culture editor since 2005 is named the newspaper’s new restaurant critic, replacing Frank Bruni, who will begin writing for The Times’s Sunday Magazine September 15, 2009: Bill Keller, the executive editor, named Jonathan Landman, the deputy managing editor, The Times new culture editor, a position he briefly held on an interim basis in 2004 and 2005, while reorganizing the department. October 15, 2009: The New York Times announces an expanded Bay Area metro report with added pages of local content on Fridays and Sundays in the San Francisco area.  This expanded local report is the first of several to take place in key markets across the United States, and designed to complement the national and global coverage that has made The Times a popular news provider in the region. January 20, 2010: The New York Times announces that it will be introducing a metered model for NYTimes.com at the beginning of 2011. This will enable NYTimes.com to create a second revenue stream and preserve its robust advertising business. March 12, 2009:  The New York Times announces that Ross Douthat, a columnist and former senior editor at The Atlantic, will write a column for The New York Times.  Beginning mid-April, his columns will appear occasionally on The New York Times Op-Ed page and online at nytimes.com/opinion and will cover politics, foreign and national affairs. March 22, 2010:  Richard Berke, previously assistant managing editor, is named National editor of The New York Times, replacing Suzanne Daley, who returns to the Foreign desk. April 2, 2010: The New York Times announces the release of The New York Times Editors' Choice app for the iPad. May 19, 2010: Executive editor Bill Keller informs staff members (by email) that Jill Abramson, managing editor for news at The New York Times, will step aside for six months in order to concentrate on the Times’s digital operation. Ms. Abramson’s newsroom responsibilities will be filled by three editors on a rotating basis: Dean Baquet, an assistant managing editor and Washington bureau chief, Susan Chira, the foreign editor, and Larry Ingrassia, the business editor. Note: The New York Times' Corporate Communication and Archive Departments provided the dates when selected news sections of the paper were first introduced. The New-York Historical Society Library staff established when Herald Square and Greeley Square officially acquired their names. Other dates on company histories were researched and confirmed by The Chicago Tribune, Newsday, CNN, the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, the New York State Newspaper Project, and Lexis Nexis. Bibliography
International New York Times
In American politics, what is the symbol of the Republican Party?
New York Times Chronology: NYS Newspapers: New York State Library NYSED / OCE / NYSL / Research Library / Newspapers / The New York Times : 1851-2010 The New York Times: A Chronology: 1851-2010 Researched and Compiled by Bill Lucey, June 25, 2006, revised May 23, 2010 September 18, 1851: Henry J. Raymond, Speaker of the New York State Assembly and George Jones, an Albany banker, begin publishing The New-York Daily Times at 113 Nassau Street. Note: Raymond worked for Horace Greeley at the New York Tribune before teaming with Jones. September 11, 1852: Raymond Rotham writes the first theater review for The Times. September 14, 1857: The New York Times replaces The New-York Daily Times as the new name of the paper. April 21, 1861: The New York Times launches a Sunday edition. The first edition sold for 2 cents. Note: The Sunday Monitor (Baltimore, MD) published the first Sunday newspaper on December 18, 1796. September, 1869: Maria Morgan is the first female reporter to occupy a desk in The Times newsroom, where she's assigned to stock news, horse shows, and racing. Note: Sara Jane Clark was the first woman reporter on The Times payroll, submitting travel pieces from the West and Europe using the pen name Grace Greenwood July 22, 1871: The Times expose the crooked dealings of Tammany Hall's William Marcy Tweed, or "Boss Tweed", who, along with others, had been stealing millions from the New York City Treasury, according to documents presented to the paper by his enemies. The story displayed figures from the Controller's books showing large chunks of money were being diverted to the Tammany Ring. George Miller, a carpenter, according to the ledger, was to have received $360,747 for repairing a courthouse, which was never completed. Miller never received a dime. The checks were actually endorsed by firms in partnership with Tweed. The deception evident in these revelations marked the beginning of the end for Tweed and his underhanded operation. He was convicted on corruption charges and sentenced to prison. This page one story ran under a three-column headline and is believed to have been the paper's first display heading. The first Times article to report Tweed's malfeasance appeared July 8th. Note: Tweed's associates offered The Times $5 million if they would kill the story. The Times refused. 1872: The New York Times promotes itself as "the only Republican paper in New York." March 25, 1878: In a short lived experiment, The Times begin publishing the first of three supplements written in Spanish. April 13, 1893: The Times is sold to The New York Times Publishing Company. Charles R. Miller, the editor of the paper, was named president. Managing editor George F. Spinney became the publisher and business manager. In announcing the new management team on April 14th, the paper reports "The Times will be a Democratic newspaper." August 19, 1896: Adolph S. Och's name first appears on The Times editorial page listing him as publisher after becoming principal owner the previous day. September 6, 1896: The first photographs appeared in the Illustrated Sunday Magazine, the paper's first regular supplement. The magazine was discontinued after the September 3rd, 1899 edition. Note: The first half tone illustration was published in The New York Daily Graphic on March 4, 1880. October 8, 1896: The Times begin publishing summaries of major news stories on page one under the logo: "The News Condensed." October 10, 1896: The Times begins a book review section, The Saturday Review of Books and Art, based on the assumption books can and should be treated as news. October 25, 1896: The Times slogan: "All the News That's Fit to Print" makes its first appearance on the editorial page. Note: A portion of the slogan: "All The News" was actually taken from The Philadelphia Times; Ochs and The Times' editors merely added "Fit To Print". December 1, 1896: The hyphen from The New York Times is dropped once a style change is universally accepted. Note: The New-York Historical Society is the only institution to keep the hyphen in its name. February 10, 1897: The Times motto: "All The News That's Fit To Print", is moved from the editorial page to page one. July 4, 1897: The Times spends $5,000 on a finer quality print in order to publish photographs of Queen Victoria's procession during her Jubilee celebration in June. August 14, 1900: Adolph Ochs officially takes control of The Times when the Equitable Life Insurance Society votes to give him the controlling stock in the company after showing a profit for three consecutive years. September 25, 1901: The Times publishes its Jubilee Issue, which includes a 40-page supplement on the history of the paper. May 31, 1903: In celebration of New York's City's 250th anniversary, historian Thomas A. Javier writes for The Times 7 condensed chapters on its founding: I. "The Planting of the City", II. `The Dutch West India Company", III. "The Dutch Rule of New Netherland", IV. "How New Netherland Became New York", V. Our First Reform Governor" VI. "New York Under English Rule" and chapter VII. "The Lessons of Three Hundred Years". January 18, 1904: New York City boasts 13 dailies, including The Times. By March of 1964, ten of those 13 either folded or merged. Of those that survived, The New York Post (1801) beginning April 6, 1942, under Dorothy Schiff, changed from being a broadsheet into a 6-day a week tabloid. The Morning Telegraph (1897) segued into a horse racing paper and reporting news from Broadway before folding on April 10, 1972. The Times (1851) was the only paper to keep its format unaltered since its inception. Note: After the New York City newspaper strike of 1962 that lasted 114 days and caused the industry financial hardship beyond repair, the city's daily newspapers are quickly pared down. In 1963, The Mirror declared bankruptcy. The Herald Tribune ceased operations in 1966 and a year later two others folded: The World Telegram and Sun and The Journal-American. The New York Daily News began publishing on June 26, 1919, as the Illustrated Daily News, the first tabloid in America. New York Newsday launched on September 11, 1983, and closed after the July 16, 1995 issue. Its parent newspaper, Newsday, founded by Alicia Patterson in Hempstead, Long Island, was first published on September 3, 1940. April 8, 1904: "Long Acre Square" is re-named "Times Square" after the New York City Board of Alderman passes an ordinance. Note: On May 1, 1894, The Times report the triangle bordering 32nd and 34th Streets and Broadway and Sixth Avenue was named "Greeley Square", home to Horace Greeley's New York Tribune. Less than a year later, on February 5, 1895, the New York City Board of Alderman passed a similar ordinance naming the area around Broadway and 35th and 36th Street "Herald Square" in honor of James Gordon Bennett Jr. and his New York Herald. October 28, 1904: The New York Times writes extensively about the opening of the NYC Subway that extends from City Hall to One Hundred and Forty-Fifth Street and Broadway accompanied by a map on page 2 showing the stations on the route. The paper reported a number of notable firsts, such as: F.B. Shipley, from Philadelphia, was the first man to give up a seat for a woman; the first subway ticket was purchased by Joseph Curran of 310 West Forty-eighth Street; the first theft on the subway was reported by Henry Barrett of 348 West Forty-sixth Street who noticed his diamond horseshoe pin missing 3 minutes after buying his ticket; and the first subway delay took place two hours after the subway opened on the express train at the 14th Street Brooklyn Bridge Station due to a broken brake hose. The most prophetic statement came from an unnamed passenger who reportedly said: "Mark my words; the Subway is going to boom the newspaper business. When you get in there's nothing to look at except the people, and that's a tiresome job." Note: On April 9, 1890, the first Rapid Transit Commission was created recommending a steam railroad run on a viaduct from the Brooklyn Bridge to Astor Place and from there a subway to 42nd Street. January 1, 1905: The final issue of The New York Times is printed at the old Jones Building (41 Park Row) in Lower Manhattan, famed Newspaper Row, where more than a dozen New York City dailies once called home. It includes a 48 page illustrated supplement on their new building, Times Tower, at 42nd and Broadway. January 1, 1905: The New York Times begins placing a poem on the editorial page. Fredrick Craig Martiner conceived the idea. The last poem to appear on the editorial page was on June 16, 1973. Note: Beginning February 17, 2002, The Times started a new feature in the Book Review section, in which they will publish original poetry from accomplished writers as well as unknown poets. October 29, 1905: A separate section is created devoted to music drama and society. January 7, 1906: Paul Piper introduced a comic strip in the rotogravure section of The Times--the only one in the paper's history--chronicling the travels of two bears: The Roosevelt Bears. The comic strip lasted through July 22nd. Many believe it was modeled after Teddy Roosevelt, an avid bear hunter. Note: The New York Daily Telegraph was the first newspaper to feature a comic strip beginning September 11, 1875 called "Professor Tigwissel's Burglar Alarm". The New York World was the first to feature Sunday comics in 1893. December 31, 1906 Adolph Ochs drops an illuminated globe from the top of his new building, Times Tower in Times Square on New Year's Eve. This public relations innovation marked the beginning of an annual ritual. Note: The only time the ball didn't drop from Times Square on New Year's Eve (since 1907) were two years during World War II, 1942 and 1943, due to a wartime dim-out. June 5, 1910: The New York Times publishes the full-text transcript of former president Theodore Roosevelt's address he delivered at the Guildhall in London, where he roundly criticized British foreign policy in Egypt. This is thought to have been the first time the paper reproduced a speech of any kind word-for-word. January 29, 1911: The Book Review moves from Saturday to Sunday. October 9, 1912: The Times report on the mass gathering surrounding the paper's new electric scoreboard at Times Square to watch the New York Giants play the Boston Red Sox during game one of the 1912 World Series. The scoreboard allowed fans outside of the Polo Grounds-- for the first time-- to watch every play of a baseball game. At the time of publication, this was the largest crowd ever to assemble at Times Square. December 15, 1912: The Times launch "Hundred Neediest Cases", a public donation appeal for the less fortunate during the holiday season. February 2, 1913: The Times Annex at 229 West 43rd Street is opened. April 23, 1913: The Times writes on the unveiling of The New York Times Index, a quarterly publication that will provide readers for the first time with citations (date, page, column, along with a brief summary) to articles previously published. Items are to be indexed by name and subject and will include cross-references, making it an indispensable news source for tracking current events. NOTE: In 1886, Henry J. Raymond and others published the "Index to The New York Times For 1865", containing 182 pages of news references. Earlier indexes were made available for staff members only. March 29, 1914: The Times along with 6 other newspapers introduce rotogravure sections showing pictures from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The other papers were: The Boston Sun Herald, The Philadelphia Public Ledger, the Chicago Tribune, The (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, The St. Louis Post-Dispatch and The Kansas City Star. Note: The last issue of The Times picture rotogravure section was published on February 8, 1942, when it merged with The Sunday Magazine. August 23, 1914: The Times publish the British White Paper in its entirety, the document outlining Britain's decision to enter the war. November 10, 1918: A cartoon by Hy Mayer was published alongside a news story on the eve of the armistice of World War I depicting the abdication of the German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm. This is thought to be the first cartoon to accompany a news story in a daily newspaper. September 18, 1921: The Times publishes its 70th Anniversary issue, coinciding with the publication of a new book by Times staff writer Elmer Davis: "History of The New York Times." 1927: To entice libraries into archiving their paper, The Times calls itself "The Paper of Record". November 6, 1928: The Times begins to display election results for pedestrians on the exterior of The Times Tower at the corner of Broadway and 42nd Street. March 7, 1930: The New York Times is the first major newspaper to begin using the word Negro in the upper case. An editorial stated future references to the race would be treated as equitably as other races and nationalities. Note: Negro is the Spanish and Portuguese word for black. The English borrowed it during the 16th Century. June 7, 1931: Waldemar Kaempffert, an engineer, who had been writing on Science topics for The Times beginning in 1927, introduces a regular Science column in the Sunday edition. April 23, 1933: Magazine advertisements begin using color ads. Note: The New York Recorder published the first color ad on April 2, 1893. April 26, 1933: Arthur Krock, The Times Washington bureau chief, begins attaching his name to a column on the editorial page, representing the first signed column to appear on the editorial page. Note: The first initials attached to an editorial were on March 2, 1871, when C.R.M. appeared at the bottom of an editorial written by Charles R. Miller February 13, 1935: When the Navy's dirigible Macon exploded off the California coast, The New York Times experimenting with fax technology for the first time, published photos of the disaster the following day thanks to a portable facsimile transmitter sending the photos over a phone line from San Francisco to New York. NOTE: The first successful fax transmission from a news organization took place on January 1, 1935, when the wire photo service of the Associated Press sent eight newspapers aerial photos of a plane crash in the Adirondack Mountains, a short distance from Newhouseville, NY. August 4, 1934: The first weather map in the paper's history is published extending three-columns and accompanies a news story. January 25, 1935: The Times ushers in a new Sunday section: The "News of the Week in Review" under the direction of Lester Markel. Note: The New York Sun is believed to have been the first major newspaper to offer a summary of the week's news events when introduced "It Happened This Week" on December 26, 1931. The feature lasted until 1946. April 8, 1935: Adolph Ochs dies Note: As a tribute, teletypes at the Associated Press fell silent for two minutes when news of his death is learned. May 7, 1935: Arthur Hays Sulzberger, Adolph Ochs son-in-law, is elected president and publisher of The New York Times Company by the board of directors. In conjunction with that announcement, a new position -general manager- was created and filled by Ochs nephew, Julius Ochs Adler. November, 1935: Back issues of The New York Times from 1914-1927 become available on microfilm. Note: The New York Herald Tribune was the first newspaper to make microfilm available of its current issues beginning with the January 1, 1936 edition. February 1, 1937: The first woman in Times history to sit on the editorial board is Anne O'Hare McCormick. She begins a column: "Affairs in Europe", later re-named "Abroad." Note: McCormick was also the first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize in 1937. February 6, 1937: The Times begins the first of 50 editorials ("Remaking The Judiciary") attacking President Franklin Roosevelt on his court-packing scheme. June 15, 1938: The New York Times predicts war is at hand in Europe and encourages the United States to free itself from the Neutrality Act and play an active role in the approaching conflict when it writes: "The U.S. would and should be prepared to defend a way of life which is our way of life and the only way of life worth living." Note: This marks the beginning of a new activism in Times news coverage and it has been observed this was an editorial that Adolph Ochs would never have allowed. October 9, 1939: Times writer Meyer Berger introduces a new column: "About New York". June 7, 1940: With European countries falling like dominoes at the hands of Nazi Germany, New York Times editorial calls for compulsory military training as a first step to protecting the country's national security. April 21, 1941: The Times reach a settlement on a Guild contract covering all commercial departments--business, circulation, promotion, and advertising. The contract, however, does not extend to news and editorial employees. February 15, 1942: The crossword puzzle makes its first appearance in the Sunday Magazine. Note: The first crossword puzzle to appear in a daily newspaper was in The World on December 21, 1913, at the suggestion of Arthur Wynne. May 1, 1942: The Times agrees to a Guild contract covering the news and editorial departments. August 9, 1942: The Book Review section introduces a "Best Seller's List." March 22, 1943: Maintenance workers are brought under the Guild's jurisdiction. December 7, 1943: Abraham Michael ("Abe") Rosenthal submits his first story for The Times ("Spirit of C.C.N.Y. A Sad, Sad Story") as a 12 dollar a week college stringer. He became a full-time employee in 1944, and on October 20, 1945, his official byline: A.M Rosenthal appears for the first time. July 18, 1944: The Federal Communications Commission approves The Times purchase of radio station WQXR, which will be used for hourly newscasts as well as facsimile short-wave experiments. 1945: George Streator was the first African-American reporter to be hired at The New York Times. April 26, 1945: The Times report on a four-page wire edition that was sent by facsimile and delivered to members of a United Nations conference in San Francisco just after midnight (West Coast time) of the paper's next morning edition. The facsimile transmission consisting of conference and international news marked a journalism milestone. Note: The Associated Press and the Richmond (Calif.) Independent assisted The Times with the transmission of the special wire edition. August 11, 1946: The Times introduce an editorial change announcing they will no longer refer to the race of persons suspected of a crime unless race is relevant to the story. November 3, 1946: The Times unveil a fashion section: "Fashion of the Times"‘, which began with a spring preview of 1947. June 20, 1949: The Times begin printing an International Edition in Paris, making it available in Europe 24 hours after publication. Prior to that, on December 11, 1948, the paper started an International Air Edition. It was produced in New York and flown to Paris daily. Note: On May 17, 1967, The Times report on the closing of their offices in Paris after agreeing to merge the International Edition with their Paris competitor: The New York Herald Tribune-The Washington Post International. The new publication was named the International Herald Tribune beginning May 22, 1967. September 11, 1950: The daily publication of The Times now includes a crossword puzzle. September 17, 1951: The Times publishes its One Hundredth Anniversary issue, carrying the headline: "A Century of the Times." In celebration of hitting the century mark, The Times previously assigned staff writer Meyer Berger to write a book on the history of the paper, entitled: "The Story Of The New York Times 1851-1951." November 16, 1952: Clellon Holmes, in a Sunday Magazine article, introduces readers to the "Beats", the post World War II generation disconnected from American mores, who rebel against its moral and political conformities through drug use, hanging around jazz clubs, and putting thoughts to words in poetry, essays, and other literary contributions. Holmes observed: "There are those who believe that in generations such as this there is always the constant possibility of a great new moral idea, conceived in desperation, coming to life. Others note the self-indulgence, the waste, the apparent social irresponsibility, and disgrace." Note: The term Beats was coined by John Kerouac in his novel "The Town and the City": "It was several years ago, when the face was harder to recognize, but he has a sharp, sympathetic eye, and one day he said, "You know, this is really a beat generation." September, 1954: The first black woman appears on The Times Society page. October 27, 1954: Cy Sulzberger begins writing his "Foreign Affairs" column. January 5, 1956: A New York Times editorial ("Voice Of A Free Press") responds to the menace of McCarthyism and in particular to Senator James Eastland's subcommittee investigating suspected Communists infiltrating media organizations. According to the editorial, the subcommittee appeared to be targeting Times staff members in their witch-hunts, due to the paper's criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy, including its reporting on the "abusive methods" used while questioning witnesses. The editorial concludes: "Long after Senator Eastland and his present subcommittee are forgotten, long after segregation has lost its final battle in the South, long after all that was known as McCarthyism is a dim unwelcome memory, long after the last Congressional committee has learned that it cannot tamper successfully with a free press, The New York Times will still be speaking for the men who make it, and only for the men who make it and speaking without fear or favor, the truth as it sees it." Note: Charles Merz wrote the editorial and many considered it representative of The New York Times principles. Until the newsroom was remodeled, the manifesto hung on the wall of the editorial department's 10th Floor reception area. McCarthyism, a political term for witch-hunting, was coined by Max Lerner in an April 5th, 1950 New York Post article, which carried the headline: "McCarthyism: The smell of Decay". March 13, 1956: The Times publishes an in depth study of the American South chronicling how selected states in the region are adapting to the May 17, 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision abolishing segregation in public schools. The lead paragraph of the study warned there was a social revolution facing the country with "profound implications." Note: Another pioneering survey of the Deep South was published by U.S. News & World Report on March 23, 1956, when reporting on blacks putting economic pressure on white owned businesses through a series of well orchestrated boycotts. The businesses boycotted were supporting groups promoting racial superiority. Another group of white owned business owners were similarly being boycotted from members of their own race who were upset with them for giving financial support to civil rights organizations, such as the NAACP, compounding the region's racial strife. August 20-23, 1956: The Times experiment again with fax technology--this time during the Republican Convention--where news pages produced in New York were transmitted over phone lines to San Francisco and then distributed to delegates at the convention hall. Note: On February 28th, 1959, The Times report the selling of The Times Facsimile Company to Litton Industries for $1,250,000. March 19, 1959: The New York Times was the first publication to reveal details of a secret government project code-named Project Argus, in which 3 atomic bombs were launched in the South Atlantic and detonated in space. The tests were significant from a military standpoint in that the government learned a great deal about nuclear emissions in space, which would help them with the development of an anti-ballistic missile system. The story described the atom blasts as "the greatest scientific experiment of all time." The first firing was conducted on July 31, 1958. Note: The Times had knowledge of the tests even before they took place but withheld reporting on it after leading scientists cautioned them that if word of this experiment were made public--protests in all likelihood would follow--which would have forced them to scrap the project. July 6, 1959: A bridge column is added as a regular feature to The Times daily edition by Albert H. Morehead. Note: There was a bridge column in the drama section of The Times beginning in 1935. January 10, 1961: The Times give readers a preview of the Bay of Pigs operation in the making when they report on U.S. military forces operating in Retalhuleu, Guatemala training anti-Castro forces for what is believed to be a planned offensive against Cuba. April 25, 1961: Orvil E. Dryfoos is named The Times new publisher by the board of directors after Arthur Ochs Sulzberger steps down, assuming the title of chairman. August 14, 1961: With Babe Ruth's 60 home run record in danger of being broken by Mickey Mantle who just hit his 45th home run followed by Roger Maris's 44, fans question whether the ball has been altered or "juiced", which may account for the recent home run surge. Accordingly, The Times commission a scientific analysis conducted by Foster D. Snell Inc. Consulting Chemists and Engineers that compares baseballs from 1961 against those from 1927, the year Ruth set his record. Their conclusions? The analysis proved inconclusive, though, it did find baseballs from 1961 were livelier and lighter in weight distribution than the ones from 1927, taking into consideration that it could be due to "age deterioration." April 16, 1962: Al Horowitz introduces a chess column for the Sunday edition of The Times. Robert Byrne succeeded Horowitz in the 1970's. June 1, 1962: The Times writes an editorial in Latin ("Quatenus Mortua Lingua Latina?") in response to the language's removal from the public school curriculum. September 23, 1962: Fred J. Cook, in a Sunday Magazine article for The Times, previews a new nationwide telephone system soon to take effect: All Number Calling (ANC) in which a simple seven digit extension will replace the present cumbersome system of dialing the area code, followed by the first two letters of a persons name along with an identifying numeral (exchange designation) and finally the four numbers of a customer's exchange before a long distance call can be made. Cook notes: "Somewhere around the corner looms a new phenomenon, global dialing, where, by the use of area codes, you can call London or Afghanistan (assuming you know anyone in Afghanistan)". Other traces of the future reported by Cook include: A system for redirecting telephone calls to another location by punching a two-number code; touch-tone dialing replacing rotary dialing was yet another new feature that was being tested in Findlay, Ohio and Greensburg, Pa. The story also mentions "pushbuttons" (known today as speed dialing) as the wave of the future, making connections possible by a mere press of a button. NOTE: The first transcontinental telephone call occurred on January 25, 1915, between New York and San Francisco and it was reported in The Times on June 7, 1958, that The New York Telephone Company was planning to experiment with person-to-person dialing with Mid-Manhattan residents. October 1, 1962: The Times begin publishing a Western edition. NOTE: The West coast edition was discontinued after October 24, 1964 May 25, 1963: Orvil E. Dryfoos dies. June 21, 1963: At age 37, The Times announce the naming of Arthur Ochs ("Punch") Sulzberger as the new publisher. October 12, 1963: The obituary of playwright and poet, Jean Cocteau, represents the first obit that began The Times tradition of writing detailed biographical sketches of prominent figures at the urging of the metropolitan editor at the time, A.M. Rosenthal. December 17, 1963: The Times breaks new ground reporting on social issues with their page one story centering on the homosexual community ("Growth of Overt Homosexuality In City Provokes Wide Concern") around Manhattan's Greenwich Village. The story explores whether homosexuals are growing to alarming proportions as the headline suggests, or rather, if a more liberated public tolerates freer sexual expression. Attempts to understand homosexuality from a medical and sociological perspective through the gathering of opinions from specialists is examined. The story also reports on a piece of street lingo gaining currency: "There is a homosexual jargon once intelligible only to the initiate, but now part of New York slang. The word gay has been appropriated as the adjective for homosexual." Note: Not until 1987 does The New York Times begin using the word gay as a synonym for homosexual. March 9, 1964: The U.S. Supreme Court in Times v. Sullivan overturns a previous $500,000 libel award and rules that a public official cannot sue a newspaper for compensatory damages merely for negative reporting unless deliberate malice can be proved. In the case, Montgomery Ala. Commissioner L.B. Sullivan sued The Times along with four Alabama ministers: Ralph D. Abernathy, Fred L. Shuttlesworth, S.S. Seay Sr. and J.E. Lowery over a full-page advertisement that ran in The Times on March 29, 1960, entitled "Heed Their Rising Voices". The ad was soliciting funds for Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement in the South, which attacked the criminal treatment of blacks, including the bombing of Dr. King's home by "Southern violators." Despite no public official being named, Sullivan nonetheless argued the illegal activity described in the ad unjustly implicated him, resulting in defamation of character. The Times maintained the suit was brought against them for no other reason than to intimidate news organizations from reporting on public official's unlawful actions in the South. NOTE: The case was a landmark decision in determining how newspapers and television networks would pursue reporting on race relations in the South. Prior to the decision, libel actions brought against news organizations ballooned to nearly $ 300 million from Southern states, forcing many to tread lightly when reporting on civil rights violations for fear of being held liable. It has been argued, if The Times lost the decision, it could have conceivably stilled the aggressive reporting of news organizations like The Times and left the lawlessness in the region to go unreported. May 29, 1964: The New York Times published a page one story about the Blood Brothers, a black youth gang operating in Harlem who were reportedly recruiting and training forces planning to kill whites. The Times met with an outpouring of criticism once the story rolled off the presses. Questions were raised, for instance, whether there ever was such a gang by that name. Even if they existed, a Times' editor acknowledged, they carelessly relied too much on police accounts of the gang and the danger they posed to the community, which later were to be found exaggerated. The reporter who wrote the story eventually resigned. Other papers picked up on it reshaping it with sensational headlines, such as "HARLEM MAU MAU"--creating a sense of hysteria in the community and may have contributed to the riot that inflamed Harlem on July 18th (lasting through the 23rd) after a black youth was shot by an off-duty white police lieutenant, leading to scores of arrests, injuries, and causing $50,000 in property damage. Note: Two other major riots that engulfed Harlem occurred on March 19, 1935, when a group of Harlem residents went on a rampage after erroneously learning a black youth, caught stealing in a store, was beaten to death by police; and on August 1, 1943, a black military policeman was shot by a white police officer after the soldier reportedly tried to steal the officer's night stick while arresting a woman for disorderly conduct. A riot ensued when Harlem residents heard the black military officer was killed. In fact, the soldier was merely treated for a minor arm injury at Sydenham Hospital. February 9, 1965: The first Times editorial to question President Lyndon Johnson's escalation of the war in Vietnam is published. It corresponded with the Vietcong attack on Pleiku and the U.S. decision to assist the South Vietnamese in the bombing of North Vietnam. April 25, 1966: The Times publishes their first real analysis of the CIA that examines if the agency is running an "invisible government" operating independently outside the control of the executive branch. Questions were additionally raised why the CIA, unlike other agencies, is protected from outside oversight and review. The story set off sirens within the halls of Congress about the growing influence of the agency and whether it should be subject to greater scrutiny. February 21, 1967: The period that followed "The New York Times" masthead on page one is dropped. March 6, 1967: The New York Times is the first major newspaper to begin publishing a large type weekly for the visually impaired. December 11, 1968: Arthur Hays Sulzberger dies in his sleep at his (1115) Fifth Avenue residence. Note: Sulzberger's obituary appeared the following day along with an essay by editorial-page editor John Oakes who was the first cousin to Sulzberger's widow, Iphigene Ochs, and son of George Ochs--the younger brother of Adolph Ochs. His family changed their name from Ochs to Oakes during World War I due to their dislike toward Germans. April 29, 1968: Assistant managing editor A.M Rosenthal attends the opening of the Broadway play "Hair." After the performance, he learns a group of Columbia University students staged a sit-in at the school and police were planning to make arrests later that evening. Rosenthal witnesses first hand the violence that unfolds when police storm the campus building. He becomes so enraged at the demonstrators, the violence they incited, and the damaged caused to the buildings, that he writes an impassioned account of the night's events, which appeared May 1, 1968, on page one. Note: According to Harrison E. Salisbury, former editor at The Times and author of "Without Fear or Favor: An Uncompromising Look at The New York Times," Rosenthal paid a price for letting his emotions get the better of him. The Times top executives, for one, were upset with him for pushing his story onto page one; the publisher of the paper, Punch, had to contend with a group of picketers in front of his Fifth Avenue apartment; and Rosenthal himself would be thought of as a "right-winger" -- a label, Salisbury maintains--particularly among the youth--that would remain with him throughout his career. January 14, 1969: The New York Times goes public. The issue opens for $42 a share on the American Stock Exchange. September 21, 1970: The Op-Ed section makes its debut opposite the editorial page, moving the obituary page to another section of the paper. Note: The name Op-Ed (opinion-editorial) was derived from a page in the New York World called Op-Ed under the direction of Herbert Bayard Swope, who organized a collection of columns by staff writers. In addition, The Chicago Tribune featured opinion pieces as far back as 1912. The Times, however, at the suggestion of John Oakes, was the first to seek outside writing contributions from persons with expertise in different fields from all walks of life. The first editor of the page was Harrison E. Salisbury. June 13, 1971: The Times published the first in a series of articles by Neal Sheehan, Hedrick Smith, E.W. Kenworthy and Fox Butterfield that disclosed the contents of a government report commissioned by the Defense Department, which was highly critical of the U.S. government's role in the Vietnam War particularly to the extent to which it distorted its role to the American public. The guts of the classified material were passed on to The Times through the photocopying efforts of Daniel Ellsberg, a military analyst, who over time grew disillusioned with the war. Note: Shortly after publishing the Pentagon Papers, the Justice Department blocked further publication through an order from the United States district court. The Supreme Court subsequently overturned that ruling by a 6 to 3 vote and on July 1, 1971, The Times resumed publishing its contents. 1972: The Times discontinue using the word Negro when referring to African Americans after managing editor A.M. Rosenthal criticized a copy editor for taking out a reporter's use of black and replacing it with Negro. Rosenthal wrote: "The decision as to whether to use black or Negro should be made by the reporter writing the story. The reason is that there are many subtleties and the reporter is best qualified to decide which usage is the proper one given the context of the story and people about whom he was writing." June 2, 1972: The Times begins publishing a "Correction" box directly under the news summary and index for stories previously reported with factual errors. November 14, 1972: The Times report on the first computerized installation of The New York Times Information Bank, which allows researchers, students, and faculty at the University of Pittsburgh to access abstracts and articles previously published by the paper. This experimental hook-up marks the first time New York Times articles became accessible electronically to the outside public. January 31, 1973: The Times report on the hiring of President Richard Nixon's speech writer, William Safire, who will begin writing a twice-a-week column on the Op-Ed page from Washington D.C. July 29, 1974: The Times along with the New York Daily News embrace the information revolution when settling on a new contract with members of the Typographical Union No 6, which eliminates the union's handcraft as computers and electronic typesetting machines are introduced. In exchange for agreeing to the deal, the union is guaranteed lifetime job security, including a buy-out package if they opt for early retirement. The story ran on page one. An analysis of the agreement on the inside pages carried the headline: "City Papers on Threshold of Future As Result of 11-Year Automation Pact." Note: Within two months of this landmark contract, The Times London and Washington Bureau's begin filing stories electronically. December 22, 1974: Perhaps the most critical assessment of the CIA up to this point, splashed across page one of The Times when it reported how they illegally targeted anti-war demonstrators and other dissident groups (including at least one member of Congress) during the Nixon administration, compiling as many as 10,000 dossiers on persons suspected of being opposed to government policies and placing them under surveillance. The story also uncovered how the agency beginning as early as the 1950's engaged in a number of illegal crusades in order to root out foreign agents suspected of operating within the U.S.--using wiretaps, opening mail without the recipient's knowledge, and randomly breaking into homes--activity clearly outside their jurisdiction and prohibited by law. Note: As a result of Seymour M. Hersh's exclusive, Congress places the question of CIA acting as a "shadow government" on the top of their agenda including stepped up efforts to impose oversight requirements. July 12, 1975: The New York Times publish a feature on a new dance growing in popularity called the "Hustle", the forerunner to disco--the dance craze that would sweep the country off its feet in 1976 and 1977. The story is accompanied with a step-by-step dance illustration. A sentence from the article reads: "Whether it is part of nostalgia craze or a turning point in the history of popular dancing, it seems that the hustle will be around for a while." Note: The hustle and the early stages of disco were thought to have been taken from similar dances performed at black and Puerto Rican bars in Queens around 1970 and later at underground gay clubs like the Sancutary in New York's Hell's Kitchen, The Tenth Floor on W.33rd St, and Le Jardin's inside the Diplomat Hotel on W. 43rd Street. The opening of Infinity (633 Broadway) in 1975, however, brought disco out from the underground and into the mainstream, attracting a diverse mix of uptown, downtown, gay, and straight dancers. A couple of related notes: One of the first articles to observe disco as a "spreading social phenomenon" appeared in Rolling Stone Magazine on September 13, 1973, and the 1977 motion picture "Saturday Night Fever", which propelled disco to new heights was loosely based on Nik Cohn's New York Magazine cover story ("Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night") published June 7, 1976. August 18, 1975: The New York Times report classified advertisements have been automated replacing the linotype machines and "hot type", allowing ads to be searched faster on a computer and then sorted automatically (alphabetized, arranged by size) using a photocomposition machine. Note: Linotype machines used in the composition rooms of newspapers produced lines of words on single strips of metal for casting type. Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the machine in 1884. The New York Tribune was the first paper to use the linotype machines for its July 3, 1886 issue. February 2, 1976: The Times publishes a book review of their new style manual: "The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage," which hadn't been updated since 1962. The book reveals for the first time the paper's policies on datelines and the importance of protecting the anonymity of news sources. Reflecting the rise of feminism, the manual notes changes in how women should be addressed but refuses to accept the words "chairwoman," "chairperson", "spokeswoman" and "Ms." as acceptable usage. February 19, 1976: The New York Times report on the paper's alliance with the Harris Corporation of Cleveland to computerize the editorial department in two phases: the first video terminals will replace typewriters by May 1 with the remaining likely to be up and running by the middle of 1977. Note: The first editorial system computerized was the Today newspaper in Cocoa Fla. in 1970. April 6, 1976: The Times announces the Sunday and news departments will be brought under the immediate control of A.M. Rosenthal, the managing editor. The story also announced the appointment of Max Frankel as the new editorial-page editor effective January of the following year replacing John Oakes, who would assume the position of senior editor as an op-ed columnist. April 30, 1976: The Times begins publishing a four-section daily newspaper, including the launching of the Friday Weekend section. September 12, 1976: The redesigned Arts & Entertainment section debuts. October 2, 1976: The Times begin publishing the Weekly News Quiz. November 10, 1976: The Living Section is introduced, comprising restaurant reviews, cooking columns, home furnishings, consumer issues, such as personal health and finance, as well as arts and entertainment features. March 17, 1977: The Home section debuts. December 25, 1977: The Times examines the CIA's relationship with the press chronicling how the CIA shapes public opinion by having agents disguised as accredited journalists within newspapers and major news services (mostly overseas) who, in their reporting, orchestrate propaganda campaigns against foreign countries with the hope these occasional false reports and blatant inaccuracies get disseminated through American news outlets. Note: In the October 20, 1977 issue of Rolling Stone magazine, Carl Bernstein disclosed Times' reporter Cy Sulzberger in his early years as a foreign correspondent, cooperated with the CIA by sharing information on certain sources in order to gain access to classified material. In fact, one memo shows Sulzberger was regarded as an "active asset by the agency"; even The Times itself, according to the magazine article, provided a cover for 10 CIA operatives from 1950 to 1966. The story further claimed the publisher of the paper at the time, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, the uncle of Cy Sulzberger, had signed a "nondisclosure" statement with the agency, which was an agreement not to reveal the source of their information. The Times denied the allegations. A libel suit was never brought against Bernstein or the magazine. January 1, 1978: Cy Sulzberger retires from The Times. An editorial applauding his career is published under the headline: "Reporter Extraordinary." January 9, 1978: Sports Monday is introduced. Note: Beginning September 14, 1986, the Sunday Sports section was redesigned to accommodate additional stats and features. May 17, 1978: Business Day debuts. July 1, 1978: The Times converts to cold type, completing the computerization of the newsroom. November 14, 1978: Science Times is introduced as a new section. July 23, 1979: Walter Mattson assumes the title of chief operating officer--a move intended to bring increased organization to the corporate side of the paper. January 20, 1980: In a Sunday Magazine cover story, metropolitan editor Sydney Schanberg writes of his experiences as a foreign correspondent during the Cambodian civil war between 1973 and 1979, describing the friendship formed with his assistant Dith Pran and recounting grim tales of the one to three million people who were either massacred, uprooted from their homeland, or starved to death at the hands of the Khmer Rouge in the so called "Peasant Revolution". Pran, presumed dead since 1975 when he was captured, thrown into a slave labor camp and tortured, eventually escaped and reunited with Schanberg on October 9, 1979 at a Thai refugee camp. The article formed the basis of the 1984 motion picture "The Killing Fields" starring Sam Waterson and Dr. Haing S. Ngor. Schanberg was awarded a Pulitzer Prize (May 3, 1976) for his dispatch (May 9, 1975) on the inhumanity, bordering on genocide, inflicted upon millions of fleeing Cambodians by Communists who invaded Phnom Penh on April 17th, 1975. He eventually fell out of favor with The Times over his op-ed piece (July 27, 1985) involving a proposed underground highway, known as the Westway Project, in which he attacked "New York newspapers" (meaning, The Times) for failing to adequately report on the billions worth of overruns the project was costing. The New York State Department of Transportation proposed filling 200 acres of the Hudson River shoreline with a section of the federal interstate highway between W. 34th Street and Battery Park City so that additional luxury high rise apartments could be built. Schanberg considered the project a scandal and a gross "misuse of scarce public funds". The Times didn't share his sentiments. According to Edwin Diamond, author of "Behind the Times", the publisher of The Times, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., was a "Westway enthusiast." Schanberg left The Times and joined New York Newsday as a columnist in 1986 when attempts were made to have him re-assigned. Note: After a string of legal battles between the state and environmental groups concerned about the potential danger such a project would cause to the Hudson, the U.S. House of Representatives, on September 11, 1985, voted to withdraw funding for the Westway project. The money was instead redirected into upgrading New York's subway system in the early 1990's. April 18, 1980: The Times launch a national edition calling for the paper to be printed from other plants throughout the U.S. March 13, 1981: One of the first Times articles to notice rap music as an enduring genre that extends beyond predominantly black New York City neighborhoods is published in the review of The Sugar Hill Band who headlined at the Ritz along with a gathering of other rappers, including Grand Master Flash, the Fabulous Five, and the Funky 4 Plus 1. The reviewer observed: "Rapping is probably familiar to most New Yorkers as an intrusive noise on the subway or in the park--the noise that comes out of blaring cassette players and portable radios. But as the Ritz showed demonstrated, rapping has a much broader appeal than one might have anticipated." Note: Rap music took root in the South Bronx and Harlem neighborhoods around 1973 when it was first referred to as "break-beat music", in which percussive portions of records were danced at private house parties. By 1976, deejays began scratching records clockwise and then counterclockwise ("back-queuing a record") on live sound systems. This technique soon became a staple of rap recordings, attributing to its growing popularity. A few of the early venues that gave rise to rap were at the Hevalo, the Black Door, the Bronx River Community Center, and the Audubon ballroom. As rap's reputation spread, clubs like the Peppermint Lounge, the Mudd Club, Negril, Danceteria, and the Roxy absorbed the larger crowds. The first two rap recordings were "King Tim III (Personality Jock)" by the Fatback Band and "Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Band, both were released in 1979. July 3, 1981: The first Times article about the AIDS disease was reported by Lawrence Altman, carrying the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals." The story ran on page A-20. Note: Another early article about the disease appeared in The Wall Street Journal on December 10, 1981, by Jerry Bishop, which documented how the Federal Center for Disease Control reported 74 patients, mostly homosexuals and drug users, died from an apparent defect in their immune systems. The findings were largely based on a series of articles from the New England Journal of Medicine (December 10, 1981 Volume 305 Number 24). The first New York Times article to define AIDS was on August 8, 1982, under the headline: "A Disease's Spread Provokes Anxiety." September 28, 1981: The Times report on their new online computerized system, which allows for full-text searching of articles dating back to June 1, 1980. Each item will contain a brief description of its contents. Also listed will be the page and column number including whether the article is accompanied with a graph, photo, or map. As part of the new system, The Times introduces two techniques for finding articles: "free-text" and "controlled" searching. Free text searching involves finding an article using words or phrases contained within the article. Controlled searching is retrieving articles through a subject and geographic directory. March 4, 1983: The Times introduces an "Editor's Note" positioned under the "Correction Box" for stories that were factually correct but may have been misleading and unclear requiring clarification. February 6, 1983: Lexis Nexis announce they will make full-text articles of New York Times available to subscribers, 24 hours after publication. The full-text archive extends back to June 1, 1980. Articles in abstract form are accessible from January 1, 1969 through June 1, 1980. Note: Beginning in November of 1979, full-text articles of the Washington Post, U.S. News & World Report, Newsweek, the Economist, the Associated Press, and Reuters were made available through Lexis Nexis. In 1978, The Toronto Globe and Mail, was the first newspaper worldwide to offer full-text access to its editorial content through a commercial database: The Globe and Mail. December 10, 1983: The Times for the first time names a same-sex partner in the obituary of actor David Rounds. June 20, 1986: In an Editor's Note, The Times acknowledge the term "Ms." had become common usage and accordingly will be adopted as an honorific in news columns and when an identity of a woman is unknown. Executive editor A.M. Rosenthal ordered the change. Note: Joseph C. Goulden, in his book "Fit To Print: A.M. Rosenthal And His Times" wrote that when Gloria Steinem was alerted to The Times policy change, she immediately sent Rosenthal flowers along with a thank-you note compliments of the Ms Magazine staff. October 12, 1986: The Times report executive editor A.M. Rosenthal was stepping down from the post. Editorial page editor Max Frankel was named his successor beginning November 1. The story also announced Arthur Gelb was appointed managing editor and Jack Rosenthal would assume Frankel's position as editor of the editorial page. Note: A.M. Rosenthal became a full-time Op-Ed columnist on January 6, 1987. October 30, 1990: In celebration of the Op-Ed page's 20th anniversary, a collage of memorable essays and illustrations are reproduced in a special section. April 17, 1991: The Times reveals the identity of the alleged rape victim in a cause célèbre, when Sen. Ted Kennedy's nephew, William Kennedy Smith, is accused of raping Patricia Bowman in Palm Beach Fla. April 21, 1991: Anna Quindlen, an op-ed columnist, put her job on the line when she criticized The Times for their coverage of Patricia Bowman, the woman who accused William Kennedy Smith of rape. The paper's profile on Bowman suggested her poor driving record and sexual history, which was described as a "wild streak," cast a shadow over the validity of her charge. Quindlen accused her own papers' editors of sexism and of falling below their normal high standards when they identified her simply because of the prestige attached to the Kennedy name and because another media competitor, NBC, already revealed her identity. Quindlen never mentions Bowman's name. Note: Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones in "The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times" wrote that when Quindlen passed Arthur Sulzberger Jr. in the hallway after her column appeared, he put his arm around her and said "That was a good column yesterday." The Times, in fact, revealed the identity of an alleged rape victim on another occasion, when on December 23, 1959, they report Laura Haines, the daughter of playwright and novelist William Wister Haines, was beaten by a cab driver who tried to rape her near La Guardia Airport. April 26, 1991: The Times under an Editors Note, offer a clarification concerning their April 17th biographical sketch of Patricia Bowman, stating they didn't mean to imply they were questioning her character or the legitimacy of the rape charges. Note: The Editor's Note referred readers to a page A14 article, which chronicles challenges news organizations face when reporting on rape victims. January 16, 1992: Arthur Sulzberger Jr. is named the new publisher of The Times. April 28, 1992: The New York Times report on the launching of a Russian language edition of the paper (the first foreign-language edition in the paper's history) in a joint venture with The Moscow News beginning in early 1993. It's slated to be a bi-weekly publication called "News in Review", consisting of 16 to 24 pages of articles and editorials previously published from The Times. Note: "News in Review" was discontinued in February of 1994. May 3, 1992: "Styles of The Times" debuts. Note: On June 26, 1994, "Style of The Times" reduced its space and moved to the back of the Metro Section. On October 12, 1997, it re-emerged as a separate color section renamed "Sunday Styles," although it was available only to subscribers in the northeast. On September 30, 2001, it was incorporated into the national edition as a freestanding section. June 21, 1992: Robert Coover, a novelist, in an article for The Times Book Review entitled: "The End of Books" wrote that books were in danger of being replaced by a new technology--hypertext--where all print publications eventually will be converted into this digitized language and be read on a computer screen. June 28, 1992: Forecasting the end of print newspapers as we know them, The Times profile Roger Fidler, director of new media technology at Knight- Ridder, who envisions the coming (in about 5 years) of an electronic newspaper, which will give readers access to selected stories using a "lightweight pen" from a computer screen at a nominal cost. Note: Senator Al Gore, while chairing the Senate subcommittee on science technology and space, advocated building a new nationwide network for storing computer information in a July 15, 1990 Washington Post article. Gore wrote that the network had the potential of reaching into homes and "providing anyone with a personal computer access to a whole universe of electronic information." September 11, 1992: Washington editor Howell Raines was named Jack Rosenthal's successor as editorial-page director. Rosenthal would assume the role of assistant managing editor and editor of The Sunday Magazine effective January 1, 1993. September 17, 1992: Lance Primis was appointed president of The New York Times, replacing Walter Mattson. June 10, 1993: The Times acquires The Boston Globe for 1.1 billion. The deal became official on the 13th. September 6, 1993: Gerald Boyd, former metropolitan editor, assumes the title of assistant managing editor, making him the first African America to have his name appear on The Times masthead. Note: In the same year, Bob Herbert was named The Times first African America Op-Ed columnist and Margo Jefferson became the paper's first black arts critic. November 19, 1993: The New York Times report they will deliver published articles to customers using a facsimile service called TimesFax on a trial basis beginning in the spring. Note: TimesFax was created by The New York Times Company in January of 1990 for distribution of Times articles in the Far East. On September 10, 1990, it began producing a special military edition consisting of news and sport summaries, which were transmitted daily by fax to U.S. armed forces stationed in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. TimesFax was re-named Times Digest in 2001. December 6, 1993: The New York Times Company and Dow Jones & Company agree to a deal that makes The Times news stories available on Dow Jones computer service, marking the first time the daily content of The Times becomes accessible to subscribers of an electronic news service on the same day of publication. April 8, 1994: The New York Times report Joe Lelyveld, current managing editor will succeed Max Frankel as executive editor on July 1. Eugene L. Roberts Jr., former Times national news editor, long time executive editor of The Philadelphia News, and current professor of journalism at the University of Maryland, was named Lelyveld's successor as new managing editor, making him the first top editor chosen outside the paper's ranks since 1904 when Carr V. Van Anda was hired as managing editor from the New York Sun. Note: On October 2, 1994, Frankel began writing a new column for The Sunday Magazine focusing on communication called "Word & Image". June 9, 1994: In a joint agreement, The New York Times and America Online begin offering AOL subscribers access to the paper's electronic database, with a main emphasis on arts and entertainment features. Note: In the spring of 1992, selected articles from The Chicago Tribune became accessible through AOL including an assortment of classified advertisements. The full-text of the Tribune, called Chicago Tribune Online, became available on AOL in early 1993. January 19, 1996: The New York Times Internet edition goes online, offering free access to current news stories. NOTE: The first news organizations to offer Internet editions were USA Today, which launched on April 17, 1995, followed by CNN on August 30, 1995. August 18, 1996: W. 43rd Street is re-named Adolph S. Ochs Street. September 21, 1996: The New York Times give readers a sense of the power struggles taking place within upper management when reporting on the resignation of Lance Primus as president and chief operating officer of the paper because he wasn't given assurances he would one day assume the duties of chief executive, a position that was currently held by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger. The story cited sources who speculate Sulzberger's refusal to give Primus any hope of succeeding him meant that title would eventually be filled by his son, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., the publisher of the paper. Russell T. Lewis, who had been president and general manager, replaced Primus. Janet L. Robinson, senior vice president for advertising, assumed the title of president and general manager. September 22, 1996: Arthur Sulzberger Jr. is named chairman of The Times. October 16, 1997: The first page one color photo appears in The Times. Note: The first color photo believed to have appeared on page one of a major newspaper was on October 21, 1959, when the Minneapolis Star ran an Associated Press color photo of the funeral of General C. Marshall. On June 8, 1939, AP transmitted a half-tone color picture of President Roosevelt and King George VI from the nation's capital. February 26, 1998: The New York Times introduces "Circuits", a new weekly section focusing on digital technology and how it affects every day users. November 4, 1999: A.M. Rosenthal, Op-Ed columnist for The Times since 1987, retires--completing a 55-year career as reporter, foreign correspondent, metropolitan editor, assistant managing editor, associated managing editor, managing editor, executive editor, and finally columnist. His final column appears the following day along with a biographical sketch by Clyde Haberman. May 21, 2001: The New York Times announce the naming of editorial page editor Howell Raines as the paper's new executive editor replacing Joseph Lelyveld who announced his retirement. The change takes effect in September. June 22, 2001: The Times publish the naming of Gail Collins as the new editorial page editor, making her the first woman in the paper's history to occupy such a position. June 25, 2001: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that a group of magazine and newspaper publishers were guilty of copyright infringement when individual articles written by freelancer writers became accessible through electronic databases without their consent. Jonathan Tasini, president of National Writers Union, filed the lawsuit. As a result of the ruling, The New York Times begins removing freelance articles from their electronic databases unless given permission to continue archiving them. Note: Newspaper publishers expressed disappointed with the decision, labeling it a "blow to the public interest in easy access to information" while representatives from an assortment of library groups praised the historic ruling, reminding everyone that unlike Lexis-Nexis, historical records of newspapers and magazines are still available in public libraries at no cost. July 26, 2001: The Times announce Gerald Boyd, assistant managing editor, will assume the title of managing editor beginning in September, succeeding Bill Keller who will become an op-ed columnist and senior writer for The Sunday Magazine. September 18, 2001: The Times is 150 years old. Their special anniversary edition originally scheduled for publication on September 20th, is put on hold due to the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, where a group of terrorists linked to the Al Qaeda network headed by Osama bin Laden destroyed the Twin Towers on a suicide mission using commuter jets. Over 3000 people were killed not including the 184 lives lost at the Pentagon building in a similar airplane collision and another 40 victims on a hijacked plane that crashed in western Pennsylvania. Despite the attacks stunning the world, paralyzing New York City for days, including concerns of another attack just around the corner, Americans remained defiant--coming together in a show of patriotism not seen since World War II. A new section is launched on this day: "A Nation Challenged" devoted exclusively to terrorism in the U.S. and the anticipated war in Afghanistan. It's especially noted for presenting short tender biographical sketches of the victims lost at the World Trade Center. Note: The Times discontinued publishing "A Nation Challenged" as a separate section after the December 31, 2001 issue. October 23, 2001: The Times introduce an electronic (fee-based) version of their print edition at Newstand.com, where an exact replica of their metropolitan edition, including ads and photos can be downloaded and read on a desktop for seven days. The service is only accessible through broadband. A dial-up modem service was still being planned. November 14, 2001: The Times publish their 150th commemorative issue, nearly 2 months after its official anniversary (September 18). The 56-page supplement featured a timeline, an assortment of photographs from its archives, along with featured articles on the paper's history from staff writers, as well as past Times' writers, including Anna Quindlen, David Halberstam, and former executive editor Max Frankel.  April 8, 2002: The New York Times wins a record seven Pulitzer Prizes, six for their coverage of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, which included "A Nation Challenged", a daily special section that chronicled the consequences of September 11, and the perilous political and international landscape facing the United States in the new age of terrorism. February 21, 2002: Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, publisher of the New York Times from 1963 to 1992, retires from the board of the New York Times, a position he held since his election in 1959. The Times report that Sulzberger's daughter, Cathy J. Sulzberger, partner in the LHIW Real Estate Development Partnership, had been nominated to the 13-member board. April 5, 2002:  The New York Times introduce Escapes, a new weekly section that will be devoted to weekend pleasure trips, accompanied with maps and other travel columns. April 22, 2002: The New York Times and Discovery Channel agree to collaborate on a series of documentaries, to be hosted by Pulitzer winning columnist Thomas L. Friedman, beginning in 2003, focusing on world events, which will include interviews with political and social policy experts. August 17, 2002: Howell Raines, executive editor of The New York Times, recognizing a growing trend toward formal commitment ceremonies, announces that beginning next month, they will publish same sex "commitment ceremonies" and formal registration of gay and lesbian partnerships in the Sunday Styles section. August 27, 2002: John Steuart Wilson, the first popular music critic at the New York Times beginning in 1952, who wrote on the first rumblings of Rock n' Roll, as well as Latin and folk music; but was best remembered for capturing the echo of jazz that stirred the air at popular clubs like the Basin Street East and Cafe Society, died at a Princeton N.J. nursing home at age 89. October 22, 2002: The New York Times' announce they have bought the Washington Post's share of the International Herald Tribune for less than $75 million, a newspaper that was founded as The Paris Herald in 1887 by James Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald, ending the two companies split ownership of the Tribune that dated from 1991. Beginning on January 2, 2003, the Herald Tribune appears for the first time under the sole ownership of the New York Times. Note: In 1934, Bennett's Herald acquired the Paris edition of The Chicago Tribune; the following year, "Tribune" was added to its name. After the Herald Tribune folded in 1966, the Washington Post and New York Times each acquired one-third of the newspaper from Whitney Communications; and in 1991, they became co-owners when they bought out the Whitney shares. February 25, 2003: The New York Times reports that a DNA story originally published on May 16, 1953, about encoding and transmission of genes ("Form of 'Life Unit' in Cell Is Scanned."), a pioneering breakthrough at the time, based on findings first reported in the journal Nature by Francis Crick and Dr. James D. Watson, could not be found in the Times' database, the only logical explanation for its omission was that more than likely it ran its early edition only, and was pulled in later editions in favor of more pressing news. March 3, 2003: Associate managing editor, Nicholas D. Kristof, 43, who first joined the New York Times in 1984, holding a number of positions, among them, bureau chief in Hong Kong, Beijing and Tokyo, is appointed op-ed columnist by Arthur Sulzberger Jr., publisher of the Times, and Gail Collins, editorial page editor. March 19, 2003: The Times' report with the war in Iraq looming, many news organizations, including the Times, are instructing employees to leave Baghdad, and would rely on wire services for their coverage, according to Catherine Mathis, a spokeswoman for the newspaper. May 1, 2003: Executive editor of the Times', Howell Raines, announces that Times reporter Jayson Blair resigned from the company after allegations surfaced over whether he lifted passages from a story originally published by the San Antonio Express-News. In an Editor's Note, the paper wrote: "The Times regrets this breach of journalistic standards." On May 11th, the Times publishes a 7102 word article ("Correcting the Record"), chronicling the journalistic crimes committed by Blair, which included false datelines, fabricated quotes, and outright plagiarism in at least 36 stories, spanning a six-month period. May 14, 2003: The New York Times senior management team holds a town meeting to answer questions from staff members about the journalistic fraud committed by Blair, how it could have happened in the first place, what steps were being taken to restore the sunken morale of the newsroom, and how it planned to repair the damage the scandal had inflicted on the Times as an institution. Raines, the executive editor, fielded a battery of tough questioning, the most bruising coming from business reporter Alex Berenson, who wondered whether he would resign. The publisher of the Times, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., was quick to defend his executive editor, saying "he would not accept Mr. Raines's resignation even if offered." May 28, 2003: Rick Bragg, Pulitzer Prize winning columnist based in the South, turns in his resignation, five days after the paper published an "editors note" explaining he had relied heavily on the work from free lance writer, J. Wes Yoder, in his report about oystermen of the Florida Gulf Coast (June 15, 2002) without properly attributing the free lancer, delivering yet another ethical blow to the Times still reeling from the Jayson Blair scandal. June 5, 2003: Executive editor Howell Raines and managing editor Gerald M. Boyd stand in the middle of the 3rd floor newsroom to announce their resignation, a move that despite the cordial facade, was in reality a firing of the newsrooms two senior managers as pressure mounted on the publisher of the paper, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., to restore the morale of the newsroom badly shaken by the ethical breaches committed first by Jayson Blair and then Rick Bragg. While the paper planned to accelerate their search for a replacement, Joseph Lelyveld, the former executive editor, agreed to come out retirement and take control of the newsroom. July 14, 2003: Publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr., announces that Bill Keller, the senior magazine writer, a former managing editor, and a Pulitzer Prize recipient for international reporting in 1989, had been appointed executive editor of the Times', effective July 30th. July 24, 2003: David Brooks, former editor of the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal, a contributing editor at Newsweek and The Atlantic Monthly, was named the newest addition to the Times' op-ed page. His first column was scheduled to appear in September. July 26, 2003: Harold C. Schonberg, chief music critic for the Times from 1960 to 1980, who rose to prominence when he became the first music writer to claim a Pulitzer Prize in 1971 for his critical reviews on classical music and opera, died at St. Luke's Hospital in Manhattan at age 87. Schonberg first landed at the doorstep at the Times in 1950, becoming record editor in 1955, before replacing Howard Taubman as chief music critic in 1960. July 31, 2003: Bill Keller, fresh from assuming the executive editor duties, announces for the first time in the paper's history, it will have two senior managing editors, with the appointment of Jill Abramson, the Washington bureau chief, as the new managing editor of news gathering, and John M. Geddes, the Times' deputy managing editor, becoming managing editor for news operations, with an emphasis on production, budgeting, and staffing. In an effort to rebuild the public trust in the aftermath of the Jayson Blair scandal, Keller also announces he will appoint a public editor, another first for the Times, in the coming weeks. October 21, 2003: The Times introduces a new typeface to its page one, when it begins using Times Cheltenham, adding thickness to the headlines, while eliminating Latin Extra Condensed, News Gothic, Bookman Antique, and Century Bold Italics. But the Times did not part company with the Cheltenham Bold Italic, the font that was created in 1896 by the Cheltenham Press, a private publisher in New York City, and first appeared on Times' front page in 1906. In addition, the text typeface, Imperial, which has been parked on Times' pages since 1967 was left untouched. October 27, 2003: Reacting to the 25 journalist committee's recommendations, commissioned shortly after the Jayson Blair scandal, Daniel Okrent, 55, former managing editor of Life and editor of Time Inc.'s new media operations, is named public editor of the New York Times by executive editor Bill Keller. Okrent's tenure as ombudsmen becomes effective December 1 and will last for 18 months. As the Times first public editor, Okrent will respond to readers complaints and concerns of the Times coverage without interference from the senior management structure or the editorial board of the paper; his commentaries will be published in the Sunday Week in Review section, and other days as he deems it necessary. Note: The first newspaper to appoint a public editor was The Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times in 1967. In 2006, there are approximately 40 newspapers that have public editors or ombudsmen. November 21, 2003: The Pulitzer board decides against stripping Walter Duranty of The New York Times of the Pulitzer he earned in 1932 for his series of articles about the Soviet Union, despite waves of protests from Ukrainians and other historians, who claimed his reporting accommodated the Soviet propaganda machine of Josef Stalin, and most egregious of all--failed to report the famine of 1932-33, which resulted in the death of several million Ukrainians. While the board did acknowledge that Duranty's reporting failed to live up to the standards of today's international reporting, there was "no clear and convincing evidence of deliberate deception." February 19, 2004: Russell T. Lewis, announces he is retiring as president and chief executive of the New York Times at the end of the year, a position he held since 1997; and will be succeeded by Janet L. Robinson, senior vice president for newspaper operations. Lewis career at the Times was launched in 1966 as a copy boy; he was later elevated to news assistant and reporter; he left the Times for a short time, earning a law degree from the Brooklyn Law School (1973) and practicing at the law firm of Cahill, Gordon & Reindel in New York City. When he returned to the Times in 1977, he worked in the paper's legal department as staff lawyer before becoming vice president and deputy general manager in 1992, president and general manager the following year, and president in 1996. August 12, 2004: Times' reporter Judith Miller is subpoenaed by a Washington grand jury investigating whether any senior administration official intentionally leaked the identify of CIA operative, Valerie Plame, to syndicated columnist Robert D. Novak, when her name first appeared in his July 14, 2003 column. It's considered a felony for a high ranking administration official to leak such sensitive information. Miller became a target of the grand jury investigation when prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald learned Plame's name came up in conversations I. Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, had with Miller, along with four other reporters: Time Magazine reporter Matthew Cooper, Meet the Press host Tim Russert, and Washington Post reporters, Walter Pincus and Glenn Kessler. October 1, 2004: The Times' introduces a new correction policy on page A2, when it begins classifying corrections under two groupings: "Corrections" which will clarify factual errors that have clouded the readers understanding of a news topic; and "For the Record, which are narrow corrections, such as grammatical errors, misspellings, and historical dates of reference. November 15, 2004: The Times' announce that William Safire, 74, Richard Nixon's former speech writer, will write his final op-ed column on January 24, 2005, after 32 years, but will continue contributing his "On Language" column for the Sunday Magazine, which he has done since 1979. January 1, 2005: A new masthead is introduced on the editorial page, which will list management positions by "News Sections", "The Opinion Pages," and "The Business Management." in an effort to make clear to readers these are separate divisions with each department head responsible for reporting to the publisher. February 15, 2005: A federal appeals court in Washington rules that Times reporter Judith Miller and Matthew Cooper, of Time magazine, should be jailed for contempt of court for refusing to identify their sources on who identified Valerie Plame as "an agency operative on weapons of mass destruction"; their ruling shoots down the contention that reporters are shielded by the First Amendment, because, the court contends, these reporters may have witnessed a federal crime, and they backed up their ruling citing a precedent, Branzburg v. Hayes, a 1972 Supreme Court case, in which a reporter was ordered to testify after witnessing the production of illegal drugs. Responding to the ruling through a prepared statement, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., publisher of the New York Times, said: "The Times will continue to fight for the ability of journalists to provide the people of this nation with the essential information they need to evaluate issues affecting our country and the world, and we will challenge today's decision and advocate for a federal shield law that will enable the public to continue to learn about matters that directly affect their lives." Note: Miller was sentenced to jail on July 6, 2005, by a federal judge for "defying the law" for refusing to name a confidential source. March 1, 2005: John Tierney, 51, a New York Times Sunday Magazine columnist, who first started as general assignment reporter in 1990, is named op-ed columnist; his columns will appear twice weekly beginning in April. March 10, 2005: The New York Times announce that former Times theater critic Frank Rich, beginning in April, will move from the Arts & Living section to the Sunday op-ed page and write mammoth style essays on popular culture, twice the length of the traditional op-ed columns- when the Week in Review op-ed section is expanded into two pages. In a challenging move by executive editor Bill Keller and editorial page editor Gail Collins, the announcement (April 11) of the expanded section led to some spirited anger from loyal readers, when it was learned Maureen Dowd and Thomas L. Friedman, the section's two biggest boppers, would be penciled out of the Sunday lineup. April 14, 2005: Representatives of the New York Times, a minority partner of the Boston Red Sox, which owns 17 percent of the team, who finally laid to rest the "Curse of the Bambino," were given World Series rings by the New York Yankees' chief rival at a ceremony at Fenway Park. Russell T. Lewis, recently retired president of the Times, was one of 4 Times' representatives on hand to receive the rings. May 9, 2005: The internal committee appointed by executive editor Bill Keller to examine how the Times could regain readers trust, makes their findings available on the Times' company website at www.nytco.com. Among the committee's recommendations: The Times should expand their coverage of religion in America, increase their coverage of cultural and lifestyle issues, cut down on their use of anonymous sources, and make reporters, editors, and other staff members more accessible to the outside public through emails. May 16, 2005: The New York Times announce a new fee-based feature on their website, TimesSelect, which will charge users $49.95 a year to read op-ed columnists, reports from the International Herald Tribune, and other features, including gaining access to the Times online archives. Most of the material on the website, the company emphasized, would remain free of charge. May 22, 2005: Daniel Okrent writes his final column as public editor of the New York Times, and passes the baton to Byron Calame who begins his tenure on June 5th. May 25, 2005: Responding to the economic reality of declining readership, sagging advertising revenue, and the high cost of newspaper print, the Times announces it will eliminate 190 jobs, 130 at the Times, including approximately 20 editorial positions, the rest will come from its flagship newspaper, The Worcester Telegram & Gazette, and the Boston Globe. Bill Keller, the executive editor, also announced buyout packages would be offered to a limited number of the editorial staff. September 29, 2005: Judith Miller leaves prison after nearly three months when her confidential source, believed to be I. Lewis Libby, came forward and released her from their bond of confidentiality, encouraging her to testify before a federal grand jury about whether a senior White House official leaked the identity of a CIA operative. "Oh boy, am I happy to be free and finally able to talk to all of you", Miller told reporters after her testimony outside a federal courthouse in Washington. October 25, 2005: "I've always liked Judy Miller" Maureen Dowd's much discussed opening lead paragraph in which she tears into Judith Miller, questioning her credibility as a journalist by acting as a pawn for the Bush administration's "Weapons of Mass Destruction" propaganda; and then for not coming clean to her editors about her role in the Valerie Plame leak case. Dowd ended her column suggesting the Times' integrity as an institution would be seriously comprised if Judy "Run Amok", should ever step foot in the Times newsroom again. November 9, 2005: Judith Miller, a New York Times reporter for 28 years, agrees to resign from the paper after a couple tough weeks of negotiations with top editors over her proper exit strategy. She was initially denied by editors to be allowed to write an essay on the op-ed page, challenging some of the criticism she received from staff members over the past weeks. But the paper did agree to publish a letter she wrote to the editor explaining her position. In her letter, titled "Judith Miller's Farwell" she said she had chosen to resign "because over the last few months, I have become the news, something a New York Times reporter never wants to be." December 16, 2005: Times reporters James Risen and Eric Lichtblau disclose for the first time that just days after the September 11 attacks, President Bush, without seeking court approved warrants, authorized the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on Americans suspected of terrorist activity. This alarming disclosure sparked a spirited debate over how much power a President should be allowed to have in order to fight terrorism. As a result of this chilling expose, Risen and Lichtblau were awarded with Pulitzers in the category of National Reporting on April 17th, 2006. January 26, 2006: Executive editor Bill Keller names Joe Sexton The Times's new metropolitan editor, replacing Susan Edgerley, who was named assistant managing editor. April 3, 2006: The New York Times announces a major redesign of its Web site NYTimes.com, including a newly designed home page and section front pages; new ways to personalize the site; enhanced search capability; and more original video. May 10, 2006: Pulitzer Prize winning A.M Rosenthal, a former op-ed page columnist, and the pioneering executive editor of the New York Times from 1977 to 1986, who spoke with a sharp tongue, ruled with an iron fist, but was largely credited with giving the Times a much needed facelift during a crucial phase of its illustrious history, died in Manhattan, at age 84. July 1, 2006: Executive editor Bill Keller and L.A. Times executive editor Dean Baquet write an op-ed piece explaining their reasons for disclosing a secret government program to monitor international banking transactions. http://nyti.ms/arCS8x September 7, 2006: The New York Times launches a mobile Web site, allowing readers to access New York Times content from their mobile phones. October 13, 2006: Times publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr. names Andrew Rosenthal the newspaper’s new editorial page editor. Mr. Rosenthal, son of the late A. M. Rosenthal, a former executive editor of The Times, replaces Gail Collins, who will begin a new column on the Times’ Op-Ed page after her return from a leave of absence to write a book. May 3, 2007: Clark Hoyt, a 1973 Pulitzer recipient for national reporting, and a former Washington editor at Knight Ridder is named The Times’s third public editor since the position was first created in 2003. Mr. Hoyt’s responsibilities take effect May 14th and last for two years. His tenure is later extended an additional year to end in June 2010. September 17, 2007: The Times announces that after two years, TimesSelect, a fee-based program, which charged online subscribers $49.95 a year for access to The Times’s columnists and newspaper archives was ending, making access free, once again, to all visitors to its Website. TimesSelect attracted 227,000 paying subscribers and generated $10 million in annual revenue, but the company believed potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site would be more beneficial. November 19, 2007: The New York Times Company officially opens its new building, a dazzling 52-story tower located at 620 Eighth Avenue during a gala celebration, hosted by Arthur Sulzberger Jr., chairman of the Times Company and Bruce Ratner, chairman of Forest City Ratner Companies with Senator Chuck Schumer, Governor Eliot Spitzer, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg in attendance. The New York Times Building, co-owned by the Times Company and Forest City Ratner Companies, was designed by Pritzker Prize–winning architect Renzo Piano in association with FXFOWLE Architects. December 29, 2007: The Times announces William Kristol, editor and co-founder of The Weekly Standard, a conservative political magazine, will write a weekly column for the Times beginning January 7th. NOTE: On January 26, 2009, the Times and Mr. Kristol mutually agreed to end their relationship after little more than a year. February 14, 2008: Executive editor Bill Keller announces The Times will eliminate 100 of its 1,332 newsroom employees in 2008 through buyouts and layoffs if necessary, if not enough employees accept the buyout package. July 10, 2008: The New York Times announces the release of the NYTimes iPhone application , which gives readers offline reading capabilities of their favorite New York Times stories. September 5, 2008: In an effort to save money on production costs, The Times announces beginning October 6th, they will eliminate the Metro report and Sports as stand alone sections. Metro will move inside the newspaper’s A section, while the Sports section (on Tuesday through Friday) will slip inside the Business Day section. Sports will remain a separate section on the weekends and on Mondays. September 26, 2008:  NYTimes.com hosts live streaming video of the 2008 presidential debate -- its first live video feed on the homepage. October 13, 2008: Paul Krugman, an economics professor at Princeton and Op-Ed columnist for The Times since 1999, is awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for his insightful analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity, research that Mr. Krugman began in 1979. March 30, 2009:  The International Herald Tribune, the global edition of The New York Times, joins forces with The New York Times on the Web to create a new online Global Edition, which combines the international voice of the IHT with the worldwide breadth of reporting of The Times and the digital expertise of NYTimes.com. May 24, 2009: The Times launches Metropolitan, a new section in its Sunday edition.  The section, which includes narrative profiles, reported essays and innovative storytelling about New York and its suburbs, will replace The City section and the New Jersey, Connecticut, Westchester and Long Island sections, which were eliminated to cut costs, as well as the New York report pages in the main news section. April 20, 2009: The Times wins five Pulitzer Prizes, the second most in its history for breaking news, investigative reporting, international reporting, criticism, and feature photography, giving The Times a total of 101 Pulitzers since journalism’s top prize was first awarded in 1917. The Times previously won seven Pulitzers in 2002, the most by any newspaper. June 19, 2009: Times reporter David Rohde, abducted outside Kabul, Afghanistan, on Nov. 10 while researching a book, escapes from the clutches of the Taliban after seven months of captivity in the mountains of Pakistan and Afghanistan. NOTE: Beginning October 18, 2009, Mr. Rohde begins the first of a five-part series of a first-person account of his seven months of captivity in Pakistan. http://nyti.ms/9Yhj0h   August 5, 2009: Sam Sifton, the Times Culture editor since 2005 is named the newspaper’s new restaurant critic, replacing Frank Bruni, who will begin writing for The Times’s Sunday Magazine September 15, 2009: Bill Keller, the executive editor, named Jonathan Landman, the deputy managing editor, The Times new culture editor, a position he briefly held on an interim basis in 2004 and 2005, while reorganizing the department. October 15, 2009: The New York Times announces an expanded Bay Area metro report with added pages of local content on Fridays and Sundays in the San Francisco area.  This expanded local report is the first of several to take place in key markets across the United States, and designed to complement the national and global coverage that has made The Times a popular news provider in the region. January 20, 2010: The New York Times announces that it will be introducing a metered model for NYTimes.com at the beginning of 2011. This will enable NYTimes.com to create a second revenue stream and preserve its robust advertising business. March 12, 2009:  The New York Times announces that Ross Douthat, a columnist and former senior editor at The Atlantic, will write a column for The New York Times.  Beginning mid-April, his columns will appear occasionally on The New York Times Op-Ed page and online at nytimes.com/opinion and will cover politics, foreign and national affairs. March 22, 2010:  Richard Berke, previously assistant managing editor, is named National editor of The New York Times, replacing Suzanne Daley, who returns to the Foreign desk. April 2, 2010: The New York Times announces the release of The New York Times Editors' Choice app for the iPad. May 19, 2010: Executive editor Bill Keller informs staff members (by email) that Jill Abramson, managing editor for news at The New York Times, will step aside for six months in order to concentrate on the Times’s digital operation. Ms. Abramson’s newsroom responsibilities will be filled by three editors on a rotating basis: Dean Baquet, an assistant managing editor and Washington bureau chief, Susan Chira, the foreign editor, and Larry Ingrassia, the business editor. Note: The New York Times' Corporate Communication and Archive Departments provided the dates when selected news sections of the paper were first introduced. The New-York Historical Society Library staff established when Herald Square and Greeley Square officially acquired their names. Other dates on company histories were researched and confirmed by The Chicago Tribune, Newsday, CNN, the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, the New York State Newspaper Project, and Lexis Nexis. Bibliography
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What is the minimum distance over which a 'steeplechase' is run, in British horse racing?
Different Types of Horse Race | UK Horse Racing Explained Grand National Betting Tips The Types of UK Horse Races When you first start betting on horseracing, you'll notice that there are a number of different types of race that you can bet on. Below is our comprehensive round-up of all the different types of horse races that you're likely to come across when betting on horses. The Steeplechase Steeplechases are usually run over a distance of between 2 and 4 miles and have larger jumps than those in a Hurdle. The jumps on a Steeplechase course must be at least 4.5 feet high and are fixed, so that they don't collapse like those in a Hurdle. Steeplechases are therefore more suitable for more experienced horses and horses cannot take part in Steeplechases until July 1 in the year of their fourth birthday. The most famous Steeple Chase in British horseracing is the Grand National, which is held annually at Aintree. The Cheltenham Gold Cup is also a Steeple Chase. The Hurdle Hurdles are run over a minimum distance of 2 miles but can be run up to a distance of about 3 miles. The jumps in a Hurdle race must be at least 3.5 feet high but they tend to be smaller than jumps in Steeplechase races and collapse more easily. Therefore, Hurdles tend to be more suitable for less experienced horses than Steeplechases, although horses cannot take part in Hurdles until July 1 in the year of their third birthday. Famous Hurdle races include the Stan James Intermediate Hurdle which is held at Newbury's Hennessey Meeting, and the Champion Hurdle which is held at the Cheltenham Festival. The All-Weather Race All-weather horse racing is a relatively new type of racing in the UK. Horses race in purpose-built all-weather racing stadiums on artificial ground. Although all-weather races can be run throughout the year, they are generally run in the winter. There aren't many all-weather tracks in the UK at the moment, but more are being built so all-weather races are likely to become a more regular feature of the British horseracing calendar. The Jump Race Jump Races are also often known as National Hunt races and are races in which horses have to jump over obstacles such as fences, ditches and water jumps. Traditionally the jump-racing season has taken place during winter and spring, but nowadays the season runs for longer than this. The Flat Race Flat races are races in which the horses race over a long stretch of grass with no fences, open ditches or water jumps. The season runs throughout the summer and autumn. Flat-racing courses are usually shorter than jump-racing courses. Epsom is a flat racing course. Although flat racing, jump racing and all-weather racing are the three main categories of horserace in the UK, there are also many other types of race that you will come across within these categories. Handicap Races In handicap races, horses of different abilities compete against each other, so in order to make the race fairer and more entertaining, each horse is allocated a weight to carry depending upon its ability. In most cases, the handicaps are based on a horse's official rating, which is checked after each race it takes part in and may change depending on how well it has done. The ratings are stored on computer at Weatherby's, and when a horse competes in a handicap race, the computer allocates an appropriate handicap, which is then checked by the official handicapper. The official handicapper also allocates handicaps to competing horses that don't have an official rating. The horse with the highest rating is allocated the top weight available, and all other horses are allocated weights in comparison to that depending on ability. Bumper Races Although National Hunt races are usually jump-races, there are also National Hunt Flat Races, known as “bumpers”. Bumpers usually feature young horses and are designed to give them experience. Traditionally, bumper races also tended to feature amateur jockeys, but now you will find experienced jockeys competing as well. The most famous bumper in British horseracing takes place at the Cheltenham Festival. Amateur Races A horse race which is only open to amateur jockeys. You can spot an amateur rider on your race card because his or her name will be prefixed by their title, e.g. Mr, Mrs, Miss etc. Claiming Races Claiming races are races which are essentially used to buy and sell horses as the horses running in a claiming race can be bought (or “claimed”) by another trainer after the race. In claiming races, the trainers effectively give their own horses a handicap of their choice, as the horses are weighted to reflect their perceived value.Claiming races are used primarily to give horses a chance to win, as the current owner can also claim the horse for themselves at the end of the race. However, they are becoming more popular as a genuine way of selling racehorses. Point-to-Point Point-to-Point races are steeplechases which are only open to amateur jockeys. The Point-to-Point season runs from January until June each year. Sometimes Point-to-Point races can provide you with an indication of the horses that are likely to be future jump-racing stars. Hunter Chases Hunter chases are steeplechases which are only open to horses which have been hunted regularly and are qualified to compete in point-to-point races. Apprentice Races Apprentice races are only open to apprentice jockeys. Apprenticeship to a stable is the first stage in becoming a flat-racing jockey. The jump-racing equivalent of an apprentice is known as a conditional jockey. Apprentices are sometimes allowed to claim weight allowances depending on the rules of the specific race and their own racing experience. Novice Race The term Novice race is usually applied to National Hunt jump-races, and means that the race is only open to horses that have not won that particular type of race (e.g. steeplechase or hurdle) prior to that season. Conditions Race In this type of horse race, the horses carry set weights depending on specific factors such as their age, sex and racing history. Races which are not classed as handicap races are conditions races. One of the most famous conditions races is the Epsom Derby. Conditions races are also sometimes referred to as Weight-for-Age races. Stakes Races Stakes races are races that are usually run by experienced or high-quality horses and generally provide high prize money. They normally require an entrance fee, which is used to increase the size of the prize fund.  
Two miles
In which Australian state is one of the southern hemisphere's most remarkable sites, Ayers Rock?
horse racing | sport | Britannica.com Horse racing Triple Crown Horse racing, sport of running horses at speed, mainly Thoroughbreds with a rider astride or Standardbreds with the horse pulling a conveyance with a driver. These two kinds of racing are called racing on the flat and harness racing , respectively. Some races on the flat—such as steeplechase , point-to-point , and hurdle races —involve jumping. This article is confined to Thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps. Racing on the flat with horses other than Thoroughbreds is described in the article quarter-horse racing . Camelot (right), ridden by Joseph O’Brien, after beating French Fifteenth to win the Two Thousand … Press Association/AP Horse racing is one of the oldest of all sports , and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries. It developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses into a spectacle involving large fields of runners, sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment, and immense sums of money, but its essential feature has always been the same: the horse that finishes first is the winner. In the modern era, horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public-entertainment business. By the first decades of the 21st century, however, the sport’s popularity had shrunk considerably. A discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in Saratoga Springs, New York, from the … Great Museums Television (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Early history Knowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory. Both four-hitch chariot and mounted (bareback) races were held in the Olympic Games of Greece over the period 700–40 bce. Horse racing, both of chariots and of mounted riders, was a well-organized public entertainment in the Roman Empire. The history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established. Presumably, organized racing began in such countries as China , Persia, Arabia, and other countries of the Middle East and in North Africa , where horsemanship early became highly developed. Thence came too the Arabian, Barb, and Turk horses that contributed to the earliest European racing. Such horses became familiar to Europeans during the Crusades (11th–13th century ce), from which they brought those horses back. Similar Topics sledding Racing in medieval England began when horses for sale were ridden in competition by professional riders to display the horses’ speed to buyers. During the reign of Richard the Lion-Heart (1189–99), the first known racing purse was offered, £40, for a race run over a 3-mile (4.8-km) course with knights as riders. In the 16th century Henry VIII imported horses from Italy and Spain (presumably Barbs) and established studs at several locations. In the 17th century James I sponsored meetings in England. His successor, Charles I , had a stud of 139 horses when he died in 1649. Organized racing Charles II (reigned 1660–85) became known as “the father of the English turf” and inaugurated the King’s Plates, races for which prizes were awarded to the winners. His articles for these races were the earliest national racing rules. The horses raced were six years old and carried 168 pounds (76 kg), and the winner was the first to win two 4-mile (6.4-km) heats. The patronage of Charles II established Newmarket as the headquarters of English racing. In France the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen. During the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), racing based on gambling was prevalent. Louis XVI (reigned 1774–93) organized a jockey club and established rules of racing by royal decree that included requiring certificates of origin for horses and imposing extra weight on foreign horses. Organized racing in North America began with the British occupation of New Amsterdam (now New York City ) in 1664. Col. Richard Nicolls , commander of the British troops, established organized racing in the colonies by laying out a 2-mile (3.2-km) course on the plains of Long Island (called Newmarket after the British racecourse) and offering a silver cup to the best horses in the spring and fall seasons. From the beginning, and continuing until the Civil War, the hallmark of excellence for the American Thoroughbred was stamina, rather than speed. After the Civil War, speed became the goal and the British system the model. Match races Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The earliest races were match races between two or at most three horses, the owners providing the purse, a simple wager. An owner who withdrew commonly forfeited half the purse, later the whole purse, and bets also came under the same “play or pay” rule. Agreements were recorded by disinterested third parties, who came to be called keepers of the match book. One such keeper at Newmarket in England, John Cheny, began publishing An Historical List of All Horse-Matches Run (1729), a consolidation of match books at various racing centres, and this work was continued annually with varying titles, until in 1773 James Weatherby established it as the Racing Calendar, which was continued thereafter by his family. Open field racing Turn Up the Heat By the mid-18th century the demand for more public racing had produced open events with larger fields of runners. Eligibility rules were developed based on the age, sex, birthplace, and previous performance of horses and the qualifications of riders. Races were created in which owners were the riders (gentlemen riders), in which the field was restricted geographically to a township or county, and in which only horses that had not won more than a certain amount were entered. An act of the British Parliament of 1740 provided that horses entered had to be the bona fide property of the owners, thus preventing “ringers,” a superior horse entered fraudulently against inferior horses; horses had to be certified as to age; and there were penalties for rough riding. Contemporary accounts identified riders (in England called jockeys—if professional—from the second half of the 17th century and later in French racing), but their names were not at first officially recorded. Only the names of winning trainers and riders were at first recorded in the Racing Calendar, but by the late 1850s all were named. This neglect of the riders is partly explained in that when races consisted of 4-mile heats, with the winning of two heats needed for victory, the individual rider’s judgment and skill were not so vital. As dash racing (one heat) became the rule, a few yards in a race gained importance, and, consequently, so did the rider’s skill and judgment in coaxing that advantage from his mount. Bloodlines and studbooks Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest All horse racing on the flat except quarter-horse racing involves Thoroughbred horses. Thoroughbreds evolved from a mixture of Arab, Turk, and Barb horses with native English stock. Private studbooks had existed from the early 17th century, but they were not invariably reliable. In 1791 Weatherby published An Introduction to a General Stud Book , the pedigrees being based on earlier Racing Calendars and sales papers. After a few years of revision, it was updated annually. All Thoroughbreds are said to descend from three “Oriental” stallions (the Darley Arabian , the Godolphin Barb , and the Byerly Turk , all brought to Great Britain, 1690–1730) and from 43 “royal” mares (those imported by Charles II). The preeminence of English racing and hence of the General Stud Book from 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse’s breeding (and thereby, at least to some degree, its racing qualities). In France the Stud Book Française (beginning in 1838) originally included two classifications: Orientale (Arab, Turk, and Barb) and Anglais (mixtures according to the English pattern), but these were later reduced to one class, chevaux de pur sang Anglais (“horses of pure English blood”). The American Stud Book dates from 1897 and includes foals from Canada , Puerto Rico , and parts of Mexico , as well as from the United States . The long-standing reciprocity among studbooks of various countries was broken in 1913 by the Jersey Act passed by the English Jockey Club, which disqualified many Thoroughbred horses bred outside England or Ireland . The purpose of the act was ostensibly to protect the British Thoroughbred from infusions of North American (mainly U.S.) sprinting blood. After a rash of victories in prestigious English races by French horses with “tainted” American ancestry in the 1940s, the Jersey Act was rescinded in 1949. Evolution of races Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The original King’s Plates were standardized races—all were for six-year-old horses carrying 168 pounds at 4-mile heats, a horse having to win two heats to be adjudged the winner. Beginning in 1751, five-year-olds carrying 140 pounds (63.5 kg) and four-year-olds carrying 126 pounds (57 kg) were admitted to the King’s Plates, and heats were reduced to 2 miles (3.2 km). Other racing for four-year-olds was well established by then, and a race for three-year-olds carrying 112 pounds (51 kg) in one 3-mile (4.8-km) heat was run in 1731. Heat racing for four-year-olds continued in the United States until the 1860s. By that time, heat racing had long since been overshadowed in Europe by dash racing, a “dash” being any race decided by only one heat, regardless of its distance. The modern age of racing The beginning of the modern era of racing is generally considered to have been the inauguration of the English classic races: the St. Leger in 1776, the Oaks in 1779, and the Derby in 1780. All were dashes for three-year-olds. To these races were later added the Two Thousand Guineas in 1809 and the One Thousand Guineas in 1814. (The St. Leger, Derby, and Two Thousand Guineas have come to constitute the British Triple Crown of horse racing.) During the 19th century, races of the English classic pattern—dashes for three-year-olds carrying level weights—spread all over the world. The French classics are the Prix du Jockey Club (1836), the Grand Prix du Paris (1863), and the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe (1920). Willie Carson guiding Nashwan to win the Two Thousand Guineas in 1989. Sporting Pictures (UK) Ltd. The American classics are the Belmont Stakes (1867), the Preakness Stakes (1873), and the Kentucky Derby (1875), which make up the American Triple Crown . Since the establishment of the British and American Triple Crown series, scores of countries have instituted their own (less prestigious) Triple Crowns of elite races. Jockey clubs and racing authorities The Jockey Club of Britain , founded at Newmarket about 1750, wrote its own rules of racing. In contrast to the earlier King’s Plates rules, these new rules took into account different kinds of contests involving horses of various ages and were thus more detailed. The new rules originally applied only to Newmarket, but, when the rules were printed in the Racing Calendar, they served as a model for rules throughout Britain. The Jockey Club later acquired the General Stud Book and came to control English racing in the 19th century. Its regulatory powers ended in 2006 when governance over British racing was transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority. In 2007 power shifted to a new group, the British Horseracing Authority, which formed from a merger of the Horseracing Regulatory Authority and the British Horseracing Board. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano France Galop is the organization governing French horse racing. The organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities: the Société d’Encouragement et des Steeple-Chases de France, the Société de Sport de France, and the Société Sportive d’Encouragement. In the United States the governance of racing resides in state commissions; track operation is private. The (North American) Jockey Club, founded in 1894 in New York , at one time exercised wide but not complete control of American racing. It maintains The American Stud Book. English racing spread to Australia , New Zealand , Canada, South Africa , and India in the 19th century, and many of their governing bodies emulated the British. Thousands of jockey clubs, both local and national, are today present around the world. Most of the national jockey clubs are members of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities, whose annual conference in Paris reviews racing developments and discusses issues related to breeding, racing, and betting. The conference is hosted by the Jockey Club de Paris. Handicap racing One major type of Thoroughbred horse race is the handicap race, in which the weights horses must carry during a race are adjusted in relation to their age (the more immature the horse, the less weight it carries). In this system, a two-year-old, the youngest racer, competes with less weight to carry than a horse that is three years or older. In general, a horse is reckoned as being fully aged at five years and is handicapped accordingly. There are also sex allowances for fillies, so that they carry slightly lower weights than males. Weight penalties or allowances are also provided on the basis of individual horses’ past performance. Such handicaps may be set centrally where racing is so controlled or by individual tracks, the goal being to render all horses as nearly equal as possible by establishing what is called racing form. The handicap race thus represents an outright repudiation of the classic concept that the best horse should win. Instead, handicaps are assigned with the specific objective of giving all the horses in a race an equal chance of winning. Some handicap races are major sporting events. For instance, the Melbourne Cup , a handicap inaugurated in 1861, is the most important race of the Southern Hemisphere. In the United States the Metropolitan, Brooklyn, and Suburban handicaps—all dating to the 19th century—were once the most valuable American events and remain reasonably comparable to the classics. The Santa Anita Handicap, first run in 1935, pioneered among such races with $100,000 or more purse value. Purse money and stake fees Sponsored races in which much of the purse money is put up by commercial firms include the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and the Durban July. In the United States most of the purse money for the richest events (offering purses in the millions of dollars) is provided by the stakes fees of the owners. Purses were winner-take-all in the early days of racing, but, as the racing of fields of horses came to predominate, a second prize came to be offered. Gradually, third and fourth prizes were added and occasionally fifth. On the average, modern-day purses are allocated about 60 percent to the winner, 20 percent to the second-place finisher, 12 percent to the third, 6 percent to the fourth, and 2 percent to the fifth-place finisher. Wagers The same historical progression was followed for wagers, with the bets in early (two-horse) races being simply to win and modern bets being placed on the first three horses (win, place, and show). From private bets, wagering was extended in the 19th century to bookmaking (a bookmaker is a professional bet accepter who tries to set his odds so that a percentage is working in his favour). Later in that century, betting was taken over worldwide by the racetrack managements in the form of the pari-mutuel . This is a common betting pool in which those who bet horses finishing in the first three places share the total amount bet minus a percentage for the management. The pari-mutuel was perfected with the introduction in the 20th century of the totalizator, a machine that mechanically records bets and can provide an almost instant reflection of betting in all pools. It displays the approximate odds to win on each horse and the total amount of wagering on each horse in each of various betting pools. The customary pools are win, place, and show, and there are such specialty wagers as the daily double (winners of the first two races), perfecta (win and place winners in order in one race), quiniela (as in the perfecta but not in order), and trifecta (win, place, and show winners in order in one race). Other specialty wagers, sometimes offering extremely high payouts, require the bettor to select multiple trifectas, the winners of several races, or the first four horses in one race. As racing became big business, governments entered wagering with offtrack betting, which was very beneficial to racing in Australia, New Zealand, and France and less so in England and New York City. In the United States, illegal bookmaking offtrack became the province of organized crime. Legal offtrack betting parlours proliferated during the late 20th century but were less prevalent in the 21st because of the growth of online gambling and the general decline in horse racing’s popularity. Racing ages A racehorse achieves peak ability at age five, but the classic age of three years and the escalating size of purses, breeding fees, and sale prices have led to fewer races held with horses beyond age four. There are notable exceptions to this, however. Famous races that admit horses older than three include the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, the Gran Premio Internacional Carlos Pellegrini in Argentina , the Caulfield and Sydney cups in Australia, the Grande Prêmio São Paulo Internacional in Brazil , the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in England, the Gran Premio del Jockey Club and Gran Premio di Milano in Italy, the Emperor’s Cup and Arima Memorial in Japan , the Wellington Cup in New Zealand, the Durban July in South Africa, and the Gran Premio Clásico Simón Bolívar in Venezuela . Breeding theory and practice To be registered as a Thoroughbred, a foal must be the product of a “live cover,” meaning a witnessed natural mating of a stallion and a mare. Though artificial insemination and embryo transfer are possible and common in other horse breeds, it is banned with Thoroughbreds. The population of the breed is thereby controlled, assuring a high monetary value for the horses in the process. Because each foal is assigned an official birth date of January 1, to facilitate the age groups that define Thoroughbred races, it is important that mares foal as early as possible in the calendar year. This assures maximum development time for the foal before training and racing. The guiding principle for breeding winning racehorses has always been best expressed as “breed the best to the best and hope for the best.” The performance of a breeding horse’s progeny is the real test, but, for horses untried at stud, the qualifications are pedigree, racing ability, and physical conformation. What breeders learned early in the history of horse racing is that crossing bloodlines can potentially overcome flaws in horses. If, for example, one breed is known for stamina and another known for speed, interbreeding the two might result in a healthy mix of both qualities in their offspring. Racecourses The ownership of racetracks ranges from complete state control, in which case the national government may own the tracks and horses and employ trainers, jockeys, grooms, and other necessary personnel, to complete private enterprise, as in most of the United States, where tracks are privately owned and operated for profit, as are the horses, and trainers and jockeys are independent contractors. In-between conditions include government ownership of tracks and in some cases horses, which are leased, and nonprofit privately owned tracks, as in Australia and the New York Racing Association. Horse racing at the Galway Race Course, Ballybrit, County Galway, Connaught (Connacht), Ireland. Nutan/Tourism Ireland Racetrack stands range from the elegant (Longchamp in France, Ascot in England) to the modest and purely functional (Cologne, the Curragh in Ireland). The same variety is true of the saddling area, the paddock. Most European and other racing surfaces are grass; in North and South America the common surface is dirt, though grass became increasingly popular in the 20th century. Synthetic racing surfaces, which routinely drain better than natural surfaces and cause fewer fatal injuries, were increasingly installed at racetracks during the 21st century. Racing takes place mainly in the daytime. Older racetracks, mainly European, conform to natural terrain, accommodations for spectators having been added later. The course at Newmarket , for example, can accommodate a race of 2.25 miles (3.6 km) with a gentle change of direction of less than 90 degrees, but spectators cannot see all the race. Newer tracks are elliptical 1-mile- (1.6-km-) long tracks. Racing procedure The eligibility of racers is checked the day before they are raced. Before the race, jockeys weigh out and report to the paddock for instructions by trainers and mount up, the identity of the horses having been checked. Horses and riders proceed to the track in a parade to the post for the stewards ’ (race officials’) inspection and a brief warm-up gallop. Horses are almost universally started from electrically operated starting gates, the horses being walked or led into their stalls prior to the start of the race. The starter actuates the upward swing of the barrier from the stalls when all are in place. During the race, stewards and patrol judges are alert for racing violations, supplemented by a motion-picture patrol. The finish is photographed by a special camera, and, when the race is close, the picture is awaited before winners are announced. The race’s result does not become official until the jockeys have weighed in and the riders of horses that finished in the money are certified to have carried the proper weight. At weighing in, a jockey, owner, or trainer may claim foul against a horse that interfered with his mount. The judgment of the stewards may result in a horse being lowered in order of finish from first to last. The stewards declare the race official, and then payoffs are flashed on the totalizator. Postrace urine tests are made of winning horses and a sample of the field, and if results show the presence of forbidden substances, the results may be changed on payment of purses but not on bets. Most time records are clustered in North America, where speed has long been a desideratum. Races in the United States are timed to 1/5 of a second, as opposed to 1/100 of a second elsewhere. Racing silks Colourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing, and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century. Though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport, their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public-address systems. To this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours (worn on the jockey’s jacket and helmet cover) with a regulatory board. Racing strategy The earliest American racecourses were typically straight quarter-mile sprints. For these short distances, American jockeys developed a style of riding involving a short stirrup and a crouching posture—this “ American seat ” eventually became standard worldwide for all distances. As longer, elliptical racetracks were built in New York and throughout the South, a greater onus was placed on jockeys to pace their horses. Because Thoroughbred horses are capable of running only about a quarter of a mile at top speed, determining what pace to set and when to unleash this burst of speed is crucial to winning. The American jockey Isaac Murphy was famous in the 1880s and ’90s for his “grandstand finishes.” Training The training of racehorses, simply expressed, is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run. Exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved. A good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and, perhaps more important, enters the horse in suitable races. A trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day, which is the most difficult art of all. The state of racing In America, interest in horse racing exploded after the Civil War . By 1890 there were 314 racetracks, operating in nearly every state. Incensed, antigambling coalitions pushed through legislation in most parts of the country, and by 1908 only 25 racetracks remained in operation. Finally, even New York racetracks were shut down in 1911 when state legislation outlawed quoting of odds, soliciting bets, and recording bets in a fixed place. In response, many owners, trainers, and jockeys shifted their operations to Europe. When New York racetracks reopened in 1913, most of the earlier African American jockeys never returned. Barbaro, ridden by Edgar Prado, racing across the finish line to win the 132nd Kentucky Derby at … Al Behrman/AP During the late 1920s and the ’30s racetracks became an important source of tax revenue, and by the second half of the 20th century horse racing had become big business. Fields regularly numbered a dozen or more. Once race meetings lasted a day or two, later a week or two, and today, particularly where climate allows, races may be scheduled for half the year or more. More racing dates require more horses, and horses are raced more intensively. Purses grew, particularly after World War II . In 1981 a new American race, the Arlington Million (run at Arlington Park in Arlington Heights , Illinois , outside of Chicago ), was the first million-dollar race. Purses routinely topped this amount in the 21st century, growing to greater than $10 million for certain high-profile races. Where there is gambling, there is cheating, and the history of racing repeats itself with recurrent race fixing and running of ringers. A new threat to the sport arose in the 1960s with the widespread use of anti-inflammatory and coagulant drugs on horses. Various racing bodies limited or forbade the use of such drugs; others did not. Over-racing, particularly in the United States, encouraged their use, and both legal and illegal drug use may explain the higher death rate among American racehorses. (The U.S. Jockey Club reported that about 600 horses died racing-related deaths on U.S. racetracks in 2006, a significantly larger number than those recorded in other countries.) The use of steroids on horses, like their use by star athletes in many sports, came under particular scrutiny in the late 20th century. Animal rights organizations have long criticized horse racing. Activists have sought to expose horse doping, institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys, limit the number of races a horse (especially three years old and younger) can run in a season, and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces. Two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform: the shattering of bones in one of Kentucky Derby champion Barbaro’s legs just seconds after the start of the Preakness Stakes in 2006 (the horse was euthanized eight months later) and the death of three horses during production of the TV series Luck (2011–12), a drama about horse racing. (The deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season.) Such events—augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public—contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century. Horse of the Year winners Winners of the Horse of the Year award are listed in the table. Horse of the Year
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In British horse racing, what is the minimum distance over which a 'flat race' is run?
Horse Racing terms explained. A free guide to horse racing and betting the point at which horses gather immediately before the start of a race Best In In handicap races, the horse that is considered favourite at the 'weigh in'. Bar A term used in connection with bookmakers' prices. e.g. '6 - 1 bar two' means that you can obtain at least 6 - 1 about any horse bar the first two in betting, and '10 - I bar three' means at least 10-1 about any horse bar the first three in betting. Blinkers A form of headgear which prevents a horse looking either left or right. Sometimes called 'blinds'. Blower A means of communication between racecourse and betting shops/offices. Run by the Exchange Telegraph Co. Blue Bet A bet which is not genuine but made as bait to catch mug punters. Board price The price offered against each horse on the book-maker's board, or display area, in betting shops, etc. 'Taking the board price' means taking the last price shown against your selection at the time you strike the bet. Bookie's Runner A person who who works on behalf of a bookmaker on course Bridle, won on the Won easily, without being pushed out. Claiming Race race where the winner can be "claimed" from the yard for a set fee. Classics This term is used to describe the five major three-year-old races of the flat season: the 1000 Guineas, the 2000 Guineas, the Derby, the Oaks and the St Leger. Of these, fillies can be entered for all five, but colts cannot be entered for the 1000 Guineas or the Oaks. Classic pretensions Holding some hope of success in one of the classic races (Two Thousand Guineas, One Thousand Guineas, Derby, Oaks, St Leger). Clerk of the Course Racecourse official responsible for overall management of a racecourse, including going Collateral form When two horses, A and B, have run on separate occasions against a third horse, C, the form of A and B on a line through C is known as collateral form. Commission agent A bookmaker who passes on the bets he collects from his clients to another bookmaker while he himself relies on the commission paid for the business. Conditional Jockey The jumping equivalent of an apprentice. Corner horse A horse, holding its position in the market, whose price is many points shorter than that shown in the betting forecasts (e.g. average suggested price 100 - 8, actual price, firm at 9 - 2). Should not be freely tipped by the racing correspondents. Course Specialist Horse which tends to run well at a particular track. Covered Up Keeping a horse behind other runners to prevent it running too freely in the early stages of a race. Dam The third and fifth races on the card comprise this pool. Tickets are K1 each. Daily Tote Treble The second, fourth and sixth races on the card comprise this pool. Tickets are 50p each. Dark Horse Probably a good horse, but its full potential is unknown. Dead Heat This is when two or more selections cannot be separated by the judge even after consulting the photo finish. When settling bets, simply halve the stake. Distance The disdtance of a race: Five furlongs is the minimum and the four and a half miles of the Grand National is the longest. Also the margin by which a horse is beaten by the horse directly in front. This ranges from a short head to 'by a distance' (more than thirty lengths. Double A multiple bet. Thus in a win double both horses must finish first for the double to succeed. In an each-way or place double both horses must be placed to draw the place double dividend. Down-The-Card Indicates races at the same meeting. Draw The starting positions allotted to horses contesting races on the flat (there is no draw for positions over jumps). In this country the lowest numbers are on the left, as seen from behind the stalls. Dual Forecast A Tote bet involving the forecast of the first and second horses in a race, either order. Each way Get away on level terms with the others. Flat Racing the Flat Season begins at the end of March and runs through to the end of September on turf. Races are run over a minimum distance of five furlongs up to a maximum of twenty two furlongs. The official flat racing season now runs for a calendar year to include those flat races run on all-weather surfaces such as at Lingfield, Southwell and Wolverhampton. Forecast Nominating not only the winner but the second as well. A straight forecast = 1st and 2nd in correct order. A dual forecast =1st and 2nd in either order. Form Condition of health and training. Furlong An eighth of a mile (220 yards). Gelding Stay the distance. Going The state of the ground on which racing will take place. (Hard, Firm, Good, Soft, Dead, Holding, Heavy.) Good money Money from an informed quarter - stable money, for example - not mug money. Handicaps Races in which horses are allotted diferent weights with the object of nullifying any disparity in their ability. Handicapper Professional responsible for alloting the the weights to be carried by each horse in a handicap. Hedge Pass on part or all of a wager thereby reducing liability or, ideally, trading at such favourable odds that a win must materialize whatever the result. Hood Infrequently used in Britain. Covers the whole head including the ears and is of value when a horse dislikes the sound of other animals. Judge Official responsible for declaring the finishing order of a race and the distances between the runners. Juvenile Two-year-old horse. Key races Races which, because of their quality or the exceptional time in which they were run, are likely to act as an important guide in future contests. Knock out Coup in which by manipulating the odds at the course a generous starting price is achieved for the favourite, the benefit of which is enjoyed with the S.F. commission away from the course. Jackpot The Tote Jackpot comprises the second to sixth races inclusive. All five winners have to be nominated. Tickets are 50p each. Lady A fiver, emanating from the Cockney rhyming slang, 'Lady Godiva'. Lay A bookmaker's offer quoting the price at which he wishes to trade. 'I'll lay 6-4 this favourite.' Left handed track Raceourse where horses run anti-clockwise. Levy Much of the money that goes towards prizes and improvements to racecourses comes from amounts collected from bookmakers, based on their turnover. The body responsible for this is known as the Levy Board. Maiden race Ostensibly for those horses, colts, geldings or fillies, which have never won a race. However, conditions sometimes permit previous winners (e.g. maidens at closing, i.e. those which have not won a race up to the time the entries close), in which case penalties are allotted for later wins. Mare A female horse of five years or older. Market A market is created, according to demand, by the prices offered for each runner by bookmakers at the course. Mark you card Make selections for each race. Monkey A handicap race for two-year-olds. Odds the ration between the amounts staked on the outcome of a bet, based on the probability either way. Odds-on Odds e.g. 1/7 when the the denominator is larger than the numerator (i.e. in this instance, the bookmaker is asserting that there is a 6 out of 7 chance that the horse will win). Odds-against Odds e.g. 7/1 when the numerator is larger than the denominator.(i.e. in this instance, the bookmaker is asserting that there is a 1 out of 7 chance that the horse will win). Off (Is it off?) Is the animal in question going to run to the best of its ability? On the nose to win (that horses nose to be in front of the rest. Outside stable A stable other than the one by which the jockey is retained or employed, or for which he normally rides. Over round Number, expressing the percentage "take" a bookmaker has on a race. i.e. 117 = the number of pounds one would have to stake if one placed a bet on every horse in the race to win £100. Usually between 115 and 135. Over the top Prevented from winning, or at least from obtaining a better placing, by the jockey. Punter A person who gambles or lays a bet Rails The dividing barrier between Members' and Tattersall's where the big bookmaking firms are represented. Ride work Exercise horses on their home training-ground/ gallops. Ring The bookmakers - collectively - in one of the enclosures. Selling race A race the winner of which is afterwards sold at auction. Settler Bookmakers employee who calculates bets. Silver ring An enclosure cheaper than Tattersall's and usually sited adjacent to it. Springer A horse whose price shortens dramatically, each new quotation being taken up (e.g. from 20-1, 100 - 8, 10 - 1, 8 - 1, 6-1, 5 - 1, 9 - 2, 4 - 1 to an S.P. of 7 - 2). Stable's betting pattern The method usually adopted by connections when placing the stable money. Starting price The final price prevailing at the time the race starts. Steeplechasing A form of National Hunt racing run over distances of two miles up to four and a half miles, where the horses jump fences of varying height, and consistency. Steward's Enquiry On any suspected infringements of the 'Rules of Racing' the Stewards hold an investigation. These are carried out in a similar manner to objections. Sticks Jumps (hurdles or fences) as opposed to the Rat. Suspect form Form which may not be as sound as it looks on paper. e.g. a race run in absurdly slow time, or one in which the main contenders were unsuited by the ground. Tattersall's The enclosure next in status to Members'. Those choosing this enclosure have access to the main betting area (the Ring) and the paddock. Tic-tac A means of signalling with the arms (and usually white gloves). Used by bookmakers' agents to denote price changes, etc. Timeform An individual who seeks to predict the outcome of a race. Tote Government owned bookmaker. Tote rigging Inflated returns are achieved by investing money on unwanted horses on the course - which goes into the Tote pool - while sizeable investments are made away from the course on the desired animals. The 'away' money does not normally find its way into the Tote pool. Treble A multiple bet. Thus in a win treble all three horses must win for the bet to succeed. In an each-way or place treble all three horses must be placed to draw the place treble return. Unfancied
five furlongs
What is the symbol of the democratic Party in American politics?
Major Events in Flat Horse Racing | UK Flat Horse Racing Guide | HorseRacing.co.uk Want your site listed here? Contact Us . Major Flat Race Events In The United Kingdom The flat race is the most basic and traditional form of horse racing practised in the United Kingdom. A flat race is run over a predetermined distance on a course without any obstacles; such as hurdles or fences, which are used in National Hunt racing and other jump races. This form of racing tests the stamina and speed of a horse, as well as the jockey's skill to either motivate the horse to speed up or to control its temper. Traditionally executed on turf, a natural grass surface, some race courses offer all-weather races on synthetic surfaces, which safeguards against frost, rain of extreme heat damaging the track and making the race impossible. In the United States flat races are frequently performed on 'dirt' tracks, a custom never employed on European race courses. UK flat races vary in distance from five furlongs (1006 metres) to over two miles (3219 metres), and are subdivided in sprints, middle distance, and stayers races. The most important flat race events in the United Kingdom include the five Classic Races - the 1,000 Guineas Stakes , the 2,000 Guineas Stakes , the Epsom Oaks , the Epsom Derby , and the St Leger Stakes - which also make up the Triple Crown and the Fillies' Triple Crown competition. Schedule of Major Flat Racing Events Here is a list of the major events and when they are scheduled to occur in the British Flat Racing Season. April/May at Epsom Downs Royal Ascot Established in 1711 by Queen Anne, Ascot racecourse is one of Britain's most historic race tracks. The Royal Ascot Festival , usually a five day event, plays host to seven of the 32 annual Group One races in Great Britain; as well as an additional 14 races of groups two and three. The seven Group One races at the Royal Ascot are: The King's Stand Stakes - a sprint race (1,006 metres) for horses aged three and over The St. James's Palace Stakes - a middle distance race (1609 metres = one mile) for three-year-old thoroughbred colts The Queen Anne Stakes - a middle distance race over one mile for thoroughbreds aged four and over The Prince of Wales' Stakes - a middle distance race over one mile and two furlongs (2012 metres) for thoroughbreds aged four and over The Ascot Gold Cup - a stayers race over two miles and four furlongs (4,023 metres) for thoroughbreds ages four and over (This event is colloquially known as the 'Ladies' Day') Coronation Stakes - a middle distance race over one mile open to three-year-old thoroughbred fillies Golden Jubilee Stakes - a sprint race over six furlongs (1,207 metres) for thoroughbreds aged three and over July/August
i don't know
"Now only used in the Isle of Man, a ""deemster"" is an old name for what?"
