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In France, which food is 'Marrons Glaces'?
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Marrons Glacé - Candied Chestnuts Recipe
Marrons Glacé - Candied Chestnuts Recipe
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Candied Chestnuts. Jose A. Bernat Bacete - Getty Images
Updated January 04, 2017.
If chestnuts roasting over a crackling fire evokes happy times and holidays, then candied chestnuts are their luxurious cousins, served only as the most indulgent of treats. So beloved is the flavor in France, that the Berthillon Glacier in Paris usually sells out of their dreamy marron glacé within hours.
Bring the unique, warmly sweet flavor into your own kitchen with this easy candied chestnuts recipe. It takes a time commitment of a few days to get to the delicious finish line, but active cooking time is less than 30 minutes, in total.
Yield: 2 pounds approx 18 servings
Preparation
Place the chestnuts in a large pan with just enough water to cover them. Bring the water to a boil and cook the chestnuts for 10 minutes.
Drain the chestnuts and discard the cooking liquid. Using a clean dish towel (some people prefer to use their fingers), rub the thin skin off the cooked chestnuts. Be careful they will be a little warm, but that's how they need to be to remove the skin easily.
In a separate pan, bring the 2 1/2 cups water, granulated sugar, and the vanilla to a boil stirring constantly.
Continue cooking the sugar mixture for five minutes, but this time stirring occasionally.
Add the prepared chestnuts to the boiling sugar syrup and stir the chestnuts until the whole mixture returns to a boil. Continue cooking the chestnuts , frequently stirring, for 10 minutes.
Pour the candied chestnuts, along with the vanilla sugar syrup into a large container, and loosely cover it. Allow the chestnuts to soak in the syrup for 12 to 18 hours.
Add the chestnuts and syrup to a clean pan and repeat the process; this time boiling them for 2 minutes, and then soaking the mixture, loosely covered, for 18 to 24 hours.
Repeat the entire process a total of 3 to 4 times, until the sugar syrup has been absorbed by the chestnuts.
Preheat an oven to 250F and arrange the candied chestnuts on a parchment-lined baking sheet. Place the baking sheet into the oven and turn off the heat. Allow the chestnuts to dry in the oven for 45 minutes to 1 hour, until they have firmed up and the surfaces of the nuts are dry.
Store the marrons glace in an airtight tin or if making for gifts, put into paper cases and box, or wrap in cellophane. Give to friends and family; they will love them.
This marrons glacés recipe makes 2 pounds.
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Which American singer-songwriter's only British hit was in 1965 with the song'Eve Of Destruction'?
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How to Make Candied Chestnuts
How to Make Candied Chestnuts
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Candied chestnuts. Norman Hollands/Getty Images
Updated June 30, 2016.
Marrons Glacés
Here is an easy recipe for homemade candied chestnuts that calls for marroni , which are the larger, higher-quality chestnuts that are easier to peel. They are generally more expensive than smaller chestnuts (those that Italians call castagne), but they are less labor-intensive, and far more visually impressive.
This way of candying chestnuts, by boiling them in a sugar syrup, originated in southern France and northern Italy around the 15th or 16th century. They are a common treat during Christmas time and the New Year. The first known recipe for them dates to Louis XIV's court at Versailles and the great chef La Varenne .
This recipe makes about 6 servings. They make a wonderful Christmas gift or hostess present.
2 1/4 pounds (1 kg) marroni (large chestnuts)
Sea Salt
18 ounces (500 grams) granulated sugar (a little more than 2 cups)
1 quart (4 cups, about 1 liter) water
1 vanilla bean (optional)
Yield: 6 servings
Preparation
Peel the chestnuts and add them to a large pot of boiling, lightly salted water. Boil them for about 20 minutes, then remove the pot from the burner and let the chestnuts steep in the hot water for 5 minutes more.
Remove the chestnuts one at a time with a slotted spoon, peeling off the thin skin that covers the nuts but being careful not to damage the nuts themselves (they'll be soft). One you have skinned them, transfer them to a wide, stainless-steel skillet.
Take another pot and dissolve the sugar in the water over low heat. Add the vanilla bean, if you are using it, and simmer the syrup, stirring it gently with a wooden spoon, until the syrup thickens somewhat (you want it to remain fairly fluid).
Pour the syrup over the chestnuts and simmer them over a very low heat for 30 minutes, then turn off the heat and let them sit for 10 minutes more.
Remove the chestnuts one at a time and arrange them on a serving plate.
Serve them with unsweetened whipped cream. You can also sprinkle them with brandy, or serve them in small cups, with a little of their syrup spooned over them. You can also just serve them alone, or in any of the several ways suggested in the link below.
[Edited by Danette St. Onge on June 30, 2016]
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i don't know
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Who was the first cricketer to play 100 ''Test Matches' for England?
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10 Indian-born players who played international cricket for other countries
ICC Cricket World Cup
10 Indian-born players who played international cricket for other countries
There are many players in contemporary international cricket who don?t represent the nation of their birth, and because of various reasons are i ...
by Yash Asthana @YashAsthana87
Analysis 12 May 2015, 16:15 IST
There are many players in contemporary international cricket who don’t represent the nation of their birth, and because of various reasons are instead playing for another country. The likes of Kevin Pietersen, Jonathan Trott, Imran Tahir, Grant Elliot and Eoin Morgan are some of the well known examples of these.
Over the years, there have been many high profile players who were born in India but represented another country in international cricket. Not surprisingly, the list is dominated by English and Pakistani players, mostly who were born in the pre-independence era. We also look at some contemporary international players, who were born in India but played for another team.
1. Colin Cowdrey
Birthplace: Ootacamund (Ooty)
Played for England
The first cricketer to play in 100 Test matches, Colin Cowdrey was born at his family’s estate at Ootacamund (then in Madras Presidency) on 24 December 1932. His father Ernest Cowdrey, a tea planter by profession, was a cricketer himself and had represented the touring MCC side in India. Ernest applied for Colin’s registration with the MCC when he was still an infant, and taught him cricket soon after he started walking.
Colin moved to England when he was 5, and honed his cricket skills there and went on to represent the country with distinction. He scored a century to mark his landmark 100th Test match, and scored 22 Test centuries in his career (which was an English record until recently), and also held the record for being the first batsman to score a century against all 6 contemporary Test playing nations – both home and away.
Following his retirement, Cowdrey was proactively involved in the sport’s governing bodies and served tenures as the President of the MCC and Chairman of ICC.
2. Douglas Jardine
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Colin Cowdrey
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In which county is Bisley, home of the National Shooting Centre?
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rediff.com: Tendulkar 100
The 100 Tests club
On Thursday, September 5, Sachin Tendulkar became the youngest cricketer in the world to play 100 Test matches when he took the field in the fourth and final Test between India and England at The Oval. The 29-year-old batting machine, joins an elite club of 25 cricketers who reached the milestone.
A summary of the 25 players' 100th Test:
Allan Border (Aus)
WI, Melbourne, 1988-89
Became the first Australian to play in 100 Tests. Was dismissed for a duck & 20, but held 3 catches.
Steve Waugh (Aus)
Disappointed his home supporters when he was out for 85.
Courtney Walsh (WI)
Could capture only five wickets in the match.
Kapil Dev (Ind)
Pak, Karachi, 1989-90
First bowler to play in 100 Tests; celebrated it by completing 350 Test. It also, ironically, coincided with Tendulkar's Test debut.
Sunil Gavaskar (Ind)
Pak, Lahore, 1984-85
Became the first Indian to play in 100 Tests; made scores of 48 & 37. Pakistan President Zia-ul-Haq came to witness the match.
Mark Waugh (Aus)
Scored 32 runs and captured four catches
Javed Miandad (Pak)
Ind, Lahore, 1989-90
On the very ground where he made his Test debut, he became the first player to score hundreds in his first and 100th Tests (145 runs). First Pakistani player to appear 100 Tests.
Vivian Richards (WI)
Aust, Brisbane, 1988-89
Celebrated his 100th Test by holding his 100th catch in Tests. Scored 68 runs and led his side to victory with a day-and-a-half to spare.
Alec Stewart (Eng)
WI, Manchester, 2000
Played a monumental innings of 105 runs. Fourth player to score a hundred in his hundredth Test.
Ian Healy (Aus)
Scored one and 10, with just three dismissals behind the stumps.
Graham Gooch (Eng)
Ind, Calcutta, 1992-93
Fifth Englishman, made 17 & 18, and in the second innings allowed himself to be stumped when he grounded his foot on the crease line & not behind it.
David Gower (Eng)
WI, Leeds, 1988
Fifth player in the world to appear in 100 Tests, celebrated it to become the fourth batsman to score 7000 Test runs. Made 13 and 2.
Desmond Haynes (WI)
Eng, Nottingham, 1991
Celebrated by becoming the sixth to score 2000 Test runs for the West Indies against England. Made 18 and 57 not out.
Dilip Vengsarkar (Ind)
NZ, Mumbai, 1988-89
Became second Indian and sixth in the world, to play in 100 Tests. Made 25 and duck
Michael Atherton (Eng)
WI, Manchester, 2000
Made one and 28, but along with Stewart, provided the first instance of two players appearing in their 100th Test.
Colin Cowdrey (Eng)
Aust, Birmingham, 1968
First-ever player to play in hundred Tests, celebrated it by scoring his 21st Test ton and 7000 runs in Test. Scored 104 runs - the highest in the Tests.
Clive Lloyd (WI)
Aust, Jamaica, 1983-84
First West Indian player, made 20 runs. By sheer coincidence this was also the 100th Test to be staged in the Caribbean.
Geoff Boycott (Eng)
Aust, Lord's, 1981
After batting for 240 minutes, he equalled Cowdrey's record of compiling 60 scores of 50 and more. Made 17 and 60 runs.
Gordon Greenidge (WI)
Eng, Antiqua, 1989-90
Became the second player to score hundreds in both his first and 100th Test. Made 149 runs to complete 7000 runs in Test cricket.
David Boon (Aus)
Scored 18 and nine runs.
Mark Taylor (Aus)
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i don't know
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In 'Doctor Who', who came from the planet 'Mondas'?
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Mondas | Tardis | Fandom powered by Wikia
Mondas after its transformation from Marinus . ( COMIC : The World Shapers )
According to one account, Mondas originated as Marinus , a planet previously visited by the First Doctor , the Cybermen having " quick-evolved " from the Voord . This account claimed that Marinus was known as Planet 14 . ( COMIC : The World Shapers )
According to another account, Mondas was created by the Constructors of Destiny as an experiment of sorts to see how it would differ from Earth. ( PROSE : The Quantum Archangel )
Originally, Earth and Mondas occupied the same orbit in the solar system . It was stated that "Mondas" was another name for Earth in one of the ancient languages. ( TV : The Tenth Planet )
Under Lizard King rule
A Lizard King begins to vivisect a captured Cyberman. ( COMIC : The Prodigal Returns )
A cosmic cloud once appeared near Mondas. A Cyberman from the future came through the cloud and was captured by the Lizard Kings. At this point, the Lizard Kings had never encountered Cybermen before. They were intruiged by the cloud the Cyberman came from and sent a modified ape-servant through the cloud to investigate if it was a viable way to escape the rogue planet which was approaching Mondas fast.
The Lizard Kings never left Mondas, ( COMIC : The Prodigal Returns ) and the sudden arrival of a moon between Earth and Mondas caused an upset in the gravitational equilibrium of Mondas, causing it to escape its orbit ( AUDIO : Spare Parts ) and begin drifting on a journey to "the edge of space". ( TV : The Tenth Planet )
While parts of Mondas still had a tropical climate, the Lizard Kings encountered the Cybermen of their own time and warred with them. ( COMIC : The Dead Heart ) Golgoth appeared and destroyed all but one Cyberman and finally destroyed the lone survivor. ( COMIC : The Cybermen : ?)
By the time that Mondas was well and truly separated from Earth, the Lizard Kings had fallen and the Cybermen became the new rulers of Mondas. ( COMIC : The Prodigal Returns )
Evolution of the Cybermen
Edit
A Cyberman begins to vivisect an ape that was modified by the Lizard Kings. ( COMIC : The Prodigal Returns )
A cosmic cloud appeared near Mondas, providing a temporal link to its past. After an ape modified by the Lizard Kings came through the cloud and was captured by Cybermen, they became curious about the cloud and decided to send a scout through it see if there were more apes that could be converted into Cybermen on the other side. ( COMIC : The Prodigal Returns )
Some centuries after, Cybermen had been wiped out and human-appearing Mondasians of roughly 20th century technological development had replaced them. Archaeologists discovered remnants of the Cybermen. ( COMIC : The Ugly Underneath )
Further away from the life-giving warmth of Sol, conditions on the planet grew steadily worse. This forced the inhabitants to relocate underground in order to survive. They had by this time developed a society parallel to that of 1950s England. The Cybermen took over and enforced cyber-conversion for the surviving Mondasians. ( AUDIO : Spare Parts ) One Cybermen faction, the Mondans , decided to stay on their homeworld. Another group, the Faction , more committed to total cybernetic conversion, pushed outwards in the solar system and colonised Planet 14 . ( PROSE : Iceberg )
The Mondans developed a drive which used electro-magnetic energy to push the whole planet through space. ( PROSE : Iceberg )
Return of Mondas
In 1873 , Mondas was located 200 light-years from Earth. ( AUDIO : The Silver Turk )
In 1903 , after receiving a wealth of information from the future, Grigori Rasputin foresaw the return of Mondas. ( AUDIO : The Wanderer )
In December 1986 , the Cybermen invaded the Snowcap tracking base in Antarctica while Mondas drew closer, draining Earth's energy to replace and supplement its own. However, the energy absorbed was too much, and Mondas disintegrated. The destruction of Mondas destroyed all of the Cybermen on Mondas and also killed all of the Cybermen on Earth, who were dependent upon Mondas for energy. As the planet plundered Earth's energy, the First Doctor 's life-force was caught up in the maelstrom, triggering his regeneration into his second incarnation . ( TV : The Tenth Planet ) The Sixth Doctor would note Mondas' destruction as being part of the Web of Time as he thwarted an attempt made by future Cybermen in the previous year to save Mondas. ( TV : Attack of the Cybermen )
Behind the scenes
Edit
The idea of a parallel Earth opposite in orbit to Earth itself has occurred in pre-modern astronomy ( Counter-Earth ) and some works of science fiction , though modern astronomers consider this unfeasible due to the orbital mechanics involved. The idea had earlier almost appeared in Doctor Who in the proposed Malcolm Hulke story The Hidden Planet. Apart from this, the idea occurs in countless comics, movies, novels and short stories.
Continuity conflicts and ambiguities
The Cybermen origin story in The World Shapers portrays Marinus , Mondas, and the mysterious Planet 14 referenced in The Invasion as the same place.
Iceberg and Doctor Who: Cybermen , by David Banks , who had also played the Cyber-Leader on Doctor Who , explain it differently. According to the later, non-narrative reference guide, which this wiki does not consider to be a valid source , the drive which propelled Mondas through space was developed during the journey to "the edge of space" in order to effect a controlled return to their original orbit.
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Cyberman
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In which English county is the resort of Skegness?
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The Tenth Planet
The Tenth Planet
Written by Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis [3-4]
Directed by Derek Martinus
William Hartnell (Dr. Who)*, Michael Craze (Ben), Anneke Wills (Polly), Robert Beatty (General Cutler), Dudley Jones (Dyson), David Dodimead (Barclay), Alan White (Schultz) [1-2], Earl Cameron (Williams) [1-2], Shane Sheldon (Tito) [1], John Brandon (American Sergeant) [1], Steve Plytas (Wigner), Christopher Matthews (Radar Technician), Reg Whitehead (Krail) [2], Harry Brooks (Talon) [2], Gregg Palmer (Shav) [2], Ellen Culler (Geneva Technician) [3-4], Glenn Beck (TV Announcer) [2]; Roy Skelton [2,4], Peter Hawkins [4] (Cybermen Voices); Christopher Dunham (R/T Technician) [3-4], Callen Angello (Terry Cutler) [3-4], Harry Brooks (Krang) [4], Reg Whitehead (Jarl) [4], Gregg Palmer (Gern) [4].
NOTE: An unusual computer style graphic sequence is used to produce all the opening titles and end credits.
* Although uncredited, the new Doctor, played by Patrick Troughton, is seen at the conclusion of Episode 4.
Many aeons ago, Earth's twin planet, Mondas, drifted away to the edge of space. Its inhabitants grew weak, so their scientists created spare parts for their bodies. Limbs and organs were slowly replaced by metal and plastic, and emotions were removed. The Cybermen were born.
The TARDIS lands at the South Pole Tracking Station late in 1986, just as a routine space mission starts going wrong. When the base personnel's suspicions are raised, the Doctor informs them that the space capsule is being affected by the gravitational pull of another planet. A tenth planet...
As Mondas returns to the solar system, the Doctor warns that a visit from Mondas's inhabitants is imminent. The Cybermen want Earth's power and resources for themselves. Only the Doctor offers the base any hope against these silver giants. But is this one battle too many for the ailing time traveller?
Original Broadcast (UK)
Notes:
Episode 4 is missing, except for the regeneration sequence from Hartnell to Troughton. Audio recordings and telesnaps also exist.
Released on video in episodic format with a special reconstruction of episode 4. [+/-]
THE TENTH PLANET
U.K. Release: November 2000 / U.S. Release: May 2001
PAL - BBC video BBCV6874
NTSC - Warner Video E1529
Released as part of Cybermen Box Set boxed set in the U.K. [BBC Video BBCV7030]. The tapes were packaged individually inside the tin box but were not sold separately.
The missing episode 4 has been entirely reconstructed using the original soundtrack, surviving clips and telesnaps.
Fifteen clips from Episode 4 are known to exist. With the exception of the regeneration sequence, they are all from a reel of 8mm film shot at a TV screen. [+/-]
Episode 4
The Doctor talking to Polly in the darkened base. [0:04,0:02]
The Doctor addressing the (unseen) Cyberleader in the base. [0:05,0:04,0:03,0:01]
Polly being menaced by a Cyberman's hand. [0:02]
Polly and the Doctor imprisoned inside the Cybership. [0:03,0:01]
Ben talking in the Cybership. [0:01,0:01]
The freed Doctor talking to Ben and then staggering towards the camera. [0:02,0:03]
The start of the regeneration sequence. [0:19]
The regeneration sequence. [0:27]
The soundtrack of all episodes has been released as part of the BBC Radio Collection. [+/-]
THE TENTH PLANET
This audio release includes the original soundtrack of the serial with linking narration by Anneke Wills.
Released: November 2004
2-CD Set
ISBN: 0 563 52332 8
Released in a special tin that also contains the original soundtrack of The Invasion and a bonus disc (ISBN: 0 563 52508 8).
The CD also includes a bonus interview with Anneke Wills.
Novelised as Doctor Who - The Tenth Planet by Gerry Davis. [+/-]
Number 62 in the Doctor Who Library .
Hardcover Edition - Allan Wingate Ltd.
First Edition: February 1976.
First Edition: February 1976. Reprinted in 1978.
ISBN: 0 426 11068 4.
Cover by Chris Achilleos.
First Edition: 1978. Reprinted in 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1985.
ISBN: 0 426 11068 4.
Cover by Chris Achilleos (Revised version).
Price: 60p.
Paperback Edition - Virgin Publishing Ltd.
First Edition: February 1993.
ISBN: 0 426 11068 4.
Cover by Alister Pearson.
The script of the missing episode is available on the Scripts Project page.
Doctor Who Magazine Archive: Issue #214.
Episode 1
(drn: 23'08")
On the planet Earth, a rocket is launched into space on an orbital atmosphere survey mission. It is a typical enough event, but this orbiter, Zeus 4, will encounter a unique and deadly fate.
Zeus 4's flight is being tracked by the scientists and military personnel of International Space Command's Snowcap Base, a tracking station buried under the ice at the South Pole. In command is an American general called Cutler. He is assisted by Dyson and Dr. Barclay, two civilian scientists. The scientists banter with the two astronauts - Schultz and Williams - as they pass overhead. The flight is routine so far. In the rocket, Schultz and Williams go through routine checks of velocity and altitude. They activate their atmospheric probes and begin transmitting data back to Snowcap.
Outside the base, there is a furious blizzard blowing. It is the coldest place in the world. A periscope and several aerials extend above the ground from the base below, used for surveying weather conditions. The periscope reaches to the guard room of the base, where several soldiers of various nationalities rest between duty shifts. One, an American sergeant, scans the outside through the periscope. It turns in its rotation, just passing by as the TARDIS materializes.
Inside the ship, the Doctor is impressed by the violence of the blizzard. He still wants to go out and investigate and he hurries Polly along with his cloak. She returns dressed warmly from head to toe as Ben suits himself up. Both are impressed by the extent of the Doctor's wardrobe. The Doctor has only a cloak and hat on, but assures his companions that he will be warm as toast outside. He opens the door and out they go.
Ben and Polly are first out, struck immediately by the howling wind and numbing cold. Polly spots the aerials and periscope - the only interesting sights on the landscape - and goes toward the periscope as the Doctor emerges from the ship. Obviously there is something down below the ice. Just as the Doctor and Ben join Polly, the periscope rotates to face them all.
Down below, the Sergeant can't believe his eyes. He calls to one of his crewmates, an Italian private named Tito, to try and confirm what he's seen. Tito sees the trio of curious faces too, one of which is a very attractive woman. He is thrilled. The Sergeant takes over the scope and turns to spot the TARDIS as well - some kind of "blue hut" that didn't used to be there. He orders two guards to arm themselves and head up to bring the newcomers inside. The guards emerge from the base via a trapdoor in the ice. They quickly surround the Doctor and his companions. Ben, the Royal Navy man, knows these soldiers mean business and encourages his friends to comply. All three head down into the trap door.
They emerge in the guard room where the Sergeant is quick to push, prod, and bully them. He hits them immediately with questions. Polly answers first, saying that they just landed outside in a sort of spaceship. The Sergeant is not amused with this response. The Doctor tries to find out where they are. When the Sergeant tells them, Ben and Polly are happy to hear they are still on Earth, and the Sergeant takes this as proof that they are all crazy. He has Tito place a call to the General.
Ben is concerned that the CO here is a general. Obviously, this is a high-security post. The entire guard room snaps to attention when an irate General Cutler enters a moment later, having already been on his way. The Sergeant has difficulty passing on the little information he has, as it sounds so ludicrous. Less than impressed with this report, the General surveys the newcomers for himself. He recognizes Ben's military demeanour and this is confirmed by the lad's snap to attention. However, he cannot adequately explain why he is here and not with his ship. The Doctor tries to assure the General that they are quite harmless, but Cutler says he'll judge that for himself. He and the Doctor take an instant dislike to one another. Too busy to bother with them now, Cutler orders them taken to the Tracking Room and put under guard.
Cutler returns to the Tracking Room himself. The Doctor, Ben, and Polly enter a moment later, escorted by Tito and the Sergeant. The men in the room react with appreciative whistles to the sight of Polly in her mini-skirt, and Cutler silences them with one quick order. Ben and Polly are interested in the technology and the activity going on. It is similar to what they have seen of space shots on TV, yet somehow different. There seems to be a lot fewer people than is necessary. The Sergeant explains that General Cutler prefers to work with a small staff and to work them hard. Soon, most of them will be rotated off this base and a new crew will come in. Ever on the lookout for a way home, Polly hopes for a lift back to England. Ben is sure the General won't let them go easily, and the Doctor points out a nearby wall calendar. It is December 1986, 20 years since Ben and Polly left England. They are still at sea!
Ben and Polly's disappointment is momentary. They are quickly curious again about the activity in the base. They learn from the Sergeant that humans have already landed on the moon and that such expeditions are now almost routine. This particular flight is a simple atmosphere testing probe. However, as they listen to the technicians' chatter, they can all tell that something has gone wrong.
Williams reports that Zeus 4's altitude is 1100 miles as they orbit above New Zealand, instead of 980 as it should be. Dyson rechecks this calculation and confirms the error. Barclay then radios up to the capsule, ordering them to take a visual check on Mars to establish their position while Snowcap does the same.
Schultz complies, finding that the Mars reading is also way out of ligne. Checking again, he finds an even more disturbing result: it is not Mars he's been fixed on, but another planet altogether. Williams laughs it off until he realizes his colleague is serious. He takes the scope and looks for himself. There is a brand new planet in orbit between Mars and Venus. And, somehow, it looks familiar! As the capsule comes in view of dawn over San Francisco, they call their news down to Snowcap. The base responds that they are having trouble reading the transmission, even though their power output is up. But Barclay does read the message and looks to get the new celestial object on his scope. Meanwhile, Williams notices the capsule's fuel cells showing a mysterious power loss.
The Doctor takes in this exchange and is certain of what the scientists will see on their scope. He dashes off a note and bullies the Sergeant into taking him to General Cutler. But Cutler does not believe him and will not listen. Dr. Barclay, however, is intrigued and takes the note just before the Doctor is hustled to the back of the room. Dyson activates the scope and brings the new planet into hazy view. All of the technicians react with consternation. Planets don't just appear, and this one is actually approaching Earth. Barclay and Dyson quickly realize it is the new planet's influence which has drawn Zeus 4 out of its orbit. They decide they must get the spacecraft down right away. Cutler agrees and they go to work.
Barclay contacts the capsule and learns of the 20% power loss in their fuel cells. He tells the astronauts that they need to return to Earth as soon as possible and asks them to verify their coordinates. Once that is done, they prepare for an altitude thrust. However, this action goes very wrong and the ship begins to tumble. Schultz attempts to use the manual controls to stabilize them but doesn't seem to have enough strength to complete the task. Only when Williams assists can they move the controls and stabilize the ship. It is as if something is drawing all the energy from their bodies.
At Snowcap base, preparations for the emergency splash down are in full swing. Dyson orders Rome computer base to compute the final descent path. Barclay reports that Zeus 4's flight path has corrected. Schultz reports their physical energy loss with mounting alarm. They want to be brought down on this orbit, but Barclay has the final descent path now and it is too sharp to begin this orbit. They must hold on for one more. But, as the two men go through pre-check for re-entry, they realize that their flight path has gone off course again.
The new planet's gravity is pulling Zeus 4 out of its orbit. Barclay sets Dyson to calculating a corrected flight path and orders a technician to sharpen the image of the new planet. Curious, he approaches the Doctor and asks what he knows of this. Cutler joins them as the Doctor studies the new clearer image. Satisfied, the Doctor asks the others what they see. One by one, Ben, Polly, and Barclay recognize the land masses on the new planet. They are upside down, but are almost identical to those of Earth! Cutler is sceptical, figuring they must be seeing a reflection of Earth, but Barclay knows there is nothing to reflect off of. And when Barclay looks at the note the Doctor gave him earlier, he is astonished to find written what they have just seen. He tries to get more information, but when the Doctor starts to explain about Earth's ancient twin planet, Cutler ends the conversation by storming off and dragging Barclay with him.
Alone again, Polly notes the Doctor's worried look. He knows what this planet is and what it means to Earth: very soon, they will be having visitors! Ben tries to make light of this, but the Doctor's mood is dark indeed. He silences Ben and then turns his attention to General Cutler as he contacts Mr. Wigner, General Secretary of International Space Command.
Cutler informs Wigner of the new planet and of the situation with Zeus 4. Wigner orders his aides to get him an image of the planet immediately. Cutler also informs him of the three "intruders" at the base and that one of them seems to know a good deal about the new planet. Wigner encourages him to get more information from the Doctor and relay it to him at once.
The General barges over to the Doctor and his friends and begins bullying them, determined to get some answers. He is certain that their appearance at the same time as this new planet is not coincidental. The Doctor offers no explanations to the hotheaded General and Polly protests their innocence. The General loses patience quickly and orders his Sergeant to go outside and search the Doctor's "hut". That, he hopes, will provide him with the answers he needs.
While Tito and the Sergeant get suited up to go outside, a strange disc-shaped spaceship lands in the icy landscape of the South Pole. The Doctor was right - visitors have arrived.
Tito and the Sergeant emerge from the trap door into a blinding snowstorm. They stagger over to the TARDIS, now piled with drifting snow, and attempt to break in. They cannot. The Sergeant sends Tito back inside for a welding torch and some help.
Left alone outside, the Sergeant becomes aware of indistinct figures in the distance coming toward him. He is sure it is not Tito, but does not know who it could be. The three figures get closer and he can now see that they are robot-like, marching in step with no apparent reaction to the numbing cold. Metal attachments sprout from all over their humanoid bodies - arms, legs, heads, chests. They are enormously tall. When they do not respond to his calls, his panic mounts and he pulls out his gun and fires twice. The bullets have no effect. The lead creature reaches him and knocks him down with one swift blow.
A few moments later, Tito and another soldier emerge from the trap door. They see a hooded figure standing by the TARDIS. Assuming this is their Sergeant, they go to him. Unfortunately, one of the robotic creatures has appropriated the dead Sergeant's hooded cloak. It turns and kills Tito effortlessly. The two other creatures come from behind the TARDIS and kill the remaining soldier.
The lead creature reaches down to inspect the dead humans and it can now be seen clearly. The creature is a strange hybrid of robot and man - its hands are human, but its face has the blank stare of an unfeeling automaton...
Episode 2
(drn: 23'15")
General Cutler has finally taken the time to listen to the Doctor's prediction of visitors from the new planet. He dismisses it as nonsense and returns to the mission of bringing Zeus 4 down safely. He learns that the capsule is still 230 miles off course and is very worried. However, he does his best to hide his fears and present an optimistic front to Schultz and Williams when he contacts them. He then begins bullying his team to make the safe splash down happen.
Outside, the three robotic creatures disguise themselves as best they can with the cloaks of the dead soldiers, then they move toward the open trap door.
In Geneva, ISC General Secretary Wigner is trying to get in touch with Snowcap base, but there is serious interference. He turns instead to a nearby television monitor to catch an international news report, just in time to see a global broadcast of information and a picture of the new planet. The presenter also announces that the planet is moving toward Earth, but will not come close enough to collide. Wigner listens with a mixture of hope and despair. The whole world now knows about this situation and he hopes to himself that there really is no cause for alarm. He tries again to contact Snowcap for more information, but is told by a technician that the interference is enormously powerful and seems to be coming from the base itself.
At the base, tension has risen. Barclay announces that Zeus 4's final orbit will begin in just 4 minutes. He addresses the entire base and asks for a concerted effort from the whole. If the capsule's power falls too low, they themselves will need to take over re-entry. The Doctor hears this and reacts vigorously, insisting that re-entry must occur now as they will not last another orbit.
Going to talk to the General, the Doctor's worst fears are confirmed. He sees the three alien creatures entering the Tracking Room. He tries unsuccessfully to get the attention of first Cutler, then Barclay, his panic rising. Both men put him off. Annoyed, Cutler turns to his guards to drag the Doctor away, but finds instead a gigantic robotic humanoid staring with an icy blankness. He stops speaking midsentence, stunned. The other two creatures throw off their cloaks and stand menacingly in the Tracking Room.
Polly screams in terror and the others begin to panic. Cutler tries to restore order, but one soldier rushes forward with his gun raised. The lead creature pulls a large section from its chest unit which is a ray weapon. The light on it glows blindingly and the guard falls, smoke billowing from his dead body. Horrified, Polly tries to go to him, but Ben and the Doctor hold her back.
In the silence which follows, General Cutler turns to the leader still intent on his mission to bring his astronauts down safely. The creature speaks, harsh and matter-of-factly, in a grating mechanical sing-song. It tells Cutler the astronauts will not return and that the reason why is unimportant. Cutler reacts angrily, trying to grab the creature's arm. It knocks him away easily.
The creature is uninterested in the crew's worry for the astronauts. He does not care in the least. In fact, he is confused. There are people dying all over the planet and people are concerned only for these two. Polly protests that these two could actually be saved if the crew is allowed to do their jobs, but the creature ignores this and changes the subject.
The creature explains that they come from the new planet - Mondas - once the ancient twin of Earth. Aeons ago, it drifted away to the edge of space. Now, they have returned. He tells them his people are known as Cybermen, once just as human as the people of Earth. But their scientists devised metal and plastic replacements for human body parts in an effort to reverse their shrinking life spans. Polly believes this means they are robots, but the Cyberman tells her their brains are still human, but will certain weaknesses - emotions - removed. They cannot feel pain and so have little concern for creatures who do. Engrossed in this discussion, the Cyberman does not notice General Cutler edging toward the communications equipment. He hits a button which sends an emergency signal to ISC Geneva. The Cyberman's bland response holds a barely-hidden air of menace.
At Geneva command, Wigner is trying to piece together events. The energy loss is affecting not only Zeus 4, but the entire planet Earth. As the new planet gets closer, the energy loss increases, meaning that the new planet must be responsible. A technician interrupts him with news of the emergency signal from Snowcap, but the signal has cut out abruptly with no further message. Wigner orders use of the emergency microlink.
At Snowcap base, the Cyberman orders Cutler to relay an all clear to ISC, but Cutler refuses and tells the Cybermen to "take a jump". On orders from the leader, a second Cyberman comes forward and places his hand on Cutler's head. The General collapses immediately and is placed on a bench along one wall.
There is a murmur of disapproval from the crew and Polly accuses the Cybermen of murdering Cutler. The leader tells her he is not dead and will recover shortly. However, it still insists that someone call Geneva. Dr. Barclay adamantly refuses, but Dyson wavers. The Cyberman threatens to destroy the entire communications console and everyone realizes this will mean certain doom for Zeus 4 if they lose communication. The Cyberman keeps up the pressure until Dyson cracks and begs Barclay to do as he says.
Barclay activates the microlink and clumsily reports a mechanical fault which led to the emergency signal. He blames it on the reactor and this seems to satisfy Wigner. He signs off and Barclay nearly collapses onto the console with relief.
Dyson praises Barclay for having done the right thing. Barclay pulls himself together and asks the Cyberman to allow them to contact the capsule. The Cyberman tells them matter-of-factly that they will fail to bring the astronauts down and that they are wasting time. However, he relents and gives them access to the communications equipment. He instructs his comrades to watch for any signs of deceit and to kill if necessary.
While Barclay busies himself on the radio, Ben takes in the scene, looking for some action he can take. He spots the dead guard's machine gun lying unnoticed on the floor. He brings it to the Doctor's attention, hoping to use it to force their way out and back to the TARDIS. The Doctor knows this is foolhardy and doomed to failure, but Ben will not listen to his warnings. He dashes for the gun, but only manages to pick it up when the lead Cyberman spots him. He trains his own weapon on Ben and orders him to come forward. Trapped out in the open, the lad has no choice but to obey. The leader grabs the gun and bends it both stock and barrel, rendering it useless.
One Cyberman is ordered to take Ben away and lock him out. When they are gone, the leader turns to the stunned humans and tells them that Cybermen are "stronger and more efficient" than Earth people. They must be obeyed.
Ben is taken to a nearby room and shoved inside. The Cyberman closes the door and remains outside. Ben tries the door, but it is locked. He looks around and finds that he is in a film projection room with no means of escape readily apparent.
Barclay contacts Zeus 4 and works with them to achieve a safe splashdown. A Cyberman watches over him at all times. Barclay orders a forward correction of 7 degrees. Schultz activates the attitude controls and the capsule reorients itself. Barclay then gives them a 20 second countdown and then they fire the retro rockets to begin their descent. However, it is apparent that their speed has not decreased significantly. Sure enough, a check shows them at 14.5 instead of the required 11.2. Beginning to panic, Schultz fire the retros again, but the burst is short and sputters out. Their fuel is exhausted. Unsure of what will happen, the astronauts begin donning their space helmets.
Watching helplessly on the radar screen, Dyson and Barclay can only relay what is happening - instead of reentering, Zeus 4 is being dragged away from Earth, accelerating as it goes. The Doctor foresees the terrible tragedy as the craft moves away ever faster. Everyone watches on the monitor as Schultz and Williams struggle to do something, anything, to save their lives. Smoke fills their cabin.
Suddenly, the monitor flashes bright white and then goes dead. The base crew hang their heads in sadness. Polly, unsure of what has happened, turns to the Doctor who tells her sadly that the ship exploded.
Ruthlessly, the lead Cyberman points to this as evidence that Earth is in grave danger from Mondas. He says the base crew will be saved from a similar fate, but it requires personal data from everyone. Chaotic conversation fills the Tracking Room as the leader alternately asks and answers questions. He tries to elicit name, age, and occupation information while being pelted with questions. The leader reveals to the Doctor that the energy of Mondas is nearly exhausted and it has returned to Earth to recharge - that is the energy drain experienced on Zeus 4 and elsewhere. Dyson realizes that this means the Earth will die. The Cyberman calmly acknowledges this, eliciting noisy protests from the humans. The Doctor asks how the energy drain is going to be halted when Mondas is resupplied, and the Cyberman admits that it cannot be stopped. However, everyone here will be spared and taken back to Mondas. Indignant shouts erupt again.
In the projection room, Ben prowls restlessly, still looking for a way out. The only "weapon" he's found is a long screwdriver. While the idea of "taking apart" a Cyberman is amusing to him, it isn't very practical. He turns his attention instead to the film projector nearby. He realizes that he could use it to blind his guard and escape. He aims the projector at the door and switches off the lights. He then turns on the projector and calls to the Cyberman. The creature opens the door and is momentarily blinded. Ben manages to leap forward and grab the Cyberman's ray weapon, but cannot get past the creature before it steps out of the light and can see again. Ben is trapped inside, the creature between him and the door.
The Cyberman advances on Ben, who tries to get it to back down with the threat of the weapon. But the creature continues its relentless advance, smashing boxes and equipment as it comes. Ben grows more desperate as he's backed into a corner. With the Cyberman just feet away, he fires the weapon and the Cyberman collapses into a smoking heap. Ben deeply regrets having to take a life, but knows that the creature gave him no alternative. He hurries back to his friends.
In the Tracking Room, Barclay, Dyson, and the others try to argue with the Cybermen, but the leader is adamant that they must come to Mondas in order to survive the imminent death of Earth. When Polly protests that humans are not like Cybermen, the entire group learns that they are to become Cybermen once on Mondas. The leader assures them they will be better than they are now free from disease, heat, and cold. But the humans only know that their emotions and feelings will be extinguished. They will be as good as dead. The leader seems content to continue debating this point, especially with the overly-emotional Polly.
While this is going one, General Cutler comes to and sits up, unnoticed. Looking up, he sees Ben sneaking into the room, still carrying the cyberweapon. He signals up and Ben passes the gun to him. Suddenly, Cutler is on his feet in a flash, firing at and killing the two remaining Cybermen in a matter of seconds. They collapse in smoking heaps.
The General is all business, calling for a connection to Geneva and for someone to remove the Cyberman corpses. The Doctor chides him for acting so rashly as they have now lost their only source of information on Mondas and its inhabitnats, but the General is not interested in the creatures one bit.
Cutler picks up the microlink to talk to Wigner, but he stops short when Barclay tells him of the fate of Zeus 4. Wigner offers condolences on the loss of the astronauts. Cutler tells him briefly about the "visitors" from Mondas. They were dealt with, but the General is shrewd enough to know that more will follow. Wigner agrees to put military bases around the world on immediate alert, but Snowcap will have to hold out on its own for now.
Wigner then relays the news that during the communications blackout, a second capsule was launched with a single astronaut on board to help Zeus 4. Now, Snowcap must try to bring him down safely. Cutler is fine with this until he learns to his horror that it was his own son who volunteered for the mission. Cutler is stunned, accusing Wigner of sending his son to his death. But Cutler's resolve kicks in and he is determined to succeed this time. He is cheered to learn that his son's capsule has double the power reserves of Zeus 4. He might just make it.
While Cutler is occupied with this, Wigner wonders if Earth is about to fight its first interplanetary war.
Cutler goes into action immediately, ordering his scientists and technicians to get in contact with his son's capsule right away. He also orders double of the guard all over the base, stretching security personnel to the limit. He also orders Cobra missiles put on alert for imminent launch. He is taking no chances. The Doctor's disdain for the military kicks in and even Ben agrees that Cutler is overdoing it. The Doctor tells the General that all these precautions will not likely stop the Cybermen next time, but he is ignored. Cutler praises Ben for killing the Cybermen - a good, strong action. Ben responds with regret, which further infuriates Cutler. When Polly notes that the General seems to be enjoying the tenseness and killing, his true rage bursts forth. He tells her about his son being in the rescue capsule and how his death is almost a certainty. He will do whatever it takes to get him back. Polly apologizes.
Their conversation is halted when a radar technician shouts over in alarm. On the radar screen are hundreds of blips, moving quickly. They are Cyberman spaceships, flying in formation. Toward Earth...
Episode 3
(drn: 23'31")
General Cutler knows what the radar contacts mean more Cybermen. He wants to make the most of what little time he has and orders Dyson to contact Zeus 5 immediately. In the midst of the chaos, the Doctor suddenly moans and collapses. Ben, Polly, and Barclay lower him to the floor, but they cannot get him to respond. Ben tells this to the General, hoping to get some medical help, but he is too busy to be bothered now. He despatches one staff member to help Ben and Polly take the Doctor to a cabin to rest.
Cutler then turns to the communications console as the voice of his son, Lt. Terry Cutler, comes through. He grabs the microphone and asks if Terry is experiencing any power loss. The young man tries to joke with his father, unaware of the tension at the base, but Cutler only repeats the question. There is some power loss when Terry is nearest to Mondas, but it picks up again when he is on the opposite side of Earth. The General tells Terry only that there's been some "trouble" with Zeus 4 and that his mission has been scrapped. All they must do now is get Zeus 5 down.
Ben and Polly have made the Doctor comfortable on a bunk in cabin 7. They cannot figure out why he passed out, except that Polly thinks he seems to be "worn out". Ben thinks he will be OK and suggests they return to the Tracking Room as there is nothing more they can do for him until a doctor arrives. Polly reluctantly agrees.
Back in the Tracking Room, Ben and Polly arrive to hear General Cutler ask his son if he's seen any sign of the formation of spaceships, but he has seen nothing. Cutler orders him to keep a sharp eye out and then assures him they will get him down as soon as possible. It is clear that the blustery General has a soft spot - his son. Desperation and resolve mix clearly on his face. He addresses his staff, spelling out their three major problems as he sees it: getting Zeus 5 down, dealing with more Cybermen, and stopping the drain on Earth's energy. He proposes one solution to all three problems: destroy Mondas using the ultra-powerful Z-bomb.
Both Dyson and Dr. Barclay are horrified by this plan. Dyson especially fears a backlash radiation effect on Earth itself. Barclay doubts Cutler can even get permission to use the bomb, but the General says he can and he will. As he waits for a connection to Geneva, he tells Ben that their Z-bomb is one of only three in the world, a doomsday weapon capable of splitting Mondas in half. Ben is as disgusted at the others.
Cutler gets through to Wigner on the microlink and tells him of the impending return of the Cybermen. Wigner has already been apprised of the spaceship formation as well as an increase in Earth's energy drain. He tells Cutler that he must hold on for now against the Cybermen. The General requests permission to use the Z-bomb, but Wigner says it is out of the question as they have no way of knowing the effects of the Z-bomb on Earth. Cutler then changes tack and asks if he is authorised to take "any action necessary" against the Cybermen themselves. Wigner doesn't realize what really is being asked and so agrees. They both disconnect.
Cutler takes this permission as including the Z-bomb and tells his staff to prepare for launch. All realize the trick he has played. Barclay and Ben both protest this plan. Cutler turns angrily on Ben, ordering a guard to take him away and lock him up with the Doctor.
Ben tries desperately to get through to General Cutler, telling him the Doctor said Mondas is actually in greater danger from this energy drain than Earth is. Eventually, it will absorb too much energy and burn itself out. All they really have to do is hold out and wait. Cutler doesn't believe a word of this and jokingly says he's only going to "accelerate" the destruction of Mondas. Barclay tries desperately to explain the potential radiation danger the Z-bomb poses to Earth, especially to Zeus 5 in orbit. But Cutler is resolute: they will detonate the bomb only when the capsule is on the other side of Earth and shielded. Whatever other risks there may be do not concern him.
Ben is grabbed by a guard, and only has a moment to encourage Polly to stay put and work on Barclay. Perhaps she can turn the nervous scientists over to their side completely while Ben looks after the Doctor. He is hauled out of the room.
The General is now ready to get on with the preparation of the Z-bomb. Barclay reminds him that both he and Dyson must be present to arm the bomb, so Cutler orders Dyson to come with him. Polly asks if she can be of help and volunteers to make coffee. Cutler agrees. As he leaves, he orders his staff to keep track of the capsule and the formation and to let him know the moment a Cyberman attack is imminent. Barclay watches them go, worry creasing his face.
In the Doctor's cabin, Ben tries in vain to wake him up. He then paces the room, looking for a way out. He produces a Swiss army knife and tries to pick the door lock, but it is technology far beyond that of 1966 and the knife does not work. Pacing some more, his gaze settles on a large grille set in the wall over the top bunk. He climbs up and peers in, seeing a dark airshaft, leading who knows where. He attacks it with his knife.
Dyson and Cutler join two technicians on a gantry surrounding part of the massive Z-bomb. All are wearing protective radiation suits as they work. Cutler is impatient to finish and gets irritated when Dyson seems to be stalling, but Dyson says there are routine checks which much be completed before fusing can begin. The General is cockily confident that the Z-bomb will solve all their problems, but Dyson isn't fully convinced. The radiation backlash could be devastating, and if the Doctor is right, all they really have to do is wait. Cutler chides him, knowing he will obey orders despite his misplaced misgivings, and tries to get him to admit he's scared. Cutler says he's only scared for his son but the Z-bomb is the only way to ensure that he will return safely. Dyson completes his checks and the fusing sequence begins.
Back in the Tracking Room, Barclay has been unable to contact Zeus 5. He instructs the R/T technician to keep trying. Polly brings him a cup of coffee and tries to engage him in conversation. The nervous scientists snaps at her to keep her nose out and then immediately apologizes. Taking the opening, Polly asks him about the possible radiation effects on Earth from the destruction of Mondas. At first, Barclay tries to sound nonchalant, saying no one really knows how much damage - if at all - there could be. But soon his nerve breaks and he admits that there will likely be some loss of life and some long-term damage to the environment. Polly asks if he is content to sit still and let this happen. Barclay obviously wishes he could do something, but feels powerless in the face of General Cutler's ruthless determination.
The radar technician announces 13 minutes to countdown and Polly gets desperate. She reiterates the Doctor's plan to simply wait for Mondas to burn itself out, acknowledging that General Cutler would probably perish in space if they do so, but that is only one life against possibly millions and they must take that chance. Barclay agrees, but he still dares not go against Cutler. Hopefully, Polly suggests sabotage - disabling the rocket in some undetectable way whilst pretending to go along with Cutler's orders.
However, the General returns and puts a swift end to the conversation. He does not notice their guilty looks as he is more interested in speaking to his son. There still has been no contact. What's worse, the formation of spaceships has left orbit and is heading on course to the South Pole. The General rejects a missile attack on the incoming ships and instead plans to ambush the Cybermen on the ground, using their own weapons. He orders a security detail outside under camouflage and issued with the captured cyber weapons. There is only 10 minutes to countdown. If they can hold off the Cybermen for that long, then the launch will be completed and the Z-bomb will do their work for them. Cutler receives word that the bomb is now in position on the rocket and ready for final checks. He just has time to do it before the Cybermen arrive and he heads out.
Polly takes the opportunity to grab Barclay, assuming his agreement to her plan, and drag him off. They must free Ben to help them.
They nearly frighten Ben to death when they burst into the cabin. Polly inquires quickly after the Doctor. The base physician could find nothing wrong, but he is still unconscious. Polly tells Ben their plan. Barclay says the rocket can be sabotaged very simply and untraceably but they must find a way to sneak into the rocket silo to do it. He points out the air shaft Ben was trying to break into, saying it leads to the silo. Barclay himself agrees to distract the guard and the technician on duty to give Ben time to get inside and go to a panel marked Plug Servo Leads. Barclay draws a picture and directs him where to find it. All he needs to do is pull out any one of the plugs and snip off a pin. The countdown will proceed as normal, but the fuel pump pressure on the rocket will fall to zero at blastoff and the rocket will not launch.
A klaxon blares through the base - the Cybermen have arrived. Barclay hurriedly gives Ben directions through the airshaft. They haven't much time.
Outside, a single Cyberman spaceship lands. Near the trap door to the base, guards are hidden in the snow with only the fronts of their cyber weapons exposed. A column of the creatures marches through the blowing snow toward the trap door. The guns fire and one by one the Cybermen fall.
During the distraction, Ben makes his way through the airshaft to the rocket silo. He reaches the end and looks down into the silo room. There is a technician running through some checks. Ben watches as a guard enters and gestures the technician out into the corridor. There, the two consult with a nervous-looking Dr. Barclay. Alone, Ben sets to work opening the grille.
In cabin 7, Polly tries again to wake the sleeping Doctor. She is still very concerned for his health. Suddenly, she hears someone unlocking the cabin door and scrambles to the top bunk, covering herself with the blanket and stifling a sneeze. A guard enters and checks that the Doctor and "Ben" are there. He leaves without further investigation. Polly uncovers and looks toward the grille, concerned for Ben.
In the silo room, Ben forces the grille open with a loud noise. Fortunately, no one is around to hear it and he scrambles down a nearby ladder and onto the elevated walkway. He hurries to the rocket panel to find the Plug Servo Leads.
In the Tracking Room, General Cutler watches a visual feed from outside, satisfied with the deaths of the Cybermen. He orders his men to capture the additional weapons and bring them down to the guard room, then turns to consult Dr. Barclay. However, Barclay is not in the room and no one knows where he is. Dyson says he's been gone since before he himself returned from the fusing room. Dyson suggests the rocket silo and Cutler's suspicions are raised. He hurries out of the room while Dyson gets on with his work.
Cutler finds Barclay in the corridor outside the rocket silo, still talking with the technician and the guard. He is at a loss to explain why he is here when Cutler confronts him and the General doesn't waste a second listening to his fearful stammer. He forces his way past and into the silo room, seeing Ben buried up to his shoulders in the servo panel. He barges up the stairs and onto the walkway, yanking Ben out by his collar, then striking the surprised youth. Ben flips helplessly backward over the walkway railing and onto the floor below.
His anger flaring, Cutler orders the guard to drag the unconscious Ben back to the Tracking Room. Then he orders the technician to check and see if Ben has done any actual damage. Barclay lamely offers to explain, but Cutler won't listen. There's work to be done and there'll be time for explanations later.
A short time later, everyone is back in the Tracking Room. Ben is slumped on the floor, unconscious, as Polly looks after him. Dr. Barclay is sitting at his console looking frazzled and fearful as Cutler completes a fiery tirade. He wants them all to know that if the rocket doesn't take off flawlessly, and his son is in danger, he promises to take the law into his own hands. Everyone knows what this means.
Cutler orders the countdown started, but Barclay tells him the preliminary checks are incomplete. Cutler shoots him a warning glance. He then turns his attention to the communications console and tries to reach his son. Lt. Cutler comes through clearly on the first try. He reports still no sign of the Cybermen spaceships, then asks when he's going to be able to return. The General tells him they must "deal with Mondas" first, but says nothing more. Terry reports some sluggishness on his capsule's controls and some fluctuation in power levels. Cutler reassures him they will get him down just as soon as possible.
Barclay announces all systems are go and gets a check-in from all of the launch control teams. Barclay starts the countdown at T-minus 200.
Polly succeeds in bringing Ben around, but his head is splitting and his memory is hazy. He cannot remember if he actually managed to sabotage the plug pins or not. He is not helped by the constant chatter and mounting chaos in the Tracking Room as the countdown continues.
At T-minus 135, a fault is announced on the range computers and Barclay stops the countdown. Cutler is on him in a second. Barclay says it is a minor fault, but Polly is sure they have found Ben's sabotage. The fault is cleared quickly and the countdown resumes. Polly is beside herself, certain that they have failed.
At T-minus 125, the Demeter rocket is raised from its silo to the surface. At T-minus 105, all personnel are cleared from the silo and the land lines and gantry retract. At T-minus 50, firing circuits go to auto action and timing goes to automatic.
In the Tracking Room, Barclay goes through his routine with automatic efficiency, all dissent momentarily forgotten. All faces in the room are set and hard, each person lost in his or her own thoughts as the tension mounts.
The countdown reaches 0 and the rocket's engines fire...
Episode 4
(drn: 24'02")
The rocket's engines fire, but as predicted, the fuel pressure falls to zero and the engines stop. The rocket remains on its launch pad. General Cutler, already tightly-wound, becomes enraged. He speaks in a menacing whisper, ready to snap. Polly voices her relief at their victory and Cutler turns on her, threatening the lives of Polly and her friends for their sabotage. He wants the Doctor brought to the Tracking Room, no matter how ill he is. But the Doctor has already regained consciousness and has brought himself here. He looks and sounds very weak, but is aware of what has happened and gloats over their victory. Cutler grabs the Doctor and shoves him over with the others. He will deal with them later and orders Dyson to regain contact with his son.
Polly is alarmed over how weak the Doctor looks. He is not sure what is happening to him, but blames it on "an outside influence". He guesses that his old body is "wearing a bit thin". This worries Polly even more, but the Doctor is more concerned with the problem at hand. He moves over to listen to General Cutler.
The General has turned on Barclay, ordering him to repair his sabotage and launch the Z-bomb. If not, he vows to kill Barclay as well as the Doctor and his friends. But Barclay is defiant, almost daring Cutler to try and launch the rocket. Cutler grabs him and shoves him back with the others. He starts to move toward them menacingly when a signal comes through from Zeus 5 - weak but audible. The General turns quickly to the communications console.
Lt. Cutler tells his father that his capsule is tumbling almost out of control, but there there is no panic in his voice. He hurries to impart his vital observation of Mondas - it is brightening and darkening alternatively, brilliant one second then dark the next. The Doctor hears this and knows his prediction was accurate. Mondas is almost at its limit of energy absorption and will burn up soon. But Cutler doesn't even hear this, so intent is he on his son's plight. He even silences the radar technician when he reports Cyberman spaceships approaching Earth in force again.
All the General cares about is his son. He listens and watches helplessly as Terry reports the total loss of capsule control. Then the screen goes black and contact is lost. He stares for a moment in disbelief and then the General loses control. He orders Dyson to get the signal back again, completely ignoring the ongoing reports of a Cyberman spaceship landing nearby. But when Barclay dares to comment on this, Cutler hears and turns on them all. In his mind, the saboteurs are the only enemy. They are responsible for the death of his son. They will be responsible for the destruction of Earth. They are the enemy and they must die.
He pulls out a pistol and aims it at the group, trapped against the back wall. The technicians continue reporting, announcing the landing of the ship. There is no defense this time, but Cutler, out of his mind with anger and grief over the apparent death of his son, hears nothing and cares about nothing else. He calls the Doctor and his friends murderers. He points the gun at the Doctor and prepares to execute them all one by one.
Just at that moment, pandemonium breaks out in the hallway outside. There is muffled gunfire followed by the unmistakable whine of a cyber weapon. The Cybermen have again invaded Snowcap base. The General turns to the doorway as a Cyberman appears. He comes back to himself for a brief second, firing at the creature, but he only gets off one harmless shot before he himself is gunned down by the Cyberman. He collapses in a smoking heap while the Cybermen enter the Tracking Room in a stunned silence.
The Doctor thanks the lead Cyberman for saving their lives but is ignored. The Cybermen disarm all the soldiers and herd the staff together in one corner. Ben wonders ironically if they'll get any gratitude for saving Mondas, but the leader says they have detected the missile aimed at the planet and do not consider it a threat. The Doctor assures him it could have done significant damage, but that they neutralized it and saved Mondas. In exchange, the Doctor boldly asks the Cybermen to abandon their plans to conquer the Earth and instead live in peace here with the humans when Mondas disintegrates.
The Cybermen confer on this point, appearing serious about his offer and leaving the Doctor and his friends alone for a moment. Ben and Barclay are certain the creatures cannot be trusted, but the Doctor says their only chance is to play for time. It is not necessary to trust them.
The Cybermen announce that they cannot negotiate while the Z-bomb is still aimed at Mondas and they wish it to be disarmed. The Doctor, consulting with Barclay, agrees to do this, but he is only trying to waste enough time for Mondas to burn up. They want the warhead removed and placed below ground level. Barclay suggests the Radiation Room, the deepest part of the base. To make certain the others comply, they will take Polly to their spaceship and hold the Doctor in the Tracking Room. Both are hostages.
Ben tries to protest, offering himself in Polly's place, but both the lead Cyberman and the Doctor dissuade him. He is needed to help with the warhead and the Doctor has his own plans to deal with the Cybermen. He extracts a promise from the Cybermen to return Polly once the warhead is safely stored away, and he sends her off with them, reminding her to take her coat against the cold.
Polly is taken to the Cyberman spaceship. It is as cold inside as the weather is outside. There is no need for heat. She is shown to some sort of chair with bars in front like a cage. She refuses to sit and the Cyberman zaps her with flash of light. She slumps unconscious into the chair. The Cyberman closes the cage and she is trapped.
In the Tracking Room, the Doctor is alone with two Cybermen. A video message comes through from International Space Command HQ - Secretary Wigner calling for General Cutler. It goes unanswered for some time, until the Cybermen indicate for the Doctor to answer it. He does so awkwardly, saying only that the General is unavailable. Wigner reports that there have been mass landings of Cybermen all over the world. Just as he says this, Cybermen burst into his own office. The Cybermen are now controllers of the Earth.
The Cyberman in Geneva orders his counterpart at Snowcap to proceed with their "second objective", but there must be time for the Cybermen to evacuate before it occurs. The Doctor knows immediately what this means - the destruction of Earth, using the Z-bomb itself. The Doctor grabs an internal microphone and gets a message to his friends in the Radiation Room to stop work immediately.
Ben, Barclay, Dyson and a technician called Haines have succeeded in bringing the Z-bomb warhead down off the rocket and into the Radiation Room. They hear the Doctor's warning and realize that they have been fooled into helping the Cybermen. Dyson immediately regrets his opposition to Cutler and believes that they've signed the death warrant for the entire planet. Ben and Barclay still believe they can prevail. They all try to look busy as a Cyberman passes by outside the door and checks on them through the window.
Ben has had a thought. He wonders why the Cybermen need humans to do this work. They are stronger and more advanced than humans and could likely have dismantled the Z-bomb quite easily on their own. Why, then, do they need human labour and why have the Cybermen not come into the Radiation Room to at least supervise? Barclay realizes that the creatures must have some aversion to radioactivity. Following the Doctor's command, Ben decides to test the theory and play for time.
All four men lie down on the floor as if injured. Ben shouts for help and draws the Cyberman guard to the door. The creature hesitates for a long moment before opening the door and entering. Shortly, the Cyberman slows to a stop and drops its weapon. Ben gets up and shoves it outside, closing the door. Dyson wonders why they didn't try to escape, and Ben tells him they have the Cybermen right where they want them. They cannot get inside due to their weakness to radioactivity and cannot set off the bomb. All there is to do is to wait for Mondas to burn up. But Ben is aware that the Cybermen still hold the Doctor and Polly.
The Doctor and the Cybermen have watched on the monitor. The Doctor is pleased with the stalemate. He offers again to negotiate, but the Cybermen are only interested in victory and will kill the Doctor and Polly to achieve it. The Doctor is quick to remind them that harming them will not save Mondas. The lead Cyberman addresses Ben and the others, telling them that one of their planets has to be destroyed for the other to survive. It shall be Earth that is destroyed and he offers to save them all by taking them back to Mondas. A nervous Dyson wonders if they should agree, but Ben of course refuses. He tells them they must free Polly and the Doctor if they want the humans' help after Mondas burns up. The Cyberman refuses to acknowledge the possibility of defeat and orders the Doctor taken out to the spaceship. The Doctor promises they will regret this.
The lead Cyberman addresses Ben and the others, giving them just 3 minutes to fuse the warhead or Polly and the Doctor will be eliminated.
In the Radiation Room, Ben watches the Doctor being dragged out of the Tracking Room. He fears for the safety of his friends and now doubts the wisdom of his plan. Predictably, Dyson wants to go along with the Cybermen. His nerve is shot and he will take any opportunity to survive. But Barclay urges them to sit tight and wait. Millions of lives are at stake, not just two. Ben, however, wants action and so attacks the monitor system, disabling it completely. They can't communicate with the Cybermen, but neither can the Cybermen spy on them. He begins to outline his new plan.
In the Cyberman spaceship, the Doctor has been imprisoned in one of the chair-cages next to Polly. His energy seems to be dangerously low as he slumps against the bars. Polly is concerned over the rising and falling mechanical whine she can hear in the ship. The lights in the room also go from bright to dim in time with the noise. The Doctor rouses somewhat, listening. He thinks that because the ship receives its energy from Mondas, it too will be affected when the planet absorbs too much energy. Perhaps the ship will even blow up, with them inside.
Ben has come up with a plan to attack the Cybermen using radioactivity. He wants to hold them off, stalemate them again but not kill them outright. But he needs something radioactive and portable. Barclay can think of nothing and Dyson's rising hysteria is becoming obstructive. Ben points out the nuclear reactor and Barclay thinks they could remove the reactor rods if all of them worked together. Again, Dyson refuses, believing that they can trust the Cybermen. Ben has had enough of this. He tries to convince him that the Cybermen are lying and that either way he'll be killed if he doesn't at least try. This seems to work and Dyson joins in.
In the Tracking Room, the Cybermen wait for the 3-minute limit to expire. On a monitor screen, they can see Mondas rotating rapidly, wildly alternating between bright and dark. The planet is nearing saturation point and they must act quickly if they are to save it. They try to activate the Radiation Room monitor but it does not work. They realize what has happened and head for the Radiation Room.
Ben and Haines are nearly finished removing the fuel rods from the nuclear reactor. Barclay is set to turn on the emergency power as soon as main power goes out. He worries that there will only be one hour's worth of light and heat, but Ben reminds him that if this doesn't work, the cold will be the least of his worries.
Once the rods are removed, Ben sends Dyson and Haines to opposite ends of the now-deserted corridor. Each one has a fuel rod. Ben grabs the cyber weapon and goes out to draw the Cybermen to them. As soon as they hear the weapon fire, that will be their cue to come forward with the fuel rods. Hopefully, the Cybermen will be trapped between them and incapacitated by the radiation.
But the Cybermen have a plan of their own. They carry with them a canister of lethal gas which they will use if necessary, although they hope to capture the humans alive. Ben sees them coming and races ahead back into the Radiation Room, where Barclay waits. The Cybermen still will not come inside and so demand an answer to their ultimatum through the door. Ben tells them they can come and get the bomb if that's what they want. Instead, they begin pouring gas into the room.
Ben realizes what is happening and adjusts. He grabs the weapon and races to the far side of the room and signals Barclay to open the door. He does so and joins Ben. Through the thickening gas cloud, Ben cannot see the Cybermen, but fires the weapon anyway. He is not trying to kill them, but to call Haines and Dyson forward. The two Cybermen pull the door closed in order to let the gas do its work. Ben and Barclay are trapped and the others seem to be taking their time.
However, Haines and Dyson do arrive from opposite ends of the corridor, trapping the Cybermen between them. They stagger and stumble, finally collapsing onto the floor. The two men hurry into the Radiation Room to pull out Ben and Barclay. All four head back to the Tracking Room.
Soon, the soldiers and technicians are back at work. The Cybermen seem to have left the base. Barclay orders the fuel rods replaced in the reactor as soon as possible. Ben is trying to figure out how to rescue the Doctor and Polly. He fears that the spaceship will return to Mondas and he will never see them again. Barclay finds one of the Cyberman communication devices discarded on the floor. Ben finds a way to activate it, hoping it will at least keep the Cybermen here.
It has the intended effect, but on a much larger scale. A troop of Cybermen returns to the base, just as the emergency power begins to fail. The humans hope that they can hold out using the captured cyber weapons, but the Cybermen continue relentlessly. Even in the chaos, Ben's gaze is drawn to a monitor screen showing a picture of Mondas. The planet now rotates crazily and the brightening and darkening cycle is much quicker. A haze of gas surrounds it. All eyes are soon on the planet as it appears to melt and disintegrate before them. The Doctor's prediction has come true.
Ben remembers the Cybermen outside and glances over. He sees that they, like their planet, are dying. Without power from Mondas, the creatures slow to a stop like toys winding down. They teeter and fall one by one. Then they too begin to disintegrate. All of the organic components break down without energy to sustain them, leaving behind only their metal and plastic parts amid smoking debris. On the monitor, Mondas is now nothing more than a cloud of gas and dust drifting harmlessly away from Earth.
In the aftermath, a miracle occurs. The voice of Terry Cutler crackles through from the radio. He is alive and wondering when the Snowcap technicians might have a moment to get him down. With the destruction of Mondas, all systems are fully operational and his capsule is functioning normally. Barclay takes charge, telling Lt. Cutler he'll have to stay put for the moment until things are sorted out at the base.
Barclay contacts ISC HQ just as Ben remembers that the Doctor and Polly are still trapped on the Cyberman spaceship. He barely listens as he suits up to go outside. Wigner tells Barclay that the Cyberman menace has ended simultaneously all over the world. He wants a full report from Snowcap as soon as possible. With so much to do, the base staff do not even notice as Ben leaves to rescue his friends.
In the ship, all the Cybermen are dead. The Doctor is unconscious in his cage, slumped against the bars. Polly is cold, alone, and frightened. The ship is deathly quiet when Ben enters. He frees a grateful Polly and tries to comfort her. Together they try to wake the Doctor, telling him that it's all over.
Slowly, very slowly, the Doctor regains consciousness. His speech his slow and indistinct. His eyes are glassy and his gaze far away. According to him it's far from being "all over". All the Doctor can think about is returning to the TARDIS immediately. He brushes off all offers of help except a scarf offered by Ben. Then he bolts out of the ship, leaving his companions alone. His last words to them: "Keep warm."
Then he is gone, moving faster than they thought he was capable. Ben and Polly take a moment to wonder what all this means and to spare a thought for the dead Cyberman at their feet. Then they must hurry after their friend.
They get outside only to find that the Doctor has already reached the TARDIS and the door is closed. They push through the blowing snow and pound on the doors to get the Doctor to open up.
Inside, the Doctor seems lost in his own world. The console room is darkened and the Doctor hunches over the controls as he operates them, leaning on the console for support. He appears to be dying. The last thing he does is open the doors to admit his companions. They burst inside to see the Doctor's thin body silhouetted by the light from the TARDIS walls.
He collapses onto the floor and Ben and Polly rush to help him. Polly pulls the scarf which has fallen across his face just as the sound of the TARDIS dematerialization begins. Suddenly, the Doctor's entire body is bathed in brilliant light from no discernable source. It reaches blinding brightness and then fades.
When Ben and Polly open their eyes again, the face and body left behind on the TARDIS floor is that of an entirely different person... Source: Jeff Murray
Continuity Notes:
The Fifth Doctor and Nyssa later discover more about the origins of the Cybermen in Spare Parts .
The Cybermen later on travel back in time and try to prevent Mondas's destruction, and the Sixth Doctor must stop them in Attack of the Cybermen .
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i don't know
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Which musician was charged in October 2005 with possessing cocaine at his home in New York?
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BBC NEWS | Americas | Boy George on US cocaine charge
Boy George on US cocaine charge
Police attended Boy George's home following reports of a burglary
Musician Boy George has appeared in court charged with possessing cocaine after being arrested in New York.
The 44-year-old performer was detained at about 0300 (0700 GMT) on Friday by police responding to a report of a burglary at his luxury Manhattan home.
A spokeswoman for the Manhattan District Attorney's office said he was released after being charged with possession of a controlled substance.
It is alleged he had more than an eighth of an ounce (3.5g) of cocaine.
The charge carries a maximum penalty of up to five and a half years in prison. He is scheduled to return to court on 19 December.
His former agent Tony Denton said after speaking to Boy George's sister, Siobhan that the star denied the drug was his.
'Not taking'
Mr Denton said: "Basically, he did call the police himself. He actually thought somebody was breaking into the apartment.
"They turned up and they searched the apartment and found traces of cocaine on the computer table, which George has said he was not taking and was nothing to do with him."
A New York Police Department spokesman said the singer was charged with possessing cocaine and falsely reporting an incident.
The spokesman said police had responded to an emergency call made by Boy George.
"The call was about a possible burglary," he said. The star - real name George O'Dowd - rose to fame in 80s band Culture Club.
He also suffered from a well-publicised heroin addiction during that decade.
During the 90s, he established a successful career as a club DJ.
He moved to the US around the time his musical Taboo transferred to Broadway in 2003, but it received mainly negative reviews and closed after less than three months.
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Boy George
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The US University of Yale is in which state?
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A Brief History of Rock Star Drug Arrests - Photo Gallery - Fuse
T.I.
A Brief History of Rock Star Drug Arrests
In tribute to Fiona Apple's recent troubles, here are some other famous musicians who have been arrested for drugs
September 21, 2012
Hot Damn! Bruno Mars' Cool Style Evolution
Fiona Apple
As you may have heard, Fiona Apple was arrested Wednesday night in Texas and charged with possession of marijuana and hash. With the arrest, Apple joins a long and illustrious list of rock stars with drug busts on their resumes. Here is Fuse's exhaustive list
C Flanigan/WireImage
Paul McCartney
In 1980, Sir Paul McCartney was arrested in a Tokyo airport with half a pound of weed inside a packed suit jacket. He’d previously been arrested for marijuana twice before, once in Sweden and once in Scotland
David Harris
Lil Wayne
Lil Wayne was arrested in January 2008 in Yuma County, Ariz. for carrying a treasure trove of drugs in his tour bus. Police found 29 grams of cocaine, 41 grams of ecstasy and miscellaneous drug paraphernalia on the bus. He was charged with four felonies and was eventually sentenced to three years probation. He was detained for marijuana possession less than a year later
Michael Buckner/Getty Images for Caesars Entertainment
The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones have had quite the history with drug arrests. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards were first arrested in 1967 after a police raid at Richards’ house. In a separate incident, then-guitarist Brian Jones was arrested and charged with possession of marijuana. Both Jagger and Richards were arrested several more times, with Jones dying two years later in what many have called a drug-related death
Photoshot
Snoop Dogg
Perhaps weed's number one supporter, Snoop Dogg has been arrested for marijuana possession at least six times: in 1990, 1998, 2001, 2006 (twice!), 2007, and twice again this year. At some point, the police should just give up and let Snoop Dogg be Snoop Dogg
Kristian Dowling
George Harrison
The Beatles guitarist was arrested in 1969 after police found a block of hash in a shoe in his closet
Juergen Vollmer
Amy Winehouse
Amy Winehouse was arrested by British police after a video surfaced of her apparently smoking crack. Charges were dropped once it became clear that the police couldn’t prove what substance she was smoking in the video
SHAUN CURRY
Willie Nelson
A well-known pot connoisseur, Willie Nelson has been arrested at least four times for marijuana possession: in 1974, 1994, 2006 and, most recently, 2010, when he was arrested for having six ounces of pot on his tour bus
Paul A. Hebert
Bob Marley
The reggae legend and pot fan was arrested and fined for possession of marijuana in London in 1977
Chris Walter
Big Boi
Atlanta rapper Big Boi was arrested in Miami in 2011 while returning from a Caribbean cruise. He was charged with possession of MDMA (ecstasy) and Viagra
Johnny Nunez
Santana
Legendary guitarist Carlos Santana was arrested in 1991 at Houston International Airport after authorities discovered five grams of marijuana in his suitcase
Tucker Ransom
Ziggy Stardust was arrested in 1976 on charges of marijuana possession
Michael Ochs Archives
Notorious B.I.G.
Notorious B.I.G. was arrested in July 1996 after New Jersey police searched his home and found marijuana and firearms
New York Daily News Archive
DMX
Rapper DMX has been arrested at least four times for drugs, most recently in June 2004, when authorities at JFK Airport charged him with cocaine possession (along with criminal impersonation, criminal possession of a weapon, criminal mischief, menacing, and driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol)
Scott Gries
John Lennon
John Lennon and wife Yoko Ono were arrested in 1968 and charged with possession of marijuana. Lennon later pled guilty and was fined £150
Tom Hanley/Redferns
Whitney Houston
Hawaiian airport authorities found 15 grams of marijuana inside Houston’s bag in 2000, but charges were later dropped
Larry Busacca
David Crosby
Crosby has had several drug-related arrests, including one in 1985 that landed him in prison and another in 2004, when police found marijuana and a handgun in his luggage
Tom Copi
Bruno Mars
Singer/songwriter Bruno Mars was arrested and charged with felony drug possession in 2010 after Las Vegas police found 2.6 grams of cocaine on him after a concert at the Hard Rock Hotel
Dave Hogan
George Michael
British pop star George Michael has been arrested several times for drugs, most recently in 2010 when he was arrested and charged with driving under the influence of drugs. He was sentenced to eight weeks in prison, a fine and a five-year ban from driving
Peter Still
Don Henley
The Eagles singer was arrested in 1980 on charges of possession of marijuana, cocaine and Quaaludes. He was fined and given two years of probation
Pete Cronin
Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash had several drug-related run-ins with the law, but his most famous incident occurred in 1965, when the Man in Black was arrested in Texas with 688 Dexedrine capsules and 475 Equanil tablets stashed inside his guitar case
Rob Verhorst
Kid Cudi
G.O.O.D. Music rapper/singer Kid Cudi was arrested in New York City in 2010 on charges of felony criminal mischief and possession of a controlled substance, believed to be cocaine
Dimitrios Kambouris/MJF2011
T.I.
Atlanta rapper T.I.’s most recent drug bust occurred in September 2010, when he was arrested with his wife in Los Angeles after police found ecstasy, prescription cough syrup and marijuana inside his Maybach. At the time, he was on probation for weapons charges and he’d been arrested several times before for drug charges
Prince Williams
Louis Armstrong
The legendary jazz performer was arrested in 1931 for marijuana possession, but charges were later dropped
William Gottlieb
The Stooges frontman was arrested in 1976 for marijuana possession
Annabel Staff
Bon Scott
As a member of pre-AC/DC band the Valentines, Scott and his bandmates were arrested in 1969 for possession of marijuana
Michael Ochs Archives
Pete Doherty
Ex-Libertines frontman Pete Doherty has been arrested numerous times on drug charges, most recently in October 2010 for possession of cocaine
Getty Images
Ray Charles
Ray Charles was arrested twice for drugs, once in 1961 when he was caught with heroin and marijuana. He was arrested again for the same substances in 1964
Michael Ochs Archives
James Brown
The late, great Godfather of Soul was arrested several times for drugs, most recently in 1998 for possession of marijuana
Vincent McEvoy
Flava Flav
Public Enemy hypeman and reality TV star Flava Flav was arrested several times, including once in 1993 on charges of cocaine and marijuana possession
David Corio
Boy George
The former Culture Club singer was arrested on charges of cocaine possession after he called the NYPD to report a burglary and the police, while searching his home, discovered cocaine near his computer
Jakubaszek
Scott Weiland
The Stone Temple Pilots singer has been arrested at least four times on drug-related charges, most recently in 2004 when he was arrested for driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol
Ilya S. Savenok
In 1999, the late Wu-Tang rapper was arrested on charges of cocaine possession
Bob Berg
David Lee Roth
The former Van Halen frontman was arrested in 1994 along with 24 others in New York City's Washington Square Park while trying to buy a $5 bag of marijuana
Michael Ochs Archives
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i don't know
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Who was the first man to be general Secretary and President of the USSR?
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Richard M. Nixon | whitehouse.gov
Air Force One
Richard M. Nixon
Richard Nixon was elected the 37th President of the United States (1969-1974) after previously serving as a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator from California. After successfully ending American fighting in Vietnam and improving international relations with the U.S.S.R. and China, he became the only President to ever resign the office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
Reconciliation was the first goal set by President Richard M. Nixon. The Nation was painfully divided, with turbulence in the cities and war overseas. During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But the Watergate scandal brought fresh divisions to the country and ultimately led to his resignation.
His election in 1968 had climaxed a career unusual on two counts: his early success and his comeback after being defeated for President in 1960 and for Governor of California in 1962.
Born in California in 1913, Nixon had a brilliant record at Whittier College and Duke University Law School before beginning the practice of law. In 1940, he married Patricia Ryan; they had two daughters, Patricia (Tricia) and Julie. During World War II, Nixon served as a Navy lieutenant commander in the Pacific.
On leaving the service, he was elected to Congress from his California district. In 1950, he won a Senate seat. Two years later, General Eisenhower selected Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate.
As Vice President, Nixon took on major duties in the Eisenhower Administration. Nominated for President by acclamation in 1960, he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. In 1968, he again won his party's nomination, and went on to defeat Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and third-party candidate George C. Wallace.
His accomplishments while in office included revenue sharing, the end of the draft, new anticrime laws, and a broad environmental program. As he had promised, he appointed Justices of conservative philosophy to the Supreme Court. One of the most dramatic events of his first term occurred in 1969, when American astronauts made the first moon landing.
Some of his most acclaimed achievements came in his quest for world stability. During visits in 1972 to Beijing and Moscow, he reduced tensions with China and the U.S.S.R. His summit meetings with Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev produced a treaty to limit strategic nuclear weapons. In January 1973, he announced an accord with North Viet Nam to end American involvement in Indochina. In 1974, his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, negotiated disengagement agreements between Israel and its opponents, Egypt and Syria.
In his 1972 bid for office, Nixon defeated Democratic candidate George McGovern by one of the widest margins on record.
Within a few months, his administration was embattled over the so-called "Watergate" scandal, stemming from a break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the 1972 campaign. The break-in was traced to officials of the Committee to Re-elect the President. A number of administration officials resigned; some were later convicted of offenses connected with efforts to cover up the affair. Nixon denied any personal involvement, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings which indicated that he had, in fact, tried to divert the investigation.
As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. Nixon nominated, and Congress approved, House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice President.
Faced with what seemed almost certain impeachment, Nixon announced on August 8, 1974, that he would resign the next day to begin "that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America."
In his last years, Nixon gained praise as an elder statesman. By the time of his death on April 22, 1994, he had written numerous books on his experiences in public life and on foreign policy.
The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association.
For more information about President Nixon, please visit
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Leonid Brezhnev
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Who wrote the best seller 'The Lovely Bones'?
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Richard M. Nixon | whitehouse.gov
Air Force One
Richard M. Nixon
Richard Nixon was elected the 37th President of the United States (1969-1974) after previously serving as a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator from California. After successfully ending American fighting in Vietnam and improving international relations with the U.S.S.R. and China, he became the only President to ever resign the office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
Reconciliation was the first goal set by President Richard M. Nixon. The Nation was painfully divided, with turbulence in the cities and war overseas. During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But the Watergate scandal brought fresh divisions to the country and ultimately led to his resignation.
His election in 1968 had climaxed a career unusual on two counts: his early success and his comeback after being defeated for President in 1960 and for Governor of California in 1962.
Born in California in 1913, Nixon had a brilliant record at Whittier College and Duke University Law School before beginning the practice of law. In 1940, he married Patricia Ryan; they had two daughters, Patricia (Tricia) and Julie. During World War II, Nixon served as a Navy lieutenant commander in the Pacific.
On leaving the service, he was elected to Congress from his California district. In 1950, he won a Senate seat. Two years later, General Eisenhower selected Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate.
As Vice President, Nixon took on major duties in the Eisenhower Administration. Nominated for President by acclamation in 1960, he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. In 1968, he again won his party's nomination, and went on to defeat Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and third-party candidate George C. Wallace.
His accomplishments while in office included revenue sharing, the end of the draft, new anticrime laws, and a broad environmental program. As he had promised, he appointed Justices of conservative philosophy to the Supreme Court. One of the most dramatic events of his first term occurred in 1969, when American astronauts made the first moon landing.
Some of his most acclaimed achievements came in his quest for world stability. During visits in 1972 to Beijing and Moscow, he reduced tensions with China and the U.S.S.R. His summit meetings with Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev produced a treaty to limit strategic nuclear weapons. In January 1973, he announced an accord with North Viet Nam to end American involvement in Indochina. In 1974, his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, negotiated disengagement agreements between Israel and its opponents, Egypt and Syria.
In his 1972 bid for office, Nixon defeated Democratic candidate George McGovern by one of the widest margins on record.
Within a few months, his administration was embattled over the so-called "Watergate" scandal, stemming from a break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the 1972 campaign. The break-in was traced to officials of the Committee to Re-elect the President. A number of administration officials resigned; some were later convicted of offenses connected with efforts to cover up the affair. Nixon denied any personal involvement, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings which indicated that he had, in fact, tried to divert the investigation.
As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. Nixon nominated, and Congress approved, House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice President.
Faced with what seemed almost certain impeachment, Nixon announced on August 8, 1974, that he would resign the next day to begin "that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America."
In his last years, Nixon gained praise as an elder statesman. By the time of his death on April 22, 1994, he had written numerous books on his experiences in public life and on foreign policy.
The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association.
For more information about President Nixon, please visit
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i don't know
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What is the French for Wednesday?
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French Translation of “Wednesday” | Collins English-French Dictionary
mercredi prochain
Example Sentences Including 'Wednesday'
Stella and Holly had gone home on Wednesday evening but Tara had taken time off work to stay in Kinvarra.
Cathy Kelly JUST BETWEEN US (2002)
No, that was Gina's birthday, Wednesday then, he had the next day off.
Vanessa Jones THE KINDEST USE A KNIFE (2002)
To my intense satisfaction, he followed the same routine he'd used on the previous Wednesday.
Val McDermid DEAD BEAT (2002)
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Mercredi
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How is novelist Patricia Plangman better known?
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Days of the Week in French - Words and Phrases
Home Vocabulary Days of the Week
Days of the Week in French
Written by Administrator
Saturday, 20 February 2010 09:55
This lesson will teach you how to say the days of the week in French (Les Jours de la Semaine). All days of the week in French end in "-di" with the exception of Sunday. And you will find it easy to remember their gender because they are all masculine. Unlike in English, French days of the week are not capitalized unless they are placed in the beginning of a sentence. It's also worthwhile to mention that French calendars normally start on Monday rather than Sunday.
Audio
Sunday
dee-mah(n)sh
*French pronunciation of days of the week by Labé. French standard accent, west of France. Audio recording distributed under CC-SA-3.0 If you want to know what day is today, the following phrase will be helpful: Quel jour est-ce aujourd'hui? What day is it today? [kehl zhoor ehs oh-zhoor-dwee] In order to say that something happened "on" a certain day in French, you need to use the indefinite article "le" (masculine) in front of the day of the week. For example: Le vendredi, je m'amuse. On Fridays, I have fun. Le mercredi je cuisine. On Wednesday, I cook.
More French Words for Scheduling and Planning
Below you will find several more French words and phrases that will help you to talk about schedules and calendar events in French.
French word
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i don't know
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What is the correct way of addressing a Duke?
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Correct Forms of Address
Correct Forms of Address
I provide the following summary charts for your convenience, with three important caveats:
1. Please do not use this page in a vacuum. Most of the usages listed here are explained in greater detail elsewhere in these pages, which is why I have resisted including charts at all until now. These charts are for convenience and reference.
2. Most of the information on this page comes directly from the 1932 edition of Black's Correct Form . Books like this which purport to demonstrate "correct forms of address" are aimed at a specific audience: commoners, i.e., those of us who were not raised "in the system" and haven't married into it. Usage among families and social equals could vary considerably from what is presented here, for all I know. Furthermore, I'm not even certain that period letters and memoirs help, because there could be different forms for (even informal) writing and in speech, and forms of course further vary in correspondence depending upon the recipient. Until a peer's daughter joins the Heyer Mailing List and tells me what's what, I welcome corrections on anything on this page from anyone in a position to know better, especially from first-hand experience.
3. These charts assume for illustrative purposes that eldest sons of peers bear a courtesy title only one degree lower than their father's, but that is not always the case.
Specific Usages
1. First Names
First names were almost never used in speech, except in extremely limited circumstances, before this century. I have studied memoirs and letters of the late 18th/early 19th centuries and have formed a tentative hypothesis that use of first names was resticted almost exclusively to children growing up together, or in some cases boys at school together. They would continue to use their childhood forms of address throughout their lives. Parents might also ignore titles when addressing their children, but very often if there was a title available, say an eldest son's courtesy title, even a mother would use it, albeit alone, e.g., Hartington. In Lady Harriet Cavendish's letters to her family, she always refers to her brother, the Marquis of Hartington, as "Hart" or "Hartington," as did their mother. She calls her cousin, Lady Caroline Ponsonby, "Caro" or "Caroline," as she likewise called her half-sister, Caroline de St. Jules. She also calls many of the Lambs by their first names. They were all raised together. (Both Carolines married Lambs, and so after their marriages Lady Harriet would distinguish between them as "Caro-William" and "Caro-George," respectively.) But Lady Harriet never refers to anyone outside this close circle of people she knew from infancy by their Christian names; she always uses their correct titles. (However, these references are in written correspondence, and may or may not reflect the terms used in actual speech.)
Among men, rather than first names, intimacy was usually shown by using the title alone, e.g., Sherringham, Wrotham (or some diminutive of it, like "Sherry" or "Hart"), or by using the last name alone, e.g., Fairfax. Occasionally first names were used among very close friends who, as mentioned above, attended boarding school together from a young age, especially if the boy didn't have the peerage while he was in school, but inherited it later (which is why Lord Wrotham's friends call him "George," while they call Lord Sherringham "Sherry": Sherry had already inherited his peerage when he met them all in school, while George inherited his after they had all grown up).
Even spouses often maintained more formal modes of address than Christian names, even in private. Most often a lady would call her husband by his title alone, as his intimate friends or his family would, e.g., Chatham. Obviously it would depend upon the couple, and many factors might contribute, such as age disparity or actual intimacy, but a wife would almost always refer to her husband this way, even to her closest friends and relations, and in company they would call each other "my lord" and "my lady," or perhaps some diminutive like "my dear" or "my love." It is hard to identify sources to back up this hypothesis, since primary sources from earlier centuries generally do not include transcripts of conversations, but I really believe that a much more formal level of discourse was maintained than what is portrayed in romance novels.
2. "Social" vs. "Formal" Correspondence
I am not certain exactly what the difference is between "social" and "formal" correspondence. Presumably "formal" correspondence is any address made to a peer in his capacity as a member of the government or of the House of Lords, or as a landlord or capitalist. Presumably "social" correspondence includes invitations to social events and letters between friends. But what if a friend or fellow peer writes on a political subject? Which rule prevails? What about when writing socially to a family connection one has not met (for example, Miss Taverner writing to Lord Worth, or Mr. Collins writing to Mr. Bennet)? Is there ever a social event that is considered so "formal" that it requires addressing the invitations in a "formal" manner, and announcing arrivals "formally"-- Royal Drawing Rooms and coronations come to mind. What about invitations to an evening at Prinny's Brighton Pavilion or at Carlton House? Were other social events, such as balls and assemblies, considered in terms of address more formal than routs or Venetian breakfasts or morning calls? In other words, is there a difference in the way a servant would announce a morning caller vs. how the same servant would announce the same person at a ball? And when, before this century, did a peeress ever receive "formal" correspondence?
3. Use of "The Honourable"
"The Honourable" is a title which applies to younger sons of earls and all children of viscounts and barons (and the wives of those sons). However, it is used only on envelopes, and is never spoken, even by a servant, or used in the salutation of a letter. It is not even included on calling cards. (A person is announced by servants according to the name on his calling card.) Thus it is impossible to know, merely upon introduction, that a person ranks as an Honourable. Black says that "[w]hen it is desired to indicate it, however, a reference to the holder's parentage would be permissible."
4. Use of "The"
"The" is a designation only used for peers and their families. It is not used, for example, by baronets, knights, or commoners (except when referring to the widow of a baronet). The wife of a baronet or knight would be Lady Burke, and never The Lady Burke, while the wife of a peer would be The Lady Melgum, and a peer's daughter who is entitlted to use the "Lady" designation would be The Lady Serena Carlow. However, when the usage is not formal, "The" may be dropped. (I am not absolutely certain whether this "The" usage is appropriate for the eldest sons (heirs) and their wives and children, but I think it is, since courtesy titles are supposed to be used exactly as if they held the title by right.)
5. Use of "Miss," "Mr." and "Mrs." With and Without Christian Names
When "Miss" is used alone with a surname, it refers to the eldest unmarried daughter. Other daughters must be distinguished by using their Christian names. For example, Miss Bennet, Miss Elizabeth Bennet, Miss Mary Bennet, Miss Catherine Bennet, Miss Lydia Bennet. Or, collectively, the Misses Bennet. In conversation, where none of her sisters are present, a younger sister may be addressed as Miss Bennet. If Jane and Lizzie are standing together, however, they are addressed as Miss Bennet and Miss Elizabeth.
When "Mr." is used alone with a surname, it refers to the eldest son (of a Viscount, baron, or commoner). His younger brothers are distinguished from him in speech by using their Christian names, similarly to the use of "Miss." Their wives adopt precisely the same usage, only with "Mrs." instead of "Mr." Mr. Plowden is the eldest son, and Mrs. Plowden is his wife; Mr. Thomas Plowden is a younger son, and Mrs. Thomas Plowden is his wife.
6. Use of "Miss," "Mr." and "Mrs." With "The Honourable"
In writing, "Mr." and "Miss" are never used in conjunction with "The Honourable." The address on the envelope to the eldest Mr. Plowden would be "To The Honble. James Plowden." An envelope to his wife would be "To The Honble. Mrs. Plowden." Her husband's Christian name is left out, to denote that he is the eldest; and unlike "Mr." and "Miss," using "Mrs." in conjunction with "The Honourable" is correct. But this couple would be announced as "Mr. Plowden" and "Mrs. Plowden" (separately), or "Mr. and Mrs. Plowden" (together).
However, in Persuasion, Austen introduces Sir Walter's exalted cousins, the Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple and her daughter, thus:
"The Bath paper one morning announced the arrival of the Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple, and her daughter, the Honourable Miss Carteret. . . "
and, a little later:
"they had the cards of Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple, and the Hon. Miss Carteret, to be arranged wherever they might be most visible; and 'Our cousins in Laura-place,' -- 'Our cousins, Lady Dalrymple and Miss Carteret,' were talked of to everybody."
(Vol. II, Chapter iv)
So it is not clear when this rule about never using "Miss" with "The Hon." evolved. Or perhaps the rule only applies to addressing envelopes, and not to newsprint. But Black clearly states that the rule applies to calling cards.
7. Titles in Speech
In speech, with a few rare exceptions for extremely formal occasions, all ranks below duke are called "Lord" and "Lady" in speech, and never their titles. For example, "Lord and Lady Withington" rather than "The Earl and Countess of Withington." The titles would never be used in intimate speech, even when referring to them.
Dukes
The rule is that a social inferior addresses him as "Your Grace" and a social equal as "Duke." I have not been able to discover where precisely the line is drawn to distinguish social inferiors from equals. Obviously it is not drawn at the dukes themselves. My tentative hypothesis is that a "social equal" is anyone who is a peer or a member of a peer's family. A lower line might be drawn at baronets, knights, or gentlemen, but I think that the connotation of the word "peer" lends itself to drawing the line at barons. So Miss Anne Elliot would address a duke as "Your Grace," while her cousin, Miss Carteret, would call him "Duke."
Also, the salutation of formal correspondence to a duke is "My Lord Duke." But he is never called "my lord."
This is example is the Duke of Glastonbury, who holds the secondary title Marquess of Tenwhestle, and whose family surname of Drake.
Person
Married Daughters of Dukes
When a daughter of a duke marries a peer or the heir to a duke or marquess, she takes the title of her husband (even though her precedence is above his). But when she marries a commoner, a baronet, or the heir to an earl, viscount, or baron, she may, if she chooses, retain her "Lady <Firstname>" title. If she is married to an heir to a peerage, she may only keep this form until her husband inherits his peerage, at which time she loses her own precedence and acquires that of her husband, even if it means she will move down several slots on the Table of Precedence. Note that even if she marries the younger son of a duke, she retains her own precedence, because daughters of dukes rank one degree higher than younger sons of dukes, and one degree lower than eldest sons of dukes (a ranking which is preserved in the lesser ranks of the peerage as well).
Marriage with:
Married Daughters of Marquesses
When a daughter of a marquess marries a peer or the heir to a duke or marquess, she takes the title of her husband (even though her precedence is above his). But when she marries a commoner, a baronet, or the heir to an earl, viscount or baron, she may, if she chooses, retain her "Lady <Firstname>" title. If she is married to an heir to a peerage, she may only keep this form until her husband inherits his peerage, at which time she loses her own precedence and acquires that of her husband, even if it means she will move down several slots on the Table of Precedence. Note that even if she marries the younger son of a marquess, she retains her own precedence, because daughters of marquesses rank one degree higher than younger sons of marquesses, and one degree lower than eldest sons of marquesses (a ranking which is preserved in the lesser ranks of the peerage as well).
Marriage with:
Married Daughters of Earls
When a daughter of an earl marries a peer or the heir to a duke or marquess, she takes the title of her husband (even though her precedence is above his). But when she marries a commoner, a baronet, or the heir to a viscount or baron, she may, if she chooses, retain her "Lady <Firstname>" title. If she is married to an heir to a peerage, she may only keep this form until her husband inherits his peerage, at which time she loses her own precedence and acquires that of her husband, even if it means she will move down several slots on the Table of Precedence. Note that even if she marries the younger son of an earl, she retains her own precedence, because daughters of earls rank one degree higher than younger sons of earls, and one degree lower than eldest sons of marquesses (a ranking which is preserved in the lesser ranks of the peerage as well).
Marriage with:
Married Daughters of Baronets
Since she has no distinctions of her own, she takes the rank of her husband.
If a younger son of an earl, viscount, or baron is given a baronetcy, then he is allowed to keep his "Honorable" designation in addition to his new "Sir" dignity for the addressing of envelopes, e.g., The Honble. Sir William Lucas, Bt., and The Honble. Lady Lucas. But since the title "Honorable" is never used in speech or even on calling cards, the forms of announcing and addressing in speech remain the same as for an ordinary baronet.
On to The 1st Duke of Marlborough
If you dispute a fact from these pages, please contact me , and if you can, provide a contradicting source. These pages are a work in progress and I expect them to change in the future, although what I present today is as accurate as I can make it.
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Grace (style)
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What two letters make up the Internet Country Code for Pakistan?
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Addressing members of the Lords - UK Parliament
Addressing members of the Lords
Leader of the House of Lords
Addressing members of the Lords
Members of the House of Lords have a number of different titles, with different ways to address them.
Address some members using their title only, for example, Lord Sugar or Baroness Boothroyd.
Other members have an additional part to their title which should also be used to address them, for example, Lord Collins of Highbury or Baroness Harris of Richmond.
Once you have found the correct title you can use the guide below which shows you how to use it in correspondence. 'X' should be replaced with the Lord’s title.
Lord Speaker
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lord Speaker
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The Rt Hon.* the Lord Fowler, Lord Speaker
Baron (Lord)
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lord X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The (Rt Hon.* the) Lord X
Baroness
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lady X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The (Rt Hon.* the) Baroness X
Countess
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lady X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The Countess (of) X
Duke
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Duke of X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... His Grace the Duke of X
Earl
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lord X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The (Rt Hon.* the) Earl (of) X
Lady
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lady X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The (Rt Hon.* the) Lady X
Marquess
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lord X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The Most Hon. the Marquess of X
Viscount
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lord X
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The (Rt Hon.* the) Viscount X
Archbishop
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Archbishop
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The Most Rev. and the Rt Hon.* the Archbishop of X
Bishops
Beginning of email/letter... Dear Lord Bishop
End of email/letter... Yours sincerely
Envelope... The Rt Rev. the Lord Bishop of X
* Use Rt Hon. for members who are Privy Councillors.
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i don't know
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What is the christian name of the classical composer Dvorak?
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Antonin Dvořák: Composer's life & music | Classic FM
Antonin Dvořák
Biography
Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904) was a Czech composer of Romantic music, who employed the idioms of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. Dvořák's most well known work is his Symphony No.9, 'From the New World'.
Life and Music
Antonin Dvorak was born the eldest of eight children in a small village north of Prague. Folk music accompanied every occasion, and Dvorak soon joined his father in the local band. He studied organ, violin, piano and, less successfully, German.
In 1871, still with none of his music publicly performed or published, he left the orchestra to concentrate on composing, scratching a living by giving piano lessons.
Antonin and Anna were wed on 17 November 1873 and enjoyed a long and fruitful marriage.
In 1877, on recommendation by Brahms, the publisher Simrock commissioned Dvorak to write some Slavonic Dances for piano duet, aimed at the lucrative domestic market. Dvorak fast became an international celebrity, in some places almost overnight. In Berlin the sheet music sold out in one day.
In 1891 Dvorak got an offer from Mrs Jeannette Thurber, the wife of a millionaire businessman, who wanted him as Director of the New Conservatory of Music in New York. For a little teaching and conducting, with four month's vacation, he would receive the unimaginable salary of $15, 000 - 25 times what he was paid in Prague, and worth about £500,000 in today's terms.