John McCrystyn, Justiciarius Insulae and Deemster (c.1368 - 1422) - Genealogy John McCrystyn, Justiciarius Insulae and Deemster Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos John McCrystyn, Justiciarius Insulae and Deemster Birthdate: in Lezayre, Isle of Man Immediate Family: Circa 1368 - Isle of Man Death: After 1422 - Altadale, Lezayre, Isle of Man Son: Between Jan 9 1368 and Jan 8 1369 - Isle of Man Death: Between Jan 10 1422 and Jan 9 1423 - Lezayre, Isle of Man Father: son About John McCrystyn, Justiciarius Insulae and Deemster Deemster John McCrystyn was born circa 1368 at Isle of Man. He died after 1422 at Altadale, Lezayre, Isle of Man. He held the office of Deemster in 1408. Owing to the disappearance of all early Manx records, this John McCrystyn is the earliest of whom a written record exists, when he is recorded in 1408 as a Deemster. An "indenture" is to be seen at the British Museum, signed by him as "John McCrystyn, Justiciarius Insulae". From the earliest records extant, the Christians held the Office of Deemster, an office of the greatest dignity and authority. In the ancient court rolls, the deemsters were styled "Justiciarii Domini Regis". They were not only the chief judges, but were also the Lord's Privy Councillors, and their influence over the people resembled the civil authority of the ancient Druids. They alone knew, and were guardians of the unwritten laws, which only on important occasions were verbally divulged to the people. The Deemstership was hereditary in the Christian family, either by some decree of which all knowledge is lost, or because it was convenient for a son, as soon as old enough, to attend his father, the Deemster, at Courts, acting as his amanuensis and assistant, in order to be initiated into the duties, to learn the unwritten laws and customs, and to prepare himself for the serious and important oiffice. Notes from a Christian family genealogical table prepared in the early 1900s. Arms: Azure a chevron confrée, between three chalices OR. Crest: a unicorn’s head argent, erased, armed and crested OR. Motto: Salus per Christum A family of Scandinavian origin, the MacCristens, or Christins, or, as they now call themselves, Christians must have attained an important position in the Isle of Mann at an early date, as John McCristen, the first of whom there is any record, was one of the Judges or Deemsters in 1408 and a Member of the Tynwald Court in 1422. Of his three successors, who also bore the name of John, the first was seated at Altadale, in the Parish of Lezayre; the second was Deemster, from 1500-1510, and the third was also Deemster from 1511-1535. This later acquired the property adjoining Altadale and called the whole Milntown. He was the first to put the Manx Laws in writing. Daniel, his brother, was the ancestor of the Christians of Baldroma, in Maughold. His sister married Garret of Ballabrooie, and his eldest daughter Samsbury of Ronaldsway. John, his second son, was Water-Bailiff. William, the eldest, who was Deemster with his father, succeeded to the estate in 1535, but died four years afterwards. William’s second son, Robert, was also Deemster. From him the Christians of Lewaigue, in Maughold, are descended. Ewan, the fourth in descent from William, changed his name from MacCristen to Christian. He succeeded to the property in 1593. In 1605, when only 26 years old, he was made Deemster, and held that office 51 years. He was also Deputy-Governor of Peel Castle, and the most influential man in the Island. His sister, Jane, married Thomas Samsbury of Ronaldsway, and died without progeny. He purchased that estate from her trustees, and presented it, in 1643, to her third son, William, the famous ‘Iliam Dhone.’ John, his eldest son, who died before him, was Assistant-Deemster. His eldest daughter, Mabel, born in 1599, was John Curghey of Ballakillingan’s second wife. Ewan, John Curghey’s son, by his first wife, married Margaret, born in 1617, a younger sister of Mabel’s. Ewan was succeeded in 1656 by his grandson Edward, who was also Deemster. Edward’s eldest son, Ewan, purchased the property of Ewanrigg Hall, in Cumberland, (circa 1680), and also succeeded to the Milntown property on his father’s death in 1693. His eldest son, John, married Bridget, daughter of Humphrey Senhouse, of Netherhall, a lineal descendant of King Edward the First. Of his numerous 7 daughters, several married into Manx families—Ann to one of the Bacons of Ballabrooie, (Major Cæsar Bacon was her grandson); Jane to Thomas Moore, of the Abbey; Elizabeth to William Fine of Ballahott; Alice to Quayle Curphey, of Ballakillingan; Margaret to Thomas Wattleworth, of Peel: she had two daughters, one of whom, Elizabeth, was Archdeacon Moore’s and W.F. Moore’s grandmother; the other, Margaret, married her first cousin, Joseph, son of Thomas, vicar of Crosthwaite, in Cumberland, who was Edward Christian’s fifth son. From him are descended a branch of the family who are numerously represented at the present day. Source: From Manx Families, A.W.Moore, MS 1889 Appeared in Manx Note Book No 1 p17/20, 1885 John McCrystyn, Justiciarius Insulae and Deemster's Timeline 1368
The Judge
Britain's highest waterfall, Cauldron Snout, lies on a river that rises in the north Pennines. Which river?
Deemed | Define Deemed at Dictionary.com Old English dēman; related to Old High German tuomen to judge, Gothic domjan; see doom Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for deemed Expand past tense of deem (q.v.). deem v. Old English deman "to judge, condemn, think, compute," from root of dom (see doom (n.)). Originally "to pronounce judgment" as well as "to form an opinion." The two judges of the Isle of Man were called deemsters in 17c., a title formerly common throughout England and Scotland and preserved in the surname Dempster. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
i don't know
In which year did France withdraw from NATO, and Indira Ghandi become Prime Minister of India?
HT Correspondent Hindustan Times The hours between Indira Gandhi’s assassination and the naming of Rajiv Gandhi as the next prime minister have often been the subject of intense political speculation, including suggestions that Pranab Mukherjee may have made a move for the coveted post.(Virendra Prabhakar/HT File Photo) In the second volume of his memoir, The Turbulent Years: 1980-96, President Pranab Mukherjee shares an insider’s account of several significant events during the 1980’s and early 1990’s. In this extract, Mukherjee talks about how Rajiv Gandhi wanted to know “how potent” the bullets were after his mother Indira Gandhi was shot by her bodyguards in 1984. He also rejects as “false and spiteful” stories that he aspired to be the Prime Minister after Indira Gandhi’s assassination. The hours between Indira’s assassination and the naming of Rajiv as the next prime minister have often been the subject of intense political speculation. Here is an excerpt from Mukherjee’s memoir on the issue: With the agenda of revamping the faction-ridden party organization, Rajiv Gandhi went on a tour of West Bengal at the end of October 1984. He arrived at Bagdogra airport near Siliguri in North Bengal on 29 October. A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury and I, both Cabinet ministers in lndira Gandhi’s government, along with a few other Congress leaders, received him there. After the reception at Bagdogra, Rajiv went on to address a number of meetings at Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, North Dinajpur and the Malda districts. We spent the night at Malda, where Ghani Khan Choudhury had arranged for our stay at the newly-constructed Department of Irrigation bungalow, Gour Bhavan. The next day, we went from Malda to Kharagpur by a special train organized by Ghani Khan Choudhury, travelling through the districts of Murshidabad, Birbhum, Burdwan, Bankura and Midnapore. From Kharagpur of the Midnapore district, we travelled by car to Digha, where we spent the night of 30 October. The next morning, on 31 October 1984, we set off once again. After addressing the first meeting at Ramnagar, Rajiv Gandhi reached Contai (Kanthi) where he began addressing his second meeting of the day. It was here that I received a message on the police wireless at 9.30 am: ‘lndira Gandhi assaulted. Return to Delhi immediately.’ Read | ‘Pranab, I know of the consequences’: Indira on storming Golden Temple Rajiv Gandhi and film actor Amitabh Bachchan at Indira Gandhi’s funeral. (HT File Photo) l immediately passed Rajiv a note, even as he was addressing the meeting, asking him to cut short the speech. He did so, and as soon as he sat down, I told him about the message. I suggested that we cancel all other engagements and return to Delhi immediately, and he agreed. I announced to the public gathered for the meeting that we had to go back to the capital urgently and that the rest of the programmes scheduled for the day were being cancelled. Ghani Khan Choudhury had used his personal Mercedes car for the tour, ”while Rajiv and l and a few other Congress leaders were in Ambassador cars provided by the party. Ghani Khan Choudhury, who was on the dais with us, suggested that we use his car so as to move quickly-and we did. I instructed the police personnel on duty to send a message to Delhi for a Special aircraft to be arranged for our journey to Delhi--an Indian Air Force aircraft either from the Kalaikunda Air Force station near Kharagpur or from Calcutta (now Kolkata). The roads to Kharagpur and Calcutta diverged at Kolaghat, which is about 100 kilometres from Contai, and we needed to be informed by wireless where to head before we reached Kolaghat. Four of us-Rajiv Gandhi, Ghani Khan Choudhury, Rajiv’s PSO (personal security officer) and l--left Contai at around 9.40 a.m. Rajiv initially wanted to drive, but we dissuaded him. He agreed, but sat in the front, beside the driver. The three of us squeezed into the back. Throughout the journey, Rajiv remained composed, but kept the transistor radio tuned to BBC news. It is through the news that we got to know that sixteen bullets had been pumped into Mrs Gandhi. ‘How potent are the bullets used by VIP security personnel?’ he turned to ask his PSO. The PSO informed him that they were very powerful. Rajiv then turned to us and, with great emotion, asked, ‘Did she deserve all these bullets?’ We simply sat there, stunned. After some time, hoping against hope, I said to Rajiv, ‘The information we have received is that she has been assaulted; they have not yet said that she is dead. Moreover, in the same news bulletin, BBC is broadcasting that Pranab Mukherjee and Rajiv Gandhi have returned to Delhi from their tour. We have not yet reached Delhi and are still in West Bengal. If this part of the news is incorrect, then other parts could be too.’ We received a wireless message that a helicopter would be waiting for us at the helipad of the thermal power station at Kolaghat, and that would take us to Calcutta. The poor condition of the state highway prevented from travelling fast and the journey took about two hours. When we arrived at the Kolaghat helipad, we were shocked to find a helicopter flying away. However, on enquiry, we were told that the chopper was searching for us. The pilot was radioed to return at once, which he did, and we rushed on board. By the time the helicopter took off, it was around noon. We travelled in silence. It took us about forty-five minutes to reach Calcutta. As soon as we landed, we were told that an Indian Airlines special plane was waiting for us. We rushed from the helicopter to the plane, which took off around 1 pm. On board, we found Uma Shankar Dikshit, then Governor of West Bengal, his daughter- in-law Sheila Dikshit, Lok Sabha Speaker Balrani Jakhar, Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman Shyainlal Yadav, the Secretary Generals of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha as well as a number of officials of both Houses of Parliament. Balrani jakhar told us that they were returning to Delhi after cancelling the All-India Speakers’ Conference which was being held in Calcutta and which they were to attend. Rajiv, Uma Shankar Dikshit and I sat on one side of the first row while Balram jakhar, Shyamlal Yadav and Ghani Khan Choudhury sat on the other side of the aisle. Behind me sat Sheila Dikshit. Immediately after take-off, Rajiv went into the cockpit. After some time, he came back and announced, ‘She is dead.’ There was absolute silence. Tears started rolling down my face, and I wept inconsolably, managing to compose myself only after some time and with great effort. Rajiv was exceptionally calm and displayed total control and fortitude, possibly a trait he had inherited from his mother. Read | Babri demolition one of Narasimha Rao’s biggest failures: Pranab Mukherjee Once we were able to regain some semblance of composure, we began discussions on what was to be done next. Balram Jakhar, Ghani Khan Choudhury, Shyamlal Yadav, Uma Shankar Dikshit and Sheila Dikshit started discussing the future course of action amongst themselves, and I joined in a bit later. I cited precedents from, the time when Prime Minister Nehru and, later, Shastri passed away while in office (27 May 1964 and 11 January 1966, respectively). In both instances, an interim government was formed with Gulzari Lal Nanda, the senior-most minister, as the interim Prime Minister. However, that took place when the incumbents died a natural death. This was an extraordinary situation when an incumbent Prime Minister had been assassinated. Apart from a political void, a lot of uncertainties, too, had been created. At the conclusion of the discussion, it was decided that we should request Rajiv Gandhi to take over as the full-fledged Prime Minister to meet the challenge posed by this extraordinary situation. Somebody suggested that I formally make this request to Rajiv and work out the modalities to be followed. I took Rajiv to the rear of the aircraft and requested him to take over as Prime Minister. His immediate question to me was, ‘Do you think I can manage?’ ‘Yes,’ I told him, ‘we are all there to help you. You will have everyone’s support.” <span itemprop="name" content="Pranab Mukherjee Memoir Promo"></span> <span itemprop="description" content=""></span> <span itemprop="duration" content="48"></span> <span itemprop="thumbnail" content="http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/1679921/sp/167992100/thumbnail/entry_id/0_vua54wcf/version/100002/acv/162"></span> <span itemprop="width" content="640"></span> <span itemprop="height" content="362"></span> I told Rajiv that he should go back into the cockpit and relay a message to Delhi that Mrs Gandhi’s passing away should not be officially announced till a new government was sworn in. To avoid any confusion or uncertainty we had decided that both Rajiv’s appointment as Prime Minister and Indiraji’s assassination should be announced simultaneously. Later, l learnt that Vice President R. Venkataraman had also given similar instructions in Delhi earlier. Our plane landed in Delhi at around 3 pm. and we were received by Cabinet Secretary Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib, along with the Home Secretary and other officials. Arun Nehru, an MP as well as Rajiv’s cousin and close confidant, was also present. Rajiv and he immediately rushed to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) where Mrs Gandhi had been taken after the attack. Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib apprised me of the prevailing situation. He counselled me that I would have to take over as Gulzari Lal Nanda had done in the past. I told him that Rajiv Gandhi would be sworn in, and then I, too, headed to AIIMS. I was numb and consumed by a sense of gloom as I travelled from the airport to AIIMS. On the way, I saw crowds gathering on the roads. They grew larger as my car approached the hospital. I reached AIIMS at around 3.25 p.m., about ten minutes after Rajiv. I found ministers P.V. Narasimha Rao, P. Shiv Shankar and B. Shankaranand, among others; Chief Ministers from Congress-- ruled states like ND. Tiwari (UP), J.B. Patnaik (Orissa), Bhajan Lal (Haryana) and Shiv Charan Mathur (Rajasthan); Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, P.C. Alexander; Mrs Gandhi’s close confidant, G Parthasarathi; and Pupul Jayakar standing together on the verandah of the eighth floor outside the operation theatre. As soon as I reached, P.C. Alexander sought me out and informed me that everyone there were of the view that Rajiv should immediately be administered the oath of office as Prime Minister, so there would be no need for an interim arrangement. I concurred and told him that everyone on board the flight was of a similar opinion. P.C. Alexander consulted me regarding the next steps and how Rajiv Gandhi should be elected the leader of the CPP. I told him that there was no time to convene a meeting of the CPP, and that the Congress Parliamentary Board (CPB), which was the highest policy-making of the party could meet and take the decision which could later be ratified by the CPP. All those present agreed with this proposal. Rajiv’s consent was also obtained. At around 4.10 p.m., I decided to head to 1 Akbar Road, the office of the Prime Minister, to organize the meeting of the CPB. As I couldn’t locate my car in the chaos outside, Arun Nehru offered me a lift in his car. Kamal Nath also got in with us. By the time we reached 1 Akbar Road, P.V. Narasimha Rao and G.K. Moopanar were already there. The CPB normally consisted of eight members. At that time, only two members-P.V. Narasimha Rao and l-were in Delhi. Indira Gandhi, as Congress President, had last reconstituted the CPB towards end-September 1984. The party Constitution mandated that the Congress President and the leader of the Congress in the Lok Sabha were the ex-officio members of the CPB, while the other six members were nominated by the Congress President. As Indira Gandhi was both the Congress President andleader of the party in the Lok Sabha, she was the sole ex-offcio member. The nominated members were P.V. Narasimha Rao, Maragatham Chandrasekar, Kamalapati Tripathi and I. She did not fill the remaining one seat. Two members, Kamalapati Tripathi and Maragatham Chandrasekar, were not in Delhi at that time. However, G.K. Moopanar, General Secretary in charge of the Congress Working Committee (CWC) and the CPB, was present. I prepared the first draft of the letter to the President. P.V. Narasimha Rao revised it. It was then typed by R.K. Dhawan. The letter not only informed the President of the resolution of the CPB-electing Rajiv Gandhi as leader of the Congress party in Parliament-but also requested the President to invite Rajiv Gandhi to form a government. The letter was signed by G.K. Moopanar as General Secretary, and enclosed with it was a copy of the resolution signed by P.V.Narasimha Rao and me. Moopanar’s letter was crisp and clear: 31 October 1984 Dear Rashtrapathiji, The Central Parliamentary Board of All India Congress Committee (I) has nominated Shri Rajiv Gandhi as Leader of the Congress Party in Parliament. You are therefore requested to invite Shri Rajiv Gandhi to form the Government. With Regards, Yours sincerely, G.K. Moopanar We then asked Arun Nehru to reach the airport where President Giani Zail Singh was to arrive shortly from Oman. We told him to board the plane and brief the President before he alighted. In the meantime, P.C. Alexander had reached 1 Akbar Road. P.V. Narasimha Rao, P.C. Alexander and I then proceeded to Rashtrapati Bhavan in one car. It must have been around 4.30 p.m. by then. Because of the high alert announced following the assassination, the policemen on duty in the city were nervous and jittery. When our car reached Rashtrapati Bhavan, the guards at the gate refused to allow us entry because we had no prior appointment with the President and they had no instructions to let us in. Finally, P.C. Alexander got out of the car and shouted at them, ‘Do you not recognize the Home Minister and the Finance Minister sitting in the back of the car?’ Only after that were we permitted to enter. After arriving in Delhi, Zail Singh went straight to AllMS, and from there both Rajiv and he travelled to Rashtrapati Bhavan together. G.K. Moopanar, P.V. Narasimha Rao and l were immediately called in by President Zail Singh. We gave the letter to him in the study---the same room that I now occupy as my office. President Zail Singh told us that he had already decided to invite Rajiv to form the government. He records in his memoirs: As I reached my study, I found the Vice-President, R. Venkataraman, waiting there. l informed him of my intention to swear in Rajiv Gandhi as PM [Prime Minister], to which he replied: ‘As you like.’ Pranab Mukherjee and P.V. Narasimha Rao, Union Ministers, and a Secretary of the Congress Party came in. When Rajiv Gandhi arrived, I sent him up to the Ashoka Hall to wait for a while. I told the two Union Ministers about my decision to place the mantle of Prime Ministership on Rajiv Gandhi. Both of them gladly agreed that my decision was correct. Rajiv had, in the meantime, decided that he would take the oath along with three others--P.V. Narasimha Rao, Shiv Shankar and I. I suggested to him at Rashtrapati Bhavan that Buta Singh should also be included, keeping in mind the sentiments of the Sikh community-a recommendation that he accepted. Rajiv Gandhi was then formally invited by the President to form the government. Accepting the invitation, he forwarded the names of the Council of Ministers to be sworn in with him on the same day. 31 October 1984 Dear Rashtrapatiji, I thank you for having invited me to take the oath of office of Prime Minister and form a Council of Ministers. I recommend that after I am sworn in as Prime Minister, the following persons may be sworn in as Council of Ministers: 1. Shri Pranab Kumar Mukherjee 2. Shri P.V. Narasimha Rao 3. Shri P. Shiv Shankar 4. Shri Buta Singh Subject to your convenience, the swearing-in ceremony may be arranged today at 6.45 p.m. With regards, Yours sincerely, Rajiv Gandhi Accordingly, the swearing-in ceremony was organized in the Ashoka Hall of Rashtrapati Bhavan at 6.45 p.m. on the same day (31 October 1984). Before the Prime Minister was called to be sworn in, Giani Zail Singh expressed sorrow at the sudden death of Indira Gandhi; silence was observed for two minutes. After the swearing-in ceremony, the Cabinet held its first meeting in Rashtrapati Bhavan itself. Rajiv Gandhi presided over the four-member cabinet. P.C. Alexander was asked to read out the condolence resolution, which he did in a trembling voice: The meeting of the Council of Ministers places on record their profound sense of grief at the tragic death of the nation’s great leader. Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi. The entire nation feels orphaned at the loss of this indefatigable fighter for the country’s integrity and unity. In her death the Non-Aligned Movement has lost a great steward and the world a great statesman. She led the nation during the most difficult years of crisis and external aggression, and built up a united and economically strong nation which has become a model of self-reliance. While offering our respectful tributes to the memory of our great departed leader, we pledge ourselves to continue the great work of nation-building which she carried on till her last moment. Smt. Indira Gandhi lived and died for the integrity and unity of India and we call upon the entire nation to maintain peace, communal harmony and unity. After observing two minutes of silence, the Cabinet finalized the details of Indira Gandhi’s funeral. Her body would be laid in state at Teen Murti Bhavan for three days and the funeral would take place on 3 November 1984. A Rashtrapati Bhavan press release was then issued, officially announcing Mrs Gandhi’s death. Vice President R.Venkataraman, who was standing by, made a simultaneous announcement to the nation on Doordarshan that Indira Gandhi had passed away and that a new government under Rajiv Gandhi had been sworn in. We had decided that this announcement should be made by the Vice President himself in order to quell all rumours regarding Sikh regiments moving towards Delhi and of rioting in the capital, and to inform the nation that a new government was in place. Rajiv then left Rashtrapati Bhavan for AllMS to take Mrs Gandhi’s body to 1 Safdarjung Road. I proceeded to 1 Akbar Road from Rashtrapati Bhavan. The crowds at 1 Akbar Road had been growing steadily. I spent the whole night on the lawns grieving, meeting people, sharing memories and pondering about the future. I even gave an interview to a foreign correspondent at around 3 a.m., tendering an assurance that there would be no change in the economic policies of the government. I went home only around 8 a.m. the next day. To sum up, I proposed to Rajiv Gandhi on board the flight from Calcutta to Delhi that he should assume the office of Prime Minister immediatey and without taking recourse to an interim arrangement. My co-passengers on the flight and I felt it was important to dispel any uncertainty at such a critical juncture. The President, Vice President and senior Cabinet Ministers such as P.V. Narasimha Rao and P. Shiv Shankar were of a similar view. As such, there was unanimity, particularly given that it was an extraordinary situation of the government collapsing due to the assassination of the incumbent Prime Minister. Read | Do you think I can manage as PM, Rajiv asked Pranab after Indira’s death Some people had proposed that Rajiv Gandhi should be sworn in by the Vice President without waiting for the President to return. I had ruled out this course of action, citing the constitutional provision that this power lay with the President unless, in his absence, he had delegated it to the Vice President. There had been no such delegation by Giani Zail Singh. Therefore, if the Prime Minister was sworn in by the Vice President, it would have been unconstitutional. Moreover, politically, it would have conveyed the wrong message. Undoubtedly we took the extraordinary step of electing Rajiv as leader in a meeting of the CPB (the smallest body in the party’s decision-making machinery). However, the uncertain and desperate situation demanded urgent action. P.C. Alexander was an eyewitness to all that had happened and I am not aware of any better record of the events of that fateful day than the one in his memoirs. “The vice-president, R. Venkataraman, arrived at 2.45 p.m. to pay his condolences. A message had been flashed to us by then that Narasimha Rao’s plane (from Hyderabad) would be landing in Delhi shortly and he would be coming straight to the Institute (AIIMS). It was my firm conviction as soon as I received the news of the tragedy that the most feasible arrangement would be to have Rajiv sworn in immediately as Prime Minister without going in for an interim Prime Minister. l held hurried consultations with Shiv Shankar and B. Shankaranand, senior ministers in Indira Gandhi’s Cabinet who had rushed to AIIMS. They both expressed their strongly held view that Pranab Mukherjee should not be sworn in as interim Prime Minister, although he was high up in the hierarchy. Indira Gandhi had not formally nominated anyone as second in command in the Cabinet though, informally, Mukherjee occupied such a position. By then chief ministers from the Congress-ruled states had arrived at the Institute and were standing together on the eighth floor in one section of the verandah. I knew that a final decision on the succession issue could be taken only by Rajiv who was already on his way to Delhi from Calcutta. However, l thought it would be prudent to quickly ascertain the views of the Chief Ministers, the ministers and other senior members of the party present there on the question of succession. I sought the opinions of N.D.Tiwari (Chief Minister of UP), Janaki Ballabh Patnaik (Chief Minister of Orissa), Bhajan Lal (Chief Minister of Haryana) and Shiv Charan Mathur (Chief Minister of Rajasthan), and discussed with them the idea of having Rajiv sworn in as Prime Minister, thereby discarding the option of having an interim Prime Minister. All of them enthusiastically agreed with this idea. I then went to another section of the verandah and highlighted the salient points, to those present there, of my brief talk with the Chief Ministers. I found that everyone was in agreement with the suggestion that Rajiv should be administered the oath forthwith. (l was convinced that an interim arrangement with Pranab Mukherjee as Prime Minister, even for a very brief period. would not be acceptable to any senior Congress leader present at the Institute.) Within a few minutes, Narasimha Rao reached the eighth floor. We embraced each other, without being able to control our tears. I told him quickly that there was unanimity among all the chief ministers and the ministers present at the institute that Rajiv should be sworn in directly as PM and he fully endorsed the proposal.” PV Narasimha Rao releases the memoir of PC Alexander, a powerful bureaucrat during Indira Gandhi’s tenure as the prime minister, in New Delhi. (HT File Photo) Similarly, P.C. Alexander’s remarks about the role played by Arun Nehru are worth noting: “While Rajiv was inside the room with Sonia, a serious controversy was brewing among the persons standing on the Verandah of the eighth floor. Arun Nehru took me aside and told me in a very serious tone that Rajiv should be sworn in immediately by the vice-president without waiting for the president’s arrival, scheduled for 5 p.m. Arun Nehru confirmed that he had obtained the approval of all the ministers present there as also that of the Lok Sabha speaker, Balram Jakhar. Parthasarathi and many others also strongly supported the proposal.” I was quite surprised to find that Arun Nehru and almost all the dignitaries present on the eighth floor believed that a swearing in by the vice-president was necessary to ensure Rajiv’s assumption of office without any complication. They were of the view that President Zail Singh could not be trusted to accept Rajiv’s nomination without a formal election by the Congress Parliamentary Party. They were genuinely apprehensive that because of the recent deterioration in the relations between Zail Singh and Indira Gandhi, he might use his position to prevent Rajiv from becoming Prime Minister and may administer the oath to Pranab Mukherjee as interim Prime Minister. Such a development could lead to serious difficulties as far as Rajiv’s election later was concerned. I was more aware than anyone else present on the eighth floor of AllMS at that time about the gravity of the strained relations between Indira Gandhi and Zail Singh. However, I was quite convinced that it would be ethically very wrong and politically very unwise if the president were made to feel that he had been deliberately denied the exercise of his most important responsibility, namely, choosing the Prime Minister and administering the oath of office to him. I was seriously worried that if Rajiv were administered the oath by the vice-president, Zail Singh would view this step as a challenge to his authority and may even take the extreme step of not recognizing the oath administered by the vice- president. Anyway the president was on his way back to Delhi as quickly as possible. Zail Singh had not authorized the vice-president to exercise his functions in his absence. While such thoughts were whirling around in my mind, I was also quite conscious of the fact that I had no official standing or authority to enforce my own views on the late Prime Minister’s senior colleagues in her party. Whenever I had done so in the past, I did so with the confidence that I had the backing of the Prime Minister, but, theoretically, I had ceased to be principal secretary the minute Indira Gandhi was no more. I decided to take a determined stand on the issue of the administration of the oath of office, as I wanted to ensure that the correct procedures were followed in such a crucial matter: No one at that time questioned my authority to press on with this line of action because the individuals present there always had great regard for me and trusted my sincerity. I turned to Shivshankar, the union law minister, and asked whether or not he agreed with my views. He replied that he agreed that my stand was legally valid, but he was not prepared, at that point of time, to support it. Everyone knew very well that there was no time for holding a meeting of the Congress Parliamentary Party to formally elect Rajiv as leader. Recognizing this practical difficulty, I suggested that the Congress Party’s Parliamentary Board could formally recommend Rajiv’s name to the president, which could be ratified by the CPP later. However, Arun Nehru, supported by a few like-minded individuals, was quite firm in his stand that no risk could be taken in this matter. He asked me, in a very defiant tone, as to who would accept the responsibility for the consequences if Zail Singh refused to administer the oath to Rajiv. My immediate response was that the person who was most concerned about, and who would be the most affected by, this decision was Rajiv and, first of all, his own wishes in the matter ought to be ascertained. Arun Nehru declared that he would go into the room where Rajiv was standing with Sonia and talk to him, but pre-empting him, I quickly went inside the room... Time was ticking away and I was very keen to talk to him. I went near the couple and gently touched Rajiv on the back of his shoulder to indicate that I had some very urgent work with him. He released himself from Sonia’s arms and turned around to talk to me. Knowing that I would not have disturbed him unless the matter was very urgent and confidential, he quickly led me to the bathroom attached to the room so that we could talk without being noticed by anyone else who may enter the room. I briefly informed him that the proposal of Arun Nehru and most of his senior partymen present there was to have him sworn in as Prime Minister by the vice-president without waiting for the arrival of the president, as they were concerned that Zail Singh might not agree to administer the oath to him without (his) being first elected as leader by the CPP. Moreover, he may insist on appointing Pranab Mukherjee as interim Prime Minister, which could cause complications later. I then explained all the reasons why I personally felt that the correct and even prudent course would be to wait till the president arrived and asked him [Rajiv] for his own wishes on this matter. Rajiv listened to me patiently and, much to my relief, told me that he fully agreed with my views and that the risk, if any, was worth taking. He said he would talk to Arun Nehru later, but that l, for my part, should go ahead with making the necessary arrangements for the swearing in by the president, presuming that he would agree with the proposal. I came out of the bathroom and conveyed Rajiv’s decision to everyone present on the eighth floor. Nobody raised any objection after that.” Finally, many stories have been circulated that I aspired to be the interim Prime Minister. That I had staked claim and had to be persuaded otherwise. And that this created misgivings in Rajiv Gandhi’s mind. These stories are completely false and spiteful. President Zail Singh has pointed out clearly in his memoirs that P.V. Narasimha Rao and I both gladly agreed that his decision to place the mantle of Prime Ministership on Rajiv Gandhi was correct. Moreover, P.C. Alexander has also stated unambiguously: “A group of individuals, with malicious intent, later spread a canard that Pranab Mukherjee had staked his claim to be sworn in as interim PM and had to be persuaded with great difficulty to withdraw his claim. The obvious objective was to create discord between Rajiv Gandhi and Pranab Mukherjee. But I should record here the true fact that Pranab Mukherjee had readily endorsed the suggestion (that Rajiv Gandhi be straightaway sworn in Prime Minister) I made to him.” It is surprising that a civil servant who had assumed authority on his own and a person who had no official position in the party ended up playing a major role in determining the course of events on that tragic day. This is now a matter for historians and scholars to debate.
one thousand nine hundred and sixty six
Which year saw Castro create the communist state of Cuba, and Makarios elected President of the newly independent Cyprus?
India-Pakistan Relations: A 50-Year History | Center for Global Education | Asia Society Center for Global Education India-Pakistan Relations: A 50-Year History By Donald Johnson  Shortly after 3:45 PM on May 11, 1998 at Pokhran, a desert site in the Indian state of Rajisthan, groups of local Bishnoi herders—whose customs forbid killing animals or cutting trees—heard a huge explosion, and watched in amazement as an enormous dust cloud floated in the sky. What the Indian farmers did not realize, but the diplomats in Washington and around the world soon grasped, was the fact that India had just joined the United States, Russia, England, France and China as the newest member of the nuclear club. On that warm May afternoon, Indian nuclear scientists successfully exploded three atomic devices amounting to about six times the destructive power of the American bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. The next day, as the world tried to absorb the frightening news, India ignited two more nuclear explosions. Even as ninety percent of Indians applauded then-Prime Minister Vajpayee's decision to go nuclear, then-U.S. President Clinton immediately reacted to the explosions with shock and criticized India's nuclear testing. The American President argued that India’s actions violated the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty endorsed by 149 nations and the 1970 non-proliferation treaty signed by 185 nations. Despite the fact that neither India nor Pakistan has signed the treaties, the President, citing the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act, immediately called for economic sanctions against India including cutting off $40 million in economic and military aid, and all American bank loans. The President also asked the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to cancel all new loans which could cost India around $14.5 billion worth of public projects, including a major modernization of India's often failing electrical system. Moreover, Japan and other industrial nations soon followed the U.S. example and froze on-going projects in India worth over a billion dollars in aid. Pakistan Responds As the five nuclear powers, all permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, discussed ways to punish India as well as ways to prevent Pakistan from testing its own nuclear devices, the leaders of Pakistan were busily moving forward with their own nuclear plans. On May 28th, Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan's prime minister at that time, announced that following India's lead, Pakistan had successfully exploded five "nuclear devices." Not content to equal India's five tests, Pakistan proceeded on May 30th to explode yet a sixth device and at the same time the Prime Minister announced that his government would soon be able to launch nuclear war heads on missiles. Both President Clinton and a majority of the world community condemned Pakistan's nuclear testing, although China was much less harsh in its criticism of Pakistan, its close ally. Following the sanctions policy after India's tests, the United States, Japan, Britain, Canada and Germany ended their aid to Pakistan and asked the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank to place a moratorium on loans to Pakistan. However, despite President Clinton's wish to impose a world-wide system of economic sanctions on India and Pakistan, a vast majority of western nations have refused to join the effort. The Story Behind the Headlines Despite the seeming suddenness of India's and Pakistan's decisions to test nuclear devices and in so doing seek to join the other five world nuclear nations, the headlines following the explosions "heard round the world," had a fifty-year history. Since their independence as new nations in 1947, India and Pakistan have followed a path of mutual animosity. Pakistan was created as a national homeland for the Muslim-majority areas of the subcontinent, while India proposed to become a secular nation that included about 85 percent Hindus, but also more than ten percent Muslims as well as large numbers of Sikhs, Christians and members of other religions. Soon after the partition of the sub-continent into the two nations, about 17 million people fled their homes and journeyed to either Pakistan or India. In one of the largest exchanges of populations in history, violence soon broke out with Muslims on one side and Sikhs and Hindus on the other. The resulting blood shed in the Punjab and West Bengal regions left more than one million people dead in its wake. In the midst of this refugee movement and open violence, the governments of India and Pakistan hastily tried to divide the assets of British India between the two new countries. From weapons and money, down to paper clips and archaeological treasures, all had to be divided. The British had left behind, besides about half of the subcontinent that it directly governed, some 562 independent or "princely" states. The provision was that each state could remain independent, join Pakistan or accede to India. A violent competition soon resulted as the two new nations sought to win to their own nations the largest and most strategically located states, such as Hyderabad and Kashmir. Because Kashmir was more than 70% Muslim, Pakistan insisted that a vote be taken in the state. However, India argued, since the Maharaja of Kashmir was Hindu, he had right to take the state into India. Even as independence was being celebrated, India and Pakistan began a covert war in Kashmir and the struggle for that state still goes on today. In 1947, 1965 and 1971 India and Pakistan fought wars that did not change the status of Kashmir, but did result in the 1971 further partition of West and East Pakistan into the two nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh. Not only did the architects of Indian foreign policy fear Pakistan, but in 1962, after China's sudden invasion of northeast India, they suddenly realized the ancient protection of the Himalayan Mountains had vanished. India now would have to build sufficient military power to protect itself from both Pakistan and China, the largest country in the world and a major military power armed with nuclear weapons. Soon after the China war of 1962, Indian scientists began developing its nuclear capability. Under Indira Gandhi's Prime Ministership in 1974, India successfully exploded a nuclear device, announcing to the world its scientific capacity to develop nuclear bombs. Because of the strong world opinion against nuclear testing, India did not undertake additional nuclear testing until May, 1998. However, this fourteen-year moratorium on nuclear testing did not mean Indian scientists and political leaders were not planning to join the nuclear club. India in the 1990s: the Moratorium Ends Although Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi reversed his mother's policy of nuclear development, when a new prime minister Narasimha Rao assumed power in 1991, India resumed its plans for nuclear development and in December, 1995, Rao was ready to authorize a nuclear test--only to be discovered by CIA spy satellite and discouraged by President Clinton from going forward with the tests. With the election of the Hindu Nationalist, Bharata Janata Party in 1998, Prime Minister Atal Vajpayee ordered Indian scientists to proceed with plans for testing as soon as possible. This lead to the series of detonations in May, and the subsequent quick response by Pakistan. Foreign Policy Relations The United States has treaties which provide nuclear umbrella to Japan and NATO nations. At present, the United States has cordial relations with China. American policy is worked out in tension between those who insist on expanded human rights in China, and those who favor opening markets and investments in China and downplaying human rights issues. The United States was closely allied with Pakistan until end of Cold War. Pakistan provided bases for U-2 flights and conduit for arms to Afghanistan rebels. The United States provided most of Pakistani military aid from 1954 to the 1980s. China is now the major military supplier to Pakistan. The United States has maintained cool relations with India because of its refusal to join the west during the Cold War, its pursuit of a non-alignment foreign policy and for its tight controls on American investment and business enterprise in India. China is the premier military power in Asia and considers Pakistan its oldest and most powerful Asian ally. China continues to occupy areas inside of India's borders as a result of the Indo-China war of 1962. China has nuclear-armed missiles positioned against India along the Himalayan border and in Tibet, in addition to being Pakistan’s main military weapons provider. Russia has had close relations with India since Indira Gandhi became prime minister in 1966. Russia provides most of India's military sales. After the demise of the Soviet Empire, Russia is unable to provide economic or military aid to India. India has pursued a policy of non-alignment with Soviet Union and United States since its independence. India's planned economy was not open to U.S. investment until change of policy toward free market in 1991. India would not accept American military aid or join alliances, thus alienating U.S. leaders and majority of Americans. Under President Kennedy, the United States supported India in its war with China. Under Nixon, the United States supported Pakistan in 1971 in the war that led to creation of Bangladesh (the former East Pakistan). America sent a nuclear-armed aircraft carrier to Bay of Bengal, which helped motivate India to go nuclear. Now that Russia is weak, India feels isolated and alone in world community. India has felt that the United States has also been hostile to India and that we now are promoting China as the major power in all of Asia. Pakistani testing of Gauri missile on April 6th, 1998 was a major factor in India's decision to undertake nuclear testing. India will suffer from the end of economic aid, but its leaders have calculated that that the nation can survive the sanctions. Pakistan relied on its close alliance with the United States from 1954 through the 1980s. During the 1990s, leaders looked more to China for support and military technology and hardware; China is currently a major supplier of these components to Pakistan. The Pakistani foreign minister traveled to China for consultations ten days before Pakistan conducted nuclear tests. Pakistan will suffer far more than India as a result of economic sanctions by world community. Loss of aid will result in undermining of currency, great increase in debt and increase in poverty. In the hunt for Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan and Pakistan in early 2002, U.S. relations with Pakistan and its leader, President General Pervez Musharraf, improved, which further aggravated India-Pakistan relations. While economic sanctions were lifted, Pakistani militants staged several attacks and bombings; in one occassion, targeted Indian and Kashmiri legislatures. The United States feared possible nuclear retaliation and advised Americans to evacuate both South Asian countries. Today, U.S. relations with India and Pakistan are strong. In March 2006, when U.S. President George W. Bush visited South Asia, he remarked that we "are now united by opportunities that can lift our people." In India, he commented that "The United States and India, separated by half the globe, are closer than ever before, and the partnership between our free nations has the power to transform the world." Positions of World Leaders on India and Pakistan Nuclear Testing Below are quotes from some of the major political figures and leaders in 1998, garnered from a variety of sources, from several countries that are most involved with the issue of India and Pakistan's recent nuclear tests. Indian Prime Minister Atal Vajpayee The [non proliferation] treaties are discriminatory and hypocritical. Our hope is that those nations that want to continue their nuclear monopoly will accept that the same rules should apply to all. (Boston Globe, May 29, 1998) Indian Defense Minister George Fernandes China is India's number-one threat. It is encircling India with missile and naval deployments of suspicious intent. (TIME Magazine, May 25, 1998) Bal Thackeray, Nationalist Leader from Bombay We have to prove that we are not eunuchs. (TIME, ibid.) Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Today we have evened the score with India....I would like to again assure all countries that our nuclear weapons systems are meant only for self-defense.... (New York Times, May 30, 1998) Chinese official statements Having signed the nuclear Test Ban treaty in 1995, we have been consistently opposed to nuclear tests. We knew there was a great possibility that Pakistan would follow [India's testing] because of the internal pressure its leaders face. But this is a rather difficult situation for China. We have a friendship with Pakistan, but we still have a strong stance against nuclear proliferation. (TIME, ibid.) The United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan This [India's and Pakistan's nuclear tests] is a step backward. The world needs fewer nuclear powers, not more of them. But the problem goes beyond India--I'm calling on India and Pakistan to sign the nuclear test-ban treaty before this problem spins out of control. (TIME, ibid.) Russian President Boris Yeltsin India is frankly a close friend of ours, and we enjoy very good relations. Their testing of a nuclear weapon was a great surprise. And when my visit to India takes place this year, I will do my utmost to somehow settle this problem. (TIME, ibid.) U.S. Senator John McCain (R-AZ) The recent testing by India and Pakistan bring the world closer to a nuclear confrontation than at any time since the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. (Boston Globe, May, 1998) U.S. President Clinton To try to manifest your greatness by detonating atomic bombs when everybody else is trying to leave the nuclear age behind is just wrong. India and Pakistan must give up their arms race--a self-defeating cycle of escalation. (New York Times, May 13, 1998) Former head of the International Energy Agency Hans Blix India is a great civilization, but that is not enough. They do not feel that they were treated as though they were in the same league [as the permanent five nations on the U.N. Security Council]. One could ask if the outside world could have satisfied India’s wish to be considered a great power in a different manner. Are nuclear bombs the only way to assert greatness? (May 1998) Facts: Nations with Nuclear Weapons The following nations possess nuclear weapons, have carried out tests and have missiles to deliver nuclear warheads. United States (pop. about 268 million), 1,030 tests since 1944. Now has 12,070 nuclear warheads. Missiles with range of 8,100 miles can reach anywhere in the world. Britain (pop. about 59.1 million), 45 tests since 1952. Has 380 warheads. Missiles have range of 7,500 miles. France (pop. about 58.8 million), 21 tests since 1961, most recent tests 1995, 1996. Now has 500 warheads. Missile range 3,300 miles. Russia (pop. about 146.9 million), 715 tests since 1945. Has 22,500 warheads. Missile range 6,800 miles. China (pop. about 1 billion, 300 million), 45 tests since 1964. Has 450 warheads. Missile range 6,800 miles. Has nuclear armed missiles directed at Indian cities in Tibet and Himalayan border. Israel (pop about 6 million), no tests, but has more than a hundred warheads. Missile range 930 miles. India (pop. about 988.7 million), six tests since 1974. Has about 65 warheads. Missiles named Prithvi has range of 1,550 miles. Presently developing Agni missile similar to Pakistan Gauri missile. Pakistan, (pop about 141.9 million), began nuclear program in 1972. Now has about 15-25 warheads. Missile range 930 miles. Has received technology and missiles from China. More Facts and Stats Percentage of national spending on defense: Pakistan 25%, India 14% Size of armed forces: Pakistan 600,000; India 1.2 million, China over 2 million. Size of Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests India, May 11th - 25-30 kilotons of TNT. Magnitude of 5.3 on seismometer Pakistan, May 28 - 8-15 kilotons of TNT, Magnitude of 4.8 on seismometer Additional Background Reading
i don't know
Which runner took the 100 metres gold at the Atlanta Olympics, only a year after she overcame Grave's Disease
Golden girl: The first Olympic speed queen - CNN.com Golden girl: The first Olympic speed queen By Tom McGowan, CNN Updated 3:30 PM ET, Fri August 3, 2012 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians Robinson's rocket – Betty Robinson made history in 1928 by becoming the first woman to clinch Olympic track and field gold. Her achievement has paved the way for her fellow U.S. female athletes to etch their names into Games folklore. Hide Caption 1 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians The Babe – Robinson was lucky to survive a plane crash in 1931, and the following year Mildred "Babe" Didrikson took over her mantle as the top U.S. woman athlete, winning gold in hurdles and javelin at the Los Angeles Olympics and silver in the high jump. Hide Caption 2 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians History maker – Wyomia Tyus became the first sprinter, male or female, to retain the 100m title at the Olympics when she triumphed in 1968, also winning gold in the 4x100m relay in Mexico. She is seen here winning the women's 100m final at Tokyo '64. Hide Caption 3 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians Flo-Jo stars in Seoul – Florence Griffith-Joyner still holds the women's world records for 100m and 200m, winning three gold medals and a silver at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. She died aged just 38, from a heart seizure while sleeping. Hide Caption 4 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians Sister Act – American tennis stars Venus and Serena Williams have won two gold medals together in women's doubles. Their first came at Sydney 2000, where Venus also won the singles competition. Hide Caption 5 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians Breathless success – U.S. swimmer Amy Van Dyken overcame problems with asthma to win six gold medals during her Olympic career, with four of those coming at the 1996 Atlanta Games. Hide Caption 6 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians What did you say? – U.S. soccer star Mia Hamm inspired her side to gold in the women's football in Atlanta in 1996 and at Athens 2004. The Americans also triumphed at Beijing 2008. Hide Caption 7 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians Gail Force – Sprinter Gail Devers overcame Graves' disease to win three Olympic gold medals, including the women's 100m in 1996 and 2000 as she emulated Tyus. Hide Caption 8 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians Making the breakthrough – Mary Lou Retton became the first American woman to win gold in the individual all-around event in 1984, breaking eastern Europe's stranglehold on the competition. She also won two silvers and two bronzes, becoming a national hero. Hide Caption 9 of 10 Photos: Team USA's top female Olympians Iron Woman – Jackie Joyner-Kersee won gold in both heptathlon and the long jump at Seoul in 1988. She then successfully defended her heptathlon title at Barcelona 1992. Hide Caption
Gail Devers
After failing to win his sixth Tour de France, who made up for his disappointment by winning the inaugural Olympic road time trial in 1996?
2012 London Olympics -- Where Are They Now, Gail Devers comment At age 45, three-time Olympic gold medalist Gail Devers is still sprinting and hurdling nearly every day. But her venue of choice is no longer the track -- it's the backyard of her home in the outskirts of Atlanta, where she often participates in rousing games of tag with her kids. Since retiring from competition in 2007, Devers has replaced speed workouts and weight-lifting sessions with outdoor games, bike rides, walks and hikes. Her training partners include her husband, Mike Phillips, daughters Karsen, 7, and Legacy, 4, and the four-legged "baby" of the family, Jasmine, a 2-year-old Yorkie-Poodle. "We go old-school during the summer, like swimming or setting up lemonade stands," Devers says. "I try to teach my kids to make their own fun. We're loving life." While most of her friends' children are high schoolers, Devers says she's "just getting started" on the parenthood track. "I was a little busy when they all started having kids," Devers says with a laugh. Back then, Devers was a dominant force on the international track and field scene, claiming the Olympic gold medal in the 100 meters in 1992 and 1996. (Her combined margin of victory in those two photo-finish finals: one one-hundredth of a second.) In addition to her victories in the 100 meters, one of the marquee events of the Summer Games, she also collected gold as a part of the U.S.'s victorious 4x100-meter relay team in 1996. Devers' successes were even more impressive given that they came after her well-publicized battle with Graves' disease. She began showing symptoms of the autoimmune disorder, where the thyroid gland is overactive, when she was training for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but it wasn't until 1990 that she was diagnosed with Graves'. Her hair fell out in clumps, her weight dropped dramatically and she found herself barely able to move, at times reduced to crawling from her bed to the bathroom. Devers and her then-2-year-old daughter, Karsen, make an appearance at the 2007 U.S. championships.  Kirby Lee/US Presswire The amputation of Devers' feet was raised as a possibility, until doctors discovered the blood blisters forming on them were a temporary side effect of the radioactive iodine treatment she was undergoing. Eventually, her health began to improve. And just 19 months after the diagnosis, she was staring up at the JumboTron in Barcelona's Olympic Stadium, watching the replay of the blanket finish in the 100 meters. "It felt like we were standing there for an eternity while they were trying to figure out who won," Devers says of that experience, which she considers one of her favorite Olympic memories. "I was like a deer in headlights when I heard my name. I took off running my victory lap and the cameraman had to tell me to slow down." She hardly slowed down for the next 15 years. Devers went on to win two more Olympic gold medals, plus eight total individual world titles across four events -- the outdoor 100 meters and 100-meter hurdles, and the indoor 60 meters and 60-meter hurdles. Her career ended at the 2007 Millrose Games in New York, where she won the 60-meter hurdles as a 40-year-old mother. Despite the myriad championship victories, many track fans wonder whether Devers rues the fact that she never won an Olympic medal in her primary event, the 100-meter hurdles. (In Barcelona, she was leading the final but fell over the final hurdle and stumbled to fifth place. In Atlanta, she finished fourth, one one-hundredth of a second out of the medals. In Sydney, where she was struggling with a hamstring injury, she stopped midway through her semifinal race.) "I always did my best on the day," Devers says of those results. "There was never a race that I didn't give it everything I had, so I don't have any regrets about how it turned out. I was blessed with a long career where I won gold medals for myself and my country. Nothing stands out as a disappointment." And while Devers still has an eye on today's crop of competitors -- she will attend the 2012 U.S. Olympic trials, which begin later this week in Eugene, Ore. -- her attention these days is set squarely on raising her own children, as well as giving motivational speeches to groups of all kinds across the country. Her husband refers to her as "Ms. PTA," in reference to the copious amounts of time she commits to volunteering at the local elementary school, helping out in classrooms and organizing fund-raisers. Devers says she feels an obligation to lend a hand in overcrowded classrooms where some students may fall behind without extra attention. She nailed it: Throughout her career, Devers was known as much for her outrageous fingernails as she was for her multitude of world and Olympic titles.  Jeff Haynes/AFP/Getty Images "There are so many budget cuts that there might be up to 30 kids in a classroom. I believe that if I have the time, I should do my part to help," she says. "And if I decide to do something, I don't give less than 110 percent to it. I am there so much, some of the kids think I am a teacher." While Devers may not be a certified teacher, she takes the role of educator seriously, whether it's speaking about Graves' disease or teaching people of all ages how to set worthwhile goals. She has even coached football players for the NFL scouting combine. "A lot of them have been drafted," she says. "I love teaching them how to put their bodies in a position for speed. They call me Mama Gail." The maternal moniker is a fitting one for a woman who has fully transferred the energy she once put into her athletic career to her family life. Gone are the exceptionally long and loudly decorated fingernails that were her trademark when she was a competitor -- they're impractical for the jobs, such as painting her parents' house, that make up her daily routine. And her hair has been cut short ("After I had kids, it was always in a ponytail, so what's the point?"). But while she might no longer look like exactly like the Olympic champion her fans remember, she still knows the motivational power of her gold medals. "Accolades and trophies are given to inspire others," she says. "I believe I was blessed with such success so that I can touch lives and make a difference for other people."
i don't know
What cotton cloth, woven from coloured yarns into stripes or checks, takes its name from the Malay word for striped?
gingham gingham yarn-dyed, plain-weave cotton fabric, usually striped or checked. [1605-15; < D gingang < Malay gangan, gingan with space between, hence, striped] * * * ▪ fabric       plain-woven fabric, originally made completely of cotton fibres but later also of man-made fibres, which derives its colour and pattern effects from carded or combed yarns. The name comes from the Malay word genggang, meaning “striped,” and thence from the French guingan, used by the Bretons to signify cloth made from striped colouring. Medium or fine yarns of varying quality are used to obtain the plain, checked, or striped effects. The warp and the weft, or filling, may be the same, even-sided and balanced.       Gingham is strong, substantial, and serviceable. It launders easily and well, but lower-textured fabric may shrink considerably unless preshrunk. Prices of gingham have a wide range; designs or patterns run from the conservative to the gaudy. Uses include dress goods, shirting, trimming, kerchiefs, aprons, children's wear, and beachwear. * * * gingiva Look at other dictionaries: Gingham — is a fabric made from dyed cotton yarn. The name is Indonesian in origin, assimilated into Dutch. When originally imported (in the 17th century), it was a striped fabric, but from the mid 18th century, when it was being produced in the mills of… …   Wikipedia Gingham — Ging ham, n. [F. guingan; cf. Jav. ginggang; or perh. fr. Guingamp, in France.] A kind of cotton or linen cloth, usually in stripes or checks, the yarn of which is dyed before it is woven; distinguished from printed cotton or prints. [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Gingham — (Köpergingham), Baumwollen Merinos, s. Weberei …   Lexikon der gesamten Technik Gingham — (Gingang), ostind. Baumwollstoffe, jetzt die gestreifte oder gewürfelte engl., schott. oder Wiener Leinwand, dicht gewebt aus gefärbtem Baumwollgarn …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon gingham — 1610s, from Du. gingang, traders rendering of a Malay word said to be ginggang striped, used as a noun with the sense of striped cotton. Cf. Fr. guingan, Sp. guinga, It. gingano, Ger. gingang …   Etymology dictionary gingham — ► NOUN ▪ lightweight plain woven cotton cloth, typically checked. ORIGIN from a Malay word meaning striped …   English terms dictionary gingham — [giŋ′əm] n. [&LT; Du gingang or Fr guingan, ult. &LT; Malay ginggang, striped (cloth)] a yarn dyed cotton cloth, usually woven in stripes, checks, or plaids …   English World dictionary gingham — [[t]gɪ̱ŋəm[/t]] N UNCOUNT Gingham is cotton cloth which has a woven pattern of small squares, usually in white and one other colour. ...a gingham apron. ...gingham check shorts …   English dictionary Gingham — Ging|ham: ↑Gingan. Gin|gan [ gɪŋgan], Gingham [ gɪŋəm], der; s, s [engl. gingham &LT; malai. ginggang, eigtl. = gestreift]: gemustertes Baumwollgewebe in Leinenbindung …   Universal-Lexikon gingham — ging|ham [ˈgıŋəm] n [U] [Date: 1600 1700; : Malay; Origin: genggang] cotton cloth that has a pattern of small white and coloured squares on it ▪ a red and white gingham tablecloth …   Dictionary of contemporary English 16+
Gingham
Who wrote 'Earthly Powers', a long and ambitious first- person novel, narrated by an octogenarian homosexual?
Fabric Glossary: Textiles for Historic, Vintage & Reproduction Interior Decorating Fabric Glossary: Textiles for Historic, Vintage & Reproduction Interior Decorating Updated on April 9, 2016 Source A Musically & Otherwise Punctuated A-to-Z Glossary of Home Décor Textile Terms For those who do not have a background in textiles and familiarity with the relevant lingo, trying to figure out the difference between a damask and a brocade or between stain resistant and stain proof, for example, can be difficult and confusing enough -- not to mention the frustration of trying to understand historic fabric terminology and names like Calamanco, Baize, Cretonne, and Turkeywork. We have assembled this glossary or alphabetic list of fabric-related vocabulary words and phrases you might encounter when researching or shopping for fabrics for interior decorating. It is designed so you can easily find a definition and have a basic reference tool to help you decipher the language of home décor fabrics and to make it easier to decide if a particular fabric is appropriate for the home decorating project you have in mind. Detail from an Aubusson Tapestry | Source A: Absorbency through Aubusson Absorbency. The ability of a textile to absorb liquid. (See diaper.) Abrasion resistance. The ability of a textile to withstand friction, rubbing, and surface wear. The higher the abrasion resistance, the more durable the fabric is, which is important in choosing heavy-duty upholstery fabrics. Abrasion tests. Tests performed on textiles or surface materials that are designed to gauge resistance to abrasion, friction, scuffing and other forms of abuse. The Wyzenbeek is the most commonly used abrasion test. Acetate. A manufactured fiber formed by a compound of refined cellulose (from plants and/or wood pulp) and acetic acid. Acetate fabric is made from the cellulose obtained by deconstructing cotton or wood pulp. Acetate yarn was first made in 1913 by the two Swiss brothers who invented the process to manufacture cellulose acetate in 1905. Acetate fibers were first made in the United States in 1924, under the trademark Celanese. Adaptation. A design based on another usually historic design but modified in some way. Adire. A traditional Nigerian resist dyed indigo fabric. Alliballi. Indian muslin popular during the Regency era (late 18th-early 19th centuries). Ambresine. A heavy cloth of cotton and hemp that was used in the Middle Ages. Angora. Usually used to refer to the hair of the Angora goat. Also known as angora mohair. Angora may also apply to the fur of the Angora rabbit. Aniline. A colorless odorless oily liquid base for many dyes that is derived from coal tar or petroleum chemicals. First distilled from indigo (annil) in 1826. Antimacassar. A piece of cloth or doily originally pinned to the back of an upholstered chair or settee to protect the upholstery from macassar, a type of hair oil formerly used to make hair shine. Today antimacassars are primarily decorative. Antique Satin. A satin weave fabric with slubs that is reversable with one side having a satin finish and the other side resembling 18th Century spun shantung silk. Antique Taffeta. A stiff plain weave fabric with a slubbed weft that may be irridescent. Antron. Dupont's brand of nylon. Appliqué. Decorations sewn onto fabric or added to an existing surface. Argyle. A particular diamond-shaped plaid pattern, named for the tartan of a clan in the county of Argyll, western Scotland. Ariele. A woolen gauze. Aubusson. A scenic tapestry used for wall hangings and upholstery. Name comes from Aubusson, France. The term is often used to refer to low warp weaving in general. Bargello | Source B: Back through Burlap Back. The reverse side of a textile that is not seen in regular use. The opposite of the front (you knew that) or face. Backing. A material or coating applied to the back of a textile to help it keep its shape and to reduce fraying, seam slippage and excess wear. Baize. A coarse, napped, feltlike, woolen or cotton material that goes back at least to the 1500s and used as a protective cover for carpets, tables, and bookcases in the 18th and 19th centuries. In England, baize was used for school bags and to cover doorways leading to the servants' quarters. It is traditionally dyed red or green but may also be blue. Comes from the old French word "baie," a cloth dyed a brownish red colour. (If it is pale yellow, it is maize, not baize.) Balanced cloth. An evenly woven cloth made with the same thickness or diameter of yarn throughout. (And preferred by 4 out of 5 jugglers and tightrope walkers.) Balanced stripes. Any striped pattern with background and stripe the same width. Bengal and candy stripes are both balanced stripes. (Preferred by 4 out of 5 psychiatrists for couch upholstery.) Bamboo. Bamboo is a natural fiber that comes from the pulp of the fast growing, rapidly renewing Bamboo plant. Growing as much as 3 feet in one day and requiring little or no pesticides, bamboo is even more sustainable and earth-friendly than cotton and is becoming an increasingly popular fiber in many types of fabrics. Animal rights activists will be happy to know that the type of bamboo used to make fabric is not the same as the variety that Panda's feed on. Bamboo fabric. Fabric made from bamboo fibers is naturally soft, has moisture-wicking (it's three times as absorbent as cotton) and insulating properties, and is breathable and somewhat antibacterial and therefore naturally odor resistant. Bannigan. A type of moleskin. (Not to be confused with the chain of eateries.) Bargello. Also known as Florentine or Flamestitch. A geometric or zigzag pattern made from long straight vertical stitches on canvas. (See photo.) Bargello originated in 17th century Europe but works with many styles of décor. It is very durable and is suitable for upholstery. Bargello is also used to refer to printed patterns that resemble the traditional needlepoint designs. (Not the name for those jello shots that go down a little too easily at the local bar...) Barkcloth. Originally referred to a fabric made from inner bark of certain trees, which is soaked and beaten with a mallet into a thin sheet. It can be bleached, dyed or painted. Called "tapa" in Hawaii and "kapa" in Fiji, barkcloth was a staple throughout the South Pacific. Barkcloth also refers to a soft and textured cotton and/or rayon fabric with a crepe-like feel that is made to resemble true barkcloth. (although some can be printed in colors so loud it might be more accurate to say it resembles the bark of a dog). Barkcloth printed with floral and leaf designs was a popular decorating fabric in the 1930s through 1950s. Barras. A coarse linen fabric originally produced in holland. (Which may be why the only remotely clever thing I think of to say about it is also too coarse to include here.) Barre. A fabric in which stripes run in crosswise directions. (Not the rail or bar that dancers use for support during warm-ups.) Barrier Fabric. Fabrics that act as barriers to dust, dust mites, and allergens. Basketweave. A plain or tabby weaving variation named for the basket-like pattern of the weave. (Duh.) Bast fiber. Strong, soft, woody fibers, such as flax, jute, hemp, and ramie obtained from the inner stems of plants. Batik. A type of hand-printed fabric that orginated in Java and involves using wax to coat parts of the fabric so they resist dye. The process can be repeated for multi-color designs. Batik usually has a veined appearance where the dye has gone through cracks in the wax. Batik is also used to refer to mechanically printed designs that imitate batik patterns. Batik Production Batt or Batting. Sheets or rolls of carded cotton or wool or other fibers used for spinning or for stuffing, padding, quilting, and felting. (Has nothing to do with America's favorite pastime [ No - not that one - I am referring to baseball. This page is rated "G"], although it would help cushion mitts as well as mattresses, both of which also favor double "t"s. Batting was also used to cushion Dracula's coffin.) Batiste. Fine lightweight cotton or bleached linen sometimes used for curtains. Bayardere. Refers to stripes that run crosswise in a knit or woven fabric, usually in strongly contrasting colors. Bearskin cloth. A thick wool fabric with a shaggy nap produced in Norfolk, England, in the 14th and 15th centuries. (Too bad they didn't stick to using the cloth for rugs too. Would've saved a lot of bears.) Beaver cloth. A heavy wool that was napped and pressed down to look like beaver fur. (And the beavers are dam happy about that!) Bedford Cord. A sturdy fabric with raised lengthwise ridges which make it very strong and highly durable. Bedford cord can be made with either man-made fibres, cotton, worsted wool or a combination of all three. It is often used for upholstery. Originally known as a cord broadcloth, it was woven in Britain by Flemish weavers as early as the early 14th century. In the 15th century this cloth was adopted by the Duke of Bedford for his troop's uniforms, hence the name. Beetling. The striking of woven linen or ramie fabric with rollers to flatten the fibers and produce a more lustrous fabric. (Has nothing to do with bugs or the mop-haired quartet from Liverpool, but bet you can't get them out of your head now...) Beetling comes from the Old English betel, meaning "to beat," and everyone knows the Beatles can't be beat :-) Beatle-ing of a different sort Beggar's Inkle. An 18th and 19th century term for a fabric comparable to Linsey-Woolsey. Bemberg. A brand of high-quality rayon. Because of United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations, Bemberg is now only produced in Italy. (Learn more about Bemberg .) Benares. A lightweight fabric usually woven with metallic threads that originated in Benares, a town in India. Bengal stripes. Fairly narrow, equal width balanced stripes. Bengaline. A lustrous durable fabric with a crosswise rib. It is often made from a blend of fibers (rayon, nylon, cotton, and/or wool) and is heavy. (You guessed it! The name originated because the originally silk fabric originated in what was originally called Bengal but is now called Bengladesh. If you guessed the fabric was named after Bengal Tigers, which also originated from the same area, return to the beginning and start over.) Bias. The direction of a piece of woven fabric at 45 degree angles to its warp and weft threads. Every piece of woven fabric has two biases, perpendicular to each other. (They are non-partial, although each may be said to lean in a different direction.) Billiard cloth. The green cloth used on billiard tables. (duh!) This is Traditionally a very fine high-quality wool twilled fabric. Birds-eye. Fabric with a woven-in dobby design with a center dot resembling the eye of a bird. It is used in diapers, and pique. The expression does not, in this case, refer to an aerial view as one might find in google maps' street view option. Black work. Refers to an embroidery style worked on a frame in black silk on a white linen ground.Believed to have been introduced by Catherine of Aragon, one of Henry VIII's wives, and also known as Spanish work (because she was). The most common designs were scrolls, vines, and leaves. Blanket cloth. A thick, heavily napped cloth named after Thomas Blanquette, a Flemish weaver who lived in the fourteenth century. (And carried around by Linus and other tots ever since.) Blend. A mix of different fiber types combined to create a yarn or fabric. Fabrics are often made from blended yarns to increase durability, stretch, stain resistance and to decrease cost. (As far as we're concerned, not a mix of coffee beans, scotch, pipe tobacco or anything else. This glossary is about fabrics and fabric-related terminology.) Block printing. A hand-printing process in which a design is carved on a number of blocks of wood which together represent the entire pattern. Each color requires a different block. It is the earliest form of textile printing and today is a highly specialized art form, although in some cases linoleum blocks have replaced the wooden ones. Dye is placed on the surface and the block is placed on the fabric. Pressure is then applied to the block to transfer the dye. Also referred to as hand-blocked printing. Block Printing Fabric Bocking. Coarse wool flannel or baize. Named for a city in England where the cloth was manufactured. (Bet that's not what you thought it meant! And it has nothing to do with bock beer either.) Body. A term used to describe a full hand with bounce or resilience. It can also refer to the fullness of a fabric. This is a subjective judgment informed by experience. A fabric is said to have a good body when it has a full, rich, and supple hand and is not limp or stiff. (No. I'm not going there.) Boiled Wool. Thick, dense fabric that is heavily fulled to completely obscure its knitted construction. (Presumably tastes like mutton.) Bolt. An entire length of fabric, rolled full width on a tube. (Not electrically charged, but can still knock you out if one strikes you.) Bombast. Cotton wool used for padding in the Elizabethan era. Bombazine. A twilled silk and worsted fabric. (Has nothing to do with weaponry or war. Actually comes from the French/Latin/Greek word for silk/silkworm. Ain't English grand!) Botany Wool. Refers to yarns and fabrics made from Merino Wool. The term comes from Botany Bay, Australia. Bouclé. A knit or woven fabric made from a rough, curly, knotted bouclé yarn. The fabric has a looped, curly, knotted surface on one or both sides. Bouclé, pronounced [boo-klay'], is French for curled or ringed. (Yes, Lucy. It is naturally curly.) Bourette. A fancy plied yarn with nubs And knots of another color. See noil. Bridgewater. An early type of light woolen broadcloth. Brighton weave. See honeycomb weave. Broadcloth. Originally, a firm, tabby woven wool with a shorn, smooth surface. Broadcloth has been made for more than 600 years. Although it differed by country and purpose, broadcloth was usually about 2 to 2.5 yards wide by varying lengths up to 30 yards or more. Contemporary broadcloth is a woven fabric of cotton, rayon, or a blend of cotton or rayon with polyester, with a smooth finish. (When used to describe fabric, "broad" is considered neither an insult nor a derogatory term.) Silk Brocade | Source Brocade. Originally an elegant, heavy silk fabric with a floral or figured pattern woven with gold or silver thread imitating embroidery and produced in China and Japan. Now, the term brocade more often refers to a rich, heavy jacquard type fabric, that may or may not be silk, with all-over raised designs or intricate patterns. Floating yarns on the back of the fabric are characteristic of brocade. Brocaded satin. A satin fabric with raised Jacquard woven designs. Brocatelle. A fabric similar to brocade but with designs in high relief, made on a jacquard loom today, but dating back to medieval times. The fabric usually has a firm texture and high yarn count. The pattern has a distinctive blistered or puffed appearance originally created to imitate tooled leather. (Has nothing to do with Italian food beyond being food for the soul and a feast for the eyes.) Broderie Anglaise. Comes from the French language term for "English embroidery." Broderie Anglaise is a type of cotton fabric embroidered with white cotton threads in a design outlined in buttonhole stitches and designed to be cut away. Similar to eyelet. Buckram. A coarse fabric of cotton or linen used for stiffening items like curtain headings and tie backs. Originally, buckram was sized with starch that was not permanent, but today most buckrams are finished so they remain stiff. (Also an angry male sheep.) Buffins. A cloth similar to Camlet and in production circa 1580-1620. (As far as we know has nothing to do with Hobbits.) Bugazeen. Also known as calico. (Not a pesticide or anything else to be afraid of, although some of the more garishly colored calicos can be frightening in their own way.) Burlap. A loosely constructed, heavy weight, plain weave fabric made of irregular yarns such as jute and used as a carpet backing, furniture webbing and, as fashion dictates, a drapery fabric. Also called Hessian in the jargon. Detour: The Road to Everywhere but Calamanco....   C: Calamanco through Calender Calamanco. A cotton or worsted fabric with a hot-pressed glazed finish in designs that resemble silk brocade. There are references to Calamanco as early as the late 16th century. Calamanco was very popular in the 1700s through 1800s and was produced in a wide range of patterns. It seems to have originated in Norwich, England. (As far is we know, Calamanco is not the name of a place, which is why Hope and Crosby probably didn't include the "Road to Calamanco" in their popular series of films.) Calender, calendaring. A cloth finishing machine which presses a fabric smooth by passing it through two heated cylinders. Can be used to emboss velvet or add a glaze to a fabric. (Has nothing to do with schedules or dates, although one can pin-up fabric that has been calendered.) Calendar-ing circa 1960... Calico through Camlett Calico. Calico originated in Calicut, India where the fabric was first produced and printed with cut woodblocks. The first of calicut fabrics were imported to England around 1630. Over time, the name evolved to the term calico that we use today to describe a cotton fabric with a small, usually floral, print. Common end-uses include quilts and curtains. Also called bugazeen. Cambric. Fine densely woven bleached linen or cotton, with a highly glazed surface and hard finish that retained its sheen through multiple washings. Cambric was first made in the early 16th century in Cambray, France, and was a staple fabric in many countries until just after WWI, when it declined sharply in popularity. Cheaper loosely woven cotton cambric is used for underupholstery on some furniture seats. Camlett or chamlett. Unglazed plain woven worsted fabric such as harateen and china (cheyney). Camlett dates back to the 18th century and is made with silk or wool in a plain or twill weave. Camlett encompassed a range of checked, brocaded, watered, spot glazed, striped, shot and figured versions. Figured camlet had figures stamped on it with hot irons. Water camlet was treated with water and hotpressed to give it a smooth lustre. Other Camletts finished using still other methods included Harateen, Moreen, Groginette and Cheanis. (Camlett is not to be confused with either King Arthur's or JFK's short-lived euphorias, although you can decide for yourself about Monty Python's version.) Candlewick. An unbleached muslin fabric with a pattern created by heavy yarns looped to imitate french knots or cut to resemble tufts of chenille or the wicks of candles (duh). Candy stripes. Broader than Bengal stripes but still even and precise. In other words, a balanced stripe. (Favored by hospital volunteers and purveyors of peppermint sticks and canes.) Caneva. A fancy woolen fabric made to resemble canvas. Canvas. A strong, durable, closely woven cotton, linen, or hemp fabric that is generally water-resistant. Carding. A yarn manufacturing process in which short fibers are disentangled, cleaned, separated and laid parallel to each other. This forms a roving, which is spun into yarn. (Has nothing to do with buying beer or playing poker.) Casement cloth. A term applied to lightweight sheer and semi-sheer fabrics used for curtains. Casement cloth is often characterized by a loose decorative weave. Cashmere. A luxury fiber obtained from the soft fleecy undergrowth of the Kashmir goat of Tibet, Mongolia, China, Iran, Iraq, and India. Most commonly used in clothing, cashmere is sometimes used in home decorating for upholstery and accessories. Cashmere has excellent insulating power, providing warmth without weight or bulk. It drapes beautifully, resists wrinkles, and sheds lint. Because the total amount of cashmere hair available is severely limited, cashmere is an expensive luxury fabric. Cellulose. A carbohydrate polymer found in organic woody substances of most vegetation. The basic raw material in the production of rayon and acetate fibres. Cellulose Fiber. Cotton, hemp, ramie, and other fibers produced from the cell walls of plants. Challis. (The word is pronounced like Shall-ee, not like chalice.) A lightweight, soft plain weave fabric with a slightly brushed surface. The fabric is often printed, usually in a floral or paisley pattern. Challis is most often seen in fabrics made of cotton, wool, or rayon. Originally it would have been wool. Chama. A white fabric handwoven from handspun local cotton in Ethiopia. Chambray. A linen-finished gingham cloth with a white weft and a colored warp, producing a mottled appearance. The term originated in the early 1800s and is derived from Cambrai, the name of a town in northern France, where it was originally made. Chamlet. See camlett. Chamois. Cotton fabric made to imitate chamois leather. Chamois leather. Soft pliable leather made from the hide of sheep, goats, or deer. Charmeuse. Refers to silk and silk-like fabrics that have a shiny, soft, satin-like appearance and a crepe back. It is sometimes called crepe-backed satin. Charmante. A silk fabric with a crepe back. Cheanis. A worsted camlett often used for furnishings. (Talk about unusual phraseology!) Chenille. The term Chenille comes from the French word for caterpillar. It refers to a fuzzy cotton yarn that resembles the fuzz on a caterpillar. and is like velvet when tightly woven. In home décor, Chenille is mainly used for upholstery. Cheviot through Chiffon Cheviot. A roughly textured, woolen fabric with a twill weave. The name is derived from the sheep of the Cheviot Hills (England). Chevron. A fabric design printed or woven in the shape of a V or (especially now that GM, has filed for bankruptcy) an inverted V. Cheyney. A plain worsted fabric derived from a mispronunciation of china. (Generally not worn by vice presidents prone to shoot off their mouths and at their friends.) Chiffon. A plain woven lightweight, extremely sheer, airy, and soft silky fabric. Chiffon can be used for sheer curtains. (And makes a great cake in orange and lemon flavors or....) Chiffons of a different type - But still light and airy... China through Chinoiserie China. A plain worsted fabric. See Cheyney. Chinoiserie. The imitation or evocation of Chinese motifs and techniques in Western art, furniture, and architecture. Chinoiseries were especially popular in 18th century France. Classic English Chintz. Chintz is a historic fabric that has been popular in the U.S. since colonial times. It is naturally dust-resistant and available in a wide range of patterns and colors. | Source Chintz. A glazed cotton fabric usually printed in bright colors. It has a polished look from a resin finish that is applied during manufacturing and is naturally dust resistant, making it a popular choice for decorating. (And not at all chintzy.) (Scroll down to glazed to see more pictures of chintz fabrics.) Chirimen. A Japanese term for a coarse matte crepe fabric that was originally silk but may now be found in synthetics and blends. (And you thought it referred to salarymen after one too many saks!) Chite. A painted linen that was originally made in Chitta, India. Painted linen was very popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. Cir. A cloth finishing process which produces a high polish to the surface of the fabric with the use of wax or other compounds and then hot calendering. Derived from the French word cir, meaning wax. Satins finished in this way are sometimes called shoeblack satins, regardless of color. Isn't nomenclature at least nominally interesting? Cloque. Any fabric whose surface has an irregularly raised effect. From the French term for blistered. Cloth. In the 18th century, "cloth" referred specifically to finely spun and woven woolen broadcloth. Coir. Coir is a coarse fiber extracted from the outer shell of a coconut. Colorfastness. Describes a dyed fabric's ability to resist fading due to exposure to sunlight and washing. (Red is an especially fast color, but generally not one of the most colorfast unless used on sports car.) Colorway. One color combination of a style or pattern. (Not one of the ways of Taoism.) Combed, combing. A step beyond carding (see above) that removes additional short fibers and impurities and straightens and arranges the long fibers in parallel fashion, producing high quality, uniform, very fine, strong yarns (and neater hair.) Corduroy. A strong, durable, pile ribbed fabric in various weights. Ribs vary from narrow (pinwale - 16 to 21 cords per inch) to wide (widewale - 3 to 4 wales or cords per inch). This strong, durable fabric, originally used in the 17th and 18th centuries by the household staff of French kings, was called corde du roi or cord of the king. (Today it seems to be more favored by aging male college professors, who would at least have appreciated the taxonomy lesson in this definition.) Cotton. A vegetable fiber consisting of unicellular hairs attached to the seed of the cotton plant. (Also a rabbit's or bunny's tail.) Coupe de Fil. See Fil Coup. (Has nothing to do with the takeover of a government, a type of car, a dessert dish, or a successful move, although all may have strings attached in one way or the other,) Crêpe. Comes from the French word crêper,which means to crimp or frizz. It is used to describe any type of fabric that has a light crinkled surface made. May also be called crape. (I remember the crêpes from that place in Montmartre, spread with pureed marrons....sorry. Almost dinner time.) J'adore crepes! Ne pas vous?   Crewel Fabric | Source Crêpe de Chine. A fine, lightweight crêpe usually made of silk. (And silk came from China, hence Crêpe from China.) Crêpon. A heavy crêpe fabric with lengthwise crinkles more pronounced than crêpe's. Cretonne. A substantial cotton cloth printed on one or both sides with usually large designs. Popular in the late 19th century for curtains and slipcovers. Crewel. A fabric embroidered with a loosely twisted, two-ply wool yarn on a plain weave fabric. Traditional crewel fabricsare hand-woven and embroidered in India. The design motif for crewel work is typically outlines of flowers, vines, and leaves, in one or many colors. (Crewel, unlike its homonym, is a very pleasant fabric and are not at all malicious, contemptible, vile, odious, or loathsome -- unless perhaps you are severely allergic to wool.) Crimp. The waviness or curvature of a fiber or yarn. Can be found naturally, as with wool, or can be mechanically produced (if you want to put a crimp in your style or your hair). Crocking. The tendency of excess dyes to rub off. Napped and pile fabrics in deep colors are most likely to crock. (And that's no crock.) Crushed fabrics. Fabrics such as velvet and velour are treated with heat, moisture, and pressure in finishing to distort pile formation and give the fabric a crushed appearance. Custom color. A colorway created to suit a customer's unique needs. Cut pile. A fabric in which the pile is cut rather than looped, creating a velvet effect. (Not what the director said to the editor after filming an episode of that old sitcom starring Jim Nabors.) Cut Velvet. A Jacquard fabric with a velvet design on a plain ground. Cylinder printing. See roller printing. Silk Damask | Source D: Damask through Dye Lot Damask. A figured woven fabric with a pattern visible on both sides. Originally a rich silk made in China, it was introduced to Europe via Damascus, from which the name derives. Damasks have smooth satin backgrounds with matte twill designs and are reversible. They are woven on jacquard looms and typically have stylized floral motifs. Today, damasks are made in linen, cotton, silk, rayon or blends. Damask comes in different weights and is often used in tablecloths, napkins, formal draperies, and upholstery. Damask is similar to brocade, but flatter and reversible. Darnix (also Dornick). A heavy linen coth, usually checked, or damask table linen. (Can be dorky, but usually not.) Delaine. A lightweight wool print fabric. (Or, for those of you who remember the 60s, Bonnie's partner. For those of you less fortunate, we interrupt this page briefly at this point so you can catch up.) Delaney & Bonnie Denier. [den'-yehr] A system of measuring the weight of a continuous filament fiber. The lower the number, the finer the fiber; the higher the number, the heavier the fiber. Numerically, a denier is the equivalent to the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of continuous filament fiber. The word denier comes from denarius, a Roman coin dating from the first century. Denim. A hard-wearing cotton twill originally called Serge de Nimes after the southern French town where it was first produced. Originally used for sails on ships crossing the Atlantic, it is most familiar to us when used to make jeans. Diaper. Fabric with motifs of small woven patterns (diamonds, arrowheads, etc) in linen or cotton white goods. (Also may be considered a precursor of Huggies, Pampers, etc., when the fabrics were used to wrap baby bottoms since the patterns created a more absorbent cloth.) Dimity. A hard-wearing, sheer cotton fabric woven with raised stripes or checks giving it a seersucker type look. Discharge printing. A method of obtaining light designs on a very dark ground. The fabric is piece dyed first, then the color is discharged or bleached in spots, leaving white designs in a pattern. An additional step is often the roller printing of these design areas with patterns and colors. Distressed, distressing. The marring, damaging or finishing of an object or material to create an aged, used or rustic appearance. (Gee. Isn't that what stress does to people too?) Dobby. Refers to the fabric produced on a dobby loom on which small, geometric figures can be woven in as a regular pattern. (Neither the nickname used by Maynard for his friend, Mr. Gillis nor the house elf in Harry Potter.) Dobby. Dobie, Doobie, Oobie Doobie, Scoobie Doo, Doobey Doobey Doo Document. A historic fabric or other historic source that provides the design and colorway for a reproduction fabric. Doeskin. Generally applied to a type of fabric finish in which a low nap is brushed in one direction to create a soft suede-like hand on the fabric surface. (Loved by the LA Rams.) Donegal tweed. A medium to heavy plain or twill weave fabric with colorful yarn slubs woven into the fabric. The name originally applied to a hand-woven woolen tweed fabric made in Donegal, Ireland. Dotted Swiss. A sheer fabric of cotton or blends with a small dot pattern woven, printed or flocked on the surface. Used for curtains. (Not to be confused with cheese that goes with ham sandwiches or a person from Geneva with the measles.) Double face. A double cloth which can be used on either side. Also used to describe any fabric with two right sides. (Double face fabrics can have two right sides, but two-faced people have at least one wrong side.) Drabbet. Coarse linen. Drape. The way a fabric hangs. Drape depends on yarns, weave structure, and finish. Dreadnought or dreadnaught. An early coarse wool fabric similar to Bearskin cloth. Also referred to storm coats made from that fabric and, in 1906, was the name given to a British battleship with big guns, all of which hark back to the original meaning: A fearless person, i.e. one with no dread. Dresden. A fancy silk and worsted cloth of the 18th and 19th centuries. Drill. A heavy, strong, durable twill fabric. Ducape. Heavy, corded silk. Duck. A plain weave fabric usually made of cotton or sometimes linen. The terms canvas and duck are often interchangeably, but canvas is generally considered heavier than duck. The term "duck" pre-dates the mid 1800s when all canvas for sails were imported from England and Scotland and bore the trademark of a duck. (Canvas may be more durable, but duck tastes much better.) Dupioni. A medium weight lustrous silk, dupioni has slubbed yarns and a crisp, scrunchy hand. It is similar to shantung but has a more pronounced texture. See Silk. (Not a derogatory term you heard Tony Soprano use when someone acted like a dope.) Durability. The ability of a fabric to resist wear. Durant. A glazed woolen fabric, calendered with a sharp center crease. (Not His Airness, the hoopster, though he's sharp too!) Dye Lot. Because fabrics are dyed in varying quantities of yardage, consistency of color will vary. Therefore there may be differences in color from bolt to bolt. (Also slang for graveyard.) Embossed Velvet | Source E: Ell through Eyelet Ell. A long measure of cloth that varies by country, In England an ell is about 45 inches or 1.25 yards. (In Brooklyn and Chicago, it is a raised train platform.) Embellished. With additional decoration or ornamentation. Embossing. A calendering process that produces a design by passing the fabric through hot engraved rollers, shearing the pile to different levels, or pressing parts of the fabric flat to form the motif. Also called gauffrage. Embroidered, embroidery. A decorative design sewn (by hand or machine) on fabric with colored threads. Epinglé. From the French word épinglér meaning "to pin." Originally the term referred to a velvet made from silk. This lustrous corded fabric is now made in a variety of natural and synthetic fibers in a single colour or with the ribs in contrasting colours. épinglé weaving in Europe originated in Italy, but most épinglé made today is woven in Belgium. It is generally quite durable and used for upholstery. Etamine. A lightweight, open weave fabric made with hard spun, course yarns. The term comes from the French word tamine meaning sieve or strainer. Eyelet. A fabric that is designed with a series of finished patterned cutouts, or perforations. Eyelet is a popular choice for bedding and curtains. F: Face through Fustian Face. The front or finished side of a fabric; the side designed to be seen. Faconne. A jaquard fabric with a pattern of small scattered motifs. Faille. A soft, finely-ribbed woven fabric with a light lustre made from cotton, silk, or manufactured fibers. Depending on the weight, faille is used for draperies and upholstery applications. (Use this and you will not faille, even though it is pronounce [fyle].) Faux silk. A synthetic fabric that imitates silk. Faux is French for false or fake. Faux fur. Artificial fur made from synthetic material. Felt. A fabric made from fibers intermeshed by heat, moisture, and agitation. It is not woven from fibers and has superior density, resilience, strength, and a soft hand. (In touch with its feminine side.) Fiber. A natural or manufactured material that is spun into yarn and then woven into a fabric. Fiberglass. Very fine flexible fiber made from glass. It is used for curtains and draperies. Glass fiber fabrics are very strong and wash well, but care should be taken to avoid getting small splinters of the glass yarns in the hands or lungs. Glass fiber is stiff and has poor resistance to wear and abrasion. It is also fireproof. Figurative. A design using the human figure. (It figures.) Figured velvet. A velvet fabric with a design in relief made by pressing or cutting the pile. Face and back of fil coupé | Source Fil Coupé. Fil Coupé literally means cut threads in French. Can be a woven, lampas, or embroidered fabric where the threads that form the motif are cut close to the back of the fabric, reducing bulk and weight. Also called Coupe de Fil. (That's de Fil, not de ville as in Cadillac's Coupe.) Filament. A continuous strand of silk or manmade fiber. (Or a mint with a gooey center.) Filling or Fill yarns. The horizontal threads of a woven fabric which interlace with a vertical warp yarn in weaving fabric. Also known as weft or pick. Fireproof. Fireproof means that a fabric literally will not burn. To be labeled fireproof, the Federal Trade Commission requires that a fabric must be 100'% fireproof. (If the fiber or fabric has been treated to prevent flames from spreading, it must be labeled as flame or fire resistant. Flame or fire resistant. Describes a fabric that burns very slowly, or has the ability to self-extinguish upon the removal of an external flame. Flame resistance may be due to the natural qualities of the fiber or of a chemical finish applied to the fabric. Flame retardant. A fabric that resists or retards the spreading of flames. A flame retardant fabric can be made by using fibers that are themselves flame retardant, or by using special chemical finishes on fabrics. Flamestitch. A ziz-zag pattern that suggests a flame. See Bargello. Flannel. A warm, soft fabric made in tightly woven twill or plain weave, and finished with a light napping. Derived from the Welsh word gwlanen, which means wool. Flax. Taken from the Linum plant, this lustrous fiber is considered to be strong, highly absorbent and quick drying. When processed into fabric, flax is called linen. (And that's a flax.) Float. The portion of a yarn in a woven fabric that extends or floats, unbound, over two or more adjacent ends or picks. Flocking. Fibers applied to a fabric with adhesive to create a raised pattern. (Or birds going south for the winter?) Florentine. See Bargello. French knots. Decorative embroidery knots worked on the face of a fabric to create textured dots of color. Frieze. A heavy pile fabric dating back to the 14th century or earlier. Used today primarily for upholstery, slipcovers, and draperies. Frieze is looped, and the loops are often sheared to varying heights to form the pattern. Originally made of wool or cotton, the fabric is now usually made of mohair, wool, cotton, and blends of cotton and man-made fibers. Also called frise. Frise or frise. See Frieze. (Also see the following video for your daily dose of adorable.) (Bichon) Frise - They have nothing to do with Frise fabric but they ARE cute! Fulled or fulling. The process of fluffing up an already woven or knitted piece of woolen cloth. Fustagno. See fustian. Fustian. Originally a heavy cotton and linen cloth. By the 18th century, fustian was the term for a variety of linen and cotton fabrics which could be herringbone, diaper, or plain woven. In the 19th century, fustian was most commonly ribbed on one side. There are also references to a fustian woven in Naples, Italy, that was so silky it resembled velvet. Also known as fustagno in Europe during the Middle Ages. (Aha! Snuck another taxonomy lesson in there!) G: Gabardine through Gudza Gabardine. From the Medieval Spanish word gabardina. A tightly woven cloth traditionally made with fine worsted yarns although cotton and man-made fibers are now also used. Gabardine is characterized by a fine steep twilled wale on the face and smooth back. It is water repellent and hard wearing. Galatea. A strong cotton woven to resemble linen. Popular in the 18th and early 19th centuries. (Hmmm. Galatea was also the name Pygmalion gave to his statue that so resembled flesh it became it was brought to life. Galatea was too hoity toity to be a cockney name, so Shaw changed it to Eliza Doolittle...) Gauffrage. The French term for embossing. Gauze. A very fine sheer fabric originally produced in Gaza, Palestine and called gazzatum. A thin, sheer plain-weave fabric made from cotton, wool, silk, rayon, or other manufactured fibers sometimes used for curtains. (Gauze I said so. That's why.) Georgette. A sheer, lightweight plain-weave fabric with a fine crepe surface. Originally silk, now also synthetic. Also called crepe georgette or georgette crepe. (It was named after a French dressmaker, Georgette de la Plante, circa 1900, who made dresses that, rumour has it, were 2die4.) Gingham. A yarn-dyed, checked or plaid fabric made of pure or blended cotton. Checked ginghams use two colors, plaid ginghams use several. The name gingham comes from the Malay word ging gang, meaning striped. Glazed fabric. A fabric that has undergone a glazing process. Chintz is one type of glazed fabric. Glazing. A finishing process consisting of treating the fabric with glue, starch, paraffin, shellac, or resin, then moving it through hot friction rollers that produce a sheen. Glen Plaid. A woven design that pairs small checks with larger ones of similar colors. Named for Glen Urquhart, a valley in Inverness-shire, Scotland. (Not to be confused with Glen Campbell or Watkin's Glen or....) Gossamer. Traditionally used to describe silk fabrics but now used to refer to any sheer, fine fabric. Grass cloth, A plain-weave, loosely woven fabric made from such fibers as hemp and ramie. Today, true grass cloth is rare, but the appearance of grass cloth is copied in wallpaper and fabrics of man-made fibers. Greige. The state of a fabric as it comes from the loom (after it has been constructed) but before it has been colored or finished. Grenadine, A Leno weave fabric (no relation to the late-night host) often with woven in stripes, checks, or other patterns. Used for curtains. (Or, if a syrup, used to give a touch of red and a taste of pomegranate to cocktails.) Gros Point. A heavy woven fabric made of wool or synthetic fibers and resembling hand-made needlepoint. Gros Point is very durable and used mainly for upholstery. (Also the point when your gag reflex is activated.) Grosgrain. A tightly woven, firm fabric with heavy ribs. Grosgrain can be made narrow for ribbon ribbon or full-width for fabric. (Also wheat that has gone bad, even though in the ribbed fabric, the 's' is silent.) Grosgrinet. A fine, watered camlet. Ground. The base fabric or background color against which a design is created. Gudza. Cloth handwoven in Zimbabwe from the softened inner bark from either the munhondo or mupfuti trees. H: Habutai through Huckaback Habutai. Soft, lightweight silk fabric originally woven in Japan. Habutai means "soft as down." Haircloth. A stiff, wiry fabric made from a combination of natural or man-made fibers with animal hair filling, usually mohair (goat) or horsehair. It is used in upholstery and as interfacing for stiffening because of its strength. Hairline stripes. Thinner than pinstripes. The name comes from the width of a hair. (Better than a comb-over.) Half drop repeat. The design works by being dropped halfway down the first area of pattern. Fabrics with a half-drop have less obvious repeats and create an interesting pattern with fewer motifs. Half-drop repeats disrupts the effect of the same motif at the same level and so appearing on each surface. Commonly used for pleated draperies and larger areas for these reasons. Hand. Describes the way a fabric feels to the touch and how it drapes. Hand-blocked print. Fabrics printed by hand with blocks made of wood or linoleum. See Block printing. Harateen. In colonial America, referred to a wool moir. Harlequin. A diamond pattern in two or more contrasting shades or colors and reminiscent of the costume of a harlequin from whence the term comes. (Also the inspiration for a series of romance novels?) Heather, heathered. A yarn or fabric of two or more colors blended together to create another. Gray heather, for example, is created from blending black and white fibers. Heathers tend to have a soft coloring and appearance. (Kind of like Heather Locklear.) Hemp. The fiber from the plant Cannabis sativa. Hemp fiber is strong and lustrous like flax and can be spun into yarn that resembles flax but is somewhat coarser. Hemp has been used for textiles for more than 500 years, especially in China, Persia and Japan. (Does smoke when lit, but don't.) Henriette. A twill faced cloth with a smooth back first made in 1660 in honor of Maria, the Queen consort of King Charles I. (So why didn't they call it Maria or Mari-ette?) Herringbone. A twill weave in a geometric pattern consisting of two slanted rows that form a chevron or V shape in the fabric. (Like the bones in a herring or similar fish.) Hessian. See Burlap. High count. Refers to fabrics woven with a relatively high thread count, resulting in a dense, tight fabric. (and preferred by nobility.) Holland. An 18th century tem for closely woven starched cotton cloth commonly used for window shades. Homespun. A simple fabric generally considered to be coarse with irregular, tightly twisted, uneven yarns giving a homemade appearance, although good homespinners can produce a finer, more refined cloth. Homespun is used for window treatments, tablecloths, and accessories, especially in country style décor. (Also what Dorothy's house did before landing on the wicked witch.) Honeycomb. A piqu weave in a hexagonal shape that is often referred to as a waffle weave. (Both the cereal and waffles taste better.) Hopsack. A loosely woven coarse fabric of cotton, wool, hemp, or jute. (Or when you get home late after a long work day...and want to just shower and hop in the sack but are too tired to say more than 2 words.) Horsehair. A lustrous fabric woven from long hairs obtained from the mane and tail of a horse. Horsehair is woven with a cotton, linen, or worsted warp. Used for upholstery. 18th century horsehair was usually ribbed; Satin weave and patterned horsehair was more popular in the 19th century. Natural colors are tan, brown, and black, other colors (green, claret, crimson, and occasionally blue or gold) were obtained by use of dyes. Shorter hairs were curled and used for stuffing upholstered furniture and mattresses. Houndstooth. A variation on twill weave construction, where a broken check effect is made by a variation in the pattern of interlacing yarns, using at least two different colors. (NOTE: Will be ignored by tooth fairy if placed under pillows.) Huck. A type of fabric with a honeycombed surface made by using heavy filling yarns in a dobby weave that may have Jacquard borders. Huck is highly absorbent and traditionally made of cotton, linen, or rayon, or a mixture of these, although today, other fibers may be used. Also called huckaback. (Also Tom Sawyer's friend.) Huckaback. See huck. Not exactly Huckaback -- but close enough for me... I: Ikat through Intarsia Ikat. Fabric made using an Indonesian decorative technique in which warp or weft threads, or both, are tie-dyed before weaving. Ikat, pronounced [ee'-kat], designs appear similar to water reflections. See also: kasuri. Imberline. A woven fabric with colored stripes in the warp, sometimes separated by gold thread. Although woven in one piece, Imberline appears to be made of different strips joined together. Used in upholstery and drapery applications. Indiennes. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a term used for any Eastern printed or painted cloth. Indigo. A dark blue dye obtained from several species of the Indigofera plant. Ingrain. Refers to a yarn that was dyed prior to being woven or knitted. (Also refers to an intricately loomed type of carpet.) (Some habits are also ingrained.) Inkle. See Beggar's Inkle. Intarsia. A flat knit fabric with solid-colored, geometric patterns. Both sides of the fabric are identical. Intarsia is derived from the Italian word for inlay. Fabric printed with a Jacobean design | Source J: Jacobean through Jute Jacobean. A 17th century style floral imitating embroidered crewel work. Pronounced [jak-oh-bee'-uhn]. Jacobean patterns are perennially popular in woven or printed fabrics. Jacquard. An elaborate woven or knitted pattern made on a Jacquard loom. Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in France in 1801, the loom uses an attachment which provides versatility in designs and permits individual control of each of the warp yarns. Thus, fabrics of almost any type or complexity can be made. Brocade and damask are two types of jacquard woven fabrics. Jacquard Weaving Jaspé. A fabric characterized by a series of random faint lines formed by dark, medium, and light yarns of the same color. From the French "jasper," meaning to marble. Jersey. A generic term for a plain knit fabric without a distinct rib. Originally made of wool, jersey fabric was first manufactured on the island of Jersey, off the coast of England. (Better known as the home of Bruce Springsteen, Frank Sinatra, "The Jersey Boys," and Vin Scelsa...which means? Yup. Time for another musical interlude! Didn't jute know it?) Jute. A rough vegetable bast fiber. (Made famous when mispronounced by Cary Grant as Ju-tee, Ju-tee, Ju-tee.) Jersey Boys K: Kanica through Kilim Kanica. A medieval silk and/or woolen fabric. Kapok. A fine, fibrous cottonlike substance that grows around the seeds of the ceiba tree, frequently used as batting. (Not Tupac's bro.) Kasuri. Japanese ikat. (See ikat.) Kasuri Production Kelt. A coarse fabric made from black and white wool. Kente. Hand-woven African silk fabric often woven with traditional geometric designs. Kersey. A coarse fulled woollen cloth dating to the 14th century or earlier. Kilim. A Turkish word that refers to a particular flat-weaving technique. Also used in the West to refer to the colorful, angular, geometric designs characteristic of kilim textiles. L: Lace through Lyocell Lace. An openwork fabric produced by a network of threads, twisted together and sometimes knotted, to form patterns. It may be made by hand, with needles, with hooks, or by machinery. Lampas. An ornately patterned cloth resembling damask, especially one made of silk, which uses additional wefts and warps to form a design in one texture on the ground of another, with the additional threads woven into the back of the fabric. Used mainly for upholstery and heavy draperies, it was very popular during the 18th and 19th centuries. (Note: If a fabric is reversible, it is not lampas.) Lattice. A crisscross pattern often found in wood products or textiles. The pattern can be squared or on the diagonal. (Useless for supporting climbing plants in the garden.) Leatherette. Simulated leather. (Pre-1960s, the female version of leather.) Leno weave. A method of weaving that creates a very sheer, yet durable fabric. Also called gauze weave. Frequently used for window treatments. (Has nothing to do with the former Tonight Show host -- but then I haven't seen his windows.) Limoges. brightly coloured bed tickings with a hard glazed surface. See ticking. Linen. A fabric made from linen fibers obtained from inside the woody stem of the flax plant. Linen fibers are much stronger and more lustrous than cotton. Linen Fabrics Woven and textured or smooth and printed, linen has been found in Egyptian tombs and other archaeological sites. Especially popular in home décor today because it is eco-friendly and sustainable, it has been an important historic fabric in virtually every period. From gossamer sheers to prints and thick velvets, you can find most any type of home decorating fabric in linen. Linsey-Woolsey. An 18th century fabric that was a strong, coarse loosely woven flannel with a linen or cotton warp and a woolen weft, usually homespun, hand-woven, and somewhat scratchy. (Also an unpopular 1952 presidential ticket.) Lisere. A jacquard stripe simulating embroidered silk. The design is created by coloured warp threads brought up on the face of the fabric, leaving loose threads on the back that are sometimes clipped. Lisere is also called Lisserie. Longcloth. So-called because it was one of the first fabrics to be woven in long rolls. A fine soft cotton sheeting similar to nainsook but a little heavier with a duller finish. Loom. A machine used for weaving fabrics. (And for making underwear out of fruit.) Loom figured. Fabrics that have the design or pattern woven or knitted in as opposed to printed or otherwise applied to finished cloth. Luggage stitching. A sewing technique that creates seams featuring the two parallel rows of stitching often found on fine luggage. (Although two rows are not any better than one when it comes to lost luggage.) Luster, lustre. The gloss, sheen, or shine of a fiber, yarn, or fabric. Lyocell. A manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose. Lyocell has a similar hand and drape as rayon, but is stronger, more durable, and in many cases machine washable. It has a subtle luster and is rich in color. Lyocell possesses low shrinkage characteristics, as well as good absorbency and wrinkle resistant qualities. (Also a drum-beating bunny that uses the wrong type of batteries.) M: Macramé through Mungo Macramé. An ancient technique of making fabrics by knotting yarn, string, or other threads to form open-weave or tighter material from delicate passementeries to strong cloth for hammocks and wall hangings. Madras. A handmade cotton fabric originating in Madras, India, featuring bright, bold striping and checked patterns. Manufactured fiber. Refers to fibers like viscose and nylon that were referred to as man-made in less politically correct times, although I can't understand how manufactured is considered a more neutral term... (Also, lying about the fiber content in a food product.) Marl. A yarn consisting of two or more different colors plied together. The word is used to describe fabrics with colored slubs that appear on the surface adding texture and design interest to the fabric. Marquisette. A fine lightweight open-mesh fabric used for curtains and mosquito netting. Marseilles. A heavy corded cotton fabric with a pattern woven in that resembles hand quilting. Usually white, it was used for bed coverings from the 18th to early 20th centuries. (Which is weird since if you're French you have to stand up and salute it, not lie on it.) Matelassé. A dobby or jacquard cotton fabric. Matelassé means cushioned or padded in French. It was originally a padded silk. The pattern in matelassé fabric stands out to give a quilted look for bedspreads and other home fabrics. Material. Another word for fabric. Matt or matte. A usually smooth, even surface that is dull or without any sheen. (Also a floor covering or my brother-in-law, even though he is far from dull.) Mercerized. Cotton fabric or thread treated with an alkali to strengthen it and make it more lustrous and receptive to dyes. (Also refers to the state one is in when under the spell of "That Old Black Magic," "Moon River," "Days of Wine and Roses" and other lyrics penned by the inimitable Johnny Mercer.) Muslin. An inexpensive, medium weight, plain weave, low count (less than 160 threads per square inch) cotton sheeting fabric introduced to Europe from the Middle East in the 17th century. It was named for Mosul, the city where it was first made, in what is now Iraq. (Muslin is not a religion although some use it religiously.) Mutton cloth. A usually cotton, plain knit fabric with a loose texture. Get Mercer-ized  Buy Now   Merino, Merino wool. High-quality wool yarn is made from the fleece of merino sheep that is fine, strong and elastic, and takes dye well. (Not Dan Marino's hair piece, although it takes dye well, or Giuseppe Morino, the "King of Belcanto" whose voice is strong and elastic) Meter. A universally accepted measurement based in hundreds. One meter is equivalent to 39.37 inches. The metric system is used in the majority of the world for measuring length and distance. (In the U.S. it is used to collect coins in exchange for not having your parked car ticketed, fined, towed, or all of the above.) Microfiber. Fabrics made from ultra-fine fibers created by micro-technology. Any synthetic fiber finer than silk. Microfiber fabrics are soft, lightweight, breathable and durable. Microfibers are 100 times finer than a human hair and are made from acrylic, nylon, rayon, and polyester. Mille stripes. Stripes formed by individual threads that alternate in color that you have to look closely at to see that fabric is not a solid. Modal. Fibers spun from Beechwood cellulose. Modal fabrics are resilient to pilling, shrinking and fading. Mohair. A wool-like fiber made from Angora goat hair. Mohair yarns and fabrics are bright and lustrous as well as durable, making it particularly desirable for use in home decorating, especially as velvet. (Can also refer to the pre-Beatle hair style sported by one of the 3 Stooges.) Moiré fabric | Source Moiré. A corded fabric, usually made from silk or synthetics, which has a faint but distinctive water-marked wavy pattern or moiré [mwaah-ray'] on the face of the fabric. Moleskin. A heavy durable cotton fabric with a short, thick, velvety nap and smooth dense surface resembling suede -- and the short silky fur of a mole from whence the name came. Momie cloth. A fabric made with a weave that produces a pebbled effect, similar to crepe. Momme or mommie.The Japanese unit of weight of a piece of silk 25 yards long and 1.5 inches wide. Monk's cloth. A heavy weight cotton fabric with a basket weave. Used for draperies and slip covers. (May also be used by OCD TV detectives to wipe their hands.) Monochrome. One color or shades of one color. Moquette. A durable plain or patterned fabric similar to velvet and used for upholstery and carpeting. Usually mohair or wool with a cotton backing but also made with synthetic or manufactured fibers. Moreen. In the 18th century, a strong worsted or mohair fabric. By the late 19th Century, wool with a cotton warp, sometimes embossed, sometimes plain, sometimes imitates watered background of a moire. Used for upholstery, and heavy curtains for beds and windows. Motif. The dominant theme or design. Mousseline. Refers to a range of fabrics that are semi-opaque and lightweight with a usually crisp hand. Mousseline is finer than muslins and comes in a variety of fibers, including silk, cotton, wool, and synthetics. (Not an Italian dictator. Although some found him to be semi-opaque, he was not, unfortunately, a historic lightweight.) Mousseline de soie. French for "muslin of silk." Mousseline de soie is a lightweight, sheer, plainweave silk organdy fabric. (That sounds suspiciously like a lightweight, silky chocolate dessert...) Mungo. Cloth made from regenerated wood fiber. See shoddy. (Okay. Break time.) Mungo N: Nacre Velvet through Nylon Nacre velvet. Nacre velvet has pile of one color and back of another, giving a pearlized, changeable appearance. (Great for Elvis paintings.) Nainsook. Fine soft cotton fabric originally from India. Name comes from the Hindi "nain" meaning eye and "sukh" meaining pleasure. Nap. The short fibers that form a soft surface on a fabric such as velvet or corduroy. A fabric can be napped on one or both sides. Nap lies in one direction and is usually shiny in one direction and matte in the opposite direction. (No sleeping on the job...) Natural Dye. Dye obtained from substances such as roots, bark, wood, berries, lichens, insects, shellfish and flowers. (Also, death from natural causes.) Natural Fiber. Fiber obtained from animal, vegetable or mineral sources, as opposed to those regenerated or synthesized from chemicals. Needlepoint. Stitching on canvas in a petit (small) point or gros (large) point manner. Ninon. A lightweight, plain weave, made of silk or manufactured fibers, with an open mesh-like appearance and a crisp hand. Used for curtains. (And to counter the effects of El Nino?) Nub. A small amount of colored fiber added to yarn during carding to add color or texture to a fabric. (Don't be Lookin' for Nub in all the Wrong Places...) Nylon. Nylon is a generic term for various synthetic fibers having a protein-like structure. They are formed by the condensation between an amino group of one molecule and a carboxylic acid group of another. Invented at DuPont in 1938, nylon was the first completely synthetic fiber developed. Known for its high strength and excellent resilience, nylon has superior abrasion resistance and high flexibility. Nylon wears well and resists static electricity, but it is not breathable and it pills - characteristics that make it unsuitable for upholstery but perfect for parachutes and umbrellas. O: Oatmeal Cloth through Overprinted Oatmeal cloth. A heavy, soft fabric with a pebbly textured surface resembling oatmeal. Used for upholstery and draperies. (Not good for breakfast or making cookies.) Oilcloth. A plain weave cotton canvas coated with linseed oil (from the flax plant) on one side, painted or otherwise colored, and then glazed to ensure water-resistance. Oilcloth is very durable and was/is used for table coverings and floorcloths. Known as American cloth in the United Kingdom. Go figure. Olefin. Synthetic polypropylene fiber that is lightweight, strong, and abrasion resistant. Sometimes used in upholstery fabrics for those reasons. (Also part of the ole fish.) Ombre. A graduated or shaded tone or color. (One tough fabric...) Opaque. Refers to any material that is does not allow light to pass through. Organdy. A stiffened, sheer, lightweight cotton or silk plain weave fabric that maintains its crisp character through repeated launderings. The term organdy comes from the town named Urgench (in present-day Uzbekistan in Central Asia). It was on the old silk route and was an early market for Chinese silk fabric. End-uses include curtains and draperies and song lyrics. (This fabric was immortalized by Simon & Garfunkel's "For Emily") Organdy Dreams Organza. An extremely crisp, sheer, lightweight fabric. Organza was traditionally the silk version of organdy, but is now made from other fibers as well. Osnaburg. A coarse plain woven linen or, later, cotton. (Or a suburb of Osna?) Ottoman. A heavy, plain weave fabric with wide, flat crosswise ribs that are larger and higher than in faille. Ottoman sometimes comes with alternating narrow and wide ribs. Uses include upholstery and draperies. (Relax. Put your feet up. The empire will wait...) Overprinted. Usually describes printing over a previously dyed fabric. Can also refer to printing over previously printed fabrics. Paisley design brocade fabric P: Paisley through Print Paisley. A distinctive curvilinear pattern originating in Persia and popularized in Kashmir, India, where elaborate wool shawls have been woven in the paisley pattern for centuries. The shawls were prized even in ancient Rome. During the 1800s, shawls were handwoven in Paisley, a town near Glasgow, Scotland, with designs based on the paisley motif. The popularity of the motif spread across Europe and the U.S. and paisley has remained a global favorite. Palampore. A chintz bedcover traditionally hand -painted in Southern India. Paliocta. Medieval cotton fabric woven with dyed and white yarns in stripes or patterns. Used for lining quilts and bedding draperies. Panel fabric. A fabric that is ideally suited for furniture panels. Panne. A fabric that has had its surface flattened by heavy roller pressure, giving it a luster. A popular treatment for velvet and similar fabrics. (Not to be used for frying or prospecting for gold.) Passementerie. A French word originally used in the 16th and 17th centuries to describe all types of lace, whether made from silk, linen, or metal. Passementerie is now used to describe trimmings, braids, cords, gimps, fringes and similar embellishments. Pattern. A design that is either woven into a textile or applied after weaving using dyes or printing. Pattern repeat. Intervals at which the pattern is (usually vertically) duplicated. One repeat is one full pattern. Patina. A lustrous, aged finish. (When applied to just about anything except people.) Peachskin. The soft surface of certain textiles which feels and looks like the skin of a peach. Peau de soie. A French term, literally meaning "skin of silk." A heavy satin fabric, originally made of silk but now may be a manufactured fiber. It has a smooth texture and a fine grainy or ribbed surface. Uses sometimes include draperies, bedding, and accessories. Pencil stripes. Narrower than a Bengal stripe but wider than a pinstripe. (Does not come with erasers.) Percale. A fine smooth cotton, plain weave fabric. See Sheeting. Percaline. A glossy lightweight cotton. (Not a type of coffee maker.) Perse. Cloth of a dark blue or bluish-gray color. (Can be used to make a purse, but I'll leave it up to you to parse farther.) Pick. A single horizontal yarn (fill or weft) in a woven textile. (Or an Afro comb, to gather flowers from plants, best of a group, open a lock without a key, pulling at something repeatedly, to niggle, to bully, play a stringed instrument by plucking strings as well as what a plectrum is generally called, to lift and carry - as a child or a wallet from someone else's pocket, to eat in small amounts without much appetite, a basketball strategy, to provoke, a narrow tool for cleaning between teeth, a sharp pointed tool or type of axe, to sort and select, etc. You choose (yeah, that too). A lot to carry for such a little word.) Piece-dyed. Fabrics that are dyed (in a single color) after they are woven. Piece goods. See yard goods. Pignolati. A napped and sheared cotton cloth similar to flannel with a woven pattern resembling a pine cone and used in the Middle Ages. (Not to be confused with pignolata that are also known as struffoli, or pignoli (pine nuts, duh!) used in pesto, cookies, and other recipes.) Pignolati, Pignolata, Pignoli... Pile. The part of a fabric (or carpet) with erect yarns or fibers that form a surface above the basecloth. (May or may not be uncomfortable to sit on.) Pill, pilling. Fiber filaments that break in yarn due to friction leaving small clumps of loose fibers on the surface. (What pharmacists do?) Pima Cotton. Named after the Pima tribe of Native Americans who cultivated this variety in the Southwestern U.S. Pima cotton, like is Egyptian cotton, has exceptionally strong, long, combed fibers, dyes well and has a silky soft hand. (That's Pima, not Prima, although it certainly is.) Pincord/pinwale. Fabric with a very narrow wale or rib. Also called Baby Cord. Pinstripes. Originally referred to stripes the width of a pin, now used to refer to any fabric that has narrow lines in it. Piqué. A medium-weight, usually cotton or silk fabric with raised dobby designs including cords, ribs, waffles, or patterns. (Watch it! Can capture your interest and make you curious or insult your pride and make you resentful.) Plain weave. A one up, one down warp and filling weave arrangement that creates a plain fabric. It is the simplest weave construction. Pleather. A versatile synthetic leather fabric that is much less expensive than leather, easier to care for, and animal friendly. Plissé. Pronounced [plih-say']. A lightweight cotton, rayon, or acetate fabric permanently puckered by chemical treatments and similar in appearance to seersucker. Plissé is French for crinkled or pleated. (Has nothing to do with ballet.) Ply, plied. When two or more threads are twisted together before weaving, increasing yarn density and weight. Pocket weave. A double-layered, jacquard fabric in which the layers are joined only at pattern changes, creating spaces or pockets between the two layers of cloth. Point D'esprit. A machine made net with small all-over dots. Polished cotton. Polished cotton is a medium-weight, plain weave fabric that has been given a glazed finish. (Or sent to finishing school.) Polyester. A manufactured fiber introduced in the early 1950s. It is made from long-chain synthetic polymers that is characteristically crease-resistance and with high strength and abrasion resistance. (Does not have a cloyingly cheerful quality like that Disney film featuring Hayley Mills as twins...) Polypropylene. See Olefin. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A waterproof, rubbery textured manufactured fiber. Pongee. A plain weave silk or silk-like fabric with a slubbed effect. Name comes from the Chinese word "penchi," which means woven at home. Also see Tussah and Silk. Poplin. A plain, strong fabric with fine ribbing The term poplin comes from the French word popeline, which was a fabric used for church vestments originally made in the papal city of Avignon in southern France. Historically poplin was originally woven with silk in the warp and a fine worsted weft and traditionally has been high luster cotton. It is now still made of cotton but also in cotton/polyester blends. Also tabinet. Portiére. A curtain hung over a door or doorway. (Not Sydney.) Print. A fabric design created by applying dyes or pigments used on engraved rollers, blocks, or screens. Printed fabrics come in a variety of fibers and weights from lightweight amorphous sheers to heavy velvets and wools. Handprinted fabric usually refers to fabrics printed by silk screening. (See Screen Printed.) Detail from an outline quilted fabric | Source Q: Quilling through Quilting Fabric Quilling. Ornamental shaping of fabric into small cylindrical pleats or folds that look like (what else?) quills. Quilting. A fabric construction in which a layer of cotton batting, down or synthetic fill is placed between two layers of fabric, and then held in place by stitching or sealing in a pattern. Quilting Fabric. Usually a 100% cotton printed with novelty designs or specific images and used for making quilts. R: Rafia through Russian Leather Rafia. A vegetable fiber produced from the rafia palm. (Not the Romanian Mafia.) Railroad/Railroaded. A fabric that is made with the design running horizontally instead of vertically to avoid unwanted seaming in upholstery applications. (Are we still on track?) Ramie. A strong, lustrous fabric similar to linen but coarser. Sometimes called China Grass. Ramie is a bast fiber that is soft and lustrous. Ramie fabric is breathable, strong, smooth, and durable. (but it does not make good noodle soup.) Ravel. Wear that causes individual yarns in a knitted or woven textile to wear out, separate or pull away. Ravel-ing? Raw Silk through Resiliency Raw silk. See also: Tussah Silk, Pongee. Rayon. Composed of regenerated cellulose, derived from wood pulp, cotton linters, eucalyptus, or other vegetable matter, Rayon is the oldest manufactured fiber. The original process was patented by the Count du Chardonnet in 1884, but was deemed too dangerous. Experiments to make artificial silk by safer processes were carried out and in 1892 a patent was granted to C.F. Cross and partners. In 1904, both of these methods were replaced by the viscose process, developed in England by Samuel Courtauld and Company. Rayon can be used in filament form or as staple fibre. Rayon fabric has high absorbency, bright or dull luster, pleasant feel or hand, good draping qualities, the ability to be dyed in brilliant colors and superior strength, but should be used with care in high-humidity locations since the dampness may cause shrinkage. Reclaimed Fiber. Fibers that have been made into fabric and then converted back into fiber. Most reclaimed textile fibers are wool and other natural fibers because it is extremely difficult to reclaim man-made fibers. See shoddy and reprocessed fiber. Regenerated Fiber. Modified natural fibers. Rayon and acetate, for example, are cellulose regenerated fibers. Rep or Repp. Fabric with closely woven crosswise ribs in solid colors. Popular from 1835 on for upholstery and heavy curtains. (Has nothing to do with sales agents, theater companies, how many times you do an exercise, or what people think of you.) Repeat. Intervals at which the pattern is (usually vertically) duplicated. One repeat is one full pattern. (If repeat is frequent, try tums.) Reprocessed fiber. Fibers obtained from scraps and clips of woven and felted wool fabrics that have been shredded back into fiber form and then remade into new yarns. Reprocessed fibers must be relabeled as such. Resiliency. The ability of a fabric to spring back to its original shape after being twisted, crushed, or wrinkled. A typical period reproduction indigo resist design handprinted on 100% cotton | Source Resist. An 18th century method of indigo printing where a paste was used to inhibit or resist the dye thereby creating the pattern. Resist printed fabrics have an appearance similar to batik. Rib. A straight, ridged, or corded effect woven into a fabric. Ribbing can be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. Roller printing. The use of engraved metal cylinders to print textiles, using a separate cylinder for each color. Also called cylinder printing. Ruched. Fabric can be ruched (gathered) to achieve a more elegant effect. Mostly used in welts or in the face of decorative pillows. Russell. A ribbed or corded fabric, usually a worsted woolen satin. (Not a terrier, a philosopher, or film star.) Russian leather. Black dyed seal or goatskin imported from Russia in the early 18th century and used for upholstery. S: Sackcloth through Suzani Sackcloth, sacking. A very coarse, rough, scratchy cloth said to chiefly used for making bags and sacks but also worn in mourning or as penitence. See burlap. Sailcloth. Any heavy, plain-weave canvas fabric, usually made of cotton, linen, polyester, jute or nylon and used for sails in addition to clothing and decorating. Sateen. A fabric with a soft, smooth hand and a gentle, subtle luster. Sateen fabrics are often used for draperies and upholstery. Satin. Traditionally silk, but now made with other fibers as well, satin has a lustrous fabric surface and a dull back. Satin is made in various weights according to its end-use. Satin weave. A weave that produces a very smooth or satin-surfaced fabric. It is made by passing the filling threads under several warp threads before passing over one warp thread. Screen printed. Fabric printed by forcing dye, ink, or other source of color through a screen of fine material stretched over a wood frame and prepared with a coating or masking agent so as to create a picture or pattern on uncoated or unmasked areas. A different screen must be used for each color in the design. Screen Printing Scrim. Loosely woven cotton used for window curtains and as a ground for some laminated fabrics. Scroop. The rustling sound produced when some silk is compressed. Considered a desirable characteristic in luxury fabrics. Selvage or selvedge. From the Middle English for self-edge. Refers to finished sides along the lengthwise edges of the fabric that prevent raveling. The width of a fabric is measured selvage to selvage. Serge. One of the oldest fabric names, serge comes from the Latin "serica" which implies that this was once a silk fabric but is now a hard wearing worsted twill fabric with pronounced diagonal ribs. A popular chair covering in America in the decades around 1700. Serging. Overcasting the edge of a piece of material to prevent fraying. Shantung. A light to medium weight, plain weave, silk or silk-like fabric with characteristic slubs. Similar to dupioni but with less texture. Shearing. Refers to trimming the pile on a fabric to a desired height. (Also has everything to do with de-wooling or shaving sheep or other animals.) Sheer. A very thin, transparent or semi opaque fabric. (Has nothing to do with de-wooling or shaving sheep.) Sheeting. Plain-woven, carded yarn cloth in different weights. Sheeting with a low thread count is muslin. When the thread count is high and the yarn is combed, sheeting is percale. Shibori. A Japanese tie-dye or stitch-resist technique, usually using indigo dye on silk or cotton fabric. Shoddy. A cloth made from reprocessed or regenerated wool fiber often obtained from old woolen rags. The process of was developed in Britain in 1806. By 1832 became a mainstay of the British wool trade. The production of shoddy has now moved to northern India. See mungo. Shot. Fabric having threads of other colors woven into the background, giving it the appearance of a different color when viewed from a different angle, i.e. an irridescent or changeable fabric. Shoot. Another term for filling, weft, or woof. Silence cloth or silencer. A cloth put on a dining table beneath the tablecloth to protect it and to quiet the clatter of china, glass, and silver. A silence cloth is usually a fairly heavy, napped fabric. Silk. Known as one of the finest textiles, silk fabric is strong, soft, absorbent, and has a brilliant sheen. It is the only fabric made from a natural fiber that comes in a filament form from silkworms. Silk, Silkworms, Silkroads... Striated velvet | Source Sisal. See hemp. Skirt Drop. The measurement from the box spring (or other horizontal surface being skirted) to the floor. (C'mon. You don't need me to comment on this one.) Slub. A portion of twisted yarn that is thickened. This effect can occur naturally (i.e. silk slubs) or it can be created deliberately for added texture. Slub yarns are used to create random surface interest in textiles. Fabrics with slubs were considered inferior until the late 20th century because they were indicative of careless spinning. (By a lazy person or slacker?) Soil release. A finish applied to polyester and some other manufactured fiber fabrics in an attempt to overcome their tendency to retain dirt and/or stains once it has penetrated the fibers. Solution-dyed. Fiber dyed by injecting colored pigments into the spinning solution prior to the extrusion of the fiber through the spinneret. Fibers and yarns colored in this manner are quite color-fast. Spun silk. Yarn or fabric made from short fibers of pierced cocoons or from short ends at the outside and inside edges of the cocoons that cannot be reeled. Stain Release. Refers to a special finish that minimizes most stains, repels liquids, and releases most stains during normal washing. Stain Resistance. The term stain resistance refers to any finish that repels water, oil, and most stains. Stri, stria, striae, striated. A striped design where a directional effect is created by subtle variations in colour or texture. From the Latin word for furrow. Stuff. Refers to woven cloth in general and specifically to worsted, cloth which has not been made into anything. The word stuff comes from a French word for cloth: toffe, not from the George Carlin comedy routine. Suede cloth. A synthetic woven textile with a brushed nap that imitates suede. Suspension. The parts of an upholstered piece that contribute to the support and comfort of the seating and back areas. Elements may include coils, springs, webbing and foam. Suzani. A decorative embroidered fabric with raised needlework that comes from Central Asia. Iran, Tajikistan, or Uzbekistan. It is traditionally done in silk on panels of hand-woven cotton fabric and features bold colors and imaginative designs in a variety of stitches. (Because many producers of suzani are Muslim, the designs rarely feature people or animals.) The panels are basted together and the design in drawn on the entire piece. Then the basting threads are removed and the panels are separated and worked individually before being reassembled into the finished piece. The name suzani comes from the Persian or Farsi word for needle. Oh Suzani! T: Tabbinet through Twill Tabbinet or tabaret. A silk and wool cloth with a watered surface in or with a watered surface alternating with satin stripes. Used for upholstery. Tabby (historic).Originally (late 16th century) a striped silk taffeta, later with a watered finish. The name Tabby comes from tabisthe French name for the area of Baghdad where Tabby was manufactured and imported from. Tabby or Tabby weave. A basic flat woven fabric also called plain weave or taffeta weave. Tabby fabrics are generally strong and hard-wearing. (Like the cats.) Taffeta. In medieval Europe, taffeta referred to a variety of lightweight silks. In modern times it usually means a plain weave cloth with a fine, smooth, crisp lustrous or matte finish and slight ribbed appearance in the filling (crosswise) direction. Taffeta was initially made of woven silk but is now available in synthetic substitutes. Tambour. Chain stitch embroidery done with a small hook on fine cotton cloth that creates a chain stitch. Still made by hand in India (see crewel) and machine embroidered in Europe since the 1850s. Tammy. Loosely woven wool of medium quality. Tammy Tapestry Tapestry. A Jacquard woven figured upholstery cloth. Constructed to produce a well defined, flat closely woven pattern. Can also refer to a hand or machine woven picture or a type of hand needlework sewn into an open mesh or base canvas. Tapestries can also be referred to as needlepoint, gros point or point de croix. (Also a ground-breaking 1971 recording by singer/songwriter Carole King.) Tapestry Vintage... Twill. A fabric that shows a distinct diagonal weave on the face. Denim and gabardine are twill fabrics. (Maybe I twill and maybe I twont.) And Historic...   Tartan. Multicolored plaids originally made for Scottish clan kilts and warn to great effect by Sean Connery. Tattersall. A classic pattern of dark lines forming squares or checks on a light background. Tencel. Tencel was introduced in the early 1990s. It is created from wool pulp of trees from replenished farms and processed in a non-chemical, environmentally-safe way. Ticking. A tightly woven, very durable fabric, usually made of cotton and traditionally used for mattress casings. Comes from the Latin "theca" meaning a cover or case. Was at one time called bedstout or bed tick. Ticking has a characteristic stripe design usually woven in a twill herringbone pattern and a period look popular in colonial, federal, and country décor for bedding, curtains, and light to medium upholstery. (Use before time runs out.) Tissue. French for fabric. Tissue Pick. Supplementary filling yarns that float or run along the back of the fabric are brought through the front to create embroidered detail on the face of the fabric. Toile. A light to medium weight cotton or linen woven or printed fabric featuring country settings, animals, people or other objects. Toile is typically, but not always, printed in monotone colors on a solid background. See Toile de Juoy. Toile de Juoy. Toile de juoy means Fabric of Joy in French. Toile is a French fabric with a pattern that is somewhat naïve featuring pastoral scenes of a solid black, red, gray or blue against a cream colored background. A vintage trompe l'oeil printed fabric from Brunschwig et Fils | Source Trapunto. A quilted effect created by outlining a design through 2 layers of fabric with single stitches, and adding batting from the back to add dimension. (Not a term used in musical notation.) Trompe l'oeil. French term meaning "fool the eye"; a two-dimensional painting or image designed to look like a three-dimensional object or scenery. (Sorry, the fabric shown in photo has been discontinued and is no longer available.) Tussah silk. Also called raw silk, tussah is a type of raw silk made from cocoons produced by worms in their natural habitat. It has a goldish tannish color and is coarser than silk made from cultivated worms. Tufted fabric. A pile fabric formed by tufting a yarn into a woven background as in Early American tufted bedspreads, some upholstery fabrics, and all tufted carpets. Tufting. A decorative upholstery technique using recessed buttons, bows, or rosettes. Turkey red. Bright, durably red madder-dyed calico that was a specialty (and closely guarded secret) of Alsatian calico printers. (Not an undressed fowl.) Turkeywork. The second most popular upholstery fabric from the late 17th to mid-18th centuries. It has a knotted wool pile in bright colors against a black background. (Especially appreciated around Thanksgiving time.) Tussah. Raw silk. Continuous silk containing no twist that has been drawn off of cocoons. Tweed. A medium to heavy weight woven wool fabric containing colored slubbed yarns. (Must have been a favorite fabric at Tammany hall.) Tweed-le Dee...   U & V: Ultrasuede through Voile Ultrasuede. A microfiber fabric that replicates natural suede but resists stains much better than suede and is easier to clean. Originally an expensive fabric, microfiber technology has made second-generation ultrasuedes affordable. They are used for draperies, upholstery, bedding, and accessories. Unbalanced Stripes. Stripes of unequal width. Union cloth. A marriage of linen and cotton fibers with a textured surface. Vat dyed. A three step process mainly used to color cotton or other fabrics woven from cellulose yarns. Vat dyes are insoluble in water so must first be made soluble by chemical reduction or vatting. The dye is accepted into the fibre in a reduced or vatted form and when exposed to air or oxidized the dye becomes insoluble once again. Vat dyed colors are stable and resistant to fading. Indigo is a natural vat dye that has been used in India, west Africa, and elsewhere for many centuries. Variegated. Having streaks, marks or patches of different color or weave. Velour. A medium-weight, closely-woven fabric with a thick pile. Velour resembles velvet but has a lower cut pile. It is used for upholstery and draperies. Velvet. Any short, closely woven sheared loop pile fabric with a rich, soft texture. Originally silk, Velvet is now also made of cotton, linen, mohair or blends. Velvets can be cut, uncut, patterned during weaving, printed, burned-out, or embossed, drunk (if black) and sung about. Velvet Notes...   Printed voile fabric | Source Velveteen. A lustrous, usually cotton fabric made with a cut pile technique resembling velvet. Velveteen was first made in the 1700s in Manchester, England. (No rabbits are harmed in making this fabric.) Vermicelli, Vermicular. A design consisting of an endless meandering, curving line. (Do not serve with tomato sauce.) Virgin fibers. Fibers never made into fabric before. The term is used primarily for wool fibers to differentiate between new and reclaimed, reprocessed, or reused fibers. Viscose. The best and most common type of rayon, Viscose is soft, absorbent, and drapes well. It is also dirt and stain repellent and is used in many decorative fabrics, especially faux silks, damasks, and upholstery fabrics. Voile. A lightweight, sheer to semi-sheer fabric with a crisp hand. Originally cotton, voile is now also made in silk, rayon or acetate. It is similar to organdy and organza and is predominantly used for curtains. W: Wale through Worsted Wale. One of a series of cords, running vertically or lengthwise. (Also called "Moby".) Warp. The lengthwise threads on a loom which are interwoven with the fill, filling, or weft yarns to make cloth. Warp threads are the foundation of a fabric in a woven fabric. (Scotty to Kirk: "I'm giving her all she's got, captain!") Warp printed. Printing a pattern on the warp threads before weaving the into. Created a blurry design with softened edges. Popular during the late 1800s through 1920s, it is an expensive technique and is now almost always imitated by commercial printing instead. Washed. Refers to fabrics that have been laundered to reduce shrinkage, soften the hand, or give the fabric a used, laundered look. Also refers to fabric in a style that looks as if it has been washed but may have been printed or otherwise treated to get that effect. Waterproof. A term applied to fabrics whose pores have been closed, and therefore, will not allow water or air to pass through them. (Also: An explanation that prooves the existence of water.) Water repellent / Water resistant. Interchangeable terms applied to fabrics that have been treated with a finish which causes them to shed water, but are still air-permeable. Webbing. A type of seating suspension that uses bands of interlaced flexible materials to support upper layers. (Or watching old Dragnet reruns.) Weft. In weaving, the filling yarns that run perpendicular to the warp yarns. (The opposite of wight.) Windowpane. A large check pattern that gives the effect of a window divided into small panes. (Or slamming your fingers when closing a window.) Woof. An old term for weft. (Not to be confused with the sound of dog barking.) Wool. Made from animal hair fibers, wool is commonly from sheep or lamb but also angora goat, camel, alpaca, llama, or vicuna. Worsted. A yarn created by spinning long fibers using the two-process worsted system. Characterized by both smoothness and luster. (The opposite of Bestest?) Wooly. Bully! Y & Z: Yard Goods through Zibeline Yard goods, yardage.Fabrics sold by the yard. Also called piece goods. (Does not include BBQ grills, swing sets, basketball hoops or similar paraphernalia.) Yarn. A generic term for a continuous strand spun from a group of natural or synthetic fibers, filaments, or other materials twisted or laid together for use in making fabrics. Yarn Count. The number given to a yarn of any material, usually indicating the number of hanks per pound of that yarn. Zardozi. Using gold or silver threads on luxury fabric such as velvet or satin to appear as embroidery. Zibeline. A satin weave cloth made from worsted yarns with a flattened silky nap on one side. Usually dyed black. Zibeline comes from a Slavic term for the pelt of the Siberian sable. Our favorite source for designer decorating fabrics | Source Thank You for Visiting Are you a fabric addict? A textile design student? An old house nut? A fellow "IDiot" (see Jersey Boys, above, if you don't know about ID)? A browsing hubber? A welcome friend or friendly foe? Please take a minute and tell us a bit about yourself and what you think of this lens. Or leave us a wry comment to parenthesize at the end of an entry. Go ahead, try to tickle our funny bone enough to warrant inclusion of your pun or punchline in the above glossary. We'll even give you a credit if you'd like. C'mon. Even Letterman doesn't do that... © 2009 Chazz
i don't know
After whom is the international airport at Pisa in Italy, named?