The Dvoraks sailed to New York in autumn 1892, and their time in America produced three of his most famous works, the String Quartet No.12, 'American', the Cello Concerto in B minor; and the 'New World' Symphony.
The last years of his life, Dvorak was content. He composed some short orchestral works and wrote his operatic masterpiece, Rusalka.
When he died of a heart attack after a short illness, he was mourned as a national hero, and his music has remained popular ever since.
Did you know?
Dvorak was absolutely mad about trains and everything to do with them. When he was a teacher, he would always ask his pupils to describe in detail any train journeys that they had recently made!
Dvořák: 15 facts about the great composer
Czech composer Antonin Dvořák, famous for his Symphony No.9 'From the New World', was passionate about his homeland and its traditional music.
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Antonin
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Which African capital city is served by 'Kotoka Airport'?
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Antonin Dvorak
Antonin Dvorak
1941 - 1904
Antonin Dvorak was a brilliant composer born on September 8, 1841, in the Bohemian town of Nelahozeves. He was exposed to music at a young age at his father's inn, where local folk music was a part of every day life. Before the age of twelve, Dvorak was a proven musician. He was able to accompany local musicians on his violin in various Bohemian dances and folk songs. At the age of sixteen, his music teacher and parents, even with serious financial hardships, sent him to an organ school in Prague.
After graduating from the school in 1859, Dvorak continued to live in Prague without financial assistance from his father. By this time, he was a virtuoso violist and played in inns and theatre orchestras to make a living. He also taught to supplement his income. By the 1860's, Dvorak had begun to compose. He was living very meagerly at the time, and was barely able to afford paper to write on and a piano to play. By 1864, various works, including Symphonies 1 and 2, and the opera King and Collier were lying unheard upon his desk. The styles expressed in his earlier music were similar to that of Wagner and Liszt, influences he would abandon in years to come.
By the year 1875, Dvorak had become successful. He had been awarded a bursary from the Austrian government and was able to compose full time without having to worry about money. He had married Anna Cermakova in 1873 and had settled into a very happy family life, unusual for a Romantic composer. He was an active Christian, devoting some of his choral music, such as Stabat Mater, to the church. Dvorak also had many hobbies outside of music. He was often seen at railway yards loco-watching" or at his summer house in Prague bird-watching.
By the year 1893, Dvorak had composed eight of his nine symphonies, six operas, a small portion of his chamber music, three concertos, two overtures, most of his choral music, and his Slavonic dances and rhapsodies, the dances being in response to Brahms' Hungarian dances. In 1892, the composer was asked to be director of the new National Conservatory of Music in New York City. He was paid fifteen thousand dollars a year, a huge sum in those days, but he missed his native Bohemia and moved back three years later. However, it was during his brief stay in the United States that he wrote his best known work. This piece, said to be reminiscent of several folk songs of the black population in the southern United States, was peppered with images and colours of Dvorak's stay in America, the New World.
II. The Symphony
Symphony Number Nine in E minor, "From the New World", was written in two places: New York City and Spillville, Iowa, a Bohemian settlement where Dvorak would spend his summers with his kinsmen. The music, as most of Dvorak's is, is delightfully simple and beautiful. Extensively explored in this symphony, Dvorak's style of simple folk melodies blending together is brought out wonderfully. This was his last symphonic composition, of which there were nine of them to follow in Beethoven's footsteps. This one was originally labeled Number Five because of the order in which his publisher published them.
"From the New World" is very characteristic of the Romantic era. Built on the traditional style of four movements, the first movement being the fastest, the second the slowest, and the remaining two being consecutively faster, it is very uncharacteristic in content. They symphony is about forty minutes long, also very characteristic of the Romantic era. The simple yet elegant melodies are in stark contrast to many of his contemporaries' music. He is the only major composer to use melodies of the black population of America in his works. The folk songs of this people had such a strong effect on him that he mentioned that his stay in the United States was "a legacy which makes free use of the Negro's musical language." Despite the minor key in which the symphony is cast, the overall tone and feeling of the music is one of happiness, gaiety, and animation. A detailed analytical discussion follows on each individual movement in the symphony.
A. The First Movement
The first movement in the new world is entitled Adagio: Allegro molto. The first bars, the introduction, are set in an adagio rhythm with a time signature of 4/8. The introduction is rather long, however, when it ends, the main theme of the movement is given by the french horns. The rest of the movement, still in the key of E minor, has a 2/4 time signature, and is the allegro molto section. The phrase given by the horns is arpeggio-like and is very light cheerful. It is repeated other times by the oboe and later the horns are joined by the trombones, creating a very bold and brassy effect.
In between the two major themes in the first movement, is an area sharply accented, very bold, and syncopated region. This area, while having their origins in the music of America's south, is very typical of Slavonic music with which Dvorak was well acquainted.
The second theme in the first movement from "From the New World" has excited audience members for years. Introduced by the flute and echoed by french horn and trumpet, this theme is thought to be based upon a song that is well known today: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot. The first illumination of the theme by the flutes and oboes is accompanied by a drone pianomissimo D concert note by the french horns and violins.
Finishing off the movement is a small coda, or codetta, after a repeat of the first theme. The coda is a little more flamboyant than the previous themes, and the heavy use of the brass section may be reminiscent of Wagner's works upon Dvorak's musical styles. The total movement is about nine minutes in length.
B. Second Movement
The second movement of Symphony No. 9 in E minor is the most popular section of the work by far. Originally entitled Adagio, Dvorak changed the title after he heard the New York Philharmonic Orchestra under Anton Seidil in a rehearsal for the symphony's first performance. The orchestra played the movement much slower than an adagio tempo, and Dvorak liked this expression much more than his original intentions. The new name for this movement was Largo.
The movement is set in 4/4 time, but this time starts in the key of D flat major. This is the longest movement in the symphony, being about eleven minutes in length. The tender melody is introduced by the english horn and follows a sombre chordal passage brought out by the horns, trumpet, and trombone. Many critics have called it "the most beautiful use of the english horn found in all orchestral literature." It has been compared to "a homesick immigrant, who has come to the New World in search of fortune." The theme is accompanied by strings first, later the oboes and flutes are added. It is later repeated with clarinets and still later with the horns.
The second theme of the second movement in "From the New World" is played by flute and oboe. This time, the key has modulated to E major. Like the first theme, it is very simple and elegant. The movement continues, and the first theme is repeated. This puts the entire movement in an A-B-A format, with the "B" section being slightly faster than the "A."
The melodies in this particular movement pose a particular problem for musical historians. No one is really sure as to what source Dvorak used for inspiration for the tunes. Miss Alice Fletcher, a prominent collector of native tribal music, said that the composer told her that the basis for the melody came from an Osage Indian song he heard in Iowa. However, William Armes Fisher, a fellow teacher at the Conservatory, said that Dvorak told him that all the music in the symphony was entirely original. Another person claimed that the music was original, but Dvorak had been reading Longfellow's Hiawatha just he composed the second movement. All possibilities are open for debate, for it is feasible that Dvorak told one thing in one nation and another to other nations in order to get people to praise his work.
C. Third Movement
For his last symphony, Dvorak stayed within the confines of Romantic symphony form. This is very true for the third movement as well. This scherzo is in the orthodox style. Again in the A-B-A format, this section is still set in E minor, however, the time signature changes to 3/4. The tempo markings for this is allegro vivace, a lively pace.
The "A" section of this movement is quite lively. It opens with interesting arpeggio-like passages played by the French horns. The primary theme changes hands many times, going from the flutes and oboes, to the first violins, to the cellos, to the double bass, and finally to the horns. The other instruments keep together the unique rhythms of this section. The theme is presented in two bar sections. Throughout all this, the arpeggio passage heard in the introduction recurs often, but with different instruments playing it. The second theme of the primary section is very simplistic, reminding the listener of the Largo movement's opening. Like the second movement, it is illustrated by flutes and oboes with string accompaniment. The key has modulated to E major by this time.
The "B" portion of the Scherzo is a Trio, a slightly faster section. The movement modulates back to E minor to start this section off. The primary theme is a light, jolly dance. The second theme is reminds us that Dvorak is Bohemian in origin. Its melody is an old world waltz. To finish the movement off, the "A" section is repeated again, after which there is a small coda. The coda may also be based upon "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot." A different connecting arpeggio passage, shown below, is present within the coda and literally bursts into the concert hall with the help of the lower brass. This is the shortest movement in Dvorak's Symphony No. Nine in E minor, being about eight minutes in length.
D. Fourth Movement
The fourth movement has a tempo marking of allegro con fuoco. Like the second movement, it is set with a 4/4 time signature, but the key is in E minor. "This finale is regarded a remarkable illustration of Dvorak's symphonic technique." Apart from the use of melodies previously heard in the symphony, the composer comes up with some enticing new ones as well.
The first theme of the movement is an explosion of sound and tone colours after the introduction. Shouted by the French horns and trumpets, this theme is also very characteristic of Dvorak, and it clearly shows his nationalistic preferences. A second, less important theme is later introduced by a clarinet accompanied by a string tremolo. It is after this that themes from the previous three movements come into play. Included in the collection are the first themes from all three previous movements. The symphony comes to a close after a brilliant, enormous ending.
During the fourth movement, there is a single, solitary cymbal use, a feature which is absolutely critical to some people and useless and trivial to some others. At one performance of this piece, the cymbalist missed his cue. When the conductor, Hans Richter, returned many years later to conduct "From the New World" again, he had still not forgiven the percussionist. He even asked the concert master, "Dat Becken man, is he dead?" This use of an instrument in a single place in the score is also very characteristic of Dvorak, and is repeated in the second movement with a piccolo and in several other symphonies.
III. Conclusion
To end off the discussion on Dvorak's Symphony No. 9 in E minor correctly, one must listen to the work. For one hundred years, people have been doing just that. They have listened to the composer's expressions, thoughts, impressions, and his view of America. They have listened to influences as diverse as the black population of the southern United States, the natives in the American midwest, and his own influences in Bohemia: the country folk and their music, with whom Dvorak was in his glory.
The large majority of people who hear "From the New World" are struck by its simplicity and elegance. They fall in love with the symphony very easily. However, professional music critics have often thought of it as a bunch of folk tunes loosely strung together, sort of a patchwork quilt. Nevertheless, this work has remained the composer's most popular for over one hundred years. It probably will remain with us for many more. As Dvorak said the night Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World," was first performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra under Anton Seidil on December 15, 1893,:
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i don't know
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Name the country in Europe which is double landlocked (surrounded by landlocked countries)?
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Landlocked Countries - Geolounge
Landlocked Countries
39
Total Shares
A country is considered landlocked when it is surrounded on all sides by one or more other countries and therefore has no direct access to a coastline providing access to the oceans .
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How Many Countries are Landlocked?
There are currently 48 countries (including four partially recognized states) that are completely surrounded by at least one other country. With the exception of two countries in South America (Bolivia and Paraguay) the rest of these 46 countries are found in Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Map of Landlocked Countries
Map of landlocked countries. There are 42 landlocked (green) and two double-landlocked (purple) countries . Map: NuclearVacuum ( Wikipedia )
Landlocked by a Single Country
There are three countries that are completely landlocked (i.e. surrounded on all sides) by only country. Two of these countries are founded within the country of Italy. These single-country landlocked countries are: Lesotho which is surrounded by South Africa, San Marino, a state surrounded by Italy, and Vatican City which is a city-state surrounded by Rome, the capitol city of Italy.
Double-Landlocked Countries
Landlocked countries that are separated from the nearest ocean coastline but not one, but two countries, are known as double-landlocked or doubly-landlocked countries. The first country that is double-landlocked is the microstate of Liechtenstein located in central Europe which is immediately surrounded by the landlocked countries of Austria and Switzerland. The second country is located in central Asia, Uzbekistan which is surrounded by the landlocked countries of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.
Largest and Smallest Landlocked Countries
The largest landlocked country is Kazakhstan in Central Asia with a land area of over 2.7 million kilometers. The smallest landlocked country is the city-state of Vatican City with an area of just 44 hectares (109 acres).
List of Landlocked Countries
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Liechtenstein
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Which European country's national flag is a horizontal tricolour: Red, White and Green?
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Landlocked Countries: 44 Countries Have No Ocean Access
By Matt Rosenberg
Updated November 15, 2016.
Approximately one-fifth of the world's countries are landlocked, meaning they have no access to the oceans. There are 44 landlocked countries that do not have direct access to an ocean or ocean-accessible sea (such as the Mediterranean Sea).
Why Is Being Landlocked an Issue?
While a country such as Switzerland has thrived despite its lack of access to the world's oceans, being landlocked has many disadvantages. Some landlocked countries rank among the poorest in the world. Some of the issues of being landlocked include:
Lack of access to fishing and oceanic food sources
High transportation and transit costs because of a lack of access to ports and world shipping operations
Geopolitical vulnerabilities from dependence on neighboring countries for access to world markets and natural resources
Military limitations because of the lack of naval options
What Continents Have No Landlocked-Countries?
North America has no landlocked countries, and Australia is rather obviously not landlocked.
continue reading below our video
What are the Seven Wonders of the World
Within the United States, over half of the 50 states are landlocked with no direct access to the world's oceans. Many states, however, do have water access to the oceans via the Hudson Bay, Chesapeake Bay, or Mississippi River.
Landlocked Countries in South America:
South America has just two landlocked countries: Bolivia and Paraguay.
Landlocked Countries in Europe:
Europe has 14 landlocked countries: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Vatican City.
Landlocked Countries in Africa:
Africa has 16 landlocked countries: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lesotho is unusual in that it is landlocked by just one country (South Africa).
Landlocked Countries in Asia:
Asia has 12 landlocked countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Laos, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Note that several of the countries in western Asia border the landlocked Caspian Sea, a feature that does open some transit and trade opportunities.
Disputed Regions that Are Landlocked:
Four regions that are not fully recognized as independent countries are landlocked: Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria.
What Are the Two Doubly-Landlocked Countries?
There are two, special, landlocked countries that are known as doubly-landlocked countries, completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The two doubly-landlocked countries are Uzbekistan (surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and, Turkmenistan) and Liechtenstein (surrounded by Austria and Switzerland).
What Is the Largest Landlocked Country?
Kazakhstan is the world's ninth largest country but is the world's largest landlocked country. It's 1.03 million square miles (2.67 million km2) and is bordered by Russia, China, the Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan, and the landlocked Caspian Sea .
What Are the Most Recently Added Landlocked Countries?
The most recent addition to the list of landlocked countries is South Sudan which gained independence in 2011.
Serbia is also a recent addition to the list of landlocked countries. The country formerly had access to the Adriatic Sea, but when Montenegro became an independent country in 2006, Serbia lost its ocean access.
This article was edited and expanded significantly by Allen Grove in November 2016.
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i don't know
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Which mythical creature had the head of an Eagle and the bodyand legs of a Lion?
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Mythical Hybrids
MYTHICAL HYBRIDS
Go to A-Z List
Hybrids, in the mythical realm, are creatures that combine the features and body parts of more than one real species.
There are non-human versions that combine features of one or more animal species such as the basilisks , the Chimera and griffins .
Then, there are also part human combinations such as the very popular centaurs and mermaids .
Now, these mythical creatures seem as they have all the capabilities of being formidable beings especially when having, perhaps even mastering the command of all the strongest features of each of it's mixed species.
On the other hand, some of the combinations you will read about will make you wonder how such creatures could even sustain themselves, let alone survive.
This category is comprised of very well known, strong and mighty creatures. It also includes unsavoury beasts with all the necessary features and powers required to create the most horrifying and terrible nightmares possible.
I mean, think of just simply crossing paths with a skinless mouse (or a skinless anything) never mind a huge headed man-horse like the Nuckelavee stretching his long arms about trying to grab at you - very creepy.
THE A-Z LIST
Adaro - Evil mermen sea spirits
Adlet - Human and dog cross with red fur
Ahuizotl - Dog and monkey cross with five hands
Alkonost - A bird with the head of a beautiful woman
Ammit - Female demon that is part lion, hippopotamus & crocodile
Anubis - Tall human male with the head of a jackal
Basilisk - Head and claws of a rooster with a reptile's body and tail
Bastet - Female human with the head of a domesticated cat
Catoblepas - Large boar's head, small pig's body with wings
Centaur - Human horse hybrids, top half human with body of a horse
Cerberus - Three headed canine with a mane of serpents
Chimera - Head and body of a lioness, head of a goat, serpent's tail
Cockatrice - Head, claws and wings of a rooster, reptile's body and tail
Echidna - Upper half of a beautiful woman, lower body of a serpent
Formorians - Large, deformed bodies made up of animal parts
Gargoyles - Grotesque stone statues
Goatman - A half goat, half man creature
Gorgons - Woman's upper half, snakes for hair and a serpents body
Griffin - Head, claws and wings of an eagle, body and tail of a lion
Harpies - Top half of a witch, claws and wings of a vulture
Hippocampi - Horses with a serpentine lower half
Hippogriff - Head, wings and claws of an eagle - body of a horse
Khnum - Strong human male with the head of a ram
Lamia - Woman’s head, scaly body, four legs and a tail
Leucrocuta - Horse's head and legs, neck and body of a lion
Lusca - Large octopus/shark hybrid
Manticore - Lion's body, human head, poisonous scorpion-like tail
Merlion - Head of a lion, body of a large fish
Mermaids - Beautiful women with a fish-like lower body
Minotaur - Body of a human male with the head and tail of a bull
Nuckelavee - Skinless monster, resembles popular hybrid - the Centaur
Onocentaur - Top half human & lower half donkey
Orthus - Two headed dog with a serpent's tail
Perytons - Head of a deer with wings of an eagle
Piasa - Face of a man, antlers, wings and four legs
Satyr - Human upper body with goat-like legs & tail
Scylla and Charybdis - Six headed monster and a deadly whirlpool
Scorpion Men - Powerful half man and half scorpion mythical creatures
Sekhmet - Lion head with a large human-like female body
Serpopard - Falcon headed leopard with wings
Sirens - Head and body of a woman, legs and wings of a bird
Sphinx - Head of a woman, body of a lion with wings and a snake's tail
Typhon - Enormous multi-headed monster with wings, serpent's body
Weretiger - Half human and half tiger
Werewolves - Large wolf-like body, long fangs, glowing eyes
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Griffin
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Which metal is sculptress Elizabeth Frink famous for using?
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The Real Roots of 7 Magical Beasts from Harry Potter
The Real Roots of 7 Magical Beasts from Harry Potter
By Remy Melina |
November 18, 2010 04:19am ET
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The magical beasties that inhabit Harry Potter's world didn't spring entirely from J. K. Rowling's imagination. Many of them are rooted in centuries-old myths, folklore and even a few real-life freaks. Life's Little Mysteries rounds up the Top 7 mythological beasts from the Harry Potter universe.
7. Sphinx - Featuring the body of a lion and the head of a human, the sphinx was used by ancient Egyptians to represent some of their gods. The animal was a symbol of strength, power and nobility, and so many pharaohs and queens had their likeness carved into the statue's head and had it placed over their tombs and burial temples in order to suggest their relation to the powerful warrior goddess Sekhmet, who is depicted with a lioness head and a female body. Egyptians also believed that sphinxes guarded treasure, and that's just what they do in the Harry Potter universe, standing watch over Gringotts Wizarding Bank.
6. Werewolves - Werewolves run amok in the Harry Potter books, and although the series depicts good and evil werewolves, most that turn up in folktales around the world are primarily evil. One of the first mentions comes from Greek mythology, when King Lycaeon served a platter of raw human meat to the king of the gods, Zeus . Infuriated, Zeus turned Lycaeon into a wolf. During the Middle Ages, tales of werewolves spread rapidly throughout Europe as packs of wild wolves threatened peasants and their livestock. And during the 1500s in Bedburg, Germany,bodies and limbs would turn up in fields, terrifying villagers. This carried on for 25 years until the "werewolf" was caught in 1589. He was Peter Stubbe, who claimed he would become a wolf when he wore a wolf hide. He was dismembered, beheaded, and burned on a pyre Oct. 31, 1590.
5. Griffins - Griffin mythology also originated in Greece. The fearsome creature had the front legs, wings and head of a giant eagle and the body and hind legs of a lion, and served as Zeus' watchdog. The Greeks believed that griffins originated in Asia and India, where they found gold in the high mountaintops and built nests atop the treasure. In medieval times, images of griffins decorated valuable objects that needed to be guarded, such as jewelry boxes and caskets; the creatures play a similar role in Harry Potter's world.
4. Unicorns - In Harry Potter's world, the unicorn is a magical horse whose single horn is used in potions and whose blood can revive someone who is "an inch from death." Ancient Greek and Roman scholars also believed that crushed unicorn horn could cure many illnesses – although the unicorns they imagined were not just stark white, but also red and black. The myth of the unicorn resurfaced in European medieval tales, which stated that drinking from the horn would protect from poison. There's no sign of unicorns in the fossil record, however, and the horns of allegedly caught unicorns actually belong to narwhals, which are Arctic whales that have a unicorn-horn-like tusk , or tooth, protruding from their heads. Narwals (Monodon monoceros) are currently endangered because poachers hunt them for their popular "unicorn horns."
3. Chimera - Another creature from Greek mythology, the chimera was described in "The Iliad" as "a thing of immortal make, not human, lion-fronted and snake behind, a goat in the middle, and snorting out the breath of the terrible flame of bright fire." Greeks believed this nasty beast spawned from an active, destructive volcano in Lycia, Asia Minor. The chimera is depicted as a monster who terrorized the Lycian countryside until she was killed by iron arrows shot by Greek hero Bellerophon. Harry Potter's beast-wrangling friend Hagrid laments how difficult it would be to capture and raise one of the beasts. In the real world, "chimera" is a term commonly used in associated with medical experiments using human-animal cells and DNA .
2. Centaurs - Living in the Forbidden Forest near Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, centaurs have the four-legged body of a horse but the upper body and head of a human. Centaurs are prominent in Grecian art and have also been depicted on ancient sculptured stones found in Scotland. There is a theory that the centaur stems from confused onlookers seeing men riding horses for the first time. For example, because horses were not native to the Near East and remained rare there until after about 1800 B.C., when the Kassite nomads rode by, Near Eastern societies that had never seen such a sight may have thought that they had witnessed a man/horse hybrid.
1. Phoenix - As Albus Dumbledore's magical familiar and defender, Fawkes the phoenix looks very similar to earlier portrayals of the everlasting bird. Legend says that the scarlet-, amber- and gold-feathered phoenix can live for 1,000 years, at which point it bursts into flame and is reborn from the ashes. The phoenix represents the immortality of the soul and is present in Roman, Greek, Egyptian, Chinese, Christian and Native American mythology. The real-life phoenix is, however, significantly less torrid – it's a jellyfish. The hydrozoan jellyfish (Turritopsi nutricula) has cells that cycle endlessly from a mature adult stage back to an immature polyp stage — in effect regenerating its entire body over and over again.
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i don't know
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Which car model is made by Citroen to rival the Renault Megane Scenic (ie. a small 'people carrier').
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Citroen Xsara Picasso 1.6 HDi Desire - Car Keys
Citroen Xsara Picasso 1.6 HDi Desire
Citroen Xsara Picasso 1.6 HDi Desire review
03/06/2004
Select an option: Receive a brochure Request a quote Book a test drive
In the early days of this magazine, one of the cars which attracted the most reader interest was the Citroen Picasso. It did not create the mini-MPV class - the Megane Scenic did that - but where Renault led, Citroen very effectively followed. Public enthusiasm was very high for a practical and stylish people-carrier which felt more or less like a normal car on the road.
The game has moved on. Honda has entered the class, as have Mazda and Vauxhall and (not before time) Ford, among others. There has been a brand new Scenic, too, based on the latest-generation Megane. But the Picasso, though benefiting from some cosmetic work for the 2004 model year, is still at heart a soon-to-be-replaced Xsara.
It no longer feels quite as clever as it once did, though that's mainly because the practicality of its younger rivals is more immediately obvious. Most of them have an array of cubby holes and storage compartments within sight of the driver's seat. The Picasso hides its oddments space in dark corners, though there is certainly a lot of it.
My own favourite is the quite sizeable compartment underneath each of the rear passenger footwells, and I'm sure the Second Opinion of this car will mention at least one other. It did feel strange, however, to buy supplies at a service station, climb into the Picasso and not immediately find anywhere to put them.
That would be less of a problem to an owner, who would know where all the hidey-holes were, and could also make good use of the enormous amount of space which opens up when the rear seats are tucked away.
Driving the Picasso is made easier by the excellent view. In particular, nobody has yet made a better job than Citroen of allowing a good view at junctions with the areas of glass behind the windscreen pillars and in front of the doors. Properly sized glass, too - not like the peculiarly shaped portholes which feature in some rival cars and still leave large blind spots.
On the move, though, the Picasso is beginning to feel like yesterday's news. The ride is okay, but the handling is a bit uncertain by current standards. Yes, of course a body which is high relative to its length and width will tend to move around quite a lot on it suspension; even so, other manufacturers have since made a better job of quelling the symptoms. In the early days of the Picasso one of its plus points was the fact that it felt remarkably like a car to drive. Nowadays it feels closer to a van.
Despite all that, in one respect the Picasso as tested here feels bang up-to-date. It uses the new 1.6-litre turbo diesel engine with a maximum of 108bhp (the 110 figure in the car's name is the equivalent in metric PS units). Not long ago that would have been considered an impressive figure for a 1.6 petrol unit, and even now it would imply a certain sturdiness. For a diesel it is remarkable. I had to keep checking that it really was a 1.6, because in country motoring I couldn't quite convince myself that it was so small.
The torque figure tells the story. In normal circumstances the engine will produce an impressive 177lb/ft down at 1750rpm, and a quick blast of turbo overboost raises that still further to 191lb/ft whenever you need it, for example when an overtaking manoeuvre has to be sorted out quickly.
According to the results of the official economy test it should be possible to get around 60 miles from a gallon of juice on a long run, though it's worth pointing out that at no point in that process would the overboost facility kick in (see our fuel economy testing feature, and in particular the remarks about maximum acceleration).
Likewise, the usefully low CO2 figure of 131g/km doesn't necessarily translate into real-world conditions, but in terms of taxation the official number is all that matters. And if driven more gently than it was when I had it this Picasso should be able to go a long way between fill-ups.
The car still looks good, it's still practical, it still has its place, and it remains a tempting choice in its class. All the same, I'm looking forward to seeing what Citroen comes up with when it gets round to replacing this model with something fresher.
Second opinion: As far as stowage spaces are concerned, since I'm forced to start with them, I appreciated the pull-out tray under the driver's seat and the fact that the centrally mounted instrument pod allows for what amount to picnic "shelves" at each end of the fascia. And the Picasso has enough legroom in the back for the aircraft-style trays behind the front seats not to get in the way of the rear-seat passengers' bony knees, which isn't the case with all the Citroen's rivals. Quite cute that this car has a detachable stowage area too - at least, there's that fold-out "shopping trolley" in place on the offside of the luggage area, although it could do equally well to cart wet swimming gear back from the beach. On the move - well, that's an excellent engine. No question. Better than the gearchange, which can be clonky if you use too much follow-through, although the console-mounted gearlever is handily placed. The £500 option of a full-length glass sunroof is enjoyable in summer, although not at high road speeds. Ross Finlay.
Engine
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PICASSO
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What is the German for Thursday?
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Car review: New Renault Scenic - the mid-sized people carrier | Cars | Life & Style | Daily Express
This supercharged Renault 5 could be YOURS for £350k
The reason is that the Scenic has far more competitors than before, notably in the form of crossovers. And it is those crossovers that the nifty styling of the new Scenic hopes to conquer.
Renault has deliberately given its people carrier a 4x4 look with a higher driving position, compact window line and huge 20-inch alloy wheels, which are standard across the range.
The result gives the Scenic clear ground between itself and the rest of the MPV fi eld. While looks are subjective it should at least make people-carrier buyers stop and give Renault further consideration. Under the small and steeply-raked bonnet there’s a choice of six engines – two petrols and four diesels, all turbocharged.
There are two versions of the 1.2-litre petrol engine offering either 115bhp or 130bhp, with the latter capable of covering the 0 to 60mph sprint in 11.4 seconds and a 118mph top speed. Both have matching average fuel economy figures of 48.7mpg. Then there are four diesel options, a 110bhp 1.5-litre and a
GETTY
The latest Renault Scenic which has been in the company since 1996
1.6-litre with either 130bhp or 160bhp. The fourth diesel is a hybrid version of the 1.5-litre engine, producing the same 110bhp but claiming to be more efficient. Unsurprisingly the 160bhp diesel is the fastest with a 0 to 60mph time of 10.7 seconds and a top speed of 124mph, but these are hardly earth-shattering statistics.
With only a small weight difference of around 50kg between the Scenic and Grand Scenic almost all the performance figures are identical between the five and seven-seater models, no matter which engine is selected. The most efficient is the diesel hybrid, with an average fuel economy of 80.7mpg and 92g/km emissions.
This compares to the 110bhp diesel, on which the hybrid is based, of 72.4mpg. Both the 1.6-litre diesels come in with a combined economy of 62.7mpg. While the weights of the two cars
may be similar the driving experience is markedly different. The shorter Scenic is less pleasurable to drive, being a harsher ride that is distinctly jiggly over uneven surfaces and crashy over speed bumps.
RENAULT
The interior is not the most practical on the market and other cars do it better
The Grand Scenic has a far better level of ride comfort but has more lifeless steering than the five-seater. Both models boast a creditable lack of body roll but suffer too much wind noise from around the windscreen pillars at motorway speeds.
Inside the dashboard layout is similar to that in the Megane with a large upright touchscreen (7in in the lower spec versions, 8.7in in the higher trim levels) which is used to control most of the car’s functions such as radio, drive mode, sat nav and air-con. The system is intuitive to use and offers the ability to pinch to zoom on the sat nav.
However it’s the seating arrangement and interior space that will interest most buyers. Renault claims a class-leading boot space figure of 572 litres in the five-seater and 596 litres in the Grand Scenic in five-seat mode.
Put the latter into its seven-seat layout and there is a still very reasonable 233 litres of space – easily enough for a couple of squashy sports bags. But this has come at a cost to passenger space and in the Grand there’s less legroom than in some rival vehicles for those third-row passengers.
Both versions lose points because the second row of seats, which in previous generations was made of three individually adjustable seats, is now set up as two seats together and one single like a normal hatchback, though there are still three Isofix points across the middle row.
RENAULT
The car goes on sale in November and prices start at £19,500 up to £30,000
This may not seem a big change but it means you can’t slide the centre seat forward on its own – something parents may have wanted in order to keep a child more accessible to them in the front seats.
Equally the centre seat cannot be folded to form a tray table, which other people-carriers allow. Equipment levels are impressive across the range with lots of safety kit such as lane departure warning and autonomous braking with pedestrian detection, digital radio, multiple USB sockets and cruise control but doesn’t come with Apple CarPlay or the Android Auto equivalent.
This will become available next year. Pricing for the vehicles has yet to be finalised but this is likely to be another plus for the Scenic when the equipment – even without the best phone connectivity – is factored in.
However rivals such as the Citroën Picasso, which has just had a mid-life facelift, have the edge when it comes to ride comfort and interior practicality.
Renault appears to have had the right idea that the mid-size MPV sector needs to move on and that the 4x4 styling is a good idea, and that may just be enough to convince buyers.
But it seems Renault then forgot what people carrier buyers also want and that’s the most practical interior and a comfortable drive – something rivals do better.
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RENAULT
Renault turned the family car market on its head in 1996 with the mid-sized people carrier
LOGBOOK LOWDOWN
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i don't know
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In the Bible, how many 'Tribes of Israel' are there?
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How Many Tribes of Israel?
How Many Tribes of Israel?
by Charles Voss
I have been asked, “Why do you say there are thirteen tribes of Israel when everybody knows there are only twelve”?
The answer is that it depends on whether a person is referring to the actual number of tribes, or the number of tribes that received a land inheritance, or the number mentioned in the NT book of Revelation. To see it fully we will look at the Aid to Bible Understanding:
“The tribal arrangement in Israel was based on descent from the twelve sons of Jacob (Gen 29:32-30:24; 35:16-18). These “twelve patriarchal families" produced the “twelve tribes of Israel” (Gen 49:1-28). However, Jacob blessed Joseph’s two sons, Manasseh the older and Ephraim the younger, and said: “Ephraim and Manasseh will become mine like [his actual sons] Reuben and Simeon” (Gen. 48:5, 13-20). When the various tribes received their land inheritance in the Promised Land (Josh. chaps. 13-19), there was no “tribe of Joseph.” Instead, “the sons of Joseph,” Manasseh and Ephraim were counted as distinct tribes in Israel, thus giving thirteen tribes.
“However, as ETERNAL had arranged this did not increase the tribes of Israel receiving an inheritance to thirteen, because the Levites got no land inheritance. ETERNAL had chosen the “tribe of Levi” (Num 1:49) in place of the firstborn of the other tribes and they became the priestly tribe (Ex 13:1-2; Num 3:6-13-41; Deut 10:8-9; 18:1).
“When Moses blessed the tribes (Deut 33:6-24) Simeon was not mentioned by name, perhaps because the tribe was greatly reduced in size and its land portion was to be enclosed in the territory of Judah. However, in Ezekiel’s vision of the "holy contribution" and the twelve tribes, the tribes listed are the same as those who received a land inheritance as given in the book of Joshua (Ezek 48:1-8, 23-28). The tribe of Levi was located within the “holy contribution” in Ezekiel’s vision (Ezek. 48:9-14, 22.)” [1]
When the tribe of Joseph is mentioned, Ephraim is usually mentioned immediately following. This shows that the name Ephraim was given preference. Thus, the phrase “The House of Ephraim” is frequently used to refer to the “House of Israel.” Notice in this series of verses Joseph and Ephraim are mentioned together whereas Manasseh is listed separately:
Num 1:32-33 “Of the children of Joseph, namely, of the children of Ephraim, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand and five hundred:
Num 1:34 “Of the children of Manasseh, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war.
Another point is that Ephraim is linked with his father Joseph, whereas Manasseh is linked with his grandfather Jacob:
Num 1:10 “Of the children of Joseph: of Ephraim (#H669); Elishama the son of Ammihud: of Manasseh (#H4519); Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.”
The English word “Ephraim” comes from the Hebrew word “'Ephrayim;” Strong’s (#H669) states that it means “double fruit; Ephraim, a son of Joseph; also the tribe descended from him, and its territory.”
Whereas the English word Manasseh comes from the Hebrew word “Menashsheh;” Strong’s (#H4519) states that it means “causing to forget; Menashsheh, a grandson of Jacob, also the tribe descending from him, and its territory.
Thus it is abundantly clear that Joseph was replaced by his two sons thus there are thirteen tribes and not twelve. The names of the thirteen tribes are stated in Numbers as Moses was taking a census of all that were able to go to war:
Num 1:21-45 “Reuben (the oldest son of Jacob) Simeon, Gad, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Ephraim (son of Joseph), Manasseh, Benjamin, Dan, Asher, and Naphtali.
Num 1:47,50 “This total does not include the Levites, for ETERNAL had said to Moses, ‘ Exempt the entire tribe of Levi from the draft, and do not include their number in the census. ...For the Levites are assigned for the work connected with the Tabernacle and its transportation.’”
The number and names of the tribes in the book of Numbers differ from the verses throughout the New Testament and especially the book of Revelation where it is staunchly stated that there are only twelve. Moreover, in Revelations the Levites are counted among them with the tribe of Dan totally left out. One can only speculate as to why this difference and why there are twelve NT disciples and twelve gates mentioned in Revelation: 1) Maybe it is because the number thirteen is not divisible by four without a fractional answer. 2) Maybe it has to do with the twelve signs of the Zodiac since the wise men were astrologers and the worship of the sun god. Note from Scofield’s Notes for Mat 2:1:
"Wise men" is from the Greek <magoi> a Persian word for men expert in the study of the stars. There is no evidence that these magi were only three in number or that they were kings. Their interest aroused by the star that signalized [the] birth.”
Since they were astrologers from the pagan countries to the East, they knew, believed in, and worshipped the sun god. They understood the twelve signs of the zodiac based on sun worship and the NT is about this subject. Here is riddle for you, “Matthew (2:1-2) states the ‘ wise men’ were from the EAST [of Jerusalem] and they saw the heralding star in the sky to their EAST”. So how did they follow it WEST to Jerusalem? Hmmm, maybe they were the first to circumvent the globe on camels. Not only that, but they did it in under two years, since it is said that Herod killed all the babies under age two.
But regardless of your arguments and whether you ‘ Believe it or Not’ there were thirteen actual tribes of Israel back then, and the same number of tribes are with us today.
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twelve
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In which English county is the resort of Minehead?
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12 Tribes of Israel Today - Life, Hope & Truth
by David Treybig
God made many promises to Abraham and his descendants, but many of his descendants disappeared from history. Where are the 12 tribes of Israel today?
The famous Black Obelisk in the British Museum includes a pictorial etching of King Jehu of Israel paying tribute to King Shalmaneser of Assyria. After the Assyrian captivity, where are the 12 tribes of Israel today?
When God called Abraham, He promised him that because of his obedience, his descendants would become a great nation and that in him all nations of the earth would be blessed ( Genesis 12:1-3 ). The physical blessings God gave Abraham would continue through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob, also called Israel, whose 12 sons were the progenitors of the 12 tribes of Israel. There was also a spiritual promise that all nations would be blessed through Jesus Christ, who was a descendant of Abraham (Matthew 1:1-16; Luke 3:23-34).
Many have wondered where some of the peoples who came from Abraham went. Who are the 12 tribes of Israel today? Although the Bible does not specifically name the modern nations representing all of these people, there is biblical, historical and archaeological evidence that make it possible for us to positively identify the United States, Britain and many of the nations of Western Europe as the nations where descendants of the 12 tribes of Israel largely reside today. While this historical knowledge is not critical for salvation, it does help one understand end-time prophecy.
Two kingdoms
After they spent time as slaves in Egypt, God delivered Abraham’s descendants and allowed them to form the ancient nation of Israel. Over time, 10 of the tribes formed the northern kingdom of Israel and two of the tribes formed the southern kingdom of Judah. Due to their breaking of His laws, God allowed the northern kingdom to be taken captive by the Assyrians and, later, the southern kingdom to be taken by the Babylonians.
After 70 years, many of the captives of Judah returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt the city. Because of this and their renewed diligence in keeping God’s Sabbath, their history continued. However, the northern 10 tribes largely disappeared from history. As a result, they are sometimes referred to as the lost 10 tribes of Israel. But while their nation disappeared, the descendants of these people continued to exist.
Israel to be sifted among the nations
In fact, God had promised that even though He would punish the people of ancient Israel for their sins, He would not completely destroy them. Instead, God said He would preserve them as He scattered them among the nations.
Speaking through the prophet Amos, God said: “‘Behold, the eyes of the Lord GOD are on the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from the face of the earth; yet I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob,’ says the LORD. ‘For surely I will command, and will sift the house of Israel among all nations, as grain is sifted in a sieve; yet not the smallest grain shall fall to the ground’” (Amos 9:8-9).
God’s faithfulness in blessing the descendants of the ancient Israelites will continue after Christ’s return and the establishment of the Kingdom of God here on earth. As Jesus explained to His apostles: “Assuredly I say to you, that in the regeneration, when the Son of Man sits on the throne of His glory, you who have followed Me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel” (Matthew 19:28). Even New Jerusalem will have 12 gates named after the 12 tribes of Israel ( Revelation 21:12 ).
Josephus, a Jewish historian of the first century, stated that “the entire body of the people of Israel remained in that country [Media]; wherefore there are but two tribes [Judah and Benjamin] in Asia and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude, and not to be estimated by numbers” (Antiquities of the Jews, 11.5.2, Complete Works of Flavius Josephus, combined translations of William Whiston, 1867, and the Standard Edition, 1960).
The introduction to the book of James says, “To the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad,” which confirms that some in the early New Testament Church knew where at least some of the descendants of the 12 tribes of Israel were located.
Following the clues
To follow the history of the 12 tribes of Israel after the fall of their nation to the Assyrians in 721 B.C., we must recognize the path of their deportation and identify them by the names given them by their conquerors. Various websites and books have a great deal of information connecting the 12 tribes of Israel to the nations of Western Europe and the United States today, and it would be impossible to cover all this material in this answer. But here is some of the documentation.
When the Assyrians conquered Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom, they transported many of the Israelites “to Assyria, and placed them in Halah and by the Habor, the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes” ( 2 Kings 17:6 ). Shortly after the Israelites came into these lands, scholars note the appearance of peoples in this area called Cimmerians and Scythians. The Assyrians also called them Khumri, Ghomri, Gimiri (derivatives of King Omri of Israel) and Iskuza (derivative of Isaac).
The famous Black Obelisk in the British Museum includes a pictorial etching of King Jehu of Israel bowing and paying tribute to King Shalmaneser of Assyria. The text speaks of Jehu, son (really a successor) of Omri, giving the Assyrian king silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden vase, golden tumblers, golden buckets, tin, a staff and spears. This was the time during which Israel paid tribute to Assyria as a vassal nation prior to rebelling and being destroyed by Assyria.
Historian Tamara Rice writes: “The Scythians did not become a recognizable national entity much before the eighth century B.C. ... By the seventh century B.C. they had established themselves firmly in southern Russia. ... And analogous tribes, possibly even related clans, though politically entirely distinct and independent, were also centred on the Altai [Mountains of southern Russia and Mongolia]. ... Assyrian documents place their appearance there in the time of King Sargon (722-705 B.C.), a date which closely corresponds with that of the establishment of the first group of Scythians in southern Russia” (The Scythians, 1961, pp. 19-20, 44).
Boris Piotrovsky in his book From the Lands of the Scythians notes, “Two groups, Cimmerians and Scythians, seem to be referred to in Urartean and Assyrian texts, but it is not always clear whether the terms indicate two distinct peoples or simply mounted nomads. ... Beginning in the second half of the eighth century B.C., Assyrian sources refer to nomads identified as the Cimmerians; other Assyrian sources say these people were present in the land of the Mannai and in Cappadocia for a hundred years, and record their advances into Asia Minor and Egypt.
“The Assyrians used Cimmerians in their army as mercenaries; a legal document of 679 B.C. refers to an Assyrian ‘commander of the Cimmerian regiment’; but in other Assyrian documents they are called ‘the seed of runaways who know neither vows to the gods nor oaths’” (1975, pp. 15, 18).
The Bible likewise indicates that the ancient Israelites would eventually migrate in a northwesterly direction away from Jerusalem. According to a prophecy yet to be fulfilled, God’s Servant will “restore the preserved ones of Israel” (Isaiah 49:6), and these peoples will come from “the north and the west” back to Jerusalem (verse 12).
While it is certainly clear that displaced Israelites were among these peoples, we should also note that not all Scythians or Cimmerians were Israelites. “Scythian” does not necessarily refer to a specific ethnic group. But it did include Israelites, who later moved in a northwesterly direction into Europe following their collapse as a nation.
Historians link the Cimmerians with the Gauls or Celts of northwest Europe
Historian Samuel Lysons linked some of the people who populated northwest Europe with these Cimmerians. As he put it, the Cimmerians seemed “to be the same people with the Gauls or Celts under a different name” (Our British Ancestors: Who and What Were They? 1865, p. 23).
English historian and scholar George Rawlinson wrote: “We have reasonable grounds for regarding the Gimirri, or Cimmerians, who first appeared on the confines of Assyria and Media in the seventh century B.C., and the Sacae of the Behistun Rock, nearly two centuries later, as identical with the Beth-Khumree of Samaria, or the Ten Tribes of the House of Israel” (noted in his translation of History of Herodotus, Book VII, p. 378).
Danish linguistic scholar Anne Kristensen concurs, stating: “There is scarcely reason, any longer, to doubt the exciting and verily astonishing assertion propounded by the students of the Ten Tribes that the Israelites deported from Bit Humria, of the House of ’Omri, are identical with the Gimirraja of the Assyrian sources. Everything indicates that Israelite deportees did not vanish from the picture but that, abroad, under new conditions, they continued to leave their mark on history” (Who Were the Cimmerians, and Where Did They Come From? Sargon II, the Cimmerians, and Rusa I, translated from the Danish by Jørgen Læssøe, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, No. 57, 1988, pp. 126-127).
The Bible likewise indicates that the ancient Israelites would eventually migrate in a northwesterly direction away from Jerusalem. According to a prophecy yet to be fulfilled, God’s Servant will “restore the preserved ones of Israel” ( Isaiah 49:6 ), and these peoples will come from “the north and the west” back to Jerusalem (verse 12).
Archaeological evidence
In addition to historical evidence, Scythian burial grounds have indicated a connection between these peoples and those of Nordic ancestry. For many years, scholars believed the Scythians were Mongols because groups of these nomadic people moved east, but the discovery of art and even a frozen corpse of a Scythian warrior indicate otherwise.
In July 2006 in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia near China and Russia, scientists made a rare find. German scientists who were part of the discovery team reported that the extremely well-preserved mummy of a Scythian warrior was that of “a 30-to-40 year-old man with blond hair” (“Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia,” Spiegel Online International, Aug. 25, 2006). Blond hair, of course, is a characteristic of Europeans not Mongols.
Prior to the discovery of this mummy, art obtained from numerous Scythian burial grounds had likewise indicated that these peoples were related to Europeans rather than Mongols. Because Scythian chiefs were buried with all their collected wealth, including wives, horses and art, detailed images of Scythians, their clothes and weapons have been uncovered. These discoveries depict their men with long, flowing locks, facial hair and Caucasian features.
In conclusion, biblical, historical and archaeological evidence indicates that descendants of the so-called 10 lost tribes of ancient Israel migrated to northwestern Europe. It is more commonly understood that many peoples from these nations also settled in the United States. For the above noted reasons, we believe that the peoples who settled in northwestern Europe and the United States are largely the descendants of the 12 tribes of Israel today.
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Which group had 1967 hits with 'Night Of Fear' and 'I Can HearThe Grass Grow'?
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The Move - I Can Hear The Grass Grow (1967) - YouTube
The Move - I Can Hear The Grass Grow (1967)
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Published on Mar 5, 2016
The Move were one of the leading British rock bands of the 1960s from Birmingham, England.
Classic line-up: Carl Wayne (1943-2004) (vocalist, guitarist, singer), Roy Wood (bassist-vocalist), Chris 'Ace' Kefford (guitariast-vocalist), Bev Bevan (drums) and Trevor Burton (guitarist/vocalist). Originally Chris 'Ace' Kefford was the leader, but for most of their career, the Move was led by guitarist, singer and songwriter Roy Wood. He also wrote all the group's UK singles and, from 1968 on, also sang lead vocals on many songs, although Carl Wayne was the main lead singer up to 1970.
The band scored their first hit with Night Of Fear, peaking at # 2 on the UK charts February 2nd, 1967 and was held back from the top spot by The Monkees and I'm A Believer.
Their second single called I Can Hear The Grass Grow peaked - as seen here - peak at # 5 on May 10th.
Third single Flowers In The Rain, with sound effects of rain pouring down, became the first chart single played on BBC Radio 1 when it began broadcasting at 7am on 30 September 1967, introduced by Tony Blackburn. The Move had switched record labels from Deram to Regal Zonophone.
A promotional campaign for Flowers In The Rain included a cartoon a picture postcard showing then UK Prime Minister - Harold Wilson - in bed with his secretary, Marcia Williams. The idea had ben launched bt Tony Seconda, without consulting the band. Wilson sued The Move for libel. The group lost the court case and had to pay all costs, and all royalties earned by the song, which otherwise would have belonged to Wood as composer, were awarded to charities of Wilson's choice. Secunda was fired.
In March 1968, The Move got to # 3 with Fire Brigade. It was held back from the top spot by Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich and The Legend Of Xanadu at # 2 and Cinderella Rockefella by Esther & Abi Ofarim at # 1. Roy Wood sang lead vocal, together with Carl Wayne. Same time Kefford left, reducing the band to four members.
Summer 1968, their fifth single Wild Tiger Woman did not chart and sunk without a trace. But then came back with their most commercial song to date, Blackberry Way. The song topped the UK charts for one week on February 11, 1969, toppling Albatross by Fleetwood Mac.
Wayne quit the group in January 1970. In came Jeff Lynne and Rick Price as new band members. The Move had a few more hits: Curly (# 12; 1969), Brontosaurus (# 7; 1970), Tonight (# 11; 1971), Chinatown (#23; 1972) and California Man (# 7; 1972). The latter being their farewell single. Shortly after, the band crumbled and disbanded in June 1972. Lynne, Wood and Bev Bevan became the founding members of a new band: Electric Light Orchestra.
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Move (Japanese band)
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Who starred as ageing actress 'Margo Channing' in the 1950 film 'All About Eve'?
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The Move — Listen for free on Spotify
The Move
Play on Spotify
The Move were the best and most important British group of the late '60s that never made a significant dent in the American market.
Through the band's several phases (which were sometimes dictated more by image than musical direction), their chief asset was guitarist and songwriter Roy Wood , who combined a knack for Beatlesque pop with a peculiarly British, and occasionally morbid, sense of humor. On their final albums (with considerable input from Jeff Lynne ), the band became artier and more ambitious, hinting at the orchestral rock that Wood and Lynne would devise for the Electric Light Orchestra . The Move, however, always placed more emphasis on the pop than the art, and never lost sight of their hardcore rock & roll roots.
Formed in the mid-'60s, the Move were so named because the five musicians from the original lineups were moving from established Birmingham groups into a new band. Most of the Move, in fact, had previously recorded flop singles in average, unremarkable British Invasion styles as members of other outfits. Taken under the wing of manager Tony Secunda, the group moved to London and crafted an explosive act, heavily influenced by the Who , which found them destroying televisions on stage. The Move's early singles were also heavily influenced by mod pop in their chunky chords and oddball character sketches, although Roy Wood 's songs were much poppier and bouncier than those of Pete Townshend .
With Wood handling all of the writing, the group's first four singles ("Night of Fear," "I Can Hear the Grass Grow," "Flowers in the Rain," and "Fire Brigade") all made the British Top Ten in 1967-1968. Despite the strength of the music (and a solid debut album in 1968), management and press gave more attention to their flamboyant stage antics, clothes, and outrageous publicity stunts. The most famous of these -- a publicity mailing for "Flowers in the Rain" picturing British Prime Minister Harold Wilson in an embarrassing state of undress -- backfired badly when the band lost royalties from the single in a subsequent libel suit.
Bassist Ace Kefford (never an essential part of the band except for image purposes) left the Move in 1968. After a couple of less successful singles, they topped the British charts for the only time in 1969 with one of their best songs, "Blackberry Way," a kind of black-humored flipside to "Penny Lane." Guitarist Trevor Burton, who had moved to bass after Kefford left, split himself just after "Blackberry Way." Rick Price was brought in to replace Burton, and the group's second album, Shazam (1970), was one of their best, allowing them to stretch out in more progressive and experimental directions than they could within the format of hit singles. After a misguided venture into the cabaret circuit, singer Carl Wayne left, leaving the lead vocal chores primarily in the hands of Roy Wood .
The rapid succession of personnel changes would have stopped most bands in their tracks, but the Move, if anything, became a more interesting group in the early '70s. This was due primarily to the replacement of Wayne by Jeff Lynne , previously with the cutesy but interesting pop/rock group the Idle Race . Lynne would be the only member of the Move other than Wood to contribute notable songs and help shape the band's vision. On Looking On (1971) and Message from the Country (1972), Lynne 's cheerier pop inclinations would effectively counterpoint Wood 's darker and more ironic compositions, in the manner of great rock collaborations like Lennon - McCartney and Stills - Young . Their best work from this period, though, is actually contained on their singles, several of which ("Brontosaurus," "California Man," and "Tonight") were British hits.
The Move remained unknown in the U.S. (where they had barely toured), and concentrated primarily on studio work after Lynne joined. Their arrangements became denser and more ambitious, particularly as Wood developed proficiency on a number of common and exotic instruments. As a result of their increasing fascination with orchestral rock, Wood , Lynne , and drummer Bev Bevan discontinued the Move in the early '70s to form Electric Light Orchestra . ELO 's remake of one of the Move's final singles, "Do Ya" (which had scraped the bottom of the U.S. charts in 1972), would become a hit in 1977. By that time, though, Wood was long gone from ELO -- he had left in 1972 to pursue a career as a leader of Wizzard and as a solo artist. And for all ELO 's massive worldwide success, they never matched the intriguing blend of pop and experimentation that characterized the best work of the Move. ~ Richie Unterberger, Rovi
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Who was the first and lastExecutive President of the USSR?
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Mikhail Gorbachev the First and the Last President of the USSR :: people :: Russia-InfoCentre
the First and the Last President of the USSR
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born on the 2nd of March in 1931 in the village of Privolnoye to a rural family. In 1950 he finished school and was accepted for the faculty of law of Moscow State University. Later in 1952 he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
After his graduation in 1955 Gorbachev was sent to Stavropol to the local prosecutor’s office, where he worked till 1962 gradually passing from one post to another.
In 1962 Mikhail continued his political career in the bodies of the Soviet Communist Party and was appointed the head of the department of the Stavropol rural local committee.
Starting September 1966 Gorbachev worked as the first secretary of the Stavropol City Committee, then in August of 1968 he was elected the second secretary and in April of 1970 he got the position of the first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee. In 1971 Gorbachev became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Thus, step by step Mikhail Sergeyevich was rising from low ranks and in 1985 he was appointed the General Secretary of the Communist Party.
The year of 1985 turned to be a landmark in the history of the country. It was the end of Brezhnev’s epoch, the time associated with considerably quiet period at the political arena. It was the beginning of great changes, attempts to reform the existent mode of the ruling organization. This period got the name of Perestroika and still raises different feelings in the souls of former Soviet citizens.
One of the first steps undertaken by Gorbachev as the head of the Soviet Union was the all-Russian anti-alcohol campaign. The government artificially increased the prices on alcohol products, the amount of which was limited in the shops. Besides, all the vineyards were destroyed. The results of the campaign were deplorable: the people replaced wine and vodka with home-brew and various substitutes.
In 1986-1987 Gorbachev laid a course for glasnost and democratization in all spheres of life. The resolution on Glasnost was passed in July, 1988 at the XIX Conference of the Communistic Party of the Soviet Union. In March 1990 a new Press Law making Mass Media Resources partially free of control came into force. In May 1989 Gorbachev was elected as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. However, not all Mikhail Sergeyevich’s initiatives were met with approval. The people noticed some sort of inconsequence in reforms: laws on development of cooperation and fight against speculation were enacted almost simultaneously.
Starting 1985 the official meetings of Gorbachev and Presidents of the USA Ronald Reagan and George Bush, as well as presidents and prime ministers of other countries became frequent.
The Fall of the Berlin Wall, the reunion of Germany and withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan occurred during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev. The agreement signed in Paris in 1990 by the head of the USSR and presidents and prime ministers of European countries as well as Canada and the USA put the end to the period known as the Cold War.
Growing crisis in internal affairs and economy speeded up the collapse of the Soviet Union and in the first part of 1990 almost all Soviet Republics announced sovereignty. 25 December of 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev retired from his post of the president of the USSR.
In 1996 he was a candidate at the presidential elections.
In 2000 – he appeared as the leader of the Russian Social Democratic Party.
In 2003 Mikhail Gorbachev presented his book under the title “Grani Globalizatsii”.
Today Mikhail Sergeyevich is the president of the International Fund of Social Economical and Political Research. Link to Mikhail Gorbachev's Nobel Lecture:
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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In which musical does thesong 'Don't Rain On My Parade' appear?
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Mikhail Gorbachev | president of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Britannica.com
president of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Written By:
Alternative Title: Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev
President of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Also known as
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev
Mikhail Gorbachev, in full Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born March 2, 1931, Privolye, Stavropol kray, Russia , U.S.S.R.), Soviet official, the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1985 to 1991 and president of the Soviet Union in 1990–91. His efforts to democratize his country’s political system and decentralize its economy led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In part because he ended the Soviet Union’s postwar domination of eastern Europe, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1990.
Mikhail Gorbachev.
Overview of Mikhail Gorbachev, including a discussion of his policy of perestroika.
Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz
Gorbachev was the son of Russian peasants in Stavropol territory (kray) in southwestern Russia. He joined the Komsomol (Young Communist League) in 1946 and drove a combine harvester at a state farm in Stavropol for the next four years. He proved a promising Komsomol member, and in 1952 he entered the law school of Moscow State University and became a member of the Communist Party. He graduated with a degree in law in 1955 and went on to hold a number of posts in the Komsomol and regular party organizations in Stavropol, rising to become first secretary of the regional party committee in 1970.
Russia: The Brezhnev era (1964–82)
Gorbachev was named a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1971, and he was appointed a party secretary of agriculture in 1978. He became a candidate member of the Politburo in 1979 and a full member in 1980. He owed a great deal of his steady rise in the party to the patronage of Mikhail Suslov , the leading party ideologue. Over the course of Yury Andropov’s 15-month tenure (1982–84) as general secretary of the Communist Party, Gorbachev became one of the Politburo’s most highly active and visible members; and, after Andropov died and Konstantin Chernenko became general secretary in February 1984, Gorbachev became a likely successor to the latter. Chernenko died on March 10, 1985, and the following day the Politburo elected Gorbachev general secretary of the CPSU. Upon his accession, he was still the youngest member of the Politburo.
Learn about Mikhail Gorbachev’s efforts to reform the Soviet Union.
Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz
Gorbachev quickly set about consolidating his personal power in the Soviet leadership. His primary domestic goal was to resuscitate the stagnant Soviet economy after its years of drift and low growth during Leonid Brezhnev’s tenure in power (1964–82). To this end, he called for rapid technological modernization and increased worker productivity, and he tried to make the cumbersome Soviet bureaucracy more efficient and responsive.
Mikhail Gorbachev delivering a speech at the 11th congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany …
German Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-1986-0418-043, photograph: Peter Zimmermann
Mikhail Gorbachev (centre) in East Berlin, 1986.
German Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-1986-0416-418, photograph: Hartmut Reiche
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When these superficial changes failed to yield tangible results, Gorbachev in 1987–88 proceeded to initiate deeper reforms of the Soviet economic and political system. Under his new policy of glasnost (“openness”), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism; and the country’s legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government. Under Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika (“restructuring”), the first modest attempts to democratize the Soviet political system were undertaken; multicandidate contests and the secret ballot were introduced in some elections to party and government posts. Under perestroika, some limited free-market mechanisms also began to be introduced into the Soviet economy, but even these modest economic reforms encountered serious resistance from party and government bureaucrats who were unwilling to relinquish their control over the nation’s economic life.
Mikhail Gorbachev (left), general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with Erich …
German Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-1986-0421-010, photograph: Rainer Mittelstadt
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In foreign affairs, Gorbachev from the beginning cultivated warmer relations and trade with the developed nations of both West and East. In December 1987 he signed an agreement with U.S. President Ronald Reagan for their two countries to destroy all existing stocks of intermediate-range nuclear-tipped missiles. In 1988–89 he oversaw the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan after their nine-year occupation of that country.
Mikhail Gorbachev (left) and Ronald Reagan signing the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) …
AFP/Getty Images
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In October 1988 Gorbachev was able to consolidate his power by his election to the chairmanship of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet (the national legislature). But, in part because his economic reforms were being obstructed by the Communist Party, Gorbachev tried to restructure the government’s legislative and executive branches in order to release them from the grip of the CPSU. Accordingly, under changes made to the constitution in December 1988, a new bicameral parliament called the U.S.S.R. Congress of People’s Deputies was created, with some of its members directly elected by the people in contested (i.e., multicandidate) elections. In 1989 the newly elected Congress of People’s Deputies elected from its ranks a new U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet that, in contrast to its predecessor of that name, was a real standing parliament with substantial legislative powers. In May 1989 Gorbachev was elected chairman of this Supreme Soviet and thereby retained the national presidency.
Ronald Reagan (left) and Mikhail Gorbachev in Red Square, Moscow, 1988.
Ira Schwartz/AP
Gorbachev was the single most important initiator of a series of events in late 1989 and 1990 that transformed the political fabric of Europe and marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War . Throughout 1989 he had seized every opportunity to voice his support for reformist communists in the Soviet-bloc countries of eastern Europe, and, when communist regimes in those countries collapsed like dominoes late that year, Gorbachev tacitly acquiesced in their fall. As democratically elected, noncommunist governments came to power in East Germany , Poland , Hungary , and Czechoslovakia in late 1989–90, Gorbachev agreed to the phased withdrawal of Soviet troops from those countries. By the summer of 1990 he had agreed to the reunification of East with West Germany and even assented to the prospect of that reunified nation’s becoming a member of the Soviet Union’s longtime enemy, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . In 1990 Gorbachev received the Nobel Prize for Peace for his striking achievements in international relations.
Mikhail Gorbachev (centre) meeting with shipyard workers in Szczecin, Pol., July 1988.
Bernard Bisson/Corbis Sygma
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The new freedoms arising from Gorbachev’s democratization and decentralization of his nation’s political system led to civil unrest in several of the constituent republics (e.g., Azerbaijan, Georgia , and Uzbekistan) and to outright attempts to achieve independence in others (e.g., Lithuania). In response, Gorbachev used military force to suppress bloody interethnic strife in several of the Central Asian republics in 1989–90, while constitutional mechanisms were devised that could provide for the lawful secession of a republic from the U.S.S.R.
With the CPSU waning in power and steadily losing prestige in the face of the mounting impetus for democratic political procedures, Gorbachev in 1990 further accelerated the transfer of power from the party to elected governmental institutions. In March of that year the Congress of People’s Deputies elected him to the newly created post of president of the U.S.S.R., with extensive executive powers. At the same time, the Congress, under his leadership, abolished the Communist Party’s constitutionally guaranteed monopoly of political power in the Soviet Union, thus paving the way for the legalization of other political parties.
Gorbachev was conspicuously successful in dismantling the totalitarian aspects of the Soviet state and in moving his country along the path toward true representative democracy . He proved less willing to release the Soviet economy from the grip of centralized state direction, however. Gorbachev eschewed the totalitarian use of power that had traditionally worked to keep the Soviet economy functioning, but at the same time he resisted any decisive shift to private ownership and the use of free-market mechanisms. Gorbachev sought a compromise between these two diametrically opposed alternatives in vain, and so the centrally planned economy continued to crumble with no private enterprise to replace it. Gorbachev remained the undisputed master of the ailing Communist Party, but his attempts to augment his presidential powers through decrees and administrative reshufflings proved fruitless, and his government’s authority and effectiveness began a serious decline. In the face of a collapsing economy, rising public frustration, and the continued shift of power to the constituent republics, Gorbachev wavered in direction, allying himself with party conservatives and the security organs in late 1990.
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What is the correct way of addressing an Ambassador?
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US Ambassador
FYI, here is what's come in to the Blog that relates to this office/rank.
For recent questions sent in, check out Robert Hickey's Blog .
For specific offices/ranks, check out Robert Hickey's On-Line Guide .
How to Address a Retired / Former
US Ambassador?
How do I address a retired American Ambassador? He was a member of the U.S. Foreign Service so he was a diplomat for a long time before he was an ambassador.
-- Carol Bentley
How do I address someone who served as an American Ambassador? He was a close personal friend of The President and served for four years.
-- Keith Inge
Dear Ms. Bentley & Mr. Inge:
Any retired or former ambassador is addressed on the envelope, or in the address block of the letter, in the standard style used for addressing high US officials:
The Honorable (Full name)
And, in the salutation or conversation he/she would be addressed as:
Dear Ambassador (Surname),
The difference between ambassadors will arise when you introduce them, describe them, give their title, or identify them in writing.
How to identify a political appointee who served as a Ambassador?
Those appointed to serve as a U.S. ambassador after a career in another field (typically they serve just one administration, more or less) are introduced as:
Ambassador of the United States to (Name of Country) from Year to Year
or
Former Ambassador of the United States to (Name of Country)
Who can be identified as a "Career Ambassador, Retired"?
There are certain individuals who can be identified as a Career Ambassador. They have been accorded the “Personal Rank of Career Ambassador” by the President. If you do a web search for "career-ambassador U.S. Department of State" you find the list. There aren't many. This small category of ambassadors is introduced or identified as:
Career Ambassador of the Foreign Service of the United States of America, Retired
Who can be identified as a "Ambassador, Retired"?
Career U.S. Foreign Service Officers who have served as a U.S. Ambassador at one or more U.S. embassies are introduced or identified as:
Ambassador of the United States of America, Retired
How to Address an Ambassador:
Your Excellency? or The Honorable?
I see some ambassador's names written as The Honorable (full name) and others as His Excellency (full name). Which is correct? The ambassador who is coming is the French Ambassador. How should I write his name?
~ The Diva of Diplomats
1) An ambassador of the United States is addressed by US citizens as:
The Honorable (full name)
The Ambassador of the United States of America
(Address)
The form -- the Honorable -- is used because US citizens formally address their own officials as the Honorable (Full Name).
2) Any foreign ambassador is addressed as:
His/Her Excellency (full name)
The Ambassador of (official name of country)
(Address)
Form #2 is standard around the world for addressing ambassadors. Even US ambassadors are addressed as His/Her/Your Excellency when they serve abroad by citizens of the countries in which they are serving.
Thus, the French Ambassador to the USA is addressed as:
His Excellency (full name)
The Ambassador of the French Republic
(Address)
How to Address Current Ambassadors
At-Post (In the Country where They Serve)
vs. Back Home (In the USA)?
We are doing an overview of usage of the title Your Excellency to the Ambassadors (of the State and accredited to the country) when accompanying their Heads of State or Government abroad. I would like to know -
1) Would you address your Ambassador (USA ambassador accredited in UK) with "Your Excellency" when taking part of the official visit by the President of the USA to UK?
2) Would you address UK Ambassador accredited in USA with "Your Excellency" when taking part of the official visit by the President of the USA to UK?
-- Tina
Dear Tina,
FYI, your questions are answered in my book in the chapter on Diplomats and International Officials.
1) Foreign ambassadors at-post
In the US we follow the standard international practice of addressing accredited current ambassadors ... from one head of state to another head of state ... as "His Excellency John Jones," "Her Excellency Mary Jones," "Your Excellency" or "Ambassador Jones" the last being the least formal.
2) Foreign ambassadors when back home in their own country
In the US, US citizens follow our standard practice of using "The Honorable" for everyone appointed by The President. So we address US ambassadors as "The Honorable Henry Smith" or "Mr. Ambassador" or "Ambassador Smith" ... the last being the least formal.
Your questions:
Would you address your Ambassador (USA ambassador accredited in UK) with Your Excellency when taking part of the official visit by the President of the USA to UK?
I would as a US citizen address a US Ambassador would "The Honorable Henry Smith" or "Mr. Ambassador" or "Ambassador Smith" I would not use the British spelling of "Honourable" just because we were in the UK ... since the nicest way to write a name is the way one sees it at home ... which would be "Honorable"
Would you address UK Ambassador accredited in USA with Your Excellency when taking part of the official visit by the President of the USA to UK?
I would as a US citizen always address a UK ambassador as "His Excellency John Jones" "Your Excellency" or "Ambassador Jones" the last being the least formal.
-- Robert Hickey
How a Should Non-US Citizen
Address an American Ambassador ?
I am writing an invitation letter to the ambassador of the United States to Japan. According to your book the ambassador should be addressed by US citizens as The Honorable John V. Roos. But I am a Japanese citizen. I will be writing to him in care of the US Embassy in Tokyo.
Should I address him as The Honorable (Full Name) as the U.S. citizens do? Or should I address him as His Excellency (Full Name)?
~ T. Suzuki
Dear T. Suzuki:
Using The Honorable (Full Name) would be honoring his US tradition -- would be how a US citizen would address him -- and how he would expect to be addressed in the USA (at home). It is not wrong for you to use it.
Using His/Her Excellency (Full Name) will follow the diplomatic custom -- and how he would expect to be addressed outside the USA and in Japan.
Both are correct, but use Excellency since you are in Japan and are a Japanese citizen.
-- Robert Hickey
Not Finding Your Question Answered?
Below are other topics covered in my blog and at right is a list of officials, Between the two I probably have what you are looking for.
After hunting around a bit, if you don't see your question answered send me an e-mail . I am pretty fast at sending a reply: usually the next day (unless I am traveling.)
If I think your question is of interest to others, I will post the question & answer – with your name and any personal specifics changed.
-- Robert Hickey
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Excellency
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For which edible fungus is Perigord, France famous?
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Forms of Address
Forms of Address
The Most Reverend First name, Archbishop of Place name
Your Eminence
The Most Reverend Full name, Archbishop of Place name
Your Excellency
The Venerable Full name, Archdeacon of Place name
Dear Archdeacon Last name
The Right Reverend Full name, Bishop of Place name
Right Reverend Sir or Dear Bishop Last name
Bishop, other Protestant
The Most Reverend Full name, Bishop of Place name
Your Excellency or Dear Bishop Last name
Cardinal
His Eminence First name Cardinal Last name
Your Eminence
The Reverend Full name or The Reverend Full name, D.D.
Dear Mr./Ms. Last name or Dear Dr. Last name
Dean of a Cathedral, Episcopal
The Very Reverend Full name, Dean of Place name
Dear Dean Last name
The Right Reverend Monsignor Full name
Dear Monsignor
His All Holiness the Patriarch of Place name
Your All Holiness
His Holiness the Patriarch of Place name
Your Holiness
Your Holiness or Most Holy Father
Priest, Roman Catholic
The Reverend Full name or The Reverend Full name, S.J. (or other order)
Dear Reverend Father or Dear Father
Rabbi, man or woman
Rabbi Full name or Rabbi Last name
Dear Rabbi Last name
The Honorable Full name, The Ambassador of the United States
Sir/Madam or Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador
Ambassador to the U.S.
His/Her Excellency Full name, The Ambassador of Place name
Excellency or Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador
Secretary General, United Nations
His/Her Excellency Full name, Secretary General of the United Nations
Dear Mr./Madam/Madame Secretary general
The Honorable Full name, United States Representative to the United Nations
Sir/Madam or Dear Mr./Ms. Last name
United Nations Representative, foreign
His/Her Excellency Full name, Representative of Place name to the United Nations
Excellency or My dear Mr./Madam Last name
Government officials
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i don't know
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In 'Scrabble', how many 'D' tiles are there?
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How many of each letter are there in Scrabble? | Reference.com
How many of each letter are there in Scrabble?
A:
Quick Answer
In Scrabble, J, K, Q, X and Z have one tile each; there are two B, C, F, H, M, P, V, W and Y tiles; there are three G tiles, four D, L, S and U tiles, six N, R and T tiles, eight O tiles, nine A and I tiles and 12 E tiles. There are 100 tiles total.
Full Answer
In Scrabble, players earn points by making words. Each letter is worth a specific number of points, and there are special squares on the board that increase the value of letters or words that are placed on those squares. The most common letters are worth the least amount of points.
For example, all of the letters that have four or more tiles in the game are worth only one point. The letter D is the only exception to this rule, and D is worth two points. The rarest letters in the game are J, K, Q, X and Z, and these letters are worth 8, 5, 10, 8 and 10 points respectively.
If a Scrabble player has all of a word except a letter or two, he can use this list of tiles to figure out whether or not his desired tile might be in the bag. For instance, if the player needs an M, and there are already two on the board, that means that there are no M tiles in the bag.
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Four (New Zealand)
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Who played Queen Elizabeth II in the film 'Naked Gun'?
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Scrabble/Rules - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Scrabble/Rules
Standard playing equipment includes:
15x15 Scrabble board
Standard set of 100 tiles according to the usual distribution, placed in an opaque bag or face-down on the table (a bag is required in tournament play)
One rack per player
Goal[ edit ]
The goal of Scrabble is to score as many points as possible by placing letter tiles to create words onto the game board. At the end of the game, when one player has used all of his tiles and there are no more tiles left to draw, the game ends.
Before the game[ edit ]
Players should agree on a dictionary or word source to be used, for the purpose of adjudicating challenges.
The game is set up so that each player possesses one rack. The 100 letter tiles are placed into an opaque bag (or face-down), hidden from view. Each player draws one tile to determine order of play. The player with the letter closest to "A" in the alphabet, with the blanks taking precedence over "A," goes first, and play proceeds clockwise. If two players tie for first, repeat.
Players return tiles to the bag, and shuffle. Each player draws seven tiles, and places them on his or her rack, hidden from other players.
Tournament play[ edit ]
Since having all 100 tiles is crucial to tournament game play, players should confirm that the Scrabble set contains 100 tiles (this is usually done by arranging the tiles into four 5x5 squares, or one 10x10 square). In most tournament games, the player with the fewer number of firsts will go first; if there is a tie, the player with the most number of seconds goes first. If there is still a tie, both players draw one tile, as described above.
Gameplay[ edit ]
The first word formed must consist of at least two letters that form a word reading left-to-right or top-to-bottom, and touch the center square (H8, marked with a star). On every turn, the player has the option to:
Pass his or her turn, scoring nothing.
Exchange 1-7 tiles, scoring nothing. The proper way to exchange tiles is to place the exchanged tiles face down, draw replacement tiles, and put the exchanged tiles into the bag. You can only exchange if there are at least 7 tiles in the bag.
Make a play by adding at least one new tile to the board, record the score for the play, and add to his/her cumulative score.
After making a play, the player announces the score for that play, and draws replacement tiles so that (s)he has seven tiles. Every play thereafter must connect to at least one tile already on the board. On subsequent plays, players can
Extend a previously played word; e.g. if PARK is played, (PARK)S, (PARK)ING, RE(PARK) and RE(PARK)ING are all acceptable plays.
"Hook" a word by adding one letter to a previously played word, and playing perpendicular (e.g. if PARK is played, playing ZEALOTS/S(PARK) is valid).
Playing parallel to a previously-played word. For example, playing ILEA under PARK, forming PI, AL, RE, and KA.
Some rules about subsequent plays:
Diagonal plays or words that read right-to-left or bottom-to-top (e.g. SEIVARG*) are not acceptable.
All letters played in one turn must lie on a line and form a continuous word (usually called the "main word"). At least one tile played must be adjacent to a tile previously on the board.
Plays that violate the above conditions are unacceptable, and can be challenged off in tournament play, regardless of validity.
There are two blank tiles, which may be used as any letter. Blank tiles score 0 points, regardless of the letter it designates. When a blank is played, the letter that the blank represents must be indicated, and cannot change in subsequent turns.
Acceptable words[ edit ]
All words in the agreed-upon dictionary, including inflections, are acceptable. Proper nouns are not acceptable, unless they have separate meanings (such as CHINA, JACK, or BOSTON). Most acronyms or abbreviations are not allowed, unless they appear as separate entries. Archaic spellings are generally not allowed. Foreign words which have been incorporated into the language are valid. Vulgar and offensive words are acceptable in tournament and most club play (however, the National School Scrabble Championship uses the OSPD5, which expurgates offensive words).
The official word list in North American tournament play is the Official Club and Tournament Word List, 3nd Edition. In other countries, the official word list is Collins Scrabble Words (CSW), 2015 edition.
Note: Words that are only acceptable in CSW, but not TWL, are commonly denoted by a #.
Challenging a play[ edit ]
Main article: Challenging a play
If player A forms a word that the opponent believes is invalid (not listed in the agreed-upon dictionary), the opponent can challenge the play. If the word(s) challenged are listed in the dictionary, the opponent loses his/her turn. If any of the challenged word(s) does not appear in the dictionary, player A removes his play from the board and loses his/her turn. The opponent can only challenge a play before player A draws replenishment tiles. See article on "Challenging a play" for more details.
End of the game[ edit ]
Under North American tournament rules, the game ends when:
There are no more tiles left to draw, and one player has used up his or her tiles (known as playing out), or
Six consecutive scoreless turns have occurred.
If a player plays out, the sum of the values of his opponents' tiles is added to his score, while each of the opponents' scores is reduced by the sum on his or her rack. In tournament play, the player playing out receives twice the value of his opponent's rack, and the opponent's score is unchanged. This does not affect point spread, but makes scoring slightly easier.
Scoring[ edit ]
Each letter tile has a number next to it that indicates how many points it is worth. Common letters, such as vowels, are worth 1 point, while rare letters such as "Q", "X", and "Z" are worth 8-10 points. Blank tiles are worth zero points. The score of a play is equal to the sum of the scores of all new words formed (including extensions or hook words, see examples below).
Double Letter Score and Triple Letter Score (DLS, TLS) - a letter on this space is doubled or tripled in its point value.
Double Word Score and Triple Word Score (DWS, TWS) - if any letter touches this space, the entire word is doubled in point value. If your word includes both a letter bonus and a word bonus, the letter bonus is applied first, in accordance with order of operations.
Note that the center square is a DWS, so the first play of the game receives a double word score.
The premium letter squares are only applied on the first turn that they are used. On subsequent plays, the premium letter squares are nulled.
If a pre-existing word is added onto with a tile that lands on a double word tile, the original word is not doubled.
A play that covers two DWS is doubled then re-doubled (i.e. the score for the word is 4 times its face value) and is sometimes referred to as a "double-double." Similarly, a play covering two TWS is tripled then re-tripled ("triple-triple.").
If a player uses all seven of their tiles on one play, they receives an extra 50 points, in addition to the score for the word. Such a play is commonly referred to as a bingo or a bonus.
At the end of the game when nobody can make a move or someone goes out of tiles, each player subtracts the amount of points that remain unused on their rack from their total score. If someone goes out of tiles, then the total of points on all other players' racks is added to their score as well. For this reason it's usually advantageous to be the first to dump all your tiles.
Example[ edit ]
Suppose player 1 plays FINED 8D. The score for this play is 2*(2*4 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2) = 26 points. Suppose player 2 extends FINED to form CON(FINED) 8A. The score for this play is 3*(3+1+1+4+1+1+1+2) = 42 points. Note that the F on the DLS retains its face value. Suppose player 1 plays BATTInG 7G (with a blank I), forming BE and AD. The score for the main word, BATTInG is 3*2 + 1 + 2*1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 2*2 = 15. The score for B(E) is 3*2 + 1 = 7 (note that the B is doubled both directions). The score for A(D) is 1+2 = 3. However, BATTInG uses all seven tiles, so it receives a 50 point bonus. The score for the play is 15+7+3+50 = 75. Player 1 has a 101-42 lead.
Notation[ edit ]
Like chess, Scrabble uses a notation system to annotate plays. Rows are labelled 1-15, and columns A-O, as shown below. Each square has a unique coordinate, so the top left square would be A1 and the center star is H8.
A
3×
WS
Plays are usually notated in the form "WORD xy +score" where WORD indicates the main word played, xy is the coordinate of the first letter of the main word, and score is the score for the play. If the main word reads left-to-right, the row number precedes the column letter, and if the main word reads top-to-bottom, the column letter precedes the row number. All letters (except for blank tiles) are capitalized. Finally, if a word is played through one or more letters, the letters that were already on the board are surrounded by parentheses (). For example, the first two plays of the game shown above are:
QUAY 8E +32
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i don't know
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What is the MKSA or SI unit of electric charge?
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What is the unit of charge in mks system? - Quora
Quora
Mayur, the Coulomb, according to my search.
561 Views · Answer requested by
Written Jan 2, 2015
As a black person reared by black parents, and growing up around black people, I can tell you black children are given very little leeway to talk back or challenge parents or other adults. It's just not done. Respect for parents in a black household means doing what you are told when you are told to do it, a healthy awareness that kids are subordinate to the parents so long as they live under t...
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Coulomb
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Who followed Kruschev as Soviet Prime Minister in 1964?
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Units and Dimensionality
Units and Dimensionality
Physical Quantities and Their Associated Dimensions
Errors can occur in writing equations to solve problems in classical physics. Many of these errors can be prevented by performing a dimensionality check on the equations. All physical quantities have a fundamental dimension that is independent of the units of measurement. The basic physical dimensions are: length, mass, time, electrical charge, temperature and luminous intensity. There are a number of systems of units for measuring physical dimensions. The MKS system is based on meter, kilogram, second measurement. The CGS system is based on centimeter, gram, second measurement. The English system is based on feet, pound, second measurement. A few physical dimensions and the associated measurement unit in these three systems are : Physical Quantity Unit System Dimension MKS CGS English length meter centimeter feet mass kilogram gram pound mass time second second second force newton dyne poundal energy joule erg B.t.u. The checking of a physical equation has two aspects. The first is to check the dimensionality. The dimensionality is independent of the unit system. The second is to check that a consistent system of units is used in the equation. An example of a dimensionality check is using the basic equation F=ma to determine that force has the dimension mass x length / time squared, then 2 check if F=mv /r is dimensionally correct. The check is performed by expanding the dimensions, e.g. mass x (length/time) x (length/time) / length. Combining terms and reducing yields mass x length / time squared. This agrees with the dimensions expected for force from the basic equation F=ma. As expected, centripetal force has the same dimensionality as the force from Newton's second law of motion. The table below is organized to present the physical quantity name with associated information. The second column is one of the typical symbols used for the physical quantity. The third column is the dimension of the physical quantity expressed in terms of the fundamental dimensions. The fourth column is the name of the unit in the MKS measurement system. The fifth column is the typical MKS unit equation. An independent table presents conversion factors from the MKS measurement system to other measurement systems. Physics developed over a period of many years by many people from a variety of disciplines. Thus, there is ambiguity and duplication of symbols.
Basic Physical Quantities
PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL DIMENSION MEASUREMENT UNIT UNIT EQUATION _________________ ______ _________ ________________ ______________ length s L meter m mass m M kilogram Kg time t T second sec electric charge q Q coulomb c luminous intensity I C candle cd o temperature T K degree kelvin K angle theta none radians none
Mechanical Physical Quantities (derived)
PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL DIMENSION MEASUREMENT UNIT UNIT EQUATION _________________ ______ _________ ________________ ______________ 2 2 area A L square meter m 3 3 volume V L stere m velocity v L/T meter per second m/sec angular velocity omega 1/T radians per second 1/sec 2 2 acceleration a L/T meter per square m/sec second 2 2 angular acceleration alpha 1/T radians per 1/sec square second 2 2 force F ML/T newton Kg m/sec 2 2 2 2 energy E ML /T joule Kg m /sec work W " heat Q " 2 2 2 2 torque T ML /T newton meter Kg m /sec 2 3 power P ML /T watt joule/sec 3 3 density D M/L kilogram per Kg/m cubic meter 2 2 pressure P M/LT newton per Kg/m sec elastic modulus square meter momentum p ML/T newton second Kg m/sec impulse 2 2 inertia I ML /T joule second Kg m /sec luminous flux phi C lumen (4Pi candle cd sr for point source) 2 2 illumination E C/L lumen per cd sr/m square meter 2 2 2 2 o entropy S ML /T K joule per degree Kg m /sec K 3 3 volume rate of flow Q L /T cubic meter m /sec per second 2 2 kinematic viscosity nu L /T square meter m /sec per second dynamic viscosity mu M/LT newton second Kg/m sec per square meter 2 2 2 2 specific weight gamma M/L T newton Kg/m sec per cubic meter
Electrical Physical Quantities (derived)
PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL DIMENSION MEASUREMENT UNIT UNIT EQUATION _________________ ______ _________ ________________ ______________ electric current I Q/T ampere c/sec 2 2 2 2 emf,voltage,potential E ML /T Q volt Kg m /sec c 2 2 2 2 electric resistance R ML /TQ ohm Kg m /sec c 2 3 2 3 conductivity sigma TQ /ML mho per meter sec c /Kg m 2 2 2 2 2 2 capacitance C T Q /ML farad sec c /Kg m 2 2 2 2 inductance L ML /Q henry Kg m /c 2 2 current density J Q/TL ampere per c/sec m square meter 3 3 charge density rho Q/L coulomb per c/m cubic meter magnetic flux, B M/TQ weber per Kq/sec c magnetic induction square meter magnetic intensity H Q/LT ampere per meter c/m sec magnetic vector potential A ML/TQ weber/meter Kg m/sec c 2 2 electric field intensity E ML/T Q volt/meter or Kg m/sec c newton per coulomb 2 2 electric displacement D Q/L coulomb per c/m square meter 2 2 permeability mu ML/Q henry per meter Kg m/c 2 2 3 2 2 3 permittivity, epsi T Q /ML farad per meter sec c /Kg m dielectric constant -1 frequency f Pi/T hertz sec -1 angular frequency omega 1/T radians per second sec wave length lambda L meters m
The Algebra of Dimensionality
The dimension of any physical quantity can be written as a b c d e f L M T Q C K where a,b,c,d,e and f are integers such as -4, -3, -2 , -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and L is length, M is mass, T is time, Q is charge, C is luminous intensity and K is temperature. An exponent of zero means the dimension does not apply to the physical quantity. The normal rules of algebra for exponents apply for combining dimensions. In order to add or subtract two physical quantities the quantities must have the same dimension. The resulting physical quantity has the same dimensions. Physical quantities with the same dimension in different systems of units can be added or subtracted by multiplying one of the quantities by a units conversion factor to obtain compatible units. The multiplication of two physical quantities results in a new physical quantity that has the sum of the exponents of the dimensions of the initial two quantities. The division of one physical quantity by another results in a new physical quantity that has the dimension of the exponents of the first quantity minus the exponents of the second quantity. Taking the square root of a physical quantity results in a new physical quantity having a dimension with exponents half of the initial dimension. Raising a physical quantity to a power results in a new physical quantity having a dimension with the exponents multiplied by the power. e.g. v has dimension L/T 2 2 2 2 -2 then v has dimension L /T or L T The derivative of a physical quantity with respect to another physical quantity results in a new physical quantity with the exponents of the first dimension minus the exponents of the other dimension. e.g. v has dimension L/T, t has dimension T, 2 then dv/dt has dimension L/T of acceleration The integral of a physical quantity over the range of another physical quantity results in a new physical quantity that has a dimension with the sum of the exponents of the two quantities. e.g. v has dimension L/T, t has dimension T, then integral v dt has dimension L
Conversion Between Systems of Units
This section is organized to be consistent with the discussion of physical quantities and equations of physics. The definition of the six fundamental units of physical quantities is presented for the MKS system of units. The definition of some derived units is then presented in the MKS system. The definitions in other systems of units follow the MKS definitions. This is followed by a table of conversion factors between the MKS system and other systems of units. The MKS system based on the meter, kilogram second was augmented to allow force and energy from electrical quantities to be measured in one rationalized system of units. The system was proposed by Giorgi in 1904. It was adopted by the IEC in 1935 to take effect on January 1, 1940. The electrical to mechanical conversion was chosen to be based on the permeability of free space to be -7 4Pi x 10 henry per meter.
Definition of Fundemental Units
Meter, fundamental unit of length, defined as the distance between two o specified lines on a specific bar of platinum-iridium at 0 C at standard atmospheric pressure supported at two neutral points 0.285 meter from the center of the bar. The bar is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris France. Centimeter, cgs unit of length, defined as 1/100 meter. Feet, English unit of length, defined as 0.3048 meter in U.S. Inch, English unit of length, defined as 0.00254 meter in U.S. -10 Angstrom, unit of length, defined as 10 meter. Kilogram, fundamental unit of mass, defined as the mass of a specific cylinder of platinum - iridium kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Gram, cgs unit of mass, defined as 1/1000 kilogram. Pound, English unit of mass, the avoirdupois pound is defined to be 0.4535924277 kilogram in the U.S. The apothecary or troy pound is 5760/7000 of the avoirdupois pound. Second, fundamental unit of time, defined as one 86,400th part of a mean solar day. Presently measured by an atomic clock based on the rate of nuclear decay. Coulomb, fundamental unit of charge, defined as the charge required to obtain one newton of force between two such charges at a distance of one meter. Candle, fundamental unit of luminous intensity, defined as the source intensity of 1/60 centimeter square opening of the standard light source of a glowing cavity with temperature equal to that of solidifying platinum. A point source of one candle radiates one lumen per steradian. Degrees kelvin, fundamental unit of temperature, defined as zero where the molecular activity of gases cease. The scale is based on zero degrees centigrade (Celsius) for the freezing point of water and 100 degrees centigrade at the boiling point of water. Zero degrees centigrade is 273.16 degrees kelvin. Radians, fundamental unit of angle, defined as the angle formed by a length of circular arc being equal to the radius creating the arc.
Definition of Derived Units
Newton, unit of force, defined as the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 kilogram at 1 meter per second per second when acting continuously. Dyne, cgs unit of force, defined as the force required to accelerate a mass -5 of 1 gram at at 1 centimeter per second per second. One dyne is 10 newton. Poundal, English unit of force, defined as the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 pound at 1 foot per second per second. One poundal is -10 7.23300 10 newton. A poundal based on earth's gravitation is 32.174 pounds avoirdupois. Joule, unit of energy, defined as work done by 1 newton acting through a distance of one meter. Erg, cgs unit of energy, defined as work done by 1 dyne acting through a -7 distance of one centimeter. One erg is 10 joule. Kilogram calorie, large calorie, unit of energy, is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water from 1 degree centigrade at a stated temperature. i.e. Kg Cal(22 C). The mean kilogram calorie is defined as 1/100 of the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water o o from 0 C to 100 C. The small calorie is the gram calorie equal to 1/1000 of a large calorie. One mean kilogram calorie is 0.000238889 joule . British thermal unit, B.t.u , unit of energy, the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit at a stated o temperature. i.e. B.t.u.(39 F). The mean British thermal unit is defined as 1/180 of the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water from o o 32 F to 212 F. One mean B.t.u. is 0.00009480 joule. Mole, kilogram molecule, is the number of kilograms of a substance that corresponds to its molecular weight divided by 1000. In the cgs system of units a mole, gram molecule, is the number of grams of a substance that corresponds to its molecular weight. The mass of a single molecule in kilograms is the kilogram molecule divided by Avogadro's number. For atoms the molecular weight is the atomic weight. Steradian, sr, is the ratio of the area of the intercepted surface of a sphere to the radius of the sphere squared. 4Pi steradians means the total area of the sphere is intercepted. Watt, unit of power, defined as work done at a constant rate of one joule per second. Horsepower ( mechanical ), English unit of power, defined as work done at a rate of 550 foot-pounds per second. One mechanical horsepower is 745.705 watt. Horsepower ( electrical ), English unit of power, by definition exactly 760 watt. Ampere, unit of electric current, defined as the current that will flow through a circuit with a resistance of one ohm when one volt is applied. The international standard is defined as the current which will deposit silver at a rate of 0.00111800 gram per second. One international ampere is about 0.999835 absolute ampere. International electrical units are based on physical standards whose specifications are slightly in error. Instruments made after January 1, 1948 are calibrated in absolute units. Notes: The singular form of units is used with the exception of foot and feet. Proper names appearing in units and constants are not capitalized. References: Conversion Factors and Tables by Zimmerman and Lavine Electric and Magnetic Fields by Stephen Attwood Elements of Physics by Shortley and Williams
UNITS CONVERSION CONSTANTS
to get MKS units from other units to get other units from MKS units value value value value in MKS = in other x constant in other = in MKS x constant units units units units length meter = angstrom x 1.0E-10 angstrom = meter x 1.0E10 meter = mil x 0.254E-4 mil = meter x 39370.07874 meter = centimeter x 0.01 centimeter = meter x 100 meter = inch x 0.0254 inch = meter x 39.37007874 meter = feet x 0.3048 feet = meter x 3.280839895 meter = yard x 0.9144018288 yard = meter x 1.0936111 meter = fathom x 1.8288036 fathom = meter x meter = rod x 5.0292099 rod = meter x 0.19883839 meter = chain(surveyor) x 20.12 chain(surveyor) = meter x 66 ft meter = chain(engineer) x 30.48006 chain(engineer) = meter x 100 ft meter = furlong x 0.2011684E+3 furlong = meter x 0.49709597E-2 meter = mile(statute) x 1.6093472E+3 mile(statute) = meter x 0.6213699E-3 * meter = mile(nautical) x 1.8532487E+3 mile(nautical) = meter x 0.539593E-3 meter = league(land) x 4.82804E+3 league(land) = meter x meter = league(marine) x 5.5596E+3 league(marine) = meter x meter = light year x 9.459936E+15 light year = meter x mass kilogram = gram x 0.001 gram = kilogram x 1000 kilogram = grain(troy) x 0.6480E-4 grain(troy) = kilogram x kilogram = pennyweight(troy) x 1.5552E-3 pennyweight(troy) = kilogram x 24 grains kilogram = carat(troy) x 0.2E-3 3086 grains kilogram = scruple x 1.296E-3 scruple = kilogram x kilogram = dram(avdp) x 1.772E-3 dram(avdp) = kilogram x kilogram = ounce(avdp) x 0.02834952 ounce(avdp) = kilogram x 35.27 kilogram = ounce(troy) x 0.031103481 ounce(troy) = kilogram x 32.15 kilogram = pound(troy) x 0.37324177 pound(troy) = kilogram x 2.6792285 kilogram = pound(avdp) x 0.45359244 pound(avdp) = kilogram x 2.204622341 * kilogram = ton(short) x 907.18486 ton(short) = kilogram x 2000lbs * kilogram = ton(long) x 1016.047 ton(long) = kilogram x 0.9842064E-3 kilogram = ton(metric) x 1000 ton(metric) = kilogram x 0.001 time second = minute x 60 minute = second x second = hour x 3600 hour = second x second = day x 0.86400E+5 day = second x second = fortnight x 1.2096E+6 fortnight = second x second = month x 2.628E+6 month = second x second = year x year = second x electric charge coulomb = electron charge x electron charge = coulomb x 1.60193E-19 coulomb = faraday x faraday = coulomb x 96.480 coulomb = ampere hours x ampere hours = coulomb x 3600 temperature o o o oL K = C + 273.16 C = K - 273.16 o o oL K = F = ( K - 273.16) x 1.8 + 32.0 angle radian = second(angular) x 4.84814E-6 second(angular) = radian x radian = minute(angular) x 0.000290888 minute(angular) = radian x radian = degree(angular) x 0.0174533 degree(angular) = radian x radian = revolution x 6.2831853 revolution = radian x radian = bam x area square meter = square centimeter square centimeter = square meter x 1.0E-4 x 10,000 square meter = square inch square inch = square meter x x square meter = square feet square feet = square meter x 0.09290341 x square meter = square yard square yard = square meter x x square meter = square mile(statute) square mile(statute) = square meter x x square meter = acre x 4046.873 acre = square meter x square meter = circular mil x circular mil = square meter x 1.97352E+6 square meter = hectare x 1.0E+4 hectare = square meter x square meter = township x 93.24E+6 township = square meter x square meter = barn x 1.0E-28 volume cubic cubic cubic cubic meter = centimeter x 1.0E-6 centimeter = meter x 1.0E+6 cubic cubic cubic cubic meter = inch x 0.16387162E-4 inch = meter x cubic meter = cubic feet x 0.028317017 cubic feet = cubic meter x cubic meter = cubic yard x cubic yard = cubic meter x cubic cubic cubic cubic meter = mile(statute) x mile(statute) = meter x cubic meter = liter x 0.001 liter = cubic meter x 1000 cubic meter = fluid ounce x 0.295737E-4 fluid ounce = cubic meter x 0.33814E+7 cubic meter = cup x cubic cubic meter = pint(liquid) x 0.4731798E-3 pint(liquid) = meter x 21113.4 cubic meter = quart(liquid) x quart(liquid) = cubic meter x cubic meter = gallon x 0.003785 gallon = cubic meter x cubic meter = barrel x 1/0.1589873 barrel = cubic meter x 0.1589873 cubic meter = pint(dry) x 0.03524/64 cubic meter = quart(dry) x 0.03524/32 cubic meter = peck x 0.03524/4 cubic meter = bushel x 0.03524 bushel = cubic meter x cubic meter = keg x (less than 10 gal) cubic meter = cord x 3.625 barrel = gallon x 31.5 (food) x 42 (petroleum) velocity meter per second = centimeters per second x meter per second = kilometer per hour x meter per second = inches per second x meter per second = feet per second x meter per second = miles per second x meter per second = inches per minute x meter per second = feet per minute x meter per second = miles per hour x meter per second = knots x acceleration meter per second squared = centimeter per second squared x meter per second squared = feet per second squared x meter per second squared = miles per hour squared x force newton = dyne x 1.0E-5 newton = poundal x 7.23300E-10 newton = pound x 7.23300E-10/32.17 g energy joule = erg x 1.0E-7 joule = gram calorie x 0.238889E-6 joule = kilogram calorie x 0.238889E-3 joule = gram calorie x 0.238889E-6 joule = B.t.u x 0.9480E-4 joule = foot pounds x 1.356 joule = kilowatt hour x 3.6E+6 joule = horsepower hours x 2.684E+6 power watt = kilogram calorie per second x watt = kilogram calorie per minute x watt = horsepower(mechanical) x 745.705 watt = horsepower(electrical) x 760 watt = horsepower(metric) 1.014 ? watt = horsepower(boiler) x 9.804E+3 33,520 Btu per hour watt = B.t.u per minute x 17.57 watt = B.t.u per hour x 17.57*60 watt = foot pound per minute x 0.2260E-3 33000 HP watt = foot pound per second x 1.356 550 HP density kilogram per cubic meter = pound per cubic foot pressure pascal = newton per square meter x 1 pascal = pounds per square foot x pascal = ton per square foot x pascal = atmosphere(standard) x 1.013250E5 pascal = feet of water x pascal = inches of mercury pascal = millimeters of mercury x 1/133.3 pascal = bar x 1.0E5 pascal = millibar x pascal = torr x torque newton meter = foot pound x flow rate cubic meter per second = gallon per minute x 0.6309E-8 cubic meter per second = cubic feet per minute x 0.4719E-3 specific heat, entropy o oL joule per kilogram K = B.t.u. per pound F x 4.187E+3 dynamic viscosity poise = dyne second per square centimeter kinematic viscosity stoke = square centimeter per second electric current ampere = abampere x 10 ampere = statampere x 0.333333E-9 magnetic flux B magnetic induction magnetomotive force magnetic field strength H dielectric constant permittivity constant rotation rate radians per second = revolutions per second x radians per second = revolutions per minute x
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
There are a number of physical constants that are used in equations to solve problems in physics. Errors may occur because the dimensionality and/or units of the physical constant are not known. The table below presents some physical constants with their typical symbol, dimension, nominal value and unit of measure in the MKS system. PHYSICAL CONSTANT SYMBOL DIMENSION MKS VALUE UNIT _________________ ______ _________ _________ ____ 3 3 air density, normal rho M/L 1.293 Kg/m conditions air molecule, mass m M 4.81E-26 Kg a air molecule, w M 0.028952 Kg/mole kilogram molecular weight 2 2 atmospheric pressure A M/LT 1.01325 newton/m Avogadro's number N none 6.023E+23 molecules in molecules in a mole a mole 2 2 o Boltzmann's constant k ML /T K 1.380E-23 joule/ K 2 2 electron volt e ML /T 1.60210E-10 joule 3 2 2 2 2 electrostatic constant k ML /T Q 8.987E+9 nt m/coulomb reciprocal permittivity m/farad elementary charge e Q 1.6021892E-19 coulomb electron mass m M 9.1066E-31 Kg e faraday f L/T 9.648456E+4 coulomb/mole 2 2 o gas constant of a mole R ML /T K 8.3144 joule/ K 2 2 gravity (earth) g L/T 9.80665 m/sec hydrogen atom mass m M 1.6734E-27 Kg h hydrogen atom w M 1.0079E-3 Kg/mole kilogram atomic weight 2 2 impedance of free space Z ML /TQ 120Pi ohm 0 mechanical equivalent J none 4186.05 joule/ of heat Kg calorie 2 2 3 permittivity (vacuum) epsi T Q /ML 8.854E-12 farad/meter 0 2 permeability (vacuum) mu ML/Q 4Pi E-7 henry/meter 0 Pi, ratio of circumference Pi none 3.14159265 radians to diameter 2 Planck's constant h ML /T 6.624E-34 joule second speed of light (vacuum) c L/T 2.99792458E+8 meter/second speed of sound (air) s L/T 331.45 meter/second 2 2 2 2 universal gravitational G L /MT 6.6720E-12 nt m /Kg constant Note: some constants are related to combinations of other constants : electrostatic constant = 1/ 4Pi permittivity (vacuum) speed of light = 1/ sqrt( permittivity x permeability ) impedance of free space Z = sqrt( permeability / permittivity ) 0
PHYSICS EQUATIONS
SOME EQUATIONS OF PHYSICS F = m a force equals mass times acceleration, Newton's second law of motion 2 F = m v /r force equals mass times velocity squared over radius, centripetal force of a mass traveling in a circle 2 F = G m m /s gravitational force between mass and mass at distance s 1 2 1 2 with universal gravitational constant G 2 g = G m /r acceleration due to gravity on earth earth earth 2 F = k Q Q /s electrical force between charge and charge at distance s 1 2 1 2 with electrostatic constant k . If there is a dielectric then multiply by the non dimensional dielectric constant. F = 1/2Pi mu I I /s 1 2 electrical force between two parallel wires carrying currents I and I with a spacing s with permeability 1 2 mu. This is the force for one meter of wire length. 2 F = B H s electrical force in a magnetic field equals the magnetic flux times the magnetic intensity applied to an area 2 F = E D s electrical force in an electric field equals the electric field intensity times the electric displacement applied to an area s = v t distance equals velocity times time (linear) v = a t velocity equals acceleration times time (linear) 2 s = s + v t + 1/2 a t 0 0 linear distance equals initial distance plus initial velocity times time plus one half acceleration times time squared 2 v = sqrt( v + 2as) f 0 the final velocity equals the square root of the initial velocity squared plus two times the acceleration times the distance traveled v = sqrt( s g ) the critical velocity for any object to orbit at a c distance s from the source of gravitational field g theta = omega t angle equals angular velocity times time (rotational) omega = alpha t angular velocity equals angular acceleration times time (rotational) 2 theta = theta + omega t + 1/2 alpha t 0 0 angular rotation equals initial angle plus initial angular velocity times time plus one half angular acceleration times time squared 2 w = sqrt(w + 2 alpha * angle) f 0 the final angular velocity equals the square root of the initial angular velocity squared time twice the angular acceleration times the angle traveled E = I R voltage equals current through a resistor times the resistance I = C (E - E )/(t - t ) 2 1 2 1 the current through a capacitor equals the capacitance times the change in voltage over the change in time E = L (I - I )/(t - t ) 2 1 2 1 the voltage across an inductor equals the inductance times the change in current over the change in time C = epsi A/s the capacitance in farad of a parallel plate capacitor equals the permittivity times the area divided by the spacing. L = n mu r (ln 8r/d - 7/4) the inductance in henry of n turns of wire with diameter d closely wrapped in a coil of radius r with permeability mu is approximately given by this equation. H = 1/2 I / r the magnetic intensity at the center of a current loop equals 1/2 the current divided by the radius of the loop B = mu H the magnetic flux equals the permeability times the magnetic intensity D = epsi E the electric displacement equals the permittivity times the electric field intensity P = E I power equals an electrical potential causing a current P = F s power equals a force applied over a distance 2 L E = m c energy from converting a mass to energy ( c = speed of light) 2 L E = 1/2 m v kinetic energy of a mass traveling at a velocity E = m g s potential energy of a mass in a gravitational field at a height s E = 1/2 B H V energy of a magnetic field in the volume V with magnetic flux B and magnetic intensity H. This is usually an integral of an incremental volume times B times H in the incremental volume. E = 1/2 D E V energy of an electric field in the volume V with electric displacement D and electric field intensity E. This is usually an integral of an incremental volume times D times E in the incremental volume. 2 E = 1/2 C V energy stored in a capacitor with capacitance C having a voltage V 2 E = 1/2 L I energy stored in an inductor with inductance L having a current I T = F s torque equals the force applied at radius s T = I alpha torque equals the rotational inertia times the angular acceleration 2 E = P V = R T = N k T = 1/3 N m v ideal gas law rms These relations are for one mole (kilogram molecule) of an ideal gas at an absolute pressure P, volume V, gas constant R, Avogadro's number N, Boltzmann's constant k, temperature T in degrees kelvin, gas molecule mass m, root mean square speed of the molecules v in meters per second. Each section of the equation rms represents energy in joule. 2 2 P + 1/2 rho v + rho g z = P + 1/2 rho v + rho g z 1 1 1 2 2 2 This equation relates pressure P, velocity v and relative height z for a non compressible fluid in a pipe, observed at location 1 and location 2. rho is the density of the fluid and g is the gravitational constant. 2 L = C rho v A / 2 LL the lift force equals the dimensionless coefficient of lift times the air density times the velocity squared times the surface area divided by 2. 2 D = C rho v A / 2 D the drag force equals the dimensionless coefficient of drag times the air density times the velocity squared times the surface area divided by 2. nu = mu / rho the kinematic viscosity equals the dynamic viscosity over the density in a fluid P = Q (p - p ) 1 2 the power, P, required to drive a volume rate of flow, Q, from pressure p to pressure p . 1 1 o o C = K - 273.16 degrees centigrade equals degrees kelvin minus 273.16 o oL F = ( K -273.16) x 9/5 + 32 degrees Fahrenheit as a function of degrees kelvin
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In which Irish city doesthe 'Salmon Weir Bridge' span the River Corrib?