Airport Pisa, Italy - YouTube Airport Pisa, Italy Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 4, 2014 Pisa International Airport, formerly Galileo Galilei Airport and San Giusto Airport is an airport located in Pisa, Italy. It is the main airport in Tuscany. It is named after Galileo Galilei, the famous scientist and native of Pisa. The airport was first developed for the military in the 1930 and 1940s. The airport was used by 4,526,723 passengers in 2011 Category
Galileo (disambiguation)
Who played the leading roles in both 'Rebel Without A Cause' and 'West Side Story'?
Pisa Airport Guide - All Information on Pisa Airport (PSA) Pisa Airport Guide Home Pisa Airport Guide Your Complete Guide to Pisa Airport Pisa Airport is also commonly referred to as Aeroporto Galileo Galilei, named after the famous Italian philosopher and physicist, Galileo Galilei, and is situated only 2 km (1 mile) from the city center of Pisa. It lies within the San Giusto district, and is therefore sometimes called the Pisa-San Giusto as well. It is located in Italy’s Tuscany region, and is a major gateway to this area consisting of approximately 2.5 million inhabitants living within a one-hour distance from the airport, and of course, the famous tourist attraction of the Leaning Tower of Pisa (also known locally as the Torre Pendente). This international airport is rated as the 6th most important among the Italian regional airports (not including the Rome and Milan), and 8th amongst all Italian air gateways. The official code of PSA is assigned along with the ICAO code of LIRP. At the end of 2009, the airport’s statists showed that a total of 4,018 622 passengers had passed through the Pisa Airport during the year, which concluded a 1.4% passenger traffic growth over the previous year. This is considered to be quite an achievement, since there is an average decrease in passenger traffic reported by Italian Airports of 2.3%. Cargo and Mail traffic did not reveal such good statistics, with a drop of 47.6%, and a total of only 6,004 tons in 2009. The reasons determined for these low figures is the halt of the direct Alitalia all-cargo flight for Pisa – New York and the Italian Mail flights. These flights were ceased in January of 2009. In terms of airline activity, destinations grew from 57 in 2008 to 63 in 2009. Fifty-two of these destinations are international, and eleven are domestic. The airport is currently served by various IATA carriers and Low Cost carriers. Ryanair, EasyJet and Jet2.com are the three airline companies which hold the majority of destinations, with Ryanair’s numbers far outweighing the other two. Ryanair offers flights to Palermo, Brindisi, Bari, Paris-Beauvais, Trapani, Cagliari, Lamezia-Terme, Glasgow-Prestwick, London-Stansted, Malta, Valencia, Stockholm, Gothenburg-City, Hahn, Madrid and Constantia (just to name a few), and EasyJet flies to Lyon, Paris-Orly, Bristol, London-Luton, London-Gatwick and Berlin-Schönefeld. Some of Jet2.com’s destinations include Belfast-International, Edinburgh and Manchester. Other notable airline companies include British Airways, with flights to London-Gatwick and London-Heathrow, Wind Jet with flights to Catania and Palermo, Transvania.com with flights to Amsterdam, Alitalia, flying to Rome-Fiumicino, and Belle Air with flights to Tirana. Pisa airport consists of one large terminal building, serving all international and domestic flights, and two runways. The runway system is designed to handle almost all of today’s aircraft types, and is the best runway facilities after Rome Fiumicino. In fact, many airline companies choose this airport as an alternative should Fiumicino be unavailable. The main runway is 3,000 meters long, while the second runway is 2,800 meters long, and both can be used for landings, take-offs and taxiing. There are also 21 available aircraft stands for passenger flights. The terminal building has a total of 33 Check-in desks and 14 Gates. Within the terminal building there are all the amenities required by departing and arriving passengers. Business class passengers may use the VIP Lounge, as well as holders of a Galilei Gold Card. The VIP Lounge offers a relaxing environment, refreshments, internet connections, TV and a variety of newspapers. It can be found on the first floor of the terminal, and is open from 06:00 to 22:00. The Galilei Gold Card offers many benefits for companies who frequently make use of the airport, including free admission to the multi-level car park and a 25% reduction in rates for the Business Center. The Galilei Business Center is equipped with a hall for meetings, conventions and seminars, and two smaller rooms for more private functions. The main hall area, known as the Etruria Hall, has a seating capacity of 50, and has equipment available such as microphones, a slide projector, screen and overhead projector. The Populonia Hall is one of the smaller meeting rooms seating up to ten people, and the Volterra Hall is the other smaller room seating up to eight people. Pisa Airport offers full banking services by the Cassa di Risparmio di Pisa, located on the first floor of the terminal, and more casual banking transactions can be made from the ATMs, located on the first floor, in the Arrivals Terminal and at the car rental terminal. Other amenities include a Post Office, beauty center and hairdresser, baby room and chapel, as well as many interesting shopping opportunities and refreshment outlets. Most of the shopping outlets are found within the ‘La Corte’ shopping center, consisting of about fifteen stores. Even one of the best Italian ballet schools have their studio, the Scuola di Danza “E.Ghezzi”, offering ballet, modern, jazz and contemporary dance classes. Passengers can also connect to the web from Devitalia’s Internet Point, available on the first floor. Disabled passengers are welcomed. There are dedicated facilities for disabled passengers, as well as for passengers with reduced mobility. Some of the facilities include reserved parking spaces located nearby the terminal, adapted toilet facilities, handrails and elevators, and wheelchairs to assist with movement within the terminal can be requested. The Information Office can be found in the Arrivals Terminal. Passengers can make enquiries here for information on arrivals and departures, or any service offered. They are open from 07:00 to 23:00. This office also provides tourist information, issues flight insurance policies, sells telephone cards, bus tickets and train tickets, and functions as a left luggage office. Further information on tourism can be obtained from Pisa Airport Tourist Information Desk located just outside the Arrivals hall. This desk is operated by the Pisa Tourist Board (APT), and provides information for the Pisa and Tuscany areas. This office is open from 09:30 to 23:30, every day of the week, and their website address is www.pisaunicaterra.it . © www.italianairportguide.com 2017
i don't know
Which greenish-yellow gas was discovered by Humphry Davy in 1810?
Chemical Element: chlorine - Word Information Chemical Element: chlorine (Greek: chloros, grass-green; a reference to the color of the gas which tends to be greenish-yellow; gas) Chemical-Element Information Atomic number: 17 Year discovered: 1774 or 1810 Discovered by: Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786), a Swedish chemist, and credit is given to Sir Humphry Davy for showing that chlorine was an element not an oxygen compound. Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovered many simple compounds from plants and animals, to say nothing of such poisonous gases as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide. Scheele was also involved in the discovery of a number of elements, though he never managed to get undisputed credit for a single one of them. By 1774, he had done most of the preliminary work that led to the discovery of the element manganese. His friend, the Swedish mineralogist Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745-1818); however, completed the final step and got credit for the discovery. Again, in 1774, Scheele isolated the gas chlorine, which was unusual in that it was not colorless. Chlorine is greenish-yellow and its name is derived from the Greek word for “green”. Scheele’s problem was that he didn’t recognize chlorine to be an element because he thought it was a combination of some substance with oxygen. Since Scheele thought the resulting gas contained oxygen, Sir Humphry Davy proposed and confirmed chlorine to be an element in 1810, and he also named the element. Scheele obtained chlorine through the reaction of the mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) with hydrochloric acid (then known as muriatic acid). Davy had worked with hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) and he showed that it contained no oxygen. This was the final blow to the general assumption that oxygen was essential to acids. Hydrochloric acid did contain chlorine, and Scheele thought chlorine was an oxygen-containing compound. In 1810, Davy showed this was not true, and that chlorine was an element. For this reason, Davy, rather than Scheele usually receives credit for the discovery of chlorine. Name in other languages:
Chlorine
'The Sea, The Sea' a 1978 novel about a theatre director and his childhood love, was by which authoress
History-Humor History on the Human Side 1. Fluorine (L. fluo, flow) was not prepared as an element until 1886, even though the fluorine-containing mineral fluorspar or fluorite was described in 1529 by Georg Bauer, the German physician and mineralogist better known as Agricola. It appears likely that crude hydrofluoric acid was first prepared in the early 18th century by an unknown English glassworker and used to etch glass. Subsequently, in 1771, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained impure hydrofluoric acid�over a hundred years before French chemist Henri Moissan isolated the element in 1886. The delay was largely due to the reactivity and toxicity of fluorine. After the nearly anhydrous hydrofluoric acid was prepared in 1809, French scientist Andre´-Marie Ampe`re suggested (1811) that it was a compound of hydrogen with an unknown element, analogous to chlorine, for which he suggested the name fluorine. Fluorspar was then recognized to be calcium fluoride. Fluorine�s toxicity caused serious health problems for several chemists. Sir Humphry Davy tried to prepare the element by electrolytic decomposition of various fluorides, but succeeded only in ruining his health. French chemist Edmond Fre´my, as well as George and Thomas Knox of the Irish Academy, Gay-Lussac, and The´nard all suffered loss of health due to their efforts to make fluorine. At least two chemists�Paulin Louget and Jerome Nickles� died as a direct result of attempts to isolate fluorine. Even Moissan, who finally prepared the gas by electrolysis of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid containing KHF2 as an electrolyte, had earlier completed many unsuccessful experiments, resulting in damage to his health. He received the Nobel prize in 1906, when he was 54, but died the following year. Prior to World War II, fluorine remained a laboratory curiosity. The use of uranium(VI) fluoride in the separation of uranium isotopes and development of organic fluorine compounds and polymers has made fluorine an important and much more familiar element. 2. Chlorine (Gr. chlorous, greenish-yellow) was discovered in 1772 by Scheele, who thought it was an oxygen-containing substance. By 1810, Humphry Davy had completed a careful search for the oxygen, but, failing to find any, changed its name from oxymuriatic acid (muriatic acid is HCl and chlorine is an oxidation product of HCl) to chlorine, since he was convinced this was an element. He had some difficulty convincing the French of this, but his views eventually prevailed. Chlorine has been directly or indirectly involved in human history for centuries. At one time salt (NaCl) was more valuable than gold�wars were fought over the control of its sources. Chlorine gas was used as a weapon in World War I, but by contrast, in 1988 it became a federally required water disinfectant in all U.S. public drinking water supplies. Chlorine and other halogen-containing hydrocarbons show a similar apparent dichotomy in their use in a wide variety of consumer, agricultural, and industrial products, while also being banned because of environmental and health concerns. Even so, halogen-containing polymeric hydrocarbon derivatives continue to ease our everyday lifestyle. 3. Bromine (Gr. bromos, stench) This element�s discovery is credited to French chemist Antoine Je´rome Balard, who, in 1826, noted that bromine could be liberated from a solution of residues remaining after sodium chloride had been removed from sea water by bubbling chlorine through the solution. He deduced that this was a new element similar to chlorine because the distillation of these residues (containing MgBr2 ) with manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid also produces bromine and is analogous to a known procedure for producing chlorine. German chemist Justus von Liebig had actually isolated bromine prior to its discovery by Balard, but he interpreted its properties (between those of chlorine and iodine) as indicative of iodine chloride. 4. Iodine(Gr. iodes, violet) The discovery of iodine is credited to French chemist Bernard Courtois. In 1811, from the ashes of burnt seaweed, he observed a violet vapor that attacked his copper vessels. He called the condensed black crystalline product �substance X.� In 1813, Davy, who was passing through Paris, recognized substance X as an element analogous to chlorine and suggested the name iodine. Historically, iodine has been prepared by a number of methods and sources ranging from extraction from sea kelp and sea animals to various methods of I� oxidation and IO3 � reduction. 5. Astatine First prepared in 1940 by bombardment of bismuth with alpha particles. Humor on the Fun Side  
i don't know
Which colourless and odourless gas was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772?
Nitrogen»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Element News Nitrogen: the essentials Nitrogen is a Group 15 element. Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the atmosphere by volume but the atmosphere of Mars contains less than 3% nitrogen. The element seemed so inert that Lavoisier named it azote, meaning "without life". However, its compounds are vital components of foods, fertilizers, and explosives. Nitrogen gas is colourless, odourless, and generally inert. As a liquid it is also colourless and odourless. When nitrogen is heated, it combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium. When mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, it forms nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2). When heated under pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a suitable catalyst , ammonia forms (Haber process). Nitrogen is "fixed" from the atmosphere by bacteria in the roots of certain plants such as clover. Hence the usefulness of clover in crop rotation. Image adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall 's (U. North Texas, USA) Walking Tour of the elements CD. Nitrogen: historical information Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772 at Scotland. Origin of name : from the Greek words "nitron genes" meaning "nitre" and "forming" and the Latin word "nitrum" (nitre is a common name for potassium nitrate, KNO#). It was known during the 18th century that air contains at least two gases, one of which supports combustion and life, and the other of which does not. Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air, but Scheele, Cavendish, Priestley, and others at about the same time studied "burnt" or "dephlogisticated" air, as air without oxygen was then called. Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for nitrogen is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Nitrogen around us Read more » Nitrogen is a key component of biological molecules such as proteins (which are made from amino acids, and nucleic acids. The nitrogen cycle in nature is very important. Nitrogen gas (dinitrogen, N2) makes up about 78% of the atmosphere by volume. The atmosphere of Mars contains less than 3% nitrogen. There are relatively few minerals containing nitrogen but nitrates such as "saltpetre" (NaNO3) are very important. Abundances for nitrogen in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 2856 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : there is never any need to make nitrogen in the laboratory as it is readily available commercially or through in-house air liquefaction plants. However the decomposition of sodium azide is one route to N2 and decomposition is ammonium dichromate is another. Both reactions must only be carried out under controlled conditions by a professional. NaN3 (300°C) → 2Na + 3N2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O Nitrogen is made on massive scale by liquefaction of air and fractional distillation of the resulting liquid air to separate out oxygen and other gases. Very high purity nitrogen is available by this route. Nitrogen isotopes Read more » Nitrogen has two isotopes, N-14 and N-15, both of which are used in various applications. N-15 is used for the production of the radioisotope O-15 which is used in PET. N-15 is also used to study the uptake of Nitrogen in plants and the metabolism of proteins in the human body. N-14 is used for the production of the PET radioisotope C-11. It can also be used for the production of the PET radioisotopes N-13 and O-15.
Nitrogen
Whose only UK chart-topping single was called 'Don't You Want Me'?
Nitrogen - ASCII Periodic Table of the Elements ASCII PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS N Relative atomic mass: 14.0067 +- 0.0002 English : Nitrogen French : Azote Croatian : Dusik German : Stickstoff Italian : Azoto Spanish : Nitrogeno Atomic number: 7 Group numbers: 15 Period: 2 Standard state (20 oC): gas Discovery: 1772 Daniel Rutherford (GB) Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford (GB) in 1772. The origin of the name comes from the Greek words nitron genes meaning nitre and forming and the Latin word nitrum (nitre is a common name for potassium nitrate, KNO3). It is a colourless, odourless, generally inert gas, minimally reactive at room temperature. Nitrogen is a component of many organic and inorganic compounds and makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen is obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation. Nitrogen is primarily used to produce ammonia and other fertilizers and for making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. It is also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery. The price of 99.999 % pure nitrogen gas costs 177.10 ���/dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.05 ���/dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3). Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p3 Formal oxidation number: -3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 Atomic radius: 54.9 pm Electronegativities: 3.04 Thermal conductivity: 0.0258 W/(m K) Electrical resistivity (20 oC): - microOhm cm Melting point: -210.00 oC Boiling point: -195.8 oC Heat of fusion: 0.72 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization: 5.577 kJ/mol Heat of atomization: 470.842 kJ/mol
i don't know
In football's European Championships, which was the first country to appear in two successive finals?
UEFA European Championship Top 10 Midfielders UEFA European Championship Top 10 Midfielders Published on Country: Portugal Years Active: 1990 to 2008 Rui Costa represented Portugal in three UEFA European Championships . He was a good provider for other players to score goals but still scored a good number himself. At his time, the national side had a steady performance making it to the quarter finals in 1996, then the semifinals at the Euro 2000 and eventually the Euro 2004 final. On the progress to the final, he helped the Portugal team to eliminate England at the quarter finals through a remarkable strike which secured a 2-1 win. 9.) Lothar Matthaus Country: Germany Years Active: 1979 to 2000 Lothar Matthaus played for Germany in four European Football Championships, winning the tournament in 1980. He was captain of the team at the Euro 1988 and he scored in the semifinal to give his team a lead, before Netherlands equalized through Ronald Koeman and snatched the victory in the final minutes by a Marco van Basten goal. His efforts were recognized as he appeared on the 1988 team of the tournament. That would be the last time Matthaus played at the tournament after an injury ruled him out of the 1992 European Championship. 8.) Luis Figo Country: Portugal Years Active: 1989 to 2009 Luis Figo was an exceptional winger with a successful career at club and international level. He is remembered in La Liga for being the second highest player in the number of assists, next to Lionel Messi. He played for Portugal in three European Football Championships, from 1996 to 2004. The 2000 Ballon d’Or winner helped Portugal to the 2004 Euro final against Greece, who pulled off a shocking win. Figo failed to win any European Championship trophy with his team but he certainly led them to their best ever performance in the European competition. His efforts saw him feature in the UEFA Team of the Tournament twice, in 2000 and 2004. 7.) Michael Ballack Country: Germany Years Active: 1995 to 2012 Michael Ballack was in the German squad at the 2000, 2004 and 2008 European Championships. He captained the team in the last two tournaments, helping them reach the 2008 Euro final. He scored an incredible free kick against Austria to seal a 1-0 win for Germany helping them progress to the quarter finals. Germany faired on well past Portugal in the quarter final and Turkey in the semi final before losing to Spain in the final. Despite the loss, Ballack did prove to be a world-class player and was among the best performers at the tournaments. 6.) Michel Platini Country: France Years Active: 1972 to 1988 Michel Platini was captain of the France national team that won the European Championship in 1984. His admirable abilities in taking free kicks and scoring goals immensely helped the team win the tournament. He contributed nine goals to the 14 goals recorded by the whole team. Platini booked a spot in the final after scoring the decisive goal at the end of extra time to defeat Portugal 3-2 at the semifinal. He then scored the opener in the final against Spain as his team won 2-0 to become Champions of Europe. He was the best player of the tournament and the eventual top scorer. 5.) Andres Iniesta Country: Spain Years Active: 2001 to Current Andres Iniesta was influential during Spain’s two consecutive title wins, in Euro 2008 and Euro 2012. He is the kind of midfielder who provides quality crosses and key passes, which have proven essential in steering Spain forward in international competitions. His achievements with the senior team are a perfect follow up to his successful career with the Spain youth teams, which won European Championships in 2001 and 2002. Iniesta was at his best in 2012 where he was man of the match thrice and featured in the UEFA Team of the Tournament in both editions. 4.) Valentin Kozmich Ivanov Country: The Soviet Union Years Active: 1952 to 1966 Valentin Ivanov played for the Soviet Union national football team. He was a joint top scorer in the inaugural tournament in 1960 and his contribution helped the team to win the first edition of the tournament. His two goals of the tournament came in the semi final contest against Czechoslovakia which they won 3-0 to progress to the final round. Ivanov was the first to appear on two successive teams of the tournament. He was instrumental in the following edition of the championship, helping the Soviet Union to the runners up position. He scored in the semi final of the 1964 tournament as the team beat Denmark to enter the finals a second time in a row. 3.) Andrea Pirlo Country: Italy Years Active: 1995 to Current Andrea Pirlo was the key player as Italy progressed to the final of UEFA Euro 2012. Previously, he was part of the squad to play in the 2004 and 2008 European Championships. His exceptional performance in 2012 won him three man of the match awards, same as the eventual player of the tournament Andres Iniesta of Spain. The recognition was a reward for his invaluable effort which saw Italy knock out England at the quarters and Germany at the semis. Pirlo was ultimately on the UEFA Team of the Tournament for his top-notch display. 2.) Xavi Country: Spain Years Active: 1997 to Current Xavier Hernandez is the most decorated Spanish player, having won more trophies than any other Spanish player. The central midfielder was the Player of the Tournament during UEFA Euro 2008 after his input saw Spain triumph. He helped Spain to its second European Championship title, after a draught of 24 years, through teeing up Fernando Torres to score the lone goal in the final against Germany which sealed a 1-0 win. Xavi repeated the exceptional performance at the next tournament when Spain was the winner for a successive season. His two assists at Euro 2012 final in their 4-0 demolishing of Italy showed he was a critical part as Spain recorded the only successive UEFA Euro victory in history.  1.) Zinedine Zidane Country: France Years Active: 1989 to 2006 Zinedine Zidane first played for France in the European Championship in 1996. He was not fully established by then but contributed largely to his team getting to the semifinals. Four years later, he was at his prime and the performance he put up saw him named the Player of the Tournament at the UEFA Euro 2000. Zidane helped France to follow up a World Cup  victory with a European Championship win in 2000. Earlier on at the Euro 2004, he savaged a win for the France team as they came from a goal down to win 2-1 over England during their opening match. He was instrumental to the team which made it to the quarter finals only to be shocked by eventual winners Greece in an entertaining knock out contest.
Soviet Union
Which of Dicken's' novels features 'Sir John and Edward Chester'?
Football's Greatest International Teams - ESPN FC ESPN FC Live football odds with bet365. Bet Now » Southampton Live football odds with bet365. Bet Now » Newcastle United Live football odds with bet365. Bet Now » Real Madrid Live football odds with bet365. Bet Now » Lazio Live football odds with bet365. Bet Now » Gabon Live football odds with bet365. Bet Now » Cameroon less than a minute ago ESPN staff less than a minute ago ESPN staff Football's Greatest International Teams 5. West Germany 1970-76 Whether rightly or wrongly, West Germany have always been presented as the villains in the Netherlands' great 1974 tragic narrative. But the truth is, while that Dutch team were defeated in a series of high-profile games across the '70s, the Germans had heroically mastered victory. What's more, the initial patchy form in that tournament was only a blip born of frustration. Two years beforehand, Helmut Schoen's side had actually equalled the Dutch for style with their own template of 'Total Football'. Having seen them gloriously glide to the Euro 72 title and win 3-1 at Wembley along the way, L'Equipe wrote that the Germans had "no equal in Europe" and that this was "football from the year 2000". Unfortunately, the nearer future only brought disputes over prize money which threatened to tear the team apart ahead of 1974. But Franz Beckenbauer just about managed to rally the squad together. As Uli Hesse wrote, the Germans "willed themselves into playing decent football again through determination". It was to start a habit. And, after Paul Breitner put away a penalty to claim an unlikely equaliser against the Dutch in the final, the squad admitted to suddenly feeling "turbo-charged". That 1974 World Cup win marked the high point of the most sustained period of tournament progress Europe has seen. The Germans lost only two competitive games in six years while winning international football's first double - a heroism the Dutch couldn't get near. 4. France 1998-2001 In terms of open, attacking football and great players actually performing at their peak, there is a strong argument that Euro 2000 was the finest international tournament of the last four decades. And its champions best exemplified all of those qualities. France put on a carnival of creative football, with Zinedine Zidane orchestrating a carousel of interchanging attackers. As the playmaker himself said in a rare instance of arrogance before the final, "at 28, I'm at the pinnacle of my art". And so were France. One of the more impressive aspects of that victory - beyond the eviscerations of the Czech Republic and Denmark and overpowering of Spain, Portugal and Italy - was the quantum leap it represented from 1998. Before that World Cup, France had been written off by their press. Yet, thanks to defensive resolve and Aime Jacquet's drive, they gritted their way through the tournament. The trophy was eventually won with the best defensive record ever seen at a World Cup - two goals in seven games. That cathartic win gave them the confidence to properly express themselves and complete a rare international double in two very different styles. 3. Brazil 1958-62 It's difficult now to imagine just how unsure Brazil were ahead of their last, crucial group game against USSR in 1958. They hadn't, after all, won a World Cup yet. Moreover, they hadn't even started Pele or Garrincha at that point. Until, finally, they broke the mould. In multiple ways. By pioneering a 4-2-4 formation, Brazil blew away football history as well as almost everyone that came up against them. USSR were crushed in a 2-0 win that could have been five. In the semi-finals, they finally managed that amount against a fine French team before doing the same against hosts Sweden in the final - beating both 5-2 "There was no doubt this time," as Brian Glanville wrote in his history of the World Cup, "that the best, immeasurably the finest, team had won." With Nilton and Djalma Santos pounding up the wings, Didi controlling games, Mario Zagallo cutting inside, Garrincha outside and Vava scoring, opposition sides simply had no answer to their perfect balance. And, to top it off, there was Pele. But even when he got injured in 1962, Garrincha merely stepped up his game and Brazil theirs. The only thing that keeps them off the top of this list is that they couldn't claim a South American Championship in between - losing a final and finishing third. But they remain the last team to retain the World Cup, having done so in resounding fashion. 2. Spain 2007-10 Should Spain retain the European Championships next summer, then it will be hard to argue that they shouldn't be top of any such lists. A run of two Euros and a World Cup would represent the greatest sequence of successive tournament victories that international football has ever seen. Unparalleled domination. Of course, some complaints would persist. After all, many remain dissatisfied with Spain's sequence of successive match victories in last year's World Cup. Four 1-0 wins in a row hardly seems befitting of a team proclaimed as one of the best of all time. But then that in itself remains a fairly reductive way to look at the numbers. Particularly when the rest of the stats are so compelling. Those victories over sides of the calibre of Portugal, Germany and Holland contributed to a period in which the Spanish won 49 games out of 54 - a sensational 91%. Quite simply, there's never been a run in international football like that either. It was superior to Hungary's in the '50s and, unlike the Magyars, Spain at least crowned theirs with victories in the matches that mattered. One of them was the euphoric Euro 2008 win. The sweeping openness of that campaign was at a far remove from the asphyxiation of 2010. But then that's also the point. The exquisite nature of that European Championships win - and the dominance of the Barcelona core thereafter - ensured that virtually all opposition teams were afraid to go toe-to-toe with Spain thereafter. Thierry Henry exasperated "you just can't get the ball off them". As the possession stats indicate, no other international team has played games on their own terms to that extent; no other international team has had such a deep effect on how the opposition approach games. Instead, most merely sought to congest the space for Spain's passing - resulting in so many tight matches. As Xavi argued on the eve of the 2010 final: "What did people think? That we were going to win every game 3-0? Do they not realise how hard it is? There isn't a single metre, not a second on the pitch. Always 10 men behind the ball putting pressure on." And, yet, Spain persevered, adding pure resolve to purism. The question now is whether they can still do so for Euro 2012. As it stands, they've combined a double with an almost invincible period of dominance. 1. Brazil 1970-73 When it comes to the great Brazil side of 1970, it can be hard to look past so many classic moments that will forever remain burned on football's collective memory: Pele's dummy, Jairzinho's run, Roberto Rivelino's free-kick... But what's often forgotten is that the team itself looked well past them. After that World Cup - and until the retirement of Pele, Tostao and Gerson - Brazil went unbeaten for three years. That very record illustrates that their magnificence in Mexico 1970 was much more than the result of the right conditions. Because, sure, Brazil were probably fortunate to find a framework that fitted so many playmakers just before the tournament began. And, yes, the searing conditions undoubtedly suited their technical style. It also remains highly doubtful whether, in today's game, a manager could just "let great players play" in the manner that Mario Zagallo facilitated. But the point is that Brazil did much more than make the best of the conditions. For an attacking team, they reached perfection: six wins out of six and 19 goals scored. Aptly, it all culminated in Carlos Alberto's final goal. "Those last minutes," Hugh McIllvaney wrote at the time, "contained a distillation of their football, its beauty and elan and almost undiluted joy ... it was the apogee of football." • Miguel Delaney is a freelance football journalist and owner of Football Pantheon . You can follow him on @DelaneyST • ESPN's series on the greatest teams in sport is in partnership with Samsung Mobile Project Team Work .
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What large, South American rodent is sometimes known as the 'water hog'?
The Capybara - South America's BIG Rodent - InfoBarrel The Capybara - South America's BIG Rodent South America's Unique Animals The Capybara The capybara is the largest rodent alive. It is related to other South American rodents such as the agouti, chinchilla and guinea pig. Its taxonomic name is Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris comes from the Greek words for 'water' and 'pig or hog'. Its common name is derived from the Guarani language and translates as 'master of the grasses'. The capybara is semi-aquatic Range The capybara is found through most of South America including Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Suriname, Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia. Escapees are now found in aquatic habitats around the world, including Florida and, in 2011, the central coast of California. Credit: Wikimedia Home ranges average 10 hectares with the animals living in high density congregations. Habitat The capybara is found near bodies of water either in savannah areas or in dense forest. Lakes, rivers, swamps, marshlands and ponds are all suitable habitats for the capybara. They flourish on ranchlands to the point of being regarded as serious competition for domestic livestock. Description The heavy capybara has a barrel-shaped body. The head is short. Adults measure 107 to 134 cm in length, are 50 to 64 cm tall and weigh between 35 and 66 kg. The average on the Venezuelan llanos is 48.9 kg. Females are slightly heavier than males. There is a vestigial tail. The coat is devoid of underhair and is reddish-brown on the dorsal surfaces and more creamy underneath. The thin, coarse hair gives good protection from the undergrowth without the animal becoming too hot. However in the heat of the day the animal is in danger of drying out and wallows in mud and/or water to keep cool and hydrated. The capybara has sweat glands in the skin surface which is unusual among rodents. The hindquarters are slightly longer than the forelegs and the feet have a small amount of webbing. Credit: Wikimedia The eyes, ears and nostrils are all situated on top of the head and the muzzles are blunt. The jaw hinge of the capybara is non-perpendicular and food is ground in a back and forth fashion rather than from side to side. There are two scent glands. A 'morillo' is located on the snout and an anal gland near the anus. The anal pocket of the male opens more easily and is lined with detachable hairs which are coated with a long-lasting scent secretion. These hairs are released on objects such as plants and are tasted by other capybaras. The morillo is rubbed on objects and urination is also used to mark objects. Like many rodent species, the front teeth grow continually in compensation for the continual wearing down of the teeth through eating. The cheek teeth also grow continually. Behaviour The capybara is normally highly social. Some occasionally live a solitary life but it is usually found in groups of 10 to 20 individuals. Sometimes larger groups of 100 animals congregate together. The smaller groups consists of 2 to 4 adult males, 4 to 7 adult females and the rest juveniles. Capybaras chatter continually in their groups, establishing social bonds or working out dominance issues. They have a bark which is decidedly dog-like. This is heard when the animals are threatened or when the females are herding their young. Credit: Wikimedia Capybaras are great swimmers and will submerge for up to five minutes to escape predators. They can also sleep in the water, just keeping their noses (which are conveniently situated on top of the head) above the water level. As temperatures increase towards noon, they wallow in the water, grazing again late afternoon and into the early evening. They have another period of rest through the middle of the night and are grazing again well before dawn. In captivity, life expectancy is twelve years. Capybaras are gentle by nature and not difficult to tame. Nutrition Grasses, aquatic plants, fruit and tree bark are all eaten by the capybara although they are very selective when feeding, often eating out one species and ignoring any others. During the dry season, they will eat a greater variety including reeds. Capybaras practise coprophagy, eating their own faeces. This replenishes the bacterial gut flora and helps digest the cellulose in the grass, extracting the maximum protein from their intake. They also regurgitate food to be chewed again, much as a cow chews its cud. The capybara (and the guinea pig) is unable to synthesise Vitamin C. Reproduction The scent of a female capybara changes subtly when she is ready to mate. She will also whistle through her nose. Mating occurs in water and the female will submerge or leave the water if she doesn't fancy a prospective partner. The peak breeding season in Venezuela is from April to May. In Brazil, it is between October and November. Credit: Wikimedia Gestation is 130 to 150 days and the usual litter is four. The babies are born on land and the mother rejoins the group within a few hours. Although the young start eating grass within a week, they suckle from any female until about 4 months old. Threats Although the life span is 8 to 10 years, many fall prey to anacondas, jaguars, pumas, ocelots, eagle and caimans. They are sometimes killed by ranchers because they compete with domestic livestock for grazing land. In some areas they are farmed for their meat and pelts. They are an important source of protein in the diet of some native groups. In Venezuela (and, according to one site) other parts of South America, the meat is very popular during the period of Lent as special dispensation allows the consumption of capybara meat but not of other types. One reason given for the dispensation was that the capybara was considered an aquatic animal making its consumption acceptable. Conservation The survival of the capybara is not regarded as threatened although it is hunted for its meat and pelt. Hunting has reduced its numbers in some regions but populations are mostly stable. Some are kept as pets in the United States but the legality of keeping capybaras varies from state to state. There are a number of parks and zoos which keep capybaras as they are relatively low maintenance, have gentle natures and quite readily become friendly and can then be hand-fed by the public.
Capybara
Which huge seabird of the 'Tropics' is also known as the 'man-o-war bird'?
Water-hog | Article about Water-hog by The Free Dictionary Water-hog | Article about Water-hog by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Water-hog Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Wikipedia . capybara (kăpĭbâr`ə), mammal of Central and much of South America. It is the largest living member of the order Rodentia (the rodents) reaching a length of 4 ft (120 cm) and a weight of 75 to 100 lb (34–45 kg). Its brownish hair flecked with yellow is coarse and scanty, and its tail rudimentary. The feet are partially webbed, and there are four thick-nailed toes on the front feet and three on the hind feet. The capybara is an expert swimmer and diver. It eats vegetation and sometimes damages crops. It is hunted for food, its hide is made into gloves, and its bristles are used in brushes. It is also called water hog and carpincho. Capybaras are classified in the phylum Chordata Chordata , phylum of animals having a notochord, or dorsal stiffening rod, as the chief internal skeletal support at some stage of their development. Most chordates are vertebrates (animals with backbones), but the phylum also includes some small marine invertebrate animals. ..... Click the link for more information. , subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Rodentia, family Hydrochoeridae. capybara
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What nationality is reigning Olympic decathlon champion, Erki Nool?
Erki Nool won Heptathlon in Reval Hotels Cup - News - News - Decathlon 2000 Erki Nool won Heptathlon in Reval Hotels Cup (0) Feb 06, 2005 Sydney Olympic Decathlon champion Erki Nool won the annual Reval Holels Cup combined events meeting - which he organises - with a more than respectable Heptathlon score of 6070 points this weekend. The 34 year-old Estonian who has a personal best of 6374 (1999) had scored 6123 last year when coming second at this same meeting but can be more than satisfied with a victory at a lower score this year as he faced an exceptionally strong field. In particular, back in fifth place was reigning World Indoor Heptathlon champion Roman Šebrle . The Czech who of course is also the Athens Olympic champion for the Decathlon, scored 5765 points.
Estonian
The reigning Olympic 5000 metres champion is Mamo Wolde. What nationality is he?
Macey hits the heights in decathlon - Telegraph Macey hits the heights in decathlon Flying high: Dean Macey sets a new personal best in the high jump  10:57PM BST 06 Aug 2001 Dean Macey soared into gold medal contention in the first day of the decathlon at the World Championships in Edmonton last night. The 23-year-old produced a superb display of high jumping to take a huge amount of points from his three major rivals in Canada's Commonwealth Stadium. Macey goes into the final event of the day in second place just 75 points adrift of title holder Tomas Dvorak. The Essex lad is 106 points ahead of Olympic champion Erki Nool with world record holder Roman Sebrle another 57 points further adrift in fourth spot. Related Articles 26 August 1999: Macey making a name for himself 06 Aug 2001 Macey had gone into the high jump in third place overall only seven points adrift of Nool and 216 adrift of Dvorak but he proceeded to transform his medal hopes with his best-ever display. As Dvorak and Sebrle dropped out after failing to clear 2.03m and Nool went at 2.06, Macey just kept on going higher and higher. Arms pumping in delight every time he breached a new height, Macey eventually cleared 2.15m - two centimetres higher than the best he set as a 17-year-old in 1995. Macey failed at 2.18 but got close to clearing on his second attempt. However, he was beaming with delight and full of determination after his display in his bid to atone for missing out on the medals at last year's Olympics in Sydney when he was fourth. There could be better to come in the final event of the opening day, the 400metres, with Macey having clocked a personal best over 300m in training recently. Macey had begun his quest for a second World Championship decathlon medal in impressive manner, under the expert and kindly eye of the old maestro, Daley Thompson While Thompson, the Moscow 1980 and Los Angeles 1984 Olympic champion, caked himself in sun block in his comfortable seat in the media grandstand, where the former self-confessed 'world's greatest athlete' is now gainfully employed as a guest columnist for a national newspaper, Macey, fourth in the Sydney 2000 Games, basted himself in sweat to lie third after the first two disciplines, the 100 metres and the long jump. Tomas Dvorak, the reigning world champion from the Czech Republic, led the way with a mighty 2,026 points. Next came the Estonian Erki Nool on 1,919, with Macey close behind them on 1,881. Roman Sebrle, the Sydney gold medallist and world record holder and the second great Czech decathlete, was lying handily placed in fourth place on a total of 1,858 points. Sebrle, who is the first man to amass over 9,000 points from the decathlon's 10 events , is a sometime sluggish sprinter and will be well satisfied with his early work. Macey opened proceedings in thrilling style, winning the first sprint heat by a comfortable margin in 10.72 seconds. He retained third place after the long jump as Dvorak powered into the overall lead with a lifetime best. A leap of 7.59m with his first jump - 18cms off the best he set in Sydney last year - left Macey just 23 points ahead of Sebrle, who had a wind-assisted leap of 7.67m. Dvorak, bidding for a third successive title, produced a massive effort of 8.07m to improve his best by four centimetres and take a 107-point lead over Nool who managed 7.63m. Macey got within seven points of Nool, the man who denied him a medal in Sydney when he was controversially crowned champion, with an effort of 15.41 in the shot. Nool's best effort was 14.90 while Dvorak extended his lead to 209 points after hitting 16.57m while Sebrle clawed one point back on Macey with a putt of 15.43m. Under the soaring terraces of the near empty Commonwealth Stadium, now a sadly familiar sight, heat three of the decathlon 100m produced the major talking point of the fourth morning's schedule with no fewer than six false starts, two of these having been incurred by the over-enthusiastic Mario Anibal. Under decathlon's 'three-false-starts-and-you're-out rule' the excitable Portuguese was taken aside and given a quiet word of warning by a friendly official before going to the blocks for the seventh time. Anibal's lecture, you might say. As the competition progresses, the 23-year-old Macey, runner-up in the World Championships two years ago, is expected to pose a genuine threat for the medals to the big three of Dvorak, Nool and Sebrle. He will no doubt benefit from the passionate support of the small but remarkably vociferous band of British supporters who have gathered here in Edmonton.  
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"Which is the most northerly of America's ""Great Lakes""?"
North America's most northerly rivers are sensitive to climate change. lenrosen4 Sep 30th, 2013 0 Comment Unlike South America’s Andes Mountains, the Western Cordillera of North America is much more complex containing multiple mountain ranges. And North America is further differentiated by its vast central plain forming a gigantic drainage basin for the Mississippi-Missouri River system draining into the Gulf of Mexico, and a number of Canadian rivers draining into the Arctic Ocean and Hudson’s Bay. Rivers on the east coast cut through the Appalachian Mountains, an ancient range. And finally North America boasts the largest agglomeration of freshwater lakes in the world, remnants of the last Ice Age, draining into the North Atlantic through the St. Lawrence River system. Because there are so many different river systems with individual characteristics we are dividing this topic into two parts. This posting looks at the more northerly rivers that flow west to east and south to north in North America. Our next posting on this subject will look at those rivers flowing into the Pacific, the Eastern seaboard from the Appalachians to the Atlantic, the Colorado River and the high plateau river systems in the Western U.S. and finally, the second largest drainage system on the planet, the Mississippi-Missouri and its many tributaries. How is climate change changing North America’s rivers? The majority of North America’s rivers are less dependent on glacier sources than on seasonal precipitation that comes in the form of rain in the summer and snow in the winter. The snow pack and build up of winter ice is not characteristic to many rivers in other parts of the world (Russia being the exception).  A number of rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains and other ranges in the Western Cordillera, however, are glacier fed. So let’s begin. Mackenzie River – This is Canada’s longest river and most extensive freshwater drainage basin. It contains three of Canada’s largest freshwater lakes, Great Slave, Great Bear and Lake Athabasca. Its headwaters originate in glaciers in Alberta and British Columbia. From there the river flows north into the Arctic Ocean. Another unique characteristic of the Mackenzie is permafrost. The impact of warming which is forecasted to be greater in the Arctic than at the equator, therefore, will enormously impact the Mackenzie. Glacial melt will be less a problem than the disappearance of the permafrost and the accelerated release of methane hydrates trapped in the frozen ground. For the native North Americans, the communities found along it many tributaries and lakes, and the wildlife, the changes here will be more significant than anywhere else on the continent.     Saskatchewan-Nelson River System –  One of the most overlooked watersheds of North America, the Saskatchewan-Nelson flows from the Rocky Mountains in the west to Hudson’s Bay. It includes the North and South Saskatchewan, Bow, Red, Assiniboine and Nelson Rivers as well as Lake of the Woods in Ontario, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Winnipegosis and Cedar. Edmonton, Calgary, Saskatoon, Regina, Winnipeg and Fargo are among the major cities to be found in the watershed. The river basin is Canada’s granary for the world producing wheat, canola, corn and soy bean for domestic consumption and export. Climate change is posing a great threat to the integrity of this watershed . The melting of its glaciated headwaters has been apparent since the mid-2oth century. Just one of those glaciers, the Athabasca has retreated miles from the famous Ice Fields highway that runs between Banff and Jasper in Alberta. I remember visiting the Athabasca in 1973 with the foot of the glacier meters from the highway. Today it is kilometers away. The net decline amounts to 16 million cubic meters of water annually, and along with declining winter snows, is contributing to a 40% loss in river flow over the last 75 years for the North Saskatchewan. Higher evapo-transpiration rates are predicted on Canada’s Prairies over the next 50 years with average temperatures expected to rise by as much as 3 to 5 Celsius (5.7 to 9 Fahrenheit). For every 1 Celsius (1.8 Fahrenheit) increase, stream flow on the Saskatchewan is expected to decline by up to 15%. And this is happening despite increases in precipitation on average throughout the watershed.     Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River System – It is impossible to ignore this dominating feature of North America (see satellite image below). The Great Lakes basin drains an area greater than 1 million square kilometers (620,000 square miles) and includes the largest freshwater source in the world. Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario are the predominant lakes which flow through the St. Lawrence River to the North Atlantic. The largest tributary in the system is the Ottawa, entering the St. Lawrence near Montreal, one of the many cities located within the watershed. Duluth and Thunder Bay on Lake Superior, Detroit, Cleveland and Buffalo on Lake Erie, Toronto, Kingston and Rochester on Lake Ontario, and Ottawa-Hull, Montreal and Quebec City are the major cities of the watershed which is home to over 40 million.     So how is climate change impacting this watershed ? Although the Great Lakes represent a post-Ice Age legacy of a much larger lake that existed until 13,350 years ago, the water contained within them comes from annual precipitation. Any change to the annual accumulation of snow during the winter supplemented by spring, summer and fall rain is, therefore, critical to maintaining lake water levels. And those lake water levels are needed to ensure a freshwater supply to the population that inhabits the watershed. In addition, the Lakes and St. Lawrence River is a transportation corridor for shipping from the Atlantic Ocean to Duluth, Minnesota. The first challenge will be what rising temperatures do to the evapo-transpiration rate. It is expected that as temperatures rise the Lakes will experience lower water levels. Shorter winters will mean less snow pack to restore lake levels in the spring. Not only will atmospheric temperatures rise, so will the temperature in the lake water. That warming will change the species of plants and animals in the Lakes. Average precipitation may increase on the Prairies but climate change is expected to lower the amount of rain and snow over the region. This will impact water levels further and the natural flushing of the lakes. That means a greater likelihood of freshwater contamination and lower habitat oxygenation, impacting shoreline integrity and wetlands. With lower lake levels shipping will be impacted with ports and harbors forced to do dredging to maintain lake access.     In the conclusion of our look at the rivers of North America our focus will move south. So stay tuned for the next installment. Related Posts
Superior
"Which of America's ""Great Lakes"" has the smallest surface area?"
All About the Great Lakes of North America By Colin Stief, Geography Intern Updated July 21, 2016. Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes , straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km). Several other minor lakes and rivers are also included in the Great Lakes region including the Niagra River, Detroit River, St. Lawrence River, St. Marys River, and the Georgian Bay. There are 35,000 islands estimated to be located on the Great Lakes, created by years of glacial activity . Interestingly, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the Straits of Mackinac, and can be technically considered a single lake. The Formation of the Great Lakes The Great Lakes Basin (the Great Lakes and the surrounding area) began to form about two billion years ago – almost two-thirds the age of the earth. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know During this period, major volcanic activity and geologic stresses formed the mountain systems of North America, and after significant erosion, several depressions in the ground were carved. Some two billion years later the surrounding seas continuously flooded the area, further eroding the landscape and leaving a lot of water behind as they went away. More recently, about two million years ago, it was glaciers that advanced over and back across the land. The glaciers were upwards of 6,500 feet thick and further depressed the Great Lakes Basin. When the glaciers finally retreated and melted approximately 15,000 years ago, massive quantities of water were left behind. It is these glacier waters that form the Great Lake today. Many glacial features are still visible on the Great Lakes Basin today in the form of "glacial drift," groups of sand, silt, clay and other unorganized debris deposited by a glacier. Moraines , till plains, drumlins, and eskers are some of the most common features that remain. The Industrial Great Lakes The shorelines of the Great Lakes stretch a little over 10,000 miles (16,000 km), touching eight states in the U.S. and Ontario in Canada, and make an excellent site for the transportation of goods. It was the primary route used by early explorers of North America and was a major reason for the great industrial growth of the Midwest throughout the 19th and 20th century. Today, 200 million tons a year are transported using this waterway. Major cargoes include iron ore (and other mine products), iron and steel, agriculture, and manufactured goods. The Great Lakes Basin also is home to 25%, and 7% of Canadian and U.S. agricultural production, respectively. Cargo ships are aided by the system of canals and locks built on and between the lakes and rivers of the Great Lakes Basin. The two major sets of locks and canals are: 1) The Great Lakes Seaway, consisting of the Welland Canal and the Soo Locks, allowing ships to pass by the Niagra Falls and the rapids of the St. Marys River. 2) The St. Lawrence Seaway, extending from Montreal to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Altogether this transportation network makes it possible for ships to travel a total distance of 2,340 miles (2765 km), all the way from Duluth, Minnesota to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In order to avoid collisions when traveling on the rivers connecting the Great Lakes, ships travel "upbound" (west) and "downbound" (east) in shipping lanes. There are around 65 ports located on Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. 15 are international and include: Burns Harbor at Portage, Detroit, Duluth-Superior, Hamilton, Lorain, Milwaukee, Montreal, Ogdensburg, Oswego, Quebec, Sept-Iles, Thunder Bay, Toledo, Toronto, Valleyfield, and Port Windsor. Great Lakes Recreation About 70 million people visit these the Great Lakes every year to enjoy their water and beaches. Sandstone cliffs, high dunes, extensive trails, campgrounds, and diverse wildlife are just some of the many attractions of the Great Lakes. It is estimated that $15 billion is spent every year for leisure activities every year. Sport fishing is a very common activity, partly because of the Great Lakes' size, and also because the lakes are stocked year after year. Some of the fish include bass, bluegill, crappie, perch, pike, trout, and walleye. Some non-native species such as salmon and hybrid breeds have been introduced but have generally not succeeded. Chartered fishing tours are a major part of the Great Lakes tourism industry. Spas and clinics are popular tourist attractions also, and couple well with some of the serene waters of the Great Lakes. Pleasure-boating is another common activity and is more successful than ever as more and more canals are built to connect the lakes and surrounding rivers. Great Lakes Pollution and Invasive Species Unfortunately, there have been concerns about the quality of water of the Great Lakes. Industrial waste and sewage were the primary culprits, specifically phosphorus, fertilizer, and toxic chemicals. In order to control this issue, the governments of Canada and the United States joined to sign the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. Such measures have drastically improved the quality of water, though pollution still finds it way into the waters, primarily through agricultural runoff. Another major concern in the Great Lakes is non-native invasive species. An unanticipated introduction of such species can drastically alter evolved food chains and destroy local ecosystems. The end result of this is a loss of  biodiversity . Well known invasive species include the zebra mussel, Pacific salmon, carp, lamprey, and alewife.
i don't know
What is the main ingredient of Duxelles sauce or Duxelles stuffing?
What is a Duxelle? | What is? Home » Food » What is a Duxelle? What is a Duxelle? What is a Duxelle? Duxelle or Duxelles is a culinary mix of mushrooms, shallots, and onions which are sautéed together. This culinary mix is typically used as filling for pastries, as stuffing for some food items, as an addition to sauces and dips, and as food garnish. Usually mushroom tops are the ones chopped and used for this culinary mixture, but mushrooms stems may also be included in the mix. Some chefs also add some herbs to enhance the flavor of the mixture. Butter is also used in sautéing the mixture but other cooking oils may also be used. The mixture of all ingredients will then be reduced to a paste form and this can now be used for sauces, garnishes, fillings, and stuffings. It is also said that some mushroom varieties make for a stronger Duxelles flavor. Usually fresh mushrooms are chopped and used for sautéing, but if these are not available, dried mushrooms will do the trick. Mushrooms of the porcini variety is also said to be strong on the flavor when compared with the more generic brown and white mushrooms. Aside from its use as garnish, or filling and stuffing, Duxelles can also be used to make pastry tarts. Some people also use it as a spread for a variety of breads. Duxelles is also a popular alternative to pate de foie gras in making the recipe “Beef Wellington”. In this particular dish, instead of foie gras spread on the beef before wrapping with pastry, duxelles may be used. Some people also use duxelles to fill certain pastas like ravioli. It can also serve as filling for dumpling-like dishes. Some also like to have duxelles mixed with eggs to form an omelet. But for those not yet accustomed to its strong flavor and taste, it may be best to first try duxelles as a sauce, dip, or spread. A variety of meat dishes can take advantage of duxelles as a sauce or dip. Many people also like the idea of spreading duxelles onto grilled pieces of meat. If you like this article or our site. Please spread the word. Share it with your friends/family.
Mushroom
William, Duke of Gloucester, was the only one of which monarch's twelve children to survive infancy?
Beef Wellington Recipe | SimplyRecipes.com Beef Wellington Recipe 1 lb beef tenderloin fillet Salt and pepper Canola, grapeseed, or olive oil 1 lb mushrooms (we used half cremini, half shiitake) 4 thin slices ham (Parma ham if you can get it) or prosciutto 2 Tbsp yellow mustard (we used Coleman's Original English Mustard) 7 ounces puff pastry (needs 3 hours to defrost in refrigerator if using frozen) 2 egg yolks, beaten Method 1 Sear filet on all sides, brush with mustard: Season the fillet generously with salt and pepper. Heat a tablespoon or two of oil in a large pan on high heat. Sear the fillet in the pan on all sides until well browned (hint: do not move the fillet until it has had a chance to brown). Remove the filet from the pan and let cool. Once cooled, brush the fillet on all sides with mustard. 2 Prepare the mushroom duxelles: Chop the mushrooms and put them into a food processor and purée. Heat the sauté pan on medium high heat. Transfer the mushroom purée into the pan and cook, allowing the mushrooms to release their moisture. When the moisture released by the mushrooms has boiled away, remove the mushrooms from the pan and set aside to cool. 3 Wrap filet in mushroom paste and ham: Roll out a large piece of plastic wrap. Lay out the slices of ham on the plastic wrap so that they overlap. Spread the mushroom mixture over the ham. Place the beef filet in the middle, roll the mushroom and ham over the fillet, using the plastic wrap so that you do this tightly. Wrap up the beef filet into a tight barrel shape, twisting the ends of the plastic wrap to secure. Refrigerate for 20 minutes. 4 Preheat oven to 400°F. 5 Roll out puff pastry, wrap beef filet: On a lightly floured surface, roll out the puff pastry sheet to a size that will wrap around the beef fillet. Unwrap the fillet from the plastic wrap and place in the middle of the pastry dough. Brush the edges of the pastry with the beaten eggs. Fold the pastry around the fillet, cutting off any excess at the ends (pastry that is more than 2 layers thick will not cook all the way, try to limit the overlap). Place on a small plate, seam side down, and brush beaten egg yolks all over the top. Chill for 5-10 minutes. 6 Brush with egg wash and score: Place the pastry-wrapped fillet on a baking pan. Brush the exposed surface again with beaten eggs. Score the top of the pastry with a sharp knife, not going all the way through the pastry. Sprinkle the top with coarse salt. 7 Bake in oven: Bake at 400°F for 25-35 minutes. The pastry should be nicely golden when done. To ensure that your roast is medium rare, test with an instant read meat thermometer. Pull out at 125-130°F for medium rare. Remove from oven and let rest for 10 minutes before slicing. Slice in 1-inch thick slices.
i don't know
'Masala Chai' is an Indian tea flavoured with which sweet spice?
Masala Chai Indian Spiced Tea) Recipe - Food.com cyaos April 13, 2008 Very tasty. I agree with other reviewers that it needs a dash more flavor, so I added more cloves and used honey to taste in place of sugar the second time I made this. Also, I added the milk at the end, since I feel the tea steeps better before the milk thickens the tea. Thanks. Scribbler515 September 26, 2010 First let me say that I am not crazy about tea until I was introduce to Somalian tea. While in college I used to get this tea to boost my energy and mentality level. So I decided to make it at home when I have a craving for it. I used 2 cups of water, 3 black tea bags, 1 tsp of ground cardamom, 1 tsp of Ginger, 1 stick of cinnamon, 6 whole cloves, a dash of honey, a dash of cinnamon and sugar spice, raw sugar to taste, and milk to your liking. Remember not to forget to stray it before adding the milk. This tea is great to boost your immune system especially when you are fighting a COLD. Good luck hope you enjoy your tea. Would you like to attach a photo to your submission? Browse The image has been attached to your submission. Close Are you sure you want to report this post for review? Yes, report it. You must be logged in to interact with the activity feed. Log in now
Cinnamon
On the death of Horatio Nelson, who assumed command at the 'Battle of Trafalgar'?
Masala Chai Tea ingredients & lore blended with black tea, cardamom, ginger root, cloves, natural cinnamon flavor and cinnamon bark Historically, tea in India was viewed as an herbal medicine, rather than as a beverage for taste. Some chai spice blends still in current use are derived from Ayurvedic medical texts. Popular spices include anise, cinnamon, clove, cardamom, peppercorn and ginger. Traditional preparation actually calls for the spices, milk and leaves to be simmered over sustained heat, rather than steeped in preheated water (like regular tea). In India, chai is served in little clay cups from chai carts. After enjoying your tea, the cups are shattered on the ground and allowed to compost - an earth-friendly alternative to the paper and plastic cups popular in the U.S. This tea contains a high level of caffeine flavor trilogy: chai
i don't know
Which daughter of Laban and first wife of Jacob, bore him twelve sons?
Jacob had twelve sons, Genesis 29:31-30:24 and 35:23-26 | Bibleview English »  »  Bible »  »  Genesis – Part Two »  » Jacob had twelve sons, Genesis 29:31-30:24 and 35:23-26 Jacob had twelve sons, Genesis 29:31-30:24 and 35:23-26 Jacob had only eleven sons born to him before he left Laban in Paddan Aram e.g. Northern Euphrates. Now eastern Turkey or northern Syria. Benjamin was born to his wife Rachel later. These Twelve sons are to become the 12 tribes of Israel. Leah also bore Jacob a daughter called Dinah. Later we find her involved in a unhappy event for the sons of Jacob. see Genesis 34:1-31. Background Reading: Jacob had twelve sons – Leah’s Children 29:31 Later, the LORD noticed that Leah was being neglected, so he made her fertile, while Rachel remained childless. 32 Leah conceived, bore a son, and named him Reuben, because she was saying, “The LORD had looked on my torture, so now my husband will love me.” 33 Later, she conceived again, bore a son, and declared, “Because the LORD heard that I’m neglected, he gave me this one, too.” So she named him Simeon. 34 Later, she conceived again and said, “This time my husband will become attached to me, now that I’ve borne him three sons.” So he named him Levi. 35 Then she conceived yet again, bore a son, and said, “This time I’ll praise the LORD.” So she named him Judah. Then she stopped bearing children. Genesis 29:31-35 and Rachel’s Children by Bilhah 30:1 Rachel noticed that she was not bearing children for Jacob, so because she envied her sister Leah, she told Jacob, “If you don’t give me sons, I’m going to die!” 2 That made Jacob angry with Rachel, so he asked her, “Can I take God’s place, who has not allowed you to conceive?” 3 Rachel responded, “Here’s my handmaid Bilhah. Go have sex with her. She can bear children on my knees so I can have children through her.” 4 So Rachel gave Jacob her woman servant Bilhah to be his wife, and Jacob had sex with her. 5 Bilhah conceived and bore a son for Jacob. 6 Then Rachel said, “God has vindicated me! He has heard my voice and has given me a son.” Therefore, she named him Dan. 7 Rachel’s servant conceived again and bore a second son for Jacob, 8 so Rachel said, “I’ve been through a mighty struggle with my sister and won.” She named him Naphtali. 9 When Leah saw that she had stopped bearing children, she took her woman servant Zilpah and gave her to Jacob as a wife. 10 Leah’s servant Zilpah bore a son to Jacob, 11 and Leah exclaimed, “How fortunate!” So she named him Gad. 12 Later, Leah’s servant Zilpah bore a second son for Jacob. 13 She said, “How happy I am, because women will call me happy!” So she named him Asher. Outcome of the Mandrakes found by Reuben 14 Some time later, during the wheat harvest season, Reuben went out and found some mandrakes in the field and brought them back for his mother Leah. Then Rachel told Leah, “Please give me your son’s mandrakes.” 15 In response, Leah asked her, “Wasn’t it enough that you’ve taken away my husband? Now you also want to take my son’s mandrakes!” But Rachel replied, “Okay, let’s let Jacob sleep with you tonight in exchange for your son’s mandrakes.” 16 When Jacob came in from the field that evening, Leah went to meet him and told him, “You’re having sex with me tonight. I traded my son’s mandrakes for you!” So he slept with her that night. 17 God heard what Leah had said, so she conceived and bore a fifth son for Jacob. 18 Then Leah said, “God has paid me for giving my servant to my husband as his wife.” So she named him Issachar. 19 Later, Leah conceived again and bore a sixth son for Jacob. 20 Then Leah said, “God has given me a good gift. This time my husband will exalt me, because I’ve borne him six sons.” So she named him Zebulun. 21 After that, Leah conceived, bore a daughter, and named her Dinah. Rachel’s Son Joseph is Born 22 Then God remembered Rachel. He listened to her and opened her womb, 23 so she conceived, bore a son, and remarked, “God has removed my shame.” 24 Because she had been asking, “May God give me another son,” she named him Joseph. Genesis 30:1-24 and Rachel Dies in Childbirth 35:16 Later, they set out from Beth-el. While still a long way from Ephrathah, Rachel started to have trouble giving birth. 17 While she was suffering due to her difficult labor, the midwife told her, “Don’t fear! You’re going to have another son.” 18 Just before she died, Rachel called her son’s name Ben-oni, but his father Jacob named him Benjamin. 19 So Rachel died and was buried on the way to Ephrathah, also known as Bethlehem. 20 Jacob erected a pillar over her grave, and that pillar stands over Rachel’s grave to this day. Jacob Settles Near Migdal Eder 21 Jacob continued his travels, and eventually pitched his tent facing Migdal Eder. 22 But while Israel lived in that land, Reuben went inside his father’s tent and had sexual relations with his father’s concubine Bilhah, and Israel heard about it. Now Jacob had twelve sons. 23 Leah’s sons were Reuben (Jacob’s first-born), Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. 24 Rachel’s sons were Joseph and Benjamin. 25 Rachel’s servant Bilhah’s sons were Dan and Naphtali. 26 Leah’s servant Zilpah’s sons were Gad and Asher. These were Jacob’s sons who were born to him while he lived in Paddan-aram. Genesis 35:16-26
Leah
Which sister of Lazarus and Mary gave Jesus hospitality at her home in Bethany?
People of the Bible: Jacob Jacob The son of Isaac and Rebekah, renamed Israel, became the father of the twelve tribal families. Jacob dreamed of a ladder stretching to heaven (Gen 28:12) Jacob was the son of Isaac and Rebekah, the brother of Esau , and the grandson of Abraham and Sarah . The stories about Jacob are in the book of Genesis and take place during the Ancestrial Period . Jacob was known for trickery.  He came out of the womb grasping his brother Esau's heal.  Later he persuaded Esau to sell him his birthright and tricked Isaac into blessing him instead of Esau.  Fearing his brother's anger he fled to live with his uncle Laban. On the way he had a dream in which he saw a ladder extending to heaven with angels ascending and descending on it. Jacob married two sisters, Rachel and Leah, and also had two concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah. These four women bore him twelve sons.  Jacob became wealthy while working for his uncle Laban.  Eventually jealousy among Laban's sons forced Jacob to flee back to Canaan in spite of his fear of Esau. On the way he wrestled an angel all night. In the morning the angel changed Jacob's name to Israel and he became the father of the nation that bears his name.  His sons gave their names to the twelve tribes of Israel. Jacob eventually migrated to Egypt to be with his son Joseph , who had been sold there as a slave but later rose to prominence in Pharaoh's court.
i don't know
Who was the last British king to lead an army into battle?
King George II Was The Last Monarch To Lead His Men Into Battle | Historic Royal Palaces George II made Kensington Palace the centre of his court life George II fell out with both his father and his son He was the last monarch to lead his troops into battle in 1743 at the Battle of Dettingen George II at the palaces As Prince of Wales, George felt that he was unfairly treated by his father – not given enough money and not entrusted with the regency when his father returned to Hanover. Relations between father and son were so sour that George and his wife Caroline were thrown out of court by George I and even, for a time, kept from their own children. In retaliation, they set up their own rival court filled with opposition politicians. History was doomed to repeat itself. After George became King in 1727 (Handel’s Zadok the Priest was composed for his Coronation), George and Caroline’s glamorous son, Prince Frederick, arrived in England and in turn became embroiled in a battle of wills with his parents; he was eventually banished from court in 1737.   In the first ten years of George II’s reign,  Kensington Palace was the glittering centre of court life where politicians, intellectuals and fashionable people vied for favour. George and Caroline used Hampton Court Palace regularly after their accession in 1727, especially during the summer when the palace would be alive with the flirtations, scheming and bickering of courtiers. George II had many mistresses, most notably Henrietta Howard, one of his queen’s closest ladies-in-waiting who were known as Women of the Bedchamber. However, George was devoted to his wife and was devastated by her death in 1737. She had promoted writers, poets and philosophers and court life under her auspices was glamorous and engaging.  After Caroline’s death, the bright and fashionable crowd was gradually replaced by a homely, ageing court residing in Kensington Palace which was by now half shut up and George increasingly focussed on his obsessive love of all things military. Earlier in his reign, George proved himself a good leader in battle and was the last British king to lead his troops into battle. Despite Kensington’s decline, it remained one of George’s favourite palaces right up until his death in 1760.  George II's grandson, George III , was the next monarch after Prince Frederick died in 1751 without ever repairing his relationship with his father. George II, German School, (c.1735 - 40) Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2014 George II on horseback (Battle of Dettingen) © National Army Museum / The Bridgeman Art Library  You may also be interested in...
George II
"In 1542, whose last words were supposedly, ""I die a queen, but I would rather die the wife of Culpepper""?"
Battles of Lexington and Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord:   Battle of Lexington: Took place on April 19, 1775 Preparation for violent uprisings against the British began in the winter of 1774, because King George III sent his army men out to the colonies to quell all opposition towards the crown. Militias formed within the colonies. Military leaders included Thomas Gage, who was the British military leader at the time in Massachusetts, who also made the decision to confiscate weapons owned by the colonies in Massachusetts. Wanted to capture the patriot leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were thought to be staying in the town of Lexington and so the army went.  The patriots set up �alarm� systems to warn of the British�s advances on any given city. The night before the actual battle of Lexington, the �alarm� system, where a lantern was lit in a certain location to warn of the British army�s advance, sent Paul Revere and other riders on the calling out to warn those in the town of Lexington that the British were coming. The townspeople woke to things like church bells and gun shots to call the local militias into action. The British underestimated the colonist�s courage, aim and ability to train to fight so quickly. The patriots had been training for months before Lexington even occurred and wouldn�t back down without a decent fight. Gage gave command of the British troops advancing to Lexington and Concord to Lt. Col. Francis Smith Smith led advance troops under Major John Pitcairn (700 trained army men) Captain John Parker led the militia in Lexington (77 soldiers) Captain John Parker had no intention of winning, because he knew the odds, but he wanted to deal the British a blow of patriotism that would make them realize that this was serious. Not sure who shot the first shot, but the British, dealt the second shot and kept shooting without the proper command. When Pitcairn and Parker regained control of their men 8 colonists were dead. Significance: Battle was the first fought by the patriots against the British, were major warfare occurred.   Battle of Concord: The British troops continued marching on towards Concord after the Lexington shooting. News of the shooting spread to other towns nearby and the militia men gathered in the path toward Concord. Once they arrived at Concord, the British soldiers began searching the houses for firearms. Militiamen who had fallen back, at Lexington, advanced on the 3 British companies, and took control of North Bridge, which led the way into the town of Concord. As the militia approached they saw the British burning their homes and supplies and ran out to save them. After the British soldiers retreated, the militiamen followed until the British started to shoot. Major Buttrick, in the militia, gave the order for the militiamen to fire on the British. (This was the first time the Americans, purposely opened fire on the British). British were outnumbered 4 to 1. Half of the British officers were wounded and the army retreated into the center of town. Militia got reinforcements from their men to the north and took over everything they could in their path. British encountered severe, unrelenting firing from 100s of militiamen, hiding behind walls, buildings, and trees. Range was too great for the militiamen�s muskets and the British escaped with few casualties. Significance: By attacking the British the patriots had committed themselves to warfare, and made their intentions very clear. The British could not do whatever they wanted and had to respect their lives, liberties and private property. The Battle at Concord was the first time the British retreated from the colonists and that gave the colonists a sense of confidence and that they may have a chance at being successful in fighting for their rights, not independence at this point.     The Battle of Bunker Hill (The Battle of Bunker Hill occurred on June 17, 1775 on Breed�s Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts)   *The British won the Battle of Bunker Hill. *The Rebel group wanted to drive the British out of the colonies and out of Boston. On *June 16, 1775 the rebel army went to Breed�s Hill near Boston and set up camp, ready to defeat the British. *The British attacked before the Rebels on June 17, before the rebels had finished preparing for the battle. *The Intent of the Battle was to win the territory of Bunker Hill, however the actual fighting took place on the nearby Breed�s Hill. *On Breed�s Hill the British attacked on 3 different occasions, and in one of these charges the patriots waited to open fire until the British were within 40 yards. *The Rebels did not retreat from Bunker Hill until they had run out of bullets and there was nothing more they could do to win the battle. * The British won the battle, because of possession of the field, but they were not left without casualties. *Over 1,000 British Redcoat soldiers were killed in the Battle. However, the American rebel fatalities were much less, reaching numbers of 400 men or lower. *The British commanders for the Battle of Bunker Hill were General Thomas Gage and General Sir William Howe. These men were very skilled in leading British troops into battle. *The Commanders for the American Rebel troops were Colonel William Prescott, General Israel Putnam and Joseph Warren, these leaders were skilled in leading troops into battle, but not as skilled as the British Commanders.   1/6th of all British officers killed in the war died here. No turning back.  King George III declared the colonies in rebellion. British became cautious throughout the war due to their casualties.   Battle of Ticonderoga  (1775---New York)               The battle of Ticonderoga was located in Essex County, ninety five miles north of Albany, New York on an area of land between Lake George and Lake Champlain.               John Brown, a patriot lawyer, had been sent over to Canada in and effort to see how the French had been reacting to the Colonists rebellion.  On March 29, 1775, he stated that the fort at Ticonderoga needed to be seized as quickly as possible.                    The Continental Army wanted to capture the fort so they would gain control of the waterways from Canada.  There had been an abundant amount of soldiers in Canada and if they were to gain control of the waterways meant that the British would be more capable of succeeding in an attack against the colonists.  However, the British didn�t not want to make the first offensive move.               Colonel Samuel Parson began to realize that the Continental Army did not own much of the required weapons such as cannons or artillery.  Benedict Arnold had told him that a plentiful amount of cannons would be available at Ticonderoga.  He had also told him that the fort had been poorly protected.  The Committee of Safety then agreed to let Benedict Arnold take 400 men from Massachusetts in an effort to seize the fort.             Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold met at Castleton and marched toward Ticonderoga together.  Then on the morning of May 10, 1775, the Green Mountain Boys walked through the open gate of Ticonderoga.  All of the men protecting the fort had been asleep when they began to take over.  It had been a very easy victory for the Continental Army and there weren�t any shots that had been fired.   After the battle of 1775, Congress sent colonists to keep control of Fort Ticonderoga.  On July 5, 1777 a troop of British forces led by General Burgoyne had captured the fort and they then burned it down.   Significance: The fort was built by French to protect their fur routes & was a significant route between Canada and the colonies.  When the colonies realized this, they knew they must keep hold to this fort because they knew they could control water routes in Canada where many British soldiers were located.  Soon Benedict Arnold and 400 of his men along with Ethan Allan�s Green Mountain Boys took control of the run down fort, where they met eighty three sleeping British soldiers. From there Arnold and Allan took all 100 canons and their men back to Boston.  The Continental Congress ordered that the fort be kept guarded.  Not until July 5, 1777, when British General Burgoyne ands his men took control and set fire to the fort was it ever out of colonists hands.  The importance of the Battle, which it really wasn�t, was that it was the colonists first offensive.   MONMOUTH   (June 18, 1778) NJ   �        Largest artillery battle of Revolutionary War �        British: General Sir Henry Clinton (Freehold-Mount Holly Rd, Dutch Lane) �        Continental: Washington,  Lee, Anthony Wayne; Manalpan Bridge (4 mi from Englishtown) �        British had 20000 men, cont had 8500 men �        Lee was to attack rear of British army, then led retreat across Rhea Farm where he regrouped with Washington �        After regrouping, hedge-fighting occurred, making Lee retreat across Spotswood Middle Brook, Brits attacked Perrine Farm (strongly fortified) but fail of exhaustion �        Continental Army won the artillery battle because General Greene positioned 4 guns on top of Combs Hill �        Counter-attack: two battalions of NE, three regiments PA crossed bridge, forced British to retreat   Political triumph, British casualties two or three times more than Cont. casualties   The American colonists defeated the British What happened? The Battle of Saratoga was one of the most important battles of the American Revolution. Roughly 10,000 British soldiers under General �Gentlemen Johnny�Burgoynes�s had advanced from Canada in the summer of 1777.. Over the course of the summer the colonial force grew to roughly 15,000 men. The British attempted to move on Saratoga on September 19, 1777. A day long fight over a clearing in the woods resulted, and is known as the Battle of Freeman�s Farm. Unable to advance on September 19th, the British built fortifications near Bemis Heights and on October 11 attempted again to advance on Saratoga. They were defeated by colonial forces led by Benedict Arnold and Anthony Wayne. At the end of the day, the British were driven from their fortifications. The British force then retreated and were immediately blocked by colonial forces. Surrounded and badly outnumbered, South of Fort Ticonderoga, Burgoyne had little option. He surrendered on October 17, 1777. Significance of the Battle Because of the Colonial Army�s defeat of the British at the Battle of Saratoga, France joined the war on the side of the Americans.  Up until the battle, the American forces had yet to win a European style battle.  This major victory convinced the French that the Americans had a chance of winning.  General Horatio Gates gained much fame because of his victory, and some thought that he should replace George Washington who had been struggling.  The victory also stopped General John Burgoyne�s idea of a three pronged invasion of the colonies, ultimately giving the Americans dominance in the north.   The Battle of Yorktown   1781-----Virginia   French: General Rochambeau, Admiral de Grasse British: General Cornwall, Admiral Graves   Battle Summary:   Rochambeau convinced Washington to change plans from attacking General Clinton in New York and instead attack the British forces at Yorktown, who had been cornered there by a small force under Layafette.  They kept 2,000 of their troops near New York who continued to pretend they were preparing to attack, and raid settlements, while the bulk of the troops hurried south to Virginia. While they were marching south the French Navy defeated the British in a naval battle, and were able to take control of the Chesapeake Bay, cutting off British aid to General Cornwallis and all communication.  On September 28th 1781, the combined forces under Rochambeau and Washington arrived, totaling 17,000 men.  Rochambeau attacked with his forces from the left and Washington and Lafayette attacked from the right.  They surrounded the city and fort and placed them under heavy fire.  The British responded with some very weak counter attacks, even sending blacks infected with smallpox at the Franco-American forces.  Eventually the British under General Cornwallis couldn�t hold out any longer, and they agreed to surrender on October 19th.              Importance: The terms of the surrender made most of the British forces leave America and return for the colonies.  Lord North, the British Prime Minister finally conceded failure in the spring of 1782 and resigned.  Parliament decided the war was over and with the Treaty of Paris in November of 1782, removed all British troops and recognized America as an independent country.   American Leader: General Montgomery and Colonel Benedict Arnold British Leader: General Carleton   The British won the actual battle because of better position and larger numbers than the Americans.  Arnold had planned to march up through Maine into Canada but was very difficult because of lack of supplies, poor navigation, illness, and snowstorms.  Early in the morning on December 31, 1775, Arnold led attack on British barricade thinking that Montgomery�s troops were ready to fight as well.  However, Montgomery was not prepared for the rough barricade and the next in command ordered a retreat before Arnold�s troops arrived where the British were stationed.  When at the scene, Arnold had no choice but to lead a frontal attack.  He was fatally wounded in the fight and was taken off the battlefield.  Next in line for Arnold was Daniel Morgan who continued the fighting all day, the once abandoned barricade was now occupied by Carleton's (another British General) men and the Americans were trapped in the streets of the city. Fighting still dragged on as the American column spread throughout the Lower Town.  Eventually almost the entire American force was captured or surrendered.  They were isolated in small pockets throughout the streets of the city. Captain Morgan himself refused to surrender even when completely surrounded. Significance: After much persuasion, the Americans withdrew from Canada and ended all action in Canada for the remainder of the war.   British leader: General William Howe American leader: General George Washington   The Battle of Long Island was the first battle of New York.  Washington sent his troops to defend Brooklyn Heights.  William�s troops defeated the troops of John Sullivan and William Alexander before attacking the Washington and his troops.  Washington felt there was no option left but to retreat and his troops fled to Manhattan.  The British had 63 killed and 337 wounded or missing while Washington had about 970 men killed, wounded or missing, and 1,079 taken as prisoners.   Many �firsts� for America took place: it was the first battle that took place with Washington in command and first time the Continental Army played an important role.  Also, it was the first time the Americans and British fought each other in formal battle lines.    Significance� Washington escaped in the fog and was allowed to fight another day.  British hesitation cost them the way  
i don't know
If the currency is the Peso, copper the major export and Valparaiso the major port, what is the country?
Chile - Trade and finance | history - geography | Britannica.com Trade and finance Pedro de Valdivia Chile’s principal markets for mining and agricultural commodities are the European Union , the United States, China, Japan, and South Korea . Most imports are from the United States, China, Brazil , Argentina, and Germany. The balance of payments, generally unfavourable since the 1950s because of increased foreign expenditures and payment of external loans, showed occasional improvement after 1976 but with considerable fluctuation. In the early 2000s Chile signed many free-trade agreements, including one with the United States that was implemented in 2004. Nontraditional exports (seafood, fruit, wine, wood products, foodstuffs) also contributed to economic growth in the early 21st century. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The peso is the national currency of Chile. The Central Bank of Chile, established in 1925, is the official bank of the country; it implements the internal banking policies of the government and also conducts foreign trade. In 1989 the bank became an autonomous institution entirely responsible for the country’s financial and exchange-rate policies. The State Bank of Chile is also a state entity, but it functions as a private commercial bank. National private banks as well as international banks from Europe, the United States, and Asia operate freely in the country. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Within the Chilean economic system there is collaboration between the private and public sectors, with the private sector contributing an increasing percentage of the total annual investment. Private businesses are generally organized as joint-stock companies (similar to U.S. corporations) that participate in all areas of economic activity. Transportation The country’s length and physical barriers constrain communication and traffic flow. Only the sea offers an expeditious means of transportation, which was taken advantage of during the 19th century when Chile owned one of the largest merchant fleets in Latin America. Chile’s overall economic decline during the early 20th century and the supplanting of maritime transport with overland means resulted in the reduction of the fleet. Eventually only international transport was conducted by ship. The main port of entry is Valparaíso. San Antonio , the port for Santiago, exports copper and agricultural commodities. Other ports, such as Antofagasta and Arica, serve the trade with Bolivia. Chañaral, Huasco, Guayacán, and Tocopilla export minerals. The port of Talcahuano serves the industrial complex of Concepción. The development of an overland transportation system began with two railway systems initiated about the turn of the 20th century: the northern network, between La Calera (near Valparaíso) and Iquique, now in disuse, and the southern network, between La Calera and Puerto Montt . The most traveled sections connect Santiago with Valparaíso and Santiago with Puerto Montt; both sections are electrified, making them more competitive with road transportation. The railway system is controlled by the Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado (State Railway Enterprise). International railroads connect Arica and La Paz (Bolivia), Antofagasta and Oruro (Bolivia), and Los Andes and Mendoza (Argentina). A railbus transports passengers over the short route between Arica and Tacna (Peru). Related Places Maule Chile’s rapid motorization has brought enhanced highway transportation for passengers and goods. The backbone of the Chilean road system is the paved Pan-American Highway, which connects Arica with Puerto Montt, near Chiloé Island, a distance of more than 2,100 miles. From this main artery secondary routes connect numerous cities, including Santiago, with the ports of San Antonio and Valparaíso, Bulnes with Concepción, and Los Lagos with Valdivia . The most important international paved road connects Santiago with Mendoza (Argentina). All-weather roads connect Iquique with Oruro (Bolivia), Antofagasta with Salta (Argentina), La Serena with San Juan (Argentina), Osorno with San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina), and Punta Arenas with Río Gallegos (Argentina). Air transport serves mostly the cities at both extremes of the country and some towns of difficult access, such as El Salvador and Coihayque. The main airline is Línea Aérea Nacional de Chile (LAN; National Airline of Chile). A tourist service is maintained by LAN between Santiago and Easter Island, in the Pacific, with the flight continuing to Papeete, Tahiti. All major South American lines, plus others from the United States and Europe, handle the flow of international passengers to the Arturo Merino Benítez airport near Santiago. Chacalluta, northeast of Arica, is another major airport. Administration and social conditions Chile - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) When seen on a map, the republic of Chile looks like a long piece of narrow ribbon on the southwestern coast of South America. Chile is a land of physical extremes, from its desert north-one of the driest places on earth-to its windswept and rainy south, which is roughly comparable to the Pacific coast of Canada. It is bordered by Peru in the north, Bolivia in the northeast, and Argentina in the east. The Pacific Ocean shapes its western coastline. The origin of the country’s name is uncertain, but it may have derived from an Amerindian word meaning land’s end. Area 291,930 square miles (756,096 square kilometers). Population (2016 est.) 18,201,000. Article Contributors
Chile
What name is given to the first, horseshoe-shaped section of the human intestine?
Chile. | POPLINE.org United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs Source:  BACKGROUND NOTES. 1988 Sep; 1-10. Abstract:  Chile is a long (2650 miles), narrow (250 miles at widest point) country sandwiched between the Andes mountains and the Pacific. The northern desert is rich in copper and nitrates; the temperate middle region is agricultural and supports the major cities, including Santiago, the capital, and the port of Valparaiso; and the southern region is a cold and damp area of forests, grasslands, lakes, and fjords. The country is divided into 12 administrative regions. Chile's population of 12.5 million are mainly of Spanish or Indian descent or mestizos. Literacy is 92.3%, and the national language is Spanish. Infant mortality is 18.1/1000, and life expectancy is 68.2 years. 82% of the people are urban, and most are Roman Catholics. Chile was settled by the Spanish in 1541 and attached to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Independence was won in 1818 under the leadership of Bernardo O'Higgins. In the 1880s Chile extended its sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan in the south and areas of southern Peru and Bolivia in the north. An officially parliamentary government, elected by universal suffrage, drifted into oligarchy and finally into a military dictatorship under Carlos Ibanez in 1924. Constitutional government was restored in 1932. The Christian Democratic government of Eduardo Frei (1964-70) inaugurated major reforms, including land redistribution, education, and far-reaching social and economic policies. A Marxist government under Salvador Allende lasted from 1970 to 1973 when the present military government of General Pinochet Ugarte took power, overthrew Allende, abolished the Congress, and banned political parties. It has moved the country in the direction of a free market economy but at the cost of systematic violations of human rights. A new constitution was promulgated in 1981, and congressional elections have been scheduled for October, 1989. A "National Accord for Transition to Full Democracy" was mediated by the Catholic Church in 1985. The social reforms of the Allende government resulted in enormous fiscal deficits, economic recession, inflation, and severe decline in the gross domestic product. In 1982 the government devalued the peso and agreed to the International Monetary Fund's 2-year austerity program to lower the $20.5 billion national debt. In 1987 the gross domestic product was $18.4 billion, $1465 per capita; the annual real growth rate was 5.4%, and inflation had fallen from an annual rate of over 1000% to 21.5%. 245 Chilean pesos equal US1$. Chile's chief export is copper ($2.2 billion in 1987), of which Chile is the world's largest producer and exporter. Chile also exports gold, silver, iron ore, molybdenum, iodine, and nitrates. Chile has 20% of the world's copper reserves and 33% of the world's lithium. 21% of Chile's gross domestic product consists of textiles, metal manufacturing, food processing, pulp, paper, and wood products; and 10% consists of agricultural produce. Relations with the United States deteriorated after the 1976 murder in Washington, DC, of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier. Arms and security assistance to Chile were banned, and in 1981 the US Agency for International Development and the Peace Corps ceased operations in Chile. Language: 
i don't know
Which area of the human tongue is sensitive to sweet taste?
The Tongue and Regions of Taste - How Taste Works | HowStuffWorks The Tongue and Regions of Taste Lionel Bonaventure/AFP/ Getty Images Just as scientists are reexamining the basic tastes, they are also redefining the tongue map. The tongue map breaks the tongue down into regions of sensation -- bitter in the back, sour on the sides, salty on the front edge and sweet at the tip. Umami researchers have claimed that the tongue's posterior is important for detecting the fifth taste. But for everyone who remembers arguing the tongue map as a grade-schooler, insisting they could perceive salt at the back of the tongue or sour at the tip, news that the tongue map is flawed at best must come as sweet vindication. Up Next Break the Cycle of Negative Thinking ­A German scientist named D.P. Hanig developed the tongue map in 1901 by asking volunteers where they could perceive sensation. Other scientists later corroborated his findings but charted the results in such a way that areas of lowered sensitivity looked like areas of no sensitivity. By 1974, Virginia Collings determined that while the tongue did have varying degrees of sensitivity -- some areas could perceive certain tastes better than others -- there was no real truth to the strict tongue map. Although taste receptors usually react strongly to a single taste, many respond to multiple gustatory stimulations. People can perceive taste anywhere there are taste receptors. Scientists are also learning more about the shocking diversity of taste sensitivity. In the next section we'll learn about an acute sense that you actually might be glad not to have.
Tip
"Spoken in 1883, ""Last words are for fools who haven't said enough"" were the final words of which philosopher?"
That Neat and Tidy Map of Tastes on the Tongue you Learned in School is all Wrong | IFLScience That Neat and Tidy Map of Tastes on the Tongue you Learned in School is all Wrong 12655 Health and Medicine Tongue. Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Everybody has seen the tongue map – that little diagram of the tongue with different sections neatly cordoned off for different taste receptors. Sweet in the front, salty and sour on the sides and bitter at the back. It’s possibly the most recognizable symbol in the study of taste, but it’s wrong. In fact, it was debunked by chemosensory scientists (the folks who study how organs, like the tongue, respond to chemical stimuli) long ago. The ability to taste sweet, salty, sour and bitter isn’t sectioned off to different parts of the tongue. The receptors that pick up these tastes are actually distributed all over. We’ve known this for a long time. And yet you probably saw the map in school when you learned about taste. So where did it come from? Origins of the Taste Map That familiar but not-quite-right map has its roots in a 1901 paper, Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes , by German scientist David P Hänig. Hänig set out to measure the thresholds for taste perception around the edges of the tongue (what he referred to as the “taste belt”) by dripping stimuli corresponding to salty, sweet, sour and bitter tastes in intervals around the edges of the tongue. It is true that the tip and edges of the tongue are particularly sensitive to tastes, as these areas contain many tiny sensory organs called taste buds. Hänig found that there was some variation around the tongue in how much stimulus it took for a taste to register. Though his research never tested for the now-accepted fifth basic taste, umami (the savory taste of glutamate, as in monosodium glutamate or MSG), Hänig’s hypothesis generally holds up. Different parts of the tongue do have a lower threshold for perceiving certain tastes, but these differences are rather minute. The taste map: 1. Bitter 2. Sour 3. Salt 4. Sweet. MesserWoland via Wikimedia Commons , CC BY-SA The problem isn’t with Hänig’s findings. It’s how he decided to present that information. When Hänig published his results, he included a line graph of his measurements. The graph plots the relative change in sensitivity for each taste from one point to the next, not against other tastes. It was more of an artistic interpretation of his measurements than an accurate representation of them. And that made it look as though different parts of the tongue were responsible for different tastes, rather than showing that some parts of the tongue were slightly more sensitive to certain tastes than others. But that artful interpretation still doesn’t get us to the taste map. For that, we need to look to Edwin G Boring. In the 1940s, this graph was reimagined by Boring, a Harvard psychology professor, in his book Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology . Boring’s version also had no meaningful scale, leading to each taste’s most sensitive area being sectioned off in what we now know as the tongue map. Long in Dispute In the decades since the tongue map was created, many researchers have refuted it. Indeed, results from a number of experiments indicate that all areas of the mouth containing taste buds – including several parts of the tongue, the soft palate (on the roof of your mouth) and the throat – are sensitive to all taste qualities. Our understanding of how taste information is carried from the tongue to the brain shows that individual taste qualities are not restricted to a single region of the tongue. There are two cranial nerves responsible for taste perception in different areas of the tongue: the glossopharyngeal nerve in the back and the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve in the front. If tastes were exclusive to their respective areas, then damage to the chorda tympani, for instance, would take away one’s ability to taste sweet. In 1965, surgeon TR Bull found that subjects who had had their chorda tympani cut in medical procedures also reported no loss of taste. And in 1993, Linda Bartoshuk from the University of Florida found that by applying anesthesia to the chorda tympani nerve, not only could subjects still perceive a sweet taste, but they could taste it even more intensely. Molecular Biologists Weigh in Modern molecular biology also argues against the tongue map. Over the past 15 years, researchers have identified many of the receptor proteins found on taste cells in the mouth that are critical for detecting taste molecules. For example, we now know that everything that we perceive to be sweet can activate the same receptor, while bitter compounds activate a completely different type of receptor.   You taste with your whole tongue. Boy via www.shutterstock.com. If the tongue map were correct, one would expect sweet receptors to be localized to the front of the tongue and bitter receptors restricted to the back. But this is not the case. Rather, each receptor type is found across all taste areas in the mouth. Despite the scientific evidence, the tongue map has burrowed its way into common knowledge and is still taught in many classrooms and textbooks today. The true test doesn’t require a laboratory, though. Brew a cup of coffee. Crack open a soda. Touch a salted pretzel to the tip of the tongue. In any test, it becomes clear the tongue can perceive these tastes all over. This piece was coauthored by Drew Wilson, communications specialist at the University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste. Steven D Munger is Associate Director, Center for Smell and Taste; Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at University of Florida .
i don't know
In the film 'Die Hard', the last view of which actor, was of him falling from a tower block with a gun in his hand?