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Salmon Weir in Galway City, Ireland - Lonely Planet
© Mapbox © OpenStreetMap contributors
Upstream from Salmon Weir Bridge, which crosses the River Corrib just east of Galway Cathedral, the river cascades down the great weir, one of its final descents before reaching Galway Bay. The weir controls the water levels above it, and when the salmon are running you can often see shoals of them waiting in the clear waters before rushing upriver to spawn. The salmon and sea-trout seasons usually span February to September, but most fish pass through the weir during May and June.
Cultural & Theme Tours activity
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Galway
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What nationality was the explorer and navigator Vitus Bering?
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river corrib : definition of river corrib and synonyms of river corrib (English)
5 External links
Naming
The translation of the Irish name of the river is Galway river i.e. from Gaillimh. In Irish it is sometimes called An Ghaillimh ("the Galway") and also incorrectly called Abhainn na Coiribe. The legend concerning its naming states that it was called after Gaillimh inion Breasail , the daughter of a Fir Bolg chieftain who drowned in the river. The word Gaillimh is believed to mean "stony" as in "stony river". The commonly held myth that the city takes its name from the Irish word Gallaibh, "foreigners" i.e. "the town of the foreigners" (from Gall, a foreigner) is incorrect as the name Gaillimh was applied to the river first and then later onto the town. Indeed, the earliest settlement at Galway was called Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe, or "the town at the end of the Galway (river)".
Surfing the large standing wave at O'Briens bridge
The river gave its name to the town, which grew to a city, and from c. 1570 onwards, the city gave its name to the county. It also aided massively in the industrial development of the town, allowing it to develop electrical power before London . At the height of water power, there were over twenty water wheels in operation from races built on the river and its accompanying cut, the Eglinton Canal , which was built as part of the "Drainage and Navigation scheme of Lough Carra , Lough Corrib and Lough Mask " in the mid-19th century. The canal, which is about three quarters of a mile long, had a sea-lock, a large basin, a second lock at Parkavore and five swivelling bridges. It is still in water but the swivelling bridges have been replaced by fixed bridges; the last vessel to use the navigation was the Amo II, a 90' motor-yacht that had been sold by the Guinness trustees to Frank Bailey, a Galway hotelier. [1]
Lough Corrib is the anglicised form of Loch Coirib which itself is a corruption of Loch nOrbsean which according to placename lore is named after the Irish god of the sea. There is good fishing to be had on both the lake and river.
Upper and Lower Corrib
The part of the river that flows from the southern end of the lake to the Salmon Weir is known as the Upper Corrib. The weir , a set of weir gates also built during the above navigation scheme, was originally built from stone and timber but now only two of these gates remain and are only opened in times of flood. The rest have been replaced by fourteen steel gates, as shown in the photograph above.
The section of the river that runs from the Salmon Weir through Galway city and out into Galway Bay is known as the Lower Corrib. Three bridges cross the Lower - the Salmon Weir Bridge , William O'Brien Bridge and Wolfe Tone Bridge.
The only tributary of the Lower Corrib is Sruthán na gCaisláin (Castle Stream), a small stream that flows through Newcastle , the grounds of NUI, Galway , and empties into the Lower just downstream of King's weir, commonly known as the fish gates.
Bridges
Four bridges span Corrib near Galway . These are the Wolfe Tone Bridge, Salmon Weir Bridge, the Quincentennial Bridge, and the William O'Brien Bridge.
See also
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i don't know
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Near which English city is the Lightwater Valley theme park to be found?
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Lightwater Valley Theme Park (North Stainley, England): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor
Recommended length of visit: More than 3 hours
Description:
Please Note: We are now closed for the 2016 season. We re-open on Sat 01...
Please Note: We are now closed for the 2016 season. We re-open on Sat 01 April 2017.
Escape to Lightwater Valley and discover the excitement of a day bursting with thrills, chills and adventure for the whole family, whatever the weather! Mini adventures are for our youngest guests. Rides and activities include the UK's largest Angry Birds Activity Park, the Lightwater Express train ride, Eagle's Creek Farm complete with tractor rides and animals, and the Lightwater Falconry Centre with daily flying shows. (1-5 Years) Mega adventures are suitable for our junior thrill seekers. Rides include the splashtastic Falls of Terror, Wild River Rapids, and swashbuckling pirate fun in Skeleton Cove aboard speedy Skull Rock and the tummy tickling Flying Cutlass. (5-9Years /over 1m in height) Ultimate adventures are for anyone with the nerves to face up to the challenge! Feel the power and the grip of our Eagle's Claw, before climbing aboard Europe's longest roller coaster - The Ultimate and venturing into the world of Raptor Attack's abandoned mineshaft. (9 - Adults and over 1.2M in height) Lightwater Valley Theme Park, Ripon, North Yorkshire is open 23 March - 30 October 2016. Please note:at certain times of the year we are only open on weekend days, please check website for exact opening dates and times.
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“It's a theme park”
Some really good areas. I, along with my grandchildren, particularly liked the angry birds section, There are a good selection of rides to suit all ages. The larger rides like the... read more
Reviewed 2 days ago
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Ripon
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Who was the Leader of the Labour Party from 1931 to 1935, when he resigned because of his pacifist views?
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Lightwater Valley rollercoaster decapitates DEER covering passengers in blood | Daily Mail Online
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Theme park thrill-seekers were left shocked when the rollercoaster they were riding hit and decapitated a deer that had strayed too close to the tracks.
Passengers on the Ultimate at Lightwater Valley - the longest rollercoaster in Europe - slammed into the animal in a collision that reportedly decapitated the deer and left passengers covered in blood.
The deer was hit by the train at the amusement park near Ripon, North Yorkshire, as the train rocketed along the track reaching speeds of up to 50mph.
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The Lightwater Valley theme park is home to the Ultimate (pictured), which is Europe's longest rollercoaster
The Ultimate rollercoaster at Lightwater Valley also hit a deer in 1994 - ripping off the animal's legs and trapping its antlers in the safety bars
A father-of-two from Howden, Darlington, who did not wish to be named, said: 'I knew there was something wrong.
'There was a bit of screaming but not too much. The maintenance men came and seemed to turn it off and on again and then it was fine.'
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The incident happened at around 11.15am on Saturday and visitors to the park arriving were told by staff that there had been a problem involving a deer and it was being cleared away.
A spokeswoman for the theme park, one of the region's biggest attractions, said: 'We can confirm a young deer did unfortunately get hit by the Ultimate train yesterday and was killed instantly.
'There is a large perimeter fence surrounding the theme park but occasionally wild animals do manage to stray onto the park during the night.
'After the incident the Ultimate was closed for 30 minutes while the ride was thoroughly checked and then normal operation resumed.'
It is not the first time a deer has been killed after getting to close to the Ultimate rollercoaster.
The deer was decapitated on Saturday when hit by the rollercoaster at a speed of 50mph
In 1994 the rollercoaster hit a deer, ripping its legs off and trapping its antlers in the safety bars. Passengers were covered in the animal's blood and a 12-year-old boy was taken to hospital as a precaution.
Also in 2004 a train full of passengers on the Ultimate came to a halt when an axle fault led to two wheels falling off.
The fail-safe system meant the following train also came to a standstill leaving its 38 screaming passengers stranded 100ft above the ground.
All were safely evacuated and no one was seriously hurt but the ride had to be closed down until the cause of the fault was traced and rectified.
The ride opened in 1991 and is one of the most popular rollercoasters in the world. The 1.5mile track features drops of up to 100ft.
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Which European country was ruled by the House of Vasa from 1523 - 1818?
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Early Vasa Era - Sweden - SpottingHistory.com
Saint James's Church
The origin of the Saint James's Church dates back to a chapel belonging to the Solna parish and at the time built on the outskirts of the parish. It is first mentioned in 1311. The present church, originally founded in the 16th century, took a long time to complete. As a consequence it includes a wide range of architectonic styles, such as Late Gothic,Renaissance and Baroque, the design of architects: Willem Boy (1580-159 ...
German Church
The German Church, or the Church of Saint Gertrude, was founded in 1571. it started as a Guild Lounge for german merchantmen in Stockholm who where a large part of the population in the 16th century. Hans Jakob Kristler enlarged the chapel in 1638-1642 to the present two-nave church. During the 17th century, while the choir of the school participated at the royal concerts, the church became an important centre for church ...
Uppsala Castle
Uppsala Castle is a 16th century royal castle in the historical city of Uppsala. Throughout much of its early history, the castle played a major role in the history of Sweden. It was built during the time Sweden was on its way to become a great power in Europe. King Gustav Vasa began construction of Uppsala Castle in 1549. Kings Erik XIV, John III and Charles IX all remodeled and expanded the citadel into a representativ ...
Malm철 Stortorget
At the heart of Malmö lies the Big Square (Stortorget). There is a statue of King Karl X Gustav of Sweden, who took the city from Danish dominion. The ornate Malmö City Hall (built in 1546) is on the east side, and in the northwest corner is Kockska Huset, the house of Jörgen Kock, a German immigrant who became mayor of the city and achieved wealth simply and directly: by taking control of the city mint. In ...
Maria Magdalena Church
The history of Maria Magdalena Church dates back to the 1350s when King Magnus Eriksson with the permission of Pope Clement VI had a funeral chapel built on the location and dedicated it to Mary Magdalene. When Gustav Vasa liberated Stockholm in the early 1520s, his troops led by Peder Fredag encamped in the chapel and suffered severe losses when the troops of Christian II of Denmark attacked from the city. This might hav ...
Halmstad Castle
Halmstad Castle (Halmstads slott) is a 17th-century castle dating from the time when Halland was a province of Denmark. In 1595 the farm on the site where the castle now stands was purchased for use as a residence for the Danish Christian IV on his visit to Halmstad. It was under the authority of King Christian that the castle was constructed. Construction on the castle and nine adjoining lots started in 1609. Constructi ...
G채vle Castle
Gävle Castle is the northest one of so-called Vasa castles, built by Gustav Vasa of Sweden or his sons. The construction started in 1583 by the religious King John III of Sweden. The design was made by Willem Boy and the center of castle was a chapel. The castle was completed in 1597, five years after John"s death. In 1727 the chapel and the top floor were destroyed by fire. Gävle castle stayed damaged unt ...
Klara Church
The convent and church of St. Clare was founded on the site in 1280s. It was to be one of the very first convents to be dissolved during the Swedish Reformation. Gustav Vasa had the church and convent torn down in 1527. The new Lutheran church, built under the order of King John III in 1572, is a cruciform shaped. It has the second highest tower in Scandinavia, over one hundred metres high. The interior contains a fine a ...
Jukkasj채rvi Church
The wooden Jukkasjärvi Church was built in 1607-1608. It is very rare sample of so-called 'buttress' church type; there are 10 existing churches in Finland and this is the only one in Sweden. The church was enlarged in 1726 and the gallery was added in 1785. The external belfry dates from the 1740s.
Vadstena Castle
Vadstena Castle was originally built by King Gustav I in 1545 as a fortress to protect Stockholm from enemies from the south. The fortress consisted of three smaller stone buildings facing the lake, Vättern, three 31 meter wide ramparts, a courtyard, a moat and four circular cannons turrets. The original ramparts were torn down in the 19th century and the present ramparts were inaugurated in 1999. The stone buildings ...
Stora Herrestad
The guest house in Stora Herrestad is one of the oldest in Scania, and dates back to the 1600s. The old stable, which now serves as our banquet room, was used by travellers on their long journeys and the old main building, where the restaurant is now located, was the courthouse. In the 1780s the old main building was destroyed by fire, but was then rebuilt as an inn during the 1800s. The courthouse was relocated across t ...
Vaxholm Castle
Vaxholm Castle was originally constructed by Gustav Vasa in 1544 to defend Stockholm against shipborne attacks from the east, but most of the current structure dates from 1833-1863. The stretch of water below the building was formerly the main sea route to Stockholm. Thus, the fortress was strategically situated to defend the city from naval attacks. The castle was attacked by the Danes in 1612 and the Russian navy in 171 ...
Gripsholm Castle
Gripsholm Castle is regarded as one of Sweden's finest historical monuments. A fortress was built at the location around 1380 by Bo Jonsson Grip, and belonged to his family until the confiscation of mansions and castles by King Gustav I in 1526. The King tore it down, and built a fortified castle with circular corner towers and a wall, for defensive purposes. Of the original medieval fortress, only the façade of a ...
North Gate
North Gate (Norre Port) is the only existing part of the Halmstad city wall. It was completed in 1601 by King Kristian IV of Denmark. The gate was restored in 2005 and is one of the rare survived city gates in Sweden.
Gr채fsn채s Castle Ruins
Gräfsnäs Castle today consists of a heavily restored main building with barred windows and surrounding dry moat. The ruins are remnants of the original palatial fortress built in Swedish-French Renaissance style. The castle, which met with such a tragic fate, was constructed in c. 1571 and belonged to many different owners (like Leijonhufvud, Sparre and Holstein-Augustenburg families) before it was finally aband ...
Landskrona Citadel
Landskrona Citadel was initially built 1549–1559 as a purely defensive fortification with two complete moats, the inner with a width of 70 metres. The outer (complete) moat is between 40 and 70 metres wide, and has cross fire bastions for artillery and guns. Outside the outer moat, a third narrower moat covers the northwest and northeast. There also exist remains of a fourth moat (between the two outer moats). The f ...
Mariestad Cathedral
Mariestad Cathedral was built in Gothic style between 1593-1615 and is very unusual in being one of the few churches built in Sweden in the late 16th century. It is one of only two churches in Sweden to bear the title cathedral while not being the seat of a bishop. In this case it is because a bishop was once resident here and the seat has since been moved.
Dylta Bruk
The first sulfur factory in Dylta was mentioned in 1558. It was first owned by the Crown. In 1649 Queen Christina gave mill to Henrik Barckhusen. The Privy Council baron Samuel Åkerhielm became in 1739 the owner of Dylta Mill, which belonged to the family Åkerhielm in 265 years. The main building, which is built in wood, dates back to the 1740s. In the 1850s, the well-known architect J.F. Åbom designed ...
Svaneholm Castle
Svaneholm Castle (Svaneholms slott) was initially erected in the 1530s by the Danish knight and royal advisor Mourids Jepsen Sparre. Original murder-holes in the oldest castle walls are still preserved. During the Middle Ages the residence was called Skurdorp (Skudrup), which was fortified and situated next to the parish church, where remains still can be seen. During the mid-15th century it was owned by guardsman Hennin ...
Kungshuset
Kungshuset, the "King's House", was built by the Danish king Frederick II between 1578–1584 and originally intended as the residence for the bishop of Lund. After the secession of the Scanian lands to Sweden at the Treaty of Roskilde 1658, and the foundation of Lund University in 1666 to enhance the Swedification of the Danish provinces, the house was incorporated to serve as the university's main building and libra ...
Sorunda Church
Sorunda church is an unusually large, medieval church. Its history goes back to the 12th century with major additions made in the 15th and 16th centuries (the current exterior dates mainly from 1540). The church contains burial chapels for local aristocratic families and several interior details dating from the Middle Ages, notably an unusually fine wooden sculpture by Herman Rode. The altar screen dates from the late 140 ...
Vittsk철vle Castle
Vittskövle Castle (also spelt Widtsköfle) is one of the best-preserved Renaissance castles in the Nordic countries. It has had medieval precursors, but the present castle was built by Jens Brahe in 1553. It is the largest castle in Skåne with approx. 100 rooms. Location and shape were decided out of consideration for defence and the tiled four-winged castle was built on piles in the marsh and supplied with ...
Kulla Gunnarstorp Castle
In the late 1400s Kulla Gunnarstorp was known as Gundestrup and it belonged to the Pardsberg family. In the mid-1500s it was acquired by Jörgen Brahe, who built the older castle which still exists. After him it has been owned by famous Sparre, De la Gardie and de Geer families. The newer castle was built by Baltzar von Platen in 1865-1868. This was designed by Danish architect Christian Zwingmann. Today the estate is ...
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Sweden
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In Hindu mythology, who is the goddess of destruction, and the wife of Siva?
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Vasa Dynasty (Sweden) - Dictionary definition of Vasa Dynasty (Sweden) | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary
Vasa Dynasty (Sweden)
Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.
VASA DYNASTY ( SWEDEN )
VASA DYNASTY (SWEDEN). The Vasa Dynasty, which ruled Sweden from 1523 to 1654, included Gustav I Vasa (Gustav Eriksson), Erik XIV, John III, Sigismund I Vasa, Charles IX, Gustavus II Adolphus, and Christina. During their reigns, Sweden left the Kalmar Union and became an independent state, adopted Lutheranism, developed a more complex economy, built a Baltic empire and a place of importance in European affairs, and became increasingly European culturally. (The Vasa name derives from the vase, a sheaf of grain in the family's insignia or shield. The family's noble roots lie in the fourteenth century.)
Gustav I Vasa (ruled 1523–1560) established the dynasty. Aided by the Hanseatic League and important elements of the Swedish commons, he led the last of Sweden's rebellions against the Danish-controlled Kalmar Union. He became king in June 1523, and for thirty-seven years worked diligently and ruthlessly to ensure Sweden's independence and development. He made and maintained peace with Denmark , encouraged the Reformation, expropriated the properties of the Catholic Church to the crown's benefit, supported economic developments, built up a modest army and navy, curbed the Hanseatic League's influence, used the Parliament to ratify his actions, made Sweden a hereditary monarchy (1544), crushed domestic disturbances, and fostered the growth of a central administration. One of Europe 's "new monarchs," he enhanced the power of the crown and curbed that of the nobility. Following his death in 1560, many of his achievements were eroded by the half-century of internal turmoil and foreign wars initiated by his sons Erik, John, and Charles.
Erik XIV (ruled 1560–1568) was temperamental, suspicious, and mentally unstable. He squandered the fiscal and political assets his father had bequeathed him. He launched Sweden's age of imperial adventures in the Baltic, helped to precipitate the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) with Denmark, and even sought the hand of Elizabeth I of England . He also engaged in a running conflict with his half-brother, Duke John, who, from his duchy in Finland , acted like a king in his own right. This conflict peaked in 1568, when John, with the aid of their brother Charles, deposed Erik and imprisoned him in Gripsholm Castle, where he died in 1577.
John III (ruled 1568–1592), more stable, cultured, and politically astute than Erik, worked to restore peace and stability. His efforts were undermined by religious strife. His marriage to Catherine, daughter of Sigismund II Augustus of Poland , led to a drift towards Catholicism, and this was reinforced when their heir, Sigismund, who was raised a Catholic, became king of Poland as Sigismund III Vasa in 1587.
When Sigismund (ruled Sweden as Sigismund I Vasa 1592–1599) succeeded his father as king of Sweden, a political arrangement was forged to balance the interests of the crown, those of the last of the Vasa sons (Charles), and those of the high nobility. Fear of the king's Catholicism led to a reaffirmation of Lutheranism at Uppsala in 1593. Sigismund stacked the administration with his favorites, which alarmed Charles, and civil war erupted in 1597. Sigismund was defeated at Stångebro the following year and deposed in 1599. He remained king in Poland, however, until his death in 1632, and for over half a century the two lines of the Vasa dynasty were in conflict.
Charles IX (ruled 1599–1611) acted as regent until 1604, and he was not crowned until 1607. He ruthlessly eliminated his opponents (Linköping Bloodbath, 1600) and ruled personally or through favorites. He ignored complaints that he was violating the nobility's privileges. Following his death in 1611, the nobles took their revenge. Charles's heir, Gustavus II Adolphus, was only seventeen, and the price of his recognition was an accession charter that guaranteed noble power in the country.
Until relatively recently, Gustavus II Adolphus (ruled 1611–1632) has been viewed as one of Sweden's greatest kings—architect of Sweden's age of greatness; author of creative and positive developments in government, administration, economics, and education; one of history's best military leaders; and the man most responsible for the survival of Lutheranism in Germany . This interpretation usually paired him with his adviser and chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. More recent assessments tend to assign greater influence to Oxenstierna in political, economic, and administrative matters. In military matters he was less a creative thinker than an efficient and effective applier of ideas originating elsewhere. Gustavus II Adolphus spent almost his entire reign at war (successively with Denmark, Russia , Poland, and the Catholic-Imperial forces in Germany). He died at the Battle of Lützen on 6 November 1632.
Christina (ruled 1632–1654), Gustavus II Adolphus's only legitimate heir, was six when her father was killed. Power therefore passed to a regency dominated by Axel Oxenstierna, and for the next twelve years the influence of the nobility was enhanced. Christina's personal rule covered a decade, and her importance has been variously interpreted. Oxenstierna's influence declined, and she effectively played competing factions against each other to achieve her desire for peace in Germany and the recognition of her cousin, Charles X Gustav, as her heir. Unwilling to marry, she abdicated and left Sweden in 1654. She converted to Catholicism and lived the rest of her life in Rome , where she pursued her cultural interests and dabbled in politics. She died in 1689.
The Vasa dynasty ended with Christina's abdication, as the crown passed to Charles X Gustav (ruled 1654–1660), son of Gustavus II Adolphus's half-sister, Katherine, and John Casimir of Pfalz-Zweibrücken.
See also Charles X Gustav (Sweden) ; Christina (Sweden) ; Gustavus II Adolphus (Sweden) ; Kalmar, Union of ; Oxenstierna, Axel ; Sweden .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kirby, David. Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World 1492–1772. London and New York , 1990.
Nordstrom, Byron J., ed. Dictionary of Scandinavian History. Westport, Conn., 1986. This work contains articles on each of the rulers in the Vasa dynasty.
Robert, Michael. The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden. 1523–1611. Cambridge, U.K., and London, 1968.
Scott, Franklin D. Sweden: The Nation's History. Carbondale, Ill., 1988.
Byron J. Nordstrom
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Resolution - definition of resolution by The Free Dictionary
Resolution - definition of resolution by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/resolution
Related to resolution: Image resolution
res·o·lu·tion
1. The state or quality of being resolute; firm determination: faced the situation with resolution.
2.
a. A firm decision to do something: made a resolution to get more exercise.
b. A course of action determined or decided on: His resolution is to get up early.
3.
a. The act of solving or explaining a problem or puzzle.
b. The resolving or concluding of a dispute or disagreement.
c. The part of a literary work in which the complications of the plot are resolved or simplified.
4. A formal statement of a decision or expression of opinion put before or adopted by an assembly such as the US Congress.
5. Physics & Chemistry The act or process of separating or reducing something into its constituent parts: the prismatic resolution of sunlight into its spectral colors.
6. The clarity or fineness of detail that can be distinguished in an image, often measured as the number or the density of the discrete units, such as pixels or dots, that compose it.
7. Medicine The subsiding or termination of an abnormal condition, such as a fever or inflammation.
8. Music
a. The progression of a dissonant tone or chord to a consonant tone or chord.
b. The tone or chord to which such a progression is made.
9. The substitution of one metrical unit for another, especially the substitution of two short syllables for one long syllable in quantitative verse.
resolution
1. the act or an instance of resolving
2. the condition or quality of being resolute; firmness or determination
3. something resolved or determined; decision
4. a formal expression of opinion by a meeting, esp one agreed by a vote
5. (Law) a judicial decision on some matter; verdict; judgment
6. the act or process of separating something into its constituent parts or elements
7. (Medicine) med
a. return from a pathological to a normal condition
b. subsidence of the symptoms of a disease, esp the disappearance of inflammation without the formation of pus
8. (Music, other) music the process in harmony whereby a dissonant note or chord is followed by a consonant one
9. (Photography) the ability of a television or film image to reproduce fine detail
10. (General Physics) physics another word for resolving power
ˌresoˈlutioner, ˌresoˈlutionist n
(ˌrɛz əˈlu ʃən)
n.
1. a formal expression of opinion or intention made, usu. after voting, by a formal organization, a legislature, or other group.
2. a resolve or determination.
3. the act of resolving or determining upon a course of action, method, procedure, etc.
4. the mental state or quality of being resolved or resolute; firmness of purpose.
5. the act or process of resolving or separating into constituent or elementary parts.
6. the resulting state.
7. the act, process, or capability of distinguishing between two separate but adjacent parts, objects, or sources of light or between two nearly equal wavelengths. Compare resolving power.
8. a settlement of a problem, controversy, etc.
9. the completion or conclusion of the actions, conflicts, etc., in the plot of a novel or other literary work.
10. Music.
a. the progression of a voice part or of the harmony as a whole from a dissonance to a consonance.
b. the tone or chord to which a dissonance is resolved.
11. reduction to a simpler form; conversion.
12. the reduction or disappearance of a swelling or inflammation without suppuration.
13. the degree of sharpness of a computer-generated image as measured by the number of dots per linear inch in a printout or the number of pixels across and down on a display screen.
[1350–1400; < Latin resolūtiō <resolū-, variant s. of resolvere to resolve ]
resolution
- From Latin resolutio-/resolution, from resolvere, meaning "to loosen or dissolve again," which was the original meaning.
See also related terms for loosen .
resolution
1. A measurement of the smallest detail that can be distinguished by a sensor system under specific conditions.
2. A formal expression of an official body such as Congress, the United Nations Security Council, or North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Committee that may provide the basis for or set limits on a military operation.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
resolve , declaration
document , papers , written document - writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)
joint resolution - a resolution passed by both houses of Congress which becomes legally binding when signed by the Chief Executive (or passed over the Chief Executive's veto)
2.
resolution - the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
physical phenomenon - a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energy
3.
resolution - the trait of being resolute; "his resoluteness carried him through the battle"; "it was his unshakeable resolution to finish the work"
self-command , self-possession , will power , willpower , self-will , self-control , possession - the trait of resolutely controlling your own behavior
steadiness - freedom from wavering or indecision; constancy of resolve or conduct; "He trusted her clear steadiness that she would do what she said"
sturdiness - resoluteness evidenced by strength of character; "sturdiness of moral principle"
stiffness - firm resoluteness in purpose or opinion or action; "a charming host without any touch of stiffness or pomposity"
bullheadedness , pigheadedness , self-will , stubbornness , obstinacy , obstinance - resolute adherence to your own ideas or desires
single-mindedness - characterized by one unified purpose
adamance , obduracy , unyieldingness - resoluteness by virtue of being unyielding and inflexible
decisiveness , decision - the trait of resoluteness as evidenced by firmness of character or purpose; "a man of unusual decisiveness"
determination , purpose - the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose; "his determination showed in his every movement"; "he is a man of purpose"
determination , finding - the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation; "the determination of molecular structures"
5.
resolution - something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making; "they finally reached a settlement with the union"; "they never did achieve a final resolution of their differences"; "he needed to grieve before he could achieve a sense of closure"
deciding , decision making - the cognitive process of reaching a decision; "a good executive must be good at decision making"
6.
resolving
partitioning , breakdown - an analysis into mutually exclusive categories
factoring , factorisation , factorization - (mathematics) the resolution of an entity into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original entity
diagonalisation , diagonalization - changing a square matrix to diagonal form (with all non-zero elements on the principal diagonal); "the diagonalization of a normal matrix by a unitary transformation"
7.
resolution - (computer science) the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display; the greater the resolution, the better the picture
computer science , computing - the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures
physical phenomenon - a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energy
8.
resolution - the subsidence of swelling or other signs of inflammation (especially in a lung)
remission , subsidence , remittal - an abatement in intensity or degree (as in the manifestations of a disease); "his cancer is in remission"
9.
resolution - (music) a dissonant chord is followed by a consonant chord
music - an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
musical harmony , harmony - the structure of music with respect to the composition and progression of chords
preparation - (music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord; "the resolution of one dissonance is often the preparation for another dissonance"
10.
resolution - a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem; "they were trying to find a peaceful solution"; "the answers were in the back of the book"; "he computed the result to four decimal places"
statement - a message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written) setting forth particulars or facts etc; "according to his statement he was in London on that day"
denouement - the final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work
11.
resolution - a decision to do something or to behave in a certain manner; "he always wrote down his New Year's resolutions"
decision , determination , conclusion - the act of making up your mind about something; "the burden of decision was his"; "he drew his conclusions quickly"
resolution
تَصْميمثَبات، تَصْميمحَل أو حَسْم مَسْألَهقَرار قَرَار
rezolucerozlišeníusnesenívyřešeníodhodlání
kararlılık öneri sıkı karar teklif çözme
nghị quyết
to show resolution → mostrarse resuelto or determinado
2. (= solving) → resolución f
3. (= motion) (gen) → resolución f, proposición f (Parl) → acuerdo m
to pass a resolution → tomar un acuerdo
to put a resolution to a meeting → someter una moción a votación
4. (= resolve) → propósito m
New Year resolutions → buenos propósitos mpl para el Año Nuevo
to make a resolution to do sth → resolverse a hacer algo
5. (Chem) → resolución f
to make a resolution → prendre une résolution
to make a resolution to do sth → prendre la résolution de faire qch
New Year's resolution → résolution pour la nouvelle année
Have you made any New Year's resolutions? → Tu as pris de bonnes résolutions pour l'année nouvelle ?
(= solving) [problem, dispute, crisis, conflict] → résolution f
the resolution of sth → la résolution de qch
a resolution to sth → une résolution de qch
a peaceful resolution to the crisis → une résolution pacifique de la crise
resolution
n
(= decision) → Beschluss m; (esp Pol) → Resolution f; (governing one’s behaviour) → Vorsatz m; good resolutions → gute Vorsätze pl
no pl (= resoluteness) → Entschlossenheit f, → Bestimmtheit f
no pl (= solving: of problem, puzzle) → Lösung f
(Phys, Mus) → Auflösung f (→ into in +acc)
(Med, of swelling) → Rückgang m
resolution
a. (determination) → risolutezza ; (resolve) → fermo proposito , risoluzione f
to make a resolution → fare un proposito
b. (of problem) (Chem) → soluzione f
c. (on screen) (Pol) (motion) → risoluzione f
resolution
(rezəˈluːʃən) noun
1. a firm decision (to do something). He made a resolution to get up early. besluit تَصْميم решение resolução odhodlání der Entschluß beslutning απόφαση resolución otsus عزم؛ تصمیم päätös résolution נחישות दृढनिश्चय, संकल्प odluka elhatározás tekad ákvörðun; ásetningur decisione 決意 결심 tvirtas apsisprendimas lēmums; apņemšanās keputusan besluit beslutning postanowienie پريكړه، فيصله، حل: هوډ، اراده، تصميم: كلكوالى، ټينګار، سخت تكل resolução hotărâre намерение odhodlanie odločitev odluka beslut การตัดสินใจอย่างเด็ดขาด sıkı karar 決心 рішення ارادہ quyết tâm 决心
2. an opinion or decision formally expressed by a group of people, eg at a public meeting. The meeting passed a resolution in favour of allowing women to join the society. besluit قَرار резолюция resolução rezoluce der Beschluß resolution κοινή απόφαση resolución resolutsioon قطعنامه julkilausuma résolution החלטה प्रस्ताव, संकल्प zaključak, rezolucija határozat resolusi ályktun delibera , decisione 決議 (집회 등의) 결의 rezoliucija rezolūcija pendapat yang formal resolutie resolusjon rezolucja فيصله resolução rezoluţie резолюция rezolúcia sklep rezolucija beslut, resolution มติ teklif , öneri 決議 рішення; резолюція قرارداد nghị quyết 决议
3. resoluteness. vasberade ثَبات، تَصْميم решителност resolução odhodlanost die Entschlossenheit beslutsomhed αποφασιστικότητα resolución otsusekindlus عزم؛ تصمیم؛ اراده määrätietoisuus résolution הֶחלֵטִיוּת इरादा, संकल्प, किसी प्रश्न का उत्तर nepopustljivost, nepokolebljivost elszántság tekad ákveðni; ákvörðun risolutezza 決断 결연함 pasiryžimas apņēmība ketegasan vastberadenheid besluttsomhet zdecydowanie اراده، تصميم resolução hotărâre решительность odhodlanosť odločnost odlučnost beslutsamhet ความเด็ดเดี่ยว kararlılık 堅決 твердість مستقل مزاجی sự cương quyết 坚决，坚毅决议
4. the act of resolving (a problem etc). oplossing حَل أو حَسْم مَسْألَه разрешение resolução vyřešení die Lösung løsning λύση solución , resolución lahendamine بر طرف سازی؛ گره گشایی ratkaiseminen solution פתרון विश्लेषण rješavanje problema megoldás penyelesaian ráðning, (úr)lausn risoluzione , soluzione 解決 해결 sprendimas apņemšanās; izlemšana menyelesaikan oplossing snarrådighet rozwiązywanie لري كيدل ،برطرفه كيدل resolução soluţionare решение (roz)riešenie rešitev rezolucija lösning การแก้ปัญหา çözme, halletme 解決(問題) рішення, розв'язання مسءلے کا حل hành động cương quyết 解决决定
ˈresolute (-luːt) adjective
doing what one has decided to do, in spite of opposition, criticism etc. a resolute attitude. vasberade مُصَمِّم، ثابِت العَزْم решителен resoluto pevný, rázný entschlossen beslutsom αποφασιστικός resoluto otsusekindel مصمم؛ ثابت قدم määrätietoinen résolu תָקִיף कृतसंकल्प, अटल odlučan, nepopustljiv határozott teguh sem er staðráðinn í, ákveðinn í risoluto きっぱりした 의지가 굳은 ryžtingas, tvirtas apņēmīgs tegas vastberaden bestemt , resolutt zdecydowany كلك، مصمم، ټينګ هوډى، نه تسليمېدونكى resoluto hotărât решительный pevný, rázny odločen odlučan resolut, bestämd เด็ดเดี่ยว kararlı 堅決的 твердий, рішучий ثابت قدم cương quyết 坚决的
ˈresolutely adverb
vasberade بِعَزْمٍ، بِثَبات решително resolutamente rázně entschlossen beslutsomt αποφασιστικά resolutamente otsusekindlalt با عزم راسخ määrätietoisesti résolument בִּתקִיפוּת कृतसंकल्पता से, अटलता odlučno, nepopustljivo elszántan dengan teguh ákveðið, eindregið con risolutezza 断固として 굳은 결의로 ryžtingai, tvirtai apņēmīgi dengan tegas vastberaden bestemt , resolutt stanowczo مصمم resolutamente cu hotărâre решительно rázne odločno odlučno resolut, bestämt อย่างเด็ดเดี่ยว kararlılıkla 堅決地 твердо ثابت قدمی سے một cách cương quyết 坚决地
ˈresoluteness noun
vasberadenheid ثَبات، عَزْم решителност resolução rozhodnost die Entschlossenheit beslutsomhed αποφασιστικότητα resolución otsusekindlus عزم؛ تصمیم؛ اراده määrätietoisuus résolution תְּקִיפוּת कृतसंकल्पता odlučnost, nepopustljivost elszántság keteguhan ákveðni, einbeitni risolutezza 決心の堅いこと 결연함 ryžtingumas, tvirtumas apņēmība; izlēmība ketegasan vastberadenheid bestemthet , besluttsomhet stanowczość تصميم resolução hotărâre решимость rozhodnosť odločnost odlučnost resoluthet, bestämdhet ความเด็ดเดี่ยว kararlılık 堅決 рішучість استحکام sự cương quyết 坚决
resolve (rəˈzolv) verb
1. to make a firm decision (to do something). I've resolved to stop smoking. besluit يُصَمِّم решавам resolver rozhodnout se beschließen sætte sig for αποφασίζω , παίρνω απόφαση tomar la decisión de, resolver otsustama تصمیم گرفتن päättää prendre la résolution de לִפתוֹר निश्चय करना odlučiti (el)határoz memutuskan ákveða decidere 決意する 결심하다 apsispręsti apņemties; izlemt keputusan tegar besluiten beslutte postanowić بيلول، تجزيه كول، تحليلول، ويىكول، ځبل، حل كول resolver a lua o hotărâre решать rozhodnúť sa odločiti (se) rešiti besluta sig för, föresätta sig ตัดสินใจแน่วแน่ karar vermek 決定 вирішувати ارادہ کرنا kiên quyết 决定
2. to pass (a resolution). It was resolved that women should be allowed to join the society. besluit يُقَرِّر، يَسُن قانونا вземам решение resolver usnést se, přijmout rezoluci beschließen vedtage περνάω μια απόφαση resolver , decidir otsustama قطعنامه صادر کردن päättää prendre une résolution לְהַחלִיט हल करना provesti odluku, odlučiti határoz memutuskan úrskurða decidere 決議する 의결하다 nuspręsti izlemt; nospriest diputuskan besluiten vedta uchwalić د قطعنامي صادرول resolver a (se) decide принимать резолюцию odhlasovať, prijať rezolúciu skleniti odlučiti besluta มีมติ önergeyi kabul etmek 決議 приймати рішення قرارداد پاس کرنا thông qua 决议
3. to take away (a doubt, fear etc) or produce an answer to (a problem, difficulty etc). oplos يُزيلُ الشُّكوك разрешавам resolver rozřešit lösen finde en løsning på διαλύω , λύνω resolver lahendama رفع کردن؛ بر طرف کردن ratkaista résoudre לִפתוֹר शंका या संशय दूर करना ukloniti (sumnju) eloszlat (kételyt), megold (problémát) memecahkan masalah leysa, ráða (fram úr) risolvere 解決する 해결하다 išspręsti, išblaškyti izkliedēt šaubas; atrisināt problēmu menjelaskan wegnemen , oplossen løse rozwiązać تجزيه كول resolver a rezolva устранять ; решать vyriešiť razrešiti razrešiti lösa [ett problem], skingra [ngns tvivel] ขจัดข้อสงสัย çözmek 消除(疑惑、恐懼)，解決(問題、困難) розв'язувати مسءلے کا حل نکالنا giải quyết 消除（疑惑、恐惧）解答，解决（问题、疑问.、困难等）
noun
1. determination to do what one has decided to do. He showed great resolve. vasberadenheid تَصْميم решителност determinação rozhodnost die Entschlossenheit viljestyrke αποφασιστικότητα determinación sihiteadlikkus عزم؛ اراده päättäväisyys détermination החלטה संकल्प odlučnost elszántság, eltökéltség tekad ákveðni risolutezza 決意 불굴의 의지 ryžtas apņēmība keputusan vastberadenheid besluttsomhet zdecydowanie اراده determinação fermitate решимость rozhodnosť odločnost odlučnost beslutsamhet ความมุ่งมั่น kararlılık 決心 рішучість استقلال kiên quyết 决心
2. a firm decision. It is his resolve to become a director of this firm. vasberadenheid قَرار ثابِت، عَزْم решение decisão předsevzetí der Entschluß fast beslutning σταθερή απόφαση resolución otsus تصمیم päätös résolution הַחלָטָה נחושה निश्चय करना, प्रस्ताव पास करना odluka elhatározás tekad ákvörðun, ásetningur proposito 決心 결심 apsisprendimas (stingrs) lēmums; (cieša) apņemšanās keputusan voornemen beslutning postanowienie تصمیم decisão dorinţă fermă намерение predsavzatie odločitev odluka beslut, föresats การตกลงใจแน่วแน่ sıkı karar 決定 твердий намір عزم مصمم sự quyết tâm 决定，决意
resolved (rəˈzolvd) adjective
determined. I am resolved to go and nothing will stop me. besluit مُصَمِّم، عازِم непоколебим decidido rozhodný entschlossen fast besluttet αποφασισμένος resuelto/decidido (a) kindlalt otsustanud مصمم päättänyt résolu נחוש विचार odlučiti (nešto) (el)határozott, eltökélt bertekad ákveðinn risoluto , determinato 決心した 결심한 tvirtai pasiryžęs (cieši) apņēmies; apņēmīgs memutuskan vastbesloten fast bestemt , resolutt zdecydowany دټينګى ارادى څښتن،هوډى decidido hotărât (să) решительный rozhodnutý odločen odlučan fast besluten ซึ่งตัดสินใจแล้ว kararlı 下定決心的 рішучий, твердий مستقل مزاج quyết tâm 下定决心的
resolution
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Dramatic structure
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In which industry specifically, did the Trade Union NACODS operate?
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Plotting a Short Story
Plotting a Short Story
The Five Elements of Plot Structure
1. Exposition: The Beginning
Every story must have a beginning. The start, or exposition, is where the characters and setting are established. During this part of the novel, the conflict or main problem is also introduced.
2. Rising Action: Introduction of the Problem or Conflict
After the characters and main problem have been established, the main problem or conflict is dealt with by some kind of action. In this part of the story, the main character is in crisis. This is the place for tension and excitement. The complication can arise through a character's conflict with society, nature, fate, or a number of themes. In this part of the story the main character is aware a conflict has arisen and takes some kind of step to battle this crisis.