Die Hard - Internet Movie Firearms Database - Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games Reginald VelJohnson Die Hard is the 1988 action film starring Bruce Willis as John McClane, an NYPD detective who arrives in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve to visit his estranged wife Holly (Bonnie Bedelia) during an office party at the business tower where she is a vice president. When terrorists led by Hans Gruber ( Alan Rickman ) seize the tower and hold Holly and 30 others hostage, McClane then finds himself the only one who can thwart the terrorists' plans. The film, which was directed by John McTiernan , spawned four sequels and helped establish Willis as an action movie star. In addition, the basic plot of a single person taking on terrorists while trapped in a confined space would serve as the basis for a great number of action films in the following decades. The following weapons were used in the film Die Hard: Contents WARNING! THIS PAGE CONTAINS SPOILERS! Handguns Beretta 92F The Beretta 92F features prominently in the film as the sidearm of Detective John McClane ( Bruce Willis ). At one point, Hans Gruber ( Alan Rickman ) is seen holding the Beretta. Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) gets ahold of it during a fight near the end of the film as well. Another Beretta can also be seen being carried by one of the SWAT officers involved in the ill-fated raid on the Nakatomi Building. Beretta 92F (9x19mm) used by Bruce Willis in Die Hard. This is the screen-used gun from the film; note the extended mag release and slide release, which were modifications made specifically for Bruce Willis. In the beginning of the movie, a fellow plane passenger cautiously eyes McClane's 92F in his shoulder holster, but McClane assures him he's a cop. John McClane ( Bruce Willis ) holds the Beretta 92F while hiding in the Nakatomi boardroom. McClane draws his Beretta 92F when confronted by Hans Gruber's henchmen in the boardroom. McClane fires over 15 rounds from his Beretta 92F. Two rounds were fired on the terrorist first entering the room, and about 15 were fired through the table. According to the director, the proximity of the gun to Willis' ear during this scene caused permanent hearing loss for Willis. He is also visibly hit in the face by spent casings as he blasts away. A SWAT officer with a Beretta 92F. It's hard to tell, but the trigger guard is squared off, not curved as on a 92SB. McClane loads another mag into his Beretta. McClane pretends to chamber a round into his Beretta. Note his finger is on the slide release so it doesn't lock. Hans Gruber holds Detective John McClane at gunpoint with McClane's own Beretta 92F. McClane with his Beretta 92F drawn while taking cover from incoming fire from both Hans and Karl. Clearly visible in this image (if enlarged to full-size) is the extended slide release - compare to the picture of the screen-used gun above. Karl goes to grab McClane's Beretta during their fight. "Happy Trails, Hans..." McClane blows away the smoke from the barrel of his 92F. Heckler & Koch P7M13 Hans Gruber ( Alan Rickman ) carries a hard chromed Heckler & Koch P7M13 as his main weapon, notably using it to threaten Joseph Takagi (James Shigeta) and Harry Ellis (Hart Bochner), and then brandishing it at the climax of the film, holding McClane's wife Holly (Bonnie Bedelia) at gunpoint. When he first brings out the weapon while threatening Takagi, he is shown removing a matching suppressor from the barrel, thus indicating it's not a P7M13SD because there is no threaded barrel to use a suppressor. (The threads to attach the suppressor were actually inside the barrel of the gun, as there were no live rounds fired out of it.) According to the script, Hans was supposed to carry a Walther (likely a PPK , but it's not specifically identified) It is assumed that the P7M13 was used in place of this, as it bears resemblance to a Walther PPK, and both firearms are German, like Hans himself. Hard Chrome Heckler & Koch P7M13 - 9x19mm. This is the screen-used firearm carried by Alan Rickman in the film Die Hard. Thanks to James Georgopoulos . Screen Used H&K P7M13 with Suppressor (from execution Scene) - 9x19mm. This is the screen-used firearm carried by Alan Rickman in the film. (Photo by MPM2008) Hans Gruber taking the suppressor off his P7M13. Hans Gruber prepares to use his H&K P7M13. When he fires, the camera smash-cuts to another shot, presumably because, according to director John McTiernan, Alan Rickman could not help flinching. Closeup of the P7M13. "How nice to make your acquaintance!" Hans fires his H&K in the air. Another shot of Hans Gruber holding Holly Gennaro at gunpoint with his Heckler & Koch P7M13. Holly Gennaro with Hans Gruber's Heckler & Koch P7M13 to her head. Hans falls from the 30th floor of the Nakatomi Building while still holding his Heckler & Koch P7M13. The look on his face is authentic as Rickman was dropped prematurely when performing the stunt. Walther PPK During the takeover of the Nakatomi Building, Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) can be seen using a suppressed Walther PPK to kill the security guards at the front desk and by the elevators. He later has it without the silencer when he hears McClane leave following Takagi's death and goes to investigate. Suppressed Walther PPK - .380 ACP Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) holds the suppressed Walther as he takes out the security guard at the front desk. It's worth noting that in reality, even a suppressed pistol would still be perfectly audible to the other guard standing around the corner a few yards away; even if it wasn't identified as a gun, the noise would likely warrant investigation. Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) with his suppressed Walther PPK in one hand and a hockey puck flash bang in the other before taking out the second security guard. Smith & Wesson Model 15 At the end of the film, McClane finally gets to meet Sergeant Al Powell ( Reginald VelJohnson ) in person and is introducing him to his wife when Powell has to pull his Smith & Wesson Model 15 . He is seen firing 5 rounds. Smith & Wesson Model 15 - .38 Special Closeup of Powell's Model 15 as he fires. Sergeant Al Powell ( Reginald VelJohnson , right) with his Smith & Wesson Model 15 . Walther P5 The terrorist Heinrich ( Gary Roberts ) is seen pulling what appears to be a Walther P5 as he and Marco confront McClane in the boardroom. Walther P5 - 9x19mm Heinrich pulls his pistol on McClane as Marco tries to get out of the way. Submachine Guns Heckler & Koch HK94 (chopped and converted) Another frequently-seen weapon in the film is the Heckler & Koch HK94s chopped and converted to look like MP5A3s . The Heckler & Koch MP5 was often considered the Rolls Royce of submachine guns when it was first widely introduced to the market in the late 1970s/early 1980s, and are used primarily by Gruber's men (and occasionally Gruber himself). McClane manages to commandeer one from one of the terrorists, Tony Vreski ( Andreas Wisniewski ), informing his comrades of this by leaving a note on Tony's corpse saying "Now I have a machine gun. Ho Ho Ho.". At one point, McClane extends the stock hoping to use it as an anchor so he can descend down the ventilation shaft via the sling, though the sling doesn't support his weight for long, soon coming undone and sending him falling into the shaft before he catches himself on the opening of an air vent. He then procures another MP5 from another slain terrorist, using it until he runs out of ammunition during a gun battle with Karl. He then procures yet another MP5 from a terrorist on the roof, firing it into the air to scare the hostages brought up. He discards it when it runs out of ammunition before the final battle with Hans. Heckler & Koch HK94A3 chopped and converted to resemble an MP5A3. Note the lack of a paddle magazine release, a lugged barrel, and a push pin set - 9x19mm The terrorists arrive at the party wielding Heckler & Koch HK94A3's. Note excellent trigger discipline. Tony Vreski ( Andreas Wisniewski ) searches for McClane while armed with the HK94. McClane holds the converted HK94 while attempting to evade Karl and his men. Closeup of the barrel of the "MP5A3" as McClane uses it to hold back a ventilation fan. Note the lack of barrel lugs; this shows it to be a converted HK94. McClane uses the converted HK94 as an anchor in the shaft. Note lack of paddle magazine release and push pin set. "No more Table! Where are you going, Pal? Next time you get the chance to kill someone, don't hesitate!" Note that Marco ( Lorenzo Caccialanza ) uses the button release to eject the magazine. McClane with his HK94 when he talks to Hans Gruber on the walkie-talkie. Uli ( Al Leong ) is armed with the HK94 as he prepares to repel the SWAT officers. Rifles MGC M-16 Model Gun Corp Replica Rifle When the SWAT team makes their ill-fated raid on the Nakatomi building, they can be seen carrying MGC M-16 Model Gun Corp Replica Rifles . Some M16's can be seen with 20-round magazines, while others appear to have 30-round magazines. MGC M16 replica. A SWAT officer with an MGC M-16, as noted by the bolt insert. Note the magazine, which appears to be too long for a 20-round model, but too short for a 30-round. SWAT officers in the crowd with M16s. Steyr AUG One of the more unusual weapons (for the time) in the film, the Steyr AUG assault rifle is used by Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) throughout the movie. It was likely chosen as the writers wanted to contrast the terrorists' exotic European weapons with the more traditional American firearms used by the LAPD. Being bullpup in design, the AUG features a decent barrel length in a compact design, and is also fitted with an integrated scope. The AUG is fired repeatedly by Karl during his personal mission to get revenge against McClane after he killed the first terrorist, who happened to be Karl's brother. In a memorable scene at the end of the film, a revived Karl emerges from a body bag with his AUG in hand for one last-ditched attempt to kill McClane (which begs the question why he was wrapped up inside a body bag alongside his gun). Steyr AUG - 5.56x45mm Karl assembles his Steyr AUG on the elevator. Karl shoots at the vents with Steyr AUG hoping to hit McClane. Karl with his Steyr AUG to McClane's head. The AUG appears to be a rubber prop here, as the scope seems to be filled in and no glass can be seen. It is also knocked away soon. A bloodied Karl wields his Steyr AUG at the end of the film. Steyr SSG 69 Mistaking McClane for a terrorist shooting hostages, FBI Special Agent Johnson ( Robert Davi ) is seen taking aim with what appears to be a Steyr SSG 69 fitted with an AN/PVS-3 Starlight night-vision scope. Steyr SSG 69 - 7.62x51mm NATO Special Agent Johnson #1 AKA 'Big Johnson' ( Robert Davi ) readies his sniper rifle. Special Agent Johnson #1 ( Robert Davi ) rides in the gunship with his sniper rifle. Johnson #1 aims his sniper rifle at McClane. Another shot of Johnson #1 with the sniper rifle as the roof is blown. Note that the rifle appears to have a magazine attached to it. Machine Guns M60E3 Another weapon in the terrorists' arsenal, an M60E3 Machine Gun is the weapon used by Alexander to turn Sgt. Al Powell ( Reginald VelJohnson )'s police car into "swiss cheese" after McClane throws Marco out of a window and onto the hood of his car. It is also used to shoot out spotlights during the attempted SWAT raid on the Nakatomi building. M60E3 machine gun - 7.62x51mm NATO The terrorist Alexander (Joey Plewa) fires the M60E3 at Powell's police car. M60 The gunner on the Huey helicopter carrying FBI Special Agents Johnson and Johnson is seen opening fire on McClane with a full-sized M60 machine gun . M60 machine gun with bipod folded - 7.62x51mm NATO "Nail that sucker!" Special Agent Johnson #1 ( Robert Davi ) orders the US Army UH-1 Huey doorgunner to open fire with his M60 machine gun on McClane (whom they thought was one of the terrorists). Other "Hockey Puck" Flash Bang During the takeover of the Nakatomi building, Karl uses flashbang grenades shaped like hockey pucks to disorient the guard by the elevators. The flashbang is also used by Karl during the gun battle that ensues after a confrontation between McClane and Gruber. Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) with his suppressed Walther PPK in one hand and a hockey puck flash bang in the other before taking out the second security guard. One of the "Hockey Puck" flash-bangs moments before detonating and disorienting a security guard. Custom Rocket Launcher When the building is surrounded by the police, Hans has his men set up a custom rocket launcher. The launcher is fitted onto a tripod mount that is seen being bolted down before firing. It's fired twice to take out a SWAT APC. The launcher is seen being taken out. The launcher is loaded by James ( Wilhelm von Homburg ). "I see him!" Alexander (Joey Plewa) uses the sight to line up the target. Firing the launcher. Alexander fires the rocket launcher at the APC a second time. Note that the glass that was shattered by the terrorist's previous shot is shattered again (because this is just an alternate angle of the first launch). Trivia The screenplay was based on the Roderick Thorp novel Nothing Lasts Forever and the character of John McClane is an evolution of the character Joe Leland, a role portrayed by Frank Sinatra in the 1968 film The Detective .
Alan Rickman
How many lumber vertebrae are there in the human spine?
Die Hard - Internet Movie Firearms Database - Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games Reginald VelJohnson Die Hard is the 1988 action film starring Bruce Willis as John McClane, an NYPD detective who arrives in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve to visit his estranged wife Holly (Bonnie Bedelia) during an office party at the business tower where she is a vice president. When terrorists led by Hans Gruber ( Alan Rickman ) seize the tower and hold Holly and 30 others hostage, McClane then finds himself the only one who can thwart the terrorists' plans. The film, which was directed by John McTiernan , spawned four sequels and helped establish Willis as an action movie star. In addition, the basic plot of a single person taking on terrorists while trapped in a confined space would serve as the basis for a great number of action films in the following decades. The following weapons were used in the film Die Hard: Contents WARNING! THIS PAGE CONTAINS SPOILERS! Handguns Beretta 92F The Beretta 92F features prominently in the film as the sidearm of Detective John McClane ( Bruce Willis ). At one point, Hans Gruber ( Alan Rickman ) is seen holding the Beretta. Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) gets ahold of it during a fight near the end of the film as well. Another Beretta can also be seen being carried by one of the SWAT officers involved in the ill-fated raid on the Nakatomi Building. Beretta 92F (9x19mm) used by Bruce Willis in Die Hard. This is the screen-used gun from the film; note the extended mag release and slide release, which were modifications made specifically for Bruce Willis. In the beginning of the movie, a fellow plane passenger cautiously eyes McClane's 92F in his shoulder holster, but McClane assures him he's a cop. John McClane ( Bruce Willis ) holds the Beretta 92F while hiding in the Nakatomi boardroom. McClane draws his Beretta 92F when confronted by Hans Gruber's henchmen in the boardroom. McClane fires over 15 rounds from his Beretta 92F. Two rounds were fired on the terrorist first entering the room, and about 15 were fired through the table. According to the director, the proximity of the gun to Willis' ear during this scene caused permanent hearing loss for Willis. He is also visibly hit in the face by spent casings as he blasts away. A SWAT officer with a Beretta 92F. It's hard to tell, but the trigger guard is squared off, not curved as on a 92SB. McClane loads another mag into his Beretta. McClane pretends to chamber a round into his Beretta. Note his finger is on the slide release so it doesn't lock. Hans Gruber holds Detective John McClane at gunpoint with McClane's own Beretta 92F. McClane with his Beretta 92F drawn while taking cover from incoming fire from both Hans and Karl. Clearly visible in this image (if enlarged to full-size) is the extended slide release - compare to the picture of the screen-used gun above. Karl goes to grab McClane's Beretta during their fight. "Happy Trails, Hans..." McClane blows away the smoke from the barrel of his 92F. Heckler & Koch P7M13 Hans Gruber ( Alan Rickman ) carries a hard chromed Heckler & Koch P7M13 as his main weapon, notably using it to threaten Joseph Takagi (James Shigeta) and Harry Ellis (Hart Bochner), and then brandishing it at the climax of the film, holding McClane's wife Holly (Bonnie Bedelia) at gunpoint. When he first brings out the weapon while threatening Takagi, he is shown removing a matching suppressor from the barrel, thus indicating it's not a P7M13SD because there is no threaded barrel to use a suppressor. (The threads to attach the suppressor were actually inside the barrel of the gun, as there were no live rounds fired out of it.) According to the script, Hans was supposed to carry a Walther (likely a PPK , but it's not specifically identified) It is assumed that the P7M13 was used in place of this, as it bears resemblance to a Walther PPK, and both firearms are German, like Hans himself. Hard Chrome Heckler & Koch P7M13 - 9x19mm. This is the screen-used firearm carried by Alan Rickman in the film Die Hard. Thanks to James Georgopoulos . Screen Used H&K P7M13 with Suppressor (from execution Scene) - 9x19mm. This is the screen-used firearm carried by Alan Rickman in the film. (Photo by MPM2008) Hans Gruber taking the suppressor off his P7M13. Hans Gruber prepares to use his H&K P7M13. When he fires, the camera smash-cuts to another shot, presumably because, according to director John McTiernan, Alan Rickman could not help flinching. Closeup of the P7M13. "How nice to make your acquaintance!" Hans fires his H&K in the air. Another shot of Hans Gruber holding Holly Gennaro at gunpoint with his Heckler & Koch P7M13. Holly Gennaro with Hans Gruber's Heckler & Koch P7M13 to her head. Hans falls from the 30th floor of the Nakatomi Building while still holding his Heckler & Koch P7M13. The look on his face is authentic as Rickman was dropped prematurely when performing the stunt. Walther PPK During the takeover of the Nakatomi Building, Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) can be seen using a suppressed Walther PPK to kill the security guards at the front desk and by the elevators. He later has it without the silencer when he hears McClane leave following Takagi's death and goes to investigate. Suppressed Walther PPK - .380 ACP Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) holds the suppressed Walther as he takes out the security guard at the front desk. It's worth noting that in reality, even a suppressed pistol would still be perfectly audible to the other guard standing around the corner a few yards away; even if it wasn't identified as a gun, the noise would likely warrant investigation. Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) with his suppressed Walther PPK in one hand and a hockey puck flash bang in the other before taking out the second security guard. Smith & Wesson Model 15 At the end of the film, McClane finally gets to meet Sergeant Al Powell ( Reginald VelJohnson ) in person and is introducing him to his wife when Powell has to pull his Smith & Wesson Model 15 . He is seen firing 5 rounds. Smith & Wesson Model 15 - .38 Special Closeup of Powell's Model 15 as he fires. Sergeant Al Powell ( Reginald VelJohnson , right) with his Smith & Wesson Model 15 . Walther P5 The terrorist Heinrich ( Gary Roberts ) is seen pulling what appears to be a Walther P5 as he and Marco confront McClane in the boardroom. Walther P5 - 9x19mm Heinrich pulls his pistol on McClane as Marco tries to get out of the way. Submachine Guns Heckler & Koch HK94 (chopped and converted) Another frequently-seen weapon in the film is the Heckler & Koch HK94s chopped and converted to look like MP5A3s . The Heckler & Koch MP5 was often considered the Rolls Royce of submachine guns when it was first widely introduced to the market in the late 1970s/early 1980s, and are used primarily by Gruber's men (and occasionally Gruber himself). McClane manages to commandeer one from one of the terrorists, Tony Vreski ( Andreas Wisniewski ), informing his comrades of this by leaving a note on Tony's corpse saying "Now I have a machine gun. Ho Ho Ho.". At one point, McClane extends the stock hoping to use it as an anchor so he can descend down the ventilation shaft via the sling, though the sling doesn't support his weight for long, soon coming undone and sending him falling into the shaft before he catches himself on the opening of an air vent. He then procures another MP5 from another slain terrorist, using it until he runs out of ammunition during a gun battle with Karl. He then procures yet another MP5 from a terrorist on the roof, firing it into the air to scare the hostages brought up. He discards it when it runs out of ammunition before the final battle with Hans. Heckler & Koch HK94A3 chopped and converted to resemble an MP5A3. Note the lack of a paddle magazine release, a lugged barrel, and a push pin set - 9x19mm The terrorists arrive at the party wielding Heckler & Koch HK94A3's. Note excellent trigger discipline. Tony Vreski ( Andreas Wisniewski ) searches for McClane while armed with the HK94. McClane holds the converted HK94 while attempting to evade Karl and his men. Closeup of the barrel of the "MP5A3" as McClane uses it to hold back a ventilation fan. Note the lack of barrel lugs; this shows it to be a converted HK94. McClane uses the converted HK94 as an anchor in the shaft. Note lack of paddle magazine release and push pin set. "No more Table! Where are you going, Pal? Next time you get the chance to kill someone, don't hesitate!" Note that Marco ( Lorenzo Caccialanza ) uses the button release to eject the magazine. McClane with his HK94 when he talks to Hans Gruber on the walkie-talkie. Uli ( Al Leong ) is armed with the HK94 as he prepares to repel the SWAT officers. Rifles MGC M-16 Model Gun Corp Replica Rifle When the SWAT team makes their ill-fated raid on the Nakatomi building, they can be seen carrying MGC M-16 Model Gun Corp Replica Rifles . Some M16's can be seen with 20-round magazines, while others appear to have 30-round magazines. MGC M16 replica. A SWAT officer with an MGC M-16, as noted by the bolt insert. Note the magazine, which appears to be too long for a 20-round model, but too short for a 30-round. SWAT officers in the crowd with M16s. Steyr AUG One of the more unusual weapons (for the time) in the film, the Steyr AUG assault rifle is used by Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) throughout the movie. It was likely chosen as the writers wanted to contrast the terrorists' exotic European weapons with the more traditional American firearms used by the LAPD. Being bullpup in design, the AUG features a decent barrel length in a compact design, and is also fitted with an integrated scope. The AUG is fired repeatedly by Karl during his personal mission to get revenge against McClane after he killed the first terrorist, who happened to be Karl's brother. In a memorable scene at the end of the film, a revived Karl emerges from a body bag with his AUG in hand for one last-ditched attempt to kill McClane (which begs the question why he was wrapped up inside a body bag alongside his gun). Steyr AUG - 5.56x45mm Karl assembles his Steyr AUG on the elevator. Karl shoots at the vents with Steyr AUG hoping to hit McClane. Karl with his Steyr AUG to McClane's head. The AUG appears to be a rubber prop here, as the scope seems to be filled in and no glass can be seen. It is also knocked away soon. A bloodied Karl wields his Steyr AUG at the end of the film. Steyr SSG 69 Mistaking McClane for a terrorist shooting hostages, FBI Special Agent Johnson ( Robert Davi ) is seen taking aim with what appears to be a Steyr SSG 69 fitted with an AN/PVS-3 Starlight night-vision scope. Steyr SSG 69 - 7.62x51mm NATO Special Agent Johnson #1 AKA 'Big Johnson' ( Robert Davi ) readies his sniper rifle. Special Agent Johnson #1 ( Robert Davi ) rides in the gunship with his sniper rifle. Johnson #1 aims his sniper rifle at McClane. Another shot of Johnson #1 with the sniper rifle as the roof is blown. Note that the rifle appears to have a magazine attached to it. Machine Guns M60E3 Another weapon in the terrorists' arsenal, an M60E3 Machine Gun is the weapon used by Alexander to turn Sgt. Al Powell ( Reginald VelJohnson )'s police car into "swiss cheese" after McClane throws Marco out of a window and onto the hood of his car. It is also used to shoot out spotlights during the attempted SWAT raid on the Nakatomi building. M60E3 machine gun - 7.62x51mm NATO The terrorist Alexander (Joey Plewa) fires the M60E3 at Powell's police car. M60 The gunner on the Huey helicopter carrying FBI Special Agents Johnson and Johnson is seen opening fire on McClane with a full-sized M60 machine gun . M60 machine gun with bipod folded - 7.62x51mm NATO "Nail that sucker!" Special Agent Johnson #1 ( Robert Davi ) orders the US Army UH-1 Huey doorgunner to open fire with his M60 machine gun on McClane (whom they thought was one of the terrorists). Other "Hockey Puck" Flash Bang During the takeover of the Nakatomi building, Karl uses flashbang grenades shaped like hockey pucks to disorient the guard by the elevators. The flashbang is also used by Karl during the gun battle that ensues after a confrontation between McClane and Gruber. Karl ( Alexander Godunov ) with his suppressed Walther PPK in one hand and a hockey puck flash bang in the other before taking out the second security guard. One of the "Hockey Puck" flash-bangs moments before detonating and disorienting a security guard. Custom Rocket Launcher When the building is surrounded by the police, Hans has his men set up a custom rocket launcher. The launcher is fitted onto a tripod mount that is seen being bolted down before firing. It's fired twice to take out a SWAT APC. The launcher is seen being taken out. The launcher is loaded by James ( Wilhelm von Homburg ). "I see him!" Alexander (Joey Plewa) uses the sight to line up the target. Firing the launcher. Alexander fires the rocket launcher at the APC a second time. Note that the glass that was shattered by the terrorist's previous shot is shattered again (because this is just an alternate angle of the first launch). Trivia The screenplay was based on the Roderick Thorp novel Nothing Lasts Forever and the character of John McClane is an evolution of the character Joe Leland, a role portrayed by Frank Sinatra in the 1968 film The Detective .
i don't know
"On her abortion, which American writer once said ""It serves me right for putting all my eggs in one bastard""?"
Dorothy Parker - Wikiquote Dorothy Parker Jump to: navigation , search You can't teach an old dogma new tricks. Dorothy Parker ( August 22 , 1893 – June 7 , 1967 ) was an American writer, poet, and critic. A fixture of 1920s literary society known for her acerbic wit and low opinion of romantic relationships, she became a member of the famous Algonquin Round Table . Contents Quotes[ edit ] There's a hell of a distance between wise-cracking and wit. Wit has truth in it; wise-cracking is simply calisthenics with words. Excuse my dust. Her proposed epitaph for herself, quoted in Vanity Fair (June 1925) And she had It. It, hell; she had Those. Regarding a character in Elinor Glyn's novel It; in her review, "Madame Glyn Lectures on 'It,' with Illustrations" in The New Yorker (26 November 1927) Salary is no object: I want only enough to keep body and soul apart. New Yorker (4 February 1928) Well, Aimee Semple McPherson has written a book. And were you to call it a little peach, you would not be so much as scratching its surface. It is the story of her life, and it is called In the Service of the King, which title is perhaps a bit dangerously suggestive of a romantic novel. It may be that this autobiography is set down in sincerity, frankness and simple effort. It may be, too, that the Statue of Liberty is situated in Lake Ontario . "Our Lady of the Loudspeaker" in The New Yorker (25 February 1928) And it is that word 'hummy,' my darlings, that marks the first place in The House at Pooh Corner at which Tonstant Weader fwowed up. That would be a good thing for them to cut on my tombstone: Wherever she went, including here, it was against her better judgment. "But the One on the Right" in The New Yorker (1929) A lady … with all the poise of the Sphinx though but little of her mystery. Concerning a child actress in A. A. Milne's play Give Me Yesterday; in her review of same, "Just Around Pooh Corner" in The New Yorker (14 March 1931) The House Beautiful is, for me, the play lousy. Review of "The House Beautiful" by Channing Pollock, New Yorker (21 March 1931) Drink and dance and laugh and lie, Love, the reeling midnight through, For tomorrow we shall die! (But, alas, we never do.) "The Flaw in Paganism" in Death and Taxes (1931) The ones I like … are "cheque" and "enclosed." On the most beautiful words in the English language, as quoted in The New York Herald Tribune (12 December 1932) And I'll stay away from Verlaine too; he was always chasing Rimbauds. "The Little Hours" in Here Lies (1939); this plays on the title of the popular song "I'm Always Chasing Rainbows"; Paul Verlaine was Arthur Rimbaud 's lover. I might repeat to myself, slowly and soothingly, a list of quotations beautiful from minds profound; if I can remember any of the damn things. "The Little Hours" in Here Lies (1939) I'm never going to accomplish anything; that's perfectly clear to me. I'm never going to be famous. My name will never be writ large on the roster of Those Who Do Things. I don't do anything. Not one single thing. I used to bite my nails, but I don't even do that any more. "The Little Hours" in Here Lies (1939) One more drink and I'd have been under the host. As quoted in Try and Stop Me by Bennett Cerf (1944) Misattributed as quatrain beginning “I like to have a martini,” (see below). It takes me six months to do a story. I think it out and then write it sentence by sentence—no first draft. I can’t write five words but that I change seven. Interview, The Paris Review (Summer 1956) There's a hell of a distance between wise-cracking and wit. Wit has truth in it; wise-cracking is simply calisthenics with words. Interview, The Paris Review (Summer 1956) It's not the tragedies that kill us; it's the messes. Interview, The Paris Review (Summer 1956) All those writers who write about their own childhood! Gentle God, if I wrote about mine you wouldn't sit in the same room with me. Interview in The Paris Review, Issue #13 (Summer 1956) [On being told of Calvin Coolidge 's death] How do they know? (Coolidge was well-known for being a man of very few words.) Quoted in Writers at Work 1st Series by Malcolm Cowley (1958) There is no such hour on the present clock as 6:30, New York time. Yet, as only New Yorkers know, if you can get through the twilight, you'll live through the night. "New York at 6:30 P.M.", Esquire (November 1964) You can't teach an old dogma new tricks. Attributed to Parker after her death, by Robert E. Drennan The Algonquin Wits (1968), p. 124. However the same quip appears anonymously fifteen years earlier, in the trade journal Sales Management (Chicago: Dartnell Corp., 1918-75), vol. 70 (Survey of Buying Power, 1953), p. 80: "Marxism never changes. You can’t teach an old dogma new tricks." Too fucking busy, and vice versa. Response to an editor pressuring her for overdue work, as quoted in The Unimportance of Being Oscar (1968) by Oscar Levant , p. 89 It serves me right for putting all my eggs in one bastard. On her abortion, as quoted in You Might as well Live by John Keats (1970) You can lead a horticulture, but you can't make her think. Parker's answer when asked to use the word horticulture during a game of Can-You-Give-Me-A-Sentence?, as quoted in You Might as well Live by John Keats (1970). What fresh hell can this be? "If the doorbell rang in her apartment, she would say, 'What fresh hell can this be?' — and it wasn't funny; she meant it." You might as well live: the life and times of Dorothy Parker, John Keats (Simon Schuster, 1970, p124). Often quoted as "What fresh hell is this?" as in the title of the 1987 biography by Marion Meade, "Dorothy Parker: What Fresh Hell Is This?". Enough Rope (1926)[ edit ] Ballads of a Great Weariness Scratch a lover, and find a foe. Observation If I didn't care for fun and such, I'd probably amount to much. But I shall stay the way I am, Because I do not give a damn. First printed in New York World, (16 August 1925) Comment May view John Knox in Paradise. First printed in Life, 24 February 1927 p. 5 A Pig's-Eye View of Literature: Oscar Wilde If with the literate I am Impelled to try an epigram, I never seek to take the credit; We all assume that Oscar said it. First printed in Life, (2 June 1927) p. 13 Fair Weather They sicken of the calm, who knew the storm. First printed in New York World, (20 January 1928) p. 13 Thoughts for a Sunshiny Morning It costs me never a stab nor squirm To tread by chance upon a worm. "Aha, my little dear," I say, "Your clan will pay me back some day." First printed in New Yorker, (9 April 1927) p. 31 Our Mrs Parker (1934)[ edit ] Quotes of Parker from Alexander Woollcott 's biographical essay "Our Mrs Parker" in While Rome Burns (1934) which is the original published source for some of the most famous things she said at the Algonquin Round Table. That woman speaks eighteen languages, and can't say No in any of them. A similar line was later used by Ira Gershwin in " The Saga of Jenny " in Lady in the Dark (1942): "In 27 languages she couldn't say no." And there was that wholesale libel on a Yale prom. If all the girls attending it were laid end to end, Mrs Parker said, she wouldn't be at all surprised. Brevity is the soul of lingerie. Caption written for Vogue 1916 Katharine Hepburn delivered a striking performance that ran the gamut of emotions, from A to B. Woollcott writes in While Rome Burns that Parker had "recently...achieved an equal compression in reporting on The Lake, Miss Hepburn, it seems, had run the whole gamut from A to B." These words do not appear in Dorothy Parker's 1934 printed review of The Lake, but were elsewhere described as a spoken remark. "'We might as well go back,' said Dorothy Parker during an intermission of The Lake in 1934, 'and watch Katharine Hepburn run the gamut of emotions from A to B.'" "Hepburn From A to B : Close-up of a Stage Struck Youngster" by Alan Jackson, in Cinema Arts Vol. 1 No. 2, (July 1937) Not Much Fun: The Lost Poems of Dorothy Parker (1996)[ edit ] Dotty had They exude an atmosphere of The New Republic—a sort of Crolier -than-thou air. p. 36 There is one thing about Fiddlers Three, though, that held my attention all through the evening: Try as I might I could only discern two fiddlers. p. 42 Chapter 2: 1919[ edit ] To quote the only line of Gertrude Stein’s which I have ever been able to understand, “It is wonderful how I am not interested.” p. 64 You know how a play in dialect is. At the first act, you think, “How quaint!”; at the second act, you wish they would either stop using dialect or keep quiet; and at the third act, you wish you hadn’t come. And Tillie, may I mention in passing, has four acts. p. 64 If the English version is in what, in our youth, we used to speak of affectionately as dear old iambic pentameter, the actors mercifully abstain from reciting it that way; they speak their lines as good, hardy prose. p. 76 The musical comedies of the month are She’s a Good Fellow and The Lady in Red, both of which owe their book and lyrics to Anne Caldwell —evidently a native of New York, judged by the casualness with which she rhymes “teacher” and “reach a.” p. 82 And you remember, Rabbi Wise has declared, in a heated moment, that our plays seem to be written for the hosiery buyers. If Dr. Wise had only witnessed our new summer reviews, he doubtless would have amended his statement to read “by the hosiery buyers.” p.89 This use of soldiers to make a play popular seems too much like taking an unfair advantage of the uniform—hitting below the Sam Browne belt, as it were. p. 93 In short, there is everything about this season’s entertainment to make the Hippodrome what it always is—a Temple of the Arts to all those who hang pennants on their automobiles, use “Shake hands with my friend” as a formula for introduction, and sprinkle powdered sugar on their sliced tomatoes. p. 106 Chapter 3: 1920[ edit ] The play holds the season’s record, thus far, with a run of four evening performances and one matinée. By an odd coincidence, it ran just five performances too many. p. 121 Writing a book for the Follies seems to be about as profitable an occupation as furnishing flannel petticoats for the showgirls. p. 151 The management’s method of procedure is evidently to hire some well-known man to write the book, and then, as soon as it is written, to give it away to some deserving family, and go out and engage an assortment of specialty acts. p. 151 Van and Schenck put their songs over so skillfully that it isn’t until their act is all done that you realize what extremely indifferent songs they are. Now, when John Steel is singing, on the other hand, you are never fooled for a moment. p.153 Mr. Hodge plays with his accustomed ease, even carrying the thing so far as to repeat many of his lines with his eyes shut; and in a pretty spirit of reciprocity, many members of the audience sit through the play with their eyes shut. p. 175 Chapter 4: 1921[ edit ] Of course, there are many things to be said for the afternoon performance, chief among them being that it cuts in so generously on one’s work. p. 201 Naturally, you know how you would feel on setting out to see a performance of Aucassin and Nicolette done by a company of little ones; you would strive to hurl yourself beneath the wheels of a friendly truck, on your way to the theatre. p. 233 Bringing in a wounded soldier is getting to be rather like waving an American flag at the end of an act. One cannot harbor feelings of unmixed admiration for the playwright who will hide behind either of them. p. 250 Chapter 5: 1922[ edit ] So seeing that there is nothing further to say, I shall go right on talking about The Circle , thus proving that I am a born reviewer of plays. p. 256 Rockliffe Fellowes gives a likable performance of the secondary crook’s rôle, and there are some decidedly agreeable-looking doughnuts consumed in the first act. And that is about all one can say for Pot Luck. p. 260 If you arrive late, you won’t know what anything is about, and if you are there all the way from the beginning, you won’t care. p. 277 There is one thing that appreciably eases the strain for the plays that arrive at this time of year, and that is that practically nothing is expected of them. p. 306 The murdered man meets his death in an intriguing and novel manner, which the management asks its customers, as a personal favor, not to reveal to possible future audiences. It remains a secret, chummily shared by those that have seen the play and the four or five million who read it in its original form as a Saturday Evening Post story a year or so ago. p. 320 It is advertised as “a seagoin’ comedy,” and anytime they go leaving off the final g that way, you know what to expect. p. 324 Chapter 6: 1923[ edit ] Two things made The Dice of the Gods, another play about drugs, seem much better than it had any real right to seem. One was that Morphia had come first, and once you had seen Morphia, nothing seemd so very terrible to you. p. 375 The cure for boredom is curiosity . There is no cure for curiosity. Widely attributed to Dorothy Parker and to Ellen Parr, but the origin is unknown. “Age Before Beauty.” “Pearls Before Swine.” Widely attributed to Dorothy Parker and Clare Boothe Luce. “Age before beauty” said Luce while yielding the way. “And pearls before swine,” replied Parker while gliding through the doorway. [1] “ Martini Madness: Dorothy Parker didn’t write the famous quatrain about martinis that’s always attributed to her. ”, Troy Patterson, Slate , April 8, 2013 This is not a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown with great force. Quoted in The Algonquin Wits (1968) edited by Robert E. Drennan, and The Dispatch (October 1962). As noted at Snopes, Drennan's source seems to be a Parker review which does not seem to contain this quote. If Parker wrote this statement anywhere the primary source seems to have gone missing. The earliest attribution of this quote was published in the February 1960 Readers' Digest, and credited to a book review by Sid Ziff in the Los Angeles Mirror-News, which existed from 1955 to 1960. This is a little odd, considering that Sid Ziff was a sports columnist; the reference in Readers' Digest has been confirmed but the quote from the Mirror-News has not - see Quote Investigator for details. Quotes about Parker[ edit ]
Dorothy Parker
The human spine includes how many cervical vertebrae?
Miss Parker's Pain: the Romantic Heart of Dorothy Parker Miss Parker's Pain: the Romantic Heart of Dorothy Parker Updated on February 19, 2013 A Brilliant Career One time editor of Vanity Fair, Frank Crowinshield once said of Dorothy Parker "she had the quickest tongue imaginable, and I need not say the keenest sense of mockery". Yet Parker's clever, cynical approach obscured a deep-seated romanticism that is evident in much of her work; particularly her poetry about relationships, which formed a large part of her creative output. It seems probable that the incessant, cynical quiping was a kind of protection from the disappointments and disillusionments of her life experience. As the saying goes...'scratch a cynic and you'll find a disappointed idealist beneath'. Parker was forthright, nor was she frightened of confrontation and indeed her candour cost her her job at Vanity Fair in 1920, as a result of her barbed, witty pieces, which sometimes offended those those who were on the receiving end. Always in search of a passionate high, her private life was a heady soup of romantic highs and lows; she was emotionally adventurous and had, on more than one occasion, to pay the price for venturing into dangerous waters. Irrespective of what was happening in her life, Parker always pressed on with her writing - eloquent, elegant compositions, spiced with a knowing cynicism that revealed her sharp insights into the human condition. Between 1927 and 1933 wrote book reviews for The New Yorker and from 1957 to 1962, for Esquire. Her first collection of poems, Enough Rope, was published in 1926 and was a bestseller. This was followed by Sunset Guns (1928) and Death and Taxes (1931), which were included in Collected Poems: Not So Deep As a Well (1936). In additon, she wrote for films,co- founded the Screenwriter's Guild and wrote two short story collections - After Such Pleasures (1932) and Here Lies (1939) . The Dorothy Parker Society The Algonquin The audacious poet was something of a legend in the New York literary scene and she fraternized with many of the luminaries of the day. At the Algonquin Club she was absorbed into a group of clever wits known variously as "The Round Table" and "The Vicious Circle", although originally the group had referrred to themselves as "The Board" and their long, loquacious lunches as "Board Meetings." The group included literary players like humourist Robert Benchley, critic Alexander Woollcott,  the founder and editor of The New Yorker; Harold Ross, columnists Franklin Pierce Adams and Heywood Broun, comedian Harpo Marx and playwrights George S. Kaufman, Marc Connelly, novelist Edna Ferber, and Robert Sherwood. Occasionally, visiting writer's and others would be permitted entry to the inner sanctum, such as notorious wit and British playwright Noel Coward. When they weren't playing charades, cribbage and poker, the Algonquin crowd were engaging in witticisms, practical jokes, smart remarks, bitchiness and collaborative creative exchanges. It was a living hub of artistic egos at play and Dorothy Parker was a luminous player. "Beauty is only skin deep, but ugly goes clean to the bone."~ Dorothy parker Although not pretty in the conventional sense, Dorothy Parker was sophisticated, stylish in her own unique way and posessed the sort of sex-appeal that comes from a brightly animated spirit. Experience Some men break your heart in two, Some men fawn and flatter, Some men never look at you; And that clears up the matter. The Vicious Circle by Al Hirsrchfield Satrical Quips Parker's jaunty, sardonic style was often superficially matter of fact, yet the deeper truths are always evident. The reader smiles, but it's a knowing smile because we recognise the warts on the familiar: ~She runs the gamut of emotion, from A to B.~ ~If all the girls who attended Yale Prom were laid end to end, I wouldn't be at all surprised.~ ~That woman speaks eighteen languages and can't say no in any of them.~ ~I like to have a martini. Two at the very most....At three I'm under the table. At four I'm under the host.~ ~Tell him I'm too f*cking busy..or tell him I' m too busy f*cking~ ~if you want to know what God thinks of money, just look at the people he gave it to.~ ~The two most beautiful words in the English language are "cheque enclosed".~ ~You can't teach an old dogma new tricks.~ Dorothy Parker: The Dark Heart of Love Oh, life is a glorious cycle of song, A medley of extemporanea; And love is a thing that can never go wrong; And I am Marie of Rumania. Parker's cynicism about love is evident in the poem above and indeed, long term happiness in love eluded her. One of her lovers was literary star, F Scott Fitzgerald, - while he was still married, though the affair was brief and according to columnist Sheila Graham, who herself was involved with Fitzgerald, the affair was motivated "by compassion on her part and despair on his". It was not Parker's only extra-marital relationships and in between affairs she married twice. "Serves me right for putting all my eggs in one bastard." At twenty-six, she married a man called Edwin Pond Parker II, In 1917 and by the end of 1919, they were divorced. Pond Parker was a stockbroker and sadly, one with a troubled, damaged personality. Wounded in World War I, he was an alcoholic, and as a result of his injuries, he became addicted to morphine during the war. Parker once joked that she had only married him to shake off her Jewish maiden name of Rothschild and avoid the anti-semitism that was pervasive at the time. "His voice was as intimate as the rustle of sheets." Dorothy Parker didn't marry again until 1930, this time to actor and aspiring screenwriter, Alan Campbell, a man twelve years her junior. The pair moved to Hollywood where she took up a new career in screenwriting. Campbell too, ultimately proved to be a delicate soul and died in 1963 of a barbituate overdose. The marriage had lasted seventeen years until they divorced in 1947 but it had been a volatile match for much of that time - exacerbated by Parker's increasing alcohol dependence and Campbell's affair with a married woman. Nethertheless, it proved to be her most enduring relationship and they remarried in 1950 but while they remained good friends, they lived apart second time around. The poem below, A Dream Lies Dead, reeks of dissillusionment yet the reader can sense the fragile idealism beneath: A dream lies dead here. May you softly go Before this place, and turn away your eyes, Nor seek to know the look of that which dies Importuning Life for life. Walk not in woe, But, for a little, let your step be slow. And, of your mercy, be not sweetly wise With words of hope and Spring and tenderer skies. A dream lies dead; and this all mourners know: Whenever one drifted petal leaves the tree- Though white of bloom as it had been before And proudly waitful of fecundity- One little loveliness can be no more; And so must Beauty bow her imperfect head Because a dream has joined the wistful dead! Might as Well Live; Dorothy Parker's Suicidal Tendencies Throughout the 1920s Parker succumbed to several extra-marital affairs, drank to excess and attempted suicide three times. Although professionally she was a raging success and never lost her motivation to write, her private passions were a source of profound disatisfaction, despair and disappointment. However, at least through her poetry, her attitude to the tragic imperfections of life was philosophical: Resume Gas smell awful; You might as well live Such dark tendencies may have stemmed partly from what was by her own account, an unhappy childhood. Her mother died when she was five, she reputedly detested her step-mother and relations wth her father, Jacob Henry Rothschild, whom she accused of physically abusive, weren't much better. Rothschild died when she was twenty, In politics, she was characteristically outspoken and was an early supporter of civil liberties and civil rights a well as a vocal critic of Fascism and Nazism. During the McMarthy era Parker was blacklisted, having declared herself a communist, though she was never a member of the Communist party. Her satirical wit was an effective weapon but she used it wisely, against pretence, hypocrisy and oppression and never against the oppressed. Dorothy Parker did live and in the end died of natural causes at the age of 73, alone in her home in 1967 - a residential New York hotel. Childless, she left her estate to Martin Luther King, Jr , a man she had never met. Through all the vicissitudes of personal hurt, her social conscience never left her. In worldy matters, as in love, she was at heart a romantic idealist. More People to Read About
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Which world leader was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990?
The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Prize share: 1/1 The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 was awarded to Mikhail Gorbachev "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community". Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 1990". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 10 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1990/>
Mikhail Gorbachev
Much in the news during the 'Falklands Crisis', on which island is Wideawake Airfield?
Nobel highlights Syria with Peace Prize to chemical weapons watchdog - CNN.com Nobel highlights Syria with Peace Prize to chemical weapons watchdog By Ben Brumfield and Laura Smith-Spark, CNN Updated 5:42 PM ET, Fri October 11, 2013 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED What Nobel Peace Prize winners do 05:02 Story highlights Nobel committee hopes the award gives "strong support" to OPCW inspectors in Syria Panel says the prize wasn't for work in Syria, but for work to eliminate all chemical weapons OPCW inspectors have just begun to work in the active war zone All chemical weapons in Syria are to be destroyed by mid-2014 The Nobel Peace Prize has turned the global spotlight back on the conflict in Syria. The prize committee in Oslo, Norway, awarded it Friday to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , the international chemical weapons watchdog helping to eliminate the Syrian army's stockpiles of poison gas. EXCLUSIVE: Inside lab that tested Syria chemical weapon evidence Its inspectors have just begun working in the active war zone, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee said it hopes the award offers "strong support" to them as they face arduous and life-threatening tasks. But the OPCW did not receive the prize primarily because of its work in Syria, committee chairman Thorbjorn Jagland said. "It is because of its long-standing efforts to eliminate chemical weapons and that we are now about to reach the goal and do away with a whole category of weapons of mass destruction. That would be a great event in history, if we can achieve that." Nevertheless, OPCW Director-General Ahmet Uzumcu said he wants the prize to inspire everyone to reach for peace in Syria. JUST WATCHED Chemical attack a 'war crime' 01:53 JUST WATCHED Weapons inspectors face difficult task 04:40 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The late Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel left the bulk of his fortune to create the Nobel Prizes to honor work in five areas, including peace. In his 1895 will, he said one part was dedicated to that person "who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." See the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize since it was first awarded in 1901. Hide Caption 1 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos for his efforts to end Colombia's long-running civil war. Hide Caption 2 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The 2015 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet for its "decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in the country in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011." From left to right: the Secretary General of the Tunisian General Labour Union Houcine Abbassi, the President of the National Order of Tunisian Lawyers Fadhel Mahfoudh, the Tunisian Human Rights League Abdessatar Ben Moussa and the President of the Tunisian employers union Wided Bouchamaoui. Hide Caption 3 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The 2015 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet for its "decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in the country in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011." Members of the quartet are seen here in this 2013 photo, left to right, The President of the Tunisian employers union (UTICA), Wided Bouchamaoui, Secretary General of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) Houcine Abbassi (L) , President of the Tunisian Human Rights League (LTDH), Abdessattar ben Moussa and the president of the National Bar Association, Mohamed Fadhel Mahfoudh. Hide Caption 4 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Malala Yousafzai split the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize with India's Kailash Satyarthi for their struggles against the suppression of children and for young people's rights. Yousafzai came to global attention after she was shot in the head by the Taliban in 2012 for her efforts to promote education for girls in Pakistan. Hide Caption 5 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Ahmet Uzumcu, director-general of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , speaks after his chemical watchdog group was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013. The Hague, Netherlands-based organization received the prize for helping to eliminate the Syrian army's stockpiles of poison gas as well as for its longtime efforts to eliminate chemical weapons. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The European Union won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption 7 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Liberian peace activist Leymah Gbowee, from left, Tawakkol Karman of Yemen and Liberian President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners U.S. President Barack Obama won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Martti Ahtisaari won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008. Hide Caption 11 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former Vice President Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Muhammed Yunus and Grameen Bank won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Mohamed ElBaradei and the International Atomic Energy Agency won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. Hide Caption 14 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Wangari Muta Maathai, founder of the Green Belt Movement, Kenya, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Iranian lawyer and human rights activist Shirin Ebadi won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former President Jimmy Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Hide Caption 17 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former United Nations Secretary General Koffi Annan, center, with French Forces commander Gen. Alain Pellegrini, right, review UNIFIL soldiers upon Annan's arrival to the U.N. peacekeeping base in the southern Lebanese town of Naqura, on August 29, 2006. Annan and the United Nations won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. Hide Caption 19 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners A flag bearing the logo of Medecins sans Frontieres (also known as Doctors Without Borders) stands in the middle of a makeshift clinic at Kenya's Dadaab refuge on October 16, 2011. Medicins sans Frontieres won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. Hide Caption 20 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners David Trimble, left, and John Hume hold up their diplomas and medals after receiving their Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway, on December 10, 1998. Trimble and Hume won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998. Hide Caption 21 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Jody Williams sits in front of donated shoes symbolizing landmine victims during Ban Landmines Week on March 8, 2001, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Williams and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997. Hide Caption 22 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, left, and Jose Ramos-Horta shake hands at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo on December 9,1996, prior to the awarding ceremony. Belo and Ramos-Horta won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996. Hide Caption 23 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995. Hide Caption 24 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Palestinian leader Yaser Arafat, from left, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin hold up their awards after winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994. Hide Caption 25 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners South African National Congress President Nelson Mandela, left, and South African President F.W. de Klerk shake hands in Oslo, Norway, on December 10, 1993, after being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption 26 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Rigoberta Menchu campaigns in the Alameda neighborhood of Guatemala City, Guatemala, on November 4, 2011. Menchu won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Hide Caption 29 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners U.N. soldiers unload their gear from a C-130 cargo plane as the U.N. observer team policing the Iran-Iraq ceasefire arrives in Baghdad. The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. Hide Caption 30 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Costa Rican President-elect Oscar Arias waves to supporters after receiving the ceremonial sash at the National Stadium in San Jose on May 8, 2006. Arias won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987. Hide Caption 31 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel appears at a press conference at the United Nations on October 27, 2004 in New York. Wiesel won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. Hide Caption 32 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Members of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War clasp hands on October 11, 1985, at the group's Boston headquarters after the organization was awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. The doctors are, from left, Eric Chivian, co-founder; John Pastore, secretary; Sidney Alexander, president of the U.S. affiliate group; and James Muller, co founder. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Archbishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former Polish President Lech Walesa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983. Hide Caption 35 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Alva Myrdal, right, and Alfonso Garcia Robles won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, having played a central role in the United Nations' disarmament negotiations. Hide Caption 36 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Refugees are registered in Somalia in November 1981. The Nobel Peace Prize that year was awarded to the United Nations' refugee agency, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Hide Caption 37 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Adolfo Perez Esquivel, who has devoted his life to the struggle for human rights, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1980. Hide Caption 38 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Mother Teresa, founder of the Missionaries of Charity order, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Hide Caption 39 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners President Jimmy Carter, center, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, left, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin join hands after signing the Camp David Accords. Sadat and Begin won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Amnesty International won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977. Hide Caption 41 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan, co-founders of the Community for Peace People, share a joke while leading a peace rally of Catholic and Protestant woman in the Protestant Shankill Road, in Belfast, on August 28, 1976. Williams and Corrigan won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1976. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. Hide Caption 43 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato, left, and Irish official Sean MacBride shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974. Hide Caption 44 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Hanoi's delegate Le Duc Tho cheers to the crowd while leaving the International Conference Center in Paris on January 23, 1973, after meeting with presidential adviser Henry Kissinger, center. Le Duc Tho and Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973. Hide Caption 45 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners German Chancellor Willy Brandt poses after being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize n Oslo on December 10, 1971. Hide Caption 46 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Dr. Norman Borlaug holds up stalks of his specifically crossbred wheat, designed to be more disease-resistant. Borlaug won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Hide Caption 47 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The International Labour Organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969. David Morse was the director general of the organization from 1948-70. Hide Caption 48 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Rene Cassin, the French jurist and a deputy chairman of the NATO committee for human rights, holds up a telegram after being notified of winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968. Hide Caption 49 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Children drink milk handed out by UNICEF workers in Moundou, Chad, on October 26, 1965. UNICEF won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965. Hide Caption 50 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. displays his Nobel Peace Prize medal in December 1964 in Oslo, Norway. Then 35, King was the youngest man to have received the prize. The U.S. civil rights leader was slain in 1968. Hide Caption 51 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners A group of Red Cross rescue workers hold a capsule used to supply food and beverages to three trapped miners at an iron ore mine near Lengede, Germany, on October 28, 1963. The League of Red Cross Societies won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1963. Hide Caption 52 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners American chemist Linus Pauling won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his campaigning for a nuclear test ban treaty. Pauling also won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1954. Hide Caption 53 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish politician and the second U.N. secretary general, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1961. Hide Caption 54 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners King Olav V of Norway, left, shakes hands with Albert Lutuli, president-general of the African National Congress, after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 in Oslo. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners British politician Philip Noel-Baker was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1959. Hide Caption 56 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Georges Pire, right, receives the Nobel Peace Prize in 1958 for his efforts to help European refugees leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity. Hide Caption 57 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Canadian politician Lester Bowles Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his active role in attempting to prevent war. Hide Caption 58 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners North Korean refugees cross the Naktong River in South Korea on August 6, 1950, just a short time before the beginning of the conflict between North and South Korea. The U.N. forces in Korea had set a time limit of 15 hours for crossing the river. In 1954, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the UNHCR, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Gen. George Catlett Marshall of the U.S. Army won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Dr. Albert Schweitzer -- a physician, philosopher and theologian -- won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Leon Jouhaux, a French union activist, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1951. Hide Caption 62 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Ralph Bunche won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950 for his "unremitting campaign to develop man's ability to live in peace, harmony and mutual understanding with his fellows," according to the Nobel Committee. Hide Caption 63 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Lord John Boyd Orr, a British nutritionist and health campaigner, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949. Hide Caption 64 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners A family begins to assimilate in a new community on August 4, 1941, after being rehabilitated by the American Quakers and the Unitarian service committee, after fleeing with thousands of others from war-torn Lorraine, France, to begin a new life. The Friends Service Council (The Quakers) and the American Friends Service Committee won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1947. Hide Caption 65 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners John Raleigh Mott, left, and Emily Greene Balch won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946. Mott won for his contributions to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries. Balch won for unrelenting efforts to fight for peace. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945. Hide Caption 67 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners American Red Cross workers check packages for troops fighting in Leyte, Philippines, on November 20,1944. The International Committee of the Red Cross won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1944. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Nansen International Office for Refugees won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. Hide Caption 69 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Viscount Cecil of Chelwood won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937 for promoting peace at a time of war. Hide Caption 70 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Carlos Saavedra Lamas won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1936 for his personal contribution to the cause of peace in Latin America. Hide Caption 71 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Carl Von Ossietzky, seen here in a concentration camp uniform, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1935. Hide Caption 72 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Arthur Henderson, Britain's foreign secretary, arrives at 10 Downing Street in London on August 17, 1931. Henderson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1934. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Sir Norman Angell won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1933 for promoting international peace. Hide Caption 74 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Swedish Bishop Nathan Söderblom won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1930. Söderblom was the first clergyman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption 75 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Frank Billings Kellogg, an American diplomat, speaks after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in a ceremony at the Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway. The award commemorates his origination of the Kellogg Peace Pact, which was signed by European nations and the United States in Paris. Kellogg won the Peace Prize in 1929. Hide Caption 76 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners French educator Ferdinand Buisson was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1927 with Ludwig Quidde, right, who founded the League for Human Rights. Hide Caption 77 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners German politician and industrialist Gustav Stresemann, left, and French politician Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. Hide Caption 78 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners British statesman and Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain, left, and American statesman and financier Charles Gates Dawes won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Norwegian Arctic explorer and statesman Fridtjof Nansen won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922. Hide Caption 80 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Christian Lous Lange, left, and Karl Hjalmar Branting won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 for promoting global peace. Hide Caption 81 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners French socialist statesman Leon Victor Auguste Bourgeois, founder of the League of Nations, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1920. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners President Woodrow Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. Hide Caption 83 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Belgian diplomat Henri La Fontaine, who served as president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1913. Hide Caption 84 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners American jurist and statesman Elihu Root, who served as U.S. Secretary of War from 1899-1904, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912 for his promotion of international arbitration. Hide Caption 85 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Tobias Michael Carel Asser, left, and Alfred Hermann Fried won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911 for their efforts in promoting peace among nations. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The International Peace Bureau won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910. Hide Caption 87 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners French diplomat Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque, left, and Belgian Prime Minister Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909. Hide Caption 88 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Danish writer and politician Fredrik Bajer, left, and Swedish author and politician Klas Pontus Arnoldson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1908. Hide Caption 89 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Nobel Peace Prize in 1907 was awarded jointly to Italian journalist Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, left, and French industrialist Louis Renault. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 was awarded to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Hide Caption 91 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Austrian author Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner became the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905. Hide Caption 92 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Members of the Red Cross Motor Corps, all wearing masks to protect against the further spread of the influenza epidemic, carry a patient on a stretcher into an ambulance in St. Louis in October 1918. The International Committee of the Red Cross won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917. Hide Caption 93 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Institute of International Law won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1904 for promoting peace around the world. Hide Caption 94 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners English politician, pacifist and trade unionist Sir William Randal Cremer won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903. Hide Caption 95 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Swiss activist Elie Ducommun and Swiss lawyer Charles Albert Gobat won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902. Hide Caption
i don't know
"What is meant by the suffix ""-algia"", as in neuralgia?"
Neurologic | definition of neurologic by Medical dictionary Neurologic | definition of neurologic by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neurologic /neu·ro·log·ic/ (-loj´ik) pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system. neurologic, neurological adjective Referring to the nervous system. Medspeak adjective Referring to neurology. menopause Change of life, climacteric, 'time of life'  Gynecology The cessation of menstrual activity due to failure to form ovarian follicles, which normally occurs age 45–50 Clinical Menstrual irregularity, vasomotor instability, 'hot flashes', irritability or psychosis, ↑ weight, painful breasts, dyspareunia, ↑/↓ libido, atrophy of urogenital epithelium and skin, ASHD, MI, strokes and osteoporosis–which can be lessened by HRT. See Estrogen replacement therapy , Hot flashes , Male menopause , Premature ovarian failure , Premature menopause. Cf Menarche . Menopause–”…what a drag it is getting old.” Jagger, Richards Bladder Cystourethritis, frequency/urgency, stress incontinence Breasts ↓ Size, softer consistency, sagging Cardiovascular Angina, ASHD, CAD Mucocutaneous Atrophy, dryness, pruritus, facial hirsutism, dry mouth Neurologic Psychological, sleep disturbances Skeleton  Osteoporosis, fractures, low back pain Vagina Bloody discharge, dyspareunia, vaginitis Vocal cords Deepened voice pertaining to or emanating from the nervous system or from neurology. neurological assessment evaluation of the health status of a patient with a nervous system disorder or dysfunction. The purposes of the assessment include establishing a diagnosis to guide the veterinarian in prescribing medical and surgical treatments and in planning and implementing nursing measures to help the patient cope effectively with daily living. Includes evaluation of cranial nerves, gait , mental state, muscle tone (1), postural reactions, sensory perceptivity, spinal nerves and visceral function. neurological deficit any defect or absence of function of a peripheral nerve or a system; e.g. nystagmus is a vestibular deficit. Patient discussion about neurologic Q. Migraine stroke Hi, I'm 58 years-old male and I have migraines with aura since age 14. Two weeks ago, I felt weakness in the left side of my body, and at the hospital the doctors told me I had a stroke. I underwent several tests, but they still don't know the cause for the stroke (my lab tests are normal; I don't have diabetes or hypertension). My neurologist said that although it's very rare, he thinks that my stroke was caused by my migraine. I tried to find information about it, but couldn't find much – do you know where I can get some more info? Thanks! A. I supposedly had two strokes that caused one sided weakness and temporary aphasia. The most recent time it happened, I went to a different hospital's ER where their neurologist and stroke specialist told me I have "complex migraines." Apparently this type of migraine can mimic a stroke with all the symptoms. If you look up "complex migraine" at webmd.com or other similar sites, it will give you more informaton. My opinion, for what it's worth, is that I'd rather have a migraine than another stroke since migraines can be treated with preventive meds and/or meds that help the symptoms once it gets started. Q. Could I be going through a Brain aneurysm? i woke up in the night with a bad headache in the back of my head and above my eye. never had a headache like that. but all day today have not had the headache. could this be an aneurysm? A. I had an brain anyuism in 2001. I had a head ache right above my left eye for 10 days. It got worse as the days went by. I went in to the emergency room and they gave me a spinal tap and it ruptured.Thank God that it cloted (that dos'nt happen). But it did and they did emergency surgury. I am alive and back to normal today. My parents both died of brain anyuisms. That is how huretaty starts.
Pain (disambiguation)
In dating advertisements, what does the 'H' in the initials 'S.O.H.' represent?
Medical Terms Used in HHARP and their Definitions | HHARP Register Medical Terms Used in HHARP and their Definitions The Medical Glossary is designed to help users not familiar with medical terminology. It contains a list of medical terms used in the HHARP databases. Where possible we have attempted to provide 19th century definitions for these terms, to provide an impression of medical understanding at the time the various hospital admission records were generated. The main sources for these definitions were two nursing textbooks, Catherine Wood’s A Handbook of Nursing for the Home and Hospital published c1888 and Honnor Morten’s The Nurse’s Pronouncing Dictionary of Medical Terms and Nursing Treatment, published in 1904. Catherine Wood was Lady Superintendent at the Hospital for Sick Children at Great Ormond Street from 1878 to 1888, while Honnor Morten was a trained nurse and journalist. Where 19th century understanding of medicine differs widely from our current knowledge, we have provided a modern definition of the term alongside the Victorian definition. Modern definitions have also been used if the term could not be located in the 19th century sources. Modern sources of definitions were Wikipedia and other freely available online medical dictionaries. Definitions are followed by either (19thC) or (Modern) to denote their origin. The main body cavity between the chest and the groins.(19thc) Abrasion Scraping of the skin (Modern) Abscess Collection of pus in cavity (19thC) Acetonemia A disorder of metabolism which results in high levels of acetone in blood. Also known as ketosis Modern) Acetonuria A disorder of metabolism which results in high levels of acetone in the urine. Also known as ketonuria (Modern) Acholia Absence of bile, associated with jaundice (19thC) Achondroplasia Thickened skin (Modern) Acne Inflammation of the glands of the skin, causing formation of pustules, usually on the face (19thC) Addisons Disease Severe disease of kidney causing incurable anaemia and bronzed colouration of the skin (19thC) Adenitis Inflammation of lymph glands (lymph nodes) (19thC) Adenoids Inflammation of the small gland-like appendages at the back of the nose Adenoma Benign tumour of a gland (Modern) Adherent Often post-operative condition whereby scar tissue becomes stuck to the bone in the joint. Ague & sequela Intermittent fever, in which there are alternating periods of chills and fever (19thC) Albuminuria A disease of the kidneys marked by appearance of albumin in the urine. (19thC) Alkaptonuria A rare genetic metabolic disorder (Modern) Alopecia Absence of hair, baldness (19thC) Amaurosis Blindness caused by loss of nerve power (19thC) Amblyopia Indistinct vision (19thC) Lazy eye (Modern) Amentia Degeneration of tissues, often of the liver (19thc) Amyloid liver Degeneration of the liver (19thC) Amyotonia Lack of muscle tone (Modern) Anaemia Deficiency of red blood cells (19thC) Anasarca Accumulation of watery fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling (19thC) Anencephaly Congenital deformity of the brain (Modern) Aneurism A tumour of an artery due to location dilatation usually with rupture of lining. (19thC) A localized, blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall (Modern) Angina Pain in the heart region (19thC) Angioma Tumour composed of blood vessels (19thC) Ankylosis Bony union of joint after injury or disease (19thC) Anorexia Lack of appetite or abhorrence of food (19thC) Anuria Loss of ability to use or recognise the correct words, although words are known (19thC) Aphemia Inability to use the muscles of speech (Modern) Aphonia Operation to remove appendix (Modern) Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix, a small rudimentary attachment to the large intestine. Appendix Blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart Arthrectomy Scraping of a joint (19thC) (usually when infected eg by tubercular infection) Arthritis Arthritis (inflammation of joints) associated with gonorrhoea, a venereal disease Arthritis rheumatoid Surgical fusion of a joint to relieve pain (Modern) Ascaris lumbracoides Swelling of abdomen caused by accumulation of fluid (19thC) Asphyxia Loss of strength, debility (19thC) Asthma Difficulty in breathing with a sense of suffocation. Thought to be nervous in origin. (19thC) Astigmatism Unequal refractive power of the eye (19thC) Ataxy Impaired gait in walking (19thC) Ataxy cerebellar Impaired gait in walking (19thC) associated with disorder of the lower brain. Atelectasis Failure of lungs at birth (19thC) Atheroma A soft pap-like tumour; also fatty degeneration of blood vessels (19thC) Athetosis A continuous stream of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, typically of the hands and feet (Modern). Athrodesis Surgical fusion of a joint to relieve pain (Modern) Atony Lack of muscle tone (Modern) Atresia Constriction of tube or canal Atrophy Bacteria in the blood (Modern) Bacilluria Bacteria in the urine (Modern) Balanitis Inflammation of the glans penis (19thC) Bantis disease Severe form of neurosyphilis (Modern) Bells Palsy Paralysis of facial muscles resulting in distorted facial expression (Modern) Bile ducts Carry bile from liver to intestine Bilious attack Discolouration of the skin present at birth (19thC) Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids (19thC) Brights Disease Disease of the kidney, associated with dropsy and albuminuria (19thC) Brittle bone disease Condition where bones are very fragile and break easily (also known as Osteogenesis imperfecta) (Modern) Bronchial Relating to the tubes in the lungs Bronchiectasis Characterised by localised irreversible dilation of part of the lung, often referred to as obstructive lung disease (Modern) Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages in the lungs (Modern) Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. (19thC) Bronchopneumonia Inflammation of the bronchi (the small tubes in the lungs) and the lungs (19thC) Bulimia A bursa is a sac containing fluid (19thC) located within joints to facilitate movement. Bursitis A bursa is a sac containing fluid (19thC) located within joints to facilitate movement. They can become inflamed (bursitis) rendering movement of the joint painful.(Modern) Commonly referred to as 'the stone', most often found in the bladder (Calculus vesica) (19thC) Calculus vesicae/vesical Commonly referred to as 'the stone', most often found in the bladder (Calculus vesica) (19thc) Cancer Ulceration of the mouth, associated with ill-fed children. (19thC) Carcinoma Inflammation of the heart (19thC) Carditis rheumatic Inflammation of the heart associated with rheumatic fever. (19thC) Caries A trance-like state, where limbs will remain in any position they are placed (19thC) Cataract Opaqueness of the lens of the eye (19thC) Cataract lamellar Opaqueness of the lens of the eye (19thC) Catarrh Inflammation of mucous membranes accompanied by increased secretions - usually in the nose (as in the common cold) but can be applied to internal organs as well.(19thC) Cellulitis Inflammation of the cellular tissue (the tissue located immediately beneath the skin) (19thC) Cephalalgia Headache (19thC) Cephalhaematoma Bloody tumour on the head of an infant (19thC) Now known to be caused by haemorrhage (Modern) Cerebellar/Cerebellum The lower part of the brain (19thc) Cerebral/Cerebrum The largest part of brain (19thc) Cerebrospinal Condition affecting brain and spinal cord Cervical Refers to the neck region (19thc) Cervical adenitis Inflammation of lymph gland (node) in neck (19thC) Cheiropomphylax Skin disease of hands and feet characterised by appearance of itchy blisters (Modern) Chicken Pox & sequela Also known as Varicella. Infectious fever characterised by a rash on the chest which develops into very itchy pimples. (19thC) Chilblains Small itchy red swollen areas of the skins, which arise after exposure to cold. Chloasma Discolouration of the skin (19thC) Chlorosis Also known as green sickness, a 'peculiar form of anaemia' associated with females around puberty. Causes weakness, faintness, and rapid pulse on exertion (19thC). Cholaemia Presence of bile in the blood, often a sign of liver disease. (Modern) Chondroma Benign tumour involving cartilage (Modern) Chorea Also known as St Vitus Dance. Involuntary twitchings of the muscles, most common in children, who generally grow out of it. (19thC) Choroiditis Inflammation of the choroid, one of the membranes which line the eyeball. (Modern) Cicatrix Scar of a healed wound (19thc) Circumcision Removal of part of the prepuce, the loose skin which covers the penis (the foreskin) (19thC) Cirrhosis A granular state of an organ, most often the liver, when it is generally produced by consumption of alcohol (19thC) Clavicle Collar bone (19thc) Cleft jaw Extreme form of hare lip where the split in the lip extends through into the bone of the jaw. (19thC) Cleft palate A congenital split in the roof of the mouth so that the nose and mouth form one cavity. An operation can be carried out to close the split. Often but not always accompanied by hare lip. (19thC) Cleft palate hare lip A combination of congenital deformities of the mouth where the roof of the mouth does not close and there is a slit or cleft in the upper lip which can extend through the jaw bone. An operation or combination of operations can be performed to rectify the deformity, but it usually left a very visible scar. (19thC) Clitoritis Small organ of erectile tissue found in females in the pubic region. (19thc) Club foot Also known Talipes. A turning of the foot in the wrong direction. There are several different forms: the main ones being Talipes valgus: the foot turns outwards; varus, the foot turns inwards; equinus, the heel is lifted from the ground. (19thC) The condition can exist at birth or be acquired during life. Coccyx Last bone in the spine Coeliac Relates to the cavity in which the intestines sit (19thc) In modern times this term refers to a specific autoimmune disease of the small intestines. (Modern) Colic Pain in the abdomen (19thC) Colic renal Pain in the kidneys (19thC) Colitis Inflammation of the colon (19thC) Coliuria Presence of E. coli bacteria in the urine (Modern) Collapse pulmonary Part of the large intestine (19thc) Colotomy An incision made in the colon (the large intestine) in cases of obstruction, fistula, cancer or ulceration of the rectum. (19thC) Congenital Disease or deformity present at birth (19thc) Congested brain Used in connection with brain fever or any form of delirium Congested liver A torpid stagnation of the blood in the liver (19thC) Congested lung A torpid stagnation of the blood in the lungs, can be used to refer to bronchopneumonia (19thC) Conjuctiva Membrane which covers the eye lid and cornea (19thc) Conjunctivitis Inflammation and irritation of the eye (19thC) Conjunctivitis phlyctenular Inflammation and irritation of the eye accompanied by phlyctaena, small fluid filled blisters (19thC) Consolidated lung Condition in which the tissue of the lungs becomes solid and firm rather than elastic and air-filled (Modern) Constipation Indolent state of the bowels (19thC), or infrequent bowel movements (Modern) Contraction of pylorus congenital Born with the exit of the stomach into the intestines constricted Convulsion intestine Violent spasm of the intestines (19thC) Convulsions Violent spasm of alternate muscular contraction and relaxation (19thC) Cornea The transparent covering of the front of the eye (19thc) Corneal opacity Cloudiness of the cornea: the usually transparent covering of the front of the eye (19thC) Corneitis Inflammation of the cornea: the transparent covering of the front of the eye (19thC) Coryza Cold in the head (19thC) Cranial Relating to the skull (19thc) Craniectomy Removal of part of skull to create room for a swelling brain (modern) Cretinism/Cretin Imperfect mental faculties and small stature often accompanied by swelling in the throat region (goitre) (19thc) Croaking Extravagant talking, raving generally due to high fever. (19thC) Dementia Feebleness of mental faculties, the last stage of insanity. (19thC) Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin (19thC) Dermatomyositis Inflammation of the skin and muscles (Modern) Dermoid An encapsulated tumour which has developed structures such has hair and teeth within it. (Modern) Desquamation Peeling off of the skin. Desquamation occurs after scarlet fever and is when the patient is most infectious (19thC) Diabetes A disease marked by an excessive flow of saccharine urine. (19thC) Diaphragm The muscle which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity (19thc) Diaphysitis Inflammation of the shaft of a long bone (19thC) Dilated ureter Ureter: the canal which carried urine from the kidney to the bladder. (19thC) Dilated Ureter Ureter: the canal which carried urine from the kidney to the bladder. (19thC) Diphtheria & sequela Infectious inflammation of the throat, with the formation of a false membrane which tends to close the throat and cause suffocation (19thC). A common disease of childhood in 19th century but rarely seen in modern times in Western medicine (Modern). Diphtheria & Sequela Infectious inflammation of the throat, with the formation of a false membrane which tends to close the throat and cause suffocation (19thC). A common disease of childhood in 19th century but rarely seen in modern times in Western medicine (Modern). Diphtheritic paralysis Paralysis of various types occurring after diphtheria infection. Diphtheritic Paralysis Paralysis of various types occurring after diphtheria infection. Diplegia A form of paralysis which primarily affects the legs (Modern) Disseminated sclerosis Now better known as multiple sclerosis, a condition affecting nerves in the spinal cord and brain (Modern) Diuresis Increased flow of urine (19thC) Diverticulitis A disease of the large intestine (Modern) Dorsal Relates to the back Dropsy Accumulation of fluid in the cavities of the body, often seen towards the end of cases of cancer, heart disease etc.(19thC) Now more commonly referred to as oedema Duchennes Paralysis Progressive locomotor ataxy, or impaired gait in walking (19thC) Dysentery Inflammation of the large intestine accompanied by bloody evacuations. (19thC) Dyspepsia Bruising (19thC) caused by leakage of blood from blood vessels into surrounding tissues (Modern) Eclampsia Convulsions in infants often ending in epilepsy (19thC) also known as Salaam convulsions (19thC) Probably refers to condition now referred to as West Syndrome (Modern) Ecthyma A pustular disease of the skin, not contagious(19thC) Ectopia cordis Condition in which the heart is displaced, usually through the wall of chest cavity, resent at birth. (Modern) Ectopia vesicae Condition in which development of the bladder is incomplete at birth (Modern) Ectropion Turning out of the eyelid (19thC) Eczema Non-contagious, but often unpleasant, eruption on the skin which causes great irritation. Eczema capitis Skin eruption of the scalp (19thc) Effusion Accumulation of fluid in body cavities, often relates to fluid in the spaces between the membranes lining the lungs (pleura) (Modern) Elephantiasis A skin disease causing terrible enlargement of affected limbs. The skin resembles an elephant's hide. Caused by a parasite. (19thC) Embolism Coagulation of the blood into a clot. (19thC) Emesis Vomiting (19thC) Emphysema Swelling produced by air, a dropsy is caused by fluid. (19thC) A long term progressive disease of the lungs caused by collapse of lung structures which make exhaling difficult. Empyema A collection of pus in one or both cavities of the pleura (membranes lining the lungs).(19thC) - Not to be confused with emphysema. Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain (19thC) Encephalocele Protrusion of the brain through the skull (19thC) Endocarditis Inflammation of the membrane lining the inside of the heart (Modern) Endopericarditis Inflammation of both the interior lining of the heart and the membranous sac in which the heart is enclosed. (Modern) Enteric Inflammation of the small intestines, usually accompanied by diarrhoea (19thC) Enterocolitis Inflammation of the small intestines and the colon, the main part of the large intestines Entropion Condition in which the eyelid turns inwards (19thC) Enuresis Involuntary discharge of urine (19thC) Epididymitis Inflammation of the small oblong body above the testes (male sex organs) (19thC) The tube which conveys sperm from the testes to the vas deferens and penis. (Modern) Epilepsy A disease of the brain marked by convulsive fits. (19thC) Epiphysitis Inflammation of the end of a bone (epiphysis, its growth point) (19thC) Epispadias Malformation of the penis (Modern) Epistaxis Nose bleed Erbs myopathy A juvenile form of muscular dystrophy, now known to be an hereditary condition in which the muscles of the body grow progressively weaker (modern) Erbs palsy Paralysis of the arms and shoulders caused by damage to nerves during birth (Modern) Erysipelas & sequela Contagious inflammation of the skin (19thC), often associated with surgery. Erythema nodosum Non-contagious, inflammation of the skin (19thC) Exophthalmus Contagious disease of the scalp (19thC) Femur Large bone in upper leg; thigh bone (19thc) Fibroadenoma A benign mobile tumour often found in the breast (Modern) Fibroid A tumour composed of fibrous material (19thC) Fibula One of two small bones in lower leg (19thc) Fissure anus Tear in the skin of the anal canal (Modern) Fistula An unnatural passage by which an internal organs communicates with another, or with the body's exterior (19thC) Follicle Part of the skin which contains the root of a hair. (Modern) Foreign body Ingestion of a foreign body, often a penny or a needle Friedreichs ataxy Inflammation of the stomach (19thC) Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines (19thC) Gastrointestinal Realting to the stomach and intestines Genitourinary organs The combined organs of the urinary system and the sex organs Genu valgum Another term for knock-knee (19thC) Genu varum Another term for bow legs (19thC) Gigantism Condition characterised by excessive growth and height significantly above average. Now known to be caused by excess production of growth hormone (Modern) Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums (19thC) Gland Small bodies found in different parts of the body (19thc) often used to refer to lymph nodes, which are part of the body's immune system. (Modern) Glands axilla Lymph gland (nodes) found in arm-pit (19thc) Glands cervical Lymph gland (nodes) found in neck region (19thc) Glands groin Lymph glands (nodes) found in the junction of the thighs and the trunk (19thc) Glands perineum Lymph glands (nodes) located in the space between the anus and the genital organs (19thc). Glaucoma Inflammation of the eye, with hardening of the globe (19thC) Disease of the eye characterised by increased pressure within the eyeball which can lead to deterioration in sight. (Modern) Glioma A tumour arising from nerve cells (Modern) Glioma psoas A tumour arising from nerve cells in the lower back (Modern) Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue (19thC) Gluteal Refers to the buttocks (19thc) Glycosuria Glucose in the urine (Modern) Goitre Enlargement of the thyroid gland of the throat (19thC) Gonorrhoea Inflammation of the genitals, accompanies by flow of pus. Very contagious (19thC) Granuloma A mass of granular tissue usually associated with infection (Modern) Graves disease Enlargement of the thyroid gland of the throat with protrusion of the eyeballs (19thC) Groin Imaginary appearances, symptomatic of disease of the brain (19thC) Hammer toe Deformity of the toe, causing it t be permanently bent (Modern) Hare lip A congenital deformity of the mouth where there is a slit or cleft in the upper lip which can extend through the jaw bone. An operation can be performed to rectify the deformity, but it usually left a very visible scar. (19thC) Hemikinesis Spasms or twitching on one side of the body (BMJ 10 July 1875 p43) Hemiparesis weakness on one side of the body (Modern) Hemiplegia Paralysis of one side of the body (19thC) Henochs purpura A serious skin disease marked by purple patches, caused by escape of blood into the skin. (19thC) Hepatitis A condition in which the genital organs are neither wholly male or female (19thC) Hermaphroditism A condition in which the genital organs are neither wholly male or female (19thC) Hernia Commonly called a rupture. The protrusion of any internal organ through the surrounding tissues, most commonly the bowels protruding through the abdominal wall. (19thC) Herpes zoster Acute inflammation of the skin usually called shingles (19thC) Now known to be caused by the virus Varicella zoster(Modern) High arch Abnormally high instep Hip Disease Inflammation of the hip joint, most common in children and extremely painful, often accompanied by abscesses. (19thc) Although not specifically mentioned at time of recording, it is thought that many cases of hip disease were tubercular in origin. Hirschsprungs disease Congenital malformation of the bowel (Modern) Hirsutism Condition in which body is abnormally hairy (19thC) Hodgkins disease General enlargement of the glands of the lymphatic system (19thC) Hospitalism Condition associated with prolonged stay and exposure to unwholesome state of the atmosphere in an ill-ventilated ort ill-kept institution'. (19thC) Humerus Bone of the upper arm (19thc) Huntingdons chorea A progressive neurodegenerative genetic disorder, which affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and dementia (Modern) Hydatid Watery tumour developed in any cavity of the body by the presence of a species of parasite. Most common in liver or lung. (19thc) Hydrocele Watery tumour usually found in the scrotum (19thC) hydrocephalus Water on the brain, causing the head to swell to enormous size. (19thC) Hydromyelia An accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid which can put abnormal pressure on the spinal cord causing pain and damage to nerves (Modern) Hydronephrosis Accumulation of fluid in the kidney (19thC) Hygroma Excess of feeling (sensation) (19thC) Hypermetropia Long sightedness (19thC) Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Excessive growth of the lower part of the stomach where it opens into the intestine, causing a narrowing of the outlet (19thC) Hypertrophy Excessive growth of a body part (19thC) Hypertrophy pylorus Excessive growth of the lower part of the stomach where it opens into the intestine (19thC) Hypochondria Slight melancholia, mental distress about health (19thC) Hypopituitarism Inability of the pituitary gland (situated at the base of the brain) to secrete sufficient levels of hormones. (Modern) Hypopyon Pus in the eye (Modern) Hypospadias Malformation of the lower wall of the urethra (the tube through urine is excreted from the body) in male children, present at birth (Modern) Hypothyroidism Insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland (located in the neck and produces hormones which influence metabolism among other activities) Can result in cretinism - a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth (Modern) Hysteria A nervous disease sometimes marked by convulsive seizures and very often by dislike to food, painful impressions and untruthfulness (19thC) Fish skin disease, so called because it resembles the hard scaliness of a fish (19thC) Idiocy Mental weakness which dates from birth, feeble-mindedness (19thC) Ileum Part of the large intestine (19thc) Ilium Hip bone (19thc) Imbecility Refers to a degree of mental retardation, worse than moron but above idiot. Lacking in the capacity to develop beyond the mental age of a normal five to seven-year-old child (Modern for Obsolete term) Imperforate anus Absence of anal opening (19thC) Imperforate hymen Condition in which hymen completely closes the entrance to the vagina (19thC) Imperforate oesophagus Condition in which the oesophagus (the food tube) ends in closed pouch and is not connected to the stomach (Modern) Imperforate rectum Absence of anal opening (19thC) Imperforate urethra Absence of urethral opening (tube which normally carries urine outside the body) (Modern) Imperforate vagina Absence of vaginal opening (Modern) Impetigo A skin rash of an acute kind normally seen in weakly women and children (19thC) Now known to be caused by highly contagious staphylococcal bacteria (modern) Incontinence Inability to control evacuation of the bladder (19thC) Indigestion Failure of the digestive powers (19thC) Also known as dyspepsia (Modern) Induration femur Hardening of the upper leg bone (19thC) Infantile scurvy Disease marked by dejection, anemia and haemorrhage, caused by want of fresh meat and vegetables (19thC) Infantilism An obsolete term for various, often unrelated, disorders which consist of retention of the physical and/or psychological characteristics of infancy or childhood (Modern) Infarct cerebral Tissue death due to lack of oxygen in the front brain (Modern) Inguinal Refers to lowest part of abdomen on either side of the pubic bone (19thc) Insanity Madness, disease of the brain causing loss of reason (19thC) Intertrigo Inflammation of the skin around the anus, axilla (arm pits) or groin (19thC) Intussusception A condition of the intestines in which one part slips inside another and causes obstruction of the bowel. (19thC) Inverted bladder A condition in which the bladder is turned inside out Iridemia Haemorrhage in the iris (Modern) Iris The coloured circle surrounding the dark pupil of the eye (19thc) Iritis Inflammation of the iris (19thC) Ischiorectal Referring to the tear ducts and the glands which secrete them (19thc) Laminectomy Operation involving the removal of part of a vertebral bone (Modern) Languor Lack of vigour or vitality (Modern) Laparotomy Operation to open the abdominal cavity, a serious operation (19thC) Lardaceous disease Degeneration of tissues until they resemble wax (usually the liver or kidneys) (19thC) Laryngismus Spasmodic or false croup (inflammation of the larynx and trachea) accompanied by a crowing noise. (19thC) Leontiasis Leprosy of the face (19thC) Leprosy A constitutional malignant disease, cutaneous in initial phase but later involving both tissue and bone. (19thC) Now known to be caused by a bacterium (Modern) Leucocythaemia Morbid increase in white blood cells, sometimes accompanied by haemorrhage, enlarged spleen and vomiting. (19thC) Leucoderma Skin condition in which white spots or patches appears (also known as vitiligo) (Modern) Leucoma A milky opacity of the cornea of the eye (19thC) Leucorrhoea A whitish discharge from the vagina, a sign of weakness. (19thC) Now known to have many causes, including oestrogen imbalance and infections. (Modern), Leukaemia Increase in white blood cells (19thC) A cancer of the blood of blood marrow in which white blood cell counts are abnormally high. (Modern) Lice Infestation by biting insects (Modern) Lichen A skin disease in which striking feature is inflamed pimples (19thC) Lipoma Excess lithic (uric) acid in the blood producing gouty dyspepsia. (19thC) Lithotomy Operation for cutting into bladder to remove stone (19thC) Lithuria Passing gravel (small stones) in the urine (19thC) Llarynx Voice organ (19thc) voice box (Modern) Lumbago A rheumatic condition of the loins (the sides of the body and back below the ribs and above the pelvis) (19thC) Lumbar Lower back Lupus A tuberculous disease of the skin, most common in children of consumptive or scrofulous tendency (19thC). Now known not to be a tubercular condition, but to be a form of auto-immune disease. Lymph A colourless alkaline fluid found in the lymphatic vessels - the small vessels which pervade the body (19thc). Lymphadenitis Inflammation of the lymphatic glands. (19thC) Lymphadenoma Inflammation of the lymphatic glands. (19thC) Lymphangiectasis Dilation of the lymph vessels (Modern) often accompanied by diarrhoea, ascites and oedema (Modern) Lymphangioma Malformation of the lymphatic system Lymphangitis Inflammation of the lymphatic channels abused by infection and sometimes called blood poisoning' (Modern) Lymphasarcoma A malignant cancer involving the lymph system (Modern) Lymphatic Referring to the system of small vessels pervading the body and carrying lymph. (19thc) Lymphocythaemia An excess of normal lymphocytes (white blood cells) (Modern) Lymphoedema Localised fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by dysfunctional lymphatic system (Modern) Lymphoma A solid tumor of lymphoid cells arising from the lymph system (Modern). Lymphosarcoma General feeling of discomfort (Modern) Mania Insanity, madness (19thC) Marasmus A wasting of the flesh, accompanied by loss of power, generally due to tubercular disease of the mesenteric gland (glands associated with membranes in the abdomen) (19thC). Associated most often these days with severe protein malnutrition. (Modern) Mastitis Inflammation of the breast (19thC) Mastodynia Pain in the breasts (19thC) Mastoid Mastoid (process): Bone at base of skull very closely connected to the ear (Modern) Mastoiditis Inflammation of the mastoid (process): Bone at base of skull very closely connected to the ear (Modern) Mastoid (process) Bone at base of skull very closely connected to the ear (Modern) Masturbation Manual production of vicious excitement (19thC) Measles & sequela A common infectious disease of childhood still encountered today. Mediastinal/mediastinum The space in the chest between the sacs which surround each lung (19thc). Mediastinitis Inflammation of the tissues in the chest cavity known as the mediastinum (Modern) Mediastinum The space in the chest between the sacs which surround each lung (19thc). Melaena Discharge of black blood from bowels (19thC) Melancholia Morbid depression, a form of insanity (19thC) Meningismus A group of symptoms similar to meningitis (stiff neck, reaction to light and headache) without inflammation of the membranes lining the brain (Modern) Meningitis Inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, a serious disease which is often fatal. Meningocele Protrusion of brain matter through the skull (19thC) Mesenteric/mesentery Membranes in the abdominal cavity (19thc) Microcephalus In hospital to be observed Occiput Occiput: back of the skull (19thc) Oedema Swelling of a body tissues, caused by accumulation of fluid (Modern) Oedema neonatorum Swelling of a body tissues in the new born (Modern) Oesophagismus Condition affecting the tube which connects the stomach to the mouth (Modern) Oesophagus The canal which runs from the throat to the stomach (19thc) Oesophagus congenital Tube which carries food from mouth to stomach. Ophthalmia Inflammation of the eye (19thC) Ophthalmia neonatorum Inflammation of the eye in the newborn (19thC) Ophthalmitis Inflammation of the eye (19thC) Orbit Cavity which holds the eye (19thc) Orchitis Inflammation of the testes (male organs of generation) (19thC) Os calcis Operation performed on chest or abdomen to discharge fluid accumulated in dropsy patients (19thC) Paralysis A total or partial loss of sensation and power of movement., often only affecting a specific part of the body. Paralysis infantile Occurs in weakly children under 4 years; legs being usually affected. (19thc) A probable synonym for poliomyelitis. Paralysis Infantile Occurs in weakly children under 4 years; legs being usually affected. (19thc) A probable synonym for poliomyelitis. Paralysis pseudohypertrophic A form of neuromuscular paralysis, predisposition to which appears to be inherited (19thc) The diagnosis seems to have passed out of modern use. Paraplegia Paralysis of the lower half of the body (19thC) Parasitic foetus Result of incomplete separation of twin embryos in the uterus. One embryo develops at the expense of the other, which ceases to grow and is vestigial to a mostly fully-formed, otherwise healthy individual twin at birth. (Modern) Paresis A slight form of paralysis (19thC) Parietal bone One of the bones of the skull Parotid Salivary gland situated near the ear and implicated in mumps (19thc) Parotitis The space between the anus and the genital organs (19thc) Periosteal/Periosteum Membrane which covers bone (19thc) Periosteitis Inflammation of the membrane covering a bone (19thC) Peritoneal/Peritoneum Membrane which encloses intestines (19thc) Peritonitis Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane which holds the intestines in the abdomen. (19thC) Perityphlitis Inflammation of the membrane around the caecum (part of the intestines) (19thC) Phagadaena Ulcers or wounds which spread rapidly. (19thC) Pharyngismus Spasm of muscles in the pharynx (connects the mouth to the oesophagus (19thC)) (Modern) Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx (connects the mouth to the oesophagus) (19thC) Pharynx Connects the mouth to the oesophagus (19thc) Phimosis Contraction of the orifice of the prepuce (foreskin of penis), usually treated by circumcision (19thC) Phlebitis Inflammation of the veins caused by coagulation of the blood (19thC) Phlegmon Rapid suppurating inflammation with formation of a hard mass, heating and pain (19thC) Phlyctenular Small vesicles containing clear fluid, often associated with the eye (19thC) Photophobia Specific name given to tubercular disease of the lungs. (19thC) Phthisis in bulbi Shrunken non-functional eye resulting from disease or injury. (Modern) Pityriasis A scaly skin disease (19thC) Pleura Membranes lining chest cavity and the lungs (19thc) Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura - the membranes which surround the lungs and line the cavity of the chest. (19thC) Pleuritis An alternative name for pleurisy: inflammation of the pleura - the membranes which surround the lungs and line the cavity of the chest. (19thC) Pleurodynia Pain in the side (19thC) Pleuropneumonia Pleurisy (inflammation of the membranes lining the lung) combined with pneumonia (19thC) Pneumonia Referring to the lungs Purpura A serious skin disease marked by purple patches, caused by escape of blood into the skin. (19thC) Pyaemia Blood poisoning caused by absorption of pus and marked by presence of abscesses. (19thC) Pyelitis Inflammation of the kidney (19thC) Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the kidney (19thC) Pyloric stenosis Constriction of the lower opening of the stomach into the intestines (19thC) Pylorus The lower opening of the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine) (19thc) Pyonephrosis Kidney infection causing pus in the urine (Modern) Pyopneumothorax Presence of gas and pus in the cavity between the pleura (the membranes lining the lungs) (Modern) Pyosalpinx Collection of pus in a fallopian tube (the tube the egg passes through from ovary to uterus) (Modern) Pyrexia The act of breathing (19thc) Retained testes Failure of testes to descend into scrotal sac (Male organs of generation) (Modern) Retinitis Inflammation of the retina (19thC) Retroperitoneal Space within the abdominal cavity (Modern) Rheumatic disease Acute form of rheumatism (19thC) An inflammatory disease following a Group A streptococcal infection that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain (Modern) Rheumatic fever Acute form of rheumatism (19thC) An inflammatory disease following a Group A streptococcal infection that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain (Modern) Rheumatism A diseased condition of the blood; if acute it is commonly called rheumatic fever, but it may be chronic or muscular. Always accompanied by great pain. (19thC) In modern times the term has vague meaning, in common usage referring to inflamed joints or joint pain. Rheumatoid arthritis A chronic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks joints (Modern). Rhinitis Inflammation of the nose (19thC) Inflammation of the membranes of the inner nose (Modern) Rhinorrhoea Runny nose (Modern) Rickets Also known as rachitis. A constitutional disease of childhood marked by curving of the spine or long bones and enlargement of the joints. (19thC) It is now known that rickets is most commonly associated with vitamin D or calcium deficiency. (Modern) Ringworm Circular skin eruption, contagious, often of the scalp, also called Tinea (19thC) Fungal skin infection (Modern) Rupture Protrusion of membranes lining the spine through a defect in lower vertebrae (Modern) Sacroiliac Refers to a joint within the hip structure (Modern) Sacrum Lowest division of the spine forming part of the pelvis (19thc) Salpingitis Inflammation of the fallopian tube (the tube which carries the egg from the ovary to the womb) (19thC) Sarcoma Fleshy tumour often malignant (19thC) Scabies The itch, a contagious skin disease due to a parasitic insect (19thC) Scarlet fever & sequela Also known as scarletina. An infectious fever accompanied by redness of the skin, most common in children, accompanied by desquamation (or peeling) of the skin. (19thC) Schlatters disease Knee pain associated with rapid growth during adolescence, when damage occurs to the growth plate in the knee-end of the tibia (lower leg bone) (Modern) Sciatic nerve The large nerve which arises in the lower back, passes through the hip and buttocks to the lower leg. (Modern) Scleritis Inflammatory disease of the eye ball (Modern) Scleroderma Chronic disease of the skin causing hardness (19thC) Scleroma Hardening of the tissues generally, in infants rare but fatal (19thC) Sclerosis Hardening of the tissues generally, in infants rare but fatal (19thC) Scoliosis Curving of the spine (19thC) Scrofula Constitutional debility with tendency to tuberculosis (19thC) Scrotum Sac which holds testicles (19thc) Scurvy Also known as scorbutus, a disease marked by dejection, anaemia and haemorrhage and caused by want of fresh meat and vegetables (19thC) Scurvy rickets Combination of scurvy, condition associated with want of fresh meat and vegetables, and rickets, marked by curving of spine and long bones and painful joints.(19thC) Sebaceous Realting to glands in the skin Seborrhoea Excessive secretion of the sebaceous glands, located in the skin. Sepsis Which causes putrefaction or the rotting away of living matter. (19thc) Septicaemia Blood poisoning caused by micro-organisms in the blood, which increase rapidly causing high fever. (19thC) Sequela Other conditions arising as a result of the original infection (Modern) Shingles Also called herpes. Acute inflammation of the skin (19thC) now known to be caused by the virus Varicella zoster(Modern) Shock Sudden prostration due to painful impression. (19thC) Sinus Passage leading from an abscess, or some inner part, to an external opening. (19thC) Sloughing Throwing off of dead matter, such as skin, eg by ulcers (19thC) Smallpox & sequela Also known as Variola, infectious fever marked by an eruption of red pimples. Soft palate The soft part of the roof of the mouth (Modern) Somnambulism Walking in the sleep (19thC) Spengels shoulder Deformity of the shoulder blade (Modern) Spermatocele Cyst of testes which contains spermatozoa (Modern) Spina bifida A congenital malformation of the spine (19thC) Spinal cord The marrow of the spine (19thc) The bundle of nerves which lead from the brain into the rest of the body, and are enclosed within the spinal column (modern) Spleen An oval body to left of stomach, which forms and purifies the blood (19thc) Splenomegaly Enlarged spleen, an oval body to left of stomach, which forms and purifies the blood (19thC) Spondylitis Inflammation of the spine (19thC) Sporotrichosis Fungal infection of the skin, which can also affect the lungs, joints and brain (Modern) Sprengels deformity Deformity of the shoulder blade (Modern) Staphyloma A protrusion on the back surface of the eye Stasis intestine Decrease o absence of normal muscular contractions of the intestine (Modern) Status lymphaticus Hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue thought to be responsible for sudden infant death. The disease is no longer recognised as a discrete entity and the term has passed out of use (Modern) Steatorrhoea Presence of excess fat in the stools (Modern) Stenosis Harsh, crackling sounds in breathing (19thC) Struma/strumous A swelling associated with scrofula, a constitutional debility with a tendency to tuberculosis (19thc) Strumous dactylitis Swollen digits (of hands or feet) associated with scrofula, a constitutional debility with a tendency to tuberculosis (19thC) Strumous keratitis Inflammation of the cornea of the eye, associated with scrofula, a constitutional debility with a tendency to tuberculosis (19thC) Strumous ophthalmia Swollen eye, associated with scrofula, a constitutional debility with a tendency to tuberculosis (19thC) Strumpells paralysis A form of paralysis, similar to poliomyelitis (Modern) Subdural Refers to one of the membranes surrounding the spinal cord Supernumerary auricle Condition in which an additional outer ear appears to be present, either complete or in vestigial form, present at birth Supernumerary digits Presence of more than the normal number of fingers of toes Suppression urine Decreased flow of urine (Modern) Suppurating Inflammation with production of pus Symes amputation Amputation at the ankle joint (19thC) Syndactyly Condition in which two or more digits are fused together, present at birth (Modern) Synovitis Inflammation of one of the membranes lining a joint (19thC) Syphilis & sequela Venereal disease, specific and contagious, in some cases can be transferred from mother to child during pregnancy. (19thC) Syphilis & sequela congenital Venereal disease, specific and contagious, in some cases can be transferred from mother to child during pregnancy. (19thC) Small dilated blood vessels near surface of skin, most common on face (Modern) Talipes Also known as club foot. A turning of the foot in the wrong direction. There are several different forms: the main ones being Talipes valgus: the foot turns outwards; varus, the foot turns inwards; equinus, the heel is lifted from the ground. (19thC) The condition can exist at birth or be acquired during life. Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the sheath which surrounds a tendon (the tissue which connects muscle to bone) (Modern) Testes/Testicles Male sex organs, also referred to as testicles Tetanus & sequela Lock-jaw (19thC) Now known to be bacterial in original (Clostridium tetani). (Modern) Tetany Involuntary contraction of muscles - it is not clear if the Victorian doctors differentiated between tetanus and tetany Thorax The chest cavity holding the lungs and heart (19thc) Thrombosis Coagulation of the blood to form a clot in a blood vessel which blocks it. (19thC) Thrush Also known as aphthae. Small white ulcers in the mouth (19thC), now known to be caused by a yeast infection. Thymus A gland at the front of the neck (19thc) Specialised organ of the immune system which produces immune cells, t-lymphocytes (Modern) Thyroglossal duct Part of the embryonic thyroid gland which usually closes after birth, but when it does not it can lead to problems.(Modern) Thyroid Gland in neck (19thc) producing hormones which influence metabolism among other activities (Modern) Tibia One of two small bones in lower leg (19thc) Tic Sudden repetitive involuntary motor movement or vocalisation (Modern) Tinea Disease of skin due to vegetable parasite also called ringworm (19thC) Fungal skin infection (Modern) Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, also known as quinsy. Torticollis Wry-neck (19thC), condition in which head is tilted to one side and the chin raised and pointed towards the opposite side (Modern) Toxaemia A poisoned state of the blood (19thC) Trachea Inflammation and ulcers of the intestine (19thC) Ulna One of two small bones in lower arm (19thc) Umbilicus Belly button Undescended testes Condition in which the testes fail to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotal sac (Modern) Uraemia Presence of urea in the blood, indicative of kidney disease (19thC) Urethra The canal which carries urine out of the body from the bladder Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra, the canal passes urine out of the body from the bladder (19thC) Urinary tract The system which produces urine, includes kidneys, bladder and the tubes which connect them together and to the exterior of the body (Modern) urticaria Nettle rash - a skin disease with eruptions causing great irritation. Generally the result of eating unwholesome food (19thC) Urticaria Nettle rash - a skin disease with eruptions causing great irritation. Generally the result of eating unwholesome food (19thC) Uvula
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Which branch of the arts was Barbara Hepworth famous for?
Dame Barbara Hepworth | British sculptor | Britannica.com Dame Barbara Hepworth Alternative Title: Dame Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth Dame Barbara Hepworth Eric Gill Dame Barbara Hepworth, in full Dame Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth (born Jan. 10, 1903, Wakefield , Yorkshire, Eng.—died May 20, 1975, St. Ives, Cornwall ), sculptor whose works were among the earliest abstract sculptures produced in England . Her lyrical forms and feeling for material made her one of the most influential sculptors of the mid-20th century. Interview with British sculptor Barbara Hepworth and shots of her nine-work series … Stock footage courtesy The WPA Film Library Fascinated from early childhood with natural forms and textures, Hepworth decided at age 15 to become a sculptor. In 1919 she enrolled in the Leeds School of Art, where she befriended fellow student Henry Moore . Their lifelong friendship and reciprocal influence were important factors in the parallel development of their careers. Hepworth’s earliest works were naturalistic with simplified features. Purely formal elements gradually gained greater importance for her until, by the early 1930s, her sculpture was entirely abstract. Works such as Reclining Figure (1932) resemble rounded biomorphic forms and natural stones; they seem to be the fruit of long weathering instead of the hard work with a chisel they actually represent. In 1933 Hepworth married (her second husband; the first was the sculptor John Skeaping) the English abstract painter Ben Nicholson , under whose influence she began to make severe, geometric pieces with straight edges and immaculate surfaces. As Hepworth’s sculpture matured during the late 1930s and ’40s, she concentrated on the problem of the counterplay between mass and space. Pieces such as Wave (1943–44) became increasingly open, hollowed out, and perforated, so that the interior space is as important as the mass surrounding it. Her practice, increasingly frequent in her mature pieces, of painting the works’ concave interiors further heightened this effect, while she accented and defined the sculptural voids by stretching strings taut across their openings. During the 1950s Hepworth produced an experimental series called Groups, clusters of small anthropomorphic forms in marble so thin that their translucence creates a magical sense of inner life. In the next decade she was commissioned to do a number of sculptures approximately 20 feet (6 metres) high. Among the more successful of her works in this gigantic format is the geometric Four-Square (Walk Through) (1966). Hepworth was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1965. A Pictorial Autobiography was published in 1970 and reissued in 1993. She died in a fire in her home at St. Ives, Cornwall; her home was preserved as the Barbara Hepworth Home and Sculpture Garden and is run by the Tate St. Ives, a branch of the Tate galleries . Learn More in these related articles:
Sculpture
Which is the ninth sign of the Zodiac?
Barbara Hepworth | Curved Form (Delphi) (1955) | Artsy biography articles An early pioneer of abstract sculpture, Barbara Hepworth is best known for her ovoid, biomorphic creations carved out of stone. Though her early works were more explicitly figurative, many of Hepworth’s completely abstract works are recognized as vaguely feminine, given their smooth, rounded contours. One such sculpture, Pierced Form (1931), features innovative use of negative space in the form of a hole through its center, which would become a frequent motif in Hepworth’s oeuvre. Later in her career Hepworth started making brass works, comprising thin curved planes and fine lines of string. British, 1903-1975, Wakefield, United Kingdom
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Which male film star was charged in New York with assault in June 2005, having thrown a telephone at a member of hotel staff?
Gangster Films: Media Resources Center UCB Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Algiers (1938) Directed by John Cromwell. Cast: Charles Boyer, Hedy Lamarr, Sigrid Gurie, Joseph Calleia, Alan Hale. Pepe Le Moko, a thief who escaped from France with a fortune in jewels, has for two years lived in, and virtually ruled, the mazelike, impenetrable Casbah, "native quarter" of Algiers. A French official insists that he be captured, but sly Inspector Slimane knows he need only bide his time. The suave Pepe increasingly regards his stronghold as also his prison, especially when he meets beautiful Parisian visitor Gaby, who reminds him of the boulevards to which he dare not return...and arouses the mad jealousy of Ines, his Algerian mistress. 96 min. DVD X519 UC users only Alibi (1924) Directed by Roland West. Cast: Chester Morris, Harry Stubbs, Mae Busch, Eleanor Griffith, Regis Toomey. A prohibition gangster rejoins his mob soon after being released from prison. When a policeman is murdered during a robbery, he falls under suspicion and the detective squad employs its most sophisticated and barbaric techniques to bring him to justice. 84 min. DVD 8363 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938) Directed by Anatole Litvak. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Claire Trevor, Humphrey Bogart, Allen Jenkins, Donald Crisp, Gale Page. Dr. Clitterhouse wants to find out what makes a criminal tick. Eager to study the physical and mental states of lawbreakers, he joins a gang of jewel thieves. Rocks Valentine, an ice-blooded tough guy the doc calls "a magnificient speciment of pure viciousness," is part of the gang. Jo Keller is a savvy crime queen the doc hooks up with. Special features: Commentary by historians Dr. Drew Casper and Richard Jewell; Warner Night at the Movies 1938 short subjects gallery: vintage newsreel; Your true adventure series short "Night intruder;" musical short "Toyland casino;" classic cartoon "Count me out;" trailers; audio-only bonus: Edward G. Robinson in 2 radio show adaptations. 87 min. DVD X514 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database American Gangster (2007) Directed by Ridley Scott. Cast: Denzel Washington, Russell Crowe, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Cuba Gooding, Jr., Josh Brolin, Ted Levine, Armand Assante, John Ortiz, John Hawkes, RZA, Lymari Nadal, Roger Guenveur Smith. Disc one: Unrated extended version (177 min.) ; Original theatrical version (158 min.) -- Disc two: Special features (ca. 113 min.) -- Disc three: Special features (ca. 53 min.). Following the death of his employer and mentor, Bumpy Johnson, Frank Lucas establishes himself as the number one importer of heroin in Harlem. He does so by buying heroin directly from a source in South East Asia. Lucas comes up with a unique way of importing the drugs into the United States and as a result, his product is superior to what is currently available on the street and his prices are lower. His alliance with the New York Mafia ensures his position. It is also the story of Richie Roberts, a dedicated and honest policeman who heads up a joint narcotics task force with the Federal government. Inspired by a true story. Special features: Disc one: Feature commentary with director Ridley Scott and writer Steven Zailian (Theatrical version only) ; Disc two: Deleted scenes including an alternate opening; "Fallen empire: making 'American gangster'"; Case files ; Disc three: Music videos: "Do you feel me (Remix)" performed by Anthony Hamilton featuring Ghostface Killah, "Blue magic" from Jay-Z's album "American gangster"; Hip-hop infusion featuring Common and T.I.; "The BET special: the making of 'American gangster'"; "Dateline NBC: 'American gangster' first look"; Theatrical trailer. 335 min. DVD 9554 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The American Soldier (Der Amerikanische Soldat) (West Germany, 1970) Written and directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Cast: Karl Scheydt, Elga Sorbas, Jan George, Margarethe Von Trotta. Story about a charismatic hit man (Ricky) who always wears a gun bulging from his shoulder holster, sports a soft fedora hat and white suit. Ricky carries out his assignments without knowledge or emotion and the final shoot-out is one of the most startling of Fassbinder's off-beat endings. 80 min. DVD 1724; vhs 999:3285 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) Directed by Michael Curtiz. Cast: James Cagney, Pat O'Brien, Humphrey Bogart, Ann Sheridan, George Bancroft, the "Dead End" Kids (Bowery Boys). Two childhood friends grow up and go their separate ways--one a criminal and the other a parish priest. Rocky Sullivan returns to his old neighborhood to find his lawless life style idolized by the young hoodlums there. Jerry Connelly, the parish priest sees his hard work turn unavailing because of Rocky's corruptive influence. 97 min. DVD 3512; VHS 999:755 UC users only Ferraro, Thomas J. "Boys to Men: Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)." In: Catholics in the movies / edited by Colleen McDannell. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2008. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.C35 C38 2008) Naremore, James. "Actor, role, star: James Cagney in "Angels With Dirty Faces."" Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature, 1983, Vol. 16 Issue 1/2, p1-17, 17p UC users only Roddick, Nick. A new deal in entertainment : Warner Brothers in the 1930s London : British Film Institute, 1983. (Main Stack PN1993.5.U65.R6 1983; PFA PN1999.W3.R63 1983) Shannon, Christopher. "Public Enemies, Local Heroes: The Irish-American Gangster Film in Classic Hollywood Cinema." New Hibernia Review - Volume 9, Number 4, Winter 2005, pp. 48-64 UC users only Arson, Inc. (1949) Directed by William Berke. Cast: Robert Lowery, Anne Gwynne, Edward Brophy, Marcia Mae Jones, Douglas Fowley, Maude Eburne. A Bureau of Fire Investigation agent goes under cover to confront a ruthless arson ring that has left a trail of bodies and burned out buildings with various and sundry carnage! 63 min. DVD 8238 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Atlantic City (1980) Directed by Louis Malle. Cast: Burt Lancaster, Susan Sarandon, Michel Piccoli, Hollis McLaren, Robert Joy, Moses Znaimer. Atlantic City is revitalized as a resort when gambling is legalized but the new industry also brings changes. For Lou, 40 years a bodyguard-boyfriend to aging beauty queen Grace, his numbers-running sideline escalates to mob involvement. A drug-related slaying leaves him with a small fortune, a new care and a new girl, Sally, who is the perfect completion of his fantasy. 104 min. DVD X1069 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Direction; Best Actor (Burt Lancaster) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Picture; Best Actor (Burt Lancaster) National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Film; Best Director; Best Actor (Burt Lancaster) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Actor (Burt Lancaster) Venice Film Festival - Golden Lion Fertel, R. J. "Louis Malle's Atlantic City: La Nouvelle Vague and the High Romantic Tradition." New Orleans Review vol. 13 no. 2. 1986 Summer. pp: 14-20. Baby Face Nelson (1995) Directed by Scott Levy. Cast: Scott Levy. In this dramatization of the life of Baby Face Nelson, the gangster becomes intoxicated on the publicity of his crimes, but with allies like John Dillinger and enemies like J. Edgar Hoover, the joy ride of his crime spree can't last forever. 81 min. 999:630 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bangkok Dangerous (2008) Directed by Oxide Pang Chun, Danny Pang. Cast: Nicolas Cage, Shahkrit Yamnarm, Panward Hemmanee. Joe is a professional hit man, who, during his missions, picks someone off the street to do his errands and after he is finished kills that person. His next assignment takes him to Bangkok where he will be for a month, and as usual, he finds a street kid named Kong to help him. After Kong has a close call and learns who Joe is, he asks Joe to train him. Needing a few medical supplies, Joe stops at a local pharmacy and meets a local girl who is deaf and spends time with her. However, he has a hard time keeping his other life from her. Joe becomes a target and is attacked by four gang members. He manages to escape and sets out to rescue a kidnapped Kong. 100 min. DVD X6171 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beast of the City (1932) Directed by Charles Brabin. Cast: Walter Huston, Jean Harlow, Jean Hersholt, Wallace Ford, Mickey Rooney, J. Carroll Naish. When Police captain Jim Fitzpatrick is shipped out to the suburbs by crime boss Sam Belmonte, his stranglehold on the city tightens and crime begins to rise. Not to be thwarted, Fitzpatrick sets out to clean up the streets as well as the corruption within the department. When his brother Ed takes up with the gangster's moll, Fitzpatrick finds the war against crime hitting too close to home. Convinced that the legal system does not work, Fitzpatrick takes matters into his own hands. Based on an unpublished story by W.R. Burnett. 86 min. DVD X2463 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beat the Devil (1954) Directed by John Huston. Screenplay, Truman Capote, John Huston. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Jennifer Jones, Gina Lollobrigida, Robert Morley, Peter Lorre. Spoof of caper movies in the vein of The Maltese falcon and Key Largo about passengers on a steamer who attempt to outfox each other for illegal control of a parcel of land believed to be rich with uranium deposits. Based on the novel by James Helvick (Claud Cockburn). 89 min. DVD X935 John Huston bibliography A Better Tomorrow (Ying huang boon sik) (Hong Kong, 1986) Directed by John Woo. Cast: Di Long, Zhang Guorong, Zhou Runfa. The first in a trilogy of Chinese "Godfather" films, it portrays countless difficulties and setbacks experienced by a couple of counterfeit money smugglers who have decided to wash their hands of their past and choose a better life. In the first part, Sung Tzu-hao, one of the main protagonists is on his last "business" trip. 90 min. DVD 3377 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Billy Bathgate (1991) Directed by Robert Benton. Cast: Dustin Hoffman, Nicole Kidman, Steven Hill, Loren Dean, Bruce Willis, Steve Buscemi. An action-packed gangster epic detailing the rise and fall of notorious mobster Dutch Schultz as seen through the eyes of his young protege, Billy Bathgate. Billy, an ambitious streetwise kid seduced by the power, money and glamour of crime, soon begins to seriously question if his passport to the good life is going to come from the fiery Dutch and his gang! 107 min. DVD 2741 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bizarre, Bizarre (Drôle de drame ou L'étrange aventure de Docteur Molyneux) (France, 1937) Directed by Marcel Carne. Cast: Michel Simon, Francoise Rosay, Louis Jouvet, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Jean-Louis Barrault, Nadine Vogel. A quiet botanist is the secret author of a popular crime novel. His peaceful existence is threatened when a crazed fan vows to kill the author of "The model crime." The convoluted plot involves a group of Victorian Englishmen who get so enmeshed in lies and disguises, murders and supposed murders, intrigues and romances, that Scotland Yard and the participants themselves are confused. 109 min. DVD 4793 Hammer Films and British Film Noir bibliography Blast of Silence (1961) Directed by Allen Baron. Cast: Allen Baron, Molly McCarthy, Larry Tucker, Peter H. Clune, Danny Meehan, Howard Mann, Charles Creasap, Bill Da Prado, Milda Memenas, Joe Bubbico, Ruth Kaner, Gil Rogers, Jerry Douglas, Don Saroyan, Dean Sheldon. Frankie Bono is an orphan who has learned to make a profitable living as a contract killer. Traveling from Cleveland to New York during the Christmas season, he is charged with taking out mid-level Harlem numbers and drug kingpin Troiano. Stalking his prey as he goes about his daily routine, Bono is distracted by an unexpected encounter with a childhood friend whose sister sees him as a lonely man, not the barely human shell he has become. Acutely aware of his own mortality, Bono sees everything as a facade, the pretty Christmas lights mere glitzy decorations covering the festering rot of existence, and his own personal hell. Special features: Requiem for a killer: The making of "Blast of Silence" [featurette] (60 min.); Locations revisited [slide show]; On-set Polaroids [slide show]; Trailer (2 min.); booklet features essay "Bad Trip" by Terrence Rafferty; "Blast of Silence" adaptation by Sean Phillips. 77 min. DVD X4078 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Blondie Johnson (1932) Directed by Ray Enright. Cast: Joan Blondell, Chester Morris, Allen Jenkins, Earle Foxe, Claire Dodd, Mae Busch, Joe Cawthorne, Olin Howland, Sterling Holloway, Toshia Mori, Arthur Vinton, Donald Kirke, In this profeminist crime melodrama a Depression-downtrodden waif rises from tyro con artist to crime boss. 67 min. DVD X6038 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Boiling Point (3-4x jugatsu) (Japan, 1990) Director, 'Beat' Takeshi Kitano. Cast: 'Beat' Takeshi Kitano, Masahiko Ono, Yuriko Ishida, Katsuo Torashiki, Takahito Iguchi, Minoru Iizuka, Hisashi Igawa, Bengal. Two members of a Japanese junior baseball team get mixed up with the local yakuza. After their coach is severely injured by the gangsters, the two boys set off to Okinawa to purchase a gun in order to get revenge. While in Okinawa they get befriended by a psychotic yakuza outcast who is planning a revenge of his own. 98 min. DVD 1093; vhs 999:3200 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Born Reckless (1930) Directed by John Ford. Cast: Edmund Lowe, Catherine Dale Owen, Frank Albertson, Marguerite Churchill. Follows a young gangster who gets busted during a robbery and is given a choice between jail and joining the army to fight in World War I. Choosing the military, he distinguishes himself as a hero overseas, only to return home and revert back to his criminal ways. 77 min. DVD 9364 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Brighton Rock (aka Third Party Risk) (UK, 1947) Directed by John Boulting. Cast: Richard Attenborough, Hermione Baddeley, William Hartnell, Carol Marsh, Nigel Stock, Wylie Watson, Alan Wheatley, Harcourt Williams. Set in 1947 in post-war Brighton, the elegant and respectable facade hides a sinister underworld ruled by intimidation and terror. Pinkie, a ruthless and sadistic young criminal, commits a murder and then marries the only witness to cover his tracks. A trail of killings and double crossings lead to his eventual downfall, when savage justice is finally meted out in a thrilling and memorable climax. Based on the novel by Graham Greene. 89 min. DVD X1655 UC users only A Bronx Tale (1993) Directed by Robert De Niro. Cast: Robert De Niro, Chazz Palminteri, Lillo Brancato, Francis Capra. A hard-working bus driver must stand up to the local mob boss if he is to keep his son from falling into a life of crime. 122 min. DVD X4236 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Brother (USA / UK / Japan, 2000) Directed by Takeshi Kitano. Cast: Beat Takeshi, Omar Epps, Claude Maki, Masaya Kato, Royale Watkins, Lombardo Boyar, Tetsuya Watari. After his crime boss is murdered in a Tokyo gang war, a yakuza gangster is exiled to Los Angeles. He has a big bag of money and a really bad attitude and hooks up with his half-brother who is the leader of a small-time drug ring. Together, with a local street hustler, the brothers declare war on the other local drug traffickers. This ignites into the bloodiest, dirtiest, nastiest power struggle L.A. has ever seen. 113 min. DVD 1084 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Brother Orchid (1940) Directed by Lloyd Bacon. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Ann Sothern, Humphrey Bogart, Donald Crisp, Ralph Bellamy, Allen Jenkins. Racket Boss John Sarto, tired of gang violence, quits and goes to Europe for "culture." His fortune soon dissipated by European swindlers, he returns to the old mob; but new boss Jack Burns finds him strictly superfluous. Narrowly escaping being rubbed out, Sarto is taken in by the monastery of the "Little Brothers of the Flower." His unique talents prove very useful to the monks...especially when Sarto's old mob forces them out of the flower market. Special features: Commentary by Robinson biographer Alan L. Gansberg and Bogart biographer Eric Lax; Warner night at the movies 1940 short subjects gallery: vintage newsreel, musical short "Henry Busse and his orchestra," classic cartoons "Busy bakers" and "Slap happy pappy," theatrical trailers. 87 min. DVD X136 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bugsy (1991) Directed by Barry Levinson. Cast: Warren Beatty, Annette Bening, Harvey Keitel, Ben Kingsley, Joe Mantegna. The incredible true story of Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, the playboy gangster who betrayed the Mob for love. A cold-blooded killer who dreamed of Hollywood stardom, a crazed "patriot," who plotted against Mussolini, and the brilliant visionary who carved Las Vegas out of the dry Nevada desert, Bugsy had it all until he fell in love with a woman who wanted more. Their love affair was passionate, tempestuous and ultimately tragic. 136 min. DVD 5336 Golden Globes, USA - Best Picture - Musical/Comedy Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Director Rosenberg, Warren. "Coming Out of the Ethnic Closet: Jewishness in the Films of Barry Levinson." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, Fall2003, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p29, 15p Levinson, Barry. Levinson on Levinson / edited by David Thompson. London ; Boston : Faber and Faber, 1992. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.L48 A3 1992) Bullets or Ballots (1936) Directed by William Keighly. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Joan Blondell, Louise Beavers, Barton MacLane, Humphrey Bogart, Frank McHugh, Joseph King, Richard Purcell, George E. Stone, Joseph Crehan, Henry O'Neill. A disgraced New York detective joins a racketeer's payroll and sets the syndicate up for a fall. 82 min. DVD 5830 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bullets Over Broadway (1994) Directed by Woody Allen. Cast: Jim Broadbent, John Cusack, Harvey Fierstein, Chazz Palminteri, Mary-Louise Parker, Rob Reiner, Jennifer Tilly, Tracey Ullman, Joe Viterelli, Jack Warden, Dianne Wiest. David Shayne is an idealistic young writer who'll do anything to get his first Broadway play off the ground -- even if it means teaming up with the mob! Surrounded by a wacky cast of characters, including a gangster's ditzy girlfriend, a tipsy actress and a mob hit man, Shayne's got to pull it all off before the curtain falls, and the bullets start to fly. 95 min. DVD 110 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Casbah(1948) Directed by John Berry. Cast: Yvonne DeCarlo, Tony Martin, Peter Lorre, Marla Toren. A criminal, Pepe Le Moko, eludes capture in the Casbah section of Algiers until he is lured out of hiding by a beautiful woman in this thrilling musical tale of love and betrayal. Based on the novel by Detective Ashelbe ; remake of the French motion picture, Pépé Le Moko (1937). 94 min. vhs 999:2499 Ousselin, Edward. "From le Moko to le Pew: Pépé's Transmogrifications." French Review Apr2004, Vol. 77 Issue 5, p902-911, 10p Casino(1995) Directed by Martin Scorsese; Cast: Robert De Niro, Sharon Stone, Joe Pesci, James Woods, Don Rickles, Alan King, Kevin Pollak. In an era of over-the-top glitz, Sam "Ace" Rothstein is riding high as front man for the Mob's multi-billion-dollar Las Vegas operation. To protect their "investment," the bosses send in Ace's boyhood pal, hot-headed enforcer Nicky Santoro. It's a winning hand: Ace's brain and Nicky's muscle--until sexy wild card Ginger McKenna turns up the heat. 179 min. DVD 308 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Collateral (2004) Directed by Michael Mann; Cast: Tom Cruise, Jamie Foxx, Jada Pinkett Smith, Mark Ruffalo, Peter Berg, Bruce McGill, Irma P. Hall, Barry Shabaka Henley. Vincent is a cool, calculating contract killer at the top of his game. Max is a cabbie with big dreams looking for his next fare. This fateful night, Max becomes Vincent's collateral, and will transport him on his next mission - one night, five stops, five hits and then a perfect getaway. Together, Vincent and Max find themselves in a non-stop race against time. With the LAPD and the FBI after them, they each become dependent on the other to survive. 119 min. DVD 3780 UC users only Schwartz, Ronald. "Collateral." In: Neo-noir : the new film noir style from Psycho to Collateral / Ronald Schwartz. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press, 2005. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.F54 S387 2005) Scott, Ian. "Filming Los Angeles: History, Hollywood, and the City's Disastrous Imagination." Literature Film Quarterly; 2009, Vol. 37 Issue 3, p201-211, 11p UC users only Confessions of a Vice Baron(1943) Directors: Roy Luby and William A. O'Connor Cast: Willy Castello, Lloyd Ingraham, Betty Compson. Hours before his execution for numerous crimes, Lucky Lombardo dictates his memoirs. He attempts to warn others about the corrupting path of easy money that put him in line for the gas chamber. 59 min. DVD X971 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Conflict(1945) Director: Curtis Burnhardt. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Alexis Smith, Sydney Greenstreet, Rose Hobart, Charles Drake, Grant Mitchell, Pat O'Moore, Ann Shoemaker. When a man murders his nagging wife because his affections have turned to her far-more-pleasant younger sister, it appears he has executed the perfect crime -- until a minor slip-up arouses the suspicions of a family friend. 85 min. DVD X7271; vhs 999:620 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Cotton Club (1984) Directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Cast: Richard Gere, Gregory Hines, Diane Lane, Lonette McKee, Bob Hoskins, Nicolas Cage, Fred Gwynne. In 1928 New York, spirits are high and jazz, dancing and gangsters rule supreme. Harlem's Cotton Club is in the center of it all, where rich upper-eastsiders mix with dressed-up mobsters. On stage is gifted coronet player Dixie Dwyer, who dreams of the big time, and tap sensation Sandman Williams who can't touch his girl, the lovely singer Lila Rose Oliver, because of strict club rules. As tension rises, so do tempers, and the nightclub becomes a pressure-cooker of jilted loves and mob jobs. 129 min. DVD 788 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Criminal (2004) Directed by Gregory Jacobs. Cast: John C. Reilly, Diego Luna, Maggie Gyllenhaal. A $750,000 one-night score awaits Richard and Rodrigo if they can flimflam an antique currency collector by selling him a counterfiet copy of an extremely rare currency bill. 87 min. DVD 3894 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Criss Cross (1948) Directed by Robert Siodmak. Cast: Burt Lancaster, Yvonne DeCarlo, Dan Duryea. An armored car driver secretly meets his ex-wife and then tries to convince her hoodlum husband that he met her only to get her husband's help in an upcoming robbery. DVD 2743; vhs 999:679 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dead or Alive (Hanzaisha) (Japan, 1999) Directed by Takashi Miike. Cast: Riki Takeuchi, Sho Aikawa, Renji Ishibashi, Hitoshi Ozawa, Shingo Tsurumi. Without a home and feeling no obligation to Japanese society or Yakuza, Ryuichi and his small group decide to make their own place by trying to take over the Shinjuku underworld and the drug trade from Taiwan. As they plan an all-out-assault on the remaining Chinese and Japanese mafia kings, only Detective Jojima stands between them and complete domination. 105 min. DVD 8354 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dead or Alive 2: Birds (Tôbôsha)) (Japan, 2000) Directed by Takashi Miike. Cast: Show Aikawa, Riki Takeuchi, Edison Chen, Kenichi Endo, Teah. Now reunited, Mizuki and Shuichi team up to pay off their spiritual debts while staying one trigger-pull ahead of the mobsters and killers who want them dead. 97 min. DVD 8355 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dead End (1937) Directed by William Wyler. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Sylvia Sidney, Joel McCrea, The Dead End Kids, Wendy Barrie, Claire Trevor, Allen Jenkins. On the mean streets on New York's Lower East Side, Drina hopes to save her brother from a life of crime. But notorious hoodlum Baby Face Martin has come back to his old haunts looking for trouble and threatening to drag the boy down with him. Drina turns to her childhood friend Dave for help. But can he stop Martin without becoming just like him? This film was the inspiration for the series of films featuring the Dead End Kids. 92 min. DVD 3625; DVD 3327 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Deadly Game (aka Third Party Risk) (UK, 1954) Directed by Daniel Birt. Cast: Simone Silva, Finlay Currie, Maureen Swanson, Ferdy Mayne. Vacationing at a resort hotel in Spain, Phil runs into an old friend and agrees to drive his car to London for him. After saying goodbye to his old buddy, another hotel guest, the enigmatic Mr. Darius, as well as a local police inspector, tell Phil that his old friend has become involved in criminal enterprises. When Phil finds him murdered upon returning to Britain, he finds himself in possession of an envelope filled with mysterious microfilm that everyone seems to want. 63 min. DVD 8360 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Departed (2006) Directed by Martin Scorsese. Cast: Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen, Ray Winstone, Vera Farmiga, Anthony Anderson, Alec Baldwin, Kevin Corrigan. In South Boston, the Massachusetts State Police are waging a war on Irish-American organized crime. Undercover cop Billy Costigan is assigned to infiltrate the mob syndicate, which is run by gangland chief Frank Costello. Billy quickly gains Costello's confidence. Colin Sullivan is a hardened young criminal who has infiltrated the police department as an informer for the syndicate. Colin is rising to a position of power within the Special Investigation Unit. Each man becomes deeply consumed by his double life, gathering information about the plans and counter-plans of the operations he has penetrated. But when it becomes clear to both the mob and the police that there's a mole in their midst, Billy and Colin are suddenly thrust into danger. Afraid of being caught and exposed to the enemy, each must race to uncover the identity of the other man in time to save himself. Special features: Additional scenes with introductions from director Martin Scorsese; Stranger than fiction: the true story of Whitey Bulger, Southie and The departed (featurette); Crossing criminal cultures (Scorsese on organized crime). 151 min. DVD 7296 Academy Awards - Best Picture; Best Director Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Picture; Best Director Golden Globe Awards - Best Director National Board of Review, USA - Best Director New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Director Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Desperate (1947) Directed by Anthony Mann. Cast: Steve Brodie, Audrey Long, Raymond Burr, Douglas Fowley. An innocent man is framed for the murder of a police officer, but his framers don't know how dangerous a desperate man can be. When he escapes, both the police and the mob are after him. 73 min. 999:476 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dial "M" for Murder (1954) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Ray Milland, Grace Kelly and Robert Cummings. In a love triangle, the husband plots to murder his wife. When things go wrong, the wrong victim falls and there's no escape from the deadly consequences. 123 min. DVD 2941 Hitchcock bibliography Dillinger (1945) Directed by Max Nosseck. Cast: Lawrence Tierney, Edmund Lowe, Anne Jeffreys. A dramatization of Dillinger's violent career from his early days through his rise to the top of the FBI most-wanted list. Concludes with the well-known "lady in red" betrayal that left Dilinger a bullet-riddled corpse on a dark Chicago street. 70 min. DVD 4113 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dinner Rush (2000) Directed by Bob Giraldi. Cast: Danny Aiello, Edoardo Ballerini, Vivian Wu, Mike McGlone, Kirk Acevedo, Sandra Bernhard, John Corbett. At New York's hottest restaurant, things are really heating up. Owner and bookie Louis Cropa lost a friend to a mob hit and now his chef's gambling problem has brought the unwelcome mobsters into their restaurant. 97 min. DVD 1694 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Donnie Brasco (1997) Directed by Mike Newell. Cast: Al Pacino, Johnny Depp, Michael Madsen, Bruno Kirby, James Russo, Anne Heche. This true story (based on the book by Joseph D. Pistone with Richard Woodley) follows FBI agent Joe Pistone as he infiltrates the mafia of New York. Posing as a jewel broker he is granted entrance into the violent mob family of aging hitman Lefty Ruggiero. When his personal and professional lives collide, Pistone jeopardizes his marriage, his job, his life and ultimately, the gangster mentor he has come to respect and admire. 121 min. DVD 5334 Casillo, Robert "Inside the mafia : Mike Newell's Donnie Brasco." In: Mafia movies : a reader / edited by Dana Renga. Toronto ; Buffalo [N.Y.] : University of Toronto Press, c2011. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.M23 M34 2011) Le Doulos (France, 1968) Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville. Cast: Jean-Paul Belmondo, Serge Reggiani, Jean Desailly, Michel Piccoli. A complicated thriller about the fatalistic relationship between two men, Maurice, a crook just out of prison, and Silien, a mysterious, cryptic informer caught up in the complex relationship between the criminal underworld and the police. In French without subtitles. 108 min. DVD X646; copy 2 DVD 3655 (Non-US format DVD (PAL)). Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Le deuxième souffle (Second Breath)(France, 1966) Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville. Cast: Lino Ventura, Paul Meurisse, Christine Fabrega, Raymond Pellegrin, Marcel Bozzufi, Paul Frankeur, Denis Manuel, Jean Negroni. Gustave Manda, better known as Gu, a dangerous gangster, escapes from jail. He goes to Paris to join Manouche and other friends, and becomes involved in a gangland killing. Before leaving the country with Manouche, Gu needs a final job to get some money. But that's not so simple when you have Inspector Blot tracking you, and have to deal with the consequences of the shooting in Paris. Special features: Audio commentary featuring film scholar Ginette Vincendeau; new video interview with director Bertrand Tavernier (publicity agent on the film); archival footage featuring interviews with Melville and actor Lino Ventura; original theatrical trailer; new and improved English subtitle translation; a new essay by film critic Adrian Danks. 144 min. DVD X647 Jean-Pierre Melville bibliography The Driver (1978) Directed by Walter Hill. Cast: Ryan O'Neal, Bruce Dern, Isabelle Adjani, Ronee Blakley. A skilled getaway driver faces finally being caught in a double-cross scheme planned by an obsessed detective who promises remission of punishment to a gang if they help to convict the driver in a set-up robbery. Special features: (widescreen format): alternate beginning (4 min.) ; (full screen format): theatrical trailer. 89 min. DVD X1811 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dr. Mabuse, The Gambler (Mabuse der Spieler) (Germany, 1922) Directed by Fritz Lang. Lang's first film Cast: the arch-criminal Dr. Mabuse is also an allegory about Weimar Germany. Mabuse maintains his wealth through counterfeiting, manipulating the stock exchange and his ability to bend weaker minds to his will. In Part 1, Der grosse Spieler (The great gambler), Mabuse builds his empire, and casually ruins Count Told while entrancing the thrill-seeking Countess. In Part 2, Inferno, Mabuse turns from criminal to villain, murdering the Count and kidnapping the Countess. Mabuse is finally captured in his own hideaway, consumed by madness. DVD 6131; DVD 846 229 min. VHS 999:1965 pt. 1-2: Part 1. 141 min., Part 2. 156 min. VHS 999:191 pt. 1-2: shorter edited version (186 min.) Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Eastern Promises (UK / Canada / USA, 2007) Directed by David Cronenberg. Cast: Viggo Mortensen, Naomi Watts, Vincent Cassel, Armin Mueller-Stahl. The mysterious and ruthless Nikolai is tied to one of London's most notorious organized crime families. His carefully maintained existence is jarred when he crosses paths with Anna, an innocent midwife trying to right a wrong, who accidentally uncovers potential evidence against the family. Now Nikolai must put into motion a harrowing chain of murder, deceit, and retribution. Special features: Secrets and stories: see how director David Cronenberg brought the screenplay to life in the dark and forbidding streets of London; Marked for life: director David Cronenberg reveals the hidden history behind Russian tattoos as well as their complex symbolism and unique visual storytelling. 101 min. DVD 9256 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Fantomas (France, 1913-1914) Directed by Louis Feuillade. Films from the silent serial crime saga with the evil Fantomas battling Inspector Juve. Based on novels by Pierre Souvestre and Marcel Allain. [Disc 1]. Fantomas (A l'ombre de la guillotine) (1913, 54 min.). Juve contre Fantomas (1913, 60 min.). Le mort qui tue (1913, 91 min.) -- [Disc 2]. Fantomas contre Fantomas (1914, 59 min.). Le faux magistrat (1914, 70 min.). Special features. Photography, Georges Guerin and Albert Sorgius. Cast: Rene Navarre, Edmond Breon, Georges Melchior, Renee Carl, Andre Luguet, Yvette Andreyor. Special features: Photo gallery, covers of the novels, sinister crime stories of the time, illustrated filmographies, a comparison of the original novels with the films, interviews with Marcel Allain, clips from the show "Pour le plaisir" (Rendez-vous avec Fantomas, created by Georges Franju, 1966) and "Bonnes adresses pour rever" (created by Roland Bernard, 1969). DVD 5868 Final Analysis (1992) Directed by Phil Joanou. Cast: Richard Gere, Kim Basinger, Uma Thurman, Eric Roberts. Psychiatrist Isaac Barr breaches professional ethics by romancing the sister of his troubled client and becomes the fall guy in a devious scheme of murder and inheritance. 125 min. DVD X3539 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database 5 Against the House (1955) Directed by Phil Karlson. Cast: Guy Madison, Kim Novak, Brian Keith, William Conrad, Kerwin Mathews. Four Korean war vets dream up a college prank to rob a casino, convincing the girlfriend of one of them to help. Problems arise when one of the vets, who suffers from a war injury, turns the prank serious. Based on a novel by Jack Finney. 83 min. DVD X2400 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Fog Over Frisco(1934) Directed by William Dieterle. Cast: Bette Davis, Donald Woods, Margaret Lindsay, Lyle Talbot, Hugh Herbert. A party girl is involved with underworld types. Her society girl sister believes it is only innocent thrill seeking; her stepfather fears it may be more criminal than that. Kidnap and murder plots ensue. Based on the novel: The five fragments / George Dyer. 68 min. DVD X4678 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Friends of Eddy Coyle (1973) Directed by Peter Yates. Cast: Robert Mitchum, Peter Boyle, Richard Jordan, Alex Rocco, Steven Keats, Joe Santos, Mitchell Ryan. World-weary and living hand to mouth, small-time gunrunner Eddie 'Fingers' Coyle works on the sidelines of the seedy Boston underworld. But when he finds himself facing a second stretch of hard time, he's forced to weigh loyalty to his criminal colleagues against snitching to stay free. Based on the novel by George V. Higgins. Special features: Audio commentary featuring Peter Yates; stills gallery; booklet with essays "They were expendable" by Kent Jones and "The last celluloid desperado" by Grover Lewis. 102 min. DVD X2309 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Gang War (1940) Directed by Leo C. Popkin. Host: Richard Roundtree. Cast: Ralph Cooper, Gladys Snyder, Reggie Fenderson, Lawrence Criner, Monte Hawley, Jesse Brooks, Johnny Thomas, Maceo Sheffield, Charles Hawkins, Robert Johnson, Henry Roberts, Harold Garrison. Classic battle between 2 gangs for control of the juke box machines in Harlem. 65 min. DVD 4995 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Gangs Inc.(1941) Directed by Phil Rosen. Cast: Alan Ladd, Joan Woodbury, Jack LaRue, John Archer, Vince Barnett, Linda Ware. An innocent anguished woman is incarcerated on a hit-and-run rap. She emerges from prison a hardened criminal who turns to armed robbery and eventually rises through blackmail to a position of power in the local crime organization. Ladd plays an undercover reporter doubling for a notorious gangster. 73 min. DVD X971 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Gangster (1947) Directed by Gordon Wiles. Cast: Barry Sullivan, Belita, Joan Lorring, Akim Tamiroff, Henry Morgan, John Ireland, Sheldon Leonard, Elisha Cook, Jr., Fifi D'Orsay, Leif Erickson, Virginia Christine. Shubunka pulled himself up by extorting protection money from small-time operators of policy number, gaming house and other illicit enterprises. But he had no friends, knew no happiness and tormented his moll until she finally put the finger on him for a rival mob. He ends up in the gutter on a rainy night, his body riddled with bullets. Based on the novel Low company by Daniel Fuchs. Rumored to be an uncredited work by blacklisted writer Dalton Trumbo. 84 min. DVD X6042 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Gloria(1980) Directed by John Cassavetes. Cast: Gena Rowlands, John Adames, Buck Henry, Julie Carmen. Ex-gun moll and showgirl Gloria is suddenly forced to protect a child whose parents have been rubbed out by the mob. Gloria and Phil are chased throughout New York City because Phil has a black book containing the accounts of the mob. 121 min. DVD X4612 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Gomorra (Gomorrah)(2008) Directed by Matteo Garrone. Cast: Toni Servillo, Gianfelice Imparato, Maria Nazionale, Salvatore Cantalupo, Gigio Morra, Salvatore Abruzzese, Marco Macor, Ciro Petrone, Carmine Paternoster. With five different storylines, dramatizes the workings of the Italian organized syndicate known as the Camorra. One story involves a waste-management scheme that illegally dumps industrial waste. Another revolves around a man who delivers cash to the families of Camorra members who are in prison or who have been killed. Also features the story of teenage boys who aspire to be "Scarface" and even younger boys who become drug-pushers. The last story is about a tailor threatened by the Camorra, who are involved in the distribution of supposedly high-end fashions that actually are fakes made in China. Based on the non-fiction book: Gomorra by Roberto Saviano. DVD X1169: Special features: Ciro e Marco; Estratto dal Backstage; "Gomorra 5 storie brevi"; trailer. DVD X7296: Special features: Disc 1. original theatrical trailers. Disc 2. "Gomorrah: five short stories" making of documentary (Fandango Productions, 2008, directed by Melania Carucci, 62 min.); Interview with director Matteo Garrone (2009, 23 min.) ; Interview with actor Toni Servillo (2009, 14 min.); Interview with Roberto Saviano (directed by Melania Carucci, 2009, 43 min.); "Actors" featurette (11 min.); Deleted scenes (13 min.). 130 min. DVD X7296; DVD X1169 UC users only Get Carter (UK, 1971) Directed by Mike Hodges. Cast: Michael Caine, Ian Hendry, John Osborne, Britt Ekland. A small-time gangster journeys to Newcastle to investigate and avenge his brother's killing. Once there he finds himself drawn into the local underworld where he encounters the full spectrum of violence and corruption. 111 min. DVD 4842 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Chibnall, Steve. "A revenger�s tragedy Get Carter." In: British crime cinema / edited by Steve Chibnall and Robert Murphy. London ; New York : Routledge, 1999. ( Full text online (UCB users only); print Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.G3 B72 1999) Chibnall, Steve. Get Carter / Steve Chibnall. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, c2003. ( Full text online (UCB users only); print: Main (Gardner) Stacks & PFA PN1997 .G444 2003) British crime cinema / edited by Steve Chibnall and Robert Murphy. Imprint London ; New York : Routledge, 1999. Get Shorty (1995) Directed by Barry Sonnenfeld. Cast: John Travolta, Gene Hackman, Rene Russo, Danny DeVito. Loan shark Chili Palmer had done his time as a gangster. So when "business" takes him to Los Angeles to collect a debt from down-and-out filmmaker Harry Zimm, Chili talks tough...and then pitches Harry a script idea. Immediately Chili is swept into the Hollywood scene: he schmoozes film star Martin Weir and romances "B" movie queen Karen Flores. In fact, all would be smooth for this cool new producer, if it weren't for the drug smugglers and an angry mobster who wan't leave him alone. 105 min. DVD 8973 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999) Directed by Jim Jarmusch. Cast: Forest Whitaker, John Tormey, Cliff Gorman, Henry Silva. East meets West in this hip-hop infused samurai-gangster story in which a professional killer goes by the name of Ghost Dog and who lives by the age-old code of the samurai. When Ghost Dog's code is dangerously betrayed by the dysfunctional mafia family that occasionally employs him, he must find a way to defend himself without breaking the code of the samurai. 116 min. DVD 957 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Glass Tomb (aka The Glass Cage) (UK, 1955) Directed by Montgomery Tully. Cast: John Ireland, Honor Blackman, Geoffrey Keen, Eric Pohlman, Sidney James. A circus barker stages a sensational new act, the world's longest fast undertaken by "Sapolio", on view in a glass cage. But this act also results in several murders, a kidnapping, and a poisoning. 59 min. DVD 8346 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Glove(1979) Directed by Ross Hagen. Cast: John Saxon, Roosevelt Grier, Joanna Cassidy, Joan Blondell, Jack Carter, Aldo Ray, Keenan Wynn, Howard Honig, Michael Pataki. Sam Kellog is a worn out bounty hunter in Los Angeles who takes on a job which would pay him $20,000 for tracking down an ex-convict, Victor Hale, who's dressed up in riot gear and is beating prison guards to death with a steel laced glove that was invented by the police and was first used on him. So, it's payback time for Victor, but Sam is determined to find his man and bring him in despite the warnings. 66 min. DVD X29 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Godfather I (parts 1 & 2) (1971-74) Directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Cast: Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall, Talia Shire, Diane Keaton. The Corleone Family nearly falls from power in America but rises to observe the passage of rites from father to son. There is a balance between family life and the ugly business of crime in which they are engaged. 171 min. DVD X627 (remastered); DVD 908; VHS 999:81 Academy Awards - Best Picture; Best Director Golden Globe Awards - Best Picture, Drama; Best Director National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Director Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Godfather III (1990) Directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Cast: Al Pacino, Diane Keaton, Talia Shire, Andy Garcia, Eli Wallach, Joe Mantegna, Bridget Fonda. In the final installment of the Godfather Trilogy, an aging Don Michael Corleone seeks to legitimize his crime family's interests and remove himself from the violent underworld but is kept back by the ambitions of the young. While he attempts to link the Corleone's finances with the Vatican, Michael must deal with the machinations of a hungrier gangster seeking to upset the existing Mafioso order and a young protoge's love affair with his daughter. 169 min. DVD X629(remastered); DVD 908 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Godfather Trilogy: Supplementary Materials (1990) A collection of supplements discussing the history of the making of the Godfather trilogy. Features behind the scenes information, biographies of filmmakers, and additional scenes regarding the Godfather trilogy. Disc 4. 2001 archival supplements: Behind the scenes: A look inside ; On location ; Francis Coppola's notebook ; Music of the Godfather ; Coppola & Puzo on screenwriting ; Gordon Willis on cinematography ; Storyboards : Godfather part II ; Storyboards : Godfather part III ; The godfather behind the scenes 1971 -- Filmmakers: Francis Ford Coppola ; Mario Puzo ; Gordon Willis ; Dean Tavoularis ; Nino Rota ; Carmine Coppola -- Additional scenes -- Family tree -- Galleries: Trailers ; Photo gallery ; Rogue's gallery ; Acclaim & response ; credits. Disc 5. All-new 2008 supplements: Godfather world -- The masterpiece that almost wasn't -- when the shooting stopped -- Emulsional rescue revealing The godfather -- The godfather on the red carpet -- Four short films on the Godfather: GF vs. GF part II ; Riffing on the riffing ; Cannoli ; Clemenza -- credits. 291 min. DVD X630 Goodfellas (1990) Directed by Martin Scorsese. Cast: Robert De Niro, Ray Liotta, Joe Pesci, Lorraine Brocco, Paul Sorvino. Revolving around the low-level gangster Henry Hill, this dramatization of a group of men involved with organized crime provides an inside view of the Mafia from 1955 to the 1980's. Based on the biography of Henry Hill titled "Wiseguy" by Nicholas Pileggi. 146 min. DVD 2843 Academy Awards - Best Supporting Actor (Joe Pesci) British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Film; Best Direction Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Picture; Best Director; Best Supporting Actor (Joe Pesci); Best Supporting Actress (Lorraine Bracco) National Board of Review, USA - Best Supporting Actor (Joe Pesci) National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Film; Best Director Venice Film Festival - Silver Lion, Best Director New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Film; Best Director; Best Actor (Robert De Niro) National Film Registry Selection High Sierra (1941) Directed by Raoul Walsh; Cast: Ida Lupino, Humphrey Bogart, Alan Curtis, Arthur Kennedy, Joan Leslie, Henry Travers. Set against the captivating background of California's High Sierra Montains, the story begins when convicted killer Roy Earle is sprung from jail by mobster "Big Mac", who wants Earle to assist in a California hotel hold-up. As a favor to his old friend, he agrees to pull one more job and then settle down to a normal life. From a novel by W. R. Burnett. 101 min. DVD 3500; vhs 999:1812 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Alley, Kenneth D. "High Sierra: Swan Song for an Era." Journal of Popular Film 1976 5(3-4): 248-262. Simons, John L. "Henry on Bogie: Reality and Romance in 'Dream Song No. 9' and High Sierra." Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 5, pp. 269-72, 1977. His Kind of Woman! (1951) Directed by John Farrow. Cast: Robert Mitchum, Jan Russell, Vincent Price, Tim Holt, Charles McGraw. Hard-luck gambler Dan Milner is in sudden luck. He'll get $50,000 to hang out at a posh Mexican resort, $5,000 now and the big payoff when the reason he's been sent there is revealed. Of course, the gangsters making the offer don't expect him to live long enough to collect. 120 min. DVD 5847 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A History of Violence (2005) Directed by David Cronenberg. Cast: Viggo Mortensen, Maria Bello, Ed Harris, William Hurt, Ashton Holmes, Peter MacNeill, Stephen McHattie, Greg Bryk. Tom is a loving, well-respected family man from a small Indiana town. When two criminals show up at his diner, Tom is forced to take action and thwart the robbery attempt. Suddenly heralded as a local hero who took the courage to stand up to crime, people look up to Tom as a man of high moral regard. But all the media attention attracts the likes of the mob, who show up at Tom's doorstep. Is it a case of mistaken identity or does Tom have a history that no one knows about? 95 min. DVD 5245 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Hit (UK, 1984) Directed by Stephen Frears. Cast: John Hurt, Tim Roth, Laura Del Sol, Terence Stamp, Bill Hunter, Fernando Rey. In London in 1973, Willie Parker informed on his gangster colleagues. Afterward, he's packed off to the south of Spain to live out his days far from the reach of the criminals he has put away. Ten years go by in peace, until one day he returns home, is kidnapped, and given into the hands of Mr. Braddock and his assistant Myron. They are to deliver him to Paris, and the boss he put away. Trouble is, Willie totally accepting of his fate--a former criminal turned Zen master--which unnerves Braddock and Myron to no end. The beleaguered hit men are burdened with a female witness, the Spanish police are after them, and soon nothing is going according to plan. Special features: Commentary [optional audio feature]; Parkinson One-to-One: Terence Stamp [featurette] (37 min.); Trailer. 77 min. DVD X4079 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hit Man File (Sum muepuen) (Thailand, 2005) Directed by Sananjit Bangsapan. Cast: Chatchai Plengpanit, Saranyoo Wongkrachang, Suntisuk Promsiri, Bongkot Khongmalai, Pitisak Yaowanont. Tanthai has become the Thai underworld's secret weapon: a remorseless contract killer able to dispatch any target provided his price is met. But a when a politician hires him to kill a drug kingpin, Tanthai finds himself the target. 95 min. DVD 7472 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hollow Triumph (The Scar) (1948) Directed by Steve Sekelye; Cast: Paul Henreid, Joan Bennett, Eduard Franz, Leslie Brooks, John Qualen. An ex-medical student in trouble with gambling debts kills a psychiatrist who is his exact look-alike, except for a scar on the doctor's cheek. The student impersonates the dead psychiatrist, but mistakenly makes his own scar on the wrong cheek. It is not long before the doctor's secretary is on to him and he discovers the doctor had a few gambling debts himself. Originally made in 1948 as a motion picture under the title Hollow Triumph. Based on the novel by Murray Forbes. 83 min. DVD 3657; VHS 999:2245 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hoodlum (1997) Directed by Bill Duke. Cast: Laurence Fishburne, Tim Roth, Vanessa Williams, Andy Garcia, Cicely Tyson, Chi McBride, Richard Bradford, Clarence Williams III. In 1930's New York, Bumpy Johnson rules the Harlem numbers racket. When gangster Dutch Schultz threatens his reign, Bumpy realizes that his only way out is a dangerous plan involving mob chieftain Lucky Luciano. 130 min. DVD 5301 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database House By the River (1950) Directed by Fritz Lang. Cast: Louis Hayward, Lee Bowman, Jane Wyatt. Stephen Byrne is so caught up in murder that it finally catches up with him. 85 min. DVD 4918 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database In a Lonely Place (1950) Directed by Nicholas Ray. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Gloria Grahame, Frank Lovejoy, Carl Benton Reid, Art Smith, Jeff Donnell, Martha Stewart. A hotheaded Hollywood screenwriter, questioned for murder, is drawn to his neighbor when she confirms his alibi. His volatile nature eventually threatens to destroy their one last chance for real love. 94 min. DVD 3486; vhs 999:974 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Invisible Stripes (1939) Directed by Lloyd Bacon. Cast: George Raft, Jane Bryan, William Holden, Humphrey Bogart, Flora Robson, Paul Kelly, Henry O'Neill, Lee Patrick. Cliff and Chuck leave prison together. Cliff tries the straight life but falls back into crime with Chuck and his gang. When he makes enough to enable his brother Tim to buy a garage and marry his sweetheart, Cliff quits crime again. But when he tries to help Chuck later on, he's implicated again. Special features: Commentary by historians Alain Silver and James Ursini; Warner Night at the Movies 1939 short subjects gallery; vintage newsreel; Technicolor historical short "The Monroe doctrine;" two musical shorts: "Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Crawford at home" and the Technicolor "Quiet, please;" classic cartoons "Bars and stripes forever" and "Hare-um scare-um;" trailers. 82 min. DVD X513 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Johnny Eager (1941) Director, Melvin LeRoy. Cast: Robert Taylor, Lana Turner, Edward Arnold, Van Heflin, Robert Sterling, Patricia Dane, Glenda Farrell, Barry Nelson. One of the last great gangster movies from the studio system's heyday. Taylor plays Johnny, a racketeer looking to tighten his grip on local gambling operations. Turner is the sociology student (and daughter of district attorney Edward Arnold) who falls for Johnny and then becomes a pawn in his schemes. 107 min. DVD X4504; vhs 999:3569 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Johnny Skidmarks (1997) Directed by Melvin LeRoy. Cast: Peter Gallagher, Frances McDormand, John Lithgow. Johnny "Skidmarks" Scardino is working for blackmailers, photographing wealthy guys in seedy motels. One such assignment turns the wrong way and blackmailers die one by one. Is Johnny the next on the list? 99 min. DVD X4266 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Juve contre Fantomas (France, 1913-14) Directed by Louis Feuillade. The Simplon Express disaster (23 min.) -- The haunted Villa (23 min.) Episodes of the Fantomas silent film serial about the adventures of Fantomas, the mysterious bandit in a black hood who is relentlessly tracked by Juve, the detective. Fantomas was an immense worldwide success and helped establish the advent of film serials in the United States. 47 min. 999:1926; also included on DVD 5868 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Key Largo (1948) Directed by John Huston. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Edward G. Robinson and Lauren Bacall. A returning war veteran fights gangsters who take over a hotel in the Florida Keys in an effort to clandestinely re-enter the country. 100 min. DVD 294 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Killer (Die xue shuang xiong) (Hong Kong, 91) Directed by John Woo. Jeffrey is The Killer, hired by the mob for one last job. Lee is the relentless cop trying to stop the killer at any cost. The two enemies form a strange and powerful bond that blur the lines between good and evil. 110 min. DVD 1868; vhs 999:848 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Killer's Kiss (1956) Directed by Stanley Kubrick. Cast: Frank Silvera, Jamie Smith, Irene Kane, Ruth Sobotka. A struggling boxer in New York City protects a nightclub dancer from her boyfriend and boss, unaware that he is a gangster. 67 min. DVD 561 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1978) Directed by John Cassavetes. Cast: Ben Gazzara, Timothy Agoglia Carey, Seymour Cassell, Robert Phillips, Morgan Woodward. When the gambling losses of nightclub owner Cosmo Vitelli (Gazzara) mount, he is pressured by a gangster to commit a murder to free himself of the debt. Now he is caught in a dangerous game, where every move is a deadly risk, and the only goal is to survive. (Originally released in a 135-min. version in 1976.) 109 min. DVD 2990; vhs 999:2453 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Lady Killer (1933) Directed by Roy Del Ruth. Cast: James Cagney, Mae Clarke, Margaret Lindsay, Leslie Fenton, Douglas Dumbrille. Pre-Hays Code story of a New York thug who suddenly stumbles onto fame and fortune as an actor in Hollywood. His pictures are in all the fan magazines, his name is in marquee lights. Former con artist Dan Quigley's doing all right in the movie racket but if his criminal past catches up with him he could end up in the Big House. 77 min. DVD X128 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Lady Gangster(1942) Directed by Florian Roberts. Cast: Faye Emerson, Julie Bishop, Frank Wilcox, Jackie C. Gleason, Roland Drew, Ruth Ford. A tough-talking beauty gets mixed up in a bank robbery and lands in prison. Before she is jailed, she steals the loot from her partners-in-crime and hides it. While in jail, she is befriended by an influential newspaper man, Kenneth Phillips. The lady ganster attempst to earn her release by turning over the money, but a series of double-crossings by her former henchmen stand in the way. 62 min. DVD X971 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Larceny, Inc. (1942) Directed by Lloyd Bacon. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Jane Wyman, Broderick Crawford, Jack Carson, Edward Brophy, Anthony Quinn. On release from Sing Sing, 'Pressure' Maxwell wants to go into legal business; his pal 'Jug' Martin would rather join fellow inmate Leo's bank robbery scheme. A compromise is reached when Pressure buys a luggage shop next to the bank and they begin to build a tunnel. Pressure, Jug, and their friend Weepy prove the most incompetent burglars ever seen, but their biggest problem is keeping paying customers out of the store as it gains unexpected success! Based upon a play by Laura and S.J. Perelman. Special features: Commentary by historians Haden Guest and Dana Polan; Warner Night at the Movies 1942 short subject gallery: vintage newsreel; John Huston's Oscar-nominated patriotic short "Winning your wings;" classic cartoons: "Porky's pastry pirates" and "The wabbit who came to supper;" trailers. 95 min. DVD X511 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Let Him Have It (1991) Directed by Peter Medak. Cast: Christopher Eccleston, Paul Reynolds, Tom Bell, Eileen Atkins, Clare Holman, Michael Elphick, Mark McGann, Tom Courtenay. Set in the gritty, post-war world of 1950's London, American movie gangsters are the reigning heroes of aimless young toughs that roam the streets. A robbery turns to murder and a simple-minded teenager finds himself facing a death sentence for a crime he didn't commit. 115 min. DVD 6819 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The List of Adrian Messenger (1963) Directed by John Huston. Cast: George C. Scott, Dana Wynter, Clive Brook, Gladys Cooper, Herbert Marsahll, Tony Curtis, Kirk Douglas, Burt Lancaster, Robert Mitchum, Frank Sinatra. The potential heirs to a family fortune are being killed off, and retired MI-5 officer Anthony Gethryn must find the killer in time to save the young grandson. Based upon a story by Philip MacDonald. 99 min. DVD X6931 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Little Ceasar (1930) Directed by Mervyn LeRoy. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Glenda Farrell. A little tough guy pushes his way to the top of the mob. Yet, at the peak of his success he is taken down as violently as he had ascended to power. 81 min. DVD 3511 National Film Registry Selection The Little Giant (1933) Directed by Roy Del Ruth. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Mary Astor, Helen Vinson, Russell Hopton, Shirley Grey. Prohibition is ending so bootlegger Bugs Ahearn decides to crack California society. He leases a house from down-on-her-luck Ruth and hires her as social secretary. He rescues Polly Cass from a horsefall and goes home to meet her dad who sells him some phony stock certificates. When he learns about this he sends to Chicago for mob help. Special features: Commentary by historians Daniel Bubbeo and John McCarty; Warner Night at the Movies 1933 short subjects gallery: vintage newsreel; musical short "Use your imagination;" classic cartoon "The dish ran away with the spoon;" trailers. 75 min. DVD X510 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Loan Shark (1952) Directed by Seymour Friedman. Cast: George Raft, Dorothy Hart, John Hoyt, Paul Stewart, Helen Westcott. Tough ex-con George Raft is hired by a factory owner and a union leader to help smash a loan-sharking mob preying on their employees. To obtain the necessary evidence, Raft puts his life on the line by joining the gang. 74 min. DVD 8238 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (UK, 1998) Directed by Guy Ritchie. Cast: Nick Moran, Jason Flemyng, Dexter Fletcher, Jason Statham, Steven Mackintosh, Vinnie Jones, Sting. A streetwise charmer who loses his friends' money in a rigged game comes up with a plan to make everything come out right, but ends up in a comedy of errors. 108 min. DVD 8211 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Long Good Friday (UK, 1979) Directed by John Mackenzie. Cast: Bob Hoskins, Helen Mirren, Dave King, Bryan Marshall, Derek Thompson, Eddie Constantine, Pierce Brosnan. British comedy thriller about a racketeer who attempts to transform the London dockyards into a potential Olympics site. 114 min. DVD X2458 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Love Is Colder Than Death (Liebe ist kalter als der Tod) (West Germany, 1969) Directed by Rainer Fassbinder. Cast: Ulli Lommel, Hanna Schygulla, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Hans Hirschmuller, Peter Berling. Franz, a small-time pimp from Berin, strikes up a friendship with Bruno, another criminal recruit. Despite ther persuasive methods, Franz refuses to join the organization. Instead, he teams with Bruno on a small wave of shoplifting and murder. But Franz's prostitute girlfriend is distrustful of the gangster -- and when Bruno begins planning a bank robbery, she makes some arrangements of her own. 85 min. DVD 1655 UC users only Married to the Mob (1988) Director: Jonathan Demme. Cast: Michelle Pfeiffer, Matthew Modine, Dean Stockwell, Mercedes Ruehl, Alec Baldwin. Mafia princess Angela DeMarco wants out. With her husband Frank dead, Angela decides it's time to divorce "the mob" and start a new life. But what she doesn't realize is once you're married to the mob, it's death do you part ... usually yours. 104 min. DVD 1691 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Mayor of Hell (1933) Directed by Archie Mayo. Cast: James Cagney, Madge Evans, Arthur Byron, Allen Jenkins, Dudley Digges, Frankie Darro. Politicos award gangster Patsy Gargan a cushy job as a honcho at a woefully run boys reform school-- no experience necessary, no expectations, no problems. But firebrand Patsy runs up against plenty of problems. He sees something in the kids-- himself. He, too, was raised in the slums. And he decides to defy everyone to give the kids opportunities he never had. Yet all the good Patsy does could collapse when he missteps into his life of crime. Special features: Commentary by film historian Greg Mank; Warner night at the movies 1933; Short subjects gallery: vintage newsreel, musical short "The audition," classic cartoon "The organ grinder," theatrical trailers. 90 min.DVD X135 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mean Streets (1973) Directed by Martin Scorsese; Cast: Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel, David Proval, Amy Robinson, Richard Romanus, Cesare Denova, George Memmoli, David Carradine, Robert Carradine. In this tale of the first-generation sons and daughters of New York's Little Italy, a small-time hood works his way up from the bottom rungs of the Mafia ladder. 112 min.DVD 99 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mesrine: Part 1: Killer Instinct (France, 2008) Director, Jean-François Richet. Cast: Vincent Cassel; Cécile De France; Gérard Depardieu; Gilles Lellouche; Roy Dupuis; Elena Anaya. Introduces us to Jacques Mesrine, a loyal son and dedicated soldier back home and living with his parents after serving in the Algerian War. Handsome and charming, he is soon seduced by the neon glamour of sixties Paris and the easy money it presents. Mentored by Guido, Mesrine soon moves swiftly up the criminal ladder, choosing the high-risk life of a gangster over the honest life of the hard-working family man. After pulling off an audacious heist, he and his lover Jeanne flee to Canada where the opportunity of one big payout lures him out of hiding and propels him towards international notoriety. Based on the autobiography of Jacques Mesrine.109 min. DVD X4427 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mesrine: Part 2: Public Enemy Number 1 (France, 2008) Director, Jean-François Richet. Cast: Vincent Cassel; Ludivine Sagnier; Mathieu Amalric; Gérard Lanvin; Samuel Le Bihan. Now back in France, Mesrine is finally in police custody and facing justice for his crimes, but he is soon on the run once again. After escaping a courtroom and kidnapping the judge at gunpoint, Mesrine is declared Public Enemy Number One and is eventually condemned to a maximum security prison where he writes his first memoirs, establishing himself as a household name and anti-hero across France. Based on the autobiography of Jacques Mesrine. 128 min. DVD X4427 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Miller's Crossing (1990) Directed by Joel Coen. Cast: Albert Finney, Gabriel Byrne, Marcia Gay Harden, John Turturro, Jon Polito, J.E. Freeman. The control of the gangster-political boss of an eastern city is slipping. The situation is complicated by a woman - both the boss and his trusted lieutenant are in love with her. Then the boss's control is challenged by an upstart Italian underboss and his ruthless henchman. 115 min. DVD 3331 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Murder by Contract (1958) Directed by Irving Lerner. Cast: Vince Edwards, Phillip Pine, Herschel Bernardi, Caprice Toriel. Claude is a self-made hitman who gets picked up by the big boys to handle a troublesome witness. But the job turns out to be a little more difficult than he expects when he is told he has to kill a woman. 80 min. DVD X2400 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Murder In the Fleet (1935) Directed by Edward Sedgwick. Cast: Robert Taylor, Jean Parker, Ted Healy, Una Merkel, Nat Pendleton, Jean Hersholt, Mischa Auer, Tom Dugan, Ward Bond. Lt. Tom Randolph is one of several naval officers confined to his ship when a murder occurs onboard. The victim was in the process of delivering the components for a new electrical flight-control device, thus everyone concerned is suspected of being a killer, or a foreign agent, or both. Several more murders occur before Lt. Randolph takes matters in his own hands and tracks down the culprit. 69 min. vhs 999:3942 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Murder Inc. (1960) Directed by Burt Balaban and Stuart Rosenberg. Cast: Stuart Whitman, May Britt, Henry Morgan, Peter Falk, David J. Stewart, Simon Oakland. In the violent burroughs of 1930s New york, gangs spawned by Prohibition have found new work ... as racketeers and contract killers. The most vicious of these is Murder, Inc., the merciless Brownsville, Brooklyn syndicate. As their reign of terror spreads, only one cop has the nerve to methodically track them down, determined to destroy them by any means necessary! Based on the true-life book of lawman Burton Turkus. 103 min. DVD X2400 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database New York Confidential(1955) Directed by Russell Rouse. Cast: Broderick Crawford, Richard Conte, Marilyn Maxwell, Anne Bancroft, J. Carrol Naish. Broderick Crawford is the NYC mob boss dealing out death as the answer to every crisis--from a minor member of his own syndicate, to a Washington lobbyist, to his own hired killers! Bonus features: audio commentary by film historian & author Alan K. Rode and film writer Kim Morgan; advertising gallery; and before and after restoration examples.DVD X5980 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database No Country for Old Men (2007) Directed by Joel Coen & Ethan Coen. Cast: Tommy Lee Jones, Javier Bardem, Josh Brolin, Woody Harrelson, Kelly Macdonald. One morning while hunting antelope, Vietnam vet Llewelyn Moss spies several trucks surrounded by dead bodies and decides to investigate. He finds a case filled with $2 million and a truck loaded with heroin. Moss takes it with him and hits the road until he can determine his next move. This puts the psychopathic killer, Anton Chigurh, on his trail as he dispassionately murders nearly every rival, bystander and even employer in his pursuit of his quarry and the money. Meanwhile, the laconic Sherrif Ed Tom Bell blithely oversees the investigation even as he struggles to face the sheer enormity of the crimes he is attempting to thwart. Based on the novel by Cormac McCarthy. Special features: "The making of No country for old men" featurette; Working with the Coens: reflections of cast & crew" featurette; "Diary of a country sheriff" featurette. 122 min. DVD 9439 Academy Awards - Best Picture; Best Director Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Picture; Best Director National Board of Review, USA - Best Film New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Picture; Best Director Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Once Upon a Time in America (1983) Director, Sergio Leone. Cast: Robert De Niro, James Woods, Elizabeth McGovern, Joe Pesci, Burt Young, Tuesday Weld, Treat Williams. "Epic, episodic, tale of the lives of a small group of New York City Jewish gangsters spanning over 40 years. Told mostly in flashbacks and flash-forwards, the movie centers on small-time hood David 'Noodles' Aaronson (Robert De Nero) and his lifelong partners in crime; Max (James Woods), Cockeye (William Forsythe) and Patsy (James Hayden) and their friends from growing up in the rough Jewish neighborhood of New York's Lower East Side in the 1920s, to the last years of Prohibition in the early 1930s, and then to the late 1960s where an elderly Noodles returns to New York after many years in hiding to look into the past." [ Internet Movie Database ] 226 min. DVD 1682; vhs 999:3099 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Paid to Kill (aka Five Days) (UK, 1954) Directed by Montgomery Tully. Cast: Dane Clark, Paul Carpenter, Thea Gregory, Cecile Chevreau. A man's business deal fails and to provide for his "adoring" wife, he hires his best friend to kill him so his wife can collect on his insurance. The business deal comes through at the last minute, but he finds he can't call off the murder. His treacherous double-crossing wife has different ideas. 71 min. DVD 8346 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Paranoid Park(2007) Directed by Gus Van Sant. Cast: Gabe Nevins, Taylor Momsen, Jake Miller, Dan Liu, Lauren McKinney, Scott Green. After a young skateboarder accidentally kills a security guard in self-defense with his skateboard at Paranoid Park, he falls into a world of crime, guilt, and fear. He desperately attempts to get out as the investigation into the crime deepens. Based on the novel by Blake Nelson. 84 min.DVD X2657 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Pay-Off(1930) Directed by Lowell Sherman. Cast: Lowell Sherman, Miriam Nixon, Hugh Trevor. This is the story of a well bred and mannered gangland boss. When one of his henchmen robs a young couple about to get married, he feels sorry for them and takes them in as his family, only to have other henchmen in his crime unit make them stooges in robberies gone wrong and murder. 71 min.DVD X4317 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Pépé Le Moko (1937) Directed by Julien Duvivier. Cast: Jean Gabin, Mireille Balin, Gabriel Gabrio, Lucas Gridoux, Gilbert Gil, Line Noro. The notorious Pépé le Moko is a wanted man: women long for him, rivals hope to destroy him and the law is breathing down his neck at every turn. On the lam in the Casbah of Algiers, Pepe is safe from the police--until a Parisian playgirl compels him to risk his life and leave its confines once and for all. One of the most influential films of the 20th century and a landmark of French poetic realism. 95 min. DVD 1538 Bayles, Janette. "Gendered Configurations of Colonial and Metropolitan Space in Pépé Le Moko." Australian Journal of French Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 39-57, Jan 1999 Garrity, Henry A."Narrative Space in Julien Duvivier's Pepe-le-Moko." The French Review 65 (4): 623-28. 1992 Mar. UC users only Green, Mary Jean. "Echoes of the Casbah: From Pépé Le Moko To Bab El-Oued City." Nottingham French Studies, Spring2007, Vol. 46 Issue 1, p68-83, 16p Le Juez, Brigitte. "Challenging Fantasies of the Orient in Pépé Le Moko by Julien Duvivier (1936)." In: Intercultural spaces : language, culture, identity / edited by Aileen Pearson-Evans and Angela Leahy (Main (Gardner) Stacks P35 .I495 2007) Limbrick, Peter. "(De)Colonising the Casbah: Masculinity and the Colonialist Imaginary in Pepe le Moko." New Literatures Review. 30: 17-29. 1995 Winter. Linderman, Deborah. "Pepe le Moko and the Discourse of Orientalism." Literature and Psychology. 42 (1-2): 1-17. 1996. Morgan, Janice. "In the Labyrinth: Masculine Subjectivity, Expatriation, and Colonialism in Pepe le Moko." The French Review 67 (4): 637-47. 1994 Mar. UC users only Pickup on South Street (1953) Directed by Samuel Fuller. Cast: Richard Widmark, Jean Peters, Thelma Ritter. Richard Widmark stars as Skip McCoy, thief with a record and three-time loser. That doesn't stop him from pickpocketing a street-smart beauty who's carrying secret microfilm for a gang of communist spies. 84 min. DVD 2709; vhs 999:516 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Picture Snatcher (1933) Director, Lloyd Bacon. Cast: James Cagney, Ralph Bellamy, Patricia Ellis, Alice White, Ralf Harolde, Robert Emmett O'Connor. James Cagney plays a con fresh from Sing Sing and putting his criminal skills to work as a sneaky, snaky tabloid photographer. He falls for the daughter of the cop who put him away and the father is not impressed by his new career, especially when he takes a daring shot of a woman being executed (based an actual incident when a New York Daily News photographer got a photo of Ruth Snyder in the electric chair). Kean isn't allowed to see Patricia any longer. But when one of his former friends kills two policemen, Kean sees his chance.... Special features: Commentary by film historians Jeffrey Vance and Tony Maietta ; Warner Night at the Movies 1933 Short Subject Gallery: vintage newsreel ; musical short, "Plane Crazy" ; classic cartoon, "Wake Up the Gypsy in Me" ; theatrical trailers. 77 min. DVD X129 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Pitfall (1948) Directed by Andre de Toth. Cast: Dick Powell, Jane Wyatt, Raymond Burr, Elizabeth Scott. A happily married insurance salesman becomes bored with his perfect wife and ideal son. When he succumbs to the advances of a pretty younger woman, it leads to a complicated web of intrigue, jealousy and murder. 88 min. 999:1238 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Portland Expose (1957) Directed by Harold D. Schuster. Cast: Edward Binns, Carolyn Craig, Virginia Gregg, Lawrence Dobkin, Frank Gorshin. The story concentrates on an honest tavern owner named George Madison who is involuntarily sucked into the city's rotten-to-the-core political machine. When Madison refuses to allow his establishment to serve as the gathering place for hoods and delinquents, the powers-that-be threaten to harm his family. Only after his daughter is attacked by a syndicate flunkey does Madison decide to fight back. At great personal risk, he manages to tape-record damning evidence against Portland's 'untouchable' criminal kingpin. 72 min. DVD 8237 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Portrait In Black (1948) Directed by Michael Gordon. Cast: Lana Turner, Anthony Quinn, Sandra Dee, John Saxon, Lloyd Nolan, Anna May Wong. In this glamorous and provocative murder mystery set in San Francisco's affluent Nob Hill, an unhappy wife is eager to speed up the eventual death of her tyrannical, paralyzed shipping magnate husband. Conveniently, her 113 min. DVD X4319 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Postman Always Ring Twice (1946) Directed by Tay Garnett. Cast: Lana Turner, John Garfield, Cecil Kellaway, Hume Cronyn, Leon Ames, Audrey Totter, Alan Reed. Steamy tale of a drifter offered a job at a roadside diner by the owner, an easy-going older man. When the drifter and the owner's voluptuous wife fall in love, they plot to kill her husband and run away together. DVD 2232; vhs 999:902 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Point Blank (1967) Directed by John Boorman. Cast: Lee Marvin, Angie Dickinson, Keenan Wynn, Carroll O'Connor, Lloyd Bochner, Michael Strong. A professional criminal helps pull off an underworld heist, then is gunned down and left for dead on deserted Alcatraz Island. He resurfaces in Los Angeles to track down his share of the loot. Aided by a lovely accomplice, he takes on the sundicate at its own deadly game, doggedly stalking his prey across the backdrop of seething '60's L.A. Based on the novel "The Hunter" by Richard Stark. Special features: Commentary by John Boorman and filmmaker Steven Soderbergh; vintage featuretttes The rock part 1 and part 2; theatrical trailer. 89 min. DVD X1067 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hughes, Howard. "'Somebody's got to pay' - Point Blank (1967)." In: Crime wave: the filmgoers' guide to the great crime movies / Howard Hughes. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris ; New York : Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ( Full text available online [UCB users only]) The Preview Murder Mystery (1936) Directed by Robert Florey. Cast: Reginald Denny, Frances Drake, Gail Patrick, George Barbier, Ian Keith. A public relations man for a movie studio uses an early form of television to help solve a murder. 60 min. vhs 999:3938 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Prime Cut (1972) Directed by Michael Ritchie. Cast: Lee Marvin, Gene Hackman, Sissy Spacek, Gregory Walcott, Angel Tompkins. A Kansas City mobster uses a meat processing factory as a front for his drug and prostitution business. There, gangsters are ground into sausage, and women are sold like cattle. Things change, however, when Chicago tough guy Nick comes to town. 86 min. DVD 6261 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Professional (Léon) (France, 1994) Director, Luc Besson. Cast: Jean Reno, Gary Oldman, Natalie Portman, Danny Aiello. When his next door neighbors are murdered, New York's top hit man becomes the unwilling guardian of their surviving 12-year-old daughter. He helps her track the psychotic agent who murdered her family so she can exact her revenge. A non-stop crescendo of action, suspense and surprises. 110 min. DVD 5805 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Public Enemies: The Golden Age of the Gangster Film As popular as the classic gangster movies were in their heyday, they still hold power over their audiences today. Explore the invention and development of the crime genre from the turn of the century to the silent era to the rise of the great Warner Bros. stars like James Cagney, Humphrey Bogart and Edward G. Robinson; directors like Michael Curtiz, Raoul Walsh and William Wellman; the films themselves and the influence they had on filmmakers all over the world; and the artistic merit these defining classic films still warrant. Learn about the effect of Prohibition, Censorship, the Depression and World War II on the rise of criminality in society, and its subsequent reflection seen on-screen. Special features: Mob of classic gangster-themed cartoons: "I like mountain music," "She was an acrobat's daughter," "Racketeer rabbit" and "Bugs and thugs." 2008. 106 min. DVD X515 The Public Enemy (1931) Directed by William A. Wellman. Cast: James Cagney, Jean Harlow, Edward Woods, Joan Blondell. Tom Powers (Cagney) begins his life of crime at an early age with his companion Matt Doyle. Powers' eventual rise to a notorious prohibition gangster is only darkened when a rival gang brutally murders his childhood friend. Powers tries to avenge Doyle's death but his efforts lead to a chilling and savage conclusion. 84 min. DVD 3514; VHS 999:33 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Public Enemies (2009) Directed by Michael Mann. Cast: Johnny Depp, Christian Bale, Marion Cotillard, Jason Clarke, Rory Cochrane, Billie Crudup, Stephen Dorff, Stephan Lang, John Ortiz, David Wenham, Giovanni Ribisi. No one could stop Dillinger and his gang. No jail could hold him. His charm and audacious jailbreaks endeared him to almost everyone, from his girlfriend Billie Frechette to an American public who had no sympathy for the banks that had plunged the country into the Depression. But while the adventures of Dillinger's gang thrilled many, Hoover made Dillinger America's first Public Enemy Number One. Based on the book by Bryan Burrough. 84 min. DVD X2493 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Pulp Fiction (1994) Directed by Quentin Tarantino; Cast: John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Uma Thurman, Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Amanda Plummer, Maria de Medeiros, Ving Rhames, Eric Stoltz, Rosanna Arquette, Christopher Walken, Bruce Willis. A clever, dark gangster film noir that tells four separate stories that are gradually brought together. Involved are two low-rent hit men, their boss and his sexy wife, a prizefighter and a pair of desperate robbers. 164 min. DVD 575 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Racket (1951) Directed by John Cromwell. Cast: Robert Mitchum, Lizabeth Scott, Robert Ryan. A straight-arrow cop and an old-school gangster find a common foe: big shots who run crime like a corporation. 89 min. DVD 5851 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ransom (1996) Directed by Ron Howard. Cast: Mel Gibson, Rene Russo, Gary Sinise, Delroy Lindo, Lili Taylor. When the son of a wealthy businessman is kidnapped, he defies the experts and turns the tables on the kidnappers in a last-chance effort to rescue his boy. 121 min. DVD 5196 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Rebel Set(rereleased as Beatsville)(1959) Directed by Gene Fowler, Jr.; featuring Gregg Palmer, Kathleen Crowley, John Lupton, Edward Platt, Don Sullivan, Robert Shayne, Gene Roth. Tucker, the owner of a beat coffee house, comes up with a plan to rob an armored car and recruits three scruffy, beat types. John is an out-of-work actor, Ray is a writer who cannot get published and George is the wastrel son of a has-been movie star. If they have failed so far, what makes Tucker think they can succeed in a daring million dollar robbery?. 69 min. DVD X2475; vhs 999:3382 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Replacement Killers (1998) Directed by Antoine Fuqua. Cast: Chow Yun-fat, Mira Sorvino, Michael Rooker, Jurgen Prochnow. John Lee, a professional hit man, defies the orders of a ruthless crime boss, putting not only his own life but his family's at stake. Desperate to get home, Lee enlists the aid of a document forger, and together they fend off the "replacement killers" hired to murder them. Special features: "The making of the Replacement Killers: where the action is"; featurette: "Chow Yun-Fat goes Hollywood". 96 min. DVD 7437 Cheung, Floyd. "Negative Attraction: The Politics of Interracial Romance in The Replacement Killers." Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture , vol. 1, no. 2, pp. [no pagination], Fall 2002 The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond (1960) Directed by Budd Boetticher. Cast: Ray Danton, Karen Steele, Elaine Stewart, Jesse White, Warren Oates, Dyan Cannon. A dramatization of the life of Jack Diamond, a man who "had the moves." Some were on the dance floor, where he earned the nickname Legs. Others were in the streets of New York, where he built a criminal empire in the Roaring '20s - and was the target of so many gangland shootouts he was also dubbed the Clay Pigeon. 101 min. DVD X6549 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Road to Perdition (2002) Directed by Sam Mendes. Cast: Tom Hanks, Paul Newman, Jude Law, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Stanley Tucci, Daniel Craig, Tyler Hoechlin. Michael Sullivan works as an enforcer for his adopted father, Irish gangster John Rooney. When Sullivan's son, Mike Jr., witnesses one of his father's killings on Rooney's behalf, the gangster decides that his ward and his family are liabilities that must be removed. Sullivan tries to safeguard his son and get even with the man who betrayed him, while his son focuses on bonding with his emotionally distant father. 117 min. DVD 3894 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) Directed by Gordon Douglas. Cast: Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Bing Crosby, Peter Falk, Barbara Rush, Victor Buono, Hank Henry. In prohibition-era Chicago, the corrupt sheriff and Guy Gisborne, a south-side racketeer, knock off the boss Big Jim. Everyone falls in line behind Guy except Robbo, who controls the north side. A lighthearted gangster spoof spirited along by guns, gags, tunes, and bootleg gin. 123 min. DVD 7900 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Scarface (1932) Directed by Howard Hawks. Cast: Paul Muni, Ann Dvorak, George Raft, Boris Karloff. Drama of the life and death of a Chicago gangster during prohibition in the 1920's. 93 min. DVD 5674; vhs 999:68 National Film Registry Selection Scarface (1983) Directed by Brian De Palma. Cast: Al Pacino, Steven Bauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Robert Loggia, Miriam Colon, F. Murray Abraham, Paul Shenar, Harris Yulin. Tells the story of the violent career of a smalltime Cuban refugee hoodlum who guns his way to the top of Miami's cocaine empire. 170 min. DVD 5676 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Scarlet Street (1945) Directed by Fritz Lang. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Joan Bennett, Dan Duryea, Margaret Lindsay. The story of a middle-aged bookkeeper who gets involved with a femme fatale, her boy friend and murder. DVD 2746; DVD 4911; vhs 999:331 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Shockproof (1949) Directed by Douglas Sirk. Cast: Cornel Wilde, Patricia Knight, John Baragrey, Esther Minciotti, Howard St. John, Russell Collins. Jenny Wright, a convicted murderess paroled in the care of probation officer Griff Marat. What begins as an aloof professional relationship eventually blossoms into romance. The fly in the ointment is shady Harry Wesson, the gambler who inveigled Jenny into committing murder. The girl is torn between creature comforts offered by Wesson and the promise of a clean life with Griff. 80 min. DVD X2350 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A Slight Case of Murder (1938) Directed by Lloyd Bacon. Cast: Edward G. Robinson, Jane Bryan, Allen Jenkins, Ruth Donnelly, Willard Parker. A riotous satire on racketeering. When Prohibition's ban on booze is over, bootlegger Remy Marco must make some changes and go legit. 85 min. DVD 5837 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sonatine (Japan, 1993) Directed by Takeshi Kitano. Cast: Takeshi Kitano, Aya Kokumai, Tetsu Watanabe, Masanobu Katsumura, Susumu Terashima, Ren Ohsugi, Tonbo Zushi. Murakawa, an established and ruthless Yakuza, sent outside his usual turf to intervene in a gang war on the tropical island of Okinawa. Things go badly wrong and he and his gang get caught in the crossfire. Forced to retreat to a seaside hideaway, they kill time and fool around on the beach, but then their enemies start picking them off one by one. 94 min. DVD X4804; vhs 999:3266 SEE TV videography Stander (Canada / Germany / South Africa / UK, 2003) Directed by Bronwen Hughes. Cast: Tom Jane, Dexter Fletcher, David Patrick O'Hara, Deborah Kara Unger. Based on the true story of Andre Stander, a South African police officer who suffers a crisis of conscience after his involvement in a riot in Johannesburg. He goes from law enforcer to law breaker, becoming one of South Africa's most notorious bank robbers. 116 min. DVD 7318 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Street With No Name (1948) Directed by William Keighley. Cast: Mark Stevens, Richard Widmark, Lloyd Nolan. Richard Widmark is Stiles, an up-and-coming crime boss trying to stake his claim in the criminal underworld. 91 min. DVD 4069 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sugar Hill (1993) Directed by Leon Ichaso. Cast: Wesley Snipes, Michael Wright, Theresa Randle, Leslie Uggams, Abe Vigoda. Roemello Skuggs and his older brother Raynathan grew up in Harlem with junkies for a mother and father. At an early age, the boys began working for one of the local bosses, Gus. As the years go by, their influence and power expands, until they have become the premier drug dealers in the neighborhood, wielding power to be reckoned with. But Roemello is becoming disillusioned with his life of crime, and is desperately seeking a way out, even as Raynathan tries to keep the "team" together. 123 min. DVD X2644 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Strange love of Molly Louvain (1934) Directed by Michael Curtiz. Cast: Ann Dvorak, Lee Tracy, Richard Cromwell, Guy Kibbee. In this pre-code scorcher, Molly Louvain teams up with a gangster she's fallen for but when he is arrested, she escapes with the aid of a young boy who wants to marry her. Hiding out in disguise, they run into a reporter who is dogged in his attempt to find the gangster's moll. He comes up with a brilliant idea to catch Molly, but when his plan works and he discoveres who she really is, the reporter must choose between turning her in or marrying her. Based on the play "Tinsel girl" by Maurine Watkins. 73 min. DVD X4707 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Swamp Woman(1955) Director, Roger Corman. Cast: Marie Windsor, Carole Mathews, Beverly Garland, Touch Connors, Susan Cummings, Lou Place, Jonathan Haze, Edward Nelson, Jil Jarmyn. A plucky police woman infiltrates a group of hardened female criminals who are planning to break jail and retrieve their loot of diamonds from its swampy hiding place. 85 min. DVD X971 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Testament of Dr. Mabuse (Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse) (Germany, 1933) Director, Fritz Lang. Locked away in an asylum for a decade and teetering between life and death, the criminal mastermind Dr. Mabuse has scribbled his last will and testament: a manifesto establishing a future empire of crime. When the document's nefarious writings start leading to terrifying parallels in reality, it's up to Berlin's star detective, Inspector Lohmann, to connect the fragmented, maddening clues in a case unlike any other. The Testament of Dr. Mabuse appropriates slogans and ideas from the newly ascendant Nazi party and puts them into the mouth of a madman, warning the audience of the horrible menace that was rapidly becoming a reality. The film was banned in Germany the year of its release because of its attack on the fundamentals of the Nazi Party. Special features: Audio commentary by David Kalat; complete French-language version of the film "Le testament du Dr. Mabuse" filmed simultaneously with French actors; excerpts from "For example Fritz Lang", 1964 interview with Lang; "Mabuse in mind", 1984 film by Thomas Honickel Cast: an interview with actor Rudolf Schundler; comparison between the 1933 German version, the French version, and "The crimes of Dr. Mabuse", the edited and dubbed American version of the film; interview with Mabuse expert Michael Farin about the literary inventor of the series, Norbert Jacques; rare production designer drawings by art director Emil Hasler; collection of memorabilia, press books, stills and posters; new essay by Tom Gunning. 104 min. DVD 6550; vhs 999:1100 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Testament of Dr. Mabuse (West Germany, 1962) Director, Werner Klingler. In this crime thriller, evil genius Dr. Mabuse hypnotizes the director of an insane asylum. A stylish and fast paced remake of Fritz Lang's 1932 cinematic landmark. 85 min. DVD 661 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database They Were So Young (Mannequins für Rio) (West Germany / USA, 1954) Directed by Kurt Neumann. Cast: Scott Brady, Raymond Burr, Johanna Matz, Ingrid Stenn. A "white slavery" melodrama filmed on location in Rio De Janeiro. Innocent young Johanna Metz is hired for a supposed modelling job in Brazil. Upon her arrival, she finds herself broke, stranded and at the beck and call of a criminal gang. Escaping from the crooks, Johanna is rescued by Scott Brady, an engineer in the employ of tycoon Raymond Burr. Unfortunately, Burr turns out to be the leader of the gang from whom Johanna has escaped. 78 min. DVD 8237 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database This Gun for Hire (1942) Directed by Frank Tuttle. Cast: Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Robert Preston, Laird Cregar. This film noir is a hard-edged story of love, power, and betrayal set in the seamy underworld of the 1940's. Ladd portrays a cold-blooded professional killer who's been double-crossed by his client. 80 min. DVD 2744 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database This Woman Is Dangerous (1952) Directed by Felix Feist. Cast: Joan Crawford, Dennis Morgan, David Brian, Richard Webb, Mari Aldon . A melodrama where Crawford plays a hardened mobster who's about to go blind. On top of this she is being watched by the police and is burdened by an overly jealous boyfriend. She goes to Indianapolis to consult an expert eye surgeon to repair her eyes and ends up falling hopelessly in love with him. Will she be able to forget her seedy past and make a fresh start? From a story by Bernard Girard. 97 min. DVD X4502 Hammer Films and British Film Noir bibliography Les Vampires (France, 1916) Directed by Louis Feuillade. Cast: Musidora, Edouard Mathe, Marcel Levesque, Jean Ayme, Fernand Herrmann, Stacia Napierkowska. 1. The severed head -- 2. The ring that kills -- 3. The red code book -- 4. The spectre -- 5. Dead man's escape -- 6. Hypnotic eyes -- 7. Satanas -- 8. The thunder master -- 9. The poisoner -- 10. The terrible wedding. A legendary 7 hour silent crime serial in 10 episodes describing the achievements of Les Vampires, a secret society of criminals led by Irma Vep. The gang uses kidnapping, poisonous gas, heavy artillery, sexual domination and murder to gain power over the elite of Paris. Special features: Inserted essay: The public is my master, Louis Feuillade and Les Vampires by Fabrice Zagury; For the children: a comedy sketch by the cast and crew of Les Vampires to raise funds for the French war orphans. Directed by Louis Feuillade (1916, 3 min.); Bout-de-Zan and the shirker: a comedy that features the child actor, Bout-De-Zan, from episode 8 of Les Vampires. Directed by Louis Feuillade (1916, 8 min.) 399 min. DVD 285 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database West 32nd (2007) Director, Michael Kang. Cast: John Cho, Jun Kim, Grace Park, Jane Kim, Jun-ho Jeong. After hustling his way onto a homicide case inside New York's gritty Korean underworld, attorney John Kim finds himself thrust into a sordid world of hard realities and moral compromises when he is taken under the wing of a ruthless Korean gangster. Special features: Filmmaker audio commentary ; deleted scenes ; "Leave me to dream" music video ; production gag reel ; interview "Getting naked with Mike and Ed" ; theatrical trailer. 87 min. DVD X2171 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Wings of Danger (UK, 1952) Directed by Terence Fisher. Cast: Zachary Scott, Robert Beatty, Kay Kendall, Naomi Chance, Arthur Lane. A former pilot suffering from blackouts discovers that a fellow flyer is supected of being mixed up with a web of smugglers. While searching for his missing buddy, he unwittingly becomes entangled in a morass of suspicion. 73 min. DVD 8345 Hammer Films and British Film Noir bibliography White Heat (1949) Directed by Raoul Walsh. Cast: James Cagney, Virginia Mayo, Edmond O'Brien, Fred Clark. Cody Jarrett is a psychopathic gangster and a ruthless killer who is anything but rational with his fierce headaches and strong mother-fixation. 115 min. DVD 3512 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Erickson, Glenn. "White Heat: I Am Cody Jarrett, Destroyer of Worlds." In: The gangster film reader / edited by Alain Silver and James Ursini. Pompton Plains, N.J. : Limelight, 2007. Main (Gardner) Stacks; PFA PN1995.9.G3 G36 2007) Fischer, Lucy. "Mama's Boy: Filial Hysteria in White Heat." In: Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in Hollywood Cinema. / edited by Steven Cohan and Ina Rae Hark. pp: 70-83. London; New York: Routledge, c1993. (UCB Main PN1995.9.M46 S36 1993) Wolves in the Snow (Des Chiens dans la Neige) (Canada, 2002) Directed by Michel Welterlin. Cast: Marie-Josee Croze (as Marie Jose Croze), Jean Philippe Ecoffey, Romano Orzari, Anne Roussel, Antoine Lacomblez. Antoine has been cuckolding Lucie for years. A violent marital argument ensues resulting in Antoine's death. After lying about Antoine's whereabouts, Lucie discovers his secret life of gangsters, money laundering and violence. Followed, threatened and badgered by the gangsters, Lucie becomes trapped by her deceit. The body of Antoine disappears, other corpses appear, and the money, very quickly, becomes only the pretext of an alarming turn of events. 95 min. DVD 6345 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Yakuza (USA / Japan, 1975) Directed by Sydney Pollack. Screenplay: Paul Schrader; Robert Towne. Cast: Robert Mitchum, Takakura Ken, Brian Keith, Okada Eiji, Herb Edelman, Richard Jordan, James Shigeta, Kishi Keiko, Christina Kokubo, Kyosuke Machida. Harry Kilmer returns to Japan after several years in order to rescue his friend George's kidnapped daughter - and ends up on the wrong side of the Yakuza, the notorious Japanese mafia. 112 min. DVD X2528 Brewster, Ben. "Alias Jimmy Valentine and situational dramaturgy." Film History (9:4) 1997, 388-409. All About the Benjamins (2002) Directed by Kevin Bray. Cast: Ice Cube, Mike Epps, Eva Mendes, Tommy Flanagan. A bounty hunter chases a bail jumper to an abandoned warehouse that just happens to be the exchange place for a major diamond heist. Now the would-be adversaries need to cooperate to foil the diamond thieves. 98 min. DVD 5698 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Asphalt Jungle (1950) Directed by John Huston. Cast: Sterling Hayden, Louis Calhern, Jean Hagen, James Whitmore, Sam Jaffe, John McIntire, Marc Lawrence, Barry Kelley, Anthony Caruso, Teresa Celli, Marilyn Monroe. When criminal mastermind Doc Riedenschneider is released from prison, he approaches lawyer Alonzo Emmerich with a plan for the biggest jewel heist in history. Doc carefully selects and rehearses his team, but Emmerich is planning to double-cross the thieves and flee the country with the loot. 112 min. DVD 2717 The asphalt jungle : a screenplay Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press ; London : Feffer & Simons, c1980 (MAIN: PN1997 .A78 1980; MOFF: PN1997 .A78 1980) The Aura (El Aura)(Argentina / France / Spain, 2005) Directed by Fabián Bielinsky. Cast: Ricardo Darin, Dolores Fonzi, Alejandro Awada, Pablo Cedron, Jorge D'Elia, Manuel Rodal, Rafael Castejon, Walter Reyno, Nahuel Perez Biscayart. A quiet, cynic taxidermist, who suffers from epilepsy attacks, is obsessed with committing the perfect crime. He claims that the police are too stupid to find out about it when it's well executed, and that the robbers are too stupid to execute it the right way. He feels that he could do it himself by relying on his photographic memory and his strategic planning skills. He is invited on a hunting trip away from his home. Once there, an accident gives him the chance of a lifetime: the possibility to commit the perfect crime. 138 min. DVD 9050 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007) Directed by Sidney Lumet. Cast: Philip Seymour Hoffman, Ethan Hawke, Marisa Tomei, Albert Finney, Brian O'Byrne, Rosemary Harris. A stock broker, who is having financial troubles and in need of extra cash, and his younger brother conspire to pull off the perfect, victimless crime. No guns, no violence, no problem. The only problem is that the owners of the jewelry store are their own parents. But when an accomplice ignores the rules and crosses the line, his actions trigger a series of events in which no one is left unscathed. Special features: "The making of Before the devil knows you're dead:" featuring interviews with Philip Seymour Hoffman, Ethan Hawke, Marisa Tomei and Sidney Lumet; filmmaker and cast commentary with Sidney Lumet and actors Philip Seymour Hoffman and Ethan Hawke; theatrical trailer. 117 min. DVD X1474 UC users only Bob Le Flambeur (Bob the Gambler) (France, 1955) Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville. Cast: Roger Duchesne, Isabel Corey, Daniel Cauchy, Guy Decomble, Andre Garet. Bob the Gambler finds out that the Deauville Casino expects to pull in 800 million francs on a certain date. On the night of the heist, Bob plays at the casino tables where before dawn breaks some of the men and women will win, some will lose and some will die. 95 min. DVD 1264; vhs 999:413 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bottle Rocket (1996) Directed by Wes Anderson. Cast: Owen C. Wilson, Luke Wilson, Robert Musgrave, Andrew Wilson, Lumi Cavazos, James Caan. After his stay in a mental hospital, Anthony reconnects with best pal Dignan, who greets his friend with a plan for them to become professional thieves working for a criminal mastermind named Mr. Henry. Step one: recruit a wheelman--Bob, a bored, wealthy 20-something living in fear of his older brother. Step two: rob a strip mall bookstore. Step three: go on the lam, which in this case means hide out at a motel in the middle of nowhere and, for Anthony at least, fall in love with a Paraguayan housekeeper named Inez. Step four: join up with Mr. Henry and pull off the heist of their lives--sort of. Special features: Disc 2. The making of "Bottle Rocket" [featurette] (26 min., (2008) -- Bottle rocket [original short, b&w] (14 min.,1992) ; The Shafrazi Lectures No. 1: "Bottle Rocket" (11 min., 2008) ; Murita cycles (27 min.,1979) ; Deleted scenes (17 min.); Anamorphic test (3 min.); Storyboards [slide show]; Photos by Laura Wilson [slide show] 91 min. DVD X4086 UC users only Le Cercle rouge (Red Circle) (France, 1970) Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville. Cast: Alain Delon, André Bourvil, Gian Maria Volante, Yves Montand, Paul Crauchet, François Perier. A master thief is fresh out of prison. But instead of toeing the line, he finds his steps leading back to the shadowy world of crime. He, a notorious escapee, and an alcoholic ex-cop plan a jewel heist, while being persued by a police superintendent. 140 min. DVD 2201 Jean-Pierre Melville bibliography Cool! (Netherlands, 2004) Directed by Theo van Gogh. Cast: Fouad Mourigh, Farhane El Hamchaoui, Jones Kruijne, Remco Alberts, Julien de Roover. Set to gangsta rap, this film tells the tale of three teenage criminals - (Abdel, Jacky, and Jeffrey) - who end up doing time in a juvenile detention center after messing up a bank robbery. Abdel, who has been changed for the better by his time in the correctional system, learns that their former gang-leader Prof is setting up another big heist. Abdel decides that Prof needs to be taken down and sets about sabotaging Prof's plan. 125 min. DVD 8247 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Criminal (aka Concrete Jungle) (UK, 1960) Directed by Joseph Losey. Cast: Stanley Baker, Sam Wanamaker, Gregoire Aslan, Margit Saad, Jill Bennett, Rupert Davies, Laurence Naismith, Patrick Magee, Patrick Wymark. Johnny Bannion has spent the last three years in prison devising the biggest robbery of his career. Out of prison, he puts his plans into action. He buries the money in a field, but Bannion is arrested before he has a chance to reveal its whereabouts to his gang. While in jail, he must survive an ordeal of brutality and betrayal at the hands of his fellow convicts and former accomplices. 97 min. DVD X5822 Joseph Losey bibliography Dog Day Afternoon (1975) Directed by Sidney Lumet. Cast: Al Pacino, John Cazale, James Broderick, Charles Durning, Chris Sarandon, Carol Kane. Based on a true incident this is the story of a botched bank robbery attempt in Brooklyn on August 22, 1972 that turned into a bizarre hostage situation. 125 min. DVD 6355 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Actor (Al Pacino) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Picture; Best Director; Best Actor (Al Pacino) National Film Registry Selection Dogville (Denmark / Sweden / France / Norway / Netherlands / Finland / Germany / USA / UK, 2003) Directed by Lars von Trier. Cast: Nicole Kidman, Harriet Andersson, Lauren Bacall, Jean-Marc Barr, Paul Bettany, Blair Brown, James Caan, Patricia Clarkson, Jeremy Davies, Ben Gazzara, Philip Baker Hall, Thom Hoffman, Siobhan Fallon Hogan, John Hurt, Zeljko Ivanek, John Randolph Jones, Udo Kier, Cleo King, Miles Purington, Bill Raymond, Chloe Sevigny, Shauna Shim, Stellan Skarsgard. Grace arrives in the isolated town of Dogville, on the run from gangsters. The townspeople agree to hide her. However, when outsiders start looking for the fugitive, the locals make demands of Grace in exchange for the risk of harboring her. But Grace has a secret and it's a dangerous one. Dogville may regret it ever decided to bare its teeth. 177 min. DVD 3001; DVD 2821 (non-US format DVD) Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Le deuxième souffle (Second Breath)(France, 1966) Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville. Cast: Lino Ventura, Paul Meurisse, Christine Fabrega, Raymond Pellegrin, Marcel Bozzufi, Paul Frankeur, Denis Manuel, Jean Negroni. Gustave Manda, better known as Gu, a dangerous gangster, escapes from jail. He goes to Paris to join Manouche and other friends, and becomes involved in a gangland killing. Before leaving the country with Manouche, Gu needs a final job to get some money. But that's not so simple when you have Inspector Blot tracking you, and have to deal with the consequences of the shooting in Paris. Special features: Audio commentary featuring film scholar Ginette Vincendeau; new video interview with director Bertrand Tavernier (publicity agent on the film); archival footage featuring interviews with Melville and actor Lino Ventura; original theatrical trailer; new and improved English subtitle translation; a new essay by film critic Adrian Danks. 144 min. DVD X647 Jean-Pierre Melville bibliography The Getaway (1972) Directed by Sam Peckinpah. Cast: Steve McQueen, Ali MacGraw, Ben Johnson, Sally Struthers, Al Lettieri, Slim Pickens. Doc McCoy has been granted parole but the catch is that the sherriff expects a small favor from him for his generosity: robbing another bank! The sherriff does not really intend to let McCoy walk away after the heist, but stopping Doc proves a trifle difficult. 123 min. DVD 5082 Sam Peckinpah bibliography The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery Directors, Charles Guggenheim, John Stix. Cast: Steve McQueen, David Clarke, Graham Denton, Molly McCarthy, James Dukas. Psychological drama based on true events that recounts the meticulous planning and thoroughly botched execution of a bank robbery. Actual St. Louis police officers play themselves in the same respective roles of the true story. 85 min. DVD 1151 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Heist(2001) Directed by David Mamet. Cast: Gene Hackman, Danny DeVito, Delroy Lindo, Sam Rockwell, Rebecca Pidgeon, Ricky Jay, Patti Lupone. An accomplished thief has his career jeopardized after he's caught on security cameras during a job. Broke, he and his associates are blackmailed by their longtime fence into stealing Swiss gold bars from an airplane. As they plot the complicated score, he and his crew become suspicious of the relationship between his young wife and the fence's nephew, who has been planted on the crew to keep an eye on them for his uncle. Betrayals and backstabbings are the order of the day as they get closer to the payday of a lifetime. 111 min. DVD X4141 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hormigas en la boca (Ants in the mouth) (Spain / Cuba, 2005) Directed by Mariano Barroso. Cast: Eduard Fernandez, Adriana Gil, Jorge Perugorria, Jose Luis Gomez, Samuel Juan Claxton. After ten years in a Barcelona prison, Martin travels to Havana to search for his beautiful girlfriend. She was the only one of his gang of bank robbers to get away. She also got away with the loot. 92 min. DVD 8588 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Italian Job(2003) Directed by F. Gary Gray. Cast: Mark Wahlberg, Charlize Theron, Edward Norton, Seth Green, Jason Statham, Mos Def, Franky G, Donald Sutherland, Olek Krupa, Boris Krutonog. In Venice, Italy, a team of expert thieves pulls a daring heist of $35 million dollars in bars of gold. One of the thieves betrays his companions and swipes the gold for himself. One year later, in Los Angeles, the surviving team members create a smart and devious plan to steal back the gold and get their revenge on the traitor. Special features: "Pedal to the metal : the making of 'The Italian job'" featurette; "Putting the word on the page for 'The Italian job'" featurette; "'The Italian job' driving school" featurette; "The mighty Minis of 'The Italian job'" featurette; "High octane : stunts from 'The Italian job'" featurette; 6 deleted scenes; theatrical trailer. Based on the film: The Italian job / written by Troy Kennedy Martin. 110 min. DVD X3795 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kansas City Confidential (1952) Directed by Phil Karlson. Cast: John Payne, Coleen Gray, Preston Foster, Neville Brand, Lee Van Cleef, Jack Elam, Dona Drake, Mario Siletti. In this film noir a bitter ex-cop turns criminal mastermind, pulling off a huge armored car robbery. A reformed con man turns investigator when he is unwittingly framed for the robbery. 98 min. DVD 3809; vhs 999:2870 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Killing (1960) Directed by Stanley Kubrick. Cast: Sterling Hayden, Coleen Gray, Vince Edwards, Jay C. Flippen, Ted DeCorsia, Marie Windsor, Elisha Cook, Jr., Kola Kwariani, Timothy Carey, Joe Sawyer. A group of small-time crooks plan and execute a daring race-track robbery--but their well-laid plans go awry. 85 min. DVD 720 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Lady Killers (2004) Directed by Joel Coen & Ethan Coen. Cast: Tom Hanks, Irma P. Hall, Marlon Wayans, J.K. Simmons, Tzi Ma, Ryan Hurst. Marva Munson is a spry, elderly woman who is looking for a tenant for the spare room in her house. Goldthwait H. Dorr moves in and gains Munson's permission to use the basement for rehearsals with his "medieval music ensemble." Dorr is masterminding the robbery of a riverboat casino, and the fellow musicians in his ensemble are actually the crew he's assembled to pull off the job. Despite their best efforts, Munson finds out about their scheme and Dorr decides the best solution is to silence her permanently. After, all how hard can that be? 104 min. DVD 3333 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Ladykillers (UK, 1955) Director, Alexander Mackendrick. Cast: Alec Guinness, Peter Sellers, Herbert Lom, Cecil Parker, Danny Green. Professor Marcus and his gang of vicious bank robbers rent a room from an elderly widow. When she begins to meddle in their 'perfect crime', the crooks decide she must be killed ... but can they? 91 min. DVD 8124 Buford, Kate. "Alexander Mackendrick." Film Comment, 30:3 (1994) p. 41-43 Garrido, Monica. "Alexander Mackendrick." Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Database Kemp, Philip. "Tavernier on Mackendrick." Sight & Sound v. ns4 (August 1994) p. 16-20 Kemp, Philip. Lethal innocence : the cinema of Alexander Mackendrick / Philip Kemp ; foreword by Alec Guinness. London : Methuen, 1991. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.M23 K45 1991) Richards, Jeffrey H. "Cul-de-Sac England: The Ladykillers." In: Best of British : cinema and society, 1930-1970 / Jeffrey Richards and Anthony Aldgate. Oxford, England : B. Blackwell, 1983. ( Full text available online [UC Berkeley users only]; Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1993.5.G7 R48 1983) Rolinson, Dave. "'If they want culture, they pay': consumerism and alienation in 1950s comedies." In: British cinema of the 1950s : a celebration / edited by Ian MacKillop and Neil Sinyard. Manchester ; New York : Manchester University Press ; New York, NY, USA : Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave, 2003. ( Full text available online [UCB users only]; print: Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1993.5.G7 M263 2003) The Last Way Out (1997) Directed by Mark Steensland. Cast: Kurt Johnson, Kevin Reed, Katie Brown, John Lamb, Karyn Casl. A first class "modern" film-noir drama. For two years, Frank White has kept himself hidden from his former partners in crime, But when an unexpected turn of events thrusts them together again, Frank's new life is turned upside down. Caught in the collision of past and present, Frank is forced to choose between one last heist and the last way out. 88 min. 999:2437 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Lavender Hill Mob(UK, 1951) Directed by Charles Crichton. Cast: Alec Guinness, Stanley Holloway, Sidney James. Sir Alec Guinness is Henry Holland, a meek clerk who devises an ingenious plan to rob a fortune in gold bullion from his own bank. But his idea to melt the gold into souvenir Eiffel Towers and smuggle them to France turns his perfect crime into a disastrous caper with unexpected surprises. 81 min. DVD 8121 UC users only Hornsey, Richard Quentin Donald. "The Perversity of the Zigzag: The Criminality of Queer Urban Desire." In: The spiv and the architect : unruly life in postwar London / Richard Hornsey. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, c2010. ( Full text available online [UC Berkeley users only]; Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks HQ76.3.G72 L655 2010) Vermilye, Jerry. "The Lavender Hill Mob." In The great British films / Jerry Vermilye ; foreword by Deborah Kerr. Secaucus, N.J. : Citadel Press, c1978. (Pacific Film Archive PN1993.5.G7 V4 1978) Ealing Studio bibliography The League of Gentlemen (UK, 1960) Directed by Basil Dearden. Cast: Jack Hawkins, Nigel Patrick, Roger Livesey, Richard Attenborough, Bryan Forbes, Kieron Moore, Terence Alexander, Robert Coote. Bitter about being forced into retirement, a colonel ropes a cadre of former British army men into aiding him in a one-million-pound bank robbery, a risky, multitiered plan that involves infiltrating a military compound. 116 min. DVD X5446 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Burton, Alan. The cinema of Basil Dearden and Michael Relph / Alan Burton and Tim O'Sullivan. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, c2009. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.D3855 B87 2009) Liberal directions : Basil Dearden and postwar British film culture / edited by Alan Burton, Tim O'Sullivan and Paul Wells. Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England : Flicks Books, 1997. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.D387 L53 1997) Loophole (UK, 1981) Directed by John Quested. Cast: Martin Sheen, Albert Finney, Susannah York, Colin Blakely, Robert Morley, Tony Doyle. When architect Stephen Brooker loses his partnership, he finds that jobs are hard to come by, and with money in short supply, he unwittingly becomes involved in a daring scheme to rob one of London's biggest bank vaults. 105 min. DVD X230 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Night Key (1937) Directed by Lloyd Corrigan. Cast: Boris Karloff, Jean Rogers, Warren Hull, Alan Baxter, Samuel S. Hinds, Hobart Cavanaugh. The ingenious inventor of a new top-of-the line security system is kidnapped by a gang of burglars and forced to help them commit robberies. 78 min. DVD 6216 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ocean's Eleven(1960) Director Lewis Milestone. Cast: Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, Angie Dickinson. The place is Las Vegas. The time: Midnight, New Year's Eve. Danny Ocean (Sinatra) and 10 of his ex-commando buddies get ready to rob the vaults of 5 casinos simultaneously! Special features: Feature-length audio commentary by Frank Sinatra Jr. and Angie Dickinson; interactive "then and now" Las Vegas map casino vignettes; excerpts from the Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson featuring guest host Frank Sinatra and Angie Dickinson; interactive menus; cast/filmmaker profiles; 2 theatrical trailers; scene access. 127 min. DVD 7899 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ocean's Eleven(2001) Director Steven Soderbergh. Cast: George Clooney, Matt Damon, Andy Garcia, Brad Pitt, Casey Affleck, Scott Caan, Elliott Gould, Eddie Jemison, Bernie Mac, Shaobo Qin, Carl Reiner, Julia Roberts. Three prestigious Las Vegas casinos. More than $160 million. Danny Ocean and his 10-man handpicked team of grifters and conmen are ready to carry out the most elaborate casino heist in history, and they just might get away with it. Based on the story by George Clayton Johnson and Jack Golden Russell, and the 1960 screenplay by Harry Brown and Charles Lederer. 116 min. DVD 5771 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hughes, Howard. "'You're either in or you're out' - Ocena's Eleven (2001)." In: Crime wave: the filmgoers' guide to the great crime movies / Howard Hughes. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris ; New York : Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ( Full text available online [UCB users only]) Ocean's Twelve (2004) Directed by Steven Soderbergh. Cast: George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Andy Garcia, Don Cheadle, Bernie Mac, Julia Roberts. Ocean's Twelve reintroduces Ocean and his perfectly trained team of con men. Dividing forces to hit Paris, Amsterdam, and Rome, the heist-meisters move beyond casinos to tackle new objectives, one of which involves stealing a famous painting. 125 min. DVD 5772 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ocean's Thirteen (2007) Director Steven Soderbergh. Cast: George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Elliott Gould, Bernie Mac, Al Pacino, Don Cheadle, Casey Affleck, Eddie Jemison, Scott Caan, Shaobo Qin, Carl Reiner, Eddie Izzard, Michael Mantell, Ellen Barkin, Andy Garcia. Danny Ocean's team of criminals are back and are composing a plan more personal than ever. When ruthless casino owner Willy Bank double-crosses Reuben Tishkoff, causing a heart attack, Danny Ocean vows that he and his team will do anything to bring Willy Bank and everything he's got down. Even if it includes hiring help from one of their own enemies, Terry Benedict. Special features: Additional scenes ; "Vegas: an opulent illusion" : Las Vegas' influential design sense ; Jerry Weintraub walk and talk : the producer takes us on a casino tour. 122 min. DVD 9160 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Odds Against Tomorrow (1959) Director, Robert Wise. Cast: Harry Belafonte, Robert Ryan, Shelley Winters, Ed Begley, Gloria Grahame. One hundred and fifty thousand dollars, ready for the taking. It's too much to resist for Earl Slater, a bigoted ex-con slumming through life with a patronizing girlfriend and zero expectations. He agrees to be part of a bank job planned by former cop Burke. Until, that is, he finds out one of his partners will be a black man. Earl's desperate need for cash, however, leads him to reconsider. For this job only, he'll put his racism aside ... until moments away from the score, hatred erupts. In this film to obtain the edgy look desired by the director a rare filming technique was used: infrared photography. 96 min. DVD 2229 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Real Time: Siege at Lucas Street Market (2001) Directed by Max Allan Collins. Cast: Brinke Stevens, Michael Cornelison, Rachel Lemieux, Larry Coven, Tom Keane, Chadrick Hoch. Two young armed robbers seeking drug money enter a convenience store, but the simple hold-up quickly turns into a hostage situation, captured on security cameras, squad car cams, and news team footage. 72 min. DVD 5043 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Reservoir Dogs (1991) Directed by Quentin Tarentino. Cast: Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi, Lawrence Tierney, Michael Madsen. They were strangers, together to pull off the perfect jewel heist but their simple robbery turns into a bloody ambush when they realize one of them is a police informant. But which one? 200 min. DVD 3850 Tarantino, Quentin. Reservoir dogs / Quentin Tarantino. New York : Grove Press, [2000] (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1997 .R48 2000) Rififi (1955) Directed by Jules Dassin. Cast: Jean Servais, Carl Mohner, Robert Manuel, Perlo Vita, Marie Sabouret, Janine Darcey, Claude Sylvain, Marcel Lupovici, Pierre Grassel, Robert Hossein, Magali Noel, Dominique Maurin. A suspenseful story of a successful jewel robbery engineered by an aging ex-con in which the four thieves betray each other. One of the greatest crime capers, it set the standard for all others that followed. Most notable is Dassin's exquisitely intense silent burglary sequence which runs nearly half an hour. 118 min. DVD 3903; vhs 999:2779 Phillips, Alastair. Rififi London ; New York : I.B. Tauris ; New York : Distributed in the United States and Canada exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. ( Full-text available online [UC Berkeley users only]) Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) Directed by Gordon Douglas. Cast: Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Bing Crosby, Peter Falk, Barbara Rush, Victor Buono, Hank Henry. In prohibition-era Chicago, the corrupt sheriff and Guy Gisborne, a south-side racketeer, knock off the boss Big Jim. Everyone falls in line behind Guy except Robbo, who controls the north side. A lighthearted gangster spoof spirited along by guns, gags, tunes, and bootleg gin. 123 min. DVD 7900 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Set It Off (1996) Directed by F. Gary Gray. Cast: Jada Pinkett, Queen Latifah, Vivica A. Fox, John C. McGinley, Kimberly Elise, Blair Underwood. Four poor black women try to get some payback from the social system which has abused them by staging a series of bank robberies. Special features: "Setting it straight: making Set it off" featurette; "Let it go" music video by Ray J; theatrical trailer. 124 min. DVD X2661 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sexy Beast (2000) Director, Jonathan Glazer. Cast: Ray Winstone, Ben Kingsley, Ian McShane, Amanda Redman, Cavan Kendall, Julianne White, Alvaro Monje, James Fox. High voltage crime thriller that crackles with chilling style and wit. A savage gangster named Don Logan is met with resistance when he tries to recruit a retired pal for "one last job". But Logan just won't take no for an answer. 88 min. DVD 1136 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Danks, Adrian. "London Calling: Sexy Beast." Senses of Cinema: an Online Film Journal Devoted to the Serious & Eclectic Discussion of Cinema. 16:(no pagination). 2001 Sept-Oct James, Nick. "Thieves on the verge of a nervous breakdown." Sight & Sound Vol XI nr 1 (Jan 2001); p 18-20. Sweeney, Kevin W. "Inner monsters in Sexy Beast." Journal of American Culture March 2003 v26 i1 p63(8) UC users only Snatch (2000) Directed by Guy Ritchie. Cast: Benico Del Toro, Dennis Farina, Vinnie Jones, Brad Pitt, Rade Sherbedgia, Jason Statham, Jason Flemyng. A diamond heist gone haywire launches gangster, bookies and a dog on a rollicking ride through the rugged world of bare-knuckle boxing in search of the missing stone. 103 min. DVD 5335 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Thief (1981) Directed by Michael Mann. Cast: James Caan, Tuesday Weld, Robert Prosky, James Belushi, Tom Signorelli, Willie Nelson. A professional thief is caught between Chicago organized crime families and corrupt police. Based on the book: The home invaders / by Frank Hohimer. 124 min. DVD X4209 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Auster, Al; Quart, Leonard. "Thief" Cineaste, 1981, Vol. 11 Issue 3, p38-38, 1p Lobato, Ramon. "Crimes against urbanity: The concrete soul of Michael Mann." Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies; Jun2008, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p341-352, 12p UC users only To Catch a Thief (1955) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Cast: Cary Grant, Grace Kelly, Jessie Royce Landis, John Williams. A retired American jewel thief living on the French Riviera seeks to prove his innocence by exposing the burglar who has been imitating his technique. 103 min. DVD 1570 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Topkapi (1964) Director, Jules Dassins. Cast: Melina Mercouri, Peter Ustinov, Maximilian Schell, Robert Morley, Akim Tamiroff, Jess Hahn. A small-time con-man with passport problems gets mixed up with a gang of world-class jewelry thieves who are plotting to steal a jewel-encrusted dagger from a museum with an impregnable security system, the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul. Turkish intelligence, suspecting arms smuggling, gets involved, and under pressure the con-man rises to heights he's never dreamed of. Based on the novel: Light of day / by Eric Ambler. 119 min. DVD X46 UC users only The Town (2010) Director, Ben Affleck. Cast: Ben Affleck, Rebecca Hall, Jon Hamm, Jeremy Renner, Blake Lively, Titus Welliver, Slaine, Pete Postlethwaite, Chris Cooper, Owen Burke. Doug MacRay is leader of a Boston bank robber gang but not cut from the same cloth as his fellow thieves. When Doug falls into a passionate romance with the bank manager briefly taken hostage in their last heist, he wants out of this life and out of the town. As the Feds close in and the crew questions his loyalty, he has one of two choices: betray his friends or lose the woman he loves. Based on the novel Prince of thieves by Chuck Hogan. 119 min. DVD X6789 UC users only À tout de suite (France, 2004) Directed by Benoit Jacquot. Cast: Isild Le Besco, Ouassini Embarek, Nicolas Duvachelle, Laurence Cordier, Forini Kodoukaki. Lili is an impulsive, free-spirited art student living a staid existence with her father in 1970s Paris. When she meets a mysterious young Moroccan man at a nightclub, she falls instantly in love. Soon she learns he was involved in a botched bank robbery -- where a man was killed -- and without hesitation she allows him and his accomplice to hide out in her apartment. The two embark on a wild spree throughout France, Spain, Morocco, and Greece, in a contemporary joy ride. 95 min. DVD 6758 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Another Day In Paradise (1997) Directed by Larry Clark. Cast: James Woods, Melanie Griffith, Vincent Kartheiser, Natasha Gregson Wagner. In the hope of a big score, two junkie couples team up on a cross-country crime spree committing various drug robberies which go disastrously wrong leading to dissent, violence and murder. Based on the book by Eddie Little. Special features: Clarence Carter music video ; commentary with director Larry Clark ; scene access ; trailer ; cast information. 101 min. DVD 5779 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Badlands (1973) Directed by Terrence Malick. Cast: Martin Sheen, Sissy Spacek, Warren Oates, Ramon Bieri. Set in South Dakota in 1959, this is the story of Kit and his girlfriend Holly, two people alienated from everyday life, who go on a killing spree. Based loosely on the 1950's killing spree by Charles Starkweather and his girlfriend, Caril Ann Fugate. 95 min. DVD 201 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bonnie & Clyde (1967) Directed by Arthur Penn. Cast: Warren Beatty, Faye Dunaway, Gene Hackman, Estelle Parsons, Michael J. Pollard. A likeable young couple embark on a series of increasingly violent crimes during the darkest days of the Depression. 112 min. DVD 70; also on VHS 999:2 Academy Awards - Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Estelle Parsons) National Society of Film Critics Awards - Best Screenplay; Best Supporting Actor (Gene Hackman) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Screenplay "Bonnie and Clyde." In: Best American screenplays. First series : complete screenplays / edited by Sam Thomas ; foreword by Frank Capra. New York : Crown Publishers, c1986. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1997.A1 B36 1986) Bound (1996) Directed by Andy Wachowski and Larry Wachowski. Cast: Jennifer Tilly, Gina Gershon, Joe Pantoliano, John Ryan. This thriller tells the story of a gangster's moll and her tough lesbian, ex-con lover who steal $2 million in loot from the former's brutish lover and must then flee for their lives in the seedy, crime-filled city. -- Sandra Brennan [ All Movie Guide ] 108 min. DVD X1071; vhs 999:1908 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Case of the Baby-sitter(1947) Directed by Lambert Hillyer. Cast: Tom Neal, Pamela Blake, Allen Jenkins, Virginia Sale. Jewel thieves, operating in the guise of a Duke and Duchess, hire the Ace Detective Agency to 'baby sit' the infant they have kidnapped and are using as a blind for their thefts. A rival gang of thieves dope the "detective sitter", "Harvard" Quinlan (Allen Jenkins), and make off with a valuable diamond. Based on the story by Myron A. Nunes. 43 min. DVD X919 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Cruel Story of Youth (Seishun zankoku monogatari) (Japan, 1960) Director: Nagisa Ôshima. In this daring statement about the disillusionment that took hold in Japan following World War II, a teenage girl and her criminal boyfriend perform sexual shakedowns on well-to-do middle-aged men. 96 min. 999:2024 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Delusion (1990) Directed by Carl Colpaert. Cast: Jim Metzler, Jennifer Rubin, Kyle Secor. A mild mannered computer developer is hijacked by a young couple in the desert who introduce him to a world of casual violence and planned murder which triggers his desire for revenge and survival. 100 min. 999:148 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Elevator to the Gallows (Ascenseur pour l'echafaud) (France, 1957) Directed by Jouis Malle. Cast: Jeanne Moreau, Maurice Ronet, Georges Poujouly, Yori Bertin, Jean Wall, Lino Ventura, Ivan Petrovich, Felix Marten, Elga Andersen, Gerard Darrieu, Sylviane Aisenstein, Charles Denner, Hubert Deschamps, Jean-Claude Brialy. Florence Carala and her lover Julien Tavernier, an ex-paratrooper, want to murder her husband by faking a suicide. 92 min. DVD 5933 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1966) Directed by Russ Meyer. Cast: Tura Satana (Varla), Haji (Rosie), Lori Williams (Billie), Susan Bernard (Linda), Stuart Lancaster (The Old Man). In this cult classic three curvaceous go-go dancers in a sportscar go on a desert crime-spree, led by nasty Varla dressed entirely in black. Varla's lesbian moll Rosie and bimbo Billie are along for the ride. When they meet a naive young couple Varla dispatches the man with one karate chop. They take the girl hostage and drive to a house owned by a crippled old lecher, where they scheme to discover the money he has hidden on the property, not realizing that the old man has a few sinister intentions of his own. 83 min. DVD X4973; 999:3593 McDonough, Jimmy. Big bosoms and square jaws : the biography of Russ Meyer, king of the sex film New York : Crown, c2005. (PFA : PN1998.3.M49 M34 2005) Fun With Dick and Jane (1977) Directed by Ted Kotcheff. Cast: George Segal, Jane Fonda, Ed McMahon, Richard Gautier, Allan Miller. Dick Harper and his wife have always lived way beyond their means. Just because Dick has just lost his high-paying job is no reason for Jane to stop spending like there's no tomorrow. To make ends meet, Dick and Jane take up a new career: burglary. 95 min. 999:3835 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Grifters (1990) Directed by Stephen Frears; Cast: John Cusack, Anjelica Huston, Annette Bening. Three con artists walk on the razor's edge of life. Lilly has decided it's time to get out, and wants her son out, too. But Roy has fallen for sleek Myra, who wants him for her partner. Based on the novel by Jim Thompson. 