3.Climax: The High Point
The climax is the high point of the story. It is the main event or danger that the character faces. This is the darkest moment, the worst challenge the character must oppose. At this point it looks as if the character will fail, and will never get what he/she wants. The turning point may be either physical or emotional. In a romance, the girl may turn the hopeful lover down, in an action story, the character may be surrounded by enemies with no chance of escape.
4. Falling Action: Winding Down
Following the climax, the story begins to slowly wind down. Falling action, one of the two final story elements, shows the result of the actions or decisions the character has made. This eventually leads to the final part of the novel, the crisis resolution.
5. Resolution: The End
The resolution, also often called denouement, which is French for "to untie" or "unraveling", is the conclusion of the story. Here, the conflicts are resolved, all loose ends are tied up, and the story concludes with either a happy or sad ending.
1. Exposition: The Beginning Every story must have a beginning. The start, or exposition, is where the characters and setting are established. During this part of the novel, the conflict or main problem is also introduced. 2. Rising Action: Introduction of the Problem or Conflict After the characters and main problem have been established, the main problem or conflict is dealt with by some kind of action. In this part of the story, the main character is in crisis. This is the place for tension and excitement. The complication can arise through a character's conflict with society, nature, fate, or a number of themes. In this part of the story the main character is aware a conflict has arisen and takes some kind of step to battle this crisis. 3.Climax: The High Point The climax is the high point of the story. It is the main event or danger that the character faces. This is the darkest moment, the worst challenge the character must oppose. At this point it looks as if the character will fail, and will never get what he/she wants. The turning point may be either physical or emotional. In a romance, the girl may turn the hopeful lover down, in an action story, the character may be surrounded by enemies with no chance of escape. 4. Falling Action: Winding Down Following the climax, the story begins to slowly wind down. Falling action, one of the two final story elements, shows the result of the actions or decisions the character has made. This eventually leads to the final part of the novel, the crisis resolution. 5. Resolution: The End The resolution, also often called denouement, which is French for "to untie" or "unraveling", is the conclusion of the story. Here, the conflicts are resolved, all loose ends are tied up, and the story concludes with either a happy or sad ending.
The Five Elements of Plot Structure
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Which town as the birthplace of Charles Darwin and Thomas Bowdler?
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BBC - iWonder - Charles Darwin: Evolution and the story of our species
Charles Darwin: Evolution and the story of our species
12 Feb 1809
19 April 1882Darwin dies
The man who struggled with his own ideas
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection made us rethink our place in the world. The idea that humans shared a common ancestor with apes was a challenge to the foundations of western civilisation.
Darwin kept silent for 20 years before going public and was only half joking when he described writing his book 'On the Origin of Species' as 'like confessing a murder'. This is the story of one man’s struggle with the most radical idea of all time.
12 Feb 1809
Born into a free-thinking family
Both of Darwin's grandfathers belonged to the 'Lunar Society': a group of industrialists and Natural Philosophers
Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, the fifth of six children of wealthy and well-connected parents.
The young Charles had a quietly Christian upbringing, but his family life was one of openness to new ideas. His grandfathers had both been important figures of the Enlightenment: Josiah Wedgewood, industrialist and anti-slavery campaigner, and Erasmus Darwin, a doctor whose book ‘Zoonomia’ had set out a radical and highly controversial idea - that one species could 'transmute' into another.
Would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...?
Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin, from his 1794 book 'Zoonomia'
1825
New ideas in Edinburgh
Edinburgh University as Darwin would have known it
Following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, Darwin secured a place at Edinburgh University to study medicine.
He did not make a good medic. This was long before anaesthetic, and Darwin found the brutal techniques of surgery too stomach-churning to handle. But there was an upside. Edinburgh was one of the best places in Britain to study science. It attracted free thinkers with radical opinions that would not have been tolerated in Oxford and Cambridge. Among other things, Darwin heard speakers talk about the latest theories of transmutation, as evolution was then known.
Collecting beetles in Cambridge
Darwin was an avid collector of beetles
Abandoning plans to be a doctor, Darwin now considered a career in the Church. Aged 18, he went to study Divinity at Cambridge.
Though he held fairly conventional beliefs in God, Darwin wasn't particularly keen on this new direction. But training to be a clergyman meant he had plenty of time to pursue his real passion: biology. He spent much of his time collecting beetles and walking on the Fens. He graduated in 1831 but before he could take a job as a cleric, the chance of a lifetime would come his way.
I saw two rare beetles and seized one in each hand; then I saw a third… I popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth.
Charles Darwin describes his Cambridge years in his autobiography
1831
Setting sail around the world
HMS Beagle was Darwin's home for five years
Darwin’s tutor at Cambridge recommended him as a ‘gentleman naturalist’ on a voyage around the world on HMS Beagle. Darwin jumped at the chance.
Over the following five years, Darwin visited four continents, spending much of his time on land collecting specimens and investigating the local geology. He also had long periods with nothing to do but read and reflect. Books such as Charles Lyell's recently published Principles of Geology had a profound impact, making him think about slow processes which occur over vast periods of time. During the trip, Darwin also suffered terrible sea-sickness – the start of a life dogged by illness.
The misery I endured from seasickness is beyond what I ever guessed at.
Charles Darwin describes his voyage on the Beagle
1835
...we seem to be brought somewhat near to that great fact — that mystery of mysteries — the first appearance of new beings on this Earth.
Darwin describes the Galapágos Islands in 'The Voyage of the Beagle'
1838
Darwin drafts his first account of evolution
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What did Darwin write in his secret notebook on evolution? (Clip from 'Darwin's Dangerous Idea', BBC Two)
Home again, Darwin showed his specimens to fellow biologists and began writing up his travels. A powerful, elegant idea began to emerge in his mind.
Darwin saw how transmutation happened. Animals more suited to their environment survive longer and have more young. Evolution occurred by a process he called 'Natural Selection'. Darwin struggled with the idea; it contradicted his Christian world view. His grandfather had been ostracised for writing about transmutation and he feared the same fate. He decided to gather more evidence before going public. In the meantime, he made his name by publishing an account of his travels.
I was very unwilling to give up my belief... Thus disbelief crept over me at a very slow rate, but was at last complete.
Darwin describes his anguish over his ideas in his autobiography
1851
Darwin worries himself sick
Charles Darwin, aged 40
In 1851, Darwin's favourite daughter, 10-year-old Anne, sickened and died. Darwin also grew ill, suffering long bouts of nausea.
Illness had been a recurring feature of his life. He had spent long periods shut away at home, nursed by Emma. Historians offer many explanations for Darwin's symptoms. Some suggest tropical disease. Others argue his symptoms were largely psychosomatic, brought on by anxiety. Periods of sickness often coincided with stressful events. His health would grow worse when the time came to go public with his new theory.
The letter that lit a fire
Darwin and Wallace independently came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection
By summer 1858, Darwin had written a quarter of a million words on evolution – and published none. Then a letter compelled him to go public.
Alfred Russel Wallace was an admirer of Darwin's. Inspired by the Beagle voyage, Wallace set off travelling. He independently arrived at a theory of natural selection and wanted Darwin's advice on how to publish. Darwin realised that if he didn't go public quickly then Wallace would take credit for the new ideas, but Wallace was abroad and uncontactable. This left Darwin in a moral quandary. As well as agonising over whether to speak out, he had to decide how to treat Wallace fairly.
Darwin and Wallace rewrite the theory of evolution
Darwin and Wallace presented their accounts of evolution at the same meeting
Darwin finally went public with his groundbreaking theory of evolution by natural selection, while making sure that Wallace received some credit.
Darwin's ideas were presented to Britain's leading Natural History body, the Linnean Society. After consulting with colleagues, Darwin agreed that extracts from his and Wallace's papers should be presented at the same meeting. Wallace, on his return, accepted that Darwin had treated him fairly. But Darwin missed the presentation. A private tragedy struck: his son died of scarlet fever, aged just 18 months.
I am quite prostrated, and can do nothing... I hardly care about it.
Darwin's moment of glory was overshadowed by the death of his son Charles
November 1859
Darwin publishes 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection'
Darwin's account of evolution polarised opinion
Still wracked by doubt, Darwin finally published his new theory of evolution. It would become one of the most important books ever written.
Darwin described writing it as like 'living in Hell'. He dreaded losing his reputation, as his grandfather Erasmus had. Charles did draw fierce criticism from the Church, and from some parts of the press. Many people were shaken by the book's key implication: that human beings were descended from apes, though Darwin only hinted at it. However, some were now willing to listen to evidence for evolution – especially from a leading figure like Darwin.
One general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die.
Charles Darwin, from 'On the Origin of Species'
June 1860
Evolution on trial at Oxford University
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Andrew Marr re-enacts key moments from the Oxford Debate. (Clip from 'Darwin's Dangerous Idea', BBC Two)
Darwin was reluctant to defend his ideas in public. It was left to others – notably a young biologist named Thomas Huxley – to take up the fight.
In the 19th Century, scientific talks were popular entertainment and any debate about evolution was sure to draw crowds. Huxley's most famous clash came at meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In what many saw as a key battle between science and God, Huxley went head to head with Bishop Samuel Wilberforce and his Biblical account of creation. Both sides claimed victory. The debate has become part of the Darwin legend and shows how his ideas shook Victorian society.
Professor Huxley had said that he didn't see that it mattered much to a man whether his grandfather were an ape or no!
A witness recalls the Oxford University debate
1862
A worrying inheritance
Charles Darwin and his son William, taken in 1842
Darwin wrote a warning about close relatives having children, buried in an obscure botanical textbook. He was already worried about his own marriage.
Darwin and his cousin Emma had ten children and Charles was a devoted father. Yet the couple had now lost a son and two daughters, and nursed others through illness. Darwin knew that orchids were less healthy when they self-fertilised and worried that inbreeding within his own family may have caused problems. Yet when Darwin lobbied to add questions on cousin-marriage to the 1871 census he was refused. Queen Victoria had married her cousin, and Darwin was challenging another taboo.
Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors perpetual self-fertilisation.
Darwin's work on the fertilisation of orchids led him to worry about inbreeding in his own family
1869
Survival of the fittest
Darwin's Galapágos finches demonstrate the priniciple of 'Survival of the Fittest'. Each has adapted to its environment.
Origin of Species was a bestseller worldwide and went into multiple editions.
With each new edition, Darwin strengthened his arguments. By responding to critics, he was able to build a more robust case. For the 5th edition he introduced the phrase 'survival of the fittest', borrowed from philosopher Herbert Spencer. The phrase has become shorthand for Darwin's idea. Unlike 'natural selection', it doesn't imply a divine being selecting anything. Darwin now described himself as an 'agnostic' – a term coined by Huxley.
February 1871
Darwin publishes 'The Descent of Man'
Darwin's account of human evolution made him an easy target for cartoonists, and his caricature was familiar to all
More than a decade after his 'Origin of Species', Darwin found courage to publish ideas he had once only hinted at.
In 'The Descent of Man' he presented an unequivocal account of human evolution. The book was another challenge to Christian orthodoxy. Yet in the decade since Darwin had gone public, his ideas had gained acceptance. Victorian society remained deeply divided about the idea that humans shared an ancestor with apes, but many respectable thinkers were now ‘Darwinists’.
...a small book of little moment... I have little strength and feel very old.
Darwin describes his final book: 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms'
19 April 1882
Darwin dies
Darwin was buried at Westminster Abbey on 26 April 1882
Still troubled by ill health, Darwin worked until the end. He died a virtual recluse, surrounded by his wife and a few devoted friends.
In his final months Darwin was tended by Emma, who had stood by him despite their differences in religious belief. Realising that his powers were fading, he described his local graveyard as 'the sweetest place on Earth'. Yet his followers, including the indomitable Huxley, had grander plans. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.
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Shrewsbury
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The novelist Emile Zola,was the boyhood cpmpanion of which famous French artist in their home town of Aix en Provence?
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10 Things You May Not Know About Charles Darwin - History in the Headlines
10 Things You May Not Know About Charles Darwin
February 12, 2014 By Christopher Klein
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10 Things You May Not Know About Charles Darwin
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February 12 is Darwin Day, a global celebration of science and reason held on the anniversary of Charles Darwin’s birth in 1809. To commemorate Darwin Day, check out 10 things you may not know about the famed evolutionary biologist.
1. Darwin was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln.
Both Darwin and Lincoln were born on February 12, 1809, but in much different settings. While America’s 16th president was born in a rude log cabin in the Kentucky wilderness, Darwin was born in a grand Georgian house on an estate overlooking the River Severn and the medieval market town of Shrewsbury, England.
2. He waited more than 20 years to publish his groundbreaking theory on evolution.
Darwin’s five-year voyage around the world on HMS Beagle, which ended in 1836, provided him with invaluable research that contributed to the development of his theory of evolution and natural selection. Concerned, however, about the public and ecclesiastical acceptance of his deeply radical idea, he did not present his theory on evolution until 1858 when he made a joint announcement with British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who was about to go public with a similar concept to Darwin’s. The next year, Darwin published his seminal work, “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.”
3. Darwin suffered from chronic illnesses.
After returning from his trip around the world, Darwin began to suffer from exhaustion, eczema and chronic bouts of nausea, headaches and heart palpitations that would persist for the rest of his life. Some speculate that during his travels Darwin may have contracted a parasitic illness called Chagas disease that can eventually result in cardiac damage, which ultimately caused Darwin’s death.
Timothy Dickinson tells us about Charles Darwin and the depth of the human past.
4. He composed a pro/con list to decide on whether to marry.
Displaying a logical inclination even in matters of the heart, Darwin in 1838 composed a list with two columns delineating the upsides and downsides of marriage. In the “Marry” column: “children,” “constant companion (and friend in old age)…better than a dog anyhow” and “someone to take care of house.” In the “Not Marry” ledger: “freedom to go where one liked,” “conversation of clever men at clubs” and “loss of time.” Not on Darwin’s list, however, were family ties for he married his first cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839.
5. He dropped out of medical school.
Darwin’s father was a successful doctor who groomed his son to follow in his footsteps. After spending the summer of 1825 serving as an apprentice in his father’s practice, he entered one of Britain’s top medical schools at the University of Edinburgh. Darwin, however, hated the sight of blood and was bored with the lectures. He left medical school and dashed his father’s dreams.
6. Darwin was a divinity student.
After leaving the University of Edinburgh, the man who would challenge the established religious dogma of creationism enrolled at Cambridge to study theology. “I did not then in the least doubt the strict and literal truth of every word in the Bible,” he later wrote. However, Darwin’s faith began to waver after encountering the evils of slavery on his trip around the world and following the deaths of three of his children. Darwin, though, never characterized himself as an atheist. He instead referred to himself as an agnostic.
7. He dined on exotic animals.
Darwin not only studied an eclectic menagerie of animals from around the globe, he ate them as well. As a student at Cambridge, he formed the Gourmet Club, also known as the Glutton Club, for the purpose of dining on “birds and beasts, which were before unknown to human palate.” Darwin ate hawk and bittern but couldn’t choke down a brown owl that was served. While circumnavigating the globe on HMS Beagle, Darwin continued his adventurous eating by snacking on armadillo, ostrich and puma (“remarkably like veal in its taste,” he described).
8. He didn’t coin the phrase “survival of the fittest.”
Although associated with Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the phrase “survival of the fittest” was actually first used by English philosopher Herbert Spencer in his 1864 “Principles of Biology” to connect his economic and sociological theories with Darwin’s biological concepts. Darwin first adopted the phrase in his fifth edition of “The Origin of Species,” published in 1869, by writing of natural selection that “the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the survival of the fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.”
9. Darwin is buried inside Westminster Abbey.
After Darwin passed away on April 19, 1882, his family began preparations to bury him in the village where he had spent the last 40 years of his life. However, Darwin’s friends and colleagues began a lobbying campaign to give him the high honor of burial inside London’s Westminster Abbey. After newspapers and the public joined the chorus, the Dean of Westminster gave his approval. A week after his death, Darwin was laid to rest in England’s most revered church near fellow scientists John Herschel and Isaac Newton.
10. Darwin appears on the 10-pound note.
Since 2000, a portrait of a bearded Darwin has appeared on the back of the British 10-pound note along with an image of HMS Beagle, a magnifying lens and flora and fauna seen on his travels. The Bank of England announced in 2013, however, that author Jane Austen will replace Darwin on the note, likely beginning in 2017.
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Who played the part of Queen Elizabeth II in the film 'A Question Of Attribution'?
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Prunella Scales - The Queen Part 1 - YouTube
Prunella Scales - The Queen Part 1
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Uploaded on Jul 15, 2009
From the BBC play "A Question Of Attribution" in 1991 with James Fox. The play, by Alan Bennett, is about Sir Antony Blunt, who was in charge of the Queen's paintings and also a confessed Soviet spy undergoing periodic interrogation by MI6. The play combines the issues of fakes in art and fakes in people. Sir Antony did not know if the Queen had been told about him, so when she talked about fakes and suspicions he thought she might be referring to him.
Someone who was present at Prunella's CBE presentation said that the Queen whispered to her "I suppose you think you should be doing this!"
This is the actress who should have got the film part of The Queen, and the accompanying Damehood, but she was not as well known to the Americans.
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Prunella Scales
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Pompey the Great and Crassus were two of the 'First Triumvirate' in 60 BC. Who was the third third?
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Prunella Scales (Actress) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Prunella Scales
Female
Born Jun 22, 1932
Prunella Scales, CBE is an English actress, known for her role as Basil Fawlty's wife Sybil in the British comedy Fawlty Towers and her BAFTA award-nominated role as Queen Elizabeth II in the A Question of Attribution episode of the BBC TV Series Screen One.… Read More
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In 2013 she made a guest appearance in the popular BBC radio comedy Cabin Pressure as Wendy Crieff, the mother of Captain Martin Crieff. … Read More
Alongside West, she has appeared in Great Canal Journeys for Channel 4.<br /><br /> Prunella is married to the actor Timothy West, with whom she has two sons; the elder is actor and director Samuel West. She also has a stepdaughter, Juliet.<br /><br /> Scales appeared on a Labour party political broadcast during the 2005 and 2010 UK general election campaigns.<br /><br /> Her biography, Prunella, written by Teresa Ransom, was published by John Murray in 2005. Read Less
In January 2013, Scales told the Daily Mail that her short term memory was fading. … Read More
In addition, she could not remember the year of when either of her two sons were born, nor when she married West. Read Less
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In the Bible, who was the first born of Isaac?
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What is the significance of “firstborn” in the Bible? | Bible.org
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What is the significance of “firstborn” in the Bible?
I’m going to copy some articles on this subject, but let me give you my summation of all of them. In the Old Testament, the firstborn son was the one who normally received a double inheritance, and was the one who would inherit his father’s role as head of the family. God sometimes reversed this order, as he did with Jacob and Esau (Genesis 25:21-26), and as Jacob later did with Ephraim and Manasseh (Genesis 48:13-22). Reuben was the firstborn of Jacob, but his rights as the firstborn were taken away because of his sin (Genesis 35:22; 49:3-4).
The term firstborn therefore has two main meanings. The first is more literal, referring to the fact that this son is the first son to be born of his father. The second meaning refers to the rights and authority of a person, because they are the firstborn. Our Lord is the “firstborn” in several ways, as one of the attached articles indicates. But most of all He is the One who has been appointed by God to be in authority over all things (Colossians 1:13-23; especially verses 15, 18).
Closely related is the expression “son” (which you see in 2 Samuel 7:14; Psalm 2:7-9 [compare Psalm 110:1-3]; Hebrews 1:5-14). I understand the expressions, “Thou art My Son, Today I have begotten Thee” (Hebrews 1:5a) and “I will be a Father to Him, And He shall be a Son to Me” (Hebrews 5b) to be synonymous. This speaks not of the birth of our Lord (as though this were when He came into existence - for He is eternal as John 1:1-3 indicate), but of His installation as King of the earth by His Father.
FIRST-BEGOTTEN
furst-be-got’-’-n (prototokos): This Greek word is translated in two passages in the King James Version by “first-begotten” (Heb 1:6; Rev 1:5), but in all other places in the King James Version, and always in the Revised Version (British and American), by “firstborn.” It is used in its natural literal sense of Jesus Christ as Mary’s firstborn (Lk 2:7; Mt 1:25 the King James Version); it also bears the literal sense of Jesus Christ as Mary’s firstborn (Lk 2:7; Mt 1:25 the King James Version); it also bears the literal sense of the firstborn of the firstborn of men and animals (Heb 11:28). It is not used in the New Testament or Septuagint of an only child, which is expressed by monogenes (see below).
Metaphorically, it is used of Jesus Christ to express at once His relation to man and the universe and His difference from them, as both He and they are related to God. The laws and customs of all nations show that to be “firstborn” means, not only priority in time, but a certain superiority in privilege and authority. Israel is Yahweh’s firstborn among the nations (Ex 4:22; compare Jer 31:9). The Messianic King is God’s firstborn Septuagint prototokos), “the highest of the kings of the earth” (Ps 89:27). Philo applies the word to the Logos as the archetypal and governing idea of creation. Similarly Christ, as “the firstborn of all creation” (Col 1:15), is not only prior to it in time, but above it in power and authority. “All things have been created through him, and unto him” (Col 1:16). He is “sovereign Lord over all creation by virtue of primo-geniture” (Lightfoot). It denotes His status and character and not His origin; the context does not admit the idea that He is a part of the created universe. So in His incarnation He is brought into the world as “firstborn,” and God summons all His angels to worship Him (Heb 1:6). In His resurrection He is “firstborn from the dead” (Col 1:18) or “of the dead” (Rev 1:5), the origin and prince of life. And finally He is “firstborn among many brethren” in the consummation of God’s purpose of grace, when all the elect are gathered home. Not only is He their Lord, but also their pattern, God’s ideal Son and men are “foreordained to be conformed to (his) image” (Rom 8:29). Therefore the saints themselves, as growing in His likeness, and as possessing all the privileges of eldest sons, including the kingdom and the priesthood, may be called the “church of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven” (Heb 12:23).
FIRSTBORN; FIRSTLING
furst’-born, furst’-ling (bekhor; prototokos): The Hebrew word denotes the firstborn of human beings as well as of animals (Ex 11:5), while a word from the same root denotes first-fruits (Ex 23:16). All the data point to the conclusion that among the ancestors of the Hebrews the sacrifice of the firstborn was practiced, just as the firstlings of the flocks and the first-fruits of the produce of the earth were devoted to the deity. The narrative of the Moabite war records the sacrifice of the heir to the throne by Mesha, to Chemosh, the national god (2 Ki 3:27). The barbarous custom must have become extinct at an early period in the religion of Israel (Gen 22:12). It was probably due to the influence of surrounding nations that the cruel practice was revived toward the close of the monarchical period (2 Ki 16:3; 17:17; 21:6; Jer 7:31; Ezek 16:20; 23:37; Mic 6:7). Jeremiah denies that the offering of human beings could have been an instruction from Yahweh (7:31; 19:5). The prophetic conception of God had rendered such a doctrine inconceivable. Clear evidence of the spiritualization and humanization of religion among the Israelites is furnished in the replacement, at an early stage, of the actual sacrifice of the firstborn by their dedication to the service of Yahweh. At a later stage the Levites were substituted for the firstborn. Just as the firstlings of unclean animals were redeemed with money (Ex 13:13; 34:20), for the dedication of the firstborn was substituted the consecration of the Levites to the service of the sanctuary (Nu 3:11-13,15). On the 30th day after birth the firstborn was brought to the priest by the father, who paid five shekels for the child’s redemption from service in the temple (compare Lk 2:27; Mishna Bekhoroth viii.8). For that service the Levites were accepted in place of the redeemed firstborn (Nu 3:45). See note. According to Ex 22:29-31 the firstborn were to be given to Yahweh. (The firstborn of clean animals, if free from spot or blemish, were to be sacrificed after eight days, Nu 18:16 ff.) This allusion to the sacrifice of the firstborn as part of the religion of Yahweh has been variously explained. Some scholars suspect the text, but in all probability the verse means no more than similar references to the fact that the firstborn belonged to Yahweh (Ex 13:2; 34:19). The modifying clause, with regard to the redemption of the firstborn, has been omitted. The firstborn possessed definite privileges which were denied to other members of the family. The Law forbade the disinheriting of the firstborn (Dt 21:15-17). Such legislation, in polygamous times, was necessary to prevent a favorite wife from exercising undue influence over her husband in distributing his property, as in the case of Jacob (Gen 25:23). The oldest son’s share was twice as large as that of any other son. When Elisha prayed for a double portion of Elijah’s spirit, he simply wished to be considered the firstborn, i.e. the successor, of the dying prophet. Israel was Yahweh’s firstborn (Ex 4:22; compare Jer 31:9 (Ephraim)). Israel, as compared with other nations, was entitled to special privileges. She occupied a unique position in virtue of the special relationship between Yahweh and the nation. In three passages (Rom 8:29; Col 1:15; Heb 1:6), Jesus Christ is the firstborn—among many brethren (Rom 8:29); of every creature (Col 1:16). This application of the term to Jesus Christ may be traced back to Ps 89:27 where the Davidic ruler, or perhaps the nation, is alluded to as the firstborn of Yahweh.
See CHILD; CIRCUMCISION; FIRST-BEGOTTEN; PLAGUES OF EGYPT.
NOTE—The custom of redeeming the firstborn son is preserved among the Jews to this day. After thirty days the father invites the “Kohen,” i.e. a supposed descendant of Aaron, to the house. The child is brought and shown to the “Kohen,” and the father declares the mother of the child to be an Israelite. If she is a “Kohen,” redemption is not necessary. The “Kohen” asks the father which he prefers, his child or the five shekels; the father answers that he prefers his son, and pays to the “Kohen” a sum equivalent to five shekels. After receiving the redemption-money, the “Kohen” puts his hands on the child’s head and pronounces the Aaronite blessing (Nu 6:22-27).
T. Lewis
III. Conclusion
We thus conclude that in Col 1:15 the phrase proƒtotokos paseƒs ktiseoƒs is predicated of the preexistent Christ. Its thrust is to ascribe to him a primacy of status over against all of creation. This status is summarized by saying that he is God’s heir par excellence. The heirship is predicated upon his role in creation, preservation and teleology. Behind the predication lies Paul’s theological conception of Christ as the second Adam. While sovereignty is the keynote of the expression and is placed in juxtaposition with creation, one must recall the OT and intertestamental usages that demonstrate overtones of special privilege and affection when the term was used as a title. That this latter nuance is completely lacking in Col 1:15 does not follow at all. Indeed, an OT illustration suffices to guard against such a conclusion. In Gen 22:2 Isaac is styled the “beloved son,” and the ensuing narrative also informs us that it was to him that Abraham gave all that he had since Isaac was his heir (24:36; cf. 25:5). Our point is simply this: It is artificial to say that eikoƒn refers only to Christ’s relationship to the Father and proƒtotokos only to creation. Since both terms depict Jesus as the second Adam, he is thereby brought into relationship with both God the Father and creation. What does not seem to be present in Paul’s use of proƒtotokos is any notion of an “eternal generation” from the Father. This is reading back into the text the dogmatic reflections of later theologians—reflections that are legitimate but not intended by the apostle Paul’s diction.
The predication of Christ as firstborn in the NT offers a challenge to Christologies ancient and modern. One cannot help being impressed by the scope of this title. At his incarnation (Luke 2:7) Jesus is designated as Mary’s firstborn, an appellative connoting his consecration to God and possibly his rightful claim to the Davidic throne. By his glorious resurrection, in which he was victorious over sin and death, he has become the “firstborn from among the dead” (Col 1:18) and now exercises sovereign sway over his redeemed people as the “firstborn from the dead” (Rev 1:5). As the head of a new, redeemed humanity destined in the eschatological transfiguration to bear the impress of his image, he is the “firstborn among many brothers” (Rom 8:29). But the conception moves not only forward toward consummation but also, in the thought of Paul, backward into the realm of protology (Col 1:17). In Paul’s view all creation finds its reference point with respect to the “firstborn over all creation,” “the heir of all things” (Col 1:15; Heb 1:2, 6). Indeed, in the eschaton Christ is the integration point for all things (Eph 1:10). A Christology that falls short of this all-encompassing affirmation does not do justice to the Scriptural data. (Multiple, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, (Lynchburg, VA: JETS (Electronic edition by Galaxie Software)) 1998.)
From The New Bible Dictionary:
FIRST-BORN.
I. In the Old Testament
The Heb. root bkr, found in many Semitic languages, has the general meaning ‘(to be) early’. bÿk£o‚r, ‘first-born’ (fem. bÿk£i‚ra‚ b), is used of people and animals, cognate terms being employed for firstfruits, and the first-born son’s privileges and responsibilities are known as his ‘birthright’ (bÿk£o‚ra„h). In Gn. 25:23, the eldest son is called rab£, a description occurring elsewhere only in 2nd-millennium cuneiform texts.
The first-born was regarded as ‘the beginning of (his) strength’ (re„ásŒi‚t£i‚áo‚n—Gn. 49:3; Dt. 21:17; cf. Ps. 78:51; 105:36) and ‘the opener of the womb’ (pet£er reh£em—Ex. 13:2, 12, 15; Nu. 18:15; etc.), emphasizing both paternal and maternal lines. The pre-eminent status of first-born was also accorded to Israel (Ex. 4:22) and the Davidic line (Ps. 89:27).
The eldest son’s special position was widely recognized in the ancient Near East, though it was not usually extended to sons of concubines or slave-girls (cf. Gn. 21:9-13; Jdg. 11:1-2). The accompanying privileges were highly valued, and in the OT included a larger inheritance, a special paternal blessing, family leadership and an honoured place at mealtimes (Gn. 25:5-6; 27:35-36; 37:21ff.; 42:37; 43:33; Dt. 21:15-17). The double inheritance of Dt. 21:15-17, though apparently unknown to the Patriarchs (Gn. 25:5-6), is mentioned in several Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian and Nuzi documents, and is alluded to elsewhere in the OT (2 Ki. 2:9; Is. 61:7).
These privileges could normally be forfeited only by committing a serious offence (Gn. 35:22; 49:4; 1 Ch. 5:1-2) or by sale (Gn. 25:29-34), though paternal preference occasionally overruled in the matter of royal succession (1 Ki. 1-2; 2 Ch. 11:22-23; cf. 1 Ch. 26:10). There is also a marked interest, especially in Genesis, in the youngest son (Jacob, Ephraim, David; cf. Isaac, Joseph), but such cases were certainly contrary to expectation (Gn. 48:17ff.; 1 Sa. 16:6ff.).
Where no sons existed, the eldest daughter took responsibility for her younger sisters (Gn. 19:30ff.). It was an Aramaean custom (Gn. 29:26), and perhaps also an Israelite one (1 Sa. 18:17-27), for the eldest daughter to be married first. A Ugaritic text mentions the transfer of birthright from the eldest to the youngest daughter.
In Israelite ritual, the first-born of man and beast had a special place. The male first-born belonged to Yahweh (Ex. 13:2; 22:29b-30; Nu. 3:13), and this was underlined by Israel’s deliverance in the final plague. Children were redeemed in the Exodus generation by the Levites (Nu. 3:40-41), and later, at a month old, by a payment of five shekels (Nu. 18:16; cf. 3:42-51). Sacrifice of human first-born is occasionally mentioned, following Canaanite practice (2 Ki. 3:27; Ezk. 20:25-26; Mi. 6:7; cf. 1 Ki. 16:34), but this was a misinterpretation of Ex. 22:29. Clean male firstlings were sacrificed (Nu. 18:17-18; Dt. 12:6, 17), while imperfect animals were eaten in the towns (Dt. 15:21-23). Male firstlings of unclean animals were redeemed (Nu. 18:15), though an ass was redeemed with a lamb or had its neck broken (Ex. 13:13; 34:20).
Bibliography. I. Mendelsohn, BASOR 156, 1959, pp. 38-40; R. de Vaux, Ancient Israel2, 1965, pp. 41-42, 442-445, 488-489; idem, Stuades in OT Sacrifice, 1964, pp. 7O-73; J. Henninger, in E. Gräf (ed.), Festschrift W. Caskel, 1968, pp. 162-183; M. Tsevat, TDOT 2, pp. 121-127. m.j.s.
II. In the New Testament
Jesus was the first-born (pro„totokos) of his mother (Mt. 1:25; Lk. 2:7), a phrase which allows, but does not demand, that Mary had other, later children (cf. Mk. 6:3; *Brethren of the Lord). As such, Jesus was taken to the Temple by Mary and Joseph to be offered to God (Lk. 2:22-24); since Luke omits mention of a price being paid to redeem the child, he may have intended the incident to be regarded as the dedication of the first-born to the service of God (cf. 1 Sa. 1:11, 22, 28). Jesus is also the first-born of his heavenly Father. He is the first-born of all creation, not in the sense that he himself is a created being, but rather that as God’s Son he was his agent in creation and hence has authority over all created things (Col. 1:15-17). Similarly, he is the first-born in the new creation by being raised first from the dead, and is thus Lord over the church (Col. 1:18; Rev. 1:5). He is thus the first-born in a whole family of children of God who are destined to bear his image (Rom. 8:29). There may be an echo of Ps. 89:27 in Heb. 1:6, where God’s Son is the object of worship by the angels at his coming into the world (whether the incarnation, resurrection or second advent is meant is debatable). Finally, God’s people, both living and dead, can be described as the first-born who are enrolled in heaven, since they share the privileges of the Son (Heb. 12:23).
Bibliography. O. Eissfeldt, Erstlinge und Zehnten im Alten Testament, 1917; W. Michaelis, TDNT 6, pp. 871-881; K. H. Bartels, NIDNTT 1, pp. 667-670. i.h.m. 1
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Esau
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Which Belgian in 1969, was the first man to win all three major prizesin the Tour de France?
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Family of Abraham
The Family of Abraham
by Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D.
Various biblical passages describe the complex inter-relationships in the family of Abraham (originally named Abram). Contrary to modern Western customs, it was acceptable in ancient times to marry close family relatives, including cousins and nieces. It was evidently also common for men to have more than one wife, and even to have children with women who were not their wives (slaves or concubines). For example, Abraham's first son was the child of his wife's slave-girl; and one biblical tradition even says that his wife, Sarah, was actually his half-sister. Similarly, the twelve sons of Jacob have four different mothers: the two wives of Jacob (who are his first cousins) and two other women (slave-girls of his wives).
A prominent feature of the biblical texts is also the explanation of tribal origins through various genealogies. Thus, the Israelites (the twelve tribes of Israel) see themselves as the descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob, son of Isaac, son of Abraham. In contrast, groups like the Ishmaelites and Edomites (to the south and southeast of the Israelites) are said to be descendants of Abraham's other children and grandchildren, while the neighboring Moabites and Ammonites (west of Israel) are described as descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew.
Another important aspect of the biblical stories is what could be called family rivalries and disputes, esp. when younger sons usurp the inheritance rights of their older brothers. Thus, Abraham's inheritance is passed on to Isaac (not the first-born Ishmael), and then to Jacob (not his elder brother Esau).
Combining all the above points helps to explain both the close relationships and the bitter rivalries between the ancient Israelites and the neighboring Semitic peoples. The Israelites (and modern Jews!) believe that the promises God made to Abraham (esp. that his descendants shall possess the Promised Land forever) were legitimately handed on to them through Isaac and Jacob (as described in the Bible), while the descendants of the other tribes (and modern Arabs!) believe that the land should belong to them, since they are descendants of the elder sons (and thus the rightful heirs) of Abraham.
The following charts can help us visualize some of these complex relationships:
NOTES: (unless otherwise noted, all biblical references are from the Book of Genesis)
Terah: from Ur of the Chaldeans; has three sons; wife not named (11:26-32; cf. Luke 3:34).
Haran: dies in Ur before his father dies; wife not named; son Lot, daughters Milcah & Iscah (11:27-28).
Nahor: marries Milcah, daughter of his brother Haran (11:29); have eight sons, incl. Bethuel (22:20-24).
Abram: main character of Gen 12–25; recipient of God's promises; name changed to ABRAHAM (17:5); sons Ishmael (by Hagar) and Isaac (by Sarah); after Sarah's death, takes another wife, Keturah, who has six sons (25:1-4), including Midian, ancestor of the Midianites (37:28-36).
Lot: son of Haran, thus nephew of Abram, who takes care of him (11:27–14:16; 18:17–19:29); wife and two daughters never named; widowed daughters sleep with their father and bear sons, who become ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38).
Sarai: Abram's wife, thus Terah's daughter-in-law (11:29-31); Abram also calls her his "sister," which seems deceptive in one story (12:10-20); but in another story Abram insists she really is his half-sister (his father's daughter by another wife; 20:1-18); originally childless, but in old age has a son, Isaac (16:1–21:7); name changed to SARAH (17:15); dies and is buried in Hebron (23:1-20).
Hagar: Sarah's Egyptian slave-girl; mother of Abram's first son, Ishmael; much conflict with Sarah after his birth; even more after the birth of Sarah's son, Isaac (16:1–21:21).
Ishmael: first-born son of Abraham, by Hagar (16:1–17:27); wife or wives never named, but has 12 sons (25:12-16), the ancestors of 12 tribes of Ishmaelites (37:25-28). - see below
Isaac: second son of Abraham, by wife Sarah, despite her old age (17:15-21; 21:1–35:29); marries Rebekah, who has twin sons, Esau & Jacob.
Curiosity about the ages of the Patriarchs:
Abraham lived 175 years (Gen 25:7), which equals 7 x 5²
Isaac lived 180 years (Gen 35:28), which equals 5 x 6²
Jacob lived 147 years (Gen 47:28), which equals 3 x 7²
The Bible says very little else about the "Twelve Tribes of Ismaelites" aside from naming the twelve sons of Ishmael in Gen 25:12-16 and again in 1 Chron 1:29-31.
Gen 25:12-16 – "These are the descendants of Ishmael, Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's slave-girl, bore to Abraham./ These are the names of the sons of Ishmael, named in the order of their birth: Nebaioth, the firstborn of Ishmael; and Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, / Mishma, Dumah, Massa, / Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. / These are the sons of Ishmael and these are their names, by their villages and by their encampments, twelve princes according to their tribes."
1 Chron 1:29-31 – "These are their genealogies: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth; and Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, / Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad, Tema, / Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael."
Adbeel, Massa, Kedemah - not mentioned anywhere else in the Bible
Mibsam & Mishma - not mentioned elsewhere, but different people with the same name appear in 1 Chron 4:25-26
Hadad - not mentioned elsewhere, but several other biblical characters are named Hadad, Ben-Hadad, Hadadezer, etc.
Other biblical references to some of the sons of Ishmael (aside from Gen 25:12-16 and 1 Chr 1:29-31)
Nebaioth - also in Gen 28:9; 36:3; Isa 60:7
Kedar - also in Ps 120:5; Prov 21:4; Songs 1; Isa 21:16; 21:17; 42:11; 60:7; Jer 2:10; 49:28; Ezek 27:21
Dumah - also in Josh 15:52; Isa 21:11
Tema - also in Job 6:19; Isa 21:14; Jer 25:23
Jetur & Naphish - also in 1 Chron 5:19
The Hebrew Bible describes the "Twelve Tribes of Israel" as descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob (also named Israel), with four different mothers. The births of the twelve sons (and the significance of their names) are described in chronological order in the book of Genesis (29:31–30:24 & 35:16-20). The Bible contains several different listings of the twelve tribes . Each tribe has its own characteristics and eventually obtains its own territory:
Reuben is the first-born son, and thus sometimes exercises a leadership role among his brothers; but he later loses favor and prominence.
The tribe of Joseph (through his sons Manasseh and Ephraim) becomes the largest and most prominent by the time the Israelites enter the Promised Land and divide it among themselves.
The tribe of Levi is uniquely important, not only because of Moses and Aaron, but since they become the priestly tribe (all the sons of Levi are priests, while members of any other tribe cannot be priests). The Levites do not receive a separate territory of their own, but rather live scattered among all the other tribes, where they serve as priests for the whole people.
Although the first king of Israel (Saul) is from the tribe of Benjamin, the tribe of Judah becomes known as the royal tribe, due to the promise God makes to King David that his descendants will rule over Israel forever (2 Sam 7).
Notes:
Jacob's twelve sons are first mentioned in the order of their births, in Genesis 29:31–30:24 & 35:16-20.
Leah (elder wife): 1) Reuben, 2) Simeon, 3) Levi, 4) Judah; later also 9) Issachar, 10) Zebulun
Bilhah (Rachel's slave): 5) Dan, 6) Naphtali
Zilpah (Leah's slave): 7) Gad, 8) Asher
Rachel (younger wife): 11) Joseph, 12) Benjamin
Manasseh & Ephraim – sons of Joseph, whose descendants figure prominently in the later history of Israel
Moses and Aaron – leaders of the Israelites at the time of their migration out of Egypt and wandering in the Sinai desert
Kings David & Solomon – the two greatest rulers of the united Kingdom of Israel, from about 1100 to 930 BCE
Tribe of Levi – becomes known as the “priestly tribe,” since all cultic & temple officials had to belong to this tribe
Tribe of Judah – becomes known as the “royal tribe,” since all later Kings of Judah were descendants of King David
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i don't know
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What is the SI unit of electrical capacity?
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Electrical units of measurment (V,A,Ω,W,...)
Volt (V)
Volt is the electrical unit of voltage .
One volt is the energy of 1 joule that is consumed when electric charge of 1 coulomb flows in the circuit.
1V = 1J / 1C
Ampere (A)
Ampere is the electrical unit of electrical current . It measures the amount of electrical charge that flows in an electrical circuit per 1 second.
1A = 1C / 1s
Ohm is the electrical unit of resistance.
1Ω = 1V / 1A
Watt is the electrical unit of electric power . It measures the rate of consumed energy.
1W = 1J / 1s
1W = 1V � 1A
Decibel-milliwatt (dBm)
Decibel-milliwatt or dBm is a unit of electric power , measured with logarithmic scale referenced to 1mW.
10dBm = 10 � log10(10mW / 1mW)
Decibel-Watt (dBW)
Decibel-watt or dBW is a unit of electric power , measured with logarithmic scale referenced to 1W.
10dBW = 10 � log10(10W / 1W)
Farad (F)
Farad is the unit of capacitance. It represents the amount of electric charge in coulombs that is stored per 1 volt.
1F = 1C / 1V
Henry is the unit of inductance.
1H = 1Wb / 1A
siemens is the unit of conductance, which is the opposite of resistance.
1S = 1 / 1Ω
Coulomb is the unit of electric charge .
1C = 6.238792×1018 electron charges
Ampere-hour (Ah)
Ampere-hour is a unit of electric charge .
One ampere-hour is the electric charge that flow in electrical circuit, when a current of 1 ampere is applied for 1 hour.
1Ah = 1A � 1hour
One ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs.
1Ah = 3600C
Tesla is the unit of magnetic field.
1T = 1Wb / 1m2
Weber is the unit of magnetic flux.
1Wb = 1V � 1s
Joule (J)
Joule is the unit of energy.
1J = 1 kg � 1(m / s)2
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy.
1kWh = 1kW � 1h = 1000W � 1h
Kilovolt-amps (kVA)
Kilovolt-amps is a unit of power.
1kVA = 1kV � 1A = 1000 � 1V � 1A
Hertz (Hz)
Hertz is the unit of frequency. It measures the number of cycles per second.
1 Hz = 1 cycles / s
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Farad
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Which Latin two-word phrase signifies a list of characters and actors in a play?
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Electrical Units
Electrical Units
Definition of common electrical units - like Ampere, Volt, Ohm, Siemens
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Ampere - A
An ampere is the current which - if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length - of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 Newton per meter of length.
Electric current is the same as electric quantity in movement, or quantity per unit time:
I = Q / t (1)
I = electric current (ampere, A)
Q = electric quantity (coulomb, C)
t = time (s)
1 ampere = 1 coulomb per sec.
Ampere can be measured with an "ammeter" in series with the electric circuit.
Coulomb - C
The standard unit of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantity transferred by one ampere in one second.
Q = I t (2)
1 coulomb = 6.24 1018 electrons
Farad - F
The farad is the standard unit of capacitance. Reduced to base SI units one farad is the equivalent of one second to the fourth power ampere squared per kilogram per meter squared (s4 A2/kg m2).
When the voltage across a 1 F capacitor changes at a rate of one volt per second (1 V/s) a current flow of 1 A results. A capacitance of 1 F produces 1 V of potential difference for an electric charge of one coulomb (1 C).
In common electrical and electronic circuits units of microfarads μF (1 μF = 10-6 F) and picofarads pF (1 pF = 10-12 F) are used.
Ohm - Ω
The derived SI unit of electrical resistance - the resistance between two points on a conductor when a constant potential difference of 1 volt between them produces a current of 1 ampere.
Henry - H
The Henry is the unit of inductance. Reduced to base SI units one henry is the equivalent of one kilogram meter squared per second squared per ampere squared (kg m2 s-2 A-2).
Inductance
An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.
The standard unit of inductance is the henry abbreviated H. This is a large unit and more commonly used units are the microhenry abbreviated μH (1 μH =10-6H) and the millihenry abbreviated mH (1 mH =10-3 H). Occasionally, the nanohenry abbreviated nH (1 nH = 10-9 H) is used.
Joule - J
The unit of energy work or quantity of heat done when a force of one Newton is applied over a displacement of one meter. One joule is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one second.
In imperial units the British Thermal Unit (Btu) is used to express energy. One Btu is equivalent to approximately 1,055 joules.
Siemens - S
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Near which English town is the 'Legoland theme park' to be found?
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Shop LEGO Toys and Apparel - LEGOLAND Florida
COMMITMENT TO QUALITY
LEGOLAND® Florida is a 150-acre interactive theme park dedicated to families with children between the ages of 2 and 12. With more than 50 rides, shows and attractions and the all-new water park, LEGOLAND is geared towards family fun! There are currently five other LEGOLAND Parks in the world – LEGOLAND California in Carlsbad, LEGOLAND Billund in Denmark, LEGOLAND Deutschland near Günzburg, Germany and LEGOLAND Windsor outside of London and just opened LEGOLAND Malaysia —the sixth LEGOLAND Park and first in Asia. The LEGOLAND theme parks are a part of Merlin Entertainments Group, the second largest attractions operator in the world. Prices, times and schedules subject to change without notice. LEGO, the LEGO logo, the Mini figure and LEGOLAND are trademarks of the LEGO Group. ©2015 The LEGO Group. LEGOLAND FLORIDA IS A PART OF THE MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS GROUP®. Contact us at (877) 350-5346.
Star Wars™ and all characters, names and related indicia are © 2011 Lucasfilm Ltd. & TM. All rights reserved.
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CHWI-DT
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Who did Kruschev replace to become Soviet Prime Minister in 1958?
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LEGOLAND Florida
Hotel & Tickets
LEGOLAND® Florida is a 150-acre interactive theme park dedicated to families with children between the ages of 2 and 12. With more than 50 rides, shows and attractions and the all-new water park, LEGOLAND is geared towards family fun! There are currently five other LEGOLAND Parks in the world - LEGOLAND California in Carlsbad, LEGOLAND Billund in Denmark, LEGOLAND Deutschland near Günzburg, Germany and LEGOLAND Windsor outside of London and just opened LEGOLAND Malaysia -the sixth LEGOLAND Park and first in Asia. The LEGOLAND theme parks are a part of Merlin Entertainments Group, the second largest attractions operator in the world. Prices, times and schedules subject to change without notice. LEGO, the LEGO logo, the Mini figure and LEGOLAND are trademarks of the LEGO Group. ©2017 The LEGO Group. LEGOLAND FLORIDA IS A PART OF THE MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS GROUP®.
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What nationality was the Arctic explorer Willem Barents?
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Willem Barents
Willem Barents
Location of death: Arctic Ocean
Cause of death: unspecified
Nationality: Netherlands
Executive summary: Dutch Arctic navigator
Dutch navigator, born about the middle of the 16th century. In 1594 he left Amsterdam with two ships to search for a northeast passage to eastern Asia. He reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya, and followed it northward, being finally forced to turn back when near its northern extremity. In the following year he commanded another expedition of seven ships, which made for the strait between the Asiatic coast and Vaygach Island, but was too late to find open water; while his third journey equally failed of its object and resulted in his death. On this occasion he had two ships, and on the outward journey sighted Bear Island and Spitsbergen, where the ships separated. Barents' vessel, after rounding the north of Novaya Zemlya, was beset by ice and he was compelled to winter in the north; and as his ship was not released early in 1597, his party left her in two open boats on the 13th of June and most of its members escaped. Barents himself, however, died on the 30th of June 1597. In 1871 the house in which he wintered was discovered, with many relics, which are preserved at The Hague, and in 1875 part of his journal was found. The Barents Sea in the Arctic is named for this navigator.