114 min. DVD 3832 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Gun Crazy (Crazy is the Female) (1950) Directed by Joseph Lewis. Cast: Peggy Cummins, John Dall. Although Bart is not a violent man at heart, he allows the no-good Laurie to lure him into a life of crime. DVD 2716; vhs 999:517 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Martin, Adrian. "Violently Happy: Gun Crazy." In: Film noir reader 4 / edited by Alain Silver and James Ursini. [Pompton Plains] N.J. : Limelight Editions ; [Milwauke, Wisc.] : Distributed by Hal Leonard, 2004. (Main (Gardner) Stacks; Moffitt PN1995.9.F54 F64 2004) Ruhmann, Lony. "Gun Crazy, 'The Accomplishment of Many, Many Minds': An Interview with Joseph H. Lewis." The Velvet Light Trap, vol. 20. 1983 Summer. pp: 16-21 Heavenly Creatures (UK / Germany / New Zealand, 1994) Directed by Peter Jackson. Cast:Melanie Lynskey, Kate Winslet, Sarah Peirse, Diana Kent, Clive Merrison, Simon O'Connor. Based on an actual crime, this is the true-life case of two teenage girls, Pauline Parker and Juliet Hulme, who were charged with clubbing to death Pauline's mother in Christchurch New Zealand in 1954. The film opens two years before the murder, and follows the friendship as the two become obsessed with each other, retreating into a fantasy life which leads to shocking consequences. 99 min. DVD 9177; vhs 999:1994 In Cold Blood (1967) Directed by Richard Brooks. Cast: Robert Blake, Scott Wilson, John Forsythe. Robert Blake, Scott Wilson, John Forsythe. Dramatizes a real crime in which a Kansas farmer, his wife and two teenage children were brutally murdered by two ex-convicts. Explores the inner workings of the criminals' minds as it follows their purposeless meanderings through Mexico and the United States in evasion of the law. Based on the book by Truman Capote. 133 min. DVD X897 Wells, Paul. "In Cold Blood: Yellow Birds, New Realism and Killer Culture." In: Classics in film and fiction / edited by Deborah Cartmell ... [et al.]. London ; Sterling, Va. : Pluto Press, 2000. (Main Stack PN1997.85.C56 2000) Jail Bait (1954) Directed by Edward D. Wood, Jr. Cast: Lyle Talbot, Dolores Fuller, Clancy Malone, John Robert Martin, Steve Reeves, Herbert Rawlinson, Timothy Farrell, Theodora Thurman, Bud Osborne, Mona McKinnon, Don Nagel. Vic Brady draws young Don Gregor into a life of crime. He then blackmails Gregor's plastic surgeon father into fixing up his face so he can evade the cops. This is Steve Reeves' first speaking part. 71 min. DVD X971 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kalifornia (1993) Directed by Dominic Sena. Cast: Brad Pitt, Juliette Lewis, David Duchovny, Michelle Forbes. Twisted, psychotic ex-convict Early Grayce has found his ride out of town... and just in time. Early didn't like the way his landlord was "acting up" so he killed him. Lucky for Early and his girlfriend, a young couple writing a book on serial killers needs two people to share expenses for a cross-country trip. The two couples are about to take one unforgettable ride. 118 min. DVD X4303 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Harris, Adam Duncan. "Frustrating the Investigative Desire: Violence and the Audience in Kalifornia." In: The image of violence in literature, the media, and society. Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery. 1995: Conference Colorado Springs, Co. Pueblo, Co. : The Society, 1995. (MAIN: P96.V5 S66 1995) The Krays (UK, 1990) Directed by Peter Medak. Cast: Billie Whitelaw, Tom Bell, Gary Kemp, Martin Kemp. Based on a true story. During the 1960's, twin brothers Ronnie and Reggie Kray dominated London's underworld and their passion forviolence and fearlessness made them legends in their own times. They emerged from their violent schooldaysinto leaders of their own criminal mob. Soon their personal lives began to crumble, they were tried for two brutal murders and are now serving a 30 year prison sentence. 119 min. DVD X4942; vhs 999:3633 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Little Laura & Big John (1973) Directed by Luke Moberly. Cast: Fabian Forte, Karen Black, Ivy Thayer, Paul Gleason. Based on a true story, features an action-packed depiction of the John Ashley gang and their exploits running liquor and robbing banks in search of the good life. The wave of crime covers south Florida during the prohibition years of the roaring '20's. The plot centers around the desperate love between two people destined for destruction. Based on a story by Philip Weidling. 82 min. DVD X3142 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Man I Love (1947) Directed by Raoul Walsh. Cast: Ida Lupino, Robert Alda, Andrea King, Martha Vickers, Bruce (Herman Brix) Bennett, Alan Hale, Dolores Moran, John Ridgely, Don McGuire, Warren Douglas, Craig Stevens. A nightclub singer who falls for a no-good mobster and a moody piano genius becomes dangerously involved with her brother's descent into crime. This film inspired Scorsese's film titled 'New York, New York'. 90 min. 999:2869 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Natural Born Killers (1994) Directed by Oliver Stone. Cast: Woody Harrelson, Juliette Lewis, Robert Downey, Jr., Tommy Lee Jones, Tom Sizemore, Rodney Dangerfield. Two victims of traumatized childhoods become lovers and psychopathic serial murderers irresponsibly glorified by the mass media. 118 min. DVD 1271; DVD 773 Tarantino, Quentin. Natural born killers / Quentin Tarantino. New York : Grove Press, [2000] (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1997 .N335 2000) Pierrot le fou (France, 1968) Directed by Jean-Luc Godard. Part love story, part gangster thriller, Pierrot le fou combines romance, adventure, and violence with allusions to art, literature, and cinema to create a colorful French version of the Bonnie and Clyde story. 90 min. DVD 119; vhs 999:448 Godard, Jean Luc. Pierrot le Fou: A Film / by Jean-Luc Godard. Rev. ed. London: Lorrimer, 1984. Series title: Classic film scripts. (UCB Main PN1997 .P56813 1984) Prizzi's Honor (1985) Directed by John Huston. Cast: Anjelica Huston, Jack Nicholson, Kathleen Turner, William Hickey, Robert Loggia, John Randolph. The Prizzi family's principal hit man, Charley is about to discover that he and his new bride share more than just body heat: They're both cold-blooded assassins, and their next job is to ice each other! Now Charley must choose which contract to honor -- the one to his wife or the one on his wife! 129 min. DVD 1892 Golden Globes, USA - Best Picture - Musical/Comedy; Best Director National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Director New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Film; Best Director Venice Film Festival - Best Film Small Time Crooks (2000) Directed by Woody Allen. Writer and director, Woody Allen. Featuring Woody Allen, Hugh Grant, Jon Lovitz, Elaine May, Michael Rapaport, Elaine Stritch, Tracey Ullman. An ex-con and his manicurist wife find their get-rich-quick scheme leaves them rolling in dough. Then when a bank heist takes a comical twist, the couple discovers that cookies pay better than crime. 95 min. DVD 444 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Strangers on a Train (1954) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Farley Granger, Ruth Roman, Robert Walker. Guy Haines, a tennis star, who hates his estranged wife and wants to be free to marry another woman, meets Bruno Anthony, who hates his father. Bruno has a chillingly simple plan: each could kill the other's victim. No motive, no clues, nothing to link Guy and Bruno but a casual meeting of strangers on a train. 101 min. DVD 458; VHS 999:256 Credits and Other information from the Internet Movie Database Sugarland Express (1974) Directed by Steven Spielberg. Cast: Goldie Hawn, Ben Johnson, Michael Sacks, William Atherton. Based on an actual event, this film follows the adventures of a Texas outlaw couple, Lou Jean and Clovis Poplin who intend to kidnap their baby from its foster parents. They take a Texas State Trooper as hostage and lead the police on a wild chase across the state in an effort to save their son from adoption. 109 min. DVD X1075 Steven Spielberg bibliography Thelma and Louise (1991) Directed by Ridley Scott. Cast: Susan Sarandon, Geena Davis, Harvey Keitel. Unhappy housewife Thelma and her wise-cracking waitress friend Louise decide to take a break from their lives. They embark on a trip that leads to a tragic incident at a roadside honky tonk. In an instant, their weekend getaway becomes just that as they flee across the American southwest with the police a step behind. 130 min. DVD 2505 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database They Live By Night (1948) Directed by Nicholas Ray. Cast: Cathy O'Donnell, Farley Granger, Howard da Silva, Jay C. Flippen, William Phipps, Ian Wolfe, Helen Craig. Three prisoners flee from a state prison farm in Mississippi. Among them is 23-years-young Bowie, who spent the last seven years in prison and now hopes to be able to prove his innocence or retire to a home in the mountains and live in peace together with his new love, Kitty. But his criminal companions persuade him to participate in several heists, and soon the police believe him to be their leader and go after "Bowie the Kid" harder than ever. Based on the novel "Thieves like us" by Edward Anderson. Special features: Commentaries by Farley Grange and film historian Eddie Muller on 'They live by night' and historian/critic Richard Schickel on 'Side street;' new featurettes: "They live by night: the twisted road" and "Side street: where temptation lurks;" 'Side street' theatrical trailer. 95 min. DVD 8400 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Thieves Like Us (1973) Directed by Robert Altman. Cast: Keith Carradine, John Schuck, Bert Remsen, Shelley Duvall, Louise Fletcher, Ann Latham, Tom Skerritt. Set in Mississippi during the 1930s Depression, this film portrays the life of a convicted murderer who escapes from a prison farm with two buddies. They are soon wanted for a series of violent bank robberies. These men are not particularly bad people but in this particular time in American history robbing banks was all these pathetic desperadoes could do with any amount of success. 123 min. DVD 8242 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Too Late for Tears (Killer Bait) (1949) Directed by Byron Haskin. Cast: Lizabeth Scott, Don DeFore, Arthur Kennedy, Dan Duryea. A bag containing $60,000 is thrown into the convertible of a young couple. The wife murders her husband to keep the money and is prepared to murder anyone who gets in her way. 98 min. DVD 2746; DVD X971; vhs 999:2876 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database True Romance (1993) Directed by Tony Scott. Cast: Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, Dennis Hopper, Val Kilmer, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, Christopher Walken. They were strangers, together to pull off the perfect jewel heist but their simple robbery turns into a bloody ambush when they realize one of them is a police informant. But which one? 100 min. DVD X3451 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Auteur Theory (1999) Directed by Evan Oppenheimer. Cast: Natasha Lyonne, Alan Cox, Jeremy Sisto, Rachel True, Angeline Ball. At a relentless self-important student film festival, the directors of the (mostly terrible) short films are being killed off one-by-one. A budding British filmmaker decides to make a film about the search for the killer. The surviving filmmakers are the main suspects, so he begins to review their films, searching for footprints amidst the celluloid. 83 min. DVD 2813 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bad Lieutenant (1992) Directed by Abel Ferrara; Cast: Harvey Keitel, Victor Argo, Paul Calderone, Leonard Thomas, Robin Burrows, Frankie Thorn, Victoria Bastel, Paul Hipp. He's a gambler, a thief, a junkie, a killer, and a cop. Now he's investigating the most shocking case of his life, and as he moves closer to the truth, his self-destructive past is closing in. 91 min. DVD 8382 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans (2009) Directed by Werner Herzog. Cast: Nicolas Cage, Eva Mendes, Val Kilmer, Alvin 'Xzibit' Joiner. Lt. Terence McDonagh is a rogue detective who is as devoted to his job as he is to scoring drugs while playing fast and loose with the law. He wields his badge as often as he wields his gun in order to get his way. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, he becomes a high-functioning addict who is a deeply intuitive, fearless detective reigning over the ruins of New Orleans with authority and abandon. Complicating his tumultuous life is the prostitute he loves and together they descend into their own world marked by desire, compulsion, and conscience. Based on the novel by Jim Carroll. 121 min. DVD X3124 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Bad Sleep Well (Japan, 1960) Directed by Akira Kurosawa. Akira Kurosawa, the acclaimed Japanese director, adopts the American gangster-film style to weave a fascinating tale of corporate greed. The story focuses on a grieving son, (Toshiro Mifune), who seeks revenge for his father's murder as he infiltrates the corrupt construction company that was responsible for his father's death. 152 min. DVD 2834; vhs 999:2283 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database La Balance (France, 1982) Directed by Bob Swaim. Cast: Nathalie Baye, Philippe Leotard, Richard Berry. The special French police force, the Territorial Brigade, needs an informer after the murder of one of their own. They put the squeeze on Dede, a pimp, and Nicole, his girlfriend. 104 min. 999:3572 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Basic Instinct (1992) Directed by Paul Verhoeven. Cast: Michael Douglas, Sharon Stone, George Ozundza, Jeanne Tripplehorn. "A former rock star, Johnny Boz, is brutally killed during sex, and the case is assigned to detective Nick Curran of the SFPD. During the investigation, Nick meets Catherine Tramell, a crime novelist who was Boz's girlfriend when he died. Catherine proves to be a very clever and manipulative woman, and though Nick is more or less convinced that she murdered Boz, he is unable to find any evidence. Later, when Nilsen, Nick's rival in the police, is killed, Nick suspects of Catherine's involvement in it. He then starts to play a dangerous lust-filled mind game with Catherine to nail her, but as their relationship progresses, the body count rises and contradicting evidences force Nick to start questioning his own suspicions about Catherine's guilt." [IMDB] 123 min. DVD 886 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beverly Hills Cop (1984) Directed by Martin Brest. Cast: Eddie Murphy, Judge Reinhold, John Ashton, Lisa Eilbacher, Ronny Cox, Steven Berkoff, James Russo, Jonathan Banks, Stephen Elliott, Gilbert R. Hill. Axel Foley is a brash, street smart Detroit detective who follows the trail of a friend's murderer to the posh surroundings of Beverly Hills. And before Axel gets his man, he gets up to his neck in an international network of smugglers and drug peddlers. 105 min. DVD X1034 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beverly Hills Cop II (1987) Directed by Tony Scott. Cast: Eddie Murphy, Judge Reinhold, Jürgen Prochnow, Ronny Cox, John Ashton, Brigitte Nielsen, Allen Garfield, Paul Reiser. This sequel presents further adventures of Axel Foley, a brash, street smart Detroit detective, as he comes up against a gang of munitions smugglers in California and a mean-spirited chief of police who will brook no interference from outsiders-especially the profanely insouciant Mr. Foley. 102 min. DVD X1034 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beverly Hills Cop III (1994) Directed by John Landis. Cast: Eddie Murphy, Judge Reinhold, Hector Elizondo, Theresa Randle. Axle Foley, while investigating a car theft ring, comes across something much bigger than that: the same men who shot his boss are running a counterfeit money ring out of LA's popular theme park, WonderWorld. 104 min. DVD X1034 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Big Chase (1954) Directed by Arthur D. Hilton. Cast: Glenn Langan, Adele Jergens, Lon Chaney, Jim Davis, Douglas Kennedy. As his expectant wife enters the hospital in anticipation of the blessed event, cop Glenn Lanan is off to the races, trailing payroll robbers (including Jim Davis and Lon Changey, Jr.) on a mad chase that goes from cars to rowboat to motoroat to helicopter. The chase sequence, captured in all its bullet-to-bullet glory, comprises a third of the film. 88 min. DVD X906 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Big Combo (1955) Directed by Joseph Lewis. Cast: Cornel Wilde, Jean Wallace, Brian Donlevy, Richard Conte, Earl Holliman. Discouraged by his superior officers, but helped by a gangster's former girl friend, a dedicated detective lieutenant doggedly continues his investigation to obtain evidence that would convict the head gangster of a crime syndicate. 88 min. DVD 684; VHS 999:2502 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Big Easy (1986) Directed by Jim McBride; Cast: Dennis Quaid, Ellen Barkin, Ned Beatty, John Goodman. When a hood's murder triggers a bloody gangland drug war, New Orleans detective Remy McSwain, who fits right in with the easy style of Cajun country, meets his match in Anne Osborne, a no-nonsense Assistant D.A. in town to investigate police corruption. At odds from the moment they meet, this is a saucy blend of New Orleans nightlife, romance and suspence. Special features: Cast and crew information, interactive menus, scene access, theatrical trailer. Originally produced as a motion picture in 1986. 100 min. DVD 130 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Big Heat (1953) Directed by Fritz Lang. Cast: Glenn Ford, Gloria Grahame, Jocelyn Brando, Alexander Scourby, Lee Marvin. A crime melodrama about an honest police sergeant who risks his life and his job when his investigations lead to the exposure of the crime syndicate that controls the city administration. DVD 987; DVD X2400; vhs 999:3 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Big Sleep (1946) Directed by Howard Hawks. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Martha Vickers, Dorothy Malone, Regis Toomey. Detective Philip Marlowe is hired to find out who is blackmailing a wealthy young woman with pornographic pictures and becomes entangled with her sister. 114 min. DVD 174; VHS 999:10 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Blackmail (1929) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Anny Ondra, Sara Allgood, John Londgen, Cyril Ritchard. The first sound film for Hitchcock and Britain, although it was begun as a silent film and bears many visual touches of that art form. A girl kills a rapist in self-defense and her fiance is the detective investigating the case. 78 min. DVD 159; VHS 999:74 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Blood Simple (1983) Directed by Joel Coen. Cast: John Getz, Frances McDormand, Dan Hedaya, Samm-Art Williams, M. Emmet Walsh. A jealous husband hires a sleezy private eye to murder his adulterous wife and her lover in this thriller set in rural Texas which combines chilling suspense with offbeat humor to create an all-American version of the classic "film noir." 96 min. DVD 3334; vhs 999:2120 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Blue Lamp(UK, 1993) Directed by Basil Dearden. Cast: Dirk Bogarde, Jack Warner, Jimmy Hanley, Robert Flemyng. British crime drama about the killing of a Scotland Yard policeman and the manhunt that follows. Shot in a semi-documentary style, examines a new breed of criminals hardened by the war years. 81 min. DVD X1916 Ealing Studio bibliography Burton, Alan. The cinema of Basil Dearden and Michael Relph / Alan Burton and Tim O'Sullivan. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, c2009. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.D3855 B87 2009) Liberal directions : Basil Dearden and postwar British film culture / edited by Alan Burton, Tim O'Sullivan and Paul Wells. Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England : Flicks Books, 1997. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.D387 L53 1997) McLaughlin, Eugene. "From reel to ideal: The Blue Lamp and the popular cultural construction of the English 'bobby.'" Crime, Media, Culture, Apr2005, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p11-30, 20p UC users only Richards, Jeffrey H. "The Thin Blue Line: The Blue Lamp." In: Best of British : cinema and society, 1930-1970 / Jeffrey Richards and Anthony Aldgate. Oxford, England : B. Blackwell, 1983. ( Full text available online [UC Berkeley users only]; Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1993.5.G7 R48 1983) Brick (2005) Directed by Rian Johnson. Cast: Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Lukas Haas, Emilie de Ravin, Noah Fleiss, Matt O'Leary. Brendon Frye is a loner, someone who always knows all the angles but has chosen to stay on the outside. When the girl he loves turns up dead, he is determined to find the 'who' and 'why'. 110 min. DVD 6125 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bullitt (1968) Directed by Peter Yates, Cast: Steve McQueen, Robert Vaughn, Jacqueline Bisset, Don Gordon, Robert Duvall, Simon Oakland, Norman Fell. A star witness in a controversial court case is murdered, and the police detective assigned to guard him goes after the killers himself. This razor-edged thriller features one of cinema history's most memorable car chases, in which expert auto/motorcycle racer McQueen did his own stunt driving. Special features before the movie: Behind the scenes documentary - Bullitt: Steve McQueen's commitment to reality (22 min.) -- Original theatrical trailer. 126 min. DVD 5080; also DVD 197 Leitch, Thomas M. "Bullitt and the Police Film." In: Crime films Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002. (UCB Main PN1995.9.D4 L45 2002; Full-text of this book available online via ebrary - UC Berkeley users only) Canary Murder Case (1929) Directors: Malcolm St. Clair, Frank Tuttle. Cast: William Powell, James Hall, Louise Brooks, Jean Arthur. Philo Vance tries to solve the murder of Margaret O'Dell, a blackmailing musical comedy star who was found strangled in her apartment. 62 min. DVD X307 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Chan is Missing (1982) Directed by Wayne Wang. Set in San Francisco, this sleeper concerns a Chinese-American cab driver and his nephew, who discover their friend Chan Hung has disappeared with $4000 of their savings. 80 min. Video DVD 4972; vhs 999:56 via Movie Review Query Engine Charlie's Angels (2000) Directed by McG. Cast: Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore, Lucy Liu, Bill Murray, Sam Rockwell, Tim Curry, Kelly Lynch, Crispin Glover. In this updated theatrical spin-off of the television drama, three women detectives with a mysterious boss retrieve stolen voice-ID software, using martial arts, tech skills, and sex appeal. 99 min. DVD 4390 Charlie's Angels, Full Throttle (1935) Directed by McG. Cast: Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore, Lucy Liu, Bernie Mac, Crispin Glover, Justin Theroux, Robert Patrick, Demi Moore. Summoned by their boss, the angels are given their latest assignment. A pair of rings have been stolen and need to be recovered. The rings have been coded with special information that can be used to access a list of every person in the FBI's Witness Protection Program. While searching for the culprits, they encounter Madison Lee, one of Charlie's former agents who decided that the wrong side of the law pays better, and Seamus, who once dated Dylan and wants revenge for her decision to turn him over to the police. 107 min. DVD X4459 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database China Moon (1991) Directed by John Bailey. Cast: Ed Harris, Madeleine Stowe, Benicio Del Toro, Charles Dance. Veteran homicide detective Kyle Bodine must learn the secrets of his lover's sordid past and her role in her husband's mysterious death, before it's too late. 99 min. 999:2874 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Chinatown (1974) Directed by Roman Polanski. Cast: Jack Nicholson, Faye Dunaway, John Hillerman, Perry Lopez, Burt Young, Bruce Glover, Joe Mantell, Roy Jenson, Diane Ladd, Dick Bakalyan, John Huston. The plot is a labyrinth of successive revelations having to do with Los Angeles water reserves, land rights, fraud and intra-family hanky-panky, climaxing in Los Angeles's Chinatown. DVD 162; VHS 999:381 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database City That Never Sleeps (1953) Directed by John Auer. Cast: Gig Young, Mala Powers, Edward Arnold, William Talman. Chicago police officer Johnny Kelly falls for a dancer, leaves his wife, and begins a new life by making a deal with a corrupt criminal lawyer. 90 min. 999:1234 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Cleopatra Jones (1973) Directed by Jack Starrett. Cast: Tamara Dobson, Bernie Casey, Shelley Winters. Classic blaxploitation potboilder. A beautiful, tough drug enforcement agent intercedes when a menacing drug ring attempts to stage a retaliatory raid on a Los Angeles drug rehabilitation center. 89 min. DVD 8336; vhs Video 999:1820 UC users only Morris, Gary. "Blaxploitation, A Sketch." Bright Lights Journal (March 1997) Reel knockouts : violent women in the movies / edited by Martha McCaughey and Neal King. 1st ed. Austin : University of Texas Press, 2001. (Main Stack PN1995.9.W6.R454 2001) Conflict (1945) Directed by Curtis Bernhardt. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Alexis Smith, Sydney Greenstreet, Rose Hobart, Charles Drake, Grant Mitchell, Pat O'Moore, Ann Shoemaker. When a man murders his wife because his affections have turned to her younger sister, it appears he has executed the perfect crime until a minor slip-up arouses the suspicions of a family friend who is a psychiatrist. 86 min. 999:620 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Cop Land (1996) Directed by James Mangold. Cast: Sylvester Stallone, Harvey Keitel, Ray Liotta, Robert DeNiro. Something ugly is taking place behind the towns peaceful facade. When Freddy uncovers a massive, deadly conspiracy among these local residents, he is forced to take action and make a dangerous choice between protecting his idols, the big-city police officers, and upholding the law. 105 min. vhs 999:3875 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970) Johnson and Grave Digger Jones are two Harlem plainsclothes cops investigating a "Back to Africa" campaign run by a shady preacher. 97 min. DVD 487; vhs 999:1819 Morris, Gary. "Blaxploitation, A Sketch." Bright Lights Journal (March 1997) The Curse of the Jade Scorpion (2001) Directed by Woody Allen. Cast: Woody Allen, Dan Aykroyd, Helen Hunt, Brian Markinson, Wallace Shawn, David Ogden Stiers, Charlize Theron. Someone is stealing millions in jewels from New York City's upper crust. It's up to insurance investigator C.W. Briggs to find out who is stealing the goods. Feeling that the heists are an inside job, he uses his instincts to discover which "insiders" are actually responsible. 102 min. DVD 1039 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Danger Zone (1951) Directed by William Berke. Cast: Hugh Beaumont, Edward Brophy, Richard Travis, Virginia Dale. When you deal with dames, you are in the Danger Zone, as the character of crime detector Dennis O'Brien (Hugh Beaumont) leans in his inaugural mystery-drama. As freelance private eye he takes on two jobs: he's hired by a woman to bid on a locked suitcase at an auction, and on the second he works with another private investigator on a divorce case--unaware that the investigator is setting him up to take the fall for a murder. Based upon stories by Louis Morheim and Herbert Margolis. 57 min. DVD X906 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dark Passage (1947) Directed by Delmer Daves. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Bruce Bennett, Agnes Moorehead, Tom D'Andrea. After successful plastic surgery on his face, a man wrongly convicted of murder hides out in an apartment in San Francisco. Tension builds in this tale of a fugitive hiding from the law as he feverishly works to prove his innocence. 106 min. DVD 3485; vhs 999:1229 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Double Indemnity (1944) Directed by Billy Wilder. Cast: Fred MacMurray, Barbara Stanwyck, Edward G. Robinson. An insurance man and a suburban wife conspire to trick her husband into signing a policy that pays double for accidental death--then push him from a train. It's an almost perfect crime. DVD 26; VHS 999:126 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dressed to Kill (1980) Directed by Brian De Palma. Cast: Michael Caine, Angie Dickinson, Nancy Allen, Keith Gordon, Dennis Franz. In this edge-of-the-seat chiller a psychiatrist is faced with the murderous puzzle of the sudden, hideous slaying of one of his patients who is killed with a razor stolen from his office. DVD 8949; VHS 999:126 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Enforcer (1951) Director, Bretaigne Windust. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Zero Mostel, Ted de Corsia, Roy Roberts, Everett Sloane. A hard-hitting D.A. is facing the hottest case of the year. Armed with a killer's confession, a score of missing persons and a mob undertaker working full-time, he knows he's onto something. Relentless and determined he tracks down a notorious murder for profit ring, headed by a killer named Mendoza. 87 min. DVD 2193 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Experiment in Terror (1962) Directed by Blake Edwards. Cast: Glenn Ford, Lee Remick, Stefanie Powers, Ross Martin, Roy Poole, Ned Glass. A bank teller is forced to assist a psychopathic killer in his bank robbery scheme. To save her and her teenage sister who is also held captive, the F.B.I. sets out to create an elaborate trap for the killer. 123 min. DVD 3607 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Fargo (1996) Director, Joel Coen; Cast: Frances McDormand, William H. Macy, Steve Buscemi, Harve Presnell, Peter Stormare. In this drama, which is based on a true event, a midwestern policewoman investigates a series of brutal and interconnected crimes. Steadily, she tightens the net on the killers and their accomplices in a kidnapping scheme gone wildly wrong. 98 min. DVD 45 National Film Registry Selection Fireworks (Hana-bi) (Japan, 1997) Director, Takeshi Kitano. In this gangster film combining cool violence and powerful emotions a hard-boiled ex-cop, haunted by a troubled past and pushed to the edge by the shooting of his partner, confronts his demons in a ruthless quest for justice and redemption. 103 min. DVD 1083; vhs 999:2693 Movie Review Query Engine 48 Hours (1982) Directed by Walter Hill. Cast: Nick Nolte, Eddie Murphy, Annette O'Toole, Frank McRae, James Remar, David Patrick Kelly, Sonny Landham. Nolte is a rough-edged cop after two vicious copkillers. He can't do it without the help of smooth and dapper Murphy, who is serving time for a half-million dollar robbery. This unlikely partnership trades laughs as often as punches as both pursue their separate goals: Nolte wants the villians; Murphy wants money. 97 min. DVD X1888 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Foxy Brown (1974) Directed by Jack Hill. Cast: Pam Grier. A sexy black woman, Foxy Brown, seeks revenge when her government agent boyfriend Michael is shot down by gangsters led by the kinky couple of Steve Elias and Miss Katherine [Internet Movie Database]. 94 min. DVD 485; vhs 999:1648 Morris, Gary. "Blaxploitation, A Sketch." Bright Lights Journal (March 1997) Frantic (1988) Directed by Roman Polanski. Cast: Harrison Ford, Betty Buckley, John Mahoney, Emmanuelle Seigner. When the wife of an American cardiologist is kidnapped in Paris, he sets out to find her but encounters a web of bureaucracy. His lack of language, makes it nearly impossible for him to find any official help in his search as he enters the punk/drug culture to find out what has happened to her. 120 min. DVD X4326 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database French Connection (1971) Directed by William Friedkin. Cast: Gene Hackman, Fernando Rey, Roy Scheider, Tony Lo Bianco, Marcel Bozzuffi. Two tough, New York City detectives discover a plan to smuggle a large amount of pure heroin into the United States concealed in a car shipped from France. 104 min. DVD 851 Academy Awards - Best Picture; Best Director Golden Globe Awards - Best Picture, Drama; Best Director Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement National Film Registry Selection G-Men (1935) Directed by William Keighley. Cast: James Cagney, Margaret Lindsay, Ann Dvorak, Robert Armstrong. A two-fisted lawyer (Cagney) joins the FBI when his friend is killed by a gangster group. 86 min. DVD 5832 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Smith, Anthony Burke. "The Mick Irish turns federal agent: James Cagney, G-Men and ethnic masculinity." In: Screening Irish-America : [representing Irish-America in film and television] / edited by Ruth Barton. Dublin ; Portland, OR : Irish Academic Press, 2009. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.I67 S27 2009) Glass Key (1942) Directed by Stuart Heisler; Cast: Brian Donlevy, Veronica Lake, Alan Ladd, William Bendix, Bonita Granville, Richard Denning, Joseph Calleia. Intricate mystery about a slightly corrupt politician, accused of murder, who solicits his right-hand man (Ladd) to hunt down the real killer. As he searches Ladd must endure a brutal beating from gangsters, the annoying hindrance of the police and the beguiling advances of his boss' fiancee. Based on the novel by Dashiell Hammett. 85 min. 999:171 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Great Piggy Bank Robbery (1946) Directed by Bob Clampett. Warner Brothers. Animated short. "While reading his favorite comic book, Daffy accidentally knocks himself unconscious and dreams he's Duck Twacy, famous detective, trying to solve the case of the missing piggy banks. Taking a streetcar (conducted by Porky Pig, in a non-speaking cameo role) to the gangsters' hideout, he meets up with such grotesque criminals as Pickle Puss, Eighty-Eight Teeth and Neon Noodle. DVD 3136 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Green for Danger (UK, 1946) Directed by Sidney Gilliat. Cast: Trevor Howard, Sally Gray, Alastair Sim. When not dealing with causalities from V1 raids on London, operating theatre staff at Heron's Park Hospital spend their time handling their jealousies, rivalries, and unrequited loves. When a nurse on the team announces publicly that a recent death in theatre was murder, she too soon meets a grisly fate. Enter unorthodox Inspector Cockrill from Scotland Yard to try to unravel the bitter cross-currents that lead to the crimes. Special features: Audio commentary by film historian Bruce Eder; new interview with British film historian Geoff Brown; new essay by Geoffrey O'Brien and director's statement. 95 min. DVD X4080 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Gumshoe (UK, 1972) Directed by Stephen Frears. Cast: Albert Finney, Billie Whitelaw, Franklin Finlay, Janice Rule. A private eye caper loaded with adventure, intrigue and laughs. Part-time comic and full-time dreamer, Ginley places an ad in a Liverpool paper offering his services as a detective. Before you can say "gumshoe," his mundane world turns to mayhem as this newcomer sleuth tangles with a big-time drug operation--and murder. Bonus features: Original trailer, Martini minutes: "how to become a villain" and "secrets of seduction". 85 min. DVD X1715; vhs 999:2406 Credits and other Information from the Internet Movie Database Hammett(1982) Directed by Wim Wenders. Cast: Frederic Forrest, Peter Boyle, Marilu Henner, Roy Kinnear, Lydia Lei. Imaginary story about Dashiell Hammett, a writer who lives the hard-boiled life he writes about. 97 min. DVD 4747; also vhs 999:360 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hard Boiled (Hong Kong, 1992) Directed by John Woo. Cast: Chow Yun-Fat, Tony Leung, Teresa Mo, Philip Chan. Tequila, a die-hard cop, stops at nothing to see that justice is done. To avenge his partner's murder, Tequila joins forces with a rebel cop, and then the body count mounts to a hair raising climax. 128 min. DVD 1702 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Harlem Nights (1989) Directed by Eddie Murphy. Cast: Eddie Murphy, Richard Pryor, Redd Foxx, Danny Aiello, Michael Lerner, Della Reese, Stan Shaw, Jasmine Guy, and Arsenio Hall. Three generations of comedy legends star in this tale of nightclub owner Sugar Ray (Richard Pryor) and his son Quick (Eddie Murphy), who fight to keep a vicious mobster and a corrupt police force from putting them out of business. 115 min. DVD 1054 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Harper (1966) Directed by Jack Smight. Cast: Paul Newman, Lauren Bacall, Julie Harris, Arthur Hill, Janet Leigh, Pamela Tiffin, Robert Wagner, Shelly Winters. Hard-boiled private investigator Lew Harper is hired by a woman to locate her missing millionaire husband, getting involved along the way with an assortment of unsavory characters and an illegal-alien smuggling ring. Based on Ross MacDonald's "The moving target." Special features: Commentary by screenwriter William Goldman; introduction by TCM host Robert Osborne; theatrical trailer. 121 min. DVD 1054 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database He Walked by Night (1948) Directed by Alfred Werker and Anthony Mann. Cast: Richard Basehart, Scott Brady, Roy Roberts, Whit Bissell, Jack Webb, Reed Hadley. Semi-documentary chase drama showing how the Los Angeles police department frantically searches for a cold blooded killer on the loose in Los Angeles. 80 min. DVD 163; vhs 999:1303 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database High and Low (Tengoku to jigoku) (Japan, 1963) Director: Akira Kurosawa. A complex crime thriller in which a wealthy shoe manufacturer's chauffeur's son is kidnapped in mistake for his own, and he faces a moral dilemma. 143 min. DVD 2819; vhs 999:2284 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hi-Jacked(1950) Directed by Sam Newfield. Cast: Jim Davis, Marsha Jones, Sid Melton, David Bruce, Paul Cavanagh. Parolee/truck driver Jim Davis now wants to stick to the straight-and-narrow, but finds himself riding a highway of terror when his truck is hijacked and police suspect him because of his past record. 69 min. DVD X912 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Homicide (1991) Directed and written by David Mamet. Cast: Joe Mantegna, William H. Macy, Vincent Guastaffero, J. J. Johnston. A tough cop in assigned to what appears to be a routine homicide case of an elderly shopkeeper. But the evidence points at Jewish arms-smugglers and to a conspiracy that causes him to question his own motives, his identity as a Jew and his loyalty to the force. Special features: Audio commentary by writer-director David Mamet and actor William H. Macy; "Invent nothing, deny nothing : five guys from Mamet's Homicide" actors Steven Goldstein, Ricky Jay, J.J. Johnston, Joe Mantegna and Jack Wallace discuss their work with Mamet and the film Homicide; Gag reel; TV spots. Booklet: Essay "What are you, then?" by critic Stuart Klawans. 100 min. DVD X2457 Mamet, David. Homicide : a screenplay / by David Mamet. New York : Grove Weidenfeld, 1992. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1997 .H616 1992) Humanité (France, 1999) Directed by Bruno Dumont. Cast: Emmanuel Schotte, Severine Caneele, Philippe Tullier, Ghislain Ghesquiere, Ginette Allegre. Pharaon de Winter is a police detective who lives with his mother in a working-class town in northern France. He agonizes over the evil he confronts every day during the course of his work. The brutal rape and murder of an 11-year-old girl tests Pharaon's profound humanity to its limits as the investigation proceeds to its climax, and as Pharaon struggles to grasp the crime's meaning. In French with subtitles. 148 min. DVD 5619 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Infernal Affairs (Mou gaan dou) (Hong Kong, 2002) Directed by Wai Keung Lau and Siu Fai Mak. Cast: Tony Leung, Andy Lau, Anthony Wong, Eric Tsang. A story of a mole in the Hong Kong police department and an undercover cop. Their objectives are the same - to find out who is the mole, and who is the cop. 101 min. DVD 7613 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Infernal Affairs II (Mou gaan dou II) (Hong Kong, 2002) Directed by Wai Keung Lau and Siu Fai Mak. Cast: Anthony Wong, Eric Tsang, Carina Lau, Francis Ng, Edison Chen, Shawn Yue, Hu Jun. In this prequel to Internal affairs (2002), Chan Wing Yan has just become an undercover cop in the triads while Lau Kin Ming joins the police force. Both the triads and the police find an enemy in a rival crime boss. 119 min. DVD 7614 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Infernal Affairs III (Mou gaan dou III, Chung gik miu gaan) (Hong Kong, 2003) Directed by Wai Keung Lau and Siu Fai Mak. Cast: Tony Leung, Chiu-Wai, Andy Lau, Leoni Lai, Chen Daoming, Kelly Chen, Anthony Wong, Eric Tsang. In the third edition to the Internal Affairs series, the unit has their hands full again. The conclusion to the groundbreaking trilogy that inspired 'The Departed'. 118 min. DVD 7615 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Inside Man (1939) Directed by Spike Lee. Cast: Denzel Washington, Clive Owen, Jodie Foster, Christopher Plummer, Willem Dafoe, Chiwetel Ejiofor. NYPD Detective Keith Frazier struggles to outsmart Dalton, a high-stakes bank robber who, along with a well-trained crew of accomplices, has seized control of a Wall Street bank. The robbers turn what initially looks like a hostage crisis into a personal crusade to expose some mysterious evil secrets. As the dangerous cat-and-mouse game unfolds, Madaline, a power broker with her own agenda, emerges and injects even more instability into an already volatile situation. Special features: Deleted scenes (over 25 min.); Number 4: from Mo' better blues to Malcolm X, director Spike Lee and actor Denzel Washington discuss their creative collaborations; feature commentary with director Spike Lee; the making of Inside man. 129 min. DVD X6045 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Insomnia (Norway, 1997) Directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg. Cast: Stellan Skarsgard, Sverre Anker Ousdal, Bjorn Floberg, Gisken Armand, Maria Bonnevie. Disgraced Swedish detective Jonas Engstrom travels to Northern Norway to solve a brutal murder. After making a fatal error in his investigation and attempting to cover it up, the detective finds himself implicated in the crime he was sent to solve. Haunted by guilt and unable to sleep through the night of the midnight sun, Engstrom quickly loses his grip on the case and his mind. 97 min. DVD 784 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Insomnia (USA | Canada, 2002) Directed by Christopher Nolan. Cast: Al Pacino, Robin Williams, Hilary Swank, Maura Tierney, Martin Donovan, Nicky Katt, Paul Dooley. Crime never sleeps and neither does the veteran LAPD homicide detective invited to Nightmute, Alaska to head a murder investigation there. He finds the investigation disrupted by an ever-shining midnight sun that wreaks sleep-depriving havoc on his body clock. As his consciousness becomes more unstable, he is nagged by a sense of personal guilt over a second crime that might just be real. Based on the film "Insomnia" directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg; written by Nikolaj Frobenius and Erik Skjoldbjærg. 118 min. DVD X4578 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Inspecteur Lavardin (France, 1986) Director, Claude Chabrol. Cast: Jean Poiret, Jean-Claude Brialy, Bernadette Lafont, Jean-Luc Bideau, Jacques Dacqmine. Poiret arrives at a cozy, seaside village to investigate the bizarre murder of an eminent Catholic author. The usually cool sleuth is shaken when he discovers that the victim's widow is none other than his old flame. 100 min. DVD 6596 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Johnny Handsome (1989) Director, Walter Hill. Cast: Mickey Rourke, Ellen Barkin, Elizabeth McGovern, Morgan Freeman, Scott Wilson, Forest Whitaker. A man, born severely deformed, makes his living as a small-time criminal. During a robbery he and his best friend are double-crossed by their partners and he ends up in prison. There he meets a sympathetic surgeon who gives him a new face. When he is released he sets in motion a plan to get revenge on the couple who double-crossed him. 96 min. DVD 2077 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Juve contre Fantomas (France, 1913-14) Directed by Various. Includes The Simplon Express Disaster (23 min.) and The Haunted Villa (23 min.) Cast: Rene Navarre, Breon, Georges Melchior, Yvette Andreyor, Renee Carl. Episodes of the Fantomas silent film serial about the adventures of Fantomas, the mysterious bandit in a black hood who is relentlessly tracked by Juve, the detective. Fantomas was an immense worldwide success and helped establish the advent of film serials in the United States. 46 min. DVD 5868; vhs 999:1926 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kansas City (1995) Directed by Robert Altman. Cast: Jennifer Jason Leigh, Miranda Richardson, Harry Belafonte, Michael Murphy, Dermot Mulroney, Steve Buscemi, Brooke Smith. Set in 1934 Kansas City, a telegraph operator named Blondie kidnaps Carolyn Stilton, wife of a powerful businessman who commutes to Washington to advise President Roosevelt. Blondie figures she can use Carolyn to gain safe passage for her husband Johnny who is in the grip of the city's top gangster, a club owner named Seldom Seen. The movie unfolds in the dark streets of the downtown Kansas City night. 116 min. 999:2090 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kiss Me Deadly (1955) Directed by Robert Aldrich. Cast: Ralph Meeker, Paul Stewart, Albert Dekker. A detective gives a ride to a half-naked girl, who is abruptly killed by thugs. Almost killed himself, the detective tries to solve the murder. Along the way, he is told to back off by the Feds, a bomb is placed in his car, a friend is killed, and he himself is beaten, drugged, and held hostage. DVD 1077; vhs 999:146 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kiss of Death (1947) Directed by Henry Hathaway. Cast: Victor Mature, Brian Donlevy, Coleen Gray, Richard Widmark. This gripping crime melodrama set a new standard for realism in Hollywood. Victor Mature is Nick Bianco, a two-bit crook who is trying to go straight. He has a wife and two girls to feed, but nobody hires ex-cons. Nick cooperates with the D.A. (Brian Donlevy) to save his family. The D.A. wants Nick to squeal on up-and-coming hood Tommy Udo (Richard Widmark), but that could be very unhealthy -- for Nick and his two young daughters. 98 min. DVD 7669; vhs 999:471 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye (1950) Directed by Gordon Douglas. Cast: James Cagney, Barbara Payton, Helena Carter, Ward Bond. Ralph Cotter is a prison escapee driven by a vicious nature and the need to make a big score. He finds it during a shake-down by two crooked cops, with help from a less-than-honest lawyer, and sets up a plan to heist $50,000 from a local racketeer. But as he teeters on the verge of success and a clean getaway, he succumbs to one of his rare decent impulses-- and pays the ultimate price for his change of heart. 192 min. DVD 3816 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Klute (1971) Directed by Alan J. Pakula. Cast: Jane Fonda, Donald Sutherland, Roy Scheider, Charles Cioffi, Dorothy Tristan, Rita Gam. A small-town policeman comes to New York in search of a missing friend, and during his investigation meets and falls in love with a call girl who is being stalked by a vicious psychotic killer. 114 min. DVD 3312 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database L.A. Confidential (1997) Directed by Curtis Hanson. Cast: Kevin Spacey, Russell Crowe, Guy Pearce, James Cromwell, Kim Basinger, Danny DeVito. Three detectives in the corrupt and brutal L.A. police force of the 1950s use differing methods to uncover a conspiracy behind the shotgun slaying of the patrons at an all-night diner. A lush tribute to tough film-noir crime films. Also includes a behind-the scenes documentary "Off the record'" with the film's creators, lead actors and novelist, James Elroy. 156 min. DVD 3831 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Last Embrace (1979) Directed by Jonathan Demme. Cast: Roy Scheider, Janet Margolin, John Glover, Sam Levene, Charles Napier, Christopher Walken. When Harry Hannan, a government agent, goes to Mexico to meet a contact, he instead meets an ambush in which his wife is assassinated, sending him over the edge. After his stay in a sanitarium, Harry is pushed toward the path of a moving train and then receives a letter that is written in ancient Hebrew and signed "Avenger of Blood." Someone is out to get him, but who? The answer is revealed in one of the most exciting climaxes ever filmed at the rushing Niagara Falls. Based on the novel "The 13th man" by Murray Teigh Bloom. 102 min. DVD X4813; vhs 999:2314 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Late Show (1976) Directed by Robert Benton. Cast: Art Carney, Lily Tomlin, Bill Macy, Eugene Roche, Howard Duff, Joanna Cassidy. Aging private eye Ira Wells is determined to stay active and when his partner is killed while on assignment, Ira agrees to take on his current case by agreeing to help a Hollywood kook named Margo locate her missing cat. 93 min. DVD 3324 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Laughing Policemen (1973) Directed by Stuart Rosenberg. Cast: Walter Matthau, Bruce Dern, Lou Gossett, Albert Paulsen, Anthony Zerbe. An off-duty policeman is among the victims of a massacre on a town bus in San Francisco, and unearthing the person responsible becomes the task of SFPD Lieutenant Jake Martin, his parter Leo Larsen, and a squad of department detectives, who work to learn the identities of the varied victims in the hope that it will lead to clues to the killer. When the investigation repeatedly leads to dead ends Martin, with the reluctant help of Larsen, decides to smoke out the bus killer, a move that leaves him in danger when the killer has another bus in the sights of his sub-machine gun. Based on the novel by Per Wahloo and Maj Sjowall. 109 min. DVD 9969 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Liebestraum (1991) Directed by Mike Figgis; Cast: Kevin Anderson, Pamela Gidley, Kim Novak. Nick, a professor of architecture who's come home to visit his dying mother, knows he must preserve a cast-iron building marked for demolition by Paul, a ruthless developer and former friend. But when he falls for Paul's wife, Jane, Nick unwittingly tempts fate with his own life. For buried within the walls of the landmark lies a dark secret-- a murderous history which is linked to Nick and now may find him as its next victim! 113 min. DVD X4309 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Walker, Michael. "A Hollywood Art Film: Liebestraum." In: Style and meaning : studies in the detailed analysis of film / edited by John Gibbs and Douglas Pye. Manchester ; New York : Manchester University Press ; New York : Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave, 2005. (Main Stack PN1995.S778 2005) The Limey (1991) Directed by Steven Soderbergh. Cast: Terence Stamp, Lesley Ann Warren, Luis Guzman, Barry Newman, Joe Dallesandro, Nicky Katt, Peter Fonda. British ex-con Wilson arrives in Los Angeles to investigate the mystery of his daughter's 'accidental' death. His prime suspect, the wealthy, heavily guarded music promoter Terry Valentine, is no easy target. Propelled into an increasingly brutal search for truth, Wilson, with single-mindedness and terrifying precision, moves unstoppably toward revenge. 85 min. DVD 5788; also DVD X4137 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Long Goodbye (1973) Directed by Robert Altman; Cast: Elliott Gould, Nina Van Pallandt, Sterling Hayden. Philip Marlowe is an unromanticized snoop for hire in an unromanticized Los Angeles. Working for fifty bucks a day plus expenses, he tries to solve a case which the police have dismissed as a murder/suicide. 113 min. DVD 1334 Ferncase, Richard K. "Robert Altman's 'The Long Goodbye': Marlowe in the me decade." (Philip Marlowe) Journal of Popular Culture v25, n2 (Fall, 1991):87 (4 pages). Love Crimes (1983) Directed by Lizzie Borden. Cast: Sean Young, Patrick Bergin, Arnetia Walker, James Read. Patrick Bergin is back on the streets, posing as a photographer, using his camera to seduce women; undressing, possessing and abusing them, but leaving his victims so humiliated, they're ashamed to face him in court. An angry assistant D.A., frustrated by the lack of witnesses, decides that the only way to bring him to justice is to lure him with new bait: herself. 92 min. 999:159 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database M (1931) Directed by Fritz Lang. Cast: Peter Lorre, Ellen Widmann, Inge Landgut, Otto Wernicke, Theodor Loos, Gustaf Grundgens. A German town is gripped by terror due to the sadistic murders of little girls. The underworld is threatened when the police search proves futile so the denizens of the underworld trap, capture, and finally drag the murderer before a tribunal of criminals. Special featureson DVD X4781: (Disc 1): optional audio commentary by German film scholars Anton Kaes & Eric Rentschler; color bars. (Disc 2): "Conversation with Fritz Lang" by William Friedkin (c1975, 49 min.); "M le maudit" short film by Claude Chabrol (c1982, 11 min.); interview with Chabrol about Lang (7 min.); interview with Harold Nebenzal, the son of producer Seymour Nebenzal (c2004, 14 min.); classroom tapes of editor Paul Falkenberg discussing "M" and its history (c1976-1977, 36 min.); "The physical history of M" featurette (c2004, 25 min.); gallery, with production stills, behind-the-scenes photos and production sketches by art director Emil Hasler. Booklet includes an essay by film critic Stanley Kauffman ("The mark of 'M'"); 3 contemporaneous articles about the film ("My film 'M' : a factual report", "Fritz Lang's 'M' : filmed sadism" & "Gangsters, too, have their professional honor"); interview with Lang by Gero Gandert ("Fritz Lang on 'M' : an interview", c1963). 99 min. DVD X4781; DVD 16; VHS 999:30 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Madigan (1968) Directed by Don Siegel. Cast: Richard Widmark, Henry Fonda, Inger Stevens, Harry Guardino, James Whitmore, Susan Clark. In this hard-hitting look at the lives and loves of New York City's top cops a veteran detective is given only a few hours to track down a vicious killer. Based on the novel The commissioner by Richard Dougherty. 101 min. DVD X4269 Maiku Hama Private Eye Trilogy The Most Terrible Time in My Life (Waga jinsei saiaku no toki) (Japan / China / Taiwan, 1994) Director:Kaizo Hayashi. Cast: Masatoshi Nagase, Jo Shishido, Yu Wei Yan, Caroline Lu, Wu Kao Hsiung, Haruko Wanibuchi, Noriko Sengoku, Kaho Minami. Detective Maiku Hama navigates the Yokohama underworld with super cool threads and two-fisted street smarts. But when he comes to the aid of a Taiwanese waiter at a local parlor, the unflappable Hama has no idea what he's in for. Though seemingly a luckless immigrant on the threshold of Yokohama's gutter, Hama's client holds the secret to a ferocious gangland revenge triangle that soon has bullets and fists flying. 92 min. DVD 8330 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Stairway to the Distant Past (Harukana jidai no kaidan o) (Japan, 1995) Directed by Kaizo Hayashi. Cast: Masatoshi Nagase, Jo Shishido, Kiyotaka Nanbara, Haruko Wanibuchi, Shiro Sano, Eiji Okada, Tetta Sugimoto, Mika Ohmine, Shinya Tsukamoto, Keiji Matsuda. Broke, his vintage Nash convertible repossessed, private eye Mike Hama is reduced to combing the mean streets of the Yokohama waterfront on a borrowed bicycle. But when Lily, a beautiful stripper from out of Hama's past, returns to town, the fuse is lit on a criminal powder keg set to blow the lid off the Yokohama underworld. Hama's search for his long lost parents soon has him up to his neck in a simmering conspiracy pitting corrupt politicians, local Yakuza gangsters and the Taiwanese mafia against the mysterious 'Man in White.' 100 min. DVD 8332 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Trap (Wana) (Japan 1997) Directed by Kaizo Hayashi. Cast: Nagase Masatoshi, Natsukawa Yui, Yamaguchi Tomoko, Shishido Jo. In love for the first time, cases booked solidly for months and a brand new fax machine prodding his office into the nineties, down-on-his-luck private eye 'Maiku' Mike Hama has the world on a string at last. Or does he? When a hooded stranger appears in his office with the cryptic challenge "I want you to look for me," Hama is drawn into a string of bizarre serial murders that have Yokohama's police baffled and the city terrified. 100 min. DVD 8331 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Maltese Falcon (1931) Directed by Roy Del Ruth. Cast: Ricardo Cortez, Bebe Daniels, Dudley Digges, Una Merkel, Robert Elliott, Thelma Todd, Dwight Frye. Better known as the first version of "The Maltese Falcon", this 1931 production reflects the industry before movie ratings and codes. After the death of his partner, detective Sam Spade, played by Ricardo Cortez, is dragged into a quest for a priceless statuette. 78 min. DVD 6282 UC users only Luhr, William. "Tracking The Maltese Falcon: Classical Hollywood Narration and Sam Spade." In: Close viewings : an anthology of new film criticism / edited by Peter Lehman. Tallahassee : Florida State University Press ; Gainesville, FL : Orders to University Presses of Florida, c1990. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995 .C543 1990) Mooney, William. "Sex, Booze, and The Code: Four Versions of The Maltese Falcon." Literature Film Quarterly, 2011, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p54-70, 17p UC users only (Maltese Falcon) Satan Met a Lady (1936) Directed by William Dieterle. Cast: Bette Davis, Warren William, Alison Skipworth, Arthur Treacher, Marie Wilson, Winifred Shaw, Porter Hall, Olin Howland, Charles Wilson. Earlier screen version of Dashiell Hammett's "Maltese Falcon". The mystery this time surrounds the whereabouts of a gem-filled ram's horn sought by a mysterious woman. Bette Davis shines as the title's Lady, a blonde schemer who insists a gentleman remove his hat when in the presence of a lady holding a gun. 74 min. DVD 6282 UC users only Luhr, William. "Tracking The Maltese Falcon: Classical Hollywood Narration and Sam Spade." In: Close viewings : an anthology of new film criticism / edited by Peter Lehman. Tallahassee : Florida State University Press ; Gainesville, FL : Orders to University Presses of Florida, c1990. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995 .C543 1990) Mooney, William. "Sex, Booze, and The Code: Four Versions of The Maltese Falcon." Literature Film Quarterly, 2011, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p54-70, 17p UC users only Maltese Falcon (1941) Directed by John Huston. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Mary Astor, Gladys George, Sidney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre. Centers around an unrelenting search for a valuable and elusive falcon statuette. 101 min. DVD 6283; vhs 999:17 UC users only Luhr, William. "Tracking The Maltese Falcon: Classical Hollywood Narration and Sam Spade." In: Close viewings : an anthology of new film criticism / edited by Peter Lehman. Tallahassee : Florida State University Press ; Gainesville, FL : Orders to University Presses of Florida, c1990. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995 .C543 1990) Manhattan Melodrama (1934) Director, W. S. Van Dyke. Cast: Clark Gable, William Powell, Myrna Loy. Story about boyhood pals who end up on opposite sides of the law, and who fall for the same woman. In film history, this motion picture is known for three reasons: It's the film John Dillinger saw with his Lady in Red before encountering an FBI ambush on exiting the theater. It's the only pairing of Clark Gable and William Powell and it's the first teaming of frequent film partners William Powell and Myrna Loy. DVD special features: Comedy short "Goofy movies #2"; classic cartoon "The old pioneer"; theatrical trailer. 91 min. DVD 9066; vhs 999:3116 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Munby, Jonathan. "Manhattan Melodrama's 'Art of the Weak': Telling History from the Other Side in the 1930s Talking Gangster Film." Journal of American Studies. 30(1):101-18. 1996 Regester, Charlene. "Otherness Chosen: Manhattan Melodrama and It Happened One Night." In: American cinema of the 1930s : themes and variations / edited by Ina Rae Hark. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, c2007. ( Full text available online (UCB users only); Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1993.5.U6 A85735 2007) Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993) Directed by Woody Allen, Cast: Alan Alda, Woody Allen, Anjelica Huston, Diane Keaton. In this comic romp bursting with wry one-liners and inspired sight gags, a bored Manhattan housewife becomes convinced her next-door neighbor has committed a murder. When her husband Larry rejects the idea, she turns to a flirtatious friend to help her search for clues. Spurred by jealousy, Larry reluctantly joins the chase, only to learn that much more than his marrige is at stake. 108 min. DVD 46 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Marlowe (1934) Director, Paul Bogart. Cast: James Garner, Gayle Hunnicutt, Carroll O'Connor, Rita Moreno, Sharon Farrell, William Daniels, Bruce Lee. Orfamay Quest from Kansas has hired private detective Philip Marlowe to find her brother. After two leads turn up with ice picks stuck in them, he discovers blackmail photos concerning TV star Mavis Wald. She rejects Marlowe's help, and this is forcibly underlined by her gangster boyfriend. So, wonders Marlowe, is there a link between Orfamay and Mavis? Based on The little sister by Raymond Chandler. 96 min. DVD X5994 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Memento Director, Christopher Nolan. Cast: Guy Pearce, Carrie-Ann Moss, Joe Pantoliano, Mark Boone Junior. An intricate crime story about a man who has lost his short term memory due to a rare brain disorder. Now he is out to catch his wife's murderer, whose identity he cannot ever know for sure. The more he tries to figure out what is true and real, the more he sinks deeper into a multi-layered abyss of uncertainty and surprises. 113 min. DVD 1046 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Memories of Murder (Salinui chueok) (South Korea, 2003) Directed by Joon-ho Bong. Cast: Song Kang-ho, Kim Sang-gyong. Based on a true story, the film takes place in a small village in Korea where an intense police investigation follows a series of brutal rapes and murders. The investigation is complicated by the very different approaches of two detectives, one pressuring suspects rounded up on hunches, and the other, meticulously going through the paperwork. Based on the play Nal poro wayo by Kim Kwang-nim. 132 min. DVD X5414 Mr. Wong Series SEE The Movies, Race, and Ethnicity: Asians/Asian Americans Moon Over Harlem (1939) Directed by Edgar G. Ulmer. Cast: Bud Harris, Cora Green, Izinetta Wilcox, Slim Thompson. An unusual musical melodrama with an all-black cast about a Harlem widow who unwittingly marries a double-talking gangster involved in the numbers racket. Delving into some of the complexities of black life in Harlem, the cast features 20 chorus girls, a choir, and a 60-piece symphony orchestra under the direction of Donald Heywood. 67 min. DVD 4080; vhs 999:930 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mortal Thoughts (1991) Directed by Alan Rudolph. Cast: Demi Moore, Glenne Headly, Bruce Willis, Harvey Keitel, John Pankow. Two woman who are best friends try to juggle jobs, husbands, home and kids. Then one night the abusive husband of one of the women turns up dead. Trying to help her friend, one woman weaves a network of lies, and has to resist the relentless questioning of a police detective. 104 min. DVD X4780 UC users only Murder in Harlem (1935) Directed by Oscar Micheaux. Cast: Clarence Brooks, Dorothy Van Engle, Laura Bowman, Andrew Bishop, Alec Lovejoy, Bee Freeman. A young woman is murdered at the National Chemical Labs and the nightwatchman is arrested. Then the scene shifts back three years to a man who fell in love with a woman but was unable to express his true feelings. Now he is a lawyer and the woman he loved is the sister of the nightwatchman who is on trial for murder. Together, they find the real murderer and fall in love again. 95 min. 999:2462 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Murder My Sweet (1945) Directed by Edward Dmytryk. Cast: Dick Powell, Claire Trevor, Anne Shirley, Otto Kruger, Mike Mazurki. The story of a private detective who gets drawn into a complex web of murder, blackmail, and double-dealing while searching for a missing jade necklace. DVD 2718; vhs 999:584 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Telotte, J. P. "Effacement and Subjectivity: Murder My Sweet's Problematic Vision." Literature/ Film Quarterly, vol. 15 no. 4. 1987. pp: 227-236. Trachtenberg, Alan "The Modernist City of Film Noir: The Case of Murder, My Sweet." In: American Modernism Across the Arts/ edited by Jay Bochner and Justin D. Edwards. pp: 284-302 New York: Peter Lang, c1999. (UCB Main NX504 .A545 1999) Murder Over New York (Charlie Chan) (1940) Directed by Harry Lachman. Cast: Sidney Toler. Charlie attends a police convention and winds up tangling with saboteurs who are knocking Allied planes out of the air. 65 min. 999:416 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) Directed by D.W. Griffith. Cast: Lionel Barrymore, Elmer Booth, Harry Carey Sr., Lillian Gish, Dorothy Gish, Donald Crisp. A young musician's job takes him away from his young wife for several days. Upon returning to his New York tenement, he is robbed by the neighborhood gangster. When the husband later stumbles upon a mob shoot-out and recognizes the crook who robbed him, he wonders if he can retrieve his money. Often cited as the first gangster film. 17 min. On collections: DVD 1545; copy 2: DVD 1399; vhs 999:606; vhs copy 2: 999:570 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mystic River (2003) Directed by Clint Eastwood. Cast: Sean Penn, Tim Robbins, Kevin Bacon, Laurence Fishburne, Marcia Gay Harden, Laura Linney, Kevin Chapman, Adam Nelson, Tom Guiry. Boston childhood friends Jimmy, Sean and Dave are reunited after a brutal murder. Reformed convict Jimmy and his devoted wife Annabeth find out that their teenage daughter Katie has been beaten and killed. Jimmy's old friend Sean is the homicide detective assigned to the case. Jimmy gets his relatives, the Savage brothers to conduct their own investigation. Jimmy and Sean soon suspect their old pal Dave, who now lives a quite life, but harbors some disturbing secrets of his own. 138 min. DVD 7143 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Naked City(1948) Directed by Jules Dassin. Cast: Barry Fitzgerald, Howard Duff, Dorothy Hart, Don Taylor, Ted DeCorsica. In this film-noir thriller, one of the first pictures filmed on location in New York City, a squad of homicide detectives roams through the seamier parts of the City as they solve a murder case. Through the use of a hidden camera, the movie gives viewers an unvarnished look at life in the city using the technique neorealism. DVD 403; Video Disc 171; VHS 999:1134 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Wald, Malvin. The Naked City: A Screenplay / by Malvin Wald and Albert Maltz; story by Malvin Wald; edited by Matthew J. Bruccoli; afterword by Malvin Wald. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, [1979] c1948. ( PN1997 .N324 Main Stack) Kozloff, Sarah. "Humanizing 'The Voice of God': Narration in The Naked City." Cinema Journal, vol. 23 no. 4. 1984 Summer. pp: 41-53. New Jack City (1991) Directed by Mario Van Peebles. Wesley Snipes, Ice T, Mario van Peebles, Judd Nelson. Gangster film about a young, rich, smart drug baron who thinks he's untouchable, and the tough, street-smart cops determined to bring him down. 101 min. Video 999:1165 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Night Moves (1975) Directed by Arthur Penn. Cast: Gene Hackman, Jennifer Warren, Edward Binns, Susan Clark, Kenneth Mars, Melanie Griffith, Maxwell Gail, Jr. A self-styled detective scrounging a living out of divorce actions, missing persons, and runaway kids finally gets his first big case. Unraveling his mystery, he's always one step behind. Special features: Vintage featurette, Day of the director, and theatrical trailer. 99 min. DVD X4690 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database No Way Out (1987) Directed by Roger Donaldson. Cast: Kevin Costner, Gene Hackman, Sean Young, Will Patton, Howard Duff. A fast-paced, razor-sharp murder mystery set in the secretive corridors of the Pentagon. When Secretary of Defense, David Brice, murders his mistress, Brice's loyal aid creates the perfect cover up: He cleverly "invents" a more enticing killer -- a Russian spy -- and then enlists highly decorated naval commander Tom Farrel to led the top secret investigation. Based on the book The Big Clock by Kenneth Fearing. 115 min. Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database One False Move (1991) Directed by Carl Franklin. Cast: Bill Paxton, Cynda Williams, Billy Bob Thornton, Michael Beach, Earl Billings, Jim Metzler. After two ruthless drug dealers commit a brutal mass murder in Los Angeles and are forced to flee the state, their beautiful accomplice unwittingly leads them into a trap. 106 min. DVD 8462 Nieland, Justus J. "Race-ing Noir and Re-Placing History: The Mulatta and Memory in One False Move and Devil in a Blue Dress." Velvet Light Trap vol. 43 pp: 63-77 (1999 Spring) "> The Organization (1971) Director, Don Medford. Cast: Sidney Poitier, Barbara McNair, Sheree North, Gerald S. O'Loughlin, Raul Julia, Fred Beir, Allen Garfield, Ron O'Neil, and Dan Travanti. Sidney Poitier's third and final appearance as police officer - now lieutenant - Virgil Tibbs. Tibbs becomes a rebel as he tries to help a group of civilian citizens bust a major drug-smuggling ring in San Francisco. 108 min. DVD 4563 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Outfit (1973) Directed by John Flynn. Cast: Robert Duvall, Karen Black, Joe Don Baker, Robert Ryan. Earl is a small-time crook targeted by a crime syndicate for knocking over the wrong bank ... theirs! Upon his release from prison, he's informed by his girlfriend that his brother has been executed and that he's next. Earl teams with his former partner Cody seeking retribution but they find themselves engaged in a no-holds-barred blood war. 103 min. 999:2412 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Penalty (1920, silent) Directed by Wallace Worsley. Cast: Lon Chaney, Ethel Grey Terry, Charles Clary, Clair Adams, Kenneth Harlan. An incompetent doctor amputates the legs of a young boy who grows up to be the embittered Blizzard, a criminal mastermind who orchestrates a bizarre and heinous plot to avenge himself. 93 min. DVD 2214 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Pépé Le Moko (France, 1937) Directed by Julien Duvivier. A famous gangster is safe from the police while hiding in the Casbah section of Algiers, but he falls in love and follows the lady into danger. 95 min. DVD 1538; vhs 999:659 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Le petit lieutenant (The Little Lieutenant) (France, 2005) Directed by Xavier Beauvois. Cast: Nathalie Baye, Jalil Lespert, Roschdy Zem, Antoine Chappey, Jacques Perrin, Bruce Myers, Patrick Chauvel, Jean Lespert, Annick Le Goff, Berangere Allaux, Mireille Franchino, Yanis Lespert, Xavier Beauvois. Antoine, an ambitious young rookie cop from Normandy, joins an elite plainclothes crime unit in Paris. He is happy, but misses his wife, who prefers the countryside and has stayed behind. His co-workers, drinking buddies, and mentors include cynical veteran Mallet and Moroccan Muslim Solo. He also develops a close relationship with his supervisor, Inspector Vaudieu, a recovering alcoholic who develops maternal feelings towards Antoine. When the body of a Polish drifter is found murdered along the Seine, a seemingly routine investigation suddenly turns violent and changes Antoine's life forever. 110 min. DVD 8240 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Phantom Light (UK, 1935) Directed by Lawrence Huntington. Cast: Binnie Hale, Gordon Harker, Ian Hunter, Donald Calthrop, Milton Rosmer. The disappearance of two lighthouse keepers on the coast of Wales is linked to the specter of a rogue beacon that lures freight ships to their destruction on the rocks. Two bickering sleuths must solve the mystery of the "Phantom Light" or become its next victims. 76 min. DVD X100 Philip Marlowe, Private Eye. (1986) Based on short stories by Raymond Chandler. Originally produced for television by Chandlertown Productions Inc. Philip Marlowe, Private Eye. Blackmailers Don't Shoot. (1986) Director, Robert Iscove. Cast: Powers Boothe, Melody Anderson, Allan Royal, Peter Dvorsky, Robert Morelli, John Winston Carroll, August Schellenberg. Gangsters, racketeers, movie moguls and a sizzling screen goddess are wrapped up in a kidnapping scheme. Underworld leader Lucky Landrey hires Marlowe to protect the beautiful film star Rhonda Farr. But when she's kidnapped right out from under his fedora, Marlowe goes behind the scenes to investigate the truth behind the phony, bullet-riddled lies. 51 min. (With "Red Wind.") Video/C 7273 Philip Marlowe, Private Eye. Guns at Cyrano's. (1986) Director, Robert Iscove. Cast: Powers Boothe,Roxanne Hart, Cec Linder, Mark Humphrey, Angelo Rizacos, John Ireland. Benny Cyrano owns a gymnasium, a nightclub ... and the new boxing commissioner, Senator Courtway. Benny's top fighter Duke is sure to win again in his 13th pro fight, but someone's "influencing" him to take a dive. When Benny hires Marlow to see what's up with his fighter going down, Marlow gets mixed up with cheap cons, dirty dealers, senators, hired guns and a beautiful dame named Adrian. 51 min. (With "Pickup on Noon Street.") Video/C 7271 Philip Marlowe, Private Eye. Pickup on Noon Street. (1986) Director, Robert Iscove. Cast: Powers Boothe, Robin Givens, Kate Trotter, Christopher Newton, Ken Pogue, Gene Clark, Al Waxman. Token Ware is working as a cigarettte girl down at the Juggernaut Club in L.A. She wants to become a movie star but the club owner has other plans -- the same kind that put young hopeful Molly Jackson in her grave. Detective Marlowe smells something rotten and the scent leads him to silver screen actor Rupert Eaton playing the role of his life: as accomplice to murder. 51 min. (With "Guns at Cyrano's.") Video/C 7271 Philip Marlowe, Private Eye. Red Wind. (1986) Director, Robert Iscove. Cast: Powers Boothe, Linda Griffiths, Maury Chaykin, Frank Pellegrino, R. H. Thompson. When the hot dry Santa Ana wind comes down through the mountain passes, on nights like this every booze party ends in a fight. Anything can happen ... and it did .. right in front of Marlowe when a drunk pumps two bullets into a guy named Coates. In an all-night chase for the killer, Marlowe stares down crooked politicians, beautiful dames, double-dealers, and the barrel of a .38. 51 min. (With "Blackmailers Don't Shoot.") Video/C 7273 Philip Marlowe, Private Eye. Spanish Blood. (1986) Director, Robert Iscove. Cast: Powers Boothe, Helen Shaver, Ron Van Hart, Mavor Moore, Dixie Seatle, John Vernon. Marlowe's pal Spanish Delaguerra is the kind of guy who'd give you his last nickel but now he's dead. Who would want Spanish dead? Was it the D.A., the last entry in Spanish's appointment book? Was it his secretary, Sadie Burns? Or could it have been his sultry blonde wife, Belle? Marlowe's hot clues only lead to cold bodies -- until the frightening truth exposes itself. 51 min. (With "Trouble is My Business.") Video/C 727 Philip Marlowe, Private Eye. Trouble is My Business. (1986) Director, Robert Iscove. Cast: Powers Boothe, Kate Reid, Jennifer Dale, Booth Savage, Paul Hecht. When Gerald's Uncle hires Marlowe to "take care" of Gerald's gambling debts as well as pay off his beautiful girlfriend Harriet, Marlowe finds the rich do things a little differently ... a fact he must learn quickly before the bullets start flying in his direction. 51 min. (With "Spanish Blood.") Video/C 727 Pier 23 (1951) Directed by William Berke. Cast: J Hugh Beaumont, Ann Swayze, Edward Brophy, Richard Travis, Margia Dean, Mike Mazurki. In the first of two separate stories, Private-Detective Dennis O'Brien becomes involved with a gang that uses a rigged wrestling match as a means for murder. In the second story O'Brien tries to discourage a convict from making an escape-attempt from Alcatraz. Later O'Brien mistakes another man for the convict, and winds up charged with a murder. 59 min. DVD X919 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Pledge (2001) Directed by Sean Penn. Cast: Jack Nicholson, Aaron Eckhart, Helen Mirren, Robin Wright Penn, Vanessa Redgrave, Sam Shepard, Benicio Del Toro, Tom Noonan, Mickey Rourke, Lois Smith, Harry Dean Stanton, Patricia Clarkson. A veteran police detective, on the day of his retirement, handles the case of a seven-year-old girl who has been brutally murdered. When a mentally retarded man confesses to the murder and then kills himself, the detectives consider the case closed, but was he actually the murderer? Before long evidence is uncovered that suggests the girl was just one in a series of brutal killings involving young girls and a mysterious man. Based on the book "The pledge" by Friedrich Durrenmatt. 124 min. DVD X4265; vhs 999:3242 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Point Blank (1967) Directed by John Boorman. Cast: Lee Marvin, Angie Dickinson, Keenan Wynn, Carroll O'Connor, Lloyd Bochner, Michael Strong. A professional criminal helps pull off an underworld heist, then is gunned down and left for dead on deserted Alcatraz Island. He resurfaces in Los Angeles to track down his share of the loot. Aided by a lovely accomplice, he takes on the sundicate at its own deadly game, doggedly stalking his prey across the backdrop of seething '60's L.A. 89 min. 999:2360 Thomson, David "As I lay dying." Sight & Sound ns8 no6 (June '98) p. 14-17. Police (1985) Directed by Maurice Pialat. Cast: Gerard Depardieu, Sophie Marceau, Richard Anconina, Pascale Rocard, Sandrine Bonnaire. A tough, romantic cop falls in love with a sullen, voluptuous suspect and struggles to reconcile his personal ethics with his growing passion for her. Non-US format DVD. In French. 113 min. DVD 3409 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Poulet au vinaigre (Cop au vin) (1985) Directed by Claude Chabrol. Cast:Jean Poiret, Stephane Audran, Michel Bouquet, Jean Topart, Lucas Belvaux, Pauline Lafont. Set in a small town in France, an invalid bullies her teen aged son into obedience. They live on an estate marked for development, but they are refusing to sell. When a series of murders occur, the deceptively charming Inspector Lavardin gets to the bottom of it all. 100 min.DVD 6598 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Raw Deal (1948) Directed by Anthony Mann. Cast: Dennis O'Keefe, Claire Trevor, Marsha Hunt, Raymond Burr, John Ireland. A gangster seeks revenge afer being framed and sent to prison. With help from an innocent woman, the ex-con carries out his murderous plan of vengeance, eventually coming face-to-face with the pyromaniac responsible for his stay in prison. 79 min. DVD 163; vhs 999:1261 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Rear Window (1954) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Thelma Ritter, Wendell Corey, Raymond Burr. A news photographer, confined to his apartment by a broken leg uses his binoculars to spy on his neighbors, and discovers a possible murder. 113 min. DVD 633; VHS 999:3213 (remastered); 999:34 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Rear Window (1998) Directed by Jeff Bleckner. Cast: Christopher Reeve, Daryl Hannah, Robert Forster. A recently paralyzed architect believes he has witnessed a murder from his apartment window. Jason's colleague quickly becomes his partner in trying to solve the mysterious puzzle that lies in the apartment across the way. A more-than-patient detective grudgingly responds to their repeated calls and accusations, but believes Jason's imagination is getting the best of him. Determined to uncover the truth, Jason continues to dig deeper, finding himself locked in a deadly game of cat and mouse. 89 min. 999:2510 UC users only Red Circle (Le Cercle Rouge) (France, 1970) Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville. Cast: Alain Delon, Andre Bourvil, Gian Maria Volante, Yves Montand, Paul Crauchet, Francois Perier. A master thief is fresh out of prison. But instead of toeing the line, he finds his steps leading back to the shadowy world of crime. He, a notorious escapee, and an alcoholic ex-cop plan a jewel heist, while being persued by a police superintendent. 140 min. DVD 2201 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Retribution (Sakebi) (Japan, 2006) Director, Kiyoshi Kurosawa. Cast: Koji Yakusho, Manami Konishi, Tsuyoshi Ihara, Joe Odagiri, Ryo Kase, Riona Hazuki. Detective Yoshioka is investigating the drowning death of a young woman who is wearing a red dress. Face down in a muddy puddle, her stomach is found to be full of sea water. Clues begin to point to the detective as the killer, since his fingerprints and personal items are located at the murder scene. As more bodies turn up that have been killed in the same way, even the detective begins to wonder whether he himself may be the very murderer that he is pursuing. 104 min. DVD X1964 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Reversal of Fortune (1990) Directed by Barbete Schroder. Cast: Glen Close, Jeremy Irons, Ron Silver. Did European aristocrat Claus von Bulow attempt to murder his wife Sunny at their luxurious Newport mansion in 1980? The tabloids of the day certainly had their opinions. "You have one thing in your favor," defense attorney Alan Dershowitz told von Bulow, "Everybody hates you." Reversal of Fortune is the acclaimed movie version of events that had all America talking. 109 min. 999:1033 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Roaring Twenties (1939) Directed by Raoul Walsh. Cast: James Cagney, Priscilla Lane, Humphrey Bogart, Gladys George, Jeffrey Lynn, Frank McHugh, Paul Kelly. A World War I veteran returns to New York, innocently becomes involved in bootlegging, builds up an empire and dies in a gang war. 106 min. DVD 3509 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Rush (1991) Directed by Lili Fini Zanuck. Cast: Jason Patric, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Sam Elliott, Max Perlich, Gregg Allman, Tony Frank, William Sadler. Undercover narcotics officers Jim Raynor and Kristen Cates are partners who become lovers and addicts as they infiltrate the local drug scene in order to bring down a suspected drug lord. Based on the book by Kim Wozencraft. 120 min. DVD X1121; vhs 999:2297 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Rush Hour (1998) Directed by Brett Ratner. Cast: Jackie Chan, Chris Tucker, Tom Wilkinson, Chris Penn, Elizabeth Pena.Jackie Chan is Inspector Lee, a Hong Kong Detective who helps confiscate millions of dollars worth of stolen Chinese artifacts from crime Lord Juntao. Seeking revenge, Juntao kidnaps the eleven-year-old daughter of the Chinese consul when he moves to America. Chan is sent as a diplomatic advisor and finds himself paired up with a New York cop -- a man who works alone, and wants to stay that way. 97 min. DVD X2704; vhs 999:3043 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Le Samourai (1967) Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville. Cast: Alain Delon, Francois Perier, Nathalie Delon, Cathy Rosier, Jacques Leroy, Michel Boisrond. A steely-eyed and enigmatic hitman is hired to do away with the boss of a nightclub, which places him under total surveillance by police. At the same time, he discovers that the man he is working for has marked him for death. 101 min. DVD 4557; vhs 999:2357 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database O'Donoghue, Darragh. "Show Me the Way to Go Home: Melville's Le Samourai." Irish Journal of French Studies. 1:37-47. 2001 McArthur, Colin. "Mise-en-Scene Degree Zero: Jean-Pierre Melville's Le Samourai (1967)." In: French film : texts and contexts / edited by Susan Hayward and Ginette Vincendeau. 2nd ed. London ; New York : Routledge, 2000. (Main Stack PN1993.5.F7.F74 2000) Scotland Yard Inspector (aka Lady in the Fog)(UK, 1952) Directed by Sam Newfield. Cast: Cesar Romero, Lois Maxwell, Bernadette O'Farrell, Geoffrey Keen. Cesar Romero stars in this Hammer mystery as a Yank newspaperman in London who sets out to solve a murder, American style when an English woman asks him to help find her brother's killer. Adapted from the popular B.B.C. serial by Lester Powell. 73 min. DVD X919 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Serpico (1973) Directed by Sidney Lumet. Cast: Al Pacino, John Randolph, Jack Kehoe, Biff McGuire, Barbara Eda-Young, Cornelia Sharpe. Dramatization of the true story of Frank Serpico, a young New York police officer who refuses to extort money from criminals as the other officers do. His fellow police officers turn against him when he seeks to expose the situation during a grand jury investigation. 130 min. DVD 9883 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Shadow of a Doubt (1942) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Joseph Cotten, Teresa Wright, Macdonald Carey, Henry Travers, Patricia Collinge, Hume Cronyn, Wallace Ford, Edna May Wonacott, Charles Bates, Marion Lorne. A beguiling murderer charms his unsuspecting family, but soon his niece and namesake begins to suspect her uncle of being the Merry Widow murderer, and a deadly game of cat-and-mouse begins. As his niece draws closer to the truth, the psychopathic killer begins to plot the death of his favorite relative. 108 min. DVD 638 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Shaft (1971) Director, Gordon Parks; Cast: Richard Roundtree as John Shaft, the steely private eye who takes on the mob. 98 min. DVD 681; VHS 999:947 Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes (USA | Germany, 2009) Directed by Guy Ritchie. Cast: Robert Downey, Jr., Jude Law, Rachel McAdams, Mark Strong, Eddie Marsan, Kelly Reilly, James Fox, Hans Matheson, Geraldine James. After finally catching serial killer and occult 'sorcerer' Lord Blackwood, legendary sleuth Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson can close yet another successful case. After his execution, Blackwood mysteriously returns from the grave and resumes his killing spree, Holmes must take up the hunt once again. Contending with Watson's new fianc�e and the dimwitted head of Scotland Yard, the determined detective must unravel the clues that will lead him into a twisted web of murder, deceit, and black magic. Based on the characters of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. 128 min. DVD X3180 Credits and other information from Internet Movie Database The Adventures of of Sherlock Holmes. (1939) Directed by Alfred L. Werker. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Ida Lupino, Alan Marshall. Professor Moriarty has at long last been brought to trial for murder, but is acquitted after the court finds a lack of sufficient evidence. Moriarty wastes no time in plotting his next crime, but he must first divert the attention of the Great Detective. 82 min. DVD 2561 The Adventures of of Sherlock Holmes. (TV, 1984) Cast: Jeremy Brett, David Burke. Disc 1. A scandal in Bohemia -- The dancing men -- The naval treaty -- The solitary cyclist -- Disc 2. The crooked man -- The speckled band -- Disc 3. The blue carbuncle -- The copper beeches -- Disc 4. The Greek interpreter -- The Norwood builder -- Disc 5. The resident patient -- The red headed league -- The final problem. 690 min. DVD 2483 The Hound of the Baskervilles Directed by Sidney Lanfield, 1939. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Richard Greene, Wendy Barrie, Lionel Atwill. The first of the fourteen Sherlock Holmes films starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce. After learning the history of the Baskerville curse from the hirsute Dr. Mortimer, Sherlock Holmes takes upon himself the responsibility of protecting sole heir Henry Baskerville from suffering the same fate as his ancestors: a horrible death at the fangs of the huge hound of Grimpen Moor. Unable to head to Baskerville mansion immediately, Holmes sends his colleague Dr. Watson to act as his surrogate. What Watson doesn't know is that Holmes, donning several clever disguises, is closely monitoring the activities of everyone in and around the estate. 80 min. DVD 4321 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Hound of the Baskervilles (UK, 1959) Directed by Terence Fisher. Cast: Peter Cushing, Andre Morell, Christopher Lee. Returning to his family's manor house on the lonely moors after his father dies under mysterious circumstances, Sir Henry Baskerville is confronted with the mystery of the supernatural hound that supposedly takes revenge upon the Baskerville family. The famous detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson are brought in to investigate. Based on the novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. 86 min. DVD X7290 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Memoires of Sherlock Holmes: The Carboard Box. (TV, 1994) Cast: Jeremy Brett,Cast: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Rosalie Williams. When Susan Cushing asks Sherlock Holmes to investigate the mysterious disappearance of her sister, Mary, the detective shows little interest. But when Susan receives a grisly Christmas gift in a plain cardboard box, and a third sister, Sarah, seems to understand the implied meaning in the strange present, Holmes can no longer resist the challenge. 50 min. Video/C 6762 Memoires of Sherlock Holmes: The Dying Detective. (TV, 1994) Cast: Jeremy Brett,Cast: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Rosalie Williams. The beautiful Adelaide Savage beseeches Sherlock Holmes to investigate her husband's cousin, Culverton Smith, a questionable scientist whom she believes is leading her husband down a self-destructive path. When Victor Savage dies of a rare parasitic fever--Smith's specialty--Holmes suspects a connection and comes face to face with the deadly disease himself. 50 min. Video/C 6760 Memoires of Sherlock Holmes: The Golden Pince-Nez. (TV, 1994) Cast: Jeremy Brett, Frank Finlay, Charles Gray, Rosalie Williams, Anna Carteret, Patricia Kerrigan, Nigel Planer. An elderly professor's young secretary is found dead in his study with no clues as to the murderer or the motive, except for a pair of golden pince-nez found clutched in the dead man's hand. 50 min. Video/C 6765 Memoires of Sherlock Holmes: The Mazarin Stone. (TV, 1994) Cast: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Charles Gray, Rosalie Williams. Garrideb, a member of a family who needs to be found in order to satisfy a last will and testament that will yield a vast estate for the elderly Nathan Garrideb. And Mycroft, the detective's brother, must find the Mazarin stone, a valuable crown jewel, which has been stolen. 50 min. Video/C 6764 Memoires of Sherlock Holmes: The Red Circle. (TV, 1994) Cast: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Rosalie Williams. Holmes must find the connection between a mysterious lodger who communicates only through notes and another lodger who turns up dead, his throat slit and a red circle daubed on the wall. 50 min. Video/C 6763 Memoires of Sherlock Holmes: The Three Gables. (TV, 1994) Cast: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Rosalie Williams. Mary Maberly contacts Holmes when a house agent offers her a vast sum of money for her house on one condition: that she may not remove any of her furniture or personal belongings from her home when she leaves. 50 min. Video/C 6761 The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes.(1970) Directed by Billy Wilder. Cast: Robert Stephens, Colin Blakely, Genevieve Page, Christopher Lee. When a beautiful woman claims that her dear husband has disappeared, the investigation takes Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson to Scotland, where they uncover a plot involving a clandestine society, Her Majesty's Secret Service ... and the Loch Ness Monster. 125 min. DVD 1765 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes(1922) Directed by Albert Parker. Cast: John Barrymore, Roland Young, Carol Dempster, Louis Wolheim, Gustav von Seyffertitz, William Powell. When a young prince is accused of a crime that could embroil him in international scandal, debonair supersleuth Sherlock Holmes comes to his aid, and quickly discovers that behind the incident lurks a criminal mastermind eager to reduce Western civilization to anarchy. Adapted from the hugely popular stage version of Arthur Conan Doyle�s stories by William Gillette, Sherlock Holmes provided Barrymore with one of his most prestigious early roles. 85 min. DVD X1703 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon(1942) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Lionel Atwill, Kaaren Verne, William Post Jr., Dennis Hoey. Sherlock Holmes battles his arch rival, Professor Moriarty, who has kidnapped the inventor of a new bomb sight. Based on the story "The Dancing Men." 68 min. DVD 4309 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror(1942) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Evelyn Ankers, Henry Daniell, Thomas Gomez, Reginald Denny, Montagu Love. When taunting saboteurs warn of a Nazi invasion of the British Isles through their horrific radio menace the Voice of Terror, the British intelligence's Inner Council calls in Sherlock Holmes to help in the crisis. Based on the story "His Last Bow." 66 min. DVD 4309 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes Faces Death(1943) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Hillary Brooke, Dennis Hoey, Arthur Margetson, Halliwell Hobbes, Mina Phillips, Milburn Stone. Dr. Watson, tending recuperating soldiers housed at centuries-old Musgrave Manor, summons Sherlock Holmes to investigate strange happenings. What follows is a bizarre series of events, including murders, secret passages, a game of chess and a mysterious family ritual. Based on "The Musgrave ritual" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. 68 min. DVD 4309 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in Dressed to Kill(1946) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Patricia Morrison, Edmond Breon, Frederic Worlock, Carl Harbord, Patricia Cameron, Holmes E. Herbert, Harry Cording, Leyland Hodgson, Mary Gordon, Ian Wolfe. Three music boxes are the only clues that Holmes has to work with to find the location of bank notes stolen from the Bank of England. 72 min. DVD 4311 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in House of Fear(1943) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Aubrey Mather, Dennis Hoey, Paul Cavanagh, Holmes Herbert, Harry Cording, Sally Shepherd. Sherlock Holmes is called in to solve the mystery of why the members of "The Good Comrades" club are being hidiously mutilated and murdered. Based on "The Adventure of the Five Orange Pips." 69 min. DVD 4310 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in Pearl of Death(1944) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Dennis Hoey, Evelyn Ankers, Miles Mander, Ian Wolfe, Charles Francis. Sherlock Holmes is called in to solve a series of murders involving busts of Napoleon and a gem that has caused murder and trouble since the days of the Borgias. Based on "The Six Napoleons." 69 min. DVD 4310 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in Pursuit to Algiers(1945) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Marjorie Riordan, Rosalind Ivan, Morton Lowry, Leslie Vincent, Martin Kosleck, Rex Evans, John Abbott, Gerald Hamer, Wee Willie Davis, Frederic Worlock. Who murdered the King of Rovenia? Can they be stopped before they kill his heir? When Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson board a ship to protect the young man, they find themselves up against notorious jewel thieves as well as royal assassins. 65 min. DVD 4311 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in The Scarlet Claw(1944) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Gerald Hamer, Paul Cavanagh, Arthur Hohl, Miles Mander, Kay Harding. Sherlock Holmes is called in to solve a series of murders in Canada that the locals are attributing to a legendary marsh monster. 74 min. DVD 4310 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in Terror by Night(1946) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Alan Mowbray, Renee Godfrey, Dennis Hoey. Sherlock and Watson investigate the murder on a train from London to Edinburgh and how it might be connected to an attempted jewel theft. 60 min. DVD 4312 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in The Spider Woman Directed by Roy William Neill, 1942. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Gail Sondergaard, Dennis Hoey, Vernon Downing, Alec Craig, Arthur Hohl, Mary Gordon. London is in a panic over a series of apparent "Pajama Suicides." Sherlock Holmes, however, is more inclined to believe that they are calculated murders. It is up to the detective and his partner, Dr. Watson, to discover the motive and the means of these crimes and to quickly unmask the murderer. Miss Adria Spedding is an intoxicating woman of character whom Holmes is convinced is behind the killings. A series of masquerades and deadly game playing ensues as Holmes and Watson enter a battle of wits with The Spider Woman. Based on the stories "The Sign of Four" and "The Final Problem." 63 min. DVD 4310 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1942) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Henry Daniell, George Zucco, Marjorie Lord. In WWII a, a British secret agent carrying a vitally important document is kidnapped en route to Washington. The British government calls on Sherlock Holmes to recover it. 71 min. DVD 4309 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes in The Woman in Green(1946) Directed by Roy William Neill. Cast: Basil Rathbone, Nigel Bruce, Hillary Brooke, Henry Daniell, Paul Cavanagh. Four women are murdered and, curiously, all four have been left without their right forefinger. Holmes and Dr. Watson discover a web of blackmail and hypnotism unlike anything they have ever seen. 68 min. DVD 4312 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sherlock Holmes: The Archive Collection. Disc 1 Contents: Sherlock Holmes' fatal hour or The Sleeping cardinal (Cast: Arthur Wontner, Ian Fleming) (1931, 82 min.) -- Lost in limehouse or Lady Esmeralda's predicament (Cast: Olaf Hytten) (1933, 20 min.) -- Limejuice mystery or Who spat in grandfather's porridge? (1930, 9 min.). Sherlock Holmes' fatal hour: A card cheat is threatened with exposure into joining a criminal enterprise that Holmes believes is controlled by Professor Moriarity. Lost in limehouse: A slapstick burlesque of 19th Century Victorian melodrama featuring a parody of Holmes and Watson who rescue a heroine held by a mustache-twirling villain in a den of caricatured Chinese gangsters. Limejuice mystery: A parody of Sherlock Holmes films with all of the cast portrayed by marionettes. DVD X5025 Sherlock Holmes: The Archive Collection. Disc 2 Contents: The sting of death (Boris Karloff, Robert Flemyng, Hermione Gingold, Martyn Green) (1955, 53 min.) -- The Man who disappeared (John Longden) (1951, 27 min.) -- Case of hypnosis (1952, 3 min.) -- Strange case of Hennessy (Cliff Edwards) (1933, 17 min.) Sting of death: A man with a taste for fresh honey discovers that the bees making it in the rural area of England where he lives have turned deadly. Man who disappeared: An adaptation of the story "The man with the twisted lip" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle about a very wealthy businessman with a strange secret. Case of hypnosis: a comedy short with an all chimpanzee cast. Strange case of Hennessy: A murder mystery parody with a nutty detective with much of the film dialogue talk-sung in a subtle rhyme. DVD X5026 Sherlock Holmes: The Archive Collection. Disc 3 Contents: Adventure of the speckled band (Alan Napier) (1949, 27 min.) -- Copper beeches (Georges Tr�ville) (1912, silent, 25 min.) -- Man with the twisted lip (Eille Norwood) (1944, silent, 28 min.) -- Case of the screaming bishop (1944, 7 min.) -- Bonus film: General's boots (Basil Rathbone) (1954, 30 min.). Adventure of the speckled band: Sherlock Holmes gets the clues he needs to solve a murder, and to prevent another one from occurring, when he finds out that a doctor owns a poisonous snake--the deadly swamp adder. Copper beeches: Sherlock Holmes prevents treachery at a foreboding English estate named for its copper-colored beech trees. Man with the twisted lip: Sherlock Holmes finds a missing husband is posing as a disfigured beggar. Case of the screaming bishop: A dinosaur skeleton has been stolen from the museum of Unnatural History in this wild Columbia Phantasy cartoon. General's boots: A rare performance by Basil Rathbone, not as Sherlock, but as an army officer in a segment on the Schlitz Playhouse television series. DVD X5027 Someone to Watch Over Me (1987) Directed by Ridley Scott. Cast: Tom Berenger, Mimi Rogers, Lorraine Bracco, Jerry Orbach, John Rubinstein. A stunning New York socialite and a down-to-earth city cop are caught in a deadly web of illicit passion and heart-stopping suspense in this taut thriller as the detective finds his life turned upside down when he is assigned to protect this beautiful eyewitness to a brutal murder. Videodisc release of a motion picture originally produced in 1988. Special features: Production notes, interactive menus, theatrical trailers, talent files, scene selections. 106 min. DVD 131 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Soplo de Vida (Breath of Life) (Colombia, 1999) Directed by Luis Ospina. An ex-cop turned private detective investigates the murder of a prostitute in a squalid hotel in Bogota and encounters her diverse clientele. 110 min. 999:3413 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Stage Fright (1949) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Jane Wyman, Marlene Dietrich, Michael Wilding, Richard Todd, Alastair Sim, Dame Sybil Thorndike. Drama student Eve Gill envisions the acting challenge of a lifetime in the desperate predicament of a boy friend Jonathan Cooper, being framed for her husband's murder by a flamboyant stage star, Charlotte Inwood. To prove Jonathan's innocence and Charlotte's guilt, Eve impersonates a maid and goes to work for Charlotte. For Eve, undercover work is like playing a game, but she's about to encounter other actors who are playing for keeps. 110 min. DVD 5685; VHS 999:577 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Sting (1973) Directed by George Roy Hll. Cast: Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Robert Shaw. Set in 1930's Chicago, this Academy Award winning film deals with two con men who seek revenge on a big-time gangster who was responsible for the murder of their friend. 129 min. DVD 1439 National Film Registry Selection The Stray Dog (Nora Inu) (1949) Director: Akira Kurosawa. Set in Tokyo during the late 1940's, the film captures the chaos and humiliation that existed in Japan immediately after World War II. When detective Murakami loses his revolver, he must descend into Tokyo's underworld and face the killer who has taken it. 122 min. DVD 2732; vhs 999:2243 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Street of No Return (1989) Directed by Samuel Fuller. Cast: Keith Carradine, Bill Duke, Valentina Vargas, Andrea Ferreol, Bernard Fresson. The story of a former pop star who had it all until he fell in love with the wrong gangster's girl and had his throat cut for his sins. Now a drifter, he lives in a haze of amnesia, alcohol and misery until one day he rediscovers himself and a chance for vengeance. Based on the classic crime novel by David Goodis. 92 min. DVD 6988 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Superfly (1972) Directed by Gordon Parks Jr. Cast: Ron O'Neal, Carl Lee, Sheila Frazier, Julius W. Harris, Charles McGregor. Tale of a Harlem drug dealer, Priest, who wants out of cocaine-dealing but a drug kingpin does not want Priest to stop. He sets up one last big drug deal before he retires, but is thwarted by double-crossers, murder and revenge. 93 min. DVD 4648; vhs 999:1181 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Suture (1993) Directed by Scott McGhee and David Siegel. Cast: Dennis Haysbert, Mel Harris, Sab Shimono, Michael Harris, David Graf, Fran Ryan, John Ingle, Dina Merrill. You can barely tell Vincent and Clay apart. So when these two estranged half-brothers meet, Vincent, the prime suspect in their father's murder, decides to kill Clay so he can swap identities and pin the crime on his new-found sibling. But Clay miraculously survives the attempt on his life and now, suffering from amnesia and thinking he's Vincent, must prove that he's not the killer. 96 min. DVD 1268 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database T-Men (1947) Directed by Anthony Mann. Cast: Dennis O'Keefe, June Lockhart, Alfred Ryder, Mary Meade, Wally Ford, Charles McGraw, Jane Randolph. There's plenty of action when two treasury agents infiltrate the ranks of a notorious counterfeiting ring known as the Vantucci Gang in this stylish film noir. 93 min. DVD 163; vhs 999:710 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Tell Me Something (Telmi ssomding) (1999) Directed by Yoon-Hyun Chang. In consecutive murders occuring in Seoul, the dismembered bodies of the victims are found with arms and heads separated. When detective Cho starts investigating he is confronted with horrible and shocking scenes. 116 min. DVD 1485 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Terror Street (aka 36 Hours) (UK, 1953) Directed by Montgomery Tully. Cast: Elsy Albin, Ann Gudrun, Eric Polmann, Dan Duryea. U.S. Air Force pilot becomes the logical suspect after his wife is shot and killed. The thirty-six hours he has to clear himself are filled with twists and turns culminating in an exciting climax. 85 min. DVD 8345 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database They Made Me a Fugitive (1947) Directed by Alberto Cavalcanti; Cast: Sally Gray, Trevor Howard, Griffith Jones, Rene Ray. Ex-RAF flyer Morgan, bored with civilian life, joins a gang led by Narcy. On his first job, a policeman is killed, Morgan is framed for the killing and jailed. He escapes and makes it to London, where he is sheltered by Sally, who falls in love with him. Seeking revenge, he confronts Narcy and the gang in an abandoned warehouse. 103 min. DVD 3951; vhs 999:3232 The Thin Man Movies The Thin Man (1934) Directed by W.S. VanDyke. Cast: William Powell, Myrna Loy, Maureen O'Sullivan, Nat Pendleton, Minna Gombell. The jaunty whodunit that made William Powell and Myrna Loy the champagne elite of sleuthing. In this premier film they play a tipsy detective and his wife and dog who solve the murder of an eccentric inventor. 90 min. DVD 4154; vhs 999:405 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database After the Thin Man (1936) Directed by W.S. VanDyke. Cast: William Powell, Myrna Loy, James Stewart, Elissa Landi, Joseph Calleia. It's New Year's Eve, Nick and Nora Charles have returned to the West Coast, and the philandering hubby of Nora's cousin has gone missing. Retired from sleuthing, Nick must round up the usual suspects. 112 min. DVD 4155 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Another Thin Man (1939) Directed by W.S. VanDyke. Cast: William Powell, Myrna Loy, Virginia Grey, Otto Kruger, C. Aubrey Smith. Dum-Dum, Wacky, Creeps, Fingers: They're just a few of the hoodlums in the world of amateur sleuths and professional vivants Nick & Nora Charles. And now there's a new hood: parenthood. 102 min. DVD 4156 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Shadow of the Thin Man (1941) Directed by W.S. VanDyke. Cast: William Powell, Myrna Loy, Barry Nelson, Donna Reed, Sam Levene. A jockey who threw a race is murdered in the locker room. Nick & Nora Charles are off to the races on another case of murder, mirth and perfect martinis. 97 min. DVD 4157 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Thin Man Goes Home (1944) Directed by Richard Thorpe. Cast: William Powell, Myrna Loy, Lucile Watson, Gloria de Haven, Ann Revere. Outlaws come and go in Nick & Nora's lives. Now it's time to meet the in-laws. The debonair sleuths leave little Nicky Jr. at boarding school, grab Asta (the dog) and head to Nick's boyhood home of Sycamore Springs. 101 min. DVD 4158 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Song of the Thin Man (1947) Directed by Edward Buzzell. Cast: William Powell, Myrna Loy, Keenan Wynn, Dean Stockwell, Philip Reed. At a charity gambling benefit aboard the S.S. Fortune, the tables are hot, the jazz is hotter and before you know it, a bandleader's body is growing cold. They're playing your song Nick & Nora Charles! 86 min. DVD 4159 Alias Nick & Nora [Documentary]DVD 4153 Drees, Rich. "The Thin Man: Dashiell Hammett & Hollywood." Films in Review v. 46 (Sept./Oct. '95) p. 46-53. Glitre, Kathrina. "Making marriage fun : Myrna Loy and William Powell." In: Hollywood romantic comedy : states of the union, 1934-65 / Kathrina Glitre. Manchester ; New York : Manchester University Press ; New York : Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave, 2006. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.C55 G55 2006) Goodrich, David L. The real Nick and Nora : Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, writers of stage and screen classics / David L. Goodrich. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press, c2001. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PS3513.O53515 Z68 2001) Isaac, Frederick. "Hard-Boiled or Ham-It-Up? The Thin Man Movies." In: It's a print! : detective fiction from page to screen / edited by William Reynolds, Elizabeth A. Trembley. pp: 49-63. Bowling Green, OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press, c1994. (Main Stack PN1995.3.R4 1994) Quirk, Lawrence J. The films of Myrna Loy / Lawrence J. Quirk Secaucus, N.J. : Citadel Press, c1980 (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN2287.L67 .Q57 1980) Soter, Tom. Investigating couples: a critical analysis of The Thin Man, The Avengers, and The X-Files. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, c2002. (MAIN: PN1992.8.D48 S65 2002) Szebin, Frederick C. "Hammett rewritten." Films in Review v. 45 (July/Aug. '94) p. 2-9. Tightrope (1984) Directed by Richard Tuggle. Cast: Clint Eastwood, Genevieve Bujold, Dan Hedaya, Alison Eastwood, Jennifer Beck. Clint Eastwood is Wes Block, a lawman teetering on a tightrope separating him from the man he strives to be and the man he fears he is. When Block investigates some brutal sex murders, he discovers a chilling link between himself and the suspect. 114 min. DVD 2012 UC users only Twilight (1997) Directed by Robert Benton. Cast: Paul Newman, Susan Sarandon, Gene Hackman, Stockard Channing, Reese Witherspoon, Giancarlo Esposito, James Garner. Harry Ross is a burned-out private eye who's plunged into a murder mystery tied to a long-unsolved case of Hollywood dreams, schemes and cover-ups. 95 min. DVD 5405 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Underworld Story (1950) Directed by Cyril Endfield. Cast: Dan Duryea, Herbert Marshall, Gale Storm. Powerful indictment of sensationalist journalism, Dan Duryea portrays an unscrupulous reporter who stumbles onto a cover-up that may get him killed. 90 min. DVD X7257; 999:468 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Underworld U.S.A. (1961) Directed by Samuel Fuller. Cast: Cliff Robertson, Dolores Dorn, Beatrice Kay, Paul Dubov, Robert Emhardt, Larry Gates. Embittered ex-convict, Tolly Devlin, has spent a lifetime tracking down the men who murdered his father. Desirous of handling matters on his own, Devlin pretends to be loyal to both the Mob and the Government, playing one against the other in hopes of flushing out the killers. He learns that the three surviving assassins are employed by a supposedly charitable "cover" operation known as National Projects. To get what he wants, Devlin ingratiates himself with mob boss (and outwardly solid citizen) Conners. What Robertson didn't count on was falling in love with "Cuddles," which leads to his own downfall -- but not before justice is served. Special DVD feature: Martin Scorsese on Underworld U.S.A. 99 min. DVD X2350; vhs 999:493 UC users only Fuller, Samuel. A Third face : my tale of writing, fighting and filmmaking / Samuel Fuller with Christa Lang Fuller and Jerome Henry Rude. New York : Alfred A. Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 2002. (Main Stack PN1998.3.F85.A3 2002) Garnham, Nicholas. Samuel Fuller. New York, Viking Press [1972, c1971] (MAIN: PN1993 .C45 v.15 [another edition]; MOFF: PN1998.A3 F843 1972) Gordon, Marsha. "What makes a girl who looks like that get mixed up in science?": gender in Sam Fuller's films of the 1950s." Quarterly Review of Film and Video v. 17 no. 1 (2000) p. 1-17 Hardy, Phil. Samuel Fuller. [New York] Praeger [1970] (MAIN: PN1998.A3F845 H3; MOFF: PN1998 A3 F845) McArthur, Colin. Underworld U.S.A. New York, Viking Press [1972]. (PN1995.9.G3 M3 Moffitt; Main PN1993 .C45 v.20) McArthur, Collin. "Samuel Fuller's Gangster Films." Screen 1969 10: 80-92 UC users only Sanjek, David. 'Torment Street between Malicious and Crude': Sophisticated Primitivism in the Films of Samuel Fuller. Literature/ Film Quarterly, vol. 22 no. 3. 1994. pp: 187-94. Server, Lee. Sam Fuller : film is a battleground : a critical study, with interviews, a filmography, and a bibliography Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, c1994. (MAIN: PN1998.3.F85 S47 1994) The Untouchables (1987) Directed by Brian De Palma. Cast: Kevin Costner, Charles Martin Smith, Andy Garcia, Robert De Niro, Sean Connery, Patricia Clarkson. A fierce, larger-than-life depiction of Al Capone, the mob warlord who ruled Prohibition-era Chicago and Eliot Ness, the law enforcer who vowed to bring him down. Special DVD features: The script, the cast; production stories; reinventing the genre; the classic; original featurette: "The men"; theatrical trailer. 119 min. DVD 8432; vhs 999:2720 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Up In the Air (1940) Directed by Howard Bretherton. Host: Richard Roundtree. Cast: Frankie Darro, Marjorie Reynolds, Mantan Moreland. A radio singer is murdered while singing on the air in a radio studio. Radio page boy, Frankie Ryan, and his janitor pal, Jeff, solve the mystery for the none-too-sharp police. 61 min. DVD 4995 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Usual Suspects (1995) Directed by Bryan Singer; Cast: Stephen Baldwin, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Kevin Pollak, Pete Postlethwaite, Kevin Spacey. Police investigating an exploded boat on a San Pedro pier discover 27 bodies and $91 million worth of drug money. The only survivors are a severely burned Hungarian terrorist and Roger Kint, a crippled con-man. Reluctantly, Kint is pressured into explaining what happened on the boat. His story begins six weeks earlier with five criminals being dragged in by New York police desparate for suspects in a truck highjacking, and ends with the possible identification of a criminal mastermind. 106 min. DVD 3907 Movie Review Query Engine Violent Cop (Sono otoko kyobo ni tsuki) (1989) Director, Takeshi Kitano. Detective Azuma is a Dirty-Harry style rogue cop who often uses violence and unethical methods to get results. While investigating a series of drug-related homicides, Azuma discovers that his friend and colleague Iwaki is supplying drugs from within the police force. After Iwaki is murdered and Azuma's sister is kidnapped, he breaks all the rules to dish out his particular form of justice. 98 min. DVD 1082; vhs 999:3199 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Directed by Robert Zemeckis. The hapless Roger Rabbit is framed for the murder of Marvin Acme, who was photographed "playing patticake" with Roger's wife, Jessica Rabbit. The mixed live- and animated action takes place in Hollywood and next-door "Toontown," where humans and "Toons" co-exist. 106 min. DVD 203; vhs 999:1647 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Witness (1985) Directed by Peter Weir. Cast: Harrison Ford, Kelly McGillis, Josef Sommer, Lukas Haas, Jan Rubes, Alexander Godunov, Patti LuPone, Danny Glover, Brent Jennings. When a young Amish woman and her son get caught up in the murder of an undercover narcotics agent, their savior turns out to be the hardened Philadelphia detective John Book, who runs head-on into the non-violent world of a Pennsylvania Amish community. 112 min. DVD X1970 Horror Films (for slasher movies) American Nightmare Knife-weilding murderers, buxom teens fleeing for theirlives, the undead limping across streets. These imagesare synonymous with horror movies. Gobehind-the-scenes with filmmaker greats as they revealtheir inspirations for some of the most disturbinglygruesome films that have emerged on screen. Includesexcerpts from classic horror films. Contents: Scene excerpts: Bride of Frankenstain (1935) -- Thebrood (1979) -- The crazies (1973) -- Dawn ofthe dead (1978) -- Dracula (1931) -- Frankenstein(1931) -- The fun house (1981) -- Halloween (1978) --Maniac (1980) -- It came from outter space (1953) --Last house on the left (1972) -- Night of the livingdead (1968) -- Rabid (1977) -- Scanners (1981) --Shivers (1975) -- The Texas chainsaw massacre (1974) --Videodrome (1983) -- White Zombie (1932) -- Thewolfman (1941). 2000. 71 min. DVD 2417 American Psycho (2000) Directed by Mary Harron. Cast: Christian Bale, Willem Dafoe, Jared Leto, Josh Lucas, Samantha Mathis, Matt Ross, Bill Sage, Chloe Sevigny, Cara Seymour, Justin Theroux, Guinevere Turner, Reese Witherspoon. A young, handsome man with a Harvard education, a stunning fiancee and success on Wall Street appears to have everything. But his circle of friends doesn't know his other side of terrible urges that take him in pursuit of women, greed, and murder. Based on the novel by Bret Easton Ellis. 101 min. DVD 3528 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Bird with the Crystal Plumage (Uccello dalle piume di cristallo) (1970) Directed by Dario Argento. Cast: Tony Musante, Suzy Kendall, Eva Renzi, Enrico Maria Salerno, Mario Adorf. An American writer in Italy becomes an amateur sleuth when he witnesses a failed attempt by a serial killer to take the life of the wife of a wealthy gallery owner. 96 min. DVD 5253 Schneider, Steven Jay and Frank Lafond. "Dario Argento Resources online and in print." Kinoeye Black & White (1998) Directed by Yuri Zeltser. Cast: Gina Gershon, Ron Silver, Rory Cochrane. A shy rookie cop finds himself assigned to a tough, sexy female partner, a veteran officer who is legendary for her ruthless, but effective, style. The pair begins investigating a very dangerous and ingenious serial killer, and also begins a very passionate affair. 97 min. 999:3179 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Black Widow (1987) Directed by Bob Rafelson. Cast: Debra Winger, Theresa Russell, Sami Frey, Dennis Hopper, Nicol Williamson. A complex psychological thriller about a beautiful serial killer whose victims are wealthy men. A keen female federal agent tracks down the alluring seductress only to be turned inside out when she falls under the killer's potent spell herself. 97 min. DVD 3822 Ressner, Jeffrey. "The passion of Theresa." American Film v. 14 (April 1989) p. 34-7+ Blonde Ice (1948) Directed by Jack Bernhard. Cast: Leslie Brooks, Robert Paige, Michael Whalen, Walter Sande, John Holland, James Griffith, David Leonard. The bizarre tale of a beautiful society columnist whose desire for money and position turn her into a serial killer...a story most Hollywood studios of the 1940's wouldn't touch. 74 min. DVD X971 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Blood Feast (1963) Directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis. Cast: Thomas Wood, Mal Arnold, Connie Mason, Lyn Bolton, Scott H. Hall. Set in Miami, police are baffled by a series of grisly murders that involve ritualistic dismemberment. A deranged Egyptian caterer name Fuad Ramses goes around hacking up beautiful young gals and brings their body parts back to his temple as an offering to the goddess Ishtar. Special features: Audio commentary by director Herschell Gordon Lewis and producer David F. Friedman ; original theatrical trailer ; rare outtakes ; actors Thomas Wood and Harvey Korman demonstrate how to slice meat in the grisly educational short subject," Carving magic" (20 min.); gallery of exploitation art. 87 min. DVD 4602 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bluebeard (1944) Directed by Edgar G. Ulmer. Cast: John Carradine, Jean Parker, Nils Asther, Ludwig Stossel. An artist in 19th century Paris strangles his models when they fail to meet his exacting standards of perfection. Lucille, his new model, learns of his shocking secret and bravely vows to bring him to justice. 73 min. DVD X3965 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Le Boucher (The Butcher) (France, 1969) Directed by Claude Chabrol. Cast: Stephane Audran, Jean Yanne, Antonio Passalia. In a provincial French town, a sophisticated schoolmistress avoids attachments but strikes up a congenial friendship with the charmingly passionate local butcher, a veteran of Indochina. As a serial killer spreads terror throughout the countryside, the effort of these two people to come back from their emotional islands to some kind of mutual understanding and reality builds from oblique tenderness and humor to shattering tragedy. 87 min. DVD 1733 SEE Film Noir videography The Card Player (Il cartaio) (Italy, 2004) Directed by Dario Argento. Cast: Stefania Rocca, Liam Cunningham, Silvio Muccino, Adalberto Maria Merli, Fiore Argento, Mia Benedetta. An Italian policewoman is forced to play a sick game with a serial killer. She teams up with a British cop to try to find the identity of the killer but for every round they lose, a kidnapped young girl is mutilated alive via webcam. Special features: interactive menus; scene selection; "Playing with death" (documentary); "Maestro of fear" (documentary); commentary track; trailer; behind-the-scenes; Dario Argento bio; previews. 104 min. DVD X1650 Dario Argento bibliography Clean, Shaven (1993) Directed by Lodge Kerrigan. Cast: Peter Greene, Robert Albert, Jennifer MacDonald, Megan Owen, Molly Castelloe. A harrowing story of a schizophrenic man's desperate search for his young daughter. Peter Winter, recently released from an institution, returns home only to find out that his daughter has been put up for adoption. Hampering his search is Detective McNally who believes Peter to be a child serial killer. 80 min. DVD 2299 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Copycat (1995) Directed by Jon Amiel. Cast: Sigourney Weaver, Holly Hunter, Dermot Mulroney, William McNamara, Will Patton. An adrenaline pumper about the desperate hunt for a mass murderer with an elusive m.o...He copies serial killers of the recent past. 123 min. DVD 5072 UC users only Dyer, Richard. "Kill and kill again. (portrayal of serial killers in film and television)." Sight and Sound 7.n9 (Sept 1997): 14(4). Simpson, Philip L. "Copycat, Serial Murder, and the (De)Terministic Screen Narrative." In: The terministic screen : rhetorical perspectives on film / edited by David Blakesley. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press, c2003. (Main Stack PN1994.T47 2003) The Cure (Kyua) (Japan, 1997) Directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa. Cast: Koji Yakusho, Masato Hagiwara, Tsuyoshi Ujiki, Anna Nakagawa, Yoriko Douguchi, Yukijiro Hotaru. Set in and around a bleak, decaying Tokyo, a series of murders have been committed by ordinary people who claim to have had no control over their horrifying actions. Detective Kenichi Takabe puts his own sanity on the line as he tries to end the terror. 111 min. DVD 4257 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dead Calm (1988) Directed by Phillip Noyce. Cast: Sam Neill, Nicole Kidman, Billy Zane. John and Rae Ingram rescue the only surviving crew member of a crippled schooner only to find themselves the targets of a deranged killer. 96 min. DVD 3891 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Deep Crimson (Profundo carmesi) (Mexico / France / Spain, 1996) Directed by Arturo Ripstein. The story of Nicolas and Coral, a couple who roam the back roads of Mexico looking for lonely women who Nicholas seduces and insane Coral then murders. 109 min. vhs 999:3374 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde For various versions of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, See Horror Films The Element of Crime (Forbrydelsens element) (Denmark, 1984) Directed by Lars von Trier. Cast: Michael Elphick, Esmond Knight, Meme Lai, Jerold Welss, Ahmed El Shenawi, Astrid Henning-Jensen, Janos Hersko, Preben Leerdorff-Rye, Gotha Anderson, Lars von Trier.The story of an exiled ex-cop who returns to his old beat to catch a serial killer preying on young girls. Set in Germany and shot in sepia tones with brilliant blue flashes, Von Trier boldly reinvents the expressionist style, combining dark mystery and operatic sweep to yield a celluloid nightmare. 104 min. DVD 1568 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Frenzy (UK, 1972) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Jon Finch, Alec McCowen, Barry Foster, Billie Whitelaw. In their hunt for a sex criminal known as the Necktie Murderer, the London police suspect an innocent man, who eludes them and proves his innocence by finding the real murderer. 116 min. DVD 1029 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database From Hell (2001) Directed by Albert and Allen Hughes. Cast: Johnny Depp, Heather Graham, Ian Holm, Ian Richardson, Robbie Coltrane, Jason Flemyng. In 1888 London's Whitechapel slums, poor women like Mary Kelly and her friends walk the streets for a living. When the streetwalkers begin to be murdered one by one, it attracts the attention of Inspector Abberline, who takes a personal interest in the case, and Mary Kelly. Now he must use his psychic abilities to stop the most notorious serial killer in history--Jack the Ripper--before Mary is killed. 121 min. DVD 5006 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Funny Games (Austria, 1997) Directed by Michael Haneke. Cast: Suzanne Lothar, Ulrich M�he, Arno Frisch, Frank Giering, Stefan Clapczynski, Doris Kunstmann, Christoph Bantzer. Michael Haneke's controversial thriller watches an affluent couple, their child and dog as they arrive at their lakeside vacation home. Settling into their holiday routine, the family is visited by a pair of clean-cut young men in tennis whites and gloves, who inexplicably turn ruthless and brutal, forcing the family into playing their 'funny games.' 103 min. DVD 2054 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Funny Games (2007) Directed by Michael Haneke. Cast: Naomi Watts, Tim Roth, Michael Pitt, Brady Corbet, Devon Gearhart. At their lakeside vacation home, Ann, George and their son have unexpected visitors: two well-spoken, well-bred young men wearing polite smiles and preppy sportswear. The visitors want to play a game. "You bet that you'll be alive tomorrow at 9:00, and we bet that you'll be dead. OK?" As the terrorized family fights to survive, each plan is thwarted, each option closed, each hour closer to what could be the last.112 min. DVD X1449 UC users only Hannibal (2001) Directed by Ridley Scott. Cast: Anthony Hopkins, Julianne Moore, Ray Liotta, Frankie R. Faison, Giancarlo Giannini, Francesca Neri, Zeljko Ivanek, Gary Oldman. After escaping from the asylum in Baltimore, Dr. Hannibal Lecter, moves to Florence, Italy where he has become one of the curators of the Palazzo Vecchio. His cover is broken when a cop, for money, turns Dr. Lecter over to his old patient, Mason Verger. FBI agent Clarice Starling finds out about Mason's evil plot to feed Dr. Lecter to a bunch of man-eating hogs and will do anything to make sure that Mason doesn't succeed. 131 min. DVD 4641 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Horsemen (2008) Directed by Jonas Akerlund. Cast: Dennis Quaid, Ziyi Zhang, Lou Taylor Pucci, Peter Stormare, Eric Balfour, Patrick Fugit, Paul Dooley. After the death of his wife, a hardened police detective grows increasingly distant from his two young sons at home, while at work he is thrust into an investigation of perverse serial killings rooted in the Biblical prophecy of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. 90 min. DVD X2618 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) Directed by John McNaughton. Cast: Michael Rooker, Tracy Arnold, Tom Towles, Denise Sullivan, Elizabeth Kaden. Based on the true life story of serial killer, Henry Lee Lucas. The film follows Henry's senseless killing sprees. Ex-convict Otis invites Henry to share his Chicago apartment and he becomes involved in Henry's killing sprees. Otis' sister comes to visit her brother, and becomes fascinated with Henry whose broken childhood mirrors her own. Special features: Disc 1. feature-length commentary by director John McNaughton ; theatrical trailers ; still gallery -- Disc 2. documentary: Portrait: the making of Henry ; The serial killers: Henry Lee Lucas documentary ; deleted scenes and outtakes with commentary by John McNaughton ; original storyboards. 83 min. DVD X2699 UC users only The Hitch-Hiker (1953) Directed by Ida Lupino. Cast: Edmond O'Brien, Frank Lovejoy, William Talman. The only true 'film noir' ever directed by a woman, this tour de force thriller is a classic, tension-packed, three-way dance of death about two middle-class American homebodies on vacation in Mexico on a long-awaited fishing trip. Suddenly their car and their very lives are commandeered by a psychopathic serial killer. 70 min. DVD 169; VHS 999:2777 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database I Can't Sleep (J'ai Pas Sommeil) (France / Switzerland, 1994) Director, Clair Denis. Cast: Katerina Golubeva, Richard Courcet, Vincent Dupont. A "granny killer" is loose in Paris, inciting fear and havoc amongst its residents. Based on the true story of Thierry Paulin, who with his male lover murdered over 20 elderly women in Paris in the 1980s, this is an eerily atmospheric portrait of urban alienation and arbitrary violence. 115 min. 999:3268 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database In Cold Blood (1967) Directed by Richard Brooks. Cast: Robert Blake, Scott Wilson, John Forsythe. Dramatizes a real crime in which a Kansas farmer, his wife and two teenage children were brutally murdered by two ex-convicts. Explores the inner workings of the criminals' minds as it follows their purposeless meanderings through Mexico and the United States in evasion of the law. Based on the book by Truman Capote (MAIN: HV6533.K3 C31 1965) 133 min. DVD X897; vhs 999:2247 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database In The Cut (2003) Directed by Jane Campion. Cast: Meg Ryan, Mark Ruffalo, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Nick Damici, Sharrieff Pugh. A lonely young English professor living in New York City gets tangled up in a murder investigation when a severed head is found in her garden. When she becomes involved with the homicide detective on the case, she realizes that the prime suspect may be closer than she likes to think. 118 min. DVD 4041 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database In the Electric Mist (Dans la brume électrique)(USA / France, 2009 Directed by Bertrand Tavernier. Cast: Tommy Lee Jones, John Goodman, Peter Sarsgaard, Mary Steenburgen, Ned Beatty, Kelly MacDonald. A detective tracking a serial killer who preys on young women in the deep South is led into a series of surreal encounters with a troop of Confederate soldiers. Based on the novel In the electric mist with Confederate dead by James Lee Burke. 112 min. DVD X2492 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kalifornia (1993) Directed by Dominic Sena. Cast: Brad Pitt, Juliette Lewis, David Duchovny, Michelle Forbes. Twisted, psychotic ex-convict Early Grayce has found his ride out of town... and just in time. Early didn't like the way his landlord was "acting up" so he killed him. Lucky for Early and his girlfriend, a young couple writing a book on serial killers needs two people to share expenses for a cross-country trip. The two couples are about to take one unforgettable ride. 118 min. DVD X4303; vhs 999:2292 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Harris, Adam Duncan. "Frustrating the Investigative Desire: Violence and the Audience in Kalifornia." In: The image of violence in literature, the media, and society. Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery. 1995: Conference Colorado Springs, Co. Pueblo, Co. : The Society, 1995. (MAIN: P96.V5 S66 1995) The Lodger - A Story of the London Fog (UK, 1926) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Ivor Novello, June, Malcolm Keen, Marie Ault, Arthur Chesney. The first true Hitchcock film. Based on the famous suspense novel, The Lodger presents the story of a family that rents a room to a mysterious stranger at the time when Jack the Ripper terrorized London. They begin to have the chilling suspicion that their boarder might be the mass murderer. This is also the first film in which Hitchcock made his now traditional cameo appearance. 91 min. DVD 111; vhs 999:599 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Lodger (2009) Directed by David Ondaatje. Cast: Alfred Molina, Hope Davis, Shane West, Simon Baker, Donal Logue, Philip Baker Hall, Rachael Leigh Cook. The tale of a serial killer in West Hollywood has two converging plot lines. The first involves an uneasy relationship between a psychologically unstable landlady and her enigmatic lodger; the second is about a troubled detective engaged in a cat-and-mouse game with the elusive killer, who is imitating the crimes of Jack the Ripper. Based on the book by Marie Belloc Lowndes. 95 min. DVD X1607 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Lured(1947) Directed by Douglas Sirk; Cast: George Sanders, Lucille Ball, Boris Karloff, Charles Coburn, Sir Cedric Hardwick.A serial killer terrorizes London by luring women into meeting with him through the personal ads in the newspaper and taunting the police with gruesome poems. A Scotland Yard detective enlists the aid of a feisty American redhead (Lucille Ball) to draw the murderer into the dragnet. 102 min. DVD 2043 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database M (1931) Directed by Fritz Lang. Cast: Peter Lorre, Ellen Widmann, Inge Landgut, Otto Wernicke, Theodor Loos, Gustaf Grundgens. A German town is gripped by terror due to the sadistic murders of little girls. The underworld is threatened when the police search proves futile so the denizens of the underworld trap, capture, and finally drag the murderer before a tribunal of criminals. Special features (Disc 1): optional audio commentary by German film scholars Anton Kaes & Eric Rentschler; color bars. Special features on DVD X4781: (Disc 2): "Conversation with Fritz Lang" by William Friedkin (c1975, 49 min.); "M le maudit" short film by Claude Chabrol (c1982, 11 min.); interview with Chabrol about Lang (7 min.); interview with Harold Nebenzal, the son of producer Seymour Nebenzal (c2004, 14 min.); classroom tapes of editor Paul Falkenberg discussing "M" and its history (c1976-1977, 36 min.); "The physical history of M" featurette (c2004, 25 min.); gallery, with production stills, behind-the-scenes photos and production sketches by art director Emil Hasler. Booklet includes an essay by film critic Stanley Kauffman ("The mark of 'M'"); 3 contemporaneous articles about the film ("My film 'M' : a factual report", "Fritz Lang's 'M' : filmed sadism" & "Gangsters, too, have their professional honor"); interview with Lang by Gero Gandert ("Fritz Lang on 'M' : an interview", c1963). 99 min. DVD X4781; DVD 16; VHS 999:30 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Man Bites Dog (C'est arrivé près de chez vous)(Belgium, 1992) Directed by Remy Belvaux. A camera crew follows a serial killer/thief around as he exercises his craft. He expounds on art, music, nature, society, and life as he offs mailmen, pensioners, and random people. Slowly he begins involving the camera crew in his activities, and they begin wondering if what they're doing is such a good idea, particularly when the killer kills a rival and the rival's brother sends a threatening letter. 96 min. DVD 2814 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beard, Steve. 'Hounded to death." Modern Review Vol I nr 7 (Feb-Mar 1993); p 33 Coleman, Lindsay. "Heart of Darkness with a Wink: The Evolution of the Killer Mockumentary, from Man Bites Dog to The Magician." Post Script: Essays in Film and the Humanities, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 41-46, Summer 2009 UC users only Mathijs, Ernest. "Man Bites Dog and the Critical Reception of Belgian Horror (in) Cinema." In: Horror international Ddited by Steven Jay Schneider and Tony Williams. Detroit : Wayne State University Press, c2005. (Main Stack: PN1995.9.H6 H73 2005) Rhodes, Gary D. "Mockdocumentaries and the production of realist horror." Post Script Vol XXI nr 3 (Summer 2002); p 46-60 Rhodes, Gary D. "Mockumentaries and the production of realist horror." Post Script Vol XXI nr 3 (Summer 2002); p 46-60 Roscoe, Jane. "Man Bites Dog: Deconstructing the Documentary Look." In: Docufictions : essays on the intersection of documentary and fictional filmmaking / edited by Gary D. Rhodes and John Parris Springer. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., 2006 (Main Stack PN1995.9.D62.D63 2006s) Manhunter (1994) Directed by Michael Mann. Cast: William Petersen, Kim Greist, Joan Allen, Brian Cox, Dennis Farina, Stephen Lang, Tom Noonan. An FBI agent enlists the aid of Hannibal Lecter, an incarcerated mental patient, to help find the notorious serial killer, "The Tooth Fairy." 120 min. DVD X4300 UC users only Mary Reilly (1996) Directed by Stephen Frears. Cast: Julia Roberts, John Malkovich, George Cole, Michael Gambon, Kathy Staff, Glenn Close. The classic horror story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde gets a chilling new twist when seen through the eyes of Dr. Jekyll's devoted maid. Equally attracted to her kind employer, Dr. Jekyll, and his mysterious assistant, Mr. Hyde, she must confront her own dangerous desires if she is to survive. 108 min. DVD 1007 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mommy (1994) Written and directed by Max Allan Collins. Cast: Patty McCormack, Jason Miller, Brinke Stevens, Michael Cornelison, Majel Barrett, Mickey Spillane, Sarah Jane Miller, Rachel Lemieux. The story of a psychopathic mother who'll stop at nothing to get what's best for her daughter and herself. 89 min. DVD 5044 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mommy 2: (1996) Written and directed by Max Allan Collins. Cast: Patty McCormack, Paul Petersen, Gary Sandy, Brinke Stevens, Mickey Spillane, Arlen Dean Snyder, Michael Cornelison, Rachel Lemieux, Sarah Jane Miller, Todd Eastland, Paula Sands, Del Close, Laurence Coven, Pamela Cecil. The film opens with "Mommy" on death row in an Iowa prison. An outraged public and a frenzied media do not stop Mommy from doing anything she can to regain the love of her daughter. 88 min. DVD 5044 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Monster (2003) Written and directed by Patty Jenkins. Cast: Charlize Theron, Christina Ricci, Bruce Dern, Lee Tergesen, Annie Corley, Marco St. John, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Scott Wilson. Based on the true story of Aileen Wuornos, a prostitute who was executed in 2002 for the brutal murders of at least 6 men in Florida. Homeless in Florida, down to her last five dollars and pondering suicide, she stopped into a bar for a beer where she meets Selby, who becomes her lesbian lover. One night, after a man attacks her, Aileen pulls a gun and kills the man. Aileen's loathing for the men who pay her for sex becomes so extreme that she begins killing her customers regardless of their behavior. 109 min. DVD 2752 UC users only The Night of the Hunter(1955) Directed by Charles Laughton. Cast: Robert Mitchum, Shelley Winters, Lillian Gish, James Gleason, Evelyn Varden, Peter Graves, Don Beddoe, Billy Chapin, Gloria Castilo, Sally Jane Bruce. A tale of a psychopathic self-styled preacher, who marries and murders a young widow for her money, pursues her children to get his hand on it, only to meet his match in the form of a saintly farm woman, who becomes the children's protector. 94 min. DVD 283 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Peeping Tom (UK, 1945) Director, Michael Powell; Cast: Carl Boehm, Moira Shearer, Anna Massey, Maxine Audley. A study of a voyeuristic maniac who kills women while filming them with his 16mm camera. 101 min. DVD 187; VHS 999:535 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Phenomenon (Italy, 1985) Directed by Dario Argento. Cast: Jennifer Connelly, Daria Nicolodi, Dalila Di Lazzaro, Patrick Bauchau, Donald Pleasance. Jennifer, a young woman at a Swiss boarding school tries to find a serial killer attacking her fellow students. Special features: Audio commentary; 2 behind-the-scenes segments; theatrical trailer; Claudio Simonetti music video; Bill Wyman music video; Dario Argento interviewed by Joe Franklin; Dario Argento Bio. 110 min. DVD X1650 Dario Argento bibliography Psycho (1960) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Horror melodrama in which a woman disappears after spending the night in an isolated motel which adjoins an eerie Victorian mansion, inhabited by a disturbed young man and his mother. 108 min. DVD 91; VHS 999:66 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Psycho (1998) Directed by Gus Van Sant. Cast: Vince Vaughn, Julianne Moore, Viggo Mortensen, William H. Macy, Anne Heche. On the run Marion Crane takes refuge at a motel operated by Norman Bates -- a troubled man whose victims encounter a grisly fate at the hands of his "mother." Marion soon becomes the next victim and her disappearance prompts inquiries from her sister and a private investigator who soon discover the morbid bond between Norman and his mysterious "mother," at the Bates Motel. 104 min. DVD X421; vhs 999:2505 UC users only Serial Mom (1994) Directed by John Waters. Cast: Kathleen Turner, Sam Waterston, Ricki Lake, Suzanne Somers. Beverly Sutphin is a seemingly perfect homemaker who will stop at nothing to rid the neighborhood of anyone who dares to make someone in her family feel bad. When she's not making obscene prank calls to the neighbors or bribing her garbagemen to save embarrassing items from her neighbors' trash, she's mowing down whoever would be so rude as to make her husband go into his office on a Saturday, break up with her daughter, or suggest that her son watches too many horror movies. As other slights befall her beloved family, the body count begins to increase, and the police get closer to the truth, threatening the family's picture perfect world. Special features: "Serial mom": surreal moments; The kings of gore: Herschell Gordon Lewis and David Friedman; The making of "Serial mom"; Feature commentary with director John Waters and star Kathleen Turner. 94 min. DVD X272 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Se7en(1995) Directed by David Fincher. Cast: Brad Pitt, Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow, John C. McGinley. A psychological thriller about two detectives on the trail of a serial killer who chooses his victims according to the seven deadly sins. Disc one: (the movie). Four feature-length audio commentaries Cast: director David Fincher, actors Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman and other collaborators on the film -- Disc two: (supplemental material). Deleted scenes and extended takes -- Alternate endings with animated storyboard exploration -- Exploration of the opening title sequence from multiple video angles with various audio mixes and two commentary tracks -- Multiple animated galleries featuring production designs and stills, crime scene photos used in the film, "John Doe's" notebook, photos, and more -- Original theatrical trailer and electronic press kit. 127 min. DVD 2014 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Silence of the Lambs(1991) Directed by Jonathan Demme. Cast: Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, Scott Glenn. A young female FBI agent is sent to interview notorious cannibalistic killer, Dr. Hannibal Lecter in hopes of obtaining information that will help the bureau catch another killer. Based on the novel by Thomas Harris. In one of the most memorable sequences "Lecter graphically tells her about his ferocious oral impulses and how he eats parts of his victims: 'A census taker once tried to test me. I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chi-an-ti. (He approaches the glass and lets go with a slurping sound.) You fly back to school now, little Starling. (He turns his back on her and speaks in a whisper.) Fly, fly, fly. Fly, fly, fly.' [from Tom Dirks' Greatest Movies ] 118 min. DVD 5475; vhs 999:1998 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Silence of the Lambs(1991) Directed by Jonathan Demme. Cast: Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, Scott Glenn. A young female FBI agent is sent to interview notorious cannibalistic killer, Dr. Hannibal Lecter in hopes of obtaining information that will help the bureau catch another killer. Based on the novel by Thomas Harris. In one of the most memorable sequences "Lecter graphically tells her about his ferocious oral impulses and how he eats parts of his victims: 'A census taker once tried to test me. I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chi-an-ti. (He approaches the glass and lets go with a slurping sound.) You fly back to school now, little Starling. (He turns his back on her and speaks in a whisper.) Fly, fly, fly. Fly, fly, fly.' [from Tom Dirks' Greatest Movies ] 118 min. DVD 5475; vhs 999:1998 Academy Awards - Best Picture; Best Director; Best Actor (Anthony Hopkins); Best Actress (Jodie Foster) Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA - Best Horror Film British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Actor; Best Actress Directors Guild of America - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Golden Globes - Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture, Drama London Critics Circle Film Awards - Film of the Year; Director of the Year; Actor of the Year; Actress of the Year National Board of Review, USA - Best Film; Best Director; Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Hopkins) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Film; Best Director; Best Actor (Anthony Hopkins); Best Actress (Jodie Foster) The Sniper(1952) Directed by Edward Dmytryk. Cast: Adolphe Menjou, Arthur Franz, Gerald Mohr, Marie Windsor, Frank Faylen. Apparently rejected by women all his life, a loner with a high-power rifle starts on a trail of murder, choosing his victims randomly, with no motive. The police are baffled by the apparently random killings until their psychologist comes up with some ideas. 88 min. DVD X2400 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Stendhal Syndrome (La sindrome di Stendhal) (Italy, 1996) Directed by Dario Argento. Cast: Asia Argento, Thomas Kretschmann, Marco Leonardi. A young policewoman slowly goes insane while tracking down an elusive serial rapist/killer through Italy when she herself becomes a victim of the brutal man's obsession. Inspired by Graziella Magherini's "La Sindrome di Stendhal." 119 min. DVD X5031 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Summer of Sam(1999) Directed by Spike Lee. Cast: John Leguizamo, Mira Sorvino, Adrien Brody, Jennifer Esposito, Anthony La Paglia, Ben Gazzara. In the summer of 1977 in New York City, a man called the Son of Sam commits numerous murders. As friends in a small Italian neighborhood become obsessed with the idea that the Son of Sam is someone nearby, the madman's plague of terror becomes the catalyst that prompts relationships to fall apart and trust to disintegrate into dread. 142 min. DVD 402 Swoon (1992) Directed by Tom Kalin. Cast: Craig Chester, Daniel Schlachet, Michael Kirby, Michael Stumm, Ron Vawter. A film noir "thriller" that presents the true case of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb, brilliant young men from good Jewish families, who were convicted for murdering a 13-year-old boy. Some of the basic features of this story were also used in Hitchcock's 1948 film, Rope 93 min. DVD X791; vhs 999:1161 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Tightrope (1984) Directed by Richard Tuggle. Cast: Clint Eastwood, Genevieve Bujold, Dan Hedaya, Alison Eastwood, Jennifer Beck. Wes Block, New Orleans detective, is leading an investigation into a killer who is raping and murdering women. His enquiries lead him into the seedy side of town where he is no stranger off-duty. All this contrasts with his home life as a single parent with two young girls. Then on the case he meets rape counselor Beryl Thibodeaux with whom a relationship possibly offering some normalcy starts to develop. 114 min. DVD 2012 UC users only Trauma (Italy, 1993) Directed by Dario Argento. Cast: Christopher Rydell, Asia Argento, James Russo, Laura Johnson, Frederic Forrest, Piper Laurie. A young man tries to help a teenage European girl who escaped from a clinic hospital after witnessing the murder of her parents by a serial killer. They try to find the killer before the killer finds them. Based on an original story by Franco Ferrini, Gianni Romoli and Dario Argento. 106 min. DVD X1650 Dario Argento bibliography Zodiac(2007) Directed by David Fincher. Cast: Jake Gyllenhaal, Mark Ruffalo, Anthony Edwards, Robert Downey Jr., Brian Cox, John Carroll Lynch, Chloe Sevigny, Ed Setrakian, John Getz, John Terry, Candy Clark, Elias Koteas, Dermot Mulroney, Donal Logue. A serial killer in the San Francisco Bay Area taunts police with his letters and cryptic messages. Looks into the lives of the four men most effected by the killer: San Francisco PD Homicide, David Toschi and William Armstrong, the San Francisco Chronicle reporters Paul Avery and Robert Graysmith. Displays the psychological and emotional effects of the killings, as well as the endless procedural details of the investigation (handwriting experts, the "2500" suspects), the letters sent to the San Francisco Chronicle by Zodiac and the work of a 20+ year investigation that wears down and whittles away at any kind of normal life for Toshi and Graysmith. Both men are obsessed with Zodiac and both pay for this obsession with the hard years and loves lost and never regained. Based on the book by Robert Graysmith. 157 min. DVD 8138
Russell Crowe
'Chantrelle' and 'Porcini' are both well-known varieties of which foodstuff?
Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb Marlon Brando Biography Showing all 363 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (6) | Trivia  (195) | Personal Quotes  (126) | Salary  (27) Overview (5) 5' 9" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (1) Marlon Brando is widely considered the greatest movie actor of all time, rivaled only by the more theatrically oriented Laurence Olivier in terms of esteem. Unlike Olivier, who preferred the stage to the screen, Brando concentrated his talents on movies after bidding the Broadway stage adieu in 1949, a decision for which he was severely criticized when his star began to dim in the 1960s and he was excoriated for squandering his talents. No actor ever exerted such a profound influence on succeeding generations of actors as did Brando. More than 50 years after he first scorched the screen as Stanley Kowalski in the movie version of Tennessee Williams ' A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) and a quarter-century after his last great performance as Col. Kurtz in Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now (1979), all American actors are still being measured by the yardstick that was Brando. It was if the shadow of John Barrymore , the great American actor closest to Brando in terms of talent and stardom, dominated the acting field up until the 1970s. He did not, nor did any other actor so dominate the public's consciousness of what WAS an actor before or since Brando's 1951 on-screen portrayal of Stanley made him a cultural icon. Brando eclipsed the reputation of other great actors circa 1950, such as Paul Muni and Fredric March . Only the luster of Spencer Tracy 's reputation hasn't dimmed when seen in the starlight thrown off by Brando. However, neither Tracy nor Olivier created an entire school of acting just by the force of his personality. Brando did. Marlon Brando, Jr. was born on April 3, 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr., a calcium carbonate salesman, and his artistically inclined wife, the former Dorothy Julia Pennebaker. "Bud" Brando was one of three children. His ancestry included English, Irish, German, Dutch, French Huguenot, Welsh, and Scottish; his surname originated with a distant German immigrant ancestor named "Brandau". His oldest sister Jocelyn Brando was also an actress, taking after their mother, who engaged in amateur theatricals and mentored a then-unknown Henry Fonda , another Nebraska native, in her role as director of the Omaha Community Playhouse. Frannie, Brando's other sibling, was a visual artist. Both Brando sisters contrived to leave the Midwest for New York City, Jocelyn to study acting and Frannie to study art. Marlon managed to escape the vocational doldrums forecast for him by his cold, distant father and his disapproving schoolteachers by striking out for The Big Apple in 1943, following Jocelyn into the acting profession. Acting was the only thing he was good at, for which he received praise, so he was determined to make it his career - a high-school dropout, he had nothing else to fall back on, having been rejected by the military due to a knee injury he incurred playing football at Shattuck Military Academy, Brando Sr.'s alma mater. The school booted Marlon out as incorrigible before graduation. Acting was a skill he honed as a child, the lonely son of alcoholic parents. With his father away on the road, and his mother frequently intoxicated to the point of stupefaction, the young Bud would play-act for her to draw her out of her stupor and to attract her attention and love. His mother was exceedingly neglectful, but he loved her, particularly for instilling in him a love of nature, a feeling which informed his character Paul in Last Tango in Paris (1972) ("Last Tango in Paris") when he is recalling his childhood for his young lover Jeanne. "I don't have many good memories," Paul confesses, and neither did Brando of his childhood. Sometimes he had to go down to the town jail to pick up his mother after she had spent the night in the drunk tank and bring her home, events that traumatized the young boy but may have been the grain that irritated the oyster of his talent, producing the pearls of his performances. Anthony Quinn , his Oscar-winning co-star in Viva Zapata! (1952) told Brando's first wife Anna Kashfi , "I admire Marlon's talent, but I don't envy the pain that created it." Brando enrolled in Erwin Piscator 's Dramatic Workshop at New York's New School, and was mentored by Stella Adler , a member of a famous Yiddish Theatre acting family. Adler helped introduce to the New York stage the "emotional memory" technique of Russian theatrical actor, director and impresario Konstantin Stanislavski , whose motto was "Think of your own experiences and use them truthfully." The results of this meeting between an actor and the teacher preparing him for a life in the theater would mark a watershed in American acting and culture. Brando made his debut on the boards of Broadway on October 19, 1944, in "I Remember Mama," a great success. As a young Broadway actor, Brando was invited by talent scouts from several different studios to screen-test for them, but he turned them down because he would not let himself be bound by the then-standard seven-year contract. Brando would make his film debut quite some time later in Fred Zinnemann 's The Men (1950) for producer Stanley Kramer . Playing a paraplegic soldier, Brando brought new levels of realism to the screen, expanding on the verisimilitude brought to movies by Group Theatre alumni John Garfield , the predecessor closest to him in the raw power he projected on-screen. Ironically, it was Garfield whom producer Irene Mayer Selznick had chosen to play the lead in a new Tennessee Williams play she was about to produce, but negotiations broke down when Garfield demanded an ownership stake in "A Streetcar Named Desire." Burt Lancaster was next approached, but couldn't get out of a prior film commitment. Then director Elia Kazan suggested Brando, whom he had directed to great effect in Maxwell Anderson 's play "Truckline Café," in which Brando co-starred with Karl Malden , who was to remain a close friend for the next 60 years. During the production of "Truckline Café", Kazan had found that Brando's presence was so magnetic, he had to re-block the play to keep Marlon near other major characters' stage business, as the audience could not take its eyes off of him. For the scene where Brando's character re-enters the stage after killing his wife, Kazan placed him upstage-center, partially obscured by scenery, but where the audience could still see him as Karl Malden and others played out their scene within the café set. When he eventually entered the scene, crying, the effect was electric. A young Pauline Kael , arriving late to the play, had to avert her eyes when Brando made this entrance as she believed the young actor on stage was having a real-life conniption. She did not look back until her escort commented that the young man was a great actor. The problem with casting Brando as Stanley was that he was much younger than the character as written by Williams. However, after a meeting between Brando and Williams, the playwright eagerly agreed that Brando would make an ideal Stanley. Williams believed that by casting a younger actor, the Neanderthalish Kowalski would evolve from being a vicious older man to someone whose unintentional cruelty can be attributed to his youthful ignorance. Brando ultimately was dissatisfied with his performance, though, saying he never was able to bring out the humor of the character, which was ironic as his characterization often drew laughs from the audience at the expense of Jessica Tandy 's Blanche Dubois. During the out-of-town tryouts, Kazan realized that Brando's magnetism was attracting attention and audience sympathy away from Blanche to Stanley, which was not what the playwright intended. The audience's sympathy should be solely with Blanche, but many spectators were identifying with Stanley. Kazan queried Williams on the matter, broaching the idea of a slight rewrite to tip the scales back to more of a balance between Stanley and Blanche, but Williams demurred, smitten as he was by Brando, just like the preview audiences. For his part, Brando believed that the audience sided with his Stanley because Jessica Tandy was too shrill. He thought Vivien Leigh , who played the part in the movie, was ideal, as she was not only a great beauty but she WAS Blanche Dubois, troubled as she was in her real life by mental illness and nymphomania. Brando's appearance as Stanley on stage and on screen revolutionized American acting by introducing "The Method" into American consciousness and culture. Method acting, rooted in Adler's study at the Moscow Art Theatre of Stanislavsky's theories that she subsequently introduced to the Group Theatre, was a more naturalistic style of performing, as it engendered a close identification of the actor with the character's emotions. Adler took first place among Brando's acting teachers, and socially she helped turn him from an unsophisticated Midwestern farm boy into a knowledgeable and cosmopolitan artist who one day would socialize with presidents. Brando didn't like the term "The Method," which quickly became the prominent paradigm taught by such acting gurus as Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio. Brando denounced Strasberg in his autobiography "Songs My Mother Taught Me" (1994), saying that he was a talentless exploiter who claimed he had been Brando's mentor. The Actors Studio had been founded by Strasberg along with Kazan and Stella Adler 's husband, Harold Clurman , all Group Theatre alumni, all political progressives deeply committed to the didactic function of the stage. Brando credits his knowledge of the craft to Adler and Kazan, while Kazan in his autobiography "A Life" claimed that Brando's genius thrived due to the thorough training Adler had given him. Adler's method emphasized that authenticity in acting is achieved by drawing on inner reality to expose deep emotional experience Interestingly, Elia Kazan believed that Brando had ruined two generations of actors, his contemporaries and those who came after him, all wanting to emulate the great Brando by employing The Method. Kazan felt that Brando was never a Method actor, that he had been highly trained by Adler and did not rely on gut instincts for his performances, as was commonly believed. Many a young actor, mistaken about the true roots of Brando's genius, thought that all it took was to find a character's motivation, empathize with the character through sense and memory association, and regurgitate it all on stage to become the character. That's not how the superbly trained Brando did it; he could, for example, play accents, whereas your average American Method actor could not. There was a method to Brando's art, Kazan felt, but it was not The Method. After A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), for which he received the first of his eight Academy Award nominations, Brando appeared in a string of Academy Award-nominated performances - in Viva Zapata! (1952), Julius Caesar (1953) and the summit of his early career, Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954). For his "Waterfront" portrayal of meat-headed longshoreman Terry Malloy, the washed-up pug who "coulda been a contender," Brando won his first Oscar. Along with his iconic performance as the rebel-without-a-cause Johnny in The Wild One (1953) ("What are you rebelling against?" Johnny is asked. "What have ya got?" is his reply), the first wave of his career was, according to Jon Voight , unprecedented in its audacious presentation of such a wide range of great acting. Director John Huston said his performance of Marc Antony was like seeing the door of a furnace opened in a dark room, and co-star John Gielgud , the premier Shakespearean actor of the 20th century, invited Brando to join his repertory company. It was this period of 1951-54 that revolutionized American acting, spawning such imitators as James Dean - who modeled his acting and even his lifestyle on his hero Brando - the young Paul Newman and Steve McQueen . After Brando, every up-and-coming star with true acting talent and a brooding, alienated quality would be hailed as the "New Brando," such as Warren Beatty in Kazan's Splendor in the Grass (1961). "We are all Brando's children," Jack Nicholson pointed out in 1972. "He gave us our freedom." He was truly "The Godfather" of American acting - and he was just 30 years old. Though he had a couple of failures, like Désirée (1954) and The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956), he was clearly miscast in them and hadn't sought out the parts so largely escaped blame. In the second period of his career, 1955-62, Brando managed to uniquely establish himself as a great actor who also was a Top 10 movie star, although that star began to dim after the box-office high point of his early career, Sayonara (1957) (for which he received his fifth Best Actor Oscar nomination). Brando tried his hand at directing a film, the well-reviewed One-Eyed Jacks (1961) that he made for his own production company, Pennebaker Productions (after his mother's maiden name). Stanley Kubrick had been hired to direct the film, but after months of script rewrites in which Brando participated, Kubrick and Brando had a falling out and Kubrick was sacked. According to his widow Christiane Kubrick , Stanley believed that Brando had wanted to direct the film himself all along. Tales proliferated about the profligacy of Brando the director, burning up a million and a half feet of expensive VistaVision film at 50 cents a foot, fully ten times the normal amount of raw stock expended during production of an equivalent motion picture. Brando took so long editing the film that he was never able to present the studio with a cut. Paramount took it away from him and tacked on a re-shot ending that Brando was dissatisfied with, as it made the Oedipal figure of Dad Longworth into a villain. In any normal film Dad would have been the heavy, but Brando believed that no one was innately evil, that it was a matter of an individual responding to, and being molded by, one's environment. It was not a black-and-white world, Brando felt, but a gray world in which once-decent people could do horrible things. This attitude explains his sympathetic portrayal of Nazi officer Christian Diestl in the film he made before shooting One-Eyed Jacks (1961), Edward Dmytryk 's filming of Irwin Shaw 's novel The Young Lions (1958). Shaw denounced Brando's performance, but audiences obviously disagreed, as the film was a major hit. It would be the last hit movie Brando would have for more than a decade. One-Eyed Jacks (1961) generated respectable numbers at the box office, but the production costs were exorbitant - a then-staggering $6 million - which made it run a deficit. A film essentially is "made" in the editing room, and Brando found cutting to be a terribly boring process, which was why the studio eventually took the film away from him. Despite his proved talent in handling actors and a large production, Brando never again directed another film, though he would claim that all actors essentially direct themselves during the shooting of a picture. Between the production and release of One-Eyed Jacks (1961), Brando appeared in Sidney Lumet 's film version of Tennessee Williams' play "Orpheus Descending", The Fugitive Kind (1960) which teamed him with fellow Oscar winners Anna Magnani and Joanne Woodward . Following in Elizabeth Taylor 's trailblazing footsteps, Brando became the second performer to receive a $1-million salary for a motion picture, so high were the expectations for this re-teaming of Kowalski and his creator (in 1961 critic Hollis Alpert had published a book "Brando and the Shadow of Stanley Kowalski). Critics and audiences waiting for another incendiary display from Brando in a Williams work were disappointed when the renamed The Fugitive Kind (1960) finally released. Though Tennessee was hot, with movie versions of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) and Suddenly, Last Summer (1959) burning up the box office and receiving kudos from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, The Fugitive Kind (1960) was a failure. This was followed by the so-so box-office reception of One-Eyed Jacks (1961) in 1961 and then by a failure of a more monumental kind: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), a remake of the famed 1935 film. Brando signed on to Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) after turning down the lead in the David Lean classic Lawrence of Arabia (1962) because he didn't want to spend a year in the desert riding around on a camel. He received another $1-million salary, plus $200,000 in overages as the shoot went overtime and over budget. During principal photography, highly respected director Carol Reed (an eventual Academy Award winner) was fired, and his replacement, two-time Oscar winner Lewis Milestone , was shunted aside by Brando as Marlon basically took over the direction of the film himself. The long shoot became so notorious that President John F. Kennedy asked director Billy Wilder at a cocktail party not "when" but "if" the "Bounty" shoot would ever be over. The MGM remake of one of its classic Golden Age films garnered a Best Picture Oscar nomination and was one of the top grossing films of 1962, yet failed to go into the black due to its Brobdingnagian budget estimated at $20 million, which is equivalent to $120 million when adjusted for inflation. Brando and Taylor, whose Cleopatra (1963) nearly bankrupted 20th Century-Fox due to its huge cost overruns (its final budget was more than twice that of Brando's Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)), were pilloried by the show business press for being the epitome of the pampered, self-indulgent stars who were ruining the industry. Seeking scapegoats, the Hollywood press conveniently ignored the financial pressures on the studios. The studios had been hurt by television and by the antitrust-mandated divestiture of their movie theater chains, causing a large outflow of production to Italy and other countries in the 1950s and 1960s in order to lower costs. The studio bosses, seeking to replicate such blockbuster hits as the remakes of The Ten Commandments (1956) and Ben-Hur (1959), were the real culprits behind the losses generated by large-budgeted films that found it impossible to recoup their costs despite long lines at the box office. While Elizabeth Taylor, receiving the unwanted gift of reams of publicity from her adulterous romance with Cleopatra (1963) co-star Richard Burton , remained hot until the tanking of her own Tennessee Williams-renamed debacle Boom! (1968), Brando from 1963 until the end of the decade appeared in one box-office failure after another as he worked out a contract he had signed with Universal Pictures. The industry had grown tired of Brando and his idiosyncrasies, though he continued to be offered prestige projects up through 1968. Trade Mark (6) Bizarrely unique voice with an extreme nasal tonality spoken in mumbles Frequently played young, somewhat misunderstood rebels in his youth ( A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), The Wild One (1953), On the Waterfront (1954)), and later powerful criminals ( The Godfather (1972), The Formula (1980), The Freshman (1990)). The pioneering use of Method Acting Often improvised his own dialogue Was known for being very difficult to work with Usually received top-billing in movies. Even if didn't have the titular role or was the most seen character Trivia (195) Ranked #13 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] He balked at the prospect of Burt Reynolds in the role of Santino Corleone in The Godfather (1972). Eldest son Christian Brando was arrested for murdering his half-sister's boyfriend Dag Drollet in 1990. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison in March 1991 and released in January 1996. Worked as a department store elevator operator before he became famous. He quit after four days due to his embarrassment in having to call out the lingerie floor. Was roommates with childhood friend Wally Cox during his theatrical training in New York City. The two remained lifelong friends, and Brando took Cox's sudden death from a heart attack at age 48 extremely hard. Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#14) (1995). Two years before Brando declined his Oscar for Best Actor in The Godfather (1972), he had applied to the Academy to replace the one he had won for On the Waterfront (1954), which had been stolen. Prior to its theft, Brando had been using the Oscar as a doorstop. Owned a private island off the Pacific coast, the Polynesian atoll known as Tetiaroa, from 1966 until his death in 2004. Native of Omaha, Nebraska. His mother once gave stage lessons to Henry Fonda , another Nebraska native. Lived on infamous "Bad Boy Drive" (Muholland Drive in Beverly Hills, California), which received its nickname because its residents were famous "bad boy" actors Jack Nicholson , Warren Beatty and Brando. Was the youngest of three children of Marlon Brando Sr. and Dorothy Pennebaker Brando. His son Miko C. Brando was once a bodyguard for Michael Jackson . Jackson and Brando remained good friends thereafter. Born to alcoholic parents, Brando was left alone much of the time as a child. While filming The Score (2001), he refused to be on the set at the same time as director Frank Oz , referring to the former "Muppets" director as "Miss Piggy". Younger brother of actress Jocelyn Brando , who appeared with him in The Ugly American (1963) and The Chase (1966). Daughter Cheyenne committed suicide in 1995, aged 25. In April 2002, a woman filed a $100-million palimony lawsuit in California against Brando, claiming he fathered her three children during a 14-year romantic relationship. Maria Cristina Ruiz, 43, filed the breach-of-contract suit, demanding damages and living expenses. The lawsuit was settled in April 2003. Ranked #12 in Entertainment Weekly's "Top 100 Entertainers" of all time (2000). Received more money for his short appearance as Jor-El in Superman (1978) than Christopher Reeve did in the title role. Brando later sued for a percentage of the film's profits. He used cue cards in many of his movies because he refused to memorize his lines. His lines were written on the diaper of the baby, "Kal-El", in Superman (1978). One of the innovators of the Method acting technique in American film. Was mentioned in La Dolce Vita (1960) in a discussion about salary paid to film stars. Adopted child: Petra Barrett Brando, whose biological father is author James Clavell and biological mother is Caroline Barrett . Said that the only reason he continued to make movies was in order to raise the money to produce what he said would be the "definitive" film about Native Americans. The film was never made. Expelled from high school for riding a motorcycle through the halls. His signature was considered so valuable to collectors, that many personal checks he wrote were never cashed because his signature was usually worth more than the amount on the check. Studied at the Dramatic Workshop at the New School for Social Research in New York City. Mentioned in Neil Young 's song "Pocahontas", David Bowie 's song "China Girl", Bruce Springsteen 's song "It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City", and Billy Joel 's song "We Didn't Start the Fire". Appeared on the front sleeve of The Beatles ' classic album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" as Johnny in The Wild One (1953). Brando's first wife was Anna Kashfi , who bore him a son whom they named Christian. His second wife was Movita Castenada, who played the Tahitian love interest of Lt. Byam in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935). His third wife was Tarita Teriipia, who played the Tahitian love interest of Lt. Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1962). Had English, as well as smaller amounts (to varying degrees) of Dutch, French, German, Irish, Scottish and Welsh, ancestry. He is descended from Johann Wilhelm Brandau (b. 1670), who was a German immigrant. The surname was eventually changed to "Brando". One of Marlon's maternal great-grandfathers, Myles Joseph Gahan, emigrated to the United States from Ireland. Helped out a great deal of minorities in America, including African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans and Native American Indians. He reputedly suggested that his cameo role as Jor-El in Superman (1978) be done by him in voice-over only, with the character's image onscreen being a glowing, levitating green bagel. Unsure if Brando was joking or not, the film's producers formally rejected the suggestion. Russell Crowe wrote and sang a song about him called "I Wanna Be Marlon Brando". He was offered a chance to reprise his role as Vito Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Jor El in Superman II (1980), but he turned them both down due to his own credo that once he finished a role, he put it away and moved on. He turned down both films despite being offered three times more money than any of his co-stars. Is one of the many movie stars mentioned in Madonna 's song "Vogue". Film critic Roger Ebert praised Brando as "the Greatest Actor in the World". Empire magazine profiled him as part of their "Greatest Living Actors" series. The issue containing this feature was published a week before his death. He was voted the 7th "Greatest Movie Star" of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Biographer Peter Manso said that at the time of production of flops such as The Appaloosa (1966), Brando had turned down the leading role of a Hamlet production in England, with Laurence Olivier . Mentioned in the song "The Ballad of Michael Valentine" by The Killers, the song "American Horse" by The Cult , and the song "Eyeless" by the heavy metal band Slipknot . During an acting class, when the students were told to act out "a chicken hearing an air-raid siren", most of the students clucked and flapped their arms in a panic, while Brando stood stock-still, staring up at the ceiling. When asked to explain himself, Brando replied, "I'm a chicken - I don't know what an air-raid siren is.". Received top billing in nearly every film he appeared in, even if not cast in the lead role. Was offered $2 million for four days work to appear as a priest in Scary Movie 2 (2001) but had to withdraw when he was hospitalized with pneumonia in April 2001. Consequently, the role was played by James Woods . In his book "The Way It's Never Been Done Before: My Friendship with Marlon Brando", George Englund relates how Brando told him a couple of years before his death that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences offered him a Lifetime Achievement Oscar on the condition that he attend the ceremony to personally accept the award. Brando refused, believing that the offer should not be conditional, and that the condition that he appear on the televised ceremony showed that the Academy was not primarily focused on honoring artistic excellence. He was reportedly interested in making a film of Rolf Hochhuth 's controversial play "The Deputy", an indictment of the alleged silence of Pope Pius XII (God's "Deputy" on Earth) over the Nazi persecution of the Jews during World War II. The film was never made. He attended a staging of Eugene O'Neill 's autobiographical "Long Day's Journey Into Night" with an eye towards starring in a proposed film of the play. The play deals with the drug addiction of Mary Tyrone, modeled after O'Neil's own mother, which, along with her husband's miserliness and her oldest son's alcoholism, has blighted her youngest son's life. When asked his opinion of the play, Brando, whose mother was an alcoholic and had died relatively young in 1954, replied, "Lousy". Jason Robards , who originated the role of older son James Tyrone, Jr. in the original Broadway production in 1956, subsequently appeared in Sidney Lumet 's 1962 movie. He was reportedly once interested in playing Pablo Picasso on film and was trying to reduce weight on a banana diet. The film was never made. In his autobiography, he said that he was physically attracted to Vivien Leigh during the making of A Streetcar Named Desire (1951). However, he could not bring himself to seduce her, as he found her husband, Laurence Olivier , to be such a "nice guy". According to friend George Englund in his book "The Way It's Never Been Done Before: My Friendship with Marlon Brando", he testified at the manslaughter trial of his son Christian Brando that his mother and father and one of his two sisters had been alcoholics. Paramount studio brass wanted him to appear as Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby (1974), but he wanted $4 million, an unheard-of salary at the time. Director Francis Ford Coppola wanted Brando to appear as Preston Tucker Jr. in his biopic of the maverick automotive executive he planned to make after he completed The Godfather: Part II (1974). Brando was not interested but did appear in Apocalypse Now (1979), the film Coppola actually did make after finishing The Godfather (1972) sequel. When Coppola finally got around to making the film Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988), he cast Jeff Bridges in the role. According to co-producer Fred Roos , Brando was scheduled to make a cameo appearance in The Godfather: Part II (1974), specifically in the flashback at the film's ending in which Vito Corleone comes back to his home and is greeted with a surprise birthday party. In fact, he was expected the day of shooting but did not show up due to a salary dispute. According to Francis Ford Coppola , he had not been paid for The Godfather (1972) and thus would not appear in the sequel. Was a huge fan of Afro-Caribbean music, and changed from being a strict drummer to the congas after becoming enthralled by the music in New York City in the 1940s. Took possession of friend Wally Cox 's ashes from his widow in order to scatter them at sea but actually kept them hidden in a closet at his house. In his autobiography, Brando said he frequently talked to Cox. The Los Angeles Times on September 22, 2004 quoted Brando's son, Miko, to the effect that both his father's and Cox's ashes were scattered at the same time in Death Valley, California in a ceremony following Brando's death. Asked The Godfather (1972) co-star James Caan what he would want if his wishes came true. When Caan answered that he would like to be in love, Brando answered, "Me too. But don't tell my wife.". Was scheduled to appear in the David Lean -directed "Nostromo" (1991), but when Lean died, the production came to a halt. Thus, the world missed the last of three chances to see one of the world's greatest actors work with one of the world's greatest directors. Producer Sam Spiegel , who had won an Oscar for On the Waterfront (1954), offered Brando the title role in Lean's Lawrence of Arabia (1962), which he turned down, saying he did not want to ride camels in the desert for two years. Brando was Lean's first choice for the male lead in Ryan's Daughter (1970), but Brando, who at that time was considered box office poison by movie studios, never was offered the role. Brando tried to join the Army during World War II but was rejected due to a knee injury he had sustained while playing football at Shattuck Military Academy. After he made The Men (1950), the Korean War broke out, and he was ordered by the draft board to report for a physical prior to induction. As his knee was better due to an operation, he initially was reclassified from 4-F to 1-A, but the military again rejected him, this time for mental problems, as he was under psychoanalysis. The story about his mother his character Paul tells Jeanne in Last Tango in Paris (1972), about how she taught him to appreciate nature, which he illustrates with his reminiscence of his dog Dutchy hunting rabbits in a mustard field, is real, based on his own recollections of his past. His best friend was Wally Cox , whom he had known as a child and then met again when both were aspiring actors in New York during the 1940s. According to Brando's autobiography, there was not a day that went by when he did not think of Wally. So close did he feel to Cox, he even kept the pajamas he died in. Studied modern dance with Katherine Dunham in New York in the early 1940s and briefly considered becoming a dancer. Considered Montgomery Clift a friend and a "very good actor". They were not rivals, as the public perceived them to be during the 1950s. After Clift died of a heart attack in 1966, Brando took over his role in Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967). Just after the end of World War II, he met then-unknown James Baldwin and Norman Mailer at a cafeteria in New York. He became friends with Baldwin, a friendship that lasted until Baldwin's death. Shortly before his death in 2004, he gave EA Games permission to use his voice for its video game The Godfather (2006). After a decade of being considered "box-office poison" after the large losses generated by the big-budget remake of Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), the twin successes of The Godfather (1972) and Last Tango in Paris (1972) made Brando a superstar again. He was named the #6 and #10 top money-making star in 1972 and 1973, respectively, by the Motion Picture Herald. The top 10 box-office list was based on an annual poll of movie exhibitors in the United States as to the drawing power of stars, conducted by Quigley Publications. Brando used his unique combination of box-office power and his reputation as the greatest actor in the world to command huge salaries throughout the decade, culminating in the record $3.7 million for 12 days work paid him for Superman (1978) by Alexander Salkind and Ilya Salkind . Factored for inflation, his adjusted salary of $11.25 million in 2002 terms equals almost $1 million a day, a record that stood until Harrison Ford breached it for K-19: The Widowmaker (2002). Even before he let himself get obese and balloon up to over 350 lb., his eating habits were legendary. The Men (1950) co-star Richard Erdman claimed Brando's diet circa 1950 consisted "mainly of junk food, usually take-out Chinese or peanut butter, which he consumed by the jarful". By the mid-1950s, he was renowned for eating boxes of Mallomars and cinnamon buns, washing them down with a quart of milk. Close friend Carlo Fiore wrote that in the 1950s and early 1960s, Brando went on crash diets before his films commenced shooting, but when he lost his willpower he would eat huge breakfasts consisting of corn flakes, sausages, eggs, bananas and cream, and a huge stack of pancakes drenched in syrup. Fiore was detailed by producers to drag him out of coffee shops. Karl Malden claimed that, during the shooting of One-Eyed Jacks (1961), Brando would have "two steaks, potatoes, two apple pies a la mode and a quart of milk" for dinner, necessitating constant altering of his costumes. During a birthday party for Brando--the film's director as well as star--the crew gave him a belt with a card reading, "Hope it fits." A sign was placed below the birthday cake saying, "Don't feed the director." He reportedly ate at least four pieces of cake that day. His second wife Movita , who had a lock put on their refrigerator to stop pilfering by what she thought was the household staff, awoke one morning to find the lock broken and teeth marks on a round of cheese. The maid told her that Brando nightly raided the fridge. Movita also related how he often drove down to hot dog stands late at night (one of his favorite spots was the legendary Pink's Hot Dogs in Hollywood; it was open 24 hours a day, and Brando would go there at 3:00 or 4:00 in the morning and polish off a half-dozen hot dogs at a time). Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) costumer James Taylor claimed that Brando split the seat on 52 pairs of pants during the shooting of the film, necessitating that stretch fabric be sewn into his replacement duds. He split those, too. Ice cream was the culprit: Brando would purloin a five-gallon tub of the fattening dessert, row himself out into the lagoon and indulge. On the set of The Appaloosa (1966), Brando's double often had to be used for shooting after lunch, and filming could only proceed in long shots, as Brando could no longer fit into his costumes. Dick Loving, who was married to Brando's sister Frannie, said that Brando used to eat "two chickens at a sitting, and [go] through bags of Pepperidge Farm cookies." It was reported during the filming of The Missouri Breaks (1976) that the environmentally sensitive Brando fished a frog out of a pond, took a huge bite out of the hapless amphibian, and threw it back into the drink. Living on his island of Tetioroa, Brando created what he called "real-life Mounds Bars" by cracking open a coconut, melting some chocolate in the sun, then stirring it into the coconut for a tasty treat. By the 1980s, there were reports that one of his girlfriends had left him because he failed to keep his promise of losing weight. He seemed to be dieting, but to her astonishment, he never lost weight. She found out that his buddies had been throwing bags of Burger King Whoppers over the gates of his Mulholland Dr. estate late at night to relieve the hunger pangs of their famished friend. In the late 1980s, Brando was spotted regularly buying ice cream from a Beverly Hills ice cream shop--five gallons at a time. He supposedly confessed that he was eating it all himself. Finally, a reported Brando snack was a pound of cooked bacon shoved into an entire loaf of bread. When Brando became sick, he seriously cut back and lost 70 pounds on a bland diet, but never lost his love of food and especially ice cream. Won his seventh, and last, Best Actor Oscar nomination in 1974, for Last Tango in Paris (1972), after he had generated much ill-will in Hollywood by refusing his Oscar for The Godfather (1972). Academy President Walter Mirisch said of the nomination, "I think it speaks well for the Academy. It proves that voting members are interested only in performances, not in sidelights." Interestingly, the only other actor to refuse an Academy Award, George C. Scott , also was nominated as Best Actor the year following his snubbing of the Academy. So far, Brando, Scott and screenwriter Dudley Nichols , who refused to accept his 1935 Oscar for the movie The Informer (1935) due to a Writers Guild strike, are the only people out of more than 2,000 winners to turn down the Award. In his September 1972 Playboy magazine interview, director Sam Peckinpah said that a problem with One-Eyed Jacks (1961) is that Brando would not play a villain. Peckinpah had worked on rewriting the script, which was based on the novel "The Authentic Death of Hendry Jones", a retelling of the Billy the Kid legend. According to Peckinpah, Billy the Kid was a genuine villain, whereas Brando's character "Rio" was not, thus lessening the dramatic impact of the story. He praised Brando for his acting comeback as Don Corleone in The Godfather (1972), both as the return of a great actor and as an example of Brando's newfound willingness to shuck off his old predilection and actually play a villain. At the 77th Academy Awards ceremony, he was the last person featured in the film honoring film industry personalities who had passed away the previous year. At the 27th Academy Awards, held March 30, 1955, at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood, Brando chewed gum throughout the ceremony, according to columnist Sidney Skolsky . When Bette Davis came out to present the Best Actor Oscar, Brando stopped chewing. When she announced him as the winner, Brando took the gum out of his mouth and shook hands with fellow nominee Bing Crosby , who had been reckoned the favorite that night, before going on stage to accept the statuette. Bette Davis , who had presented Brando with his first Best Actor Oscar at the 27th Academy Awards in 1955, told the press that she was thrilled he had won. She elaborated, "He and I had much in common. He, too, had made many enemies. He, too, is a perfectionist.". When participating in the March on Washington, brandished a cattle prod to show the world the brutality blacks faced in the South. Attended the memorial service for slain Black Panthers member Bobby Hutton. Tithed a tenth of his income to various black civil-rights organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He and director Tony Kaye paid 350,000 pounds sterling for footage of what allegedly is the "Angel of Mons", according to The Sunday Times (March 11, 2001). The Angel of Mons was an apparition that legend holds appeared in the skies during the British Expeditionary Force's first encounter with the Imperial German army during World War I, which enabled a successful retreat by the BEF. The film allegedly was found in August 1999 in a junk-shop, which had a trunk belonging to a man called William Doidge, a World War I veteran. Doidge had been at Mons in August 1914 and knew about or possibly saw the apparition in the sky as the British army retreated before the overwhelming German advance. After the war he became obsessed by these apparitions. An American war veteran told him in 1952 that angels had appeared before some American troops were drowned during an exercise in 1944 at Woodchester Park in the Cotswolds. Doidge went there with a movie camera and supposedly captured images of them. Kaye planned to make a film of the incident, starring Brando as the American veteran, but the plans fell through when the two fell out over an acting video. The news agency Reuters, in an article about about Vanity Fair magazine's upcoming Hollywood issue, reported after his death that Brando repeatedly voiced objections to appearing in The Godfather (1972). According to Brando's friend Budd Schulberg , who won an Oscar writing the screenplay for On the Waterfront (1954), Brando repeatedly told his assistant Alice Marchak that he would not be in a film that glorified the Mafia. Schulberg said that Marchak pestered him to read the bestseller, and at one point he threw the book at her, saying, "For the last time, I won't glorify the Mafia!" However, Marchak noticed that Brando subsequently began toying with the idea of a mustache to play Don Corleone, at first drawing one on with an eyebrow pencil and asking her, "How do I look?" "Like George Raft ," she replied. Marchak told Schulberg this went on for awhile, with Brando trying different mustaches, until he finally won the role after agreeing to a screen test. Among the actors he beat out for the role were Laurence Olivier , who was too sick to work on the film, and Burt Lancaster , who had offered to do a screen test for the role and was looked on favorably by Paramount brass. He was voted the 15th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere magazine. Was named #4 Actor on the 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute. Mentioned in the song "Risen Within" by MC Homicide featuring Paz . He constantly referred to his good friend Johnny Depp as "the most talented actor of his generation". His mother gave him an odd pet: a raccoon he named Russell. He liked to box. While performing as Stanley Kowalski in the stage version of "A Streetcar Named Desire", he would often persuade a member of the stage crew to spar with him in a room underneath the stage between his acts. During one of these impromptu boxing matches, a crew member surprised him with a hard punch to the nose. Brando's nose was broken so badly that it literally was split across its bridge. He managed to go on stage and finish the play despite the fact that backstage efforts to stanch the bleeding had failed, but he was taken to the hospital immediately after. His famous broken-beak nose was the result of his having taken off his bandages in order to cover his nose with Mercurochrome to make it look particularly bad when he was visited by the play's producer, Irene Mayer Selznick . The subterfuge worked, as Selznick gave him two weeks off from the grind of the play (he was on stage with "Streetcar" for two years), but by taking the bandages off, his nose did not properly set. Believed that he could control stress in his life and physical pain through meditation. So sure he was of this, that he wanted to prove it. When he decided in the early 1990s to be circumcised, he wanted the doctor to do the operation with no anesthesia so that he could show off this skill. The doctor refused because of medical ethics, but Brando underwent the operation anyway after receiving a painkilling shot in his back. However, he wanted to show the doctors what he could do, and he asked them to take his blood pressure. Through meditation, he brought his blood pressure down more than 20 points. Elton John 's song "Goodbye Marlon Brando" was inspired by the actor's retirement in 1980. His The Night of the Following Day (1968) co-star Richard Boone directed the final scenes of the film at the insistence of Brando, who could no longer tolerate what he considered the incompetence of director Hubert Cornfield . The film is generally considered the nadir of Brando's career. A collection of personal effects from Brando's estate fetched $2,378,300 at a June 30, 2005 auction at Christie's New York. His annotated script from The Godfather (1972) was bought for a world record $312,800. "Godfather" memorabilia were the most sought-after items at the 6.5-hour auction, which attracted over 500 spectators and bidders and multiple telephone bids. Brando's annotated film script originally was figured to sell at between $10,000 and $15,000, but brought more than 20 times the high end of the pre-auction estimate. The previous record for a film script bought at auction was $244,500 for Clark Gable 's Gone with the Wind (1939) script, which was auctioned at Christie's New York in 1996. A letter from "Godfather" writer Mario Puzo to Brando asking him to consider playing the role of Don Corleone in the movie version of his novel was bought for $132,000. A photograph of Brando and former lover Rita Moreno in The Night of the Following Day (1968), the only piece of film memorabilia he kept in his Mulholland Drive home, was bought for $48,000. A transcript of a telegram from Brando to Marilyn Monroe after her 1961 nervous breakdown was bought for $36,000. His extensive library of over 3,600 books was sold in lots, some of which fetched over $45,000; many of the books were annotated in Brando's own hand. Shortly before his death, his doctors had told him that the only way to prolong his life would be to insert tubes carrying oxygen into his lungs. He refused permission, preferring to die naturally. Was a licensed amateur (ham) radio operator with the call signs KE6PZH (his American license) and FO5GJ (is license for his home in French Polynesia). For both licenses, he used the name "Martin Brandeaux". His decision to play the title role in The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996) turned out to be an offer that he definitely should have refused. He received the Worst Supporting Actor Razzie Award, beating Burt Reynolds , who was nominated for Striptease (1996), by a single vote. The vote was cast by Razzie Award founder John Wilson, who always chooses to vote last. At the time of his death at age 80, Brando had been suffering from congestive heart failure, advanced diabetes and pulmonary fibrosis (damage to the tissue inside the lungs resulting from a bout of pneumonia in 2001). Doctors had recently discovered a tumor inside his liver, but he died before they could operate to remove it. In a 1966 review of Brando's film The Chase (1966), film critic Rex Reed commented that "most of the time, he sounds like he has a mouth full of wet toilet paper". Rode his own Triumph 6T Thunderbird, registration #63632, in The Wild One (1953). Contrary to popular belief, Brando was not an atheist. At his son's trial, where he supposedly revealed his atheism and refused to swear upon a Bible, his actual words were, "While I do believe in God, I do not believe in the same way as others, so I would prefer not to swear on the Bible.". Apocalypse Now (1979) was based on the novel "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad . Years after "Apocalypse Now" was released, a television film was made of Heart of Darkness (1993), which featured Ian McDiarmid in a small role. McDiarmid also appeared in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988), a remake of Bedtime Story (1964), a comedy film in which Brando appeared. Both of his Oscar-winning roles have been referenced in the Oscar-winning roles of Robert De Niro . DeNiro played the younger version of his character, Vito Corleone, in The Godfather: Part II (1974). Brando's first Oscar was for On the Waterfront (1954), where his famous lines were "I coulda had class. I coulda been a contender. I could been somebody." DeNiro imitates this monologue in Raging Bull (1980), which won him his second Oscar. When cast as Colonel Kurtz in Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now (1979), Brando had promised to lose weight for the role, as well as read Joseph Conrad 's novel "Heart of Darkness", on which Coppola's script was based. Coppola had envisioned Kurtz as a lean and hungry warrior; the character of Kurtz in the Conrad novellas was a wraith and weighed barely more than a child despite his great stature, due to his suffering from malaria. When the 52-year-old Brando--who had already been paid part of his huge salary--appeared on the set in the Philippines, he had lost none of the weight, so Coppola and cinematographer Vittorio Storaro were forced to put Brando's character in the shadows in most shots. In the penultimate appearance of Kurtz in the film, when he appears in silhouette in the doorway of his temple compound as the sacrificial bull is lead out, a very tall double (about 6' 5") was used to try to give the character a greater physical stature, rather than just Buddha-like belly-fat that girded the 5' 10" Brando. He did not get around to reading the novella until many years later. He did not like to sign autographs for collectors. Because of this, his own autograph became so valuable that many checks he wrote went uncashed--his signature on them was worth more than the value of the check itself. Ironically, his secretary Alice Marchak remembered a time when a fan asked for his autograph. Brando promptly signed the fan's autograph book twice. Brando then told the fan that he had heard that one John Wayne autograph was equal to two Marlon Brando's on the collector's market. After clashing with French director Claude Autant-Lara , Brando walked off production of Rouge et noir (1954). In his 1976 biography "The Only Contender" by Gary Carey, Brando was quoted as saying, "Like a large number of men, I, too, have had homosexual experiences, and I am not ashamed.". It was his idea for Jor-El to wear the "S" insignia as the family crest in Superman (1978). Is mentioned in Robbie Williams ' song "Advertising Space". His performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront (1954) is ranked #2 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). His performance as Paul in Last Tango in Paris (1972) is ranked #27 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). Was the first male actor to break the $1-million threshold when MGM offered him that amount to star in Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), its remake of its own 1935 classic. Brando had turned down the lead role in David Lean 's masterpiece Lawrence of Arabia (1962), which had been offered by producer Sam Spiegel , because he did not like the lengthy shooting schedule. Ironically, "Bounty" itself wound up with an extensive shooting schedule due to a snail-pace schedule caused by a plethora of problems due to location shooting. With overages due to the extended shoot, Brando pocketed $1.25 million for the picture (approximately $8 million in 2005 dollars). Elizabeth Taylor had previously broken the million-dollar mark for a single picture with her renegotiated contract for Cleopatra (1963). Both films went vastly over schedule and wildly over budget and wound up hemorrhaging rivers of red ink despite relatively large grosses, though Taylor's flick outshone Brando's in the area of fiscal irresponsibility and wound up bankrupting its studio, 20th Century-Fox. Seventeen years later, after almost a decade of failure that caused him to be considered "box office poison" in the late 1960s/early 1970s (a string of flops that began with the failure of the "Bounty" remake), Brando became the highest paid actor in history with a $3.7-million up-front payment against a percentage of the gross for Superman (1978), a role that required his presence on the set for 12 days, plus an additional day for looping. Steve McQueen earlier had priced his services at $3 million a picture but had gotten no takers (many in Hollywood at the time believed he had deliberately set his price that high so he could take some time off). It was the price he quoted Francis Ford Coppola for his services for Apocalypse Now (1979), but Coppola refused to meet his demands and McQueen stayed off the screen for four years. Brando later appeared in the Coppola film in what is a supporting performance for a leading man/superstar salary of at least $2 million plus 8% of the gross over the negative cost. Brando made more money from his share of "Apocalypse Now" than from any other picture he appeared in; it financed his own retirement from the screen during the 1980s. After a decade off screen, so potent was the Brando name that he reportedly was paid over $2 million (donated to charity) for a supporting role in the anti-apartheid drama A Dry White Season (1989). Even toward the end of his life, when most of his contemporaries other than Paul Newman were no longer stars ( Tony Curtis 's asking price reportedly had dropped to $50,000 in the early 1990s) and could no longer command big money (Newman was the exception in that the financially secure superstar did not ask for big money), Brando could still command a $3-million salary for a supporting role in The Score (2001). The Chase (1966) producer Sam Spiegel was quite fond of Brando, who won his first Best Actor Oscar in the Spiegel-produced Best Picture winner On the Waterfront (1954). Spiegel was worried that motorcycle enthusiast Brando would kill himself like James Dean had, in an accident (Brando had had lacerated his knee while biking before filming began). Spiegel constantly queried "Chase" director Arthur Penn as to whether Brando had brought his motorcycle with him to the filming. When Brando got wind of this, he had the bike brought over to the set on a trailer and left on the lot to play a joke on Spiegel, who quickly arrived at the shooting to see that Brando did not drive it. When Spiegel found out it was all a joke, the normally taciturn producer laughed heartily. Spiegel originally had acquired the property that became "The Chase" in the 1950s and wanted Brando to play the role of Jason "Jake" Rogers and Marilyn Monroe to play his lover, Anna Reeves. By the time production began in 1965, Brando was too old to play the role of the son, and took the role of Sheriff Calder instead. Brando was paid $750,000 and his production company, Pennebaker, was paid a fee of $130,000 (Marlon's sister Jocelyn Brando was cast in the small role of Mrs. Briggs). Brando did not like the role, and complained that all he did in the picture was wander around. He began referring to himself as "The Old Lamplighter". However, many critics and cinephiles consider Sheriff Calder one of his best performances. According to Lawrence Grobel's "Conversations with Brando" (NY: Hyperion, 1991), Brando ultimately made $14 million from Superman (1978). The Salkinds, producers of the movie, tried to buy out his share of the profits for $6 million, but Brando refused and had to file a lawsuit to recover what was owed him. Was paid $3 million for 10 days work on The Formula (1980) (approximately $8.5 million in 2005 terms). Brando told Lawrence Grobel ("Conversations with Brando") that the movie, which he only made for the money as he was broke, was ruined in the editing room, with the humor of his scenes cut out. In his autobiography, Brando--in a caption for a picture from the film--recounts that George C. Scott asked him during the shooting of the film whether he, Brando, would ever give the same line - reading twice. Brando replied, "I know you know a cue when you hear one." The two both played chess together during waits during the shooting. Scott said that Brando was not that good a player. Brando had to sue Francis Ford Coppola to get all the money owed to him from his percentage of the profits of Apocalypse Now (1979). Brando characterized the people in the movie industry as "liars" to Lawrence Grobel (who conducted his 1979 Playboy interview): "Even Francis Coppola owed me one-and-a-half million and I have to sue him. They all do that, as they make interest on the money... so they delay paying... It's all so ugly, I hate the idea of having to act, but there's no other way to do it.". The producers of the film adaptation of Sir Peter Shaffer 's play Equus (1977) were interested in casting either Brando or Jack Nicholson in the lead role of Dr. Martin Dysart. The role went instead to Richard Burton , who had to "screen-test" for the role by agreeing to appear in the play on Broadway. Burton did, got rave reviews and a special Tony Award, and won his seventh and last Oscar nomination for the role. In his diary, Burton wrote that in the late 1950s, he was always one of the first actors producers turned to when Brando turned down a role. Became quite friendly with Elizabeth Taylor while shooting Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967). He agreed to pick up her Best Actress Award for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) from the New York Film Critics Circle. When Brando made his appearance at the NYFCC Award ceremony at Sardi's on January 29, 1967, he badgered the critics, querying them as to why they had not recognized Liz before. He then flew to Dahomey, Africa, where Taylor was shooting The Comedians (1967) with husband Richard Burton to personally deliver the award. Brando later socialized with the Burtons, visiting them on their famous yacht the Kalizma, while they plied the Mediterreanean. Brando's ex-wife Anna Kashfi , in her book "Brando for Breakfast" (1979), claimed that Brando and Burton got into a fistfight aboard the yacht, probably over Liz, but nothing of the incident appears in Burton's voluminous diaries, in which Burton says he found Brando to be quite intelligent but believed he suffered, like Liz did, from becoming too famous too early in his life. He recognized Brando as a great actor, but felt he would have been more suited to silent films due to the deficiency in his voice (the famous "mumble"). As a silent film star, Burton believed Brando would have been the greatest motion picture actor ever. His performance as Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) is ranked #85 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. His performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront (1954) is ranked #69 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. His monumental portrayal of Vito Corleone in the masterpiece The Godfather (1972) is the #1 Greatest Movie Character of All Time in Premiere magazine. Was unable to raise the $10-million bail initially required of his son Christian Brando ( Christian Brando ) in the May 16, 1990, slaying of his sister Cheyenne's boyfriend Dag Drollet. After a two-day preliminary hearing in early August 1990, the presiding judge ruled that enough evidence had been presented to try Christian on first-degree murder charges. At that time, the judge refused to lower the $10-million bail due to what he termed evidence of the Brando family's failure to cooperate with he court, specifically citing Cheyenne's flight from the United States to avoid helping the police investigation. However, two weeks later the same judge reduced Christian's bail to $2 million, which Marlon was able to post by putting up his Mulholland Drive house as collateral. He soon accepted a cameo role in the film Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) for $5 million, according to Variety magazine, the bible of the Hollywood trade papers. Brando's friend, actor William Redfield , mentioned him prominently in the memoir he wrote about the 1964 stage production of "Hamlet" (later transferred to film as Hamlet (1964)) directed by John Gielgud and starring Richard Burton . In "Letters from an Actor" (1967, Viking Press), Redfield--who played Guildenstern--said that Brando had been considered the Great White Hope by his generation of American actors. That is, they believed that Brando's more naturalistic style, combined with his greatness as an actor, would prove a challenge to the more stylized and technical English acting paradigm epitomized by Laurence Olivier , and that Brando would supplant Olivier as the world's greatest actor. Redfield would tell Burton stories of Brando, whom the Welsh actor had not yet met. Redfield sadly confessed that Brando, by not taking on roles such as Hamlet (and furthermore, by betraying his craft by abandoning the stage, thus allowing his instrument to be dulled by film work), had failed not only as an actor, but had failed to help American actors create an acting tradition that would rival the English in terms of expertise. He worked for union scale on the anti-apartheid film A Dry White Season (1989) with the proviso that the producers donate $3 million (which would have been his normal fee) to charity. When Brando was interviewed by Connie Chung for her television program Saturday Night with Connie Chung (1989), broadcast on October 7, 1989, he said he was upset with the picture and mentioned the charitable gift the producers had made on his bequest to show his commitment to toppling apartheid in South Africa. Brando could be generous at that time, as he appeared to be set financially for life due to his profit participation in Apocalypse Now (1979) and the $14-million settlement he won from Superman (1978) producer Ilya Salkind . However, the defense of his son Christian Brando , who was arrested for murder on May 16, 1990, reportedly cost his father as much as $5 million, so Brando was forced to go back to work after almost a decade away from the screen, but for the anti-apartheid picture and what he intended as his career swan-song, The Freshman (1990), for which he was paid $3 million (approximately $4.7 million in 2005 dollars). When he died in 2004, Brando left an estate valued at more than $20 million. Turned down the role of the Sundance Kid in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) after Paul Newman took over the production from Steve McQueen . McQueen, who was obsessed with Newman as his rival as a movie actor and superstar, had bought the script from William Goldman , originally called "The Sundance Kid and Butch Cassidy". McQueen was slated to play "The Sundance Kid". When he dropped out and Newman took over the production, the title was reversed and Brando was offered the role. He declined in order to film Burn! (1969) with Gillo Pontecorvo . Brando earlier had dropped out of Elia Kazan 's The Arrangement (1969) shortly after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King . Brando told Kazan he could not star in a run-of-the-mill movie after King's assassination. Instead, he opted for "Burn", which was a pro-revolutionary story about a rebellion of African slaves in the Caribbean. The very last film role that was ever offered to him was Rayburn in Man on Fire (2004), less than a year before he passed away. The role instead went to Christopher Walken . Turned down the role of Earl Partridge in Magnolia (1999), which went to Jason Robards . Turned down the role of the Headless Horseman in Sleepy Hollow (1999), which went to Christopher Walken . Was considered by director Tim Burton for the role of the Penguin in Batman Returns (1992). Batman creator Bob Kane was relieved that he was not cast, as he considered Brando the "wrongest possible choice for the role". Keith Richards 's son, Marlon Richards is named after him. Signed on to appear in director Sidney Lumet 's adaptation of the play Child's Play (1972) as schoolteacher Joseph Dobbs, but backed out just before principal photography was to begin when he realized James Mason had the better role as his schoolteacher rival. According to Bob Thomas ' "Brando: Portrait of the Artist as a Rebel", Brando quit the production when he realized his flagging career would soon be revitalized by the The Godfather (1972). A last-minute replacement, Robert Preston was signed to take over the role, and though a fine actor, he bombed in the performance due to over-projection of his voice (Preston had been playing mainly in the theater in the previous decade). Brando subsequently was sued by producer David Merrick . Ironically, both Brando and Mason were rivals for the role of Viktor Komarovsky in Doctor Zhivago (1965). Both were offered the role by David Lean , and both turned the role down. Was offered the role of Viktor Komarovsky in Doctor Zhivago (1965) by double-Oscar winning director David Lean . However, a month went by and Brando failed to respond to Lean's written inquiry into whether he wanted to play Komarovsky, so the director offered the role to James Mason , who was a generation older than Brando. Lean decided on Mason, who initially accepted the role, as he did not want an actor who would overpower the character of Yuri Zhivago (specifically, to show Zhivago up as a lover of Lara, who would be played by the young Julie Christie , which the charismatic Brando might have done, shifting the sympathy of the audience). Mason eventually dropped out and Rod Steiger , who had just won the Silver Bear as Best Actor for his role as the eponymous The Pawnbroker (1964), accepted the role. Made the Top 10 Poll of Money-Making Stars, as ranked by Quigley Publications' annual survey of movie exhibitors, five times from 1954 to 1973. He debuted at #10 in 1954, and climbed to #6 in 1955 before falling off the list in 1956. He again made the list, as #4, in 1958. He did not appear on the list again until 1972, when he was ranked the #6 Box Office star after the extraordinary success of The Godfather (1972). He made one last appearance in 1973, going out as he had come onto the list, at #10. Supported John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. Posthumously received the Stella Adler Award for Lifetime Achievement, presented by his friend and neighbor Warren Beatty to his son Miko C. Brando . Brando's decision to send a Mexican actress named Maria Cruz--calling herself Sacheen Littlefeather --to refuse his Best Actor Oscar for The Godfather (1972) at The 45th Annual Academy Awards (1973) brought widespread condemnation. At the ceremony, Clint Eastwood remarked he did not know whether he should dedicate the Oscar he was presenting to "all the cowboys shot in John Ford 's westerns". Michael Caine , nominated for his performance in Sleuth (1972), angrily condemned Brando's actions while Rock Hudson remarked, "Sometimes to be eloquent is to be silent.". He was close friends with the reclusive singer Michael Jackson for many years, even appearing in his music video "You Rock My World" in 2001. The last time Brando left his bungalow in Hollywood was to stay at Jackson's Neverland Ranch in the summer of 2003. Brando's children: 1) From first marriage (with Anna Kashfi ) = Christian Devi Brando aka Christian Brando (b. 1958); 2) From second marriage (with Movita Castaneda) = Miko C. Brando (b. 1961) and Rebecca Brando Kotlinzky (b. 1967); 3) From third marriage (with Tarita Teriipia) = Simon Teihotu Brando (b. 1967), Stefano Brando (b. 1967) and Tarita Cheyenne Brando (b. 1970 and d. 1995); 4) From liaisons with Maria Christina Ruiz, his maid = Ninna Priscilla Brando (b. 1989), Myles Jonathan Brando (b. 1992) and Timothy Gahan Brando (b. 1994). Also adopted three children: Petra Brando-Corval (daughter of Brando's assistant, Caroline Barrett ), Maimiti Brando and Raiatua Brando. His character Ken Wilcheck in his cinema debut The Men (1950) has the nickname "Bud", which was his own nickname as he was a "junior". (Brando's father, Marlon Brando Sr. , later worked for his company Pennebaker Productions, which was named after his mother, the former Dorothy Pennebaker.) The only other film in which Brando goes by the name which his family and intimate friends called him is The Night of the Following Day (1968). After he received his first Academy Award nomination (Best Actor for A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)), Brando impishly told the Hollywood press corps that he would not attend the ceremony but would send a cab driver in his place to pick up the Oscar, should he win the award. Indeed, Brando did not attend, and some columnists claimed that a cabby actually was in attendance in Brando's seat at Los Angeles' RKO Pantages Theatre the night of ceremony of March 20, 1952. Alas, Brando was the sole "Steetcar" acting nominee not to win that night as Humphrey Bogart took home the gold, so the question can never be satisfactorily resolved. Jay Kantor was a lowly mailroom clerk at Lew Wasserman 's talent agency Music Corp. of America when he was sent to pick up Brando and drive him to the agency. Impressed by the young man, Brando promptly appointed him his agent (Kantor was the inspiration for the character Teddy Z on the television series The Famous Teddy Z (1989)). Sean Penn told writer Charles Bukowski that Brando put scripts from producers into his freezer, in order to use them as targets in skeet shooting. Brando would take the frozen scripts and have them tossed in the air into the canyon below his home at night, and then proceed to blast them into smithereens with a shotgun while they were on the fly. By freezing the scripts, the pages were stiff and made for better "clay pigeon" substitutes. The practice is mentioned in one of Bukowski's poems. Bukowski also wrote about Brando in his short story "You Kissed Lilly", in which Lilly masturbates while watching Brando in a movie on television. The story is part of the collection "Hot Water Music" (1983). Turned down the role of Vulcan in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988). Director Terry Gilliam was summoned to Brando's Mulholland Dr. home in Los Angeles to discuss the role, but this became apparent that Brando really was not interested in taking the role. Nonetheless, Gilliam treasured the time he got to spend with Brando. The role later was played by Oliver Reed , who spent his time drinking and trying to seduce Uma Thurman , who was a virgin at the time. Was Oliver Stone 's first choice for the role of Richard Boyle in Salvador (1986). However, Brando had become notoriously reclusive by the time the project got underway and turned down the role. He was an avid user of the Internet in his final years, often going into chat rooms to start arguments. Subject of the song "I'm Stuck in a Condo with Mr. Marlon Brando" by The Dickies . Grandfather of Tuki Brando, son of Brando's daughter Cheyenne, the three children of Teihotu Brando , Michael Brando son of Christian Brando , the children of Michael G. Gilman and Shane Brando and Prudence Brando , from Miko C. Brando , among others. Originally considered too young at 23 to play Stanley Kowalski in the Broadway version of "A Streetcar Named Desire", and the producers of the show tried to get 34-year-old Burt Lancaster , newly a huge star in movies thanks to The Killers (1946). When Lancaster was unable to get permission from the film studio, Brando was given the part and became an overnight sensation. Turned down Gary Cooper 's Oscar winning role in High Noon (1952). Turned down Charlton Heston 's Oscar winning role in Ben-Hur (1959). He was originally cast in John Wayne 's role as Genghis Khan in The Conqueror (1956), but backed out at the last minute. A large part of his estate was bought by entrepreneur Keya Morgan . Brando was sought for the role of Bull McCabe in The Field (1990), but Richard Harris was cast instead. Is related to four presidents of the United States: James Madison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Jimmy Carter ; and to General George S. Patton . He was sought for the role of O'Brien the interrogator in 1984 (1984), along with Sean Connery and Paul Scofield . Scofield accepted the role, but had to drop out of shooting after breaking his arm and was replaced by Richard Burton . Turned down Stacy Keach 's role in American History X (1998). The American Film Institute named him the fourth Greatest Male Star of All Time (1999). His Mulholland Drive home once shared a driveway with his The Missouri Breaks (1976) co-star Jack Nicholson . Nicholson later bought Brando's home from his estate. Former brother-in-law of Eliot Asinof . Encouraged Johnny Depp to get himself a private island just like his one in Tahiti. In the summer of 1995, he started shooting a movie called "Divine Rapture" in the tiny Irish village of Ballycotton, County Cork. His co-stars were Johnny Depp , Debra Winger and John Hurt . Marlon was playing a priest in the film and he had dyed his hair red for the role. Shooting began, but was never completed due to lack of financing. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume 7, 2003-2005, pages 43-46. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2007. His favorite movie was Henry V (1989) which starred and was directed by Kenneth Branagh . Spoke French fluently, from his marriage to his Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) co-star Tarita . In a 1989 TV interview with Connie Chung , Brando told her that he contributed his entire salary for A Dry White Season (1989) to an anti-apartheid group in South Africa with the understanding that MGM would make a similar contribution. The movie was the first Brando had made in nine years. Brando quoted his salary at $3.3 million plus 11.3% of gross. He claimed that MGM reneged on its own matching contribution to the group and that he was uncertain how much the group received from MGM because of his percentage. Brando's anger with MGM over reneging on its charitable contribution and for cutting his scenes (which he felt were a more forceful indictment of apartheid and had been done to prevent South Africa's then-apartheid government from banning the studio's films) was felt to be one of the reasons that Brando gave his first interview in many years. His idols are Fredric March , John Barrymore and Spencer Tracy . While making Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) in Tahiti, Brando fell in love with the place. So in 1966, he purchased Tetiaroa, a small atoll located approximately 30 miles north of Tahiti. Tetiaroa is to be the site of a lavish new ecological hotel called The Brando. Consisting of 30 deluxe fares (villas), it will be the only hotel on Tetiaroa. In the last three years of his life, Marlon filmed a series of classes of him giving acting lessons to Sean Penn , Jon Voight and Nick Nolte . Marlon intended to call the series "Lying for a Living" and to sell DVDs of it on shopping channel QVC to raise money. The DVDs were never released publicly following his death. His ashes were scattered in Tahiti and Death Valley. He died in 2004 at age 80, from obesity, pulmonary fibrosis, diabetes, cardiac failure, and an enlarged liver suggesting cancer. Finished first in MSN's "The Big 50: Cinema's Greatest Legends" poll in March 2009 ( Robert De Niro finished runner-up with Al Pacino in third place). He allegedly refused to be interviewed for Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse (1991) (a documentary about the making of Apocalypse Now (1979)) because he claimed Francis Ford Coppola still owed him $2 million. His Sacheen Littlefeather controversy at the Oscars resulted in the Academy setting stricter rules that nominees cannot send someone else to accept the award onstage or address the audience, and only the presenter is allowed to accept on the winner's behalf. Exceptions are made in the case that the honoree genuinely could not attend due to illness or death. One of only four actors to win two Oscars for films that also won Best Picture (the others being Jack Nicholson , Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman ). In addition, he and Hoffman are the only actors to win two Best Actor Oscars for films that won Best Picture. Was a huge fan of professional wrestling. Producer Robert Evans said that Brando was signed for the role of Don Corleone in The Godfather (1972) for $50,000 plus a percentage of the gross on a sliding scale: after the film hit a $10 million threshold, Brando would receive 1% of the gross for the next $10 million and an additional 1% for every $10 million up to 5% when the film grossed over $60 million. (Thus, Brando would receive $100,000 for the second $10 million; $200,000 for the third $10 million; $300,000 for the fourth $10 million; $400,000 for the fifth $10 million; and 5% of everything above that. In desperate need of cash, Brando's attorney called Evans and requested a $100,000 advance. Charlie Bluhdorn , who owned Paramount, demanded that he surrender his points for the cash, and Brando did. Upon its release, "The Godfather" became the top-grossing film of all time. Evans estimated that Brando lost $11 million by selling back his points. Brando was so angry, he refused to appear in The Godfather: Part II (1974) unless he was compensated for his bad deal. Paramount refused. When the studio considered him for the lead in The Great Gatsby (1974), he pushed aside his agent and demanded an unprecedented $4 million fee, seeking to make up for his lost money. Paramount cast Robert Redford instead. Brando was a great fan of French actress Arletty , who had played Blanche Dubois on the Paris stage and was in a film he greatly admired, Children of Paradise (1945). When he went to Paris, he made it a point to meet her but was disappointed, calling her a "real tough bird". Acquired the nickname of 'Bud' to distinguish himself from his father whom he disliked. His mother co-starred with a young Henry Fonda in Eugene O'Neill 's "Beyond the Horizon" at the Omaha Community Playhouse. When asked to contribute to his biography for the theater program of "I Remember Mama", Brando claimed he was born in Calcutta and had a Great Dane whom he feeds "dehydrated cubes of dog food". While he was at the Actors Studio, Brando directed Julie Harris in a modern version of "Hedda Gabler" set in Nebraska. When shooting The Men (1950), Brando stayed in the one bedroom apartment of actor Richard Erdman . Brando slept on the couch and was a voracious eater. Brando, who was being paid $40,000 for his role, never offered to help with expenses or restock the refrigerator for Erdman, who was being paid only $5000. Brando agreed to appear in Candy (1968) as a favour to friend Christian Marquand, who helped with Brando's negotiations with the French government in purchasing the Tahitian island of Tetiaroa. Brando donated his $25,000 salary for his one day of work on Roots: The Next Generations (1979) to the American Indian Movement. Brando enjoyed talking to strangers on other islands or passing boats on his ham radio anonymously. He did not used his real name, and often called himself "Mike" or "Matin Bumby" and spoke in very believable French, German and Japanese accents. Between 1981 and 1983, Brando received multimillion offers to play Al Capone, Pablo Picasso and Karl Marx but turned them down. Playing the role of Stanley Kowalski, Brando had to describe the Napoleonic Code. Later in his career, he would play the role of Napoleon in Désirée (1954). He appeared with Glenn Ford in The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956) and Superman (1978) while his elder sister Jocelyn Brando worked with him in The Big Heat (1953). He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1765 Vine Street in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. Had appeared in two Best Picture Academy Award winners: On the Waterfront (1954) and The Godfather (1972). Although he played John Cazale , James Caan and Al Pacino 's father in The Godfather (1972), he was only eleven years older than Cazale and sixteen years older than Caan and Pacino in real life. He won his first Oscar for On the Waterfront (1954) on March 20, 1955, four days before he turned age 31, making him the youngest Best Actor winner. He held the record for 23 years. In late 1959, this was suggested that he might play William the Conqueror in an epic film which would be the first Cinerama movie to tell a dramatic story instead of being simply a travelogue. Reports suggested that Maria Schell might be his leading lady, that Christopher Fry might write the script and that Laurence Olivier might direct. However, the film was never made, and it seems likely that none of these celebrities was actually made any firm offer. This was several years more before the first narrative films in Cinerama. Was one of the many Hollywood celebrities who like to make weekend visit's to Ralph Helfer 's "Africa U.S.A" Exotic Animal Ranch in Soledad Canyon, California. In the early 1960s, he contributed thousands of dollars to both the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCIC) and to a scholarship fund established for the children of martyred Mississippi NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers . Had to lose weight in order to play Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972). Got his role as Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now (1979) after Al Pacino turned down. Wore lifts in some of his films. About a year into the run of A Streetcar Named Desire on the New York stage he was fooling around with some of the guys backstage and ended up with a broken nose. Soon after his birth the family moved to Libertyville, Illinois where he was raised. Personal Quotes (126) The more sensitive you are, the more likely you are to be brutalised, develop scabs and never evolve. Never allow yourself to feel anything because you always feel too much. The only thing an actor owes his public is not to bore them. An actor is at most a poet and at least an entertainer. Would people applaud me if I were a good plumber? I don't know what people expect when they meet me. They seem to be afraid that I'm going to piss in the potted palm and slap them on the ass. I put on an act sometimes, and people think I'm insensitive. Really, it's like a kind of armour because I'm too sensitive. If there are two hundred people in a room and one of them doesn't like me, I've got to get out. If you're successful, acting is about as soft a job as anybody could ever wish for. But if you're unsuccessful, it's worse than having a skin disease. [on one of his most famous characters, Stanley Kowalski from A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)] Kowalski was always right, and never afraid. He never wondered, he never doubted. His ego was very secure. And he had the kind of brutal aggressiveness that I hate. I'm afraid of it. I detest the character. I don't want to spread the peanut butter of my personality on the mouldy bread of the commercial press. The most repulsive thing you could ever imagine is the inside of a camel's mouth. That and watching a girl eat octopus or squid. With women, I've got a long bamboo pole with a leather loop on the end. I slip the loop around their necks so they can't get away or come too close. Like catching snakes. If there's anything unsettling to the stomach, it's watching actors on television talk about their personal lives. [on Frank Sinatra ] He's the kind of guy that when he dies, he's going up to heaven and give God a bad time for making him bald. [on his unforgettable role as Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972)] I went home and did some rehearsing to satisfy my curiosity about whether I could play an Italian. I put on some makeup, stuffed Kleenex in my cheeks and worked out the characterization first in front of a mirror, then on a television monitor. After working on it, I decided I could create a characterization that would support the story. The people at Paramount saw the footage and liked it, and that's how I became the Godfather. [when asked how he spent his time away from the camera] People ask that a lot. They say, "What did you do while you took time out?", as if the rest of my life is taking time out. But the fact is, making movies is time out for me because the rest, the nearly complete whole, is what's real for me. I'm not an actor and haven't been for years. I'm a human being - hopefully a concerned and somewhat intelligent one - who occasionally acts. Regret is useless in life. It's in the past. All we have is now. Acting is the expression of a neurotic impulse. It's a bum's life. Quitting acting is a sign of maturity. [on the impact of The Godfather (1972)] I'd gotten to know quite a few mafiosi, and all of them told me they loved the picture because I had played the Godfather with dignity. Even today I can't pay a check in Little Italy. Acting is an empty and useless profession. [on his characterization of Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront (1954)] [The role] was actor-proof, a scene that demonstrated how audiences often do much of the acting themselves in an effectively told story. [on directing] I did it once. It was an ass-breaker. You work yourself to death. You're the first one up in the morning... I mean, we shot that thing [ One-Eyed Jacks (1961)] on the run, you know. You make up the dialog the scene before, improvising, and your brain is going crazy. [on the Academy Awards, to Connie Chung after his Best Supporting Actor nomination for A Dry White Season (1989)] That's a part of the sickness in America, that you have to think in terms of who wins, who loses, who's good, who's bad, who's best, who's worst... I don't like to think that way. Everybody has their own value in different ways, and I don't like to think who's the best at this. I mean, what's the point of it? [on the Academy Awards, Connie Chung TV interview, 1990] What do I care? I've made all the money I need to make. I won a couple of Academy Awards if I ever cared about that. I've been nominated I don't know how many times and I'm in a position of respect and standing in my craft as an actor in this country. So what the hell, I don't need to gild the lily. [after accepting the Best Actor Oscar for On the Waterfront (1954) at the 27th Academy Awards ceremony] I can't remember what I was going to say for the life of me. I don't think ever in my life that so many people were so directly responsible for my being so very, very happy. If the vacuum formed by Dr. [ Martin Luther King 's] death isn't filled with concern and understanding and a measure of love, then I think we all are really going to be lost here in this country. [on Malcolm X ] He was a dynamic person, a very special human being who might have caused a revolution. He had to be done away with. The American government couldn't let him live. If 23 million blacks found a charismatic leader like he was, they would have followed him. The powers that be couldn't accept that. It is a simple fact that all of us use the techniques of acting to achieve whatever ends we seek... Acting serves as the quintessential social lubricant and a device for protecting our interests and gaining advantage in every aspect of life. It seems to me hilarious that our government put the face of Elvis Presley on a postage stamp after he died from an overdose of drugs. His fans don't mention that because they don't want to give up their myths. They ignore the fact that he was a drug addict and claim he invented rock 'n' roll when in fact he took it from black culture; they had been singing that way for years before he came along, copied them and became a star. I'm one of those people who believes that if I'm very good in this life I'll go to France when I die. Even today, I meet people who think of me automatically as a tough, insensitive, coarse guy named Stanley Kowalski. They can't help it, but it is troubling. A movie that I was in, called On the Waterfront (1954): there was a scene in a taxicab, where I turn to my brother, who's come to turn me over to the gangsters, and I lament to him that he never looked after me, he never gave me a chance, that I could have been a contender, I coulda been somebody, instead of a bum... "You should of looked out after me, Charley." It was very moving. And people often spoke about that, "Oh, my God, what a wonderful scene, Marlon, blah blah blah blah blah." It wasn't wonderful at all. The situation was wonderful. Everybody feels like he could have been a contender, he could have been somebody, everybody feels as though he's partly bum, some part of him. He is not fulfilled and he could have done better, he could have been better. Everybody feels a sense of loss about something. So that was what touched people. It wasn't the scene itself. There are other scenes where you'll find actors being expert, but since the audience can't clearly identify with them, they just pass unnoticed. Wonderful scenes never get mentioned, only those scenes that affect people. Most people want those fantasies of those who are worthy of our hate - we get rid of a lot of anger that way; and of those who are worthy of our idolatry. Whether it's Farrah Fawcett or somebody else, it doesn't make a difference. They're easily replaceable units, pick 'em out like a card file. Johnnie Ray enjoyed that kind of hysterical popularity, celebration, and then suddenly he wasn't there anymore. The Beatles are now nobody in particular. Once they set screaming crowds running after them, they ran in fear of their lives, they had special tunnels for them. They can walk almost anyplace now. Because the fantasy is gone. Elvis Presley - bloated, over the hill, adolescent entertainer, suddenly drawing people into Las Vegas - had nothing to do with excellence, just myth. It's convenient for people to believe that something is wonderful, therefore they're wonderful. If Wally [ Wally Cox ] had been a woman, I would have married him and we would have lived happily ever after. America has been good to me, but that wasn't a gift. I have eyes like those of a dead pig. The only reason I'm in Hollywood is that I don't have the moral courage to refuse the money. Privacy is not something that I'm merely entitled to, it's an absolute prerequisite. I don't mind that I'm fat. You still get the same money. This is a false world. It's been a struggle to try to preserve my sanity and sense of reality taken away by success. I have to fight hard to preserve that sense of reality so as to bring up my children. I always enjoyed watching John Wayne , but it never occurred to me until I spoke with Indians how corrosive and damaging and destructive his movies were - most Hollywood movies were. [on John Wayne 's 1971 interview with Playboy magazine] That doesn't need a reply, it's self-evident. You can't even get mad at it; it's so insane that there's just nothing to say about it. He would be, according to his point of view, someone not disposed to returning any of the colonial possessions in Africa or Asia to their rightful owners. He would be sharing a perspective with B.J. Vorster if he were in South Africa. He would be on the side of Ian Smith . He would have shot down Gandhi [ Mohandas K. Gandhi ], called him a rabble rouser. The only freedom fighters he would recognize would be those who were fighting Communists; if they were fighting to get out from under colonial rule, he'd call them terrorists. The Indians today he'd call agitators, terrorists, who knows? If John Wayne ran for President, he would get a great following... I think he's been enormously instrumental in perpetuating this view of the Indian as a savage, ferocious, destructive force. He's made us believe things about the Indian that were never true and perpetuated the myth about how wonderful the frontiersmen were and how decent and honorable we all were. Everybody ought not to turn his back on the phenomenon of hatred in whatever form it takes. We have to find out what the anatomy of hatred is before we can understand it. We have to make some attempt to put it into some understandable form. Any kind of group hatred is extremely dangerous and much more volatile than individual hatred. Heinous crimes are committed by groups and it's all done, of course, in the name of right, justice. It's John Wayne . It's the way he thinks. All the crimes committed against Indians are not considered crimes by John Wayne. I don't see anybody as evil. When you start seeing people as evil, you're in trouble. The thing that's going to save us is understanding. The inspection of the mind of Eichmann [ Adolf Eichmann ] or Himmler [ Heinrich Himmler ]... Just to dispense with them as evil is not enough, because it doesn't bring you understanding. You have to see them for what they are. You have to examine John Wayne . He's not a bad person. Who among us is going to say he's a bad man? He feels justified for what he does. The damage that he does he doesn't consider damage, he thinks it's an honest presentation of the facts. Three or four times, I've pulled a gun on somebody. I had a problem after Charles Manson , deciding to get a gun. But I didn't want somebody coming in my house and committing mayhem. The Hillside Strangler victims - one of the girls was found in back of my Los Angeles house. My next-door neighbor was murdered, strangled in the bathroom. Mulholland Drive is full of crazy people. We have nuts coming up and down all the time. [1976] Homosexuality is so much in fashion it no longer makes news. Like a large number of men, I, too, have had homosexual experiences and I am not ashamed. I have never paid much attention to what people think about me. But if there is someone who is convinced that Jack Nicholson and I are lovers, may they continue to do so. I find it amusing. I know I'm not an easy person to get along with, I'm no walk in the park. [on Burt Reynolds ] I disagree with the thought process of people like him, who is a totally narcissistic person who epitomizes everything wrong with being a celebrity in Hollywood. [on Cheyenne Autumn (1964)] That was worse than any other film, because it didn't tell the truth. Superduper patriots like John Ford could never say that the American government was at fault. He made the evil cavalry captain a foreigner. John Ford had him speak with a thick accent, you didn't know what he was, but you knew he didn't represent Mom's apple pie. You're not going to call The Rolling Stones artists. I heard somebody compare them - or The Beatles - to Bach [ Johann Sebastian Bach ]. It was claimed they had created something as memorable and as important as Bach, Haydn [ Joseph Haydn ], Mozart [ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ] and Schubert [ Franz Schubert ]. I hate rock 'n' roll. It's ugly. I liked it when the blacks had it in 1927. Never confuse the size of your paycheck with the size of your talent. Humphrey Bogart played himself in every movie. Clark Gable always played Clark Gable. Regrets belong to the past. [on Hollywood] A cultural boneyard. [on Dustin Hoffman ] I believe that he has talent. He ought to get away from this rather nervous character that he's played since Midnight Cowboy (1969). Then we'd really be able to see that he's a complete actor. The good directors that I've worked with will say I'm a good guy. The other fellows will say I'm a bad guy. [on Marilyn Monroe ] Marilyn was a sensitive, misunderstood person, much more perceptive than was generally assumed. She had been beaten down, but had a strong emotional intelligence -- a keen intuition for the feelings of others, the most refined type of intelligence. We had an affair and saw each other intermittently until she died in 1962. It's been speculated that she had a secret rendezvous with [ Robert F. Kennedy ] that week and was distraught because he wanted to end an affair between them. But she didn't seem depressed to me, and I don't think that if she was sleeping with him at the time she would have invited me over for dinner. I'm sure she didn't commit suicide. I have always believed that she was murdered. At Paramount, I sat at lunch with John Wayne . I couldn't even talk. Do you remember when Marilyn Monroe died? Everybody stopped work, and you could see all that day the same expressions on their faces, the same thought: "How can a girl with success, fame, youth, money, beauty... how could she kill herself?" Nobody could understand it because those are the things that everybody wants, and they can't believe that life wasn't important to Marilyn Monroe, or that her life was elsewhere. Most New York and Beverly Hills psychoanalysts are a little crazy themselves, as well as highly motivated to separate patients from their money while making their emotional problems worse. [on Lee Strasberg ] An ambitious, selfish man who exploited the people who attended the Actors Studio, and he tried to project himself as an acting oracle and guru. Some people worshipped him, but I never knew why. I bumped into Marilyn Monroe at a party. While other people drank and danced, she sat by herself in a corner almost unnoticed, playing the piano. I come from a long line of Irish drunks. If given the choice between Kenneth Branagh 's production of Henry V (1989) or Arnold Schwarzenegger 's The Terminator (1984), there's hardly a question of where most television dials would be turned. If the expenditure of money for entertainment in America is any indication of taste, clearly the majority of us are addicted to trash. When I saw The Godfather (1972) the first time, it made me sick; all I could see were my mistakes and I hated it. But years later, when I saw it on television from a different perspective, I decided it was a pretty good film. [on Al Pacino ] I didn't say much to Pacino when we were making The Godfather (1972), but I not only consider him one of the best actors in America, but in the world. I never meant anything more in my life. I had a great deal of respect for Don Corleone; I saw him as a man of substance, tradition, dignity, refinement, a man of unerring instinct who just happened to live in a violent world and who had to protect himself and his family in this environment. I saw him as a decent person regardless of what he had to do, as a man who believed in family values and was shaped by events just like the rest of us. On The Godfather (1972), I had signs and cue cards everywhere -- on my shirt sleeves, on a watermelon and glued to the scenery. Not memorizing lines increased the illusion of reality and spontaneity. News is business. And, uh, people sell news, and unfortunately people in my position are in the public eye, are sellable commodities, but they're not any different than Kleenex or Dial Soap or anything else. And uh, so if we find something out that's about your sex life, or something you do with your fingernails after you cut them off, if you smoke the grime from your navel, then... then... that's big news. That's important... But anyway, it doesn't matter. Because, finally, you know... I've found that people really don't believe all the nonsense they read. And they look at you when they meet you, and wonder if it's true, but they finally make a decision based on what their experience with you personally is. A lot of the old movie stars couldn't act their way out of a box of wet tissue paper, but they were successful because they had distinctive personalities. They were predictable brands of breakfast cereal: on Wednesdays we had Quaker Oats and Gary Cooper ; on Fridays we had Wheaties and Clark Gable . They were off-the-shelf products you expected always to be the same, actors and actresses with likable personalities who played themselves more or less the same role the same way every time out. Everyone on a movie deserves an award - not just one person. I know it can be hard for a troubled kid like James Dean to have to live up to sudden fame and the ballyhoo Hollywood created around him. I saw it happen to Marilyn Monroe and I also knew it from my own experience. In trying to copy me, I think Jimmy was only attempting to deal with these insecurities, but I told him it was a mistake. Acting is an illusion, a form of histrionic slight of hand, and in order to carry it off, an actor must have intense concentration. Before I go into a scene, I study it, almost psychoanalyze it. Then I discuss it with the director and then rehearse it. When actual shooting commences, I put in earplugs to screen out the extraneous noises that inevitably prick at one's concentration. With so much prejudice, racial discrimination, injustice, hatred, poverty, starvation and suffering in the world, making movies seemed increasingly silly and irrelevant. Food has always been my friend. When I wanted to feel better or had a crisis in my life, I opened the icebox. I hated authority and did everything I could to defeat it by resisting it, subverting it, tricking it and outmaneuvering it. I would do anything to avoid being treated like a cipher. If I hadn't been an actor, I've often thought I'd have become a con man and wound up in jail. An actor's a guy who, if you ain't talking about him, ain't listening. I'm just another son-of-a-bitch sitting in a motor home on a film set and they come looking for Zeus. [on his regret at not appearing in the movie version of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)] I know more about being a homosexual than Paul Newman . It's very clear to me that Tennessee Williams modeled Alexandra Del Lago after Tallulah Bankhead . I surely know how to appear opposite a Tallulah character better than Newman. [on working with David Niven on Bedtime Story (1964)] Working with David was the only time I ever looked forward to filming. I just couldn't wait to wake up each morning and go to work so he could make me laugh. I'm often amused when I read American history and I read what great things America was going to be, what great things we were going to produce, the magnificent life we were going to have. We were determined to be an impressive and strong nation that needed a lot of people and a lot of land. And all those people who came: "Give us your great unwashed." Well, we got all the great unwashed there were. From every prison we certainly got a lot of scum and dummies. We didn't get the cream of the crop. We got people from the lowest echelons of society who couldn't make it or weren't happy where they were. Or who were taken from Africa, brought to America in chains and turned into animals. I think Robert F. Kennedy really, finally, cared; he realized that all of the rhetoric had to be put down into some form of action. That's perhaps the reason they killed him. They don't care what you say, you can say as much as you want to, provided you don't do anything. If you start to do something and your shuffling raises too much dust, they will disestablish you. That's what happened to Martin Luther King . If you have enough money, you can do anything. You can even get a President shot. All you have to do is hire Sam Giancana , Sirhan Sirhan . You can get anybody killed for a can of beer. Hire some dumbo hit man, pay him $50,000. You can hire a 17-year-old kid, he'll be out in the streets in two or three years. The Godfather (1972) said that a man with a briefcase can steal more money than a man with a pistol. Mothers feel about their children the way husbands feel about women. It's 'my' kid. Women who are in the women's movement, some of them say they are not their husband's possession, but then they'll unconsciously refer to their child as a possession. They use the same kind of language about their children as they would hate for their husbands to use about them. I don't know Woody Allen , but I like him very much. I saw Annie Hall (1977) -- enjoyed it enormously, He's an important man. Woody Allen can't make any sense out of this world and he really tells wonderful jokes about it. Don't you think it was remarkable that his time came to get his door prize at the Academy Awards and he stayed home and played his clarinet? That was as witty and funny a thing as you could do. Bob Hope will go to the opening of a phone booth in a gas station in Anaheim, provided they have a camera and three people there. He'll go to the opening of a market and receive an award. Get an award from Thom McAn for wearing their shoes. It's pathetic. It's a bottomless pit. A barrel that has no floor. He must be a man who has an ever-crumbling estimation of himself. He's constantly filling himself up. He's like a junkie -- an applause junkie, like Sammy Davis Jr. . Sammy desperately longs to be loved, approved of. He's very talented. [on Lily Tomlin ] Good God, is she angry. Whew! She gives me the impression of somebody incandescent with rage that comes out in this crinkle-eyed smiling face. Acid. She's funny, but all of her humor comes from anguish, rage and pain. Don Rickles , too. Most humor does. I liked High Anxiety (1977). Mel Brooks makes me laugh. They had a Laurel and Hardy festival on television; boy, I laughed at that. It went on all night long; I was up half the night laughing. [on Charles Chaplin ] A remarkable talent but a monster of a man. If an actor can't improvise, then perhaps the producer's wife cast him in that part. You wouldn't be in the film with such a person. Some actors don't like it. Laurence Olivier doesn't like to improvise; everything is structured and his roles are all according to an almost architectural plan. [on Last Tango in Paris (1972)] I don't know what that film's about. So much of it was improvised. [ Bernardo Bertolucci ] wanted to do this, to do that. I'd seen his other movie, The Conformist (1970), and I thought he was a man of special talent. And he thought of all kinds of improvisations. He let me do anything. He told me the general area of what he wanted and I tried to produce the words or the action. [on the taxi cab scene in On the Waterfront (1954)] People often spoke about that, "Oh, my God, what a wonderful scene, Marlon, blah blah blah blah blah." It wasn't wonderful at all. The situation was wonderful. Everybody feels like he could have been a contender, he could have been somebody, everybody feels as though he's partly bum, some part of him. He is not fulfilled and he could have done better, he could have been better. Everybody feels a sense of loss about something. So that was what touched people. It wasn't the scene itself. [on acting] I don't put it down. But I resent people putting it up. [on claims he defamed Italian-Americans with his portrayal of The Godfather (1972)] I played an Irishman who was a freak psychopath (in The Nightcomers (1971)) and I didn't get any letters from any Irish-American organizations. It would have been difficult to make The Godfather (1972) with an eighth Chinese, a quarter Russian, a quarter Irish and an eighth Hispanic. Very difficult to take those people to Sicily and call them O'Houlihan. We've somehow substituted craft for art and cleverness for craft. It's revolting! It's disgusting that people talk about art and they haven't got the right to use the word. It doesn't belong on anybody's tongue in this century. There are no artists. We are businessmen. We're merchants. There is no art. Pablo Picasso was the last one I would call an artist. Mao Tse-tung was the last giant. I don't think any movie is a work of art. A prostitute can give you all kinds of wonderful excitement and inspiration and make you think that nirvana has arrived on the two-o'clock plane, and it ain't necessarily so. Acting is just hustling. George Bernard Shaw said that thinking was the greatest of all human endeavors, but I would say that feeling was. Allowing yourself to feel things, to feel love or wrath, hatred, rage. People will like you who never met you, they think you're absolutely wonderful; and then people also will hate you, for reasons that have nothing to do with any real experience with you. People don't want to lose their enemies. We have favorite enemies, people we love to hate and we hate to love. If they do something good, we don't like it. I found myself doing that with Ronald Reagan . He is anathema to me. If he does something that's reasonable, I find my mind trying to find some way to interpret it so that it's not reasonable, so that somewhere it's jingoist extremism. If you've made a hit movie, then you get the full 32-teeth display in some places; and if you've sort of faded, they say, "Are you still making movies? I remember that picture, blah blah blah." And so it goes. The point of all this is, people are interested in people who are successful. What people are willing to do in front of a public is puzzling. I don't understand why they do it. I guess it makes them feel a little less lonely. I always found it distasteful and not something I cared to do. I just don't believe in washing my dirty underwear for all to see, and I'm not interested in the confessions of movie stars. [on his refusal to talk about Marilyn Monroe 's death] It's disemboweling a ghost. Ask most kids about details about Auschwitz or about how the American Indians were assassinated as a people and they don't know anything about it. They don't want to know anything. Most people just want their beer or their soap opera or their lullaby. I'm not going to lay myself at the feet of the American public and invite them into my soul. My soul is a private place. And I have some resentment of the fact that I live in a system where you have to do that. You can say something in a certain spirit, with a smile, but when it appears in print, there's no smile. [on American Indians] When they laid down their arms, we murdered them. We lied to them. We cheated them out of their lands. We starved them into signing fraudulent agreements that we called treaties which we never kept. We turned them into beggars on a continent that gave life for as long as life can remember. And by any interpretation of history, however twisted, we did not do right. We were not lawful nor were we just in what we did. For them, we do not have to restore these people, we do not have to live up to some agreements, because it is given to us by virtue of our power to attack the rights of others, to take their property, to take their lives when they are trying to defend their land and liberty, and to make their virtues a crime and our own vices virtues. [on Charles Chaplin ] Chaplin you got to go with. Chaplin is a man whose talents is such that you have to gamble. First off, comedy is his backyard. He's a genius, a cinematic genius. A comedic talent without peer. [To his cast on the set of One-Eyed Jacks (1961)] I don't know how this film is going to end. But I want a scene where someone gets shot in the back. Who wants to be the shooter? Who wants to be the shootee? [To his cast and crew on the set of One-Eyed Jacks (1961)] I've got to have clouds, not a clear sky, before we can go on shooting. [on Hollywood] A small-minded little town in the middle of nowhere. [observation, 1952] One more film and I will have my pile. My mother and father are taken care of. I have eight hundred head of cattle on my ranch in Nevada. This [ Viva Zapata! (1952)] should soon bring me an income of $80,000 a year. That will be enough. Any acting I do will be on the stage. I don't think it's the nature of any man to be monogamous. Men are propelled by genetically ordained impulses over which they have no control to distribute their seed. [on Burt Reynolds ] He's the epitome of everything that's disgusting about the thespian. He worships at the temple of his own narcissism. If you want something from an audience, you give blood to their fantasies. It's the ultimate hustle. I'm not a film fanatic. If I never saw another movie in my life, it wouldn't bother me. Acting is what I do to make money, but it's certainly not my life-style. Compared to world affairs, to peace conferences, making a movie is absolutely nothing! To grasp the full significance of life is the actor's duty, to interpret it is his problem, and to express it his dedication. [on Leonardo DiCaprio ] He looks like a girl. [before directing One-Eyed Jacks (1961)] I want to make a frontal assault on the temple of clichés. [after directing One-Eyed Jacks (1961)] I don't feel it's what I set out to do. In my film, everybody lied, even the girl. The only one who told the truth was the Karl Malden character. Paramount made him out to be the heavy, a liar. Now the characters in the film are black and white, not gray and human as I planned them. I am myself, and if I have to hit my head against a brick wall to remain true to myself, I will do it. [To Bernardo Bertolucci about his role in Last Tango in Paris (1972)] Never again will I make a film like this one. For the first time, I have felt a violation of my innermost self. It should be the last time. I too have had homosexual experiences, and I am not ashamed. I'd never paid much attention to what people think about me. Deep down, I feel a bit ambiguous. Salary (27)
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Who played 'Olive Oyl' in the 1980 film 'Popeye'?