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Dutch people
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Which famous malt whisky distilled on Speyside by Seagrams, has the name George Smith & Sons on its labels?
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Novaya Zemlya HD The Amazing Story of Dutch explorer Willem Barents Novaya Zemlya Movie - YouTube
Novaya Zemlya HD The Amazing Story of Dutch explorer Willem Barents Novaya Zemlya Movie
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Published on Jul 29, 2014
Novaya Zemlya HD The Amazing Story of Dutch explorer Willem Barents Novaya Zemlya Movie
Novaya Zemlya recounts the story of Dutch explorer Willem Barents, who became stranded on the Russian archipelago of Novaya Zemlya in 1596 while attempting to find a northeast passage to China.
Created for the exhibition Connections Gallery: Walton Ford, June 14 December 14, 2014 Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art
Dutch explorer Willem Barents (Novaya Zemlya )was born on the island of Terschelling off the Friesland coast of the Netherlands. He became the pupil of Petrus Plancius (Peter Platevoet), a theologian-cartographer whose sermons are often said to have been lessons in geography and astronomy.
Dutch explorer Willem Barents(Novaya Zemlya) took part in two unsuccessful Arctic voyages before his memorable discovery. In 1592 Jan Huyghen van Linschoten of Enkhuizen returned from a voyage to Goa with a Portuguese fleet and wrote a widely read Itinerary. This stimulated Dutch interest in the Orient, though at the time it seemed dangerous to contest the Portuguese monopoly of the route around the Cape of Good Hope. In 1595 Amsterdam merchants, undiscouraged by the English failure to find a Northeast Passage 40 years earlier, decided to resume the search. They prepared two ships, placing one under Jacob van Heemskerck and the other under Jan Corneliszoon Rijp. Barents, who as pilot sailed with Heemskerck, became the acknowledged leader of the expedition.
The ships left Vlieland, a small port near Amsterdam, on May 18, 1596, and about three weeks later discovered Bear Island, south of the then-unknown Spitsbergen; they so named the island because of an encounter with a polar bear whose hide did not prove vulnerable to Dutch blunderbusses. Pressing northward, the Dutch ships came on June 17 to Spitsbergen, uninhabited islands. During the rest of June the Dutch explored the western coast of the main island, thinking it a part of Greenland.
After a return to Bear Island, the ships separated, Rijp to resume exploration of Spitsbergen, and Barents and Heemskerck to cross the Barents Sea to Novaya Zemlya, previously discovered but not explored to its northern limit. Barents and Heemskerck rounded the northernmost point, naming it Hook of Desire, and sailed eastward, at first believing, from the open water encountered, that they had discovered the Northeast Passage. By November, however, the ice had grown thick and it finally imprisoned the ship. Barents and Heemskerck were 81°N at their highest latitude, beyond any point previously reached. Still close to Novaya Zemlya, realizing that they must build a solid shelter ashore in order to survive, they made one of logs and driftwood and moved into this "Safe House" in October. They lived there until June 1597, suffering but at first in good spirits, calling themselves "burghers of Novaya Zemlya." At Epiphany they had a cheerful party on their remaining liquor and crowned one man "king" of Novaya Zemlya.
Conditions then deteriorated; the firewood gave out, and the ship was crushed by ice. The men began to construct two small boats. Scurvy had been present for months, and one of the worst sufferers was Barents. He left with the rest as they slowly worked down Novaya Zemlya, but he grew so weak that he could take no part in manipulating the craft. Barents died at the end of June, soon after asking Gerrit de Veer, chronicler of the expedition, to lift him up for a final look at Novaya Zemlya. Heemskerck and the other survivors reached the Kola Peninsula and were rescued there by Rijp, who had returned to Holland and come back for trade.
In the 1870s European ships visited Safe House and found it partially caved in by snow. Objects left there by the Dutch explorers are in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
Article References:
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i don't know
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Which range of mountains run down the western side of Southern India?
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Ghats | mountain ranges, India | Britannica.com
mountain ranges, India
Palghat Gap
Ghats, two mountain ranges forming the eastern and western edges, respectively, of the Deccan plateau of peninsular India . The two ranges run roughly parallel to the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coasts, respectively, from which they are separated by strips of fairly level coastal land. In Hindi ghat means “river landing stairs” or “mountain pass” and has been extended in its Anglicized plural form (formerly ghauts) to include the mountains themselves. The word refers as well to riverbanks that have been artificially terraced for bathing for religious purposes and also to ferry landings.
Anai Peak, Western Ghats range, eastern Kerala, India.
Arunguy2002
The Eastern Ghats include several discontinuous and dissimilar hill masses that generally trend northeast-southwest along the Bay of Bengal. The narrow range has an average elevation of about 2,000 feet (600 metres), with peaks reaching 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) and higher; the high point is Arma Konda (5,512 feet [1,680 metres]) in Andhra Pradesh state. There is a gap in the chain 100 miles (160 km) wide through which the Krishna and Godavari rivers reach the coast; the Godavari runs through a gorge 40 miles (65 km) long. Farther southwest, beyond the Krishna River, the Eastern Ghats appear as a series of low ranges and hills. Southwest of Chennai (Madras), the Eastern Ghats continue as the Javadi and Shevaroy hills, beyond which they merge with the Western Ghats. The mountains’ slopes have sparse forests containing valuable timber.
The Western Ghats , which are possibly a fault scarp, are the crest of the western edge of the Deccan plateau. Their steep seaward slopes are deeply dissected by streams and canyonlike valleys, but on the landward side their slopes are gentle and give way to wide, mature valleys. The range extends northward to the Tapti River and southward almost to Cape Comorin at India’s southern tip. The mountains reach elevations of 3,000 to 5,000 feet (900 to 1,500 metres) in the north, rise less than 3,000 feet in the area south of Goa, and are higher again in the far south, reaching 8,652 feet (2,637 metres) at Doda Betta mountain. The Palghat Gap separates the Western Ghats proper from their southward extension, known as the Southern Ghats. The Western Ghats, because they receive extremely heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon, comprise peninsular India’s principal watershed; rainfall is much lighter inland on the plateau. The high rainfall has produced dense forests on the seaward slopes, with bamboo, teak, and other valuable trees. Some rivers among the Western Ghats have been dammed to produce electric power. A number of hill resorts are located in the mountains.
The Western Ghats in Matheran, Maharashtra, India.
Nicholas
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Western Ghats
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Which is the largest internal organ in the human body?
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India - Geography
Geography
India Table of Contents
India's total land mass is 2,973,190 square kilometers and is divided into three main geological regions: the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Himalayas, and the Peninsula region. The Indo-Gangetic Plain and those portions of the Himalayas within India are collectively known as North India. South India consists of the peninsular region, often termed simply the Peninsula. On the basis of its physiography, India is divided into ten regions: the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the northern mountains of the Himalayas, the Central Highlands, the Deccan or Peninsular Plateau, the East Coast (Coromandel Coast in the south), the West Coast (Konkan, Kankara, and Malabar coasts), the Great Indian Desert (a geographic feature known as the Thar Desert in Pakistan) and the Rann of Kutch, the valley of the Brahmaputra in Assam, the northeastern hill ranges surrounding the Assam Valley, and the islands of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Indo-Gangetic Plain
In social and economic terms, the Indo-Gangetic Plain is the most important region of India. The plain is a great alluvial crescent stretching from the Indus River system in Pakistan to the Punjab Plain (in both Pakistan and India) and the Haryana Plain to the delta of the Ganga (or Ganges) in Bangladesh (where it is called the Padma). Topographically the plain is homogeneous, with only floodplain bluffs and other related features of river erosion and changes in river channels forming important natural features.
Two narrow terrain belts, collectively known as the Terai, constitute the northern boundary of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Where the foothills of the Himalayas encounter the plain, small hills known locally as ghar (meaning house in Hindi) have been formed by coarse sands and pebbles deposited by mountain streams. Groundwater from these areas flows on the surface where the plains begin and converts large areas along the rivers into swamps. The southern boundary of the plain begins along the edge of the Great Indian Desert in the state of Rajasthan and continues east along the base of the hills of the Central Highlands to the Bay of Bengal. The hills, varying in elevation from 300 to 1,200 meters, lie on a general east-west axis. The Central Highlands are divided into northern and southern parts. The northern part is centered on the Aravalli Range of eastern Rajasthan. In the northern part of the state of Madhya Pradesh, the Malwa Plateau comprises the southern part of the Central Highlands and merges with the Vindhya Range to the south. The main rivers that flow through the southern part of the plain--the Narmada, the Tapti, and the Mahanadi--delineate North India from South India.
Some geographers subdivide the Indo-Gangetic Plain into three parts: the Indus Valley (mostly in Pakistan), the Punjab (divided between India and Pakistan) and Haryana plains, and the middle and lower Ganga. These regional distinctions are based primarily on the availability of water. By another definition, the Indo-Gangetic Plain is divided into two drainage basins by the Delhi Ridge; the western part consists of the Punjab Plain and the Haryana Plain, and the eastern part consists of the Ganga-Brahmaputra drainage systems. This divide is only 300 meters above sea level, contributing to the perception that the Indo-Gangetic Plain appears to be continuous between the two drainage basins. The Punjab Plain is centered in the land between five rivers: the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. (The name Punjab comes from the Sanskrit pancha ab , meaning five waters or rivers.)
Both the Punjab and Haryana plains are irrigated with water from the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. The irrigation projects emanating from these rivers have led to a decrease in the flow of water reaching the lower drainage areas in the state of Punjab in India and the Indus Valley in Pakistan. The benefits that increased irrigation has brought to farmers in the state of Haryana are controversial in light of the effects that irrigation has had on agricultural life in the Punjab areas of both India and Pakistan.
The middle Ganga extends from the Yamuna River in the west to the state of West Bengal in the east. The lower Ganga and the Assam Valley are more lush and verdant than the middle Ganga. The lower Ganga is centered in West Bengal from which it flows into Bangladesh and, after joining the Jamuna (as the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra are known in Bangladesh), forms the delta of the Ganga. The Brahmaputra (meaning son of Brahma) rises in Tibet (China's Xizang Autonomous Region) as the Yarlung Zangbo River, flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, and then crosses into Bangladesh. Average annual rainfall increases moving west to east from approximately 600 millimeters in the Punjab Plain to 1,500 millimeters around the lower Ganga and Brahmaputra.
The Himalayas
The Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world, extend along the northern frontiers of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Burma. They were formed geologically as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Asia. This process of plate tectonics is ongoing, and the gradual northward drift of the Indian subcontinent still causes earthquakes (see Earthquakes, this ch.). Lesser ranges jut southward from the main body of the Himalayas at both the eastern and western ends. The Himalayan system, about 2,400 kilometers in length and varying in width from 240 to 330 kilometers, is made up of three parallel ranges--the Greater Himalayas, the Lesser Himalayas, and the Outer Himalayas--sometimes collectively called the Great Himalayan Range. The Greater Himalayas, or northern range, average approximately 6,000 meters in height and contain the three highest mountains on earth: Mount Everest (8,796 meters) on the China-Nepal border; K2 (8,611 meters, also known as Mount Godwin-Austen, and in China as Qogir Feng) in an area claimed by India, Pakistan, and China; and Kanchenjunga (8,598 meters) on the India-Nepal border. Many major mountains are located entirely within India, such as Nanda Devi (7,817 meters) in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The snow line averages 4,500 to 6,000 meters on the southern side of the Greater Himalayas and 5,500 to 6,000 on the northern side. Because of climatic conditions, the snow line in the eastern Himalayas averages 4,300 meters, while in the western Himalayas it averages 5,800 meters.
The Lesser Himalayas, located in northwestern India in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, in north-central India in the state of Sikkim, and in northeastern India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, range from 1,500 to 5,000 meters in height. Located in the Lesser Himalayas are the hill stations of Shimla (Simla) and Darjiling (Darjeeling). During the colonial period, these and other hill stations were used by the British as summer retreats to escape the intense heat of the plains. It is in this transitional vegetation zone that the contrasts between the bare southern slopes and the forested northern slopes become most noticeable.
The Outer or Southern Himalayas, averaging 900 to 1,200 meters in elevation, lie between the Lesser Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, this southernmost range is often referred to as the Siwalik Hills. It is possible to identify a fourth, and northernmost range, known as the Trans-Himalaya. This range is located entirely on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, north of the great west-to-east trending valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Although the Trans-Himalaya Range is divided from the Great Himalayan Range for most of its length, it merges with the Great Himalayan Range in the western section--the Karakoram Range--where India, Pakistan, and China meet.
The southern slopes of each of the Himalayan ranges are too steep to accumulate snow or support much tree life; the northern slopes generally are forested below the snow line. Between the ranges are extensive high plateaus, deep gorges, and fertile valleys, such as the vales of Kashmir and Kulu. The Himalayas serve a very important purpose. They provide a physical screen within which the monsoon system operates and are the source of the great river systems that water the alluvial plains below (see Climate, this ch.). As a result of erosion, the rivers coming from the mountains carry vast quantities of silt that enrich the plains.
The area of northeastern India adjacent to Burma and Bangladesh consists of numerous hill tracts, averaging between 1,000 and 2,000 meters in elevation, that are not associated with the eastern part of the Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh. The Naga Hills, rising to heights of more than 3,000 meters, form the watershed between India and Burma. The Mizo Hills are the southern part of the northeastern ranges in India. The Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are centered in the state of Meghalaya and, isolated from the northeastern ranges, divide the Assam Valley from Bangladesh to the south and west.
The Peninsula
The Peninsula proper is an old, geologically stable region with an average elevation between 300 and 1,800 meters. The Vindhya Range constitutes the main dividing line between the geological regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Peninsula. This range lies north of the Narmada River, and when viewed from there, it is possible to discern the prominent escarpments that rise between 800 and 1,400 meters. The Vindhya Range defines the north-central and northwestern boundary of the Peninsula, and the Chota Nagpur Plateau of southern Bihar forms the northeastern boundary. The uplifting of the plateau of the central Peninsula and its eastward tilt formed the Western Ghats, a line of hills running from the Tapti River south to the tip of the Peninsula. The Eastern Ghats mark the eastern end of the plateau; they begin in the hills of the Mahanadi River basin and converge with the Western Ghats at the Peninsula's southern tip.
The interior of the Peninsula, south of the Narmada River, often termed the Deccan Plateau or simply the Deccan (from the Sanskrit daksina , meaning south), is a series of plateaus topped by rolling hills and intersected by many rivers. The plateau averages roughly 300 to 750 meters in elevation. Its major rivers--the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri--rise in the Western Ghats and flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal.
The coastal plain borders the plateau. On the northwestern side, it is characterized by tidal marshes, drowned valleys, and estuaries; and in the south by lagoons, marshes, and beach ridges. Coastal plains on the eastern side are wider than those in the west; they are focused on large river deltas that serve as the centers of human settlement.
Offshore Islands
India's offshore islands, constituting roughly one-quarter of 1 percent of the nation's territory, lie in two groups located off the east and west coasts. The northernmost point of the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands lies 1,100 kilometers southeast of Calcutta. Situated in the Bay of Bengal in a chain stretching some 800 kilometers, the Andaman Islands comprise 204 islands and islets, and their topography is characterized by hills and narrow valleys. Although their location is tropical, the climate of the islands is tempered by sea breezes; rainfall is irregular. The Nicobar Islands, which are south of the Andaman Islands, comprise nineteen islands, some with flat, coral-covered surfaces and others with hills. The islands have a nearly equatorial climate, heavy rainfall, and high temperatures. The union territory of Lakshadweep (the name means 100,000 islands) in the Arabian Sea, comprises--from north to south--the Amindivi, Laccadive, Cannanore, and Minicoy islands. The islands, only ten of which are inhabited, are spread throughout an area of approximately 77,000 square kilometers. The islands are low-lying coral-based formations capable of limited cultivation.
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Which French king was known as 'The King Consort of Scotland'because of his marriage to Mary Queen of Scots?
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History of Great Britain: Why is Mary, Queen of Scots, famous? - Quora
Quora
History of Great Britain: Why is Mary, Queen of Scots, famous?
What were some controversies when she was in power? How did people receive her?
Written Dec 20, 2013
There are great posts already written. I wish to communicate information that adds information that has not been mentioned and that I find quite important to note concerning the "leadership qualities " of Mary Queen of Scots. ( I orginally had posted this as a comment but I wish to add it as a post to this thread.)
Please note, eventhough I agree with some of the points that have been made I strongly disagree with others.
There are a few details that I wish need to be added.
Mary was crowned queen of Scots when she was 6 days old. Her father died in a battle not long after her death.
" Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland , was 6 days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France , Francis . "
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar...
She was raised knowing she was a queen. I have difficulty trying to understand how a child that is already queen would adapt as she was growing up.
Eventhough it is true that she spent most of her childhood in France, she was groomed from a very young age to become the wife of the future king of France.
Hence, when Mary married the King of France, she was ALREADY a queen and hence became both the queen of Scotland and France.
This situation was unique because from a geopolitical point of view she was seen as someone important that could as she matured into an adult, create an alliance with the Scots and the French leaders of both courts.
Britain was going through some serious religious issues with the Catholic and Protestants. Elizabeth 1 constantly threaded a delicate balance between the two religious extremes of those times. All this was mostly due to the impact of the decisions of her father Henry VIII.
Mary Queen of Scots was catholic and her presence caused a lot of issues with Elizabeth 1 because of the religious issues. In fact, Elizabeth 1 greatly hesitated in her decision to behead Mary. It took her amost twenty years to make her final decision to behead her. She knew of the very real possible repercussions from Mary's loyal servants in Scotland.
Mary Queen of Scots was well liked by the Scotish people. She had a "joie de vivre" and her life took a turn for the worst when her husband, the king of France suddenly died only a few years after their wedding.
According to the dates, she was 17 years old and Francis II was 15 years old when they married. ( I mean, to me it seems obvious that the marriage was arranged between the regents involved in both kingdoms. I suspect there were some long term plans already drawn up for both of them since they were allies and both countries were die hard Catholics.)
Also, I have to go back to my research but I remember reading that France and Scotland had a lot of marriages withing their different ranks. Was it due to proximity? I do not know but this alliance was a benefit to both.
"... and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France , Francis . He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death on 5 December 1560."
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar...
Please note that she was only 18 years old when her husband Francis II died. Also note that the king was only 16 years old when he died. They had been both king and queen of both countries for approximately a year and a half and either of them had not reached 20 years old yet.
",,, Francis II (French: François II) (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was a monarch of the House of Valois-Angoulême who was King of France from 1559 to 1560. He was also King consort of Scotland as a result of his marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots , from 1558 until his death."
Source: Francis II of France
In retrospect, this couple had the potential of becoming a power couple being both king and queen of France and Scotland.
Imagine how history might be different if Mary Queen of Scots would have had the opportunity to have a son during her marriage to Francis II. What would have happened then?
His untimely death caused history to be re written in a way that no one had forseen.
Also, I have difficulty understanding as to how can Mary Queen of Scots be properly trained to govern Scotland at 18 years old and recently widowed. I believe that the regents governing both countries in the background had plans for them. They were going to be groomed to be leaders and perhaps history would have unfolded itself quite differently if Francis II had not died so young.
I am sure that his untimely death put a huge stress on both kingdoms. Hence, the grooming of Mary Queen of Scots, I believe, had been neglected. She knew nothing else from birth apart from being a queen. I would think that she would have been quite aware that she had to find a suitable husband and have children in order to give birth to the next queen or king of her country.
Hence, I find that they were both( Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots) , tragic figures stuck with the power stuggles of their time.
On a personal note, I have done a lot of research about this time period and I do not have the time right now but I find some of the analysis quite harsh concerning Mary Queen of Scots.
I believe that she tried to do what she could with what little training she had. I can just imagine the power struggle going on inside her country with the severe religious issues of the time.
On a personal note, I believe that Elizabeth 1 and Mary Queen of Scots were victims of their time. Deep down, I have a weird feeling that they probably would have gotten along.
Elizabeth I was considered a "bastard child" and became queen pretty much by default.
Mary Queen of Scots was crowned queen at birth.
In a twist of events, or maybe Elizabeth I felt it was a way to redeem herself, but nonetheless, since he did not have any children of her own, she chose the son of Mary Queen of Scots, King James VI and I to become the next king of England.
I find that the level of dysfuntion in this period of history is off the charts.
* Henry the VIII beheaded Elizabeth 1's mother.
* Elizabeth I was considered a bastard child but nonetheless was later crowned queen and later beheaded her second cousin Mary Queen of Scots.
* Then, Mary Queen of Scots's son, James VI and I was chosen by Elizabeth I to be the next king of England regardless of the fact that it is she who had ordered that his mother be beheaded.
* I am still looking for the source but I remember reading somewhere that both women are lying in state side by side in the Westminster Abby.
That is something I would love to go visit to see with my own eyes.
Anyway, below you will find the link to the family tree. It is very interesting to look at.
Written Mar 7, 2014
Mary, Queen of Scots was famous because, not only was she Queen of Scotland, but she was married to the French Dauphin, who became Francis II, King of France, and was the dynastic heir to the English throne. As a Catholic, neither the Scottish nobles, who dominated Scottish Government nor the English wanted a Catholic to succeed to their respective thrones. So long as Mary was married to the French King there was a danger of both becoming subsumed under France. Following the death of Francis II, Mary returned to Scotland, lessening the danger of either Scotland or England becoming subsumed. Yet this did not stop concerns by William Cecil, the English Secretary of State, that Mary should, by right, inherit the English throne on Elizabeth's death. With Elizabeth having no children, she personally would have preferred Mary, as a member of her Tudor Dynasty (her grandmother Princess Margaret was Henry VIII eldest sister) to be her heir, but was not prepared to recognise her claim for fear that it would attract anyone (particularly Catholics) wanting a change in English Government to promote her as their pretender.
William Cecil needed to find a solution, and he befriended Lord James Stewart (later Earl of Moray), Mary's illegitimate half-brother, to find a means of blacking her name. With Mary refusing to become Protestant herself, it was important that she should marry a husband acceptable to the English, and that meant a Protestant. Elizabeth put forward Lord Robert Dudley, who really would have preferred marriage to Elizabeth. Then the handsome Henry, Lord Darnley, another grandchild of Princess Margaret, put forward his own suit. In many respects he was the ideal dynastic husband, but was both Catholic and a nincompoop, suffering from delusions of grandeur as a result of contracting syphilis. At first neither Cecil nor Moray were too worried, believing that Mary would never take him seriously, be she fell hopelessly in love and married him.
Cecil and Moray now used every means to discredit the couple, but when Moray led a rebellion against them, he gain very little Scottish support and was temporarily exiled to England. They then hatched on a plan to tell Darnley that Mary, who was already pregnant, had been involved in an affair with her French Secretary, David Riccio. They promised to make Darnley (now King Henry) the heir to the Scottish throne behind his unborn child, if he would authorise Riccio's murder. Their plan was to discredit Darnley for his involvement and by association Mary, allowing Moray to become Regent for the unborn child (or even King). Riccio was duly murdered in her presence, and it was thought that the shock might cause her to miscarry, which could well result in her death, but Mary did not miscarry, and persuaded Darnley that Moray's supporters would never honour their undertaking to him. They escaped with help from the Earl of Bothwell to Dunbar, from where they returned in triumph to Edinburgh sending those directly involved in the murder into exile in England
Mary's son, James, was duly born in Edinburgh Castle and was baptised at Stirling. Meanwhile Mary approached her remaining nobles to seek a divorce from Darnley. The nobles entered in to a bond to assist her, conditional on the exiles involved in Riccio's murder being repatriated. Yet they realised that a Catholic divorce could not be achieved without making James illegitimate, and preferred a plan for Darnley to be murdered. Cecil and Moray then hatched a scheme to persuade Bothwell to organize the murder and then to encourage him to marry Mary 'for the good of Scotland'. This would make it look as if she was involved in a crime of passion. Although Bothwell was not present at Darnley's murder, he organised the plan to blow up Darnley's residence at Kirk o' Field in Edinburgh, surrounding it in case he should escape. When Darnley tried to get away before the explosion, he was suffocated. Mary was immediately mentioned in scurrilous posters as being implicated, even though she was unaware of the murder plan, but the rumours against her spread. Although Bothwell was believed to be behind it, no one would press charges, lest he should divulge their part in a conspiracy, which involved all of them.
At a token trial, Bothwell was exonerated without evidence being submitted and was encouraged to marry Mary even by his acknowledged enemies. Great pressure was put on both of them and while at Dunbar they consumated their relationship so that their marriage would become inevitable. As soon as they were committed, rumours of what seemed a notorious crime of passion were spread. To provide evidence of this,which would stand up to investigation, various letters written by Mary (the Casket letters) were tampered with to imply her involvement in a crime of passion. The nobles then combined in arms against Mary and Bothwell, who had difficulty in raising troops. Although their opposing forces met at Carberry Hill outside Edinburgh, Mary's inferior army melted away and a truce was negotiated to allow Bothwell to escape while Mary, who by implication was notoriously guilty of her husband's murder, was imprisoned at Lochleven, while Moray accepted the Regency.
For more information please see www.maryqueenofscots.net
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Francis II
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What is the name of the bay that indents much of the southern coast of Australia?
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Francis II, King of France 1544-1560 - MaryQueenofScots.net
Mary Queen of Scots
Catherine de Medici was aged twenty-four and had been married to Henry II of France for ten years, before she at last conceived a child. In desperation she had turned to a Doctor, Jean Fernel, for advice. No one knows what he said, but he proposed a solution to the problem said to involve a prescription of pills of myrrh. Whether by good luck or the doctor’s advice, Catherine almost immediately became pregnant. Her first child, Francis, born in 1544, suffered from respiratory difficulties, which stunted his growth.
With Henry VIII of England determined to encompass Scotland under English control, he had proposed that his son Prince Edward should marry the infant Mary Queen of Scots . He reinforced this with a series of punitive expeditions into southern Scotland, known as the Rough Wooings, causing a great deal of damage. With the Scots having no military means to defend themselves, Henry II offered to liberate them, if Mary would become betrothed to his son, the infant Dauphin Francis. He sent his personal galley from France to collect her. On 29 July 1548, aged five years and eight months, Mary boarded it at Dumbarton and, after eighteen stormy days at sea, landed at St. Pol de Leon on the Brittany coast.
In December 1548 shortly after Mary’s arrival, she made her first public appearance with the Dauphin to celebrate the wedding of her uncle Francis, Duke of Guise to Anne d’Este, daughter of the Duke of Ferrara and a granddaughter of Louis XII. Now aged six and wearing a heavily brocaded dress embroidered with jewellery, she danced with the diminutive four-year-old Dauphin, to whom she was betrothed, and stooped down at the end to kiss him on the lips as royal formality required. The Constable Montmorency wrote to Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise , in March 1549:
I will assure you that the Dauphin pays her little attentions, and is enamoured of her, from which it is easy to judge that God gave them birth the one for the other. [1]
Mary learned to cosset the Dauphin despite his limited abilities, cherishing him like a younger brother, and encouraging him in riding and other outdoor pursuits.
On 24 April 1558, following the heroic capture of Calais by the Duke of Guise, Mary married the hapless and stunted Dauphin, in a ceremony full of spectacle at Notre Dame. Mary was ‘arrayed in her regal trappings, so covered in jewels that the sun itself shone no more brightly, so beautiful, so charming withal as never woman was.’ [2] The diminutive puffy-faced Dauphin limped along ahead of his household accompanied by his younger brothers, Charles and Henry. He hated public occasions, and the crowds had come to view his spectacular bride, who towered over him. On her head was a gold crown studded with diamonds, pearls, rubies, sapphires and emeralds surrounding a huge flashing ‘carbuncle’ said to be worth more than 500,000 crowns. She wore this with her hair down to show off her luxuriant tresses. On the wedding morning, she wrote to her mother, ‘All I can tell you is that I account myself one of the happiest women in the world.’ [3]
The wedding, which involved a nuptial mass was conducted by the Cardinal Archbishop of Rouen. Afterwards, the couple walked in front of the cheering crowd before processing to the Archbishop’s palace for a banquet that included dancing. Mary removed her heavy crown, enabling her to show off her hair as she danced with the King to applause from the invited guests. It was expected that she would dance with the Dauphin, but Henry led her to take the floor with his daughter Elisabeth to avoid it being seen that she towered above her clumsy stunted husband. By the end, Mary might have been forgiven for being ‘ill-disposed’.
Nine days before the ceremony in a low-key negotiation, Mary publicly confirmed the French guarantee of Scottish independence as agreed by the Treaty of Haddington. After some discussion it was agreed that Francis would not immediately become King of Scotland, but their eldest son would inherit both kingdoms. If there were only daughters, the eldest would inherit Scotland alone, as Salic laws prevented female succession in France. Yet, after further negotiation, Francis was granted the Crown Matrimonial, which would allow him to inherit the Scottish Crown, should Mary die childless, but this was never approved by the Scottish Parliament.
The powerful Guises encouraged the confident young Queen-Dauphine to dominate royal decisions by acting as spokesman for her stuttering and sickly husband. In addition to his continuously running nose, eczema and dizzy spells, he seems to have been impotent,*1 and Mary had no sexual expectation, despite their genuine affection. They made an incongruous couple. Although he grew considerably after their marriage, she still towered over him. He was prone to temper tantrums and, frustrated by his physical shortcomings, dressed in ridiculously ostentatious attire. His principal pleasure was taking Mary on ever more active hunting expeditions. For the time being, Henry II was king, and his advisers made every effort to temper Guise influence.
On the death of ‘Bloody’ Mary Tudor in 1558, Elizabeth was considered illegitimate in Catholic eyes. Henry II immediately claimed the English Crown for his daughter-in-law, thereby uniting France and Scotland with England and Ireland. Her arms at the French court were quartered with those of England. Yet France was exhausted by war and needed a period of peace. In 1559, it was forced into endorsing Elizabeth as Queen at the Treaty of Upsettlington. Yet Mary was dynastically next in line.
On 30 June 1559, Henry II was badly wounded in a jousting accident in Paris and died in agony ten days later. Francis and his consort Mary, were now King and Queen of France. This allowed the Guises to take control of Government, and to reintroduce their plan to subsume Scotland under France. The great seal of Scotland was redesigned to show Francis and Mary seated in Imperial Majesty. Throckmorton, the English Ambassador, wrote increasingly concerned dispatches after being invited to eat at the French court off plate emblazoned with their arms quartered with those of England. The young King and Queen each confirmed to him that they would act in accordance with her uncles’ advice. The Guises were now taking key decisions without consultation and encouraged Francis and Mary to enjoy their hunting. As the official age of majority for kings in France was fourteen, there was no initial call for a regency, but, with Francis lacking any aptitude for government, the Guises retained control.
On 18 September 1559, with the court still in mourning, Francis was crowned King Francis II at Reims by its archbishop, the Cardinal of Lorraine. It took four nobles to support the Crown of Charlemagne over his puny head. As a queen regnant, Mary was not crowned, but appeared in white, the traditional colour of mourning in France, conveniently the colour that suited her best. Francis was soon exhausted, starting to yawn at the banquet afterwards, seated in accordance with tradition at a table by himself. This brought the event to a hasty conclusion.
Catherine de Medici also started to grow in stature. On 15 August 1559, Francis granted his mother ‘the most opulent settlement that had ever been made to a queen dowager’. Francis began every letter, ‘This being the good pleasure of the Queen, my lady-mother, and I, also approving of every opinion that she holdeth, am content and command that …’ Mary wrote to the Queen Regent in Scotland, ‘I believe that if the King her son were not so obedient that he does nothing but what she desires, she would soon die, which would be the greatest misfortune that could happen to this country and to all of us.’ [4]
About a month after Henry’s death, Mary started to believe that she was pregnant. Given the accepted view that Francis was sterile, it is hard to envisage that she genuinely thought this. If true, it would have placed her in an unassailable position as the mother of a Valois heir. She would be positioned behind the throne in the event of her husband’s early demise. Yet by September she realised this was a false alarm. Although the Guises must have been disappointed, they made light of it, pointing out that a sixteen-year-old king and his young bride had plenty of time to produce children.
Yet Catherine and the Guises had great concerns about Francis’s well-being. They will have been well aware of his sexual shortcomings, with such matters being common knowledge within the inner circle close to the Crown. He was also increasingly unwell. His face had become blotchy and his continuing running nose and dizziness were caused by an abscess developing behind his ear. He progressively deteriorated for about a year before he died, and Catherine positioned herself in the event of having to face the worst. Already an adept political intriguer, she remained at Mary’s side showing her maternal kindness, while almost imperceptibly weaning her from her uncles’ influence, loosening their grip on power. She eventually became the principal force in government, Regent in all but name. Yet she too faced criticism. Pamphlets were describing her as a whore with a leper*2 for a son.
In early 1560, Huguenot rebels tried to gain control of the King while the court visited Blois. After gaining wind of it, on 21 February, the Guises moved the court to Amboise. Catherine took on the role as conciliator and arranged an amnesty. Eventually, on 15 and 16 March, most of the ringleaders were rounded up and were beheaded in front of the King and his mother. She was persuaded that Guise bloodlettings were counterproductive, and brought her long alliance with them to an end.
In mid-November, after hunting near Orléans, Francis complained of a recurring dizziness and a buzzing in his ear. On the following Sunday, he collapsed in church and had a swelling ‘the size of a large nut’[5] from an abscess behind his ear, causing stabbing pains in his head. When the doctors lanced it, puss was discharged through his mouth and nostrils, providing temporary relief, but he remained gravely ill. By late November, he was suffering seizures and was unable to move or speak. Mary and Catherine nursed him between them and sought divine aid by walking in procession with his brothers to nearby churches. The doctors bled him, purged him with enemas including rhubarb and considered boring through his scull to relieve the pressure. This was averted when the discharge appeared to stop, only to be followed by another substantial eruption of puss from his ear, nose and mouth, which made him delirious. On the morning of his death on 5 December 1560, he was completely debilitated and, after lying prostrate all day, died in the late evening. He had not reached his seventeenth birthday. The lingering hopes of the Guises were left in tatters. Catherine de Medici had no further need to cosset her daughter-in-law, and Mary had little choice but to return to her kingdom in Scotland.
References
[1] De Ruble, p. 30
[2] Jebb, II, p. 671, Translated Strickland, Queens of Scotland, VII, p. 499, cited by Lady Antonia Fraser, p. 628
[3] Mary to Marie of Guise, 24 April 1558, Hay Fleming, p. 492
[4] Labanoff, I p. 71-2
[5] See Dr. Potiquet, La Maladie et La Mort de Francois II; Armstrong-Davison, Appendix A
Bibliography
– De Ruble, Alphonse, La Première Jeunesse de Marie Stuart, 1891
– Jebb, S., De Vita et Rebus Gestis Sereuissima Principis Marie Scotorum Reginae, Franciiae Dotariae, 1725
– Fraser, Antonia, Mary Queen of Scots, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1969
– Hay Fleming, D., Mary Queen of Scots from her birth to her flight into England, 1897
– Labanoff, Prince, (A. I. Lobanov-Rostovsky) Lettres de Marie Stuart, 1844
– Armstrong-Davison, M. H., The Casket Letters, 1965
*1 Francis II’s testicles were deformed. Regnier de la Planche, a close confidant of Catherine de Medici, recorded that he had ‘genital organs all constrained and blocked making him unable to perform’. It is now believed that Francis’s stunted growth can be explained by primary hypopituitarism, a defect in the growth of the pituitary gland. This would also have resulted in his testicles failing to develop normally, causing sterility. The only reason for assuming that some kind of sexual union was achieved is Mary’s belief in the autumn of 1559 that she might have become pregnant, but this is more likely to have been a misunderstanding arising from her irregular menstrual cycle, from which she was known to have been suffering.
*2 Francis II’s blotchy face with eczema and acne was often mistakenly thought to be leprosy.
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i don't know
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Octavian who became Augustus, and Lepidus were two of the 'Second Triumvirate' in 43BC. Who was the third?
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Octavian - Augustus
'Augustus'
Gaius Julius Octavius
(63 BC - AD 14)
The future emperor Augustus was born into an equestrian family as Gaius Octavius at Rome on 23 September 63 BC. His father, Gaius Octavius, was the first in the family to become a senator, but died when Octavian was only four. It was his mother who had the more distinguished connection. She was the daughter of Julia, sister to Julius Caesar.
He was of short stature, handsome and well proportioned and he possessed that commodity so rare in rulers - grace. Though he suffered from bad teeth and was generally of feeble health. His body was covered in spots and he had many birthmarks scattered over his chest and belly.
As for his character it is said that he was cruel when young, but became mild later on. This, however, might just be because, as his position became more secure, the need for brutality lessened. For he was still prepared to be ruthless when necessary. He was tolerant of criticism, possessed a good sense of humour, and had a particular fondness for playing dice, but often provided his guests with money to place bets.
Although unfaithful to his wife Livia Drusilla, he remained deeply devoted to her. His public moral attitudes were strict (he had been appointed pontifex (priest) at the age of fifteen or sixteen) and he exiled his daughter and his grand-daughter, both named Julia, for offending against these principles.
Octavian served under Julius Caesar in the Spanish expedition of 46 BC despite his delicate health. And he was to take a senior military command in Caesar's planned Parthian expedition of 44 BC, although at the time being only 18 years old.
But Octavian was with his friends Marcus Agrippa and Marcus Salvidienus Rufus in Apollonia in Epirus completing his academic and military studies, when news reached him of Caesar's assassination.
At once he returned to Rome, learning on the way that Caesar had adopted him in his will. No doubt this only increased his desire to avenge Caesar's murder.
Though when he arrived Octavian found power in the hands of Mark Antony and Aemilius Lepidus. They were urging compromise and amnesty. But Octavian refused to accept this attitude. With his determined stand he soon succeeded in winning over many of Caesar's supporters, including some of the legions.
Though he failed to persuade Marc Antony to hand over Caesar's assets and documents. Therefore Octavian was forced to distribute Caesar's legacies to the Roman public from whatever funds he was able to raise himself. Such efforts to see Caesar's will done helped raise Octavian's standing with the Roman people considerably.
Many of the senators, too, were opposed to Antony. Octavian, appreciated as Antony's primary rival by then, was granted the status of senator, despite not yet being twenty.
During the summer of 44 BC the senate's leader, Cicero, delivered a series of infamous speeches against Marc Antony which came to be known as the 'Philippics'. Cicero saw in the young Octavian a useful ally. So, when in November 44 BC Antony left Rome to take command in northern Italy, Octavian was dispatched with the senate's blessing to make war on Antony. Marc Antony was defeated at Mutina (43 BC) and forced to retreat into Gaul.
But now it showed that Cicero had definitely lost control of the young Octavian. Had the two reigning consuls both been killed in the battle, then in August 43 BC Octavian marched on Rome and forced the senate to accept him as consul. Three months thereafter he met with Antony and Lepidus at Bologna and the three came to an agreement, the Triumvirate. This agreement between Rome's three most powerful men completely cut off the senate from power (27 November 43 BC).
Cicero was killed in the proscriptions that followed. Brutus and Cassius, Caesar's chief assassins, were defeated at Philippi in northern Greece.
Octavian and Marc Antony, the winners at Philippi, reached a new agreement in October 40 BC in the Treaty of Brundisium. The Roman empire was to be divided between them, Antony taking the east, Octavian the west. The third man, Lepidus, was no longer an equal partner. He therefore had to make do with the province of Africa. To further strengthen their agreeement, Antony married Octavians' sister Octavia. But it was not to be long, before Antony abandoned her to return to his lover Cleopatra.
Meanwhile Octavian's own standing had been heightened by the deification of Julius Caesar in early 42 BC. He was no longer to be addressed as 'Octavian' but insisted on being called 'Caesar' and he now styled himself as 'divi filius' - 'son of the divine'.
He used the following years to strengthen his hold over the western provinces. Also in this time Marcus Agrippa, Octavian's most loyal friend, delivered Italy from the menace of the fleet of Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompey the Great.
As Lepidus fell by the wayside during the conflict with Sextus Pompeius, this left Antony and Octavian rulers of the Roman world. Antony lived openly with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. Octavian's apparent modesty and moral strictness contrasted strongly with Antony's life as an oriental monarch at the lavish Egytian court. Rome's sympathies therefore clearly lay with Octavian.
By 32 BC the agreement made at Tarentum (an extension of the Treaty of Brundisium by four years) strictly speaking had run its course and the Triumvirate ceased to be. Octavian tried to maintain the charade that he really wasn't exercising any powers.
When Antony divorced Octavia, Octavian lashed out by reading out in public Antony's will, which had quite illegally come into his possession.
This will promised not only large inheritances to his children by Cleopatra, but it also demanded that, should he die in Italy, his body should be returned to Cleopatra in Egypt. Antony's will was the final straw. For in all Rome's eyes, this could never be the will of a true Roman. The senate declared war.
At Actium on the west coast of Greece on 2 September 31 BC the fateful battle took place. Once again it was Agrippa who commanded the forces on behalf of his friend Octavian and won victory.
Both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. The vast treasures of Egypt fell to Octavian, and Egypt itself became a new Roman province.
Octavian's next, highly questionable act was to put to death Cleopatra's son Caesarion. Caesarion in fact was the child of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar. Octavian being the adoptive son of Caesar, he in essence ordered the death of his step-brother.
Victory of Actium had given Octavian the undivided mastery of the Roman world. But this position had once been held before by Julius Caesar. Octavian was not one to forget what fate had befallen Caesar. In order to prevent a similar demise, he needed to create a new constitution.
Hence on January 27 BC Octavian in the so-called 'First Settlement' went through a strangely orchestrated ceremony in which he 'surrendered' all his power to the senate - thus restoring the Republic. It was a purely symbolical sacrifice as he receiving most of the very same power right back again.
The entire effort were meticulously planned and overseen by his supporters and associates. Octavian received into his personal control, for ten years, the vitally important provinces of Egypt, Cyprus, Spain, Gaul and Syria. Also he was contually re-elected as consul from 31 to 23 BC.
Further he now received the name 'Augustus', a slightly archaic term, meaning 'sacred' or 'revered'. Augustus apparently preferred the term 'princeps' (first citizen) which he had been granted, though he also kept the title imperator to point out his position as military chief of staff.
Octavian's great achievement was persuading the senate to accept him as head of the Roman state, while leaving the senators room for their political ambitions.
Augustus left Rome for Gaul and Spain to put down truculent tribes in the summer of 27 BC and did not return until 24 BC. Then in 23 BC Augustus fell so seriously ill that he himself thought he was dying. This brush with death appeared to have been a further decisive moment in his life. For when he recovered, he set about once more to change the Roman constitution.
In the 'Second Settlement' Augustus gave up the consulship and instead was awarded tribunician powers (tribunicia potestas) for life by the senate.
Tribunician powers gave him the right to call the senate to meetings, to propose legislation in the popular assembly, and to veto any enactments. Also his command over 'his' provinces was renewed.
Then in 19 BC he also was granted not merely the consulship (which lasted for one year) but consular power for life. His power was thereafter unassailable. Augustus held equal power to the most powerful politicians in Rome and yet greater power still in the provinces of the empire.
On the death of Lepidus (12 BC), the failed third Triumvir, who had been shunted aside with the conciliatory position of pontifex maximus, Augustus assumed that highest of all religious positions for himself.
Perhaps the highest point came in 2 BC when the senate granted Augustus a new honour. He was henceforth pater patriae, the father of the country.
Augustus was undoubtedly one of the most talented, energetic and skillful administrators that the world has ever known. The enormously far-reaching work of reorganization and rehabilitation which he undertook in every branch of his vast empire created a new Roman peace with unprecedented prosperity.
Following in the footsteps of Julius Caesar, he won genuine popular support by hosting games, erecting new buildings, and by other measures to the general good. Augustus himself claimed to have restored 82 temples in one year alone. But further there were grand new buildings like the Theatre of Apollo, the Horologium (a giant sun dial) and the great Mausoleum of Augustus.
Augustus' right hand man Agrippa, too, embarked on several major building projects. Among these were the Pantheon, later rebuilt by Hadrian. Agrippa also repaired the city's water system and added two new aquaeducts, the Aqua Julia and the Aqua Virgo.
One building though is clearly lacking from Augustus' reign - a palace. He lived in a spacious house on the Palatine Hill, evidently avoiding any symbols of monarchy. And although he did continue to style himself 'divi filius', son of the deified Caesar, he clearly avoided any form of worship to his own person as was the case in the eastern world, where rulers were themselves frequently worshipped as gods.
Most of all, Augustus appeared to appreciate that his personal standing and security benefitted from governing in the public interest.
Augustus was no great military commander, but he possessed enough common sense to recognize that this was so. And so he relied on Agrippa to do his fighting for him. After Actium, Augustus only once took command of a campaign (the Cantabrian War of 26-25 BC) in Spain. But even there he eventually had to rely on one of his generals to bring the war to a successful conclusion.
Though despite his lack of military skill, Augustus achieved vast gains in imperial territory as well as in the standing of Rome.
Most important was no doubt the conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. Then in 20 BC he recovered the legionary standards captured by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC simply by threatening Parthia with war. Also he made the Danube the frontier in the east of Europe, after his forces fought hard campaigns conquering the Alpine tribes and occupying the Balkans.
But his attempts at making the river Elbe the empire's northwestern frontier ended in the Varian disaster and it became clear to everyone that the Rhine was to be the future border.
Under Augustus the army was thoroughly reorganized strengthened and posted away from Italy into the provinces. He also remodelled the civil service and substantially rebuilt some parts of Rome, even appointing 3'500 firemen under a chief fire officer.
No-one could ever have foreseen the success of Augustus' reign. His long life only went to further create him and his family as the natural rulers in the eyes of the Roman people. Although to create a dynasty proved very difficult to Augustus.
At first he clearly understood his loyal friend Agrippa to be his obvious successor. And, when he believed himself to lay dying in 23 BC, it was indeed Agrippa he handed his signet ring to. As his marriage to Livia, accept for a premature birth, produced no children, his plans of inheritence therefore envolved his daughter Julia from his previous marriage to Scribonia.
Had Julia been married to Marcellus in 25 BC (the son of Augustus' sister Octavia), then Marcellus was also a potential heir. But Marcellus died soon after 23 BC.
So, with Agrippa his only possible successor, Augustus had his friend divorce his existing wife and marry the widowed Julia. Agrippa was 25 years older than his new wife, but their marriage brought forth three sons and two daughters. Augustus adopted the sons Gaius and Lucius as his own.
Then in 12 BC Agrippa died. Augustus realized that should he himself die, the two young boys would be left without a guardian.
Therefore, Augustus turned to his wife Livia's two adult sons from her previous marriage. He made the elder son, Tiberius, divorce his wife Vipsania and marry Julia, and become protector to the young princes.
Tiberius deeply loved his wife Vipsania and strongly resented Augustus' demands, but the marriage went ahead on 12 February 11 BC.
As both Gaius and Lucius died early in their lives, Augustus was left with only one choice of successor - Tiberius, son of Livia. And so, on 26 June AD 4 he somewhat reluctantly adopted the equally reluctant 44 year old Tiberius, together with the 15 year old Agrippa Postumus, the youngest son of Agrippa and Julia.
Postumus though soon turned out to be a violent and thoroughly nasty individual and so was sent into exile only three years later.
During his final years Augustus withdrew more and more from public life. Intending to travel with Tiberius to Capri, and then on to Beneventum, he left Rome for the last time in AD 14.
He fell ill on the way to Capri and, after four days resting on Capri, when they crossed back to the mainland Augustus at last passed away. He died at Nola on 19 August AD 14, only one month away of his 76th birthday.
The body was taken to Rome and given a stately funeral and his ashes were then placed in his Mausoleum.
Roman Empire
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Mark Antony
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Who composed the oratorio entitled, 'The Dream of Gerontius'?
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Augustus - Ancient History Encyclopedia
Augustus
by Joshua J. Mark
published on 22 August 2010
Augustus Caesar (63 BCE – 14 CE) was the name of the first (and, by all accounts, greatest) emperor of Rome . Augustus was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus on 23 September 63 BCE. He was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, and then took the name Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BCE the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the illustrious one"), and he was then known as Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus. Owing to the many names the man went by in his life, it is common to call him Octavius when referring to events between 63 and 44 BCE, Octavian when referring to events between 44 and 27 BCE, and Augustus regarding events from 27 BCE to his death in 14 CE. It should be noted, however, that Octavian himself, between the years 44 and 27 BCE, never went by that name, choosing instead to align himself closely with his great uncle by carrying the same name (a decision which prompted Mark Antony ’s famous accusation, as recorded by Cicero ,“You, boy, owe everything to your name”).