Watch Popeye Online | 1980 Movie | Yidio Watch Popeye "The sailor man with the spinach can!" Popeye was a risk taking movie in 1980. It turned the very popular Popeye comic strip from E. C. Segar into a musical film. This came from the mind of Robert Altman, but it came to life because of Robin Williams and Shelly Duvall playing the lead characters so well. Each played Popeye and his girl Olive Oyl respectively in the motion picture. Popeye is the story of a sailor man who loves his spinach. He finds himself a stranger in the harbor town of Sweethaven, where he has rowed by dingy to shore. Most of Sweethaven's residents find him suspicious, but luckily this is untrue of the Oyl family. They offer Popeye a place to stay, and while at the Oyl family boarding house, Popeye falls in love. The girl who won his heart is the Oyl's daughter, Olive. Unfortunately Olive Oyl is already promised to marry a big brute of a man named Captain Bluto. This causes Popeye and Bluto to immediately become enemies. Their dislike brings them to blows and continuous competition for the love of Olive Oyl. Popeye is frustrated by not only this, but other concerns, such as finding his missing father. Popeye is a film with many layers, but perhaps the strongest message throughout the film tells us about the value of true friendship. Popeye has two main friends, Wimpy and little Swee'Pea. Neither one is as strong as Popeye, yet their loyalty to their sailor friend is there through anything. Which is why, the kidnapping of Swee'Pea by Bluto sets Popeye off, and it is his turn to teach some lessons to the Captain about sailors and their love of spinach. The movie Popeye has anything and everything to offer the audience. It is as classic today, as it was decades ago when released. Anyone who has not seen it, be sure to put it on your honey do list, pack your sailor bags, and your sea legs.
Shelley Duvall
What two letters make up the Internet Country Code for Denmark?
Popeye (1980) - | Movie Synopsis and Plot Popeye (1980) Release Date: December 12, 1980 PG | 1h 54m | Animation, Comedy, Musical Based on the long-running comic strip created by E.C. Segar (and less on the animated cartoons created by Max Fleischer, which were decidedly different in tone and approach), Popeye follows the sailor man with the mighty arms (played by Robin Williams in his first major film role) as he arrives in the seaside community of Sweethaven in search of his long-lost father. Popeye meets and quickly falls for the slender Olive Oyl ( Shelley Duvall , in the role she was born to play), but Olive's hand has already been promised to the hulking Bluto (Paul Smith), of whom Olive can say little except, well, he's large. Eventually, Popeye and Olive are brought together by Swee' Pea (Wesley Ivan Hurt), an adorable foundling, and Popeye finally meets his dad, Poopdeck Pappy ( Ray Walston ). Director Robert Altman in no way tempered his trademark style for this big-budget family opus, crowding the screen with a variety of characters and allowing his cast to overlap as much dialogue as they want. Studio:
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Which Africancapital city is served by 'Bole Airport'?
Cheap flights from Addis Ababa to Addis Ababa - TripAdvisor - [ADD - ADD] Cheap flights from Sarajevo to Addis Ababa † Prices are based on round trip travel with returns between 1-21 days after departure. These are the best fares found by travelers who searched TripAdvisor and a select group of our fare search partners in the past 72 hours. Ticket prices and seat availability change rapidly and cannot be guaranteed. About TripAdvisor Flights Your one-stop shop for finding the best flights from Addis Ababa to Addis Ababa. Simply tell us where and when you want to travel and we'll do all the legwork for you. Featuring the most powerful shopping tools on the web, we search the largest online travel websites, established airfare discounters, plus the world's leading airlines and low-cost carriers to bring back thousands of flight options. Travel information for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to Addis Ababa Route information Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is 0 miles from Addis Ababa Nairobi, Kenya - Jomo Kenyatta Intl is the most popular connection for one stop flights between Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Addis Ababa Arrival information Addis Ababa is 5 mi from Bole Airport (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Bole Airport (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) Right now, 35 airlines operate out of Bole Airport. Bole Airport offers nonstop flights to 78 cities. Every week, at least 182 domestic flights and 1,498 international flights depart from Bole Airport. Several popular airlines fly into Bole Airport, including
Addis Ababa
Which European country's national flag is a horizontal tricolour: Blue, Black and White?
5 Cheap Flights to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (ADD) from $643 - TripAdvisor Cheap flights from Canton of Geneva to Addis Ababa † Prices are based on round trip travel with returns between 1-21 days after departure. These are the best fares found by travelers who searched TripAdvisor and a select group of our fare search partners in the past 72 hours. Ticket prices and seat availability change rapidly and cannot be guaranteed. Cheap flights to Addis Ababa recently found by travelers *
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In 'Monopoly', what is situated between 'Old Kent Road'and 'Whitechapel Road'?
Category:Dark Purple/Brown Properties | Monopoly Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Alphabetical | In a standard set of Monopoly, the first 2 properties are either Dark Purple or Brown , depending on how recent the set is. These properties begin the journey around the Monopoly Board. In a traditional US board , the first is Mediterranean Avenue , followed by Community Chest and Baltic Avenue . It is impossible to land on Mediterranean Avenue on a player's first turn. Baltic Avenue is the better of the 2 brown properties. Payoff According to The Monopoly Companion, these properties rank in 10th out of 10 in terms of visitation frequency. With Hotels, approximately 13.6% of the investment is paid off each time one opponent passes Go . These properties rank 9th out of 10 in payoff percentage. For access to both Brown Properties, go to that category.
Community Chest
Scarborough is the capital of which West Indian island?
Category:Dark Purple/Brown Properties | Monopoly Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Alphabetical | In a standard set of Monopoly, the first 2 properties are either Dark Purple or Brown , depending on how recent the set is. These properties begin the journey around the Monopoly Board. In a traditional US board , the first is Mediterranean Avenue , followed by Community Chest and Baltic Avenue . It is impossible to land on Mediterranean Avenue on a player's first turn. Baltic Avenue is the better of the 2 brown properties. Payoff According to The Monopoly Companion, these properties rank in 10th out of 10 in terms of visitation frequency. With Hotels, approximately 13.6% of the investment is paid off each time one opponent passes Go . These properties rank 9th out of 10 in payoff percentage. For access to both Brown Properties, go to that category.
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'Meniere's Disease' affects which part of the human body?
How does Meniere's disease affect the body? - Meniere's Disease - Sharecare Meniere's Disease How does Meniere's disease affect the body? A Honor Society of Nursing (STTI) answered In the worst cases, Meniere's disease can be incapacitating. Vertigo and dizziness may be so bad that patients fall down while trying to walk. Patients may lose their hearing in the affected ear or ears. Short-term effects may include nausea and vomiting. Patients may become anxious or depressed. Helpful? This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. Videos (6) Meniere's Disease Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes severe spells of vertigo, making you feel like you're spinning. You can also have hearing loss, ringing (tinnitus, pronounced either TINN-itus or tinn-UH-tus)) or a feeling of fullness in your ear. (It usually affects just one ear). Doctors don't fully understand Meniere's Disease but suspect that its caused by a combination of how fluid drains (or does not drain) from your ear, allergies, viruses and genes. There is no known cure for Meniere's Disease, but vertigo is treatable. Meniere's Disease Q&As
Ucho
What was the christian name of the classical composer Rachmaninov?
Ménière's Disease. Symptoms of menieres disease. Info | Patient 441 Ménière's disease typically causes attacks of dizziness with a spinning sensation (vertigo), hearing loss and noises in the ear (tinnitus). The attacks can vary in severity and in how often they occur. You may develop permanent hearing loss and/or permanent tinnitus in some cases. There is no cure but treatment can help to ease and prevent symptoms. If you are a driver, you must stop driving if Ménière's disease is diagnosed. The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) will permit driving again if there is good control of symptoms. What is Ménière's disease? Ménière's disease is a condition of the inner ear. About 1 in a 1,000 people develop Ménière's disease. It can affect anyone at any age but it most commonly begins between the ages of 40 and 60. Generally, this condition starts in one ear only. The other ear is also affected at some stage in about 4 in 10 cases. The disease is named after a French doctor called Prosper Ménière who first described the disease in the 1860s. What are the symptoms of Ménière's disease? Symptoms that come and go Ménière's disease typically comes in attacks (episodes) of the following symptoms: Dulled hearing in the affected ear(s). The degree of hearing loss varies. Vertigo. This is dizziness with a spinning sensation. It can be quite severe and make you feel sick or be sick (vomit). Vertigo can develop with little or no warning. You may feel very dizzy and ill. You may need to go to bed until it passes. Tinnitus. This is a noise such as a ringing, roaring or buzzing which you can hear from inside the affected ear. Ear pressure. You may have a sense of fullness or pressure inside the ear. Loud noises may seem unpleasant and distorted. An attack of Ménière's disease may last from 20 minutes to several hours. The average is 2-4 hours. Many people feel quite sleepy after an attack. Slight unsteadiness may last a day or so after an attack - sometimes longer. The symptoms can vary from person to person and from time to time in the same person. A typical attack is of vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus which lasts a few hours. However, some people only have the vertigo without the hearing loss. Attacks of hearing loss without vertigo are uncommon. Some people just have slight vertigo during an attack. Others are severely affected and vomit for several hours. Attacks may be frequent, or occur only every few months or longer. Sometimes they come in clusters of several attacks in quick succession. For example, attacks may occur every couple of days for a week or so. Some attacks may be so close together that it may seem that one attack lasts for several days. On average, there may be 6-11 clusters a year. At the start, symptoms may occur on one side only but as the years go by some people have symptoms on both sides. An uncommon symptom is to have sudden unexplained falls (drop attacks). These are falls without losing consciousness. Drop attacks last just a short time with little associated vertigo. They occur in about 1 in 25 people with Ménière's disease. So, although uncommon, drop attacks can be alarming and potentially dangerous if, for example, the person is climbing up a ladder or driving when one occurs. There may be long periods of time (months or years) between attacks (or clusters of attacks) when there are no symptoms. In about 7 in 10 people with Ménière's disease, the attacks stop altogether within 5-10 years of their starting. Symptoms that may become permanent If permanent symptoms develop, they usually take months or years to develop. Hearing loss. During each attack the hearing loss is temporary at first. In the early stages of the disease the hearing usually reverts back to normal when an attack is over. In time, some permanent hearing loss may develop. In some people this becomes worse and leads to deafness in the affected ear. In people who have Ménière's disease for several years, the vertigo attacks may become fewer; however, the deafness may become the most serious symptom. In particular, if both ears are affected. Tinnitus. Like hearing loss, tinnitus is often temporary at first during each attack. Again, like hearing loss, it eventually becomes permanent in some cases. Some people report fatigue and a sense of imbalance following an attack of vertigo, which can last some time. Some people have reported that these symptoms have become permanent. However, whether these symptoms are an actual feature of Ménière's disease is debatable. What causes Ménière's disease? It is thought to be caused by slight changes and damage within the inner ear.   The inner ear includes the cochlea and semicircular canals. These are small shell-like structures in which there is a system of narrow fluid-filled channels called the labyrinth. The semicircular canals sense movement of the head and help to control balance and posture. The cochlea is concerned with hearing. Messages of balance and sound are sent down nerves (the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve) to the brain. It is thought that a build-up of fluid in the labyrinth from time to time causes the symptoms. The build-up of fluid may increase the pressure and cause swelling of the labyrinth. Also, fluid may leak between different parts of the labyrinth. These effects may cause the inner ear to send abnormal messages to the brain, which causes the dizziness and being sick (vomiting). An increased pressure of fluid on the hearing cells which line the labyrinth is probably why they do not work so well; this leads to dulled hearing. As the pressure eases, the cells work better again, and hearing returns to normal. However, repeated bouts of increased pressure may eventually damage the hearing cells. This is why hearing loss may become permanent. It is not clear why a build-up of fluid occurs in the labyrinth. There may be some fault where the amount of fluid made is more than the amount drained. A variety of factors may cause this. For example, slight abnormalities of the bones around the middle ear may be a factor. Inheritance may play some part. (About 8 in 100 close relatives of affected people develop Ménière's disease compared with 1 in a 1,000 of the general population.) Other theories include viral infections of the ear, salt imbalance in the labyrinth fluid, diet and a faulty immune system. Note: side-effects from some medicines can cause symptoms similar to Ménière's disease, or make symptoms of Ménière's disease worse. For example, some anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihistamines, antipsychotics and sedatives. Tell your doctor if you think that a medicine that you are taking may be causing symptoms, or making them worse. How is Ménière's disease diagnosed? The diagnosis is usually based on the typical symptoms. Ideally, a hearing test during an attack would help to clarify the diagnosis as hearing is reduced. However, this is often impractical as attacks usually come out of the blue and can make you feel ill. The diagnosis may only become clear over time as the typical pattern of recurring attacks develops. Other conditions can cause similar symptoms to Ménière's disease. For example, injury, infection, or tumours in the inner ear or nerve may cause deafness, noises in the ear (tinnitus) or dizziness with a spinning sensation (vertigo). However, Ménière's disease is the likely cause if the symptoms are intermittent (that is, they come and go as attacks). Ear tests and scans may be advised in some cases to rule out other conditions. In particular, a scan will normally be needed if you have persistent symptoms of vertigo and/or hearing loss. What are the treatment options for Ménière's disease? Understanding the cause of the symptoms is often helpful in itself. Although Ménière's disease can be unpleasant, it is not due to cancer or to a brain or nerve disorder. There is no cure for Ménière's disease but symptoms can be helped. Treating attacks of vertigo A short course of a medicine such as prochlorperazine or cinnarizine may ease dizziness and being sick (vomiting) when attacks of these symptoms occur. These medicines work by calming the nerve messages which are sent from the ear to the brain. Many people have a warning feeling (an aura) just before an attack begins. If possible, medicine should be taken at this stage to prevent the attack from becoming worse or to lessen its severity. The medicine should be stopped when the attack of symptoms has gone. Tablets may not be absorbed from the gut so well if there is vomiting. The absorption may be helped by: Using a medicine which is absorbed from within the mouth and gums straight into the bloodstream; or Using a medicine in suppository form; or Using a soluble form of medicine which may be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream. The aim is to get the medicine into the body as soon as possible after symptoms begin. If one type of medicine does not help, see a doctor, as another type may be more suitable. Sometimes an injection is needed to help stop severe dizziness and vomiting. A short course of steroids may be given as a last resort if the attack does not settle. Read more blog posts Preventing attacks of vertigo If you have mild or infrequent attacks then you may not need or want any treatment to prevent the attacks. You may just prefer to treat each attack, as it arises, with one of the medicines mentioned above. If needed, treatments which can help to prevent attacks include the following: Betahistine is a medicine that is thought to increase the blood flow around the inner ear. This may reduce the amount of fluid inside the labyrinth and prevent symptoms from developing. If you take betahistine every day it is unlikely to stop all attacks but it may reduce the number and/or severity of attacks. It does not work in all cases. A trial for 6-12 months of taking betahistine may be advised to see if it helps to reduce symptoms. If it does, it can be continued. Other medicines. These are sometimes tried on the advice of a specialist. For example, thiazide diuretics or beta-blockers may help in some cases. Intratympanic gentamicin. This treatment involves injecting a drug called gentamicin through your eardrum into the middle ear. This gives a very high concentration of the drug next to the affected inner ear. This drug works by damaging the nerve endings that send signals of balance down the vestibular nerve. It is only considered if you are greatly troubled with vertigo and other treatments have not helped. It works quite well but occasionally it can cause deafness and is less likely than surgery to relieve vertigo. Pressure pulse treatment (Meniett® device). This is a machine which generates a pulse of pressurised air into the ear canal and may be offered to you if your main problem is severe vertigo. Surgery to the inner ear. There are various operations. Surgery may be suggested if you have severe or frequently recurring attacks of vertigo that have not been helped by other treatments. Operations that may be considered include: Micropressure therapy. This is the treatment that involves the least amount of surgery. A small tube (a grommet) is inserted through your eardrum into the middle ear and air is blown at low pressure into the inner ear. This reduces the pressure in the ear. Saccus decompression. This is an operation to reduce the pressure of the fluid in the labyrinth. Vestibular nerve section. This means that the nerve of balance is cut - which stops the abnormal signals of balance being sent to the brain. Labyrinthectomy. This means totally destroying the inner ear. The big disadvantage of this is that the hearing part of your ear is destroyed in addition to the balance part. So, you will be totally deaf in the operated ear. Diet and lifestyle There is little research evidence to prove that diet and lifestyle can help. However, some people claim their symptoms improve by one or more of the following: A low-salt diet. This may help to reduce the fluid build-up in the inner ear. Regular exercise and methods to combat stress. Other treatments are sometimes advised For example: If you develop permanent hearing loss, you may benefit from a hearing aid. If you develop permanent noises in the ear (tinnitus) then various strategies may be advised. For example, an audiologist or hearing therapist may advise on sound therapy. This is often a CD or on an MP3 player which plays soothing and relaxing sounds, helping to distract you from the sound of tinnitus. Some people have found coping strategies, relaxation training, counselling, and other such techniques, useful to combat tinnitus. See separate leaflet called Tinnitus . A physiotherapist may be involved if your balance becomes permanently affected (in severe cases). If loud sounds become distressing then an audiologist or hearing therapist can provide you with advice on compression hearing aids which may help to ease this symptom. Some important safety points If you are prone to sudden attacks of dizziness with a spinning sensation (vertigo) with little or no warning then: It is sensible always to carry some medication in case it is needed. Avoid heights, ladders, etc. Do not go swimming alone. Make your home safe in case you fall whilst dizzy. In particular, if you have vertigo you are likely to go to bed until it eases. The trip to the bathroom may pass open stairs. It may be sensible to block the top of the stairs in case you fall. If you are a driver, you must stop driving if Ménière's disease is diagnosed and you must tell the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA). This is because you may have sudden attacks of vertigo, or even drop attacks, with little warning. The DVLA will permit driving again if there is good control of symptoms. See the DVLA website for details (below). Related Wellbeing See all Wellbeing What is the outlook (prognosis)? The way Ménière's disease affects people can vary greatly. At the outset of the disease, it is not possible to predict how badly it will affect an individual in the coming years. In many cases, months or years go by between attacks. In some cases the attacks are more frequent. Some attacks are minor and don't last long. Some attacks can be very distressing with severe sickness (vomiting) and dizziness. However, treatments that can ease symptoms have improved in recent years. There is a good chance that after a while (typically after 5-10 years) the attacks stop occurring altogether. However, some permanent hearing loss or permanent noises in the ear (tinnitus) may have developed in the affected ear or ears by this time. This may be only a minor degree of hearing loss but some people become deaf in the affected ear or ears. Further help & information
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Name the country is Asia which is double landlocked (surrounded by landlocked countries)?
Globetrotting Galore by Gunnar Garfors: The Two Double Landlocked Countries The Two Double Landlocked Countries Utilising local transport in one of the only two landlocked countries in the world.  There are some claims to fame that are more unusual than others. And we all know that something unusual or unique inevitably ends up on bucket lists around the world. It doesn't usually take that much, though. Just check out Instagram, Twitter or Facebook. Bragging about restaurants you have visited, drinks you have consumed, views you have experienced, clothing that you wear or celebrities you have slept with is commonplace. I am myself guilty as charged with several, but not all, of the examples listed above. But let's get down to business and concentrate on the important thing in life. Travelling. I have been to all 198 countries in the world, and written a book about it. It came out in English in July, 2015 . Visiting countries that fit a certain bill are present on a lot of bucket lists. One of the more unusual that I have heard about are double landlocked countries. What they are? A landlocked country has no access to an ocean at its borders. 44 of the world's 198 countries are landlocked. See the list below. A double landlocked country on the other hand is a country that is surrounded by landlocked countries. There are only two such countries in the world. Liechtenstein in Europe is surrounded by two landlocked countries; Switzerland and Austria while Uzbekistan in Asia is surrounded by five, all of them are stan countries (ending with "stan"). They are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan is of course a stan country on its own. As there are seven stan countries in total, the only stan country missing is then Pakistan, which is 300 kilometers from Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is then of course the only country in the world exclusively surrounded by stan countries. Oh, the trivia you pick up here... The 44 landlocked countries of the world Afghanistan‎
Uzbekistan
Who wrote the bestseller 'The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Night-time'?
The Top 5 Largest Landlocked Countries on Earth The Top 5 Largest Landlocked Countries on Earth      There are a total of 41 landlocked countries in the world There are actually two countries in the world that are double landlocked, which means that they are surrounded only by other landlocked countries: These countries are Lichtenstein and Uzbekistan. Africa is the continent with the most landlocked countries with 14.
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In which musical does the song 'Bless Your Beautiful Hide', appear?
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) - Bless Yore Beautiful Hide - YouTube Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) - Bless Yore Beautiful Hide Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 28, 2011 Howard Keel comes to town to find himself a wife, in the 1954 Stanley Donen musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. Music by Gene de Paul, lyrics by Johnny Mercer. Category
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
Which fire-breathing monster in Greek mythology was killed by Bellerophon?
Bless Yore Beautiful Hide - Seven brides for seven brothers - YouTube Bless Yore Beautiful Hide - Seven brides for seven brothers Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 3, 2010 Siete novias para siete hermanos Category
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How was musician Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe better known?
Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe "Jelly Roll" Morton [Q.R.S. Music 3674] 08/??/1926 [Q.R.S. Music 3675] 08/??/1926 There are some musicians who come along and make waves either through their antics, their bravado, or their performance skills. Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton was one of those individuals who managed to captivate fans and raise the eyebrows (and the ire) of other musicians through all three. In this instance, also, it is hard to peg him into a single genre, other than "Jelly Roll Style," given how different and distinctive both his performance and writing of rags and blues was. He left behind one of the more important looks at the origins of ragtime, at least in New Orleans and the South, through a series of remarkable conversations recorded in 1938 and 1939. However, it was his own music and unique style that propelled him to fame, pushed him into obscurity, then resurrected while ostensibly killing him at the same time. Although the most traditional source for his story was long held to be the widely regarded 1950 book by Alan Lomax, Mister Jelly Roll, research of the 21st century by the author and a number of his distinguished peers has turned up a much more accurate look at Morton's variegated story, of which a condensed version is presented here. Early Life in New Orleans The self-proclaimed inventor of Jazz and Stomp music, "Jelly Roll" Morton grew up in the right environment to absorb a variety of musical influences: New Orleans, Louisiana. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, out of legal wedlock (in a common law marriage) to Edward Joseph Lamothe (or Lemott) and Louise Hermance Monette (or Monett). The often-cited date of September 20 does not align with the official baptismal registry in New Orleans, which insists on an October 20 birth, so the latter will be accepted for this essay as the potentially most accurate accounting, even though Morton himself continued to write September 20 throughout his life. When he was around three or so, Louise left her situation with Lamothe and was soon married to William Mouton on February 5, 1894. Ferd would eventually adopt a variation of his stepfather's last name as his own, morphed into Morton. Growing up on Frenchmen Street a bit outside of the French Quarter, Ferd was just a streetcar ride away from many New Orleans musical venues located in the Quarter and the Tremé, as well as downtown. Considered a true Creole, he was a mulatto, which created its own set of difficulties, as the darker communities did not always accept light skinned blacks, yet they were still too black for the white communities. Storyville as pictured in a postcard from around 1910. Ferdinand got past this by communicating through music. He learned guitar at age 7, and piano at 10. As of the 1900 census the family was located in New Orleans with Ferd's half-sister Eugénie Amède added to the home in late 1897. Another sister, Frances a.k.a. Mimi, arrived in mid-1900. Ferd moved out of the Mouton home the following year, residing with his godmother Laura Hunter (a.k.a. Eulalie Hécaud) for some time. Ferd took piano lessons from local black schoolteacher Rachel D. Moment for an indeterminate period of time. Morton described her as "the biggest ham of a teacher that I've ever heard or seen..." However, with his innate talent he also likely absorbed a lot of the influence of other musicians playing in or near downtown New Orleans. Among those he later cited was Mamie Desdunes (a.k.a. Mary Celina Desdunes Dugue), who played a simple blues style due to a crippled right hand. He also mentioned Tony Jackson and Albert Carroll, and by some accounts claimed to have heard or possibly known the storied but somewhat notorious trumpeter Buddy Bolden. In his teens, Ferd became, be his own account, one of the most renowned pianists in Storyville, the red light district of New Orleans set up by alderman Alfred Story in 1897. There is some evidence, or lack thereof, to counter this bodacious claim, but there is little doubt that he spent some time either playing or listening to others play in the houses there. His later description of Tony Jackson playing a Naked Dance for the girls to show off their wares to the customers provides some credence to this probability. Another place he frequented was the Frenchman's Café where many New Orleans musicians played during and after hours. In early 1904, Morton traveled to Saint Louis, Missouri, allegedly to attempt to play at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, likely on the mile-long amusement Pike, and to absorb local musical influences. There was a contest there in late February at Tom Turpin's Rosebud Saloon that Morton claims he demurred from due to the presence of some of the high-caliber pianists playing there. They included the champion of the event, Louis Chauvin, his friend Sam Patterson, Charles Warfield and Joe Jordan among others. Perhaps the point should be made that he was not yet 14 years of age played, which likely a bigger factor in the overall situation. Still, he soaked in the influences of this environment, learning more than just the music, but also the lifestyle of these pianists. In 1906, Ferd's mother Lizzie died from a form of heart disease, leaving him more or less on his own at age 16, save for his godmother Laura. During this period Morton also learned more about performance with ensembles while traveling with Billy Kersand's Minstrels throughout the South and Midwest. He also met many musicians that influenced his style and his attitude, which might eventually be described as appropriately confident if mildly cocky. Among them were the aforementioned Tony Jackson, future composer Spencer Williams, John and Benjamin Spikes, Sammy Davis [a pianist and entertainer who was not same as the father of entertainer Sammy Davis, Jr., Samuel Davis, who was born in 1900, so too young], Arthur F. "Baby" Seals, and two gentleman that likely influenced the names of two of his important works, Porter King and Benson "Froggie" Moore. He also learned much of the reality of being a man of color away from his home town who which had been more tolerant of race, which was a hard lesson. During this time Ferd witnessed at least two disturbing lynchings of black men. Building a Reputation - What's In a Name? Still tethered somewhat to his godmother's home in New Orleans, it was there in 1910 that Ferd met Billy and Mary McBride, who had their own unique theatrical troupe called Mack's Merry Makers. Morton in 1913 in blackface and baggy pants, incorporating comedy with playing, and his partner, Rosa Brown. He played in their shows for a while, and during the tour frequented some of the brothels along the gulf coast of Louisiana and Alabama, possibly into Florida. Another actor and writer Ferd worked with was Sandy Burns, who for some time had traveled with Sammy Davis. It was allegedly Burns who either gave, or perhaps influenced the origin of, his unique nickname, "Jelly Roll." In the colloquial of the time, the connotation of that name was clearly sexual, and commonly referred to by both heterosexual and homosexual performers, including Jackson who was openly gay. Specifically, it was a reference to the male member, and not so much to a pastry. Just the same, Morton quickly adopted the name, and before the mid-1910s, while he still used Ferd from time to time, he started to enjoy billings as "Jelly Roll" Morton. From this point on, Morton lived the ultimate itinerant pianist's life, traveling from town to town, carousing with local women, hustling in pool halls, and taking in the culture wherever he went. Lessons, or perhaps they should be called skills, that he learned in his early travels were how to be a successful pimp, a pool sharp and card sharp, and how to charm certain people while ticking off others, skills that served him well at various times. He was also a young man of contradictions with his own sense of questionable morality, being both a Catholic and a believer in the bayou culture of voodoo. Morton quickly learned how to turn any insecurity he had into a situation into bravado and vanity, often deflecting anything he thought might be a threat to him or his ego. [Note that these are collective observations noted by many of Morton's peers as well as his original biographer, Alan Lomax, but that they ring true overall through many of his actions, even if they cannot be completely construed as "fact."] As a result of his constant travel, Morton was difficult to locate in the 1910 enumeration. Some of his movements of this period are suggested by combining his later recollections of who he played with and where with newspaper accounts of those people and events. In 1911 he was associated for a while with William Benbow's as they traveled the south, likely as both a pianist and a singer. The following year he was, at times, working with the Spikes brothers in the Midwest, with who would later pen one of his more iconic pieces. Later in the year and into 1913, he worked with the Jenkins and Jenkins troupe, which included Baby F. Seals, who had recently had his historic early blues piece Baby Seals Blues, arranged by Artie Matthews, published and distributed. Much of 1913 was spent in Texas, and Morton was listed in the Houston, Texas, directory for that year. Ferd had also taken on a vaudeville partner and singer, Rosa Brown, who was usually booked as Rosa Morton, although there was no official record found of them having married. They worked the vaudeville circuit from 1912 into 1914. Early in 1914, Morton had been working with McCabe's minstrels when they were disbanded during a stay in Saint Louis, Missouri. From there, he and Rosa tried to find another troupe, and ended up in Kentucky by the spring, then back to the Dayton, Ohio area. Ferd, now consistently billed as "Jelly Roll" or "New Orleans Jelly Roll," was receiving excellent reviews for his vivacious style, even when accompanying Rosa. He played a wide range of pieces from piano rags to classical pieces, and by this time, perhaps some of his own compositions. The couple, playing with other notable acts, also played Detroit, Michigan, and ventured down into Indianapolis, Indiana, then back east to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By late summer they were playing in Chicago, Illinois, where Ferd would later spend a considerable period of time. For 1915 he remained there through the remainder of 1914 and into 1915. There is a probability that he also did a short stint with the Memphis, Tennessee band of W.C. Handy, a composer whom he highly regarded at times, and derided in later years. Working in Chicago with occasional travel to surrounding areas, Morton was no longer featured with Rosa, who had gone her own way, but worked with, among others, comedian and dancer William "Bojangles" Robinson. It was in Chicago that Morton's first big hit emerged in published form. His self-titled Original Jelly Roll Blues, issued in late 1915 by the well-established publisher Will Rossiter, created some issues before it was in print, in terms of arranging it in a way that was playable by the average pianist while retaining Morton's unique performance style. It would soon be made into piano rolls, recorded to disc, and even mentioned in a later song by Chicago composer Shelton Brooks, most famously as a line in his Darktown Strutter's Ball from 1917. "I'm gonna dance off both my shoes, when they play those Jelly Roll Blues, tomorrow night at the Darktown Strutter's Ball." By that time, Ferd's reputation for his playing and his vivacious personality, both good and suspect, was well established among his peers, and was gaining traction with the public. According to some newspaper reports, as well as narrative from Barbary Coast pianist Paul Lingle, Morton made some of his first West Coast appearances during the latter part of 1915 at the Pan-American Exhibition (World's Fair) in San Francisco, California. As there was a similar event held in San Diego, California, near the Mexican border, at that time, it is possible that Morton also appeared in Southern California, but that was sketchy to confirm at best. Morton circulated around the Midwest in 1916, sticking largely to Indianapolis, Saint Louis and Chicago. However, he apparently enjoyed California, or at least found that the dearth of professional pianists of his caliber in the state provided him some golden opportunities, and eventually migrated out to Los Angeles in late 1916 or early 1917, possibly following the lead of bandleader William Manuel Johnson and his sister Anita who moved there at the same time. Rise To Fame and Legend - The West Coast One of the first locations where Morton set up was the Cadillac Café in Los Angeles in the spring of 1917, where he would play through most of the year. Before Morton came out, Los Angeles, California, was a rather unremarkable location during the bulk of the ragtime era. Very little published ragtime emerged from that city in the 1900s and 1910s, and most of the contemporary piano music of that period was presented on the vaudeville stage, in addition to popular songs and old favorites. The bulk of ragtime pianists and showmen were up north working the Barbary Coast section of San Francisco and the Bay Area, and even up into Seattle, Washington. Morton (highlighted) in front of the Cadillac Cafe in October, 1917, with (l-r) "Common Sense" Ross, Albertine Pickens, Ada "Bricktop" Smith, Eddie Rucker and Mabel Watts. However, at the beginning of the jazz age, just before and around the time of Morton's arrival, there was surge of contemporary popular instrumental music in Southern California, which coincided to some degree with the growth of the film industry there, which was at a highly-accelerated pace from 1913 to 1920. After several months at the Cadillac, either as a soloist or with local ensembles or singers, Morton decided to bring a taste of home to the city. In early 1918 he formed his Creole Jazz Band comprised of several fellow New Orleans musicians, including Mack Lewis on the Clarinet, Buddie Petit on trumpet, Willie Moorehead on trombone, and a pianist/clarinetist, Dink Johnson, on drums. Dink was Anita and William Johnson's brother. He had actually played the clarinet with trombonist Edward "Kid" Ory's band prior to his west coast migration. He would later play a somewhat important role in Morton's life near the end. Johnson's piano playing in particular would be audibly influenced by Morton, as later recordings and compositions would attest. In the winter of 1918 the group played near the Mexican border in San Diego, and also may have made excursions at times into Tijuana, albeit more for recreation and to soak in the culture than anything else. At this juncture it should be noted that quite a few of Morton's pieces written throughout his career had what many called a "Spanish tinge" applied to them. This could be analyzed as mildly syncopated melody over constant habanera bass line (not "tango" as some have mislabeled it). Even though Morton clearly spent time in Tijuana and parts of Northern Mexico, that influence most likely came from his home town. From the 1880s into the early 20th century, traveling mariachi bands would work their way from Mexico through Texas and over to the Gulf Coast, so they were often heard playing their Latin-tinged pieces in New Orleans. Some have claimed that they helped influence jazz in that town simply by selling of their instruments, including trumpets and guitars, so they could afford passage back home. While this may be possible, that they influenced several Southern musicians is clear, and that "Spanish tinge" feeling was clearly embedded in Morton throughout his composition career. By spring of 1918, the Creole Jazz Band (sometimes Orchestra) was back in Los Angeles. Among Morton's friends there was the notorious singer and nightclub entrepreneur Ada "Bricktop" Smith, who had already made waves in Chicago, and in the 1920s would forge her way to more fame in Paris, France, with her famous clubs being the talk of the continent. In May, Morton had one of his first renditions of the somewhat malleable Frog-I-More rag copyrighted. It would be one of his better-known standards for the next two decades. He also allegedly composed and became known for his thoroughly Spanish-tinged piece The Crave during this era, but whether this is factual is unclear, since Morton did not leave any clear evidence of this piece until at least 1938. Still in Los Angeles near the end of the ongoing war in Europe, Morton, as most men born in the early-to-mid 1880s, was called on to register for the final draft call on September 12th. The information on the card raises some questions and confusion. Ferd gave his permanent address as still in Chicago, his career as Actor rather than musician, and his employer as the Levi Circuit (actually an independent vaudeville organization run by Bert Levey) in San Francisco. The birth date shown was September 13, 1884, which is also a bit perturbing. He also listed a wife living in Los Angeles, but as "Mrs. F. Morton." The lady in question was the Johnson brothers' sister, Anita, who went by Juanita Gonzalez, but not Morton. She was a very fair-skinned mulatto creole who at times was able to pass for white. At some point Ferd claimed that he and Anita had been married as early as 1909. Jelly Roll with Jimmy Thompson in Los Angeles, 1917. It is possible that he had known Anita that far back while in New Orleans, but no official record of either a marriage or divorce has been located, so they were probably referring to a common-law marriage situation, much as Morton's birth parents were in. In spite of another questionably legal marriage in later years, Morton ultimately devoted much of his love to Anita, and depended on her when times were tough. She was clearly his anchor, even if at times he may have considered her his bane as well. During their early years in Los Angeles, Anita ran a hotel with some occasional help from Morton. Although she was a singer, she claimed that Ferd never let her perform with his band. But, as per what she told jazz historian Floyd Levin in 1950, he clearly cared for her, as Anita later noted that Morton did not want her to do the work required to run the hotel, instead hiring others to clean the rooms and run the front desk. In 1919 Morton was on the move again, literally, as there were reports he had sunk some of his earnings into a large twelve-cylinder touring car, making most likely either a National or a Packard. After a stint in San Francisco for the winter and spring, he traveled up to Vancouver, Canada, playing for some of the summer and fall in a jazz band led by pianist and clarinetist Oscar Holden. They were likely playing in the Patricia Café in the hotel it was named after. Bricktop also joined them for a while. He allegedly also worked as a pimp during this period, but that is possibly more legend than fact. The band continued into 1920 and 1921, but Morton was restless and moved on near the end of 1919, back to the United States, into what would be a much different environment than he had enjoyed over the last decade and more. The culprit was the vile (to many) Volstead Act, which was the enforcement vehicle for National prohibition of alcohol. New Orleans had already been dealt a blow in 1917 when the United States Navy, in an effort to keep their sailors safe and less distracted when in port, shut down Alfred Story's famed district, thereby partially ridding the city of a fairly good tax base supported by the lucrative business of prostitution. Now, the government, or more rightfully, a majority of the citizenry, decided to do away with the manufacture and sale of alcohol (albeit not the consumption, a major loophole), which was one of the drawing points of music establishment, in addition to the music itself. While all may have seemed lost at that point, the Volstead Act made alcohol more popular than ever, and the excitement of doing something not quite legal with a group of like-minded people to the wild sounds of a driving band or a blues group was just too irresistible to resist. So it was that Morton started playing in the Pacific Northwest in 1920 in Seattle and Portland in cabarets that more often than not added some coffee or tea in with their scotch. It could have been a moral disaster (depending on one's view of morality), but the alcohol and music business was soon booming again, and performers like Morton provided some of the "jazz age" soundtrack that went along with the grand experiment. Ferd appears to have stayed up in the Northwest through at least the summer of 1920, one of his stops being the Entertainer's Café in Seattle, and perhaps back to the Patricia now and then. Down in Los Angeles, from which a somewhat weekly report emerged in the Chicago Defender by way of "letters" from musician "Ragtime" Billy Tucker, the Spikes Brothers were running their So Different Music House on Central Avenue, where the core of black life was located in that city. The sold sheet music, instruments and phonographs, and even did a bit of publishing of their own works. Among those released in early 1920 was Some Day Sweetheart, which would become associated with Morton within the next few years. Morton with his oft-beloved favorite, Anita Johnson Gonzalez. The status of Cadillac is unclear, but it appears to have closed its doors shortly after the onset of prohibition. The big venues now in Los Angeles were the Dreamland, a popular name for band venues around the country in the 1920s, and the similarly-named Paradise Gardens dance hall, another growing hot spot. Morton would make his way down there soon enough. But he was also being lured by another intriguing spot south of the border. After bouncing around the west coast for most of 1920 and early 1921, Morton resituated himself with Anita back in Los Angeles in the late spring of 1921, and engaged his orchestra into the Paradise Gardens. They spent the summer there drawing big crowds, which according to one advertisement included some of the increasingly popular crop of "movie stars" from the Hollywood studios. For part of the summer, Jelly Roll's "Famous Creole Band" shared the venue with the Black and Tan Orchestra. The Spikes Brothers had expanded their empire as well, opening up a leisure park with amusements for "members of the Race" at Leake's Lake near the Watts neighborhood just south of downtown, calling it Wayside Amusement Park. It had become a true melting pot of African-Americans, Japanese, Asians, Mexicans, Irish, and many others, so a popular spot for boating, recreation and ja. Then in the fall came the alluring call from down south. Tijuana (a.k.a. Tia Juana), across the U.S./Mexico border from San Diego, was enjoying new-found popularity, in part because they didn't suffer from the restrictions of the Volstead act, and actually from a number of other allegedly repressive morality laws. There was a cry for entertainers to work down there for good money in cheap living situations. Musician Eddie Rucker made his case, and in the fall a few musicians followed. Morton applied for and received one-year visas from both California and the Mexican consulate allowing him to work in Tijuana as a musician. Whether Anita went with him or remained in Los Angeles running her establishment is unclear, but she likely made a few trips at the very least. It was also a popular spot with Hollywood royalty, and many went down to see bullfights, gamble in the casinos, or simply drown their sorrows while escaping the rigors of fandom. There is one story that soon after he started his tenure in Mexico that Morton and his orchestra were engaged to play at the prestigious U.S. Grant Hotel, named after the Civil War general and U.S. President, situated in San Diego. The gig in November, 1921, was purportedly arranged by Dink Johnson, but did not last long, albeit for unclear reasons. Johnson stated that the group was fired by management because Morton crossed his legs at the piano. The more likely story, as told by Morton, was that there was a white band playing elsewhere in the hotel and he discovered they were getting twice what his group was, so he pulled his group out and headed back across the border. Throughout the next several months Morton and his group would divide their time between Tijuana and Los Angeles, sharing the stages with a growing number of Negro jazz bands rivaling the level talent currently heard in Chicago and New York City. By the early spring of 1922 it was announced that Morton and his band were signed for a tour on the Pantages Theater circuit, although it may have been a relatively short trip with just a few nights in each location. Within a month Tucker wrote that Morton was now managing the Wayside Amusement Park performance venue, and his six-piece band was playing there four nights a week. Near the end of April Morton's venue received a visit from no less than Chicago's current jazz champion, Joseph "King" Oliver. He reportedly set the town on fire with his brand of trumpet playing. Ferd and his band held their own reign over Wayside through the summer months, although give that it was considered a respectable establishment and a largely outdoor venue, it is unclear if alcoholic beverages were offered on a regular basis. In July, Morton's friend "Kid" Ory brought his band to Los Angeles where they made some recordings at the Spike Brother's studio, and played on the radio, reportedly the first black jazz band to do so in Southern California. They stayed there into the fall. In September, Morton took his band on a short Southern California tour outside of Los Angeles, some of it in San Diego and back to Tijuana. Then the tenure in Tijuana became tenuous. Morton, according his interviews with Lomax, had already experienced an unfortunate incident with the law when he was briefly suspected in the slaying of a grocery store clerk in early January of 1923. In the end, arrests were made of two other black men, but it may have shaken him just enough to where he retreated back to Tijuana for a while. Then, in an unfortunate incident in early February, an American black man named Chester Carleton who was staying in Tijuana lent his car to a friend to take it to San Diego for the day. The car was in a collision with some $250 damage assessed. Carleton argued with the man, George Monteverde, and gunplay was initially diffused by a San Diego sheriff. However, they finally had a showdown just across the border on a bridge over the Tijuana River when Carleton fatally shot Monteverde, inciting a good-sized riot in the streets, and false reports of his lynching. Even though Carleton was assured he would have a fair trial, there was clear dissension against the black population, and many of them, including Morton, high-tailed it back to the North, either to San Diego or Los Angeles, not to return all that very soon. Many of the musicians, including Ferd, sought to stage a benefit concert and dance in mid-March to raise money to buy Carleton's freedom. In spite of their best efforts to get the necessary $15,000 bond, they managed only $283.50 for that evening. This was Morton's last hurrah in Los Angeles for nearly two decades, as he would soon leave Southern California, Mexico, and his long-time love and common-law wife Anita behind, heading to where the current nexus of jazz was having a decidedly national impact - Chicago, Illinois. Chicago, The Red Hot Peppers, and "Jelly Roll" Style In April of 1923 Ferd found himself back in Chicago with a well-rounded résumé. It is unclear how many members of his prior orchestras and bands joined him there, but even if it was none, Morton's reputation both as a performer and composer (and a number of other disciplines) was enough to attract new talent to his side. Although only a couple of his compositions were actually in print, they had been heard by many, and would soon find their way into circulation. One of Morton's concerns was allegedly that if his style was too closely emulated in print that others might catch on to it and give him unwanted competition. But there was also the demand, and the promise of income that sheet music sales could bring. So it was that some of the early Chicago issues of Morton pieces were either simplified or simply made a bit more generic, providing a framework for his chord and melodic structure without revealing too many of his tricks. In addition to publication, Ferd thought it was about time that he had his style heard in more than just local venues, and sought out a record company that would take him on. A recreation of the original Gennett Records studio at the county museum in Richmond, Indiana. According to a later memoir by blues composer and musician Perry Bradford, Morton asked him by way of a letter sent from Fort Wayne, Indiana, if Bradford might be able to get him some recording dates in New York. Perry had a better idea, which was to go to Richmond, Indiana, to see Harry Gennett, who would probably accommodate him. Gennett records was founded in 1917 by three brothers, Harry, Fred and Clarence Gennett, managers of the Starr Piano Company of Richmond, Indiana. Their initial studio was set up in New York City, but in 1921 they installed a rudimentary acoustic recording studio on the grounds of their Richmond factory. Even if the aural quality of their product was less than sufficient, the talent they attracted, being one of the first Midwest studios to record and distribute the work of black artists, was often stellar. This included the bands of King Oliver and Louis Armstrong, the New Orleans Rhythm Kings, and, in 1923, Morton. Although he had cut two sides for Paramount Records in a Chicago studio a month prior, his first recordings of note were laid down in Richmond in July, including several with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings. Some of them included his own compositions and arrangements. The sound quality was perhaps less than Morton would have wanted, but at least now his music was available to the average consumer, both black and white, and it laid the groundwork for a more lucrative future in records, especially after the advent of electrically-recorded sound. This session was followed later in the year by one at OKeh Records in Chicago. In order to obtain legal copyright protection and provide add-on sales through sheet music, Ferd went to the Melrose Brothers publishing company in Chicago, joining their writing and arranging staff. The company was started around 1920 by Walter and Lester Melrose, both of them important white supporters of black music in Chicago. The brothers would also take on works by Joe Oliver and Louis Armstrong, calling them "staff writers" as they did with Morton. They also tended to add lyrics to tunes in an effort to collect their own royalties on the songs, but can be forgiven this for the exposure and support they gave to many black composers of jazz. The material that the Melrose Brothers issued in 1923 and 1924 alone was comprised of some of Morton's most memorable, and over time, most played works. Morton's style was unique and emulated by many pianists, although rarely duplicated. Even in printed form it had a bounce to it, and he used many chord inversions instead of expected chord placements. His music was also more instrumental in nature, as even though he had played and recorded with many groups, he was able to imitate various instruments in his solo playing. Walter Melrose was also instrumental in making sure Morton's Gennett sessions went well, both helping to set them up as well as supporting proper rehearsal time. They routinely used the records to promote their sheet music, and vice-versa. Grandpa's Spells, a piano rag, was one of Ferd's early favorites. He was proud of the fact that with little effort (on his part, of course) it could be played as a rag in a café, but then turned around as a lively one-step or two-step at a society party with his orchestra. Kansas City Stomps was a great demonstration of not only his bounce, but his propensity to start a trio with a slight but dramatic pause in the action. Mr. Jelly Lord made for a great salacious blues performance, while Stratford Hunch had a sense of humor embedded in its composition. The Pearls was a piece that Morton claimed was one of the most difficult jazz numbers ever written (a bodacious and suspect claim, given what has emerged since the 1940s), but with one of the more memorable trios. There were two of these early numbers which found wide acceptance and acclaim, as well as performances on piano rolls and by bands around the United States. First was the King Porter Stomp, which was likely an homage to Porter King, whom Morton claimed was a Gulf Coast musician that he considered a dear friend and early influence. While King's identity has been challenging to historians, the piece has continued to enjoy a measure of fame in every decade since it was first published and recorded. Then there was The Wolverines, also known as the Wolverine Blues in song form. Vocalstyle label for a piano roll of The Pearls. Given the popularity of this creature as the official mascot of Michigan (embraced more so since the piece saw a measure of fame), it remains one of the most frequently played Morton pieces of that era in the guise of piano solos, duets, jazz bands, and even orchestras. Other notable works, such as Perfect Rag and the best of the Spanish-tinged pieces, The Crave, were likely composed and performed even before 1923, but did not find their way onto records or in print until the 1930s and 1940s. Of course, being that Morton was in the jazz-crazy booze-flowing flapper-happy town that "Billy Sunday could not shut down," he and his band had little trouble finding steady engagements in and around Chicago, including regional locales such from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to South Bend, Indiana. One of the hot spots in the latter town was the Tokio Gardens dance hall, about which several advertisements concerning Morton's groups appeared in late 1923 and early 1924. Other gigs followed as far off as Ohio, including one that would have some lasting impact. Much as they had arranged for Morton's audio recordings, the Walter Melrose also hooked Morton up with the Vocalstyle piano roll company in Cincinnati, Ohio, in mid-1924. They had been supposedly the first company that put lyrics on their piano rolls, and during the peak of the player piano craze in the early 1920s (eventually killed by the phonograph, and then radio), Vocalstyle was one of the more important roll manufacturers. They were able to capture thirteen Morton performances on mark-up rolls. According to the late historian Mike Montgomery, Vocalstyle cut the rolls more or less as Morton performed them with virtually no editing, except for perhaps some missed notes. They created alternate takes in a sense to Ferd's Gennett and OKeh records, since he tended to make each performance different. However, after the sale of Vocalstyle to Q.R.S. in 1926, followed by the decline of the piano roll business in the 1930s, many of Morton's rolls disappeared, and only recently have collectors have been able to find nine of the thirteen performances. Over the next two years Morton would cut a handful of rolls for both Capitol and Q.R.S., expanding his legacy even further with engaging performances, but would stick to recordings from 1926 forward. Throughout the period of 1924 into mid-1926, although based in Chicago, Morton and his band went on several tours of parts of the country, even appearing on radio from time to time in a variety of studios. They cut more sides for Gennett, and also for two other recording studios, the resulting discs which were distributed by several labels. The Walter Melrose was more or less faithful in his support of Morton's music, but as per some historians dropped the ball in one regard. Morton could have and should have become a member of ASCAP. However, it was less of a race issue and more of an administrative one that he missed that opportunity, as Melrose was not a member at that time, and he required two ASCAP sponsors and five pieces published by an ASCAP house in order to qualify. This lack of protection would haunt him near the end of his life, but for the time being he was spending his gains on fancy clothes, cars, and diamonds, the latter which he famously had embedded into one of his front teeth. Among his biggest numbers released during this period was Milenberg Joys, composed with two associates of Morton. In the spring of 1926 Morton some solo sides for Vocalion Records, many that rivaled his 1924 solos for Gennett, but recorded with much better quality. In spite of his continuing success, one other big break that had evaded Morton was a major record label to better record and distribute his works. That was finally resolved in part by Walter Melrose, when with his assistance in mid-1926, Morton was signed to the Victor Talking Machine Company for a four-year contract. Arguably the best of the Morton records of the 1920s were those cut with his own band, the famous Red Hot Peppers. The first set of sides from the fall of 1926 were recorded using the Western Electric Orthophonic system, one of the best of that period. They were cut in the ballroom of the Webster Hotel in Chicago, a popular spot both for recording and radio broadcasts. The Morton tracks on Victor have since become legendary, and even as they were originally released quickly became best sellers for the important Victor catalog. Many of the tracks were re-recordings of tunes he had done with Gennett, Okeh, Vocalion and other labels. However, given his propensity for playing something a bit differently every time, and that Victor was recording his work with microphones instead of acoustic horns, it was worth reprising all of these works. Extant multiple takes of some of the tracks reveal differences not only in Morton's performances but also those of his band. Among the most memorable of the Victor recordings done by Morton in Chicago was Black Bottom Stomp, equally as engaging as a band number as it was for solo piano. Sidewalk Blues was also unique for some off the beat percussion, and an opening and closing that included some sidewalk chatter and street sound effects to boot. One of Joe Oliver's numbers was included in the mix with a substantially hot take, that being Doctor Jazz. He also covered the Spikes Brother's song Someday Sweetheart, a recording for which he would be known for some time. Even though he was sharing the spotlight with Oliver, Armstrong, and other black performers of the period, Ferd and his group held their own during the peak of the jazz age. They also found a lot of traction in England on Victor's sister label, H.M.V. (His Master's Voice), garnering good reviews in the United Kingdom and Europe. The next set of records made in June of 1927 fared equally well, with some of the standouts being Wild Man Blues and the increasingly popular Wolverine Blues. It is curious that given his contract with Melrose to write and arrange, as they copyrighted his pieces and published many of them during his five year contract from 1923-1928, that he rarely got arrangement credits on anything, particularly on his own pieces. There has been discussion about whether some of the charts were made before or after they were recorded, as some of them appear to closely emulate what made it to disc. The general consensus seems to be that Morton was a competent arranger overall, and that many times the recordings were done directly from his charts with little variance in the instrument performance other than the piano. A disc from 1925 featuring clarinetist Voltaire de Faut backed by Morton. However, it may have been a business decision by Walter Melrose in terms of distribution of funds that kept Morton's name from having more prominence outside of composer credits. Morton did play with a few other musicians on Chicago recording dates from 1926 to 1928, including a few for Columbia with Johnny Dunn. However, he was usually better as a leader rather than a side man, and his best work was with his own groups. They included subsets of his band as well as the full group with the occasional shift in personnel. As the group rose in their popularity, which was publicly with black audiences and to some extent privately with white audiences who would buy the records but not always frequent the events, The Red Hot Peppers continued to tour the eastern half of the country from Buffalo, New York and Ontario, Canada, back to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In the latter location they famously took over the Alhambra Theater during the late summer of 1927 before extending their reach into the state of Iowa. While Melrose had been responsible for Morton's music rights to that time, Morton had engaged representation in New York City, possibly through Victor, and for a while was managed by the Music Corporation of America (M.C.A.). His five-year contract with Melrose ran out in the spring of 1928, and future pieces were rarely copyrighted through the rest of his life, and even fewer would find their way into print until the 1940s. Many of Morton's peers were enjoying an equal measure of success in 1927 and 1928, including Joe Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, and Duke Ellington, the latter who would soon reign over the music scene of Harlem in New York City. In the late 1920s, in fact, there was a geographic shift as the center of gravity of hot jazz moved from Chicago to New York. The latter was building better clubs and theaters, had a wider reach with radio in the early days of networks, and some of the better recording studios and engineers. In the spring of 1928 Morton took his group to New York City for performances at Danceland and other venues, and in June recorded six sides at the Victor studios, likely his first sides done in New York with his band. However, his stop there was only temporary, as the band continued on a scheduled tour throughout the rest of the year, focusing more on the East and Mid-Atlantic states rather than the Northeast and Midwest. The part of Morton's life that had been missing, or at least largely neglected since he left Los Angeles, was Anita, although there was no indication they were ever legally married. She had more or less been abandoned when he left for Chicago. There was likely a string of other women in his life for the next several years. The Red Hot Peppers recording in Camden, New Jersey, July of 1929. However, in 1927, Ferd met showgirl Mary Mabel Bertrand. A New Orleans native who was just a couple of years older than Ferd, Mabel was already married when Ferd met her, probably for the second time, and had been playing and singing in a number of stage plays, musicals and nightclubs in Chicago, New York, and the east during the mid-to-late 1920s. According to collected information, which is sketchy in some cases, Mabel and Ferd became involved in either Chicago or Kansas City, Missouri, when they started to cohabitate. Mabel claimed that she and Morton were married by a justice of the peace in Gary, Indiana, in November of 1928, although documentation of such a union has been evasive, and therefore questionable. Just the same, Mabel used the name Morton for many years, including on her Social Security Card application in 1943. From 1928 for at least part of the next decade, Mabel was Morton's companion as they traveled the country. Much of the winter and spring of 1929 was spent in New York State and Pennsylvania playing for dancing throngs. After a Fourth of July appearance in Pittsburgh, Morton and his band traversed eastward across the state to Philadelphia. On July 8th, 1929, he crossed the Delaware into Camden, New Jersey, where Morton made a series of solo records for what was now R.C.A. Victor, the record company having recently been bought by the Radio Corporation of America. Two more sessions would follow with his group, which on the label was cited as Jelly Roll Morton and His Orchestra rather than their better known name of Red Hot Peppers. Then it was back on the road for more concertizing through much of the East, primarily Pennsylvania where the group had become extremely popular. However, changes were coming, not just for Morton and jazz, but for the entire country. The bubble of Wall Street and American prosperity on leveraged dollars was about to burst, and the timing was not so good for many musicians who had been riding high for most of the 1920s. New York City - Depressing Times Moving on, as always, to bigger and better horizons, and following the lead of many Chicago musicians who had found more fame either in Europe or on the East Coast, Morton and some of his band relocated their base to New York City, just ahead of the coming Great Depression. In November and December, just after the stock market crash, Morton and various personnel recorded another set of tracks in the R.C.A. Victor studios in New York City. One of the most famous Morton poses from around 1928, which included a management address in New York City. Although they ostensibly continued to fulfill contract dates into 1930, Morton appeared to have been possibly looking for something that would keep him more in New York on a steady basis. According to an article in March of 1930 in the Baltimore Afro-American, Morton had set up a dance school and publishing house in mid-town Manhattan in the Roseland Building a few blocks north of Times Square. For the 1930 enumeration, Ferd and Mabel were lodging in Manhattan, New York, just a few blocks from Harlem. Ferd was listed as a theater musician and Mabel as a theater actor, although having trimmed some fourteen years off her actual age. More recordings for R.C.A were made throughout 1930, with sessions in March, April, June and July. Ferd also worked as an accompanist for a couple of singers, and cut a few sides with his associate Wilton Crawley. One of those tracks, Fussy Mabel, was likely written for his self-declared wife. But records weren't selling so well at a time when more people were buying radios and the parts to keep them running. The growing broadcast medium had different content played on it every day, rather than the same old material, and was usually live. During a time of economic hardship radio seemed like the better investment for music fans with dwindling funds. So many piano roll and record companies went out of business, and the larger ones trimmed their belts by going more mainstream in their choices and dropping fringe or niche acts, even if they had their fans. Even sheet music took a substantial hit in the early 1930s. Such was Morton's fate after his October 9th, 1930 session after which his contract with R.C.A. Victor would not be renewed. It would be nearly a decade before he recorded for R.C.A. Victor once more. As money dried up, so did gigs, in spite of the continuing fame of Morton's band. However, there was a flip side to this from a musically progressive point of view. Band's like those of Fletcher Henderson, Edward "Duke" Ellington and Cab Calloway, all doing well in Harlem and around the East, were moving forward into the 1930s and either adopting or setting new musical trends. Ferd had been experimental to some degree, especially with pieces like Pep and Freakish, but he was, in many regards, still embedded in his world of ragtime, blues and stomps. The recordings of his own works made this clear, even though the band did tackle some newer material by other composers. His playing style was highly unique, but did not adapt well into the age of early swing and radio crooners. Hot music also, to some, was not as appropriate a soundtrack during the Great Depression as was slower blues (which Morton did well), love ballads, and songs pulled from Broadway shows by George and Ira Gershwin, Jerome Kern, Irving Berlin and Cole Porter. To add to this, as was more readily discovered in later years, Morton was either recycling tunes under different names, or simply playing variations on his numbers, figuring to call them something different. [These are noted in the Compositions list with bracketed titles.] This musical paradigm shift made Morton's remaining band, and even himself as a soloist, less viable for radio. Even the live venues were having their own troubles, some not being able to pay well, if at all time. Such was the case when he presented his revue Speeding Along at the Jamaica [New York] Theater in late May and early June of 1931. The management of the theater was extracting funds from the nightly take to cover necessary costs for operation, but his spending got out of control to the point where, according to the New York Age of June 6, he was unable to pay the musicians the $00 he owed them. While the band was still able to find some work in dance venues throughout the East and New England, the payments were less. The advertising often cited Morton as appearing with his "Victor Recording Orchestra" even though they were no longer under contract to the record company. As they continued into 1932, appearing at times with other groups, Morton's name started to show up further and further down the list. Even though they had reigned during the 1910s and 1920s, the Great Depression was hard on musicians of color in the 1930s, and even their union in New York City was hard-pressed to address the problem with any great effectiveness. By 1933 Morton was more of a fading celebrity than a working musician. His presence at occasional musical events, some honoring other musicians, was noted in the papers. However, his band was no longer extant, some of the members having sought work elsewhere, or even retreating to Chicago or their home towns. When he played out of town it was more often than not with local musicians following his charts. Claims of him playing with the Red Hot Peppers or his Victor Recording Orchestra were only partially true at times, as some of personnel were not involved with the stellar sessions of the 1920s. Performances in 1934 and 1935 were very infrequent, or at least rarely found in newspapers that have survived into the 21st century. Morton eventually distanced himself from many of his peers to the point where he was actually ostracized and outcast by the musician's union that held jurisdiction in New York. He blamed some of the musicians for not wanting to follow his charts, and imbibing at performances. However, Morton was also viewed as singularly difficult to work with, as per an article in the Philadelphia Afro-American of April 11, 1936: THE MAN WHO REALLY INVENTED JAZZ IS NOT PERMITTED TO PLAY IT Morton in Times Square, New York City, around 1935. It is ironical, but true that the man who really invented jazz is now not permitted to play it. Jellyroll Morton, who because of his strange piano style, created this modern rhythm, because of his disagreement with the musicians' union is kept out of organized music circles and is prevented from forming an orchestra. Morton, who now makes his home in Harlem, claims that he was playing jazz long before James Reese Europe and his famous band made that type of music an international novelty during the war. New Orleans is the home of jazz, according to Morton. While Jim Europe was busying himself with the musicians' headquarters in making plans to organize a band for the 15th Regiment of the N.Y.N.G a band stole into New York from New Orleans called the Creole Band and played at the Palace Theatre for two weeks and broke all records for attendance. Sans [sic] piano and drums, they even improved on Jim Europe's ragtime. The owner of the band was William Johnson, brother-in-law of Jellyroll Morton. Europe went abroad with the 15th Regiment band where he introduced jazz in Europe, with the same results. Meanwhile Jellyroll Morton set about in earnest to develop this type of music which he called jazz and discovered that it had a much better effect if played in a slower tempo. He gave the following definition of jazz music: Jazz music is a cross between American ragtime with an inaccurate tempo and Spanish music with an accurate tempo... With that, Mr. Morton assumes full responsibility as the creator of jazz music: Jazz music is a [sic] still in its infancy... To further his claim that jazz is not yet perfected, Mr. Morton states that in all instruments there may be obtained, notes so odd and freakish that very few musicians are capable of producing them. Those who have, had no way of recording them because there were no such notes in the musical scale... The article continued on with information on other famous bands playing in Harlem and New York at that time, but did not provide further details on Morton's exile from organized music, as it were. Just the same, this and continuing financial woes may have been the final straw for Morton in New York City. He had lost most of his assets, including some enterprises he had invested in, and was in disputes with Melrose Music (which was no longer owned the Melrose Brothers) over royalties and his non-admission to ASCAP. Broke and dejected, either out of pride or embarrassment, or very likely just frustration, he extracted himself from New York in May or June of 1936 and moved down to Washington, DC, where he would find himself all but forgotten in the wake of the swing era, which would officially start later that year out in California. Washington, DC - Obscurity, Then Rediscovery Mabel, who had remained in New York, later noted that she thought Ferd had moved to the Nation's Capital with the intention of promoting professional fights, and not so much to continue in music. However, without seemingly trying to make a splash, but merely a statement, Ferd walked in to the offices of Washington, DC, broadcast station WOL in mid-June of 1936 and asked for an audition, reportedly without even giving his name, as noted in the Washington Daily News of June 23. Needless to say he passed their audition, and once he announced who he was the lights clearly turned on for most in the place. So for a few days in late June and early July, Jelly Roll Morton gave his own accounting of the history of jazz over the airwaves in Washington. Then he all but disappeared. Over the next several months, Ferd managed to find work and part-ownership in a downtown Washington D.C. bar at 1211 U Street in the black area of town. Under a variety of names, including The Music Box and The Blue Moon Inn, it was best remember as The Jungle Inn when it was finally "discovered" as it were. Morton went into the partnership with a woman named Cordelia Rice Lyle. The relationship likely went a bit beyond professional as well. Ferd Morton playing in Washington, DC, around 1937. It has been thought that Morton's 1938 tune Sweet Substitute was written for Cordelia or with her in mind. In any case, Ferd was under the radar for some time, known only to local crowds, who came down to hear him play, present little shows, and act as a master of ceremonies for certain events, keeping The Jungle in business to a degree. He was also a bartender, barrel opener and bouncer, taking on many roles that would have seemed unlikely just a decade before. A small note appeared in Down Beat magazine in a May, 1937 issue, noting that "The Originator of Jazz and Swing" (in 1906 no less) was playing at The Jungle Inn. This was seen by a few fans, including another Down Beat writer, James Higgins, who followed the trail to U Street, "smack in the center of the town's jig district." Somebody else who found him at this time, likely through word of mouth, was Mabel. After some awkward apologies on Ferd's part concerning his seeming abandonment and lack of communication, she joined him for a time in Washington, which could have been a tenuous situation, but was handled in a civil matter by all parties. She made it clear that she was accepted as Morton's wife, and treated as such. Down Beat continued to find interest in the historical aspect of the somewhat forgotten Jelly Roll Morton, and From December, 1938 to March, 1938, published a three-part article written by Professor Marshall Winslow Stearns, which outlined Morton's version of the history of jazz and swing. Having started out from the very opening with a falsehood - he gave his birth year as 1885, possibly to prove him as old enough to have invented jazz - it gave an accounting of a number of events of his earlier years; some true, some enhanced, and some later found to have never happened. To be fair, Stearns, perhaps a bit in awe of his subject, was partially complicit in the soft lies and blatant inaccuracies, having not expanded his research in many cases where it could have told another story. The attention from Down Beat was followed by other stories, including one published in Washington, which credited him with the roar heard in Tiger Rag, taking his name from the composition which got him started (albeit in 1910), and having recorded for Victor as far back as 1905 (only 21 years off the mark). There were other fantastical tales within that March, 1938, article, including Morton ending up in jail at six months with a drunk baby-sitter, and referring to the area between New Orleans and Mobile, Alabama, as the "Cradle of Swing," which is a suspect claim at best. However, Morton nonetheless represented jazz and American music history in a colorful manner, and his popularity was clearly gaining traction again, if among those interested in nostalgia or a window to the past. Even though he liked to talk about the past, he was also trying to promote his newer compositions and playing style, perhaps in an effort to become relevant to a new generation. Morton so believed many of the tales he had been spinning that he actually took umbrage at a radio broadcast he heard one evening that seemed to diminish his credit in jazz history. The March 25, 1938 broadcast of the popular syndicated radio show, Ripley's Believe It or Not, did a profile on W.C. Handy and a short history of jazz and blues. In that profile Handy was referred to as the originator of jazz and blues [a claim that has sense been disproven, as both came about by committee more so than any one individual]. Morton immediately fired off a letter that was closer to a manifesto than a simple challenge to the claim. Sent not only to Ripley's, but to the Baltimore Afro-American and Down Beat magazine, the latter who he felt had treated him favorably, the letter asked for Ripley's to furnish proof of their information, as he knew better. In fact, he had invented jazz in New Orleans in 1902, several years before Saint Louis Blues had been played in 1911 [it was actually 1915]. Having allegedly met Handy in 1908, Morton noted that he did not have nearly the ability required to play such music, and actually [a somewhat correct assertion] had taken many of his themes from other musicians, forming his own works. After going on about the supposedly true history of how Saint Louis Blues really became famous, which was through his own arrangement as played by white bandleader and self-proclaimed "King of Jazz" Paul Whiteman (also a spurious claim), he went on to explain how the standard arrangement of instruments for jazz bands evolved, and closed with a lament about the need for stricter copyright laws, no doubt a reference to his ongoing battle with Melrose Music. A similar letter found its way into an edited version in the Washington Post in early May. Before long they were a point of discussion in the music business, and in spite of Morton's wishing Handy success in the music business, it could not help but chill their relationship, as well as negatively taint the opinion of some readers who knew better against Morton and his attitude. Either because of the Down Beat articles or the Ripley's melee, Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton was fortuitously "rediscovered" by historian Alan Lomax in May of 1938. Lomax was a Texas native who, like his father, John Avery Lomax, became a folk-music archivist. The Lomax ventures starting in 1933 were largely funded by the Library of Congress, and they essentially went out into the field around various parts of the country with recording equipment capturing what they felt was the most genuine or indigenous folk music from each locale. Some artists who later became well known were actually made so through the efforts of the Lomaxes, including folk singer Woody Guthrie and blues guitarist Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter. In 1937 at age 22, he became a Washington resident when the Library appointed him as an assistant archive director, essentially a custodian and historian for the work he and his father had already accomplished. It was Jelly Roll enthusiast and record collector Sidney Martin who actually introduced Morton to Lomax. This presented a unique opportunity for Lomax, because unlike many of his subjects, Ferd had already been well-recorded, even if his efforts were becoming distant memories. In this instance, it allowed Alan to focus more on the history of the music, including blues, ragtime and stomps, from the slightly inflated but still informed point of view of Morton. Having obtained permission and some funding, Alan took a Presto disk recorder (it seems likely that there were two in order to overlap the end of one disc with the start of another) to the Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge auditorium, and between May 23 and December 14, 1938, recorded around nine hours of conversations with and music played by Morton. Some was biographical and some was historical in context, but in spite of some inaccuracies or selective memory moments on the part of Morton, it remains one of the first and best oral histories of the ragtime era and the days of early jazz. The resulting recordings eventually begat three separate threads, two of which, when they first appeared, were groundbreaking, even if time has managed to add a number of annotations or corrections to each. The first was Lomax's book Mister Jelly Roll: The Fortunes of Jelly Roll Morton , which appeared in 1950 some nine years after Morton's death, and incidentally around the same time as another pioneering book that touched on Morton here and there, They All Played Ragtime by Rudi Blesh and Harriet Janis. Alan, who was still in his mid-thirties when his tome was published, did the best he could with the information he had gotten a decade prior. There was some research outside of the sessions with Morton applied to the text, but much of it was riddled with inaccuracies, misalignments, or plain old misinformation, some of it coming from Morton, and some of it through the difficult process of listening to the discs which sometimes had noises or other errors. The latter problem was particularly prevalent when it came to how he interpreted the pronunciation and spelling of many of the names Morton ran off during his narrative. There have been some improved texts since that time, but one of the best sources to consider outside of Lomax's book is the research compiled at the site of the late Mike Meddings of England (see credits below for more), which although it is not as much a narrative like a book, could be considered a detailed annotation of Morton's life with a number of interesting sidebars. Without Lomax's accumulative efforts, the information we have now on Morton would be lacking to quite a degree. The second thread involved the recorded material itself. There were many faults in the recordings, the most prevalent one being a lack of consistent speed. The Presto machine(s) had been adapted to work on batteries, but it would seem likely that AC power would have been used for the sessions, unless the reconfiguration of the device removed that capability. They also reportedly ran anywhere from 80 to 87 RPM, 85 being the best average speed to reproduce the content at the proper pitch. Still, the speed was not consistent between discs, and not even from the start to finish of a single disc. Even though they resided at Library of Congress, (and possibly a copy that ended up with Morton, and then his estate), permission was needed to release any of the material for the public. After several attempts by collectors and enthusiasts to gain access to them through his estate lawyer, a representative was sent by Circle Records, which was run by Rudi Blesh, to secure the permission to run off a limited edition. The plea worked, and Blesh spent time at the Library of Congress trying to get an acceptable transfer from their staff. The job was apparently rushed, and little or no effort was made to fix sound issues, and particularly speed issues, perhaps in order to move Blesh on his way. Editing had to have been an issue, even when dealing with hard-core enthusiasts, because some of Morton's material was, itself, hard-core in its profanity and graphic content. With some effort, however, perhaps just over 300 sets of the dubs were released to the public through mail order in the late summer of 1947, which was in the form of 45 Vinylite 12" discs. It is notable that the following year would see the introduction of both the long-playing record and commercial audio tape recording, both of which would have been of great benefit to this particular project. Blesh did attempt to rectify some of the issues by presenting a release in 1950 consisting of 12 LPs, but all of the noise and speed faults remained, making it even a poorer seller than the first edition. Over the years, technology has been re-applied to the originals to fix noise and speed faults, resulting in a limited-scope 4 CD set release partially funded by Congress in 1994. Eventually the entire set of recordings, cleaned up, speed corrected, and with all of the original profanity and pornography intact, was released in 2005. The third thread was the part that reignited the subject himself, Jelly Roll was so encouraged by this growing interest in his history and his music, particularly from Down Beat fans, that even before the initial sessions with Lomax he assembled a small ensemble and drove up to a studio in East Baltimore, Maryland, to record a series of tracks. Most of them were pieces by his contemporaries, including the iconic Honeysuckle Rose by Thomas "Fats" Waller. One other session would follow in August, resulting in three of his own compositions committed to disc. They were not commercially released until decades after his death, so the intent of these sessions is unclear, but evidently one that represented the hope of the comeback for Ferd. Another set of articles appeared in Down Beat during the late summer and fall of 1938, both culled from and in response to the Ripley letter. One of those was a letter from W.C. Handy, who made it clear that he was a blues player, not a jazz player and that "I would not play jazz, even if I could." He redressed both Morton and Down Beat, the former being accused of attacking him like a "crazy man," and the latter for their choice of running the original letter with the headline "W.C. Handy is a Liar." It was backed up with a great deal of credible information to support Handy's original claim, and, at least for the time being, appears to have put everybody in their proper place historically at the very least, even though Handy was adamant about his [questionably] having created the Blues music form. Just the same, the reaction of some papers was to fan the flames a bit, and the debate on who was right, perhaps neither of them, continued in Down Beat well into the following year. Throughout 1938, Ferd had continued to work at the Jungle Inn, which was the Blue Moon by this time, with Mabel joining him behind the bar and as a waitress. According her account as found in Lomax's book, it was one evening in August that Morton had to exercise his role as a bouncer when a patron became a bit too rowdy and used some foul language. Ferd allegedly slapped the man to put him in line, and then went back to the piano to fulfill his role as entertainer. The culprit then sneaked up behind Ferd at the piano and stabbed him somewhere in the head or neck. When Morton turned around to deflect the man, the knife entered his chest just above heart. Mabel ended the conflict with a well-placed ashtray on the man's head, preventing any further injury. The customers also had to pull Ferd off the man as he was ready to lay into him with a pipe. Just the same, the chest wound that he suffered was potentially mortal in nature. Rushed to a local Washington hospital by the police, Morton was quickly put under an electric fan to combat the August heat, but also given an ice water pack on his wounds. The end result was that it stopped the flow of blood through the wound, but not inside the body. The resulting pool of blood that may have remained above his heart for some time, coupled with what may have been three-decade bout of syphilis, ultimately contributed to a decrease in pulmonary function for Morton. Had the wound been properly tended to on the spot, or the venereal disease treated with penicillin (not yet available during his lifetime), Jelly Roll might have had a fight chance. However, his descent into a death that would come within three years likely began that August night. Due to a sketchy recovery, Mabel was reticent for Ferd to return to any type of work schedule, which included the physically exerting activity of playing the piano. She would have none of it, but Ferd would have none of the alternative, and was soon playing again, albeit with more effort expended. His time in Washington was coming to a close, and he felt like the opportunity for a comeback was a reality due to the continuing Down Beat mentions, fan letters, and even the controversy. The final recording session between Morton and Lomax in December was followed by one in the WINX studio in Washington where he recorded a few sides that were soon released on Jazz Man records, based in Hollywood, California. This further encouraged him, and the decision was made. No more bartending. No more brawls. He needed to get back to a life of publicly acknowledged performance, and there was one place for that. So (according to Mabel) on Christmas Eve of 1938, Jelly Roll and the Mrs. pointed their car northward, and drove through a blinding snowstorm back to New York City, allegedly never looking back. New York and Los Angeles - The Final Years - A Hard Road Traveled Ferd's intent was clear, and by late December, even before leaving DC, he had sent a letter off to Down Beat listing members of his new All-Star Band. In fact, most announced in a letter published in Down Beat in February of 1939 were indeed well-known, even if it was more of a wish list, since not all of them stayed with Morton for very long. As for his New York status, letters published in Down Beat in February and March were shown as originating from Washington, DC, which either was a latency issue with publication, or perhaps Morton's December break was not all that definitive. In any case, he was playing gigs in Harlem by the late spring, and one at the Golden Gate Ballroom nearly did him in, even before he made the stage. Lomax, who visited him in New York, and some others, made it clear that Morton was far from healthy. The accumulative blood pool had lowered pulmonary and lung function to a point where Morton was experiencing asthma and overall breathing difficulty. Recording at R.C.A. Studio #3 in New York City on September 14, 1939. So his opening night at the Golden Gate turned into a trip to the hospital, where he remained for several weeks, according to Lomax. When he was released, it was reportedly with the advice that he should discontinue his work as a professional musician. This sage warning apparently just bounced off of Morton, who went right back into the fray. After a nine year hiatus, he went into the R.C.A. Victor studios with his band to cut some discs for their side label, Bluebird Records. Although Morton had new material to offer, he and the band, now called the New Orleans Jazzmen, recorded some old New Orleans favorites, some of which he had recently relayed to Lomax at the Library of Congress. These two September dates were his final sessions Victor records. The inclusion of musical veterans such as soprano saxophonist Sidney Bechet and trumpeter Sidney de Paris, as well as drummer Zutty Singleton, were all noteworthy, although a report in Down Beat indicated that Morton was not entirely pleased with the results or his choice of personnel. There were follow-up sessions in December held at Reeves Sound Studios in Manhattan, comprised largely of older works played as solos by Morton. These sessions continued into January, 1940, and were capped by two dates with other musicians near the end of the month. Even though it was not his intention, these were has last official appearances in a recording studio. During that period, Ferd had also done a couple of radio appearances, but regular playing dates in public appeared to have been avoided by necessity, with only occasional appearances at special events where he shared the stage with some of his notable peers. When the Bluebird album was released in late February of 1940, the event was picked up by Time Magazine, which did a short article in their March 11 issue, mostly a short biography. The Bluebird set was closely followed by the release of his Reeves tracks on the General Records label, the latter not well marketed, and therefore met with limited public interest and tepid sales. As he had been doing for the past couple of years for interviews, Ferd insisted that his year of birth was 1885, making it easier for historians and the public to believe he was actually present at the birth of jazz, perhaps delivering it as well. Morton with some of his All-Star Band at RCA Studio #3, September 14, 1939. The 1940 enumeration, taken on April 17, showed Ferd and Mabel residing in a Harlem boarding house, and he was listed as a "music composer," rather than as a musician, working from home. For this record he softened up on age just a little, indicating a probable 1886 birth year. During his time in New York, Morton was fighting two other battles, one which he eventually won, and another that turned into a frustrating mission of futility. Due to the Walter Melrose's non-affiliation with ASCAP during his tenure with Morton, Ferd was not qualified to be inducted into that organization, which was proving to be a relatively good service for protecting the legal rights of musicians and collecting royalties for them. The latter had also been an issue, and Morton felt he was owed considerably more for both the recordings and publications of his works from the 1920s than he had received. This put him into a fight with Melrose Music (which had not been run by either Melrose brother for many years) and MCA, who had hosted his tours of the late 1920s. While Ferd was pursuing some form of recompense for his work, he was admitted into ASCAP, although whether it was through a softening of the rules, other affiliations (two member sponsors were necessary as well), or simply in recognition of his contributions to music is unclear. Either way, he was an ASCAP member before 1939 was out. The royalty fight continued in the press nearly to his death. He told Down Beat in their October 1, 1940, issue, that he estimated he had been "robbed of three million dollars" in royalty payments because, "Everyone today is playing my stuff and I don't even get credit." Given the time that had elapsed since the original alleged inactions, and the changeover of ownership of Melrose Music, the end result was not favorable to Morton. Having filed an action as early as 1939, which was escalated in the spring of 1940, he ended up having to drop it by August, likely due to diminishing resources and health concerns. With his breathing issues limiting his appearances, Morton did whatever he could to stay relevant, either with the occasional radio appearance or contributions to jazz history through interviews. However, he did have big plans in his continuing efforts at a comeback. In November of 1940 he headed west, without Mabel, and back to the place where he first rose to fame, hoping he might do so again. Ferd Morton relocated back to Los Angeles, California. The trip was an arduous one, and ill-advised, given his diminishing health. Morton drove through the northern tier of the Midwest in his Lincoln while towing his 1938 Cadillac sedan on a chain. The Lincoln was not in good shape, and he had to abandon it in Idaho in a snowstorm, continuing on to California in the Cadillac. Along the way he wanted to make an old connection, stopping in Canyonville, Oregon, to visit with Anita. She had been married to a white service station and restaurant owner named Jack Ford in the mid-1920s (providing more evidence that she and Morton had never made their union official), but still cared for the aging and now increasingly challenged Ferd. This was not the last they would see of each other. Finally arriving in Los Angeles in mid-November, Ferd he teamed up once again with Benjamin Spikes, forming a new publishing company in Hollywood to issue his works and establish copyrights. In spite of his hard-fought affiliation with ASCAP, Morton and Spikes chose to align their company with the recently formed rival protective agency, BMI. In doing so, Ferd also made assurances to that entity that he could secure them a cadre of talented Negro composers, increasing BMI's overall worth in a time when many of those composers were making major contributions to white swing bands, most notably the various groups of clarinetist Benny Goodman. However, armed with charts of fresh arrangements, he hoped to perform and record new material as well, some with his old friends who had stayed in Los Angeles, including Edward "Kid" Ory, Ed Garland, Bud Scott, Ram Hall and Mutt Carey. Some of Morton's movements of this time period are partially known through a series of mildly passionate letters addressed to Mabel in New York. A number of them were full of promises never kept, and even more lamented his failing health and financial woes. That Anita had come down from Oregon in early 1941 to tend to Ferd's health seems to have never been a topic discussed in this correspondence. His friends and colleagues in Los Angeles were aware not only of Anita's presence, but Morton's failing health, which made the news in Down Beat in early April. It mentioned that he was "Seriously ill in a little cottage just off Central Avenue," which was likely the house of Anita's brother Dink Johnson. The article also noted that he had been suspended from the American Federation of Musicians for a $45 claim made against him by two other members some time back. After further indicating that his enterprise with Spikes had similarly failed, it made it clear that "He's angry at the AFM, angry at ASCAP, angry at BMI, angry at the old pump [heart] for letting him down when he had so much to do. He's just angry enough to fight back like all hell — and maybe win. Less than three weeks later it was announced in the Los Angeles Times that Morton had been secured as a technical adviser for R.K.O. pictures, specifically concerning scenes with old minstrel show dances for the film The Band Played On. This was an optimistic endeavor at best, but a role he never fulfilled. It was also around the time that his letters to Mabel ceased, leaving her somewhat in the dark about his dire situation. Those who read the news stories in Down Beat and had some concern about his plight offered to help, but Morton politely turned them down, as noted in their May 1 edition, promising that he was in better condition. "I've had plenty of trouble, all right, but I'm not licked." Unfortunately that was not the case. As his heart was working harder just to keep him mobile, Morton's strength quickly waned. In early June he was sent to a sanitarium to deal with the asthma and pulmonary issues. Down Beat reported this, albeit a few days too late, and noted that Ferd was in need of financial assistance as well. By late June, Ferd was admitted to Los Angeles County General Hospital. Anita was by his side throughout the ordeal, and had been helping defray the finances with help from her husband. While he was still questionably "of sound mind," Morton made out a will or something like it that bequeathed his assets and the copyrights he owned to her. It would later become a controversial point of contention in a number of legal battles. Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe "Jelly Roll" Morton died on July 10th, 1941, at age 50, reportedly with Anita at his bedside. She was the official informant on his death certificate, claiming to be Mrs. Morton, although there is some possibility this was a clerical decision. The official cause was "cardiac decompensation" due to "hypertensive heart disease," meaning that he literally and figuratively died of a broken heart. There were many tributes to Morton in the days and months that followed, but perhaps the least of them was his poorly attended funeral at Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles, noted in part in a Chicago Defender article of July 26, 1941, for who did not show up. The names that were called out for this purported lack of respect were bandleaders Edward "Duke" Ellington and Jimmy Lunceford, as well as singer Ella Fitzgerald, all of who were in Los Angeles at the time. His pall bearers included Ory, Carey, Garland, and Fred Washington, but over the years, Morton's bodacious claims and arrogant attitudes had lost him a lot of friends in the music business, even if they thought better of him years after his demise. The Legacy of "Jelly Roll" Morton In the years that immediately followed Ferd's death, Anita faced legal challenges as to her inheritance, such as it was, particularly by Mabel Morton who challenged both Anita and the estate. Morton's grave marker at Calvary Cemetery, placed by Anita Ford in 1950. Even before that, Anita had filed her own action against his official estate for monies owed to her. By mid-decade, Anita and Jack Ford had relocated to the Los Angeles area, eventually running a restaurant there. When an effort was made by a jazz club to erect a better monument in 1950, the organizers, led by Floyd Levin, thought to ask her permission to do so. They had a benefit concert planned in order to raise the funds. Anita, just as proud as Morton in a sense, denied them that privilege, insisting that she would put up an improved marker in short order. She came through at the same time as the concert, as she promised. However, the incident was beneficial in that her interview with Levin provided a bit more insight to Morton's final weeks in Los Angeles. Anita would die in 1952, and was buried in the same cemetery as Ferd, not too far off from him. A lot of the material Morton left us was not released or even notated until after the Library of Congress recordings were released in the late 1940s. So in some cases it is hard to pinpoint original composition dates of certain works, even though he claimed they were from this or that year, based on the validity of his other questionable claims. There are probably many more tunes that we may never know about, but what was left behind certainly whets the appetite for traditional jazz fans to hear more. In fact, that happened not long after he died, as bandleader Lu Watters, along pianist Wally Rose, did a series of recordings in San Francisco in 1941 and 1942 as the Yerba Buena Jazz Band. While these tracks, which included ragtime favorites and pieces made famous by Morton, Armstrong and Oliver, were limited in their reach, they are considered by historians to be the first effort of what would become a massive revival of both ragtime and traditional jazz in the early 1950s. World War II interrupted this effort, but by 1947, Rose, Watters, and selected others across the country, were finding more favor with the listening public when they played the old jazz once again. Three pianists from the San Francisco Bay area are notable in their dedication to Morton's legacy. Wally Rose was given the latitude to include ragtime solos as part of the YBJB recordings that would soon be released by Lester Koenig on his pioneering Good Time Jazz label. He would also record a full album of sixteen of Morton's works for Columbia Records with Turk Murphy's band in the mid-1950s. Another fine pianist was Burt Bales, an under-recorded and at times under-appreciated proponent of ragtime and traditional jazz. But perhaps the most legendary of the three, and the most evasive in spite of his popularity, was Paul Lingle. His vast repertoire included a lot of Morton works, as he had been influenced by hearing the master play live in the late 1910s. On his only studio album comprised of eight tracks, half of them were skillfully arranged Morton numbers full of choice subtleties that even Jelly Roll rarely included in his own recordings. The ragtime and traditional jazz revival of the 1950s helped to raise the level of awareness of Morton, as did the two previously mentioned books, Mister Jelly Roll and no less than four editions of They All Played Ragtime issued between 1950 and 1974. A more complete look at the life of Scott Joplin in 1970 through two folios produced by Vera Brodsky Lawrence and the New York Public Library further heightened interest in ragtime as well as Morton's music, and ignited the interest of a whole new generation of young pianists, including this author. Among the experts that played his works during that decade was the incomparable Richard Hyman, who cut a couple of fine albums of Morton classics. His character also made the occasional incursion into Hollywood films, either through a portrayal or at least a mention of his name, along with snippets of his famous tunes. Morton's arrangements had always been a challenge to some pianists who wanted to emulate it, or at least study how he got his sound, rather than just paraphrasing his playing. To that end, researcher and performer Professor James Dapogny spent an arduous period of years transcribing Ferd's solo works from piano rolls and a plethora of recordings, all done in a pre-digital age, often by slowing the recording down to half-speed. Checked and double-checked (it took a couple of editions to get everything right), including annotations about corrected or unintentional or possibly misheard notes, this impressive massive volume was published with help from the Smithsonian Institution by G. Shirmer in 1982. While some of the simpler arrangements of Morton's pieces still stand as a good template from which to learn, Dapogny's book does provide a dissection of some of the more challenging passages that make comprise that "Jelly Roll style" for which Morton became famous. Encouraged by the success of two Broadway revues, namely Ain't Misbehavin' with the music of Fats Waller and Wild About Eubie featuring the music of Eubie Blake, George C. Wolfe and Susan Birkenhead compiled their own revue in 1991, calling it Jelly's Last Jam. A highly fictionalized and fanciful look at Morton's life as he sees it just at that point of his death, it featured music by both Morton and Wolfe, along with dancing and choreographed fights. Some fans derided it for veering so far away from the actual facts of Morton's life, but it was well-received by the theater-going public. Debuting in Los Angeles in 1991, it opened on Broadway in April of 1992, playing nearly 570 performances before closing in September of 1993. A number of nominations and wins for both Tony Awards and Drama Desk Awards vindicated the approach to the material, and made Morton a viable commodity once again. Since the 1980s, perhaps the most well-known of the Morton interpreters and champions has been Minnesota pianist Butch Thompson. He started playing Jelly Roll's music well before his extended gig on the Minnesota Public Radio show A Prairie Home Companion, hosted and produced by Garrison Keillor. Through that show, and a series of subsequent albums, Thompson covered most of Morton's material using an approach that can be called organic, clean, and when necessary, very sparse. Very few could do what Butch can with so few notes played so elegantly, while capturing Morton's spirit in a way that captivates the listener. Another fine interpreter of his work, as well as an important researcher of aspects of Morton's life as well as his peers, is Dr. Robert Pinsker, who is also a fine interpreter of the works of Morton's contemporary, James P. Johnson. Another notable appearance of Morton's character was in the 1998 feature film The Legend of 1900 about a boy who was born on an ocean liner in the year 1900, spending his entire life on that ship as their pianist. The story is based on the book Novecento by Alessandro Baricco, who actually includes a great deal of Morton's presence in the original story. In the film over time 1900, as he is called, grows a reputation as perhaps the finest on the water, if not the land. In a pivotal scene, Morton (as ironically played by Clarence Williams III, grandson of composer Clarence Williams who was not particularly a fan of Morton's) comes aboard the ship and challenges the pianist to a duel. Both Morton's arrogance and his vivacious playing come across in a very engaging manner at the very least in the scene, as does his dejection [spoiler alert] at being bested by a supposed nobody. Still, it was an homage to the past master. In the 21st century, the music of Jelly Roll Morton is routinely played at ragtime festivals and traditional jazz festivals, and is heard from pianists as diverse as Jeff Barnhart, Brian Holland, Bill Edwards, and even the group that has been referred to as the "Young Turks," which includes Adam Swanson, Andrew Barrett, Vincent Johnson, and especially Canadian force of Nature, Max Keenlyside, as well as countless others. It is clear the influence that Morton had on his peers, even when tempered with a more factual look at his real life verses his self-improved legend, remains with us, and is likely to for decades and even centuries to come. And in the end, that's pretty much what he had hoped for, albeit during his lifetime. So continues the saga of Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton of New Orleans. Even though this is a somewhat detailed encapsulation of Morton's life, which was peripheral to ragtime in many respects, there are many fine sources that drill down much deeper into his chronology, activities, relations and acquaintances. This story was assembled with original research by the author, often checking against or refuting certain information found in Alan Lomax's book Mister Jelly Roll, and the LoC recordings. However, it was also helped along greatly with the extraordinarily detailed website of (the late) Mike Meddings, www.doctorjazz.co.uk . Several people in addition to Mike made this the go-to source for information on Morton and his peers, including (and not all of them are here, but will be found on the site) Professor Lawrence Gushee, Dr. Robert Pinsker, Professor James Dapogny, my friend the late Mike Montgomery, Peter Hanley (who contributed very detailed research on a wide range of Morton topics), the late Laurie Wright, Dr. Edward Berlin, the late Floyd Levin, Roger Richard, Butch Thompson, Ate van Delden, Dr. Philip Pastras, and many others. For their efforts we should be thankful that an accurate accounting of Morton's life, like the one assembled here, is even possible. They have managed to cut through the hyperbole and occasional nonsense to set the record straight on the life of this enigmatic piano genius. Article Copyright© by the author, Bill Edwards. Research notes and sources available on request at ragpiano.com - click on Bill's head.
Jelly Roll Morton
The Great Yorkshire Show has been held where since 1952?
King Oliver - Music on Google Play King Oliver About the artist Joseph Nathan Oliver better known as King Oliver or Joe Oliver, was an American jazz cornet player and bandleader. He was particularly recognized for his playing style and his pioneering use of mutes in jazz. Also a notable composer, he wrote many tunes still played today, including "Dippermouth Blues", "Sweet Like This", "Canal Street Blues", and "Doctor Jazz". He was the mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong. His influence was such that Armstrong claimed, "if it had not been for Joe Oliver, Jazz would not be what it is today." Jelly Roll Morton 0 Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe, known professionally as Jelly Roll Morton, was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer who started his career in New Orleans, Louisiana. Widely... Louis Armstrong 0 Louis Armstrong, nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades, fr... 0 0 Arthur "Art" Tatum, Jr. was an American jazz pianist. Tatum is widely acknowledged as the greatest jazz pianist of all time, and was a major influence on later generations of jazz pianists. He was ... 0 Duke Ellington 0 Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Born in Washingt... Fletcher Henderson 0 James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson, Jr. was an American pianist, bandleader, arranger and composer, important in the development of big band jazz and swing music. He was one of the most prolific bla... 0 Dave Brubeck 0 David Warren "Dave" Brubeck was an American jazz pianist and composer, considered to be one of the foremost exponents of cool jazz. He wrote a number of jazz standards, including "In Your Own Sweet... 0 Dexter Gordon 0 Dexter Gordon was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He was among the earliest tenor players to adapt the bebop musical language of people such as Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Bud Powell t... 0 0 Leon Bismark "Bix" Beiderbecke was an American jazz cornetist, jazz pianist, and composer. With Louis Armstrong and Muggsy Spanier, Beiderbecke was one of the most influential jazz soloists of the ... 0 Stan Getz 0 Stanley "Stan" Getz was an American jazz saxophonist. Playing primarily the tenor saxophone, Getz was known as "The Sound" because of his warm, lyrical tone, his prime influence being the wispy, me... 0 Art Blakey 0 Arthur "Art" Blakey was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. He was known as Abdullah Ibn Buhaina after he became a Muslim. Blakey made a name for himself in the 1940s in the big bands of Fletc... 0 0 Sidney Bechet was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer. He was one of the first important soloists in jazz, and was perhaps the first notable jazz saxophonist. Forceful delivery,... 0 Fats Waller 0 Thomas Wright "Fats" Waller was an American jazz pianist, organist, composer, singer, and comedic entertainer. His innovations to the Harlem stride style laid the groundwork for modern jazz piano. ... 0 Hank Jones 0 Henry "Hank" Jones Jr. was an American jazz pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer. Critics and musicians described Jones as eloquent, lyrical, and impeccable. In 1989, The National Endowment ... 0 Johnny Dodds 0 Johnny Dodds was an American jazz clarinetist and alto saxophonist based in New Orleans, best known for his recordings under his own name and with bands such as those of Joe "King" Oliver, Jelly Ro... 0
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