Augustus & the Second Triumvirate
After Julius Caesar’s assassination in March of 44 BCE, Octavian allied himself with Caesar’s close friend and relative, Mark Antony . Together with another supporter of Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Antony and Octavian formed the Second Triumvirate in October of 43 BCE. Their first order of business seems to have been the systematic killing of any political rivals and supporters of Caesar’s assassins (though exactly which of the three was most responsible for the killings is disputed by ancient and modern writers alike with some claiming Octavian innocent and others ascribing to him the most bloodshed). Having cleansed Rome of the 'bad blood’ of their opposition, the Second Trimvirate then turned their attention to Caesar’s assassins. At the Battle of Phillipi in October 42 BCE, the forces of Brutus and Cassius were defeated by those of the Second Triumvirate forcing both assassins to kill themselves.
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The era of Augustus’ reign was a golden age in every respect.
Between 38 and 36 BCE, Octavian and Lepidus battled Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey Magnus, Julius Caesar’s great rival) for rule of Rome with Antony lending aid from Egypt .The Second Triumvirate was victorious over Pompeius, and Lepidus, glorying in the triumph and confident of his strength, insulted Octavian by ordering him to leave Sicily , the theatre of operations, with his troops. Octavian, however, offered Lepidus’s troops more money than Lepidus could pay and his army defected to Octavian. Lepidus was stripped of all his titles save Pontifex Maximus and the Second Triumvirate came to an end. During this time, however, relations between Octavian and Mark Antony began to deteriorate. In 40 BCE, in an effort to solidify their alliance, Octavian had given his sister, Octavia Minor, in marriage to Antony. Antony, though, had allied himself closely with Cleopatra VII of Egypt (the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of his son Caesarion) and, in fact, had become her lover. Octavian charged that Antony had mis-used his sister when Antony divorced Octavia in favor of Cleopatra in 33 BCE which prompted Antony to write Octavian, “What’s upset you? Because I go to bed with Cleopatra? But she’s my wife and I’ve been doing so for nine years, not just recently. Does it really matter where, or with what women, you get your excitement?”
To Octavian, Antony’s behavior in the east, both in private, politically and militarily, was intolerable. He forced the priestesses of the temple of Vesta in Rome to surrender Antony’s will and had it read in the Senate. The will gave away Roman territories to Antony’s sons and contained directions for a great mausoleum to be built in Alexandria for Antony and Cleopatra, among other stipulations which Octavian felt threatened the grandeur of Rome and branded Antony a renegade. Among the worst of Antony’s offenses was his declaration that Caesarion was the true heir of Julius Caesar, not Octavian. The Senate revoked Antony’s consulship and declared war on Cleopatra VII. At the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BCE Octavian’s forces, under the General Agrippa, defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra, scattered them (many had already defected to Octavian’s side before the battle) and pursued the survivors until 1 August 30 BCE when, after the loss of Alexandria, Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves. Octavian had Caesarion strangled (stating that “two Caesars are one too many”) and Antony’s eldest son executed as a possible threat to Rome.
Octavian was now the supreme ruler of Rome and all her territories but, in order to keep from making the same mistake his adoptive father had of seeming to covet power, Octavian was careful to characterize all of his political strategems as being for the good of the Republic of Rome. In January of 27 BCE, Octavian resigned his powers humbly only to receive them back from the grateful Senate who also bestowed upon him the title Augustus. Octavian was careful not to refer to himself by that title at any time in public, simply calling himself 'Princeps’, or, First Citizen. So carefully did Octavian play the political game in Rome that his claims to restoration of the Republic seemed in earnest, even when he gained supreme power, giving him absolute control over Rome and her colonies.
Augustus as Emperor
Popular already with the soldiers of his army, the title Augustus solidified his power in the provinces as Imperator, or commander-in-chief (from which the English word 'emperor’ is derived). The month of August was named in his honor. In the year 19 BCE, he was given Imperium Maius (supreme power) over every province in the Roman Empire and, from that time on, Augustus Caesar ruled supremely, the first emperor of Rome and the measure by which all later emperors would be judged. By 2 BCE Augustus was declared Pater Patriae, the father of his country.
The era of Augustus’ reign was a golden age in every respect. The peace which Augustus restored and kept (the Pax Romana ) caused the economy, the arts and agriculture to flourish. An ambitious building program was initiated in which Augustus completed the plans made by Julius Caesar and then continued on with his own grand designs. In his famous inscription Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) he claims to have restored or built 82 temples in one year. The famous public baths of Rome were constructed under Augustus by his second-in-command, Agrippa, and the poet Virgil composed his epic the Aeneid . Augustus took great personal concern in the arts and was a personal patron of many artists.
He passed many sweeping reforms as well as laws to maintain stability in marriage and to raise the birth rate in Rome, making adultery illegal, offering tax incentives to families with over three children and penalties for childless marriages. So strictly did Augustus himself adhere to his laws that he banished his own daughter, Julia, and his grand-daughter, for adultery.
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Whose most famous poem is 'The Tay Bridge Disaster' of 1879?
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The Tay Bridge Disaster - WIlliam McGonagall - Streenge
The Tay Bridge Disaster
Poem by William McGonagall
William McGonagall is widely held to be one of the worst poets ever. His most (in)famous work was inspired by the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879 when many people lost their lives following the collapse of the railway bridge outside Dundee. Here is poem in its full glory:
Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silv'ry Tay!
Alas! I am very sorry to say
That ninety lives have been taken away
On the last Sabbath day of 1879,
Which will be remember'd for a very long time.
'Twas about seven o'clock at night,
And the wind it blew with all its might,
And the rain came pouring down,
And the dark clouds seem'd to frown,
And the Demon of the air seem'd to say-
"I'll blow down the Bridge of Tay."
When the train left Edinburgh
The passengers' hearts were light and felt no sorrow,
But Boreas blew a terrific gale,
Which made their hearts for to quail,
And many of the passengers with fear did say-
"I hope God will send us safe across the Bridge of Tay."
But when the train came near to Wormit Bay,
Boreas he did loud and angry bray,
And shook the central girders of the Bridge of Tay
On the last Sabbath day of 1879,
Which will be remember'd for a very long time.
So the train sped on with all its might,
And Bonnie Dundee soon hove in sight,
And the passengers' hearts felt light,
Thinking they would enjoy themselves on the New Year,
With their friends at home they lov'd most dear,
And wish them all a happy New Year.
So the train mov'd slowly along the Bridge of Tay,
Until it was about midway,
Then the central girders with a crash gave way,
And down went the train and passengers into the Tay!
The Storm Fiend did loudly bray,
Because ninety lives had been taken away,
On the last Sabbath day of 1879,
Which will be remember'd for a very long time.
As soon as the catastrophe came to be known
The alarm from mouth to mouth was blown,
And the cry rang out all o'er the town,
Good Heavens! the Tay Bridge is blown down,
And a passenger train from Edinburgh,
Which fill'd all the peoples hearts with sorrow,
And made them for to turn pale,
Because none of the passengers were sav'd to tell the tale
How the disaster happen'd on the last Sabbath day of 1879,
Which will be remember'd for a very long time.
It must have been an awful sight,
To witness in the dusky moonlight,
While the Storm Fiend did laugh, and angry did bray,
Along the Railway Bridge of the Silv'ry Tay,
Oh! ill-fated Bridge of the Silv'ry Tay,
I must now conclude my lay
By telling the world fearlessly without the least dismay,
That your central girders would not have given way,
At least many sensible men do say,
Had they been supported on each side with buttresses,
At least many sensible men confesses,
For the stronger we our houses do build,
The less chance we have of being killed.
© 2008 - 2016 Trevor Mendham Contact
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William McGonagall
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Where in the human body is the Ethmoid bone?
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1879 – The Tay Bridge Disaster
News Illustration of the Search for Survivors
Designed by Sir Thomas Bouch, the Tay Railway Bridge was opened in 1878.
The single-track bridge was a box construction with numerous box-section legs, up to 230ft apart, supporting the steam trains up to 88ft in the air as they snaked for almost two miles over the Tay and Perth-bound shipping. Bouch had not designed his structure with the estuary winds considered in his calculations, nor had the contractor been supervised to prevent his use of badly manufactured material.
These points were discovered after the bridge’s central sections failed during the stormy night of 28 December 1879 while a train was crossing. The train, with seventy five passengers and crew, poured off the collapsing bridge into the icy river with all lives lost.
Bouch, who was held entirely responsible, could not take the strain either and died shortly after the inquiry. When travelling on the 1887 replacement bridge over the Tay, the bases of the original’s supporting legs can be seen along the eastern side, reaching out of the cold water, a disturbing sight on a stormy crossing.
William McGonagall remembers the night of the 28th well in his famous poem ‘Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay’.
Search Information
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i don't know
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'The Pied Piper of Hamlin' got rid of the rats by leading them into which river?
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Pied Piper of Hameln
The River Weser, deep and wide,
Washes its wall on the southern side;
A pleasanter spot you never spied;
But, when begins my ditty,
Almost five hundred years ago,
To see townsfolk suffer so
From vermin, was a pity.
Rats!
They fought the dogs, and killed the cats,
And bit the babies in the cradles,
And ate the cheeses out of the vats,
And licked the soup from the cook's own ladles,
Split open the kegs of salted sprats,
Made nests inside men's Sunday hats,
And even spoiled the women's chats,
By drowning their speaking
In fifty different sharps and flats.
At last the people in a body
To the Town Hall came flocking:
"'Tis clear," cried they, "our Mayor's a noddy;
And as for our Corporation -- shocking
To think we buy gowns lined with ermine
For dolts that can't or won't determine
What's best to rid us of our vermin!
You hope, because you're old and obese,
To find in the furry civic robe ease?
Rouse up, sirs! Give your brains a racking
To find the remedy we're lacking,
Or, sure as fate, we'll send you packing!"
At this the Mayor and Corporation
Quaked with a mighty consternation.
An hour they sate in council,
At length the Mayor broke silence:
"For a guilder I'd my ermine gown sell,
I wish I were a mile hence!
It's easy to bid one rack one's brain --
I'm sure my poor head aches again
I've scratched it so, and all in vain.
Oh for a trap, a trap, a trap!"
Just as he said this, what should hap
At the chamber-door but a gentle tap?
"Bless us," cried the Mayor, "What's that?"
(With the Corporation as he sat,
Looking little though wondrous fat;
Nor brighter was his eye, nor moister
Than a too-long-opened oyster,
Save when at noon his paunch grew mutinous
For a plate of turtle, green and glutinous.)
"Only a scraping of shoes on the mat?
Anything like the sound of a rat
Makes my heart go pit-a-pat!"
"Come in!" -- the Mayor cried, looking bigger:
And in did come the strangest figure!
His queer long coat from heel to head
Was half of yellow and half of red;
And he himself was tall and thin,
With sharp blue eyes, each like a pin,
And light loose hair, yet swarthy skin,
No tuft on cheek nor beard on chin,
But lips where smiles went out and in --
There was no guessing his kith and kin!
And nobody could enough admire
The tall man and his quaint attire.
Quoth one: "It's as my great-grandsire,
Starting up at the Trump of Doom's tone,
Had walked this way from his painted tombstone!"
He advanced to the council-table:
And, "Please your honors," said he, "I'm able,
By means of a secret charm, to draw
All creatures living beneath the sun,
That creep, or swim, or fly, or run,
After me so as you never saw!
And I chiefly use my charm
On creatures that do people harm,
The mole, and toad, and newt, and viper;
And people call me the Pied Piper."
(And here they noticed round his neck
A scarf of red and yellow stripe,
To match with his coat of selfsame cheque;
And at the scarf's end hung a pipe;
And his fingers, they noticed, were ever straying
As if impatient to be playing
Upon this pipe, as low it dangled
Over his vesture, so old-fangled.)
"Yet," said he "poor piper as I am,
In Tartary I freed the Cham,
Last June, from his huge swarms of gnats;
I eased in Asia the Nizam
Of a monstrous brood of vampire-bats:
And, as for what your brain bewilders,
If I can rid your town of rats
Will you give me a thousand guilders?"
"One? fifty thousand!" -- was the exclamation
Of the astonished Mayor and Corporation.
Into the street the Piper stept,
Smiling first a little smile,
As if he knew what magic slept
In his quiet pipe the while;
Then, like a musical adept,
To blow the pipe his lips he wrinkled,
And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled
Like a candle flame where salt is sprinkled;
And ere three shrill notes the pipe uttered,
You heard as if an army muttered;
And the muttering grew to a grumbling;
And the grumbling grew to a mighty rumbling;
And out of the houses the rats came tumbling:
Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats,
Brown rats, black rats, grey rats, tawny rats,
Grave old plodders, gay young friskers,
Fathers, mothers, uncles, cousins,
Cocking tails and pricking whiskers,
Families by tens and dozens,
Brothers, sisters, husbands, wives --
Followed the Piper for their lives.
From street to street he piped, advancing,
And step for step, they followed, dancing,
Until they came to the river Weser
Wherein all plunged and perished
-- Save one who, stout as Julius Caesar,
Swam across and lived to carry
(As he the manuscript he cherished)
To Rat-land home his commentary:
Which was, "At the first shrill notes of the pipe,
I heard a sound as of scraping tripe,
And putting apples, wondrous ripe,
Into a cider press's gripe:
And a moving away of pickle-tub-boards,
And a leaving ajar of conserve-cupboards,
And the drawing the corks of train-oil-flasks,
And a breaking the hoops of butter-casks;
And it seemed as if a voice
(Sweeter far than by harp or by psaltery
Is breathed) called out, Oh rats, rejoice!
The world is grown to one vast drysaltery!
So munch on, crunch on, take your nuncheon,
Breakfast, supper, dinner, luncheon!
And just as a bulky sugar-puncheon,
All ready staved, like a great sun shone
Glorious scarce an inch before me,
Just as methought it said, 'Come, bore me!'
-- I found the Weser rolling o'er me."
You should have heard the Hamelin people
Ringing the bells till they rocked the steeple.
"Go," cried the Mayor, "and get long poles!
Poke out the nests and block up the holes!
Consult with carpenters and builders,
And leave in our town not even a trace
Of the rats!" -- when suddenly up the face
Of the Piper perked in the market-place,
With a, "First, if you please, my thousand guilders!"
A thousand guilders! The Mayor looked blue;
So did the Corporation, too.
For council dinners made rare havoc
With Claret, Moselle, Vin-de-Grave, Hock;
And half the money would replenish
Their cellar's biggest butt with Rhenish.
To pay this sum to a wandering fellow
With a gypsy coat of red and yellow!
"Beside," quoth the Mayor, with a knowing wink,
"Our business was done at the river's brink;
We saw with our eyes the vermin sink,
And what's dead can't come to life, I think.
So, friend, we're not the folks to shrink
From the duty of giving you something for drink,
And a matter of money to put in your poke;
But, as for the guilders, what we spoke
Of them, as you very well know, was in joke.
Beside, our losses have made us thrifty:
A thousand guilders! Come, take fifty!"
The Piper's face fell, and he cried,
"No trifling! I can't wait, beside!
I've promised to visit, by dinner-time
Bagdat, and accept the prime
Of the Head Cook's pottage, all he's rich in,
For having left, in the Caliph's kitchen,
Of a nest of scorpions no survivor:
With him I proved no bargain-driver,
With you, don't think I'll bait a stiver!
And folks who put me in a passion
May find me pipe to another fashion."
"How?" cried the Mayor, "d'ye think I brook
Being worse treated than a cook?
Insulted by a lazy ribald
With idle pipe and vesture piebald?
You threaten us, fellow? Do your worst,
Blow your pipe there till you burst!"
Once more he stept into the street;
And to his lips again
Laid his long pipe of smooth straight cane;
And ere he blew three notes (such sweet
Soft notes as yet musician's cunning
Never gave the enraptured air)
There was a rustling, that seemed like a bustling
Of merry crowds justling at pitching and hustling,
Small feet were pattering, wooden shoes clattering,
Little hands clapping, and little tongues chattering,
And, like fowls in a farm-yard when barley is scattering,
Out came the children running.
All the little boys and girls,
With rosy cheeks and flaxen curls,
And sparkling eyes and teeth like pearls,
Tripping and skipping, ran merrily after
The wonderful music with shouting and laughter.
The Mayor was dumb, and the Council stood
As if they were changed into blocks of wood,
Unable to move a step, or cry
To the children merrily skipping by,
-- Could only follow with the eye
That joyous crowd at the Piper's back.
But how the Mayor was on the rack,
And the wretched Council's bosoms beat,
As the Piper turned from the High Street
To where the Weser rolled its waters
Right in the way of their sons and daughters!
However he turned from South to West,
And to Koppelberg Hill his steps addressed,
And after him the children pressed;
Great was the joy in every breast.
"He never can cross that mighty top!
He's forced to let the piping drop,
And we shall see our children stop!"
When, lo! as they reached the mountain-side,
A wondrous portal opened wide,
As if a cavern was suddenly hollowed;
And the Piper advanced and the children followed,
And when all were in to the very last,
The door in the mountain-side shut fast.
Did I say, all? No! One was lame,
And could not dance the whole of the way;
And in after years, if you would blame
His sadness, he was used to say, --
"It's dull in our town since my playmates left!
I can't forget that I'm bereft
Of all the pleasant sights they see,
Which the Piper also promised me;
For he led us, he said, to a joyous land,
Joining the town and just at hand,
Where waters gushed and fruit-trees grew,
And flowers put forth a fairer hue,
And everything was strange and new;
The sparrows were brighter than the peacocks here,
And their dogs outran our fallow deer,
And honey-bees had lost their stings,
And horses were born with eagles' wings;
And just as I became assured
My lame foot would be speedily cured,
The music stopped and I stood still,
And found myself outside the hill,
Left alone against my will,
To go now limping as before,
And never hear of that country more!"
Alas, alas for Hamelin!
There came into many a burgher's pate
A text which says, that heaven's Gate
Opes to the rich at as easy rate
As the needle's eye takes a camel in!
The Mayor sent East, West, North, and South
To offer the Piper by word of mouth,
Wherever it was men's lot to find him,
Silver and gold to his heart's content,
If he'd only return the way he went,
And bring the children behind him.
But when they saw 'twas a lost endeavor,
And Piper and dancers were gone forever,
They made a decree that lawyers never
Should think their records dated duly
If, after the day of the month and year,
These words did not as well appear,
"And so long after what happened here
On the Twenty-second of July,
Thirteen hundred and Seventy-six;"
And the better in memory to fix
The place of the children's last retreat,
They called it, the Pied Piper's Street --
Where any one playing on pipe or tabor
Was sure for the future to lose his labor.
Nor suffered they hostelry or tavern
To shock with mirth a street so solemn;
But opposite the place of the cavern
They wrote the story on a column,
And on the great church-window painted
The same, to make the world acquainted
How their children were stolen away,
And there it stands to this very day.
And I must not omit to say
That in Transylvania there's a tribe
Of alien people that ascribe
The outlandish ways and dress
On which their neighbors lay such stress,
To their fathers and mothers having risen
Out of some subterraneous prison
Into which they were trepanned
Long time ago in a mighty band
Out of Hamelin town in Brunswick land,
But how or why, they don't understand.
So, Willy, let you and me be wipers
Of scores out with all men -- especially pipers;
And, whether they pipe us free from rats or from mice,
If we've promised them aught, let us keep our promise.
Source: Robert Browning, The Pied Piper of Hamelin . Illustrated by Kate Greenaway (London and New York: Frederick Warne and Company, 1888). This poem was written in 1842.
Source: Joseph Jacobs, More English Fairy Tales (London: David Nutt, 1894), pp. 1-6 .
Jacobs entitles this story simply "The Pied Piper."
Jacobs' source: Abraham Elder, Tales and Legends of the Isle of Wight (London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Company, 1839), pp. 157-64 .
Notes on the place names mentioned in the tale:
Newtown (formerly called Franchville) is a small town on the Isle of Wight. The street names "Gold Street" and "Silver Street" are authentic.
The Solent is the sound separating the Isle of Wight from the main island of Britain.
John o' Groats is the northernmost point of mainland Scotland.
Land's End is southernmost and westernmost tip of Cornwall.
Source: Sheykh-Zada, "The Lady's Twenty-Eighth Story," The History of the Forty Vezirs; or, The Story of the Forty Morns and Eves , translated by E. J. W. Gibb (London: George Redway, 1886), pp. 300-302 .
Title provided and language cautiously modernized by D. L. Ashliman.
Aleppo (Arabic Halab) is the principal city of northern Syria.
Avicenna (Arabic Ibn Sina) was the most influential philosopher-scientist of medieval Islam. An ethnic Persion, he was born in the year 980 in Bukhara, Iran and died in 1037 in Hamadan. Contrary to the above legend, his biographers claim that he spent his entire life in eastern and central Iran.
The Pied Piper of Hamelin , an article from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A home page for the city of Hameln, Germany: Stadt Hameln .
A home page for city of Korneuburg, Austria: Korneuburg kulturell .
A home page for Newtown, Isle of Wight .
Der Rattenfänger von Korneuburg , an account, in German, of the man who freed the Austrian town of Korneuburg of rats. This text is part of Wolfgang Morscher's extensive collection of German-language legends Sagen.at .
Der Rattenfänger , a ballad by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. This ballad was set to music by Hugo Wolf in 1888.
Der Rattenfänger von Hameln , a ballad from the folksong collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn by Clemens Brentano and Achim von Arnim. This collection was published in three volumes between 1806 and 1808.
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Weser
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Sold in 2004 for $104.2 million, the most expensive painting ever sold by Sotherby's was Garcon a la Pipe. Who painted it?
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The Pied Piper Biography (Legendary Character)
Birthplace: Germany
Best known as: Flute-playing charmer of German folk tales
As described in an old German folktale, the Pied Piper is a mysterious wanderer who agrees to rid the town of Hamelin of a plague of rats. He enchants the rats by playing a magical flute and then leads them into the nearby river Weser, where they drown. But when the city fathers go back on their promise to pay him handsomely for his work, the piper exacts revenge by playing his flute for the town's children and leading them away into a mountain cavern, where they disappear forever. The tale seems to have grown out of a mysterious real-life event: the details have long since been forgotten, but an ancient plaque in the town of Hamelin says that on June 26, 1284, a piper in colorful clothing lured 130 children from the town. Various versions of the folk tale were gathered by the The Brothers Grimm in 1812, and the story was retold by Robert Browning in 1842 in his poem "The Pied Piper of Hamelin." In modern times, "Pied Piper" has come to mean any charismatic person who attracts an enthusiastic following.
Extra credit: In Germany, the city is known as Hameln and the Pied Piper is known as der Rattenfänger, or the Ratcatcher... "Pied" refers to the piper's multicolored clothing.
Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
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From which country does 'Monterey Jack' cheese come?
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Monterey Jack : Encyclopedia : Food Network
Monterey Jack
Categories: Monterey Jack
The origin of Jack cheese is most often attributed to David Jacks, a Monterey, Calif., businessman in the late 1800s. However, historical evidence shows that it actually was based on a recipe for queso del país ("country cheese"), brought to California by Franciscan monks in the 1700s. Nevertheless, we do know that David Jacks increased the popularity and demand for this cheese when he began shipping it to San Francisco and points beyond in the United States. The name Monterey Jack came about because production was initially centered in Monterey County, Calif. Eventually other areas named the cheese for their region, as with Sonoma Jack (Sonoma County, Calif.), and now this cheese is made in other parts of the United States. Jack can be made from raw or pasteurized cow's milk. It comes in several styles — semisoft, semihard, hard and grana. Jacks typically have a thin rind, though some are rindless. The interior can range from pale yellow to deep golden, depending on the age. While the flavor of young Jacks is delicate, mild and fresh, aged versions (called dry Jack) are full flavored, rich and almost sweet, with hints of fruit and caramel. Young Jack cheese is ripened only for a few weeks, whereas dry Jack is aged for seven to 10 months or longer. The high-moisture regular Jack cheese comes plain or with added flavorings such as chiles, garlic, herbs, horseradish, chili peppers and onion.
From The Food Lover's Companion, Fourth edition by Sharon Tyler Herbst and Ron Herbst. Copyright © 2007, 2001, 1995, 1990 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
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Sold in 2006 for $87.9 million, the most expensive painting ever sold by Christie's was Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II. Who painted it?
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No. 10 - "Adele Bloch-bauer II", Klimt - Modigliani's "Nu Couché" sells for $170.4 million - second most expensive painting ever sold at auction - Pictures - CBS News
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No. 1 - "Les Femmes d'Alger", Picasso
Pablo Picasso's "Les Femmes d'Alger (Version O)" became the most expensive art ever sold at auction for the staggering price of $179 million on May 11, 2015... topping a list of paintings by illustrious international artists.
The Christie's New York auctioneer Jussi Pylkkänen, who sold the painting, referred to the work as "the Mozart of 20th-century painting."
By CBSNews.com Senior Photo Editor Radhika Chalasani
Credit: via Christie's
No. 1 - "Les Femmes d'Alger", Picasso
Auctioneer Jussi Pylkkanen takes bids on Pablo Picasso's "Women of Algiers (Version O)," which sold for just over $179 million, setting a world record for art at auction during a sale at Christie's, New York, May 11, 2015.
Credit: Kathy Willens/AP
No. 1 - O'Keeffe - Priciest female artist
Georgia O'Keeffe's 1932 "Jimson Weed, White Flower No. 1," smashed records May 20, 2015 when it sold for $44.4 million to an anonymous buyer -- a price three times larger than the previous auction record for a female artist. Joan Mitchell held the title for highest-selling female artist for an untitled 1960 painting at $11.9 million.
O'Keefe's painting depicts one of the artist's favorite subjects: a magnified flower. O'Keeffe said, "When you take a flower in your hand and really look at it, it's your world for the moment. I want to give that world to someone else."
Credit: Sotheby's
No. 2 - “Nu Couché”
Amedeo Modigiani's "Nu Couché" sold for $170.4 million with fees November 9, 2015 at Christie's New York in just nine minutes.
Originally estimated at $100 million, it became the second most expensive painting sold at auction. The buyer from China placed the bid by phone.
Credit: via Christie's
No. 3 - "Three Studies of Lucian Freud"
Painted by Francis Bacon in 1969, the life-size triptych "Three Studies of Lucian Freud" depicts Bacon's friend Lucian Freud on a wooden chair. Bacon is one of the greatest modern artists of the mid-20th century.
The painting was part of the Christie's, New York sale of post-war and contemporary art auction on November 12, 2013, and was estimated at $85 million.
However, a bidding war between seven buyers ultimately pushed the sale price up to $142.4 million.
Credit: Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images
No. 4 - "The Scream", Edvard Munch
Norwegian artist Edvard Munch's 1895 pastel on board version of "The Scream" is one of the greatest expressionist masterpieces of all time. Until "Les Femmes d'Algers" made headlines, it was the most expensive painting ever sold at auction, going for $119.9 million at Sotheby's New York in 2012.
"The Scream" is also the most expensive pastel drawing. It's been described as an 'expression of personal suffering' because of the artist's tragic family history, which included a sister kept in an asylum, where screams could reportedly be heard outside.
Three other versions of the painting exist.
Credit: Carl Court/AFP/Getty Images
No. 4 - "The Scream", Edvard Much
Edvard Munch's 'The Scream' is auctioned at Sotheby's May 2012 Sales of Impressionist, Modern and Contemporary Art in New York City, May 2, 2012. The masterpiece is one of four versions created by Munch and the only one that is privately owned. The masterpiece sold for over $119 million.
Credit: Mario Tama/Getty Images
No. 5 - "Nude, Green Leaves and Bust"
Pablo Picasso's 1932 "Nude, Green Leaves and Bust", estimated at $70 million to 90 million prior to sale, sold for $106.5 million at Christie's in New York inMay 4, 2010.
The painting is known as the 'lost Picasso' since it hadn't been seen in public for 60 years. It had previously changed hands back in 1951 for a mere $18,000.
Credit: Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images
No. 6 - "Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)
The 1963 two panel "Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)" by Andy Warhol, sold for $105.4 million at Sotheby's New York in 2013. It is the last in a series of four pieces depicting a car crash. The left side is a set of 15 photos of a car accident. The right side is a large silver rectangle.
It surpassed Warhol's previous auction record for Pop Art ("Green Car Crash, 1963) by $30 million.
Here, the artwork is on display during a press preview of the auction of contemporary art, at Sotheby's in New York, November 1, 2013. The painting has only been seen once in public since 1987 and was sold to an unknown buyer.
Credit: Emmanuel Dunand/AFP/Getty Images
No. 7 - "Garcon a la Pipe", Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso's "Garcon a la Pipe" reached it's $104.2 million price tag in just seven minutes of bidding at Soethby's New York in 2004, a record price for a Picasso until it was surpassed by the sale of "Les Femmes D'Alger".
Here, two Sotheby's employees hold up "Garcon a la Pipe" May 5, 2004 during the auction.
The great master, Picasso has four paintings in the top 10 list which makes him perhaps one of the most valuable twentieth century painters of all time to date.
Credit: Stan Honda/AFP/Getty, AFP/Getty Images
No. 8 - "Nurse"
The 1964 pop art creation "Nurse" by American artist Roy Lichtenstein sold for $95.4 million at a Christie's New York, part of a curated sale The Artist's Muse on November 9, 2015. It was a record for the Pop artist.
The masterpiece, with the artist's signature Ben-Day dots, was painted at the height of Lichtenstein's career. The auction house described the subject as a "quintessential Lichtenstein heroine" borrowed from a comic romance novel of the early 1960s.
The comic book-style painting previously sold at auction for $1.7 million in 1995.
Credit: via Christie's
No. 9 - "Dora Maar with Cat",
"Dora Maar with Cat," one of the largest and most important portraits of Picasso's mistress and muse, was painted in 1941.
Estimated at $50 million, it sold for $95.2 million, making it the second most expensive painting sold by an auction house in the history of art. It hadn't been shown to the public for almost 40 years.
Credit: Bertrand Guay/AFP/Getty Images
No. 10 - "Adele Bloch-bauer II", Klimt
Gustav Klimt's "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II," painted in 1912, sold at auction in 2006 for $87.9 million. It is one of two well-known versions; the first version had a gold backdrop. Klimt is considered one of the best portrait artists of pre-war Europe.
Here, Christie's staff work the phones and take bids as an image of Gustav Klimt's "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II" is projected on the screen during the Christie's Impressionist and Modern Art Evening Sale in New York, November 8, 2006. The painting sold for $87,936,000.
Credit: Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images
No. 11 - "Orange, Red, Yellow", Rothko
Mark Rothko's "Orange, Red, Yellow" sold at a Christie's, New York auction in 2012 for $86.9 million, rendering it the most expensive abstract painting by a 20th century painter.
Credit: Cate Gillon/Getty Images
No. 12 - "Triptych", Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon's 1976 "Triptych" had a pre-sale estimate of $70 million, but ultimately sold for $86.3 million in 2008 at a Sotheby's New York Contemporary Art Sale.
The painting is considered one of Bacon's most complex and creative.
Credit: Cate Gillon/Getty Images
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Christie's Fine Art Auctioneers: Auction Records
Christie's: Fine Art Auctioneers
For details of the world's most
highly priced works of art, see:
Most Expensive Irish Paintings .
World's Largest Auction House
Christie's is the world's largest auctioneer with auction sales in excess of $5.9 billion (2013). The firm has 85 offices in 43 countries and 14 salerooms around the world including London, New York, Los Angeles, Geneva, Paris, Milan, Amsterdam, Dubai and Hong Kong. Recent expansion into emerging markets such as Russia, China, India and the United Arab Emirates, has led to successful sales and exhibitions in Beijing, Dubai, and Moscow.
Similar to Sotheby's , its smaller rival, the company offers art collectors access to its auctions through Christie's LIVE, its real-time global online bidding service. See also Art News Headlines .
Established in 1766, the firm organized the great auctions of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, and remains the leading global salesroom for beautiful products in many areas including fine art painting and sculpture , decorative arts, jewellery , photographs, French furniture , collectibles, rare books and illuminated manuscripts , and more. Through its hands have passed many of the world's greatest paintings - including some of the greatest modern paintings - and it holds the current record for the world's most expensive canvas sold at auction - Three Studies of Lucian Freud (1969) by Francis Bacon - which it sold in 2013 for a massive $142 million.
Green Car Crash (1963). This example
by Christie's New York in 2007,
for $71.7 million.
For more about the different types,
styles and values of contemporary art,
see: Irish Art Market .
History
Founded in London by James Christie the Elder (1730-1803), on 5 December 1766, the firm took advantage of the city's new found status as the major centre of the international art trade following the commercial weakness of Paris in the wake of the French Revolution of 1789, and rapidly established a reputation as the premier auction house in the British capital. James Christie, the friend of many artists (such as the portraitists Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds , and the furniture maker Thomas Chippendale), set up premises in Pall Mall which rapidly became a gathering place for art collectors, dealers and other leading lights in society. In addition, the venue hosted the annual exhibitions of The London Royal Academy of Arts for 13 years until 1779. After 1803, the firm was run by James Christie the Younger (1773-1831), an expert in ancient Greek sculpture and Greek pottery . In 1823, the firm relocated to it's present London headquarters at 8, King Street, St James's Square.
Later, after the death of James Christie the Younger, his two sons, James Stirling and George Henry, joined with William Manson and his brother Edward Manson to form, Christie, Manson and Woods. Since 1778, the firm has handled the sales of many historic collections, such as: the sale of Sir Horace Warpole's Art Collection to Catherine the Great of Russia (1778); the contents of Sir Joshua Reynold's studio (1794); Madame Du Barry's jewels (1795), the Stowe House Collection (1848); the Hamilton Palace sale of paintings (1882); and the Sir George Drummond Collection (1919); In 1973, the firm went public. In 1999, it was taken into private ownership by French industrialist François Pinault.
Most Valuable Single Art Auction
Christie's is currently the world's largest auction house by revenues, and excels in the field of both modern art and contemporary art . For instance, at its May 2014 Post-War and Contemporary Art auction in New York, Christie's achieved sales of $744.9 million - the world's highest ever total for a single art auction in history.
In addition it has been responsible for numerous prestigious sales: including, the sale of the Ford Collection of Impressionist Paintings (1980); the first sale of international art in Beijing, China (1995); the famous Archimedes Palimpsest (1998), and in addition has sold personal possessions belonging to a host of famous celebrities and artists such as Pablo Picasso, Van Gogh, Marilyn Monroe, and Diana Princess of Wales, to name but a few.
World Record Prices Set at Christie's Auctions
Les femmes d'Alger (1955) by Pablo Picasso was sold at Christie's in 2015 for $179m, making it the most valuable of all 20th century paintings sold at auction. Later in 2015, Modigliani's Reclining Nude ("Nu Couche") (1917-18) was sold at Christie's for $170.4m - the second highest price ever recorded.
Three Studies of Lucian Freud (1969) by Francis Bacon . Sold by Christie's New York, in November 2013, for $142 million - now the third most expensive work of contemporary art ever sold at auction. It is also the world's costliest example of portrait art .
Nude, Green Leaves and Bust (1932) by Pablo Picasso . Sold by Christie's New York, in 2010, for $106.5 million. The second highest ever price for a work of abstract art sold at auction.
Adele Bloch-bauer II (1912) by Gustav Klimt . Sold by Christie's New York, November 2006, for $87.9 million. The world record for a work by Klimt.
Orange, Red, Yellow (1961) by Mark Rothko . Sold at Christie's New York in 2012 for $86.9 million. Still the record for Rothko. The most expensive example of abstract expressionism sold at auction.
Black Fire I (1961) by Barnett Newman . Sold at Christie's New York in 2014 for $84.2 million. The highest ever price for a work by Newman.
Portrait of Dr. Gachet (1890) by Vincent Van Gogh . Sold by Christie's New York in 1990, for $82.5 million. Still the world record for a work by Van Gogh.
Three Studies for a Portrait of John Edwards (1984) by Francis Bacon. Sold at Christie's New York in 2014 for $80.8 million.
Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas by Claude Monet , was auctioned by Christie's New York for $80.4 million, still the world record for a work by Monet.
Green Car Crash (1963) by Andy Warhol . Sold by Christie's New York in 2007, for $71.7 million.
Portrait de l'Artiste Sans Barbe (1889), by Vincent Van Gogh. Sold for $71.5 million at Christie's New York, in 1998. The world's most expensive self-portrait sold at auction.
Femme aux Bras Croisés (1902), by Pablo Picasso. Sold for $55 million at Christie's New York, in 2000.
Price-fixing Controversy
In 2000, allegations surfaced of price-fixing between Christie's and its deadly rival Sotheby's. Following the confession and cooperation of a senior Christie's employee, the firm was granted immunity from prosecution in the United States. However, several senior executives from Sotheby's were fired, while both Alfred Taubman, the largest shareholder of Sotheby's at the time, and CEO Diana Brooks were convicted of conspiracy.
Auctions of Irish Art
Christie's has achieved numerous record-breaking sale-prices in London and Dublin for works of Irish art by Irish artists , including:
Three Studies for a Self Portrait, by Francis Bacon.
$34,457,475 (Christie's London, 30 June 2008)
Version No 2 of Lying Figure with Hypodermic Syringe, by Francis Bacon.
$19.31 million (Christie's auction, New York, November 2006)
Study from the Human Body, Man Turning on the Light, by Francis Bacon.
£8,084,500 (Christie's auction, London, October 14 2007)
Portrait of George Dyer Staring into a Mirror by Francis Bacon.
£4,936,000 (Christie's auction, London, June 23 2005)
The Whistle of a Jacket, by Jack B Yeats , was sold by Christie's London in May 2001, for £1.4 million.
The Bridge at Grez, by Sir John Lavery , was sold by Christie's London in December 1998, for £1.4 million.
Bowl, Eggs and Lemons, by William Scott . Sold at Christie's London, June 6 2008, for £1,071,650.
The Honeymoon, by Sir John Lavery. Sold at Christie's London, May 2006, £915,200.
Christie's Education
In addition to its auctioneering activities, the firm also maintains an important educational division, called Christie's Education, which runs accredited colleges in London and New York offering Masters and Undergraduated Degree courses in Early European Art (Antiquity, Middle Ages and Renaissance); Fine and Decorative Arts (15th Century to the mid-19th Century); Modern and Contemporary Art; Postmodernist Art ; and the History of the Art Market, to name but a few.
Christie's Images
Christie's Images is the firm's picture library, which owns a multi-million item archive of fine and decorative art images, consisting of items auctioned in its sales rooms around the world.
Art Loss Register
In association with Bonhams (the third largest auctioneer after Sotheby's and Christie's) as well as members of the insurance industry and various art industry associations, Christie's is a shareholder in the London-based organization Art Loss Register (ALR). Founded in 1991, the ALR is the worlds largest privately-owned international database of lost and stolen art, antiques and collectibles. It offers recovery and search services to private individuals, collectors, insurance companies and law enforcement agencies. Reportedly, the ALR has helped to recover over 1,000 works of art worth over $150 million.
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The treacherous architect 'Seth Pecksniff' appears in which Dickens novel?
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Seth Pecksniff | fictional character | Britannica.com
Seth Pecksniff
fictional character
THIS ARTICLE IS A STUB. You can learn more about this topic in the related articles below.
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Seth Pecksniff, fictional character, an unctuous English architect whose insincere behaviour made the name Pecksniff synonymous with hypocrisy. He appears in the novel Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–44) by Charles Dickens .
Learn More in these related articles:
Charles Dickens
February 7, 1812 Portsmouth, Hampshire, England June 9, 1870 Gad’s Hill, near Chatham, Kent English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian era. His many volumes include such works as A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Two Cities, Great...
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Date Published: December 01, 2015
URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Seth-Pecksniff
Access Date: January 17, 2017
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Martin Chuzzlewit
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The Problem with Christian Gentlemen: A Short Goodbye to Ted Cruz, the “Mr. Pecksniff” of Presidential Politics | Religion Dispatches
May 9, 2016
The Problem with Christian Gentlemen: A Short Goodbye to Ted Cruz, the “Mr. Pecksniff” of Presidential Politics
Credit where credit is due.
Ted Cruz has a way about him. A way that is sanctimonious, oleaginous, and false.
I have been reading and hearing that there is considerable mourning among the ranks of the good Christian soldiers of Iowa and elsewhere that Ted’s path was “foreclosed” ( his word , and an interesting choice) by the Trump juggernaut. These contemners of The Donald’s open sinning had staked their hopes on someone they took to be the very mirror and model of Christian virtue.
Personally, I always felt that Senator Cruz had a good whiff of Mr. Pecksniff about him— Seth Pecksniff being Dickens’ most perfectly realized poseur and hypocrite. Pecksniff’s machinations drive the plot of Martin Chuzzlewit, which Dickens himself considered to be his best novel (most critics demur).
This long picaresque work, serialized in 1843 and 1844, is savagely satirical as nothing else in the Dickens ouvre. Mr. Pecksniff is introduced early on as a fundamentally crooked person, rotten at the core, but rather interesting on that account. A supposed architect and teacher of architecture, Pecksniff is adept at flimflamming prospective students (and their parents) into paying exorbitant fees to board at his house and learn at his feet. If one of the students should actually have a gift for drafting, Pecksniff passes the work off as his own.
But his speech—oh, his sublime speech and gentle affect—is never less than sublimely Christ-like in the estimation of his many admirers. And this really is what gives the novel its satirical edge, as Pecksniff’s interlocutors don’t quite know what to do with this almost fantastical level of bullsh*t. Dickens clearly loathes his fictional creation but also appears at times to admire Pecksniff’s immense skill in self-justification and self-congratulation.
Dickens makes the most of Pecksniff by giving him a number of interior monologues, as here when Pecksniff is rationalizing his decision to pimp out his younger daughter at a rather cheap dowry price to a rich but grotesquely uncouth suitor:
All his life long he had been walking up and down the narrow ways and by-places, with a hook in one hand and a crook in the other, scraping all sorts of valuable odds and ends into his pouch. Now, there being a special Providence in the fall of a sparrow, it follows (so Mr. Pecksniff, and only such admirable men, would have reasoned), that there must also be a special Providence in the alighting of the stone, or stick, or other substance which is aimed at the sparrow. And Mr. Pecksniff’s hook, or crook, having invariably knocked the sparrow on the head and brought him down, that gentleman may have been led to consider himself as specially licensed to bag sparrows, and as being specially seized and possessed of all the birds he had got together. That many undertakings, national as well as individual—but especially the former—are held to be specially brought to a glorious and successful issue, which never could be so regarded on any other process of reasoning, must be clear to all men. Therefore the precedents would seem to show that Mr. Pecksniff had (as things go) good argument for what he had said, and might be permitted to say it, and did not say it presumptuously, vainly, or arrogantly, but in a spirit of high faith and great wisdom.
The naked opportunist who, at the same time, imagines himself to be in the service of the Lord. Almost always a white man. How many of this cast and type has the rest of humanity had to endure for the past few hundred years?
Senator Ted Cruz, like Mr. Seth Pecksniff, maintains the utmost horror toward sins of the flesh and the utmost contempt for fleshly sinners like Trump. Any hint of outward disloyalty or dishonesty likewise gives them the greatest alarm. But the very notion that there could be much more grievous sins of the spirit seems never to have occurred to either of them.
I don’t know or care whether Ted Cruz has cheated on his wife. My guess is that he has not. But the mistake he makes, and that his conservative Christian followers make, is to think that this kind of fidelity is somehow the gold standard of personal ethics, overlooking any problems related to higher-level double dealing and self-promotion.
I am not a Trump fan, obviously. He flunks anyone’s reasonable test on sins of the flesh AND sins of the spirit. But give me the fleshly sinner over the Pecksniffian moralist any day.
We can’t find it possible to say, “Goodbye, Ted: We hardly knew ye.” But we will most certainly find it possible to say, “Goodbye, Ted: We knew ye only too well.”
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Which e-commerce website was founded by Jeffrey Bezos in 1994?
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Jeff Bezos says he won't tolerate a 'callous' Amazon workplace - LA Times
Jeff Bezos says he won't tolerate a 'callous' Amazon workplace
Amazon Jeff Bezos
David Ryder / Getty Images
Jeff Bezos founded e-commerce website Amazon.com in 1994, and has pushed it to become the world's biggest retailer.
Jeff Bezos founded e-commerce website Amazon.com in 1994, and has pushed it to become the world's biggest retailer.
(David Ryder / Getty Images)
Daina Beth Solomon
Amazon Chief Executive Jeff Bezos rebutted a New York Times depiction of his company’s workplace as overly harsh and demanding, writing in a memo on Sunday : “The article doesn’t describe the Amazon I know.”
The piece, published Friday , described incidents of employees crying at their desks and being dismissed after having children. It painted a picture of a workaholic culture where bosses forced workers into conference calls on Thanksgiving and expected emails to be returned after midnight.
More than 100 current and former employees in positions that included engineering and leadership were interviewed for the story, according to the newspaper.
“The joke in the office was that when it came to work/life balance, work came first, life came second, and trying to find the balance came last,” Jason Merkoski, a former employee, told the New York Times.
What's it like to work at
Amazon ? Depends on who you ask.
In a report published Sunday in the New York Times , writers Jodi Kantor and David Streitfeld outline a work environment that's hostile and grueling. According to the report, employees at the online retailer are expected to compete with one...
What's it like to work at Amazon ? Depends on who you ask.
In a report published Sunday in the New York Times , writers Jodi Kantor and David Streitfeld outline a work environment that's hostile and grueling. According to the report, employees at the online retailer are expected to compete with one...
(Carolyn Kellogg)
But some people also said they were eager to meet the demands of a fast-paced environment in the name of innovation. “When you’re shooting for the moon, the nature of the work is really challenging,” said a top Amazon recruiter, Susan Harker.
In an email to his 18,000 employees, Bezos said he would never tolerate the “shockingly callous management practices” described in the New York Times and called on workers to report such incidents to human resources staff or email him directly.
“Our tolerance for any such lack of empathy needs to be zero,” Bezos said in the email, reprinted by the New York Times. “[The article] claims that our intentional approach is to create a soulless, dystopian workplace where no fun is had and no laughter heard. Again, I don’t recognize this Amazon and I very much hope you don’t, either. ”
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Amazon
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The notorious headmaster 'Thomas Gradgrind' appears in which Dickens novel?
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Top 10 Best Technology Companies in the World - List of Tech Companies
Top 10 Best Technology Companies in the World
Top 10 Best Technology Companies in the World
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With technology making vast strides, life has become all the more comfortable. There are thousands technology companies than across several continents which created employment opportunities with the demand of products form them. Their equipment is world renowned and respected for quality and their heavy price tags. In this list we check out ten biggies of the technology world who have carved a niche for themselves.
10. Amazon.com
At no. 10 on the list we have the famous Amazon.com. This company has made waves since it was founded in 1994 and has never looked back since. Based in Seattle, this e-commerce website was founded by Jeff Bezos who is also the current Chairman and CEO of the company. Amazon.com has near 70,00 employees under its roof and manages a neat 48.07 billion UD dollars every year. Needless to say, the company is a huge success and has a loyal customer base.
9. Cisco
Since its inception in 1984, Cisco Systems Inc. has managed to create a name for itself. One of the best companies that mainly deals with detailed design and production of networking equipment, Cisco has66,639 employees working for them. The HQ of the company is in San Jose, California. This company was the idea of two people of the names Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack. The annual turnover of Cisco Systems touches 46 billion US dollars easily.
8. Qualcomm
Qualcomm is a technology giant that mainly manufactures semi-conductor products used in wireless communication. The company was founded in the 1985 with its head quarters located in San Diego, California. Started by Andrew Viterbi and Irwin Jacobs, this company does a lot of business throughout the year – 19.2 million US dollars to be precise. Currently there are 21,200 employees under the Qualcomm banner.business of 19.12 million US dollars. In total there are 21,200 employees working for Qualcomm Incorporated.
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7. Samsung
Ranked at number 7, we have the Samsung Group; a company known for leading the rat race with its technology business all over the world. Based in Seoul, South Korea, Samsung is being lead by MR. Lee Kun Hee who is also their CEO. These giants of technology deal with several dozens of items and are without a doubt one of the very best. With the coming of this company in early 1938, the struggle has always been to get to the top. Samsung has over 369,000 employees working under them in all parts of the world. They do annual business of 247.5 billion US dollars without fail.
6. Intel
Intel Corp is no.6 on this list. Started by two people names Robert Noyce and Gordon Morre in 1968,Intel Corporation has been a world leader in manufacturing high quality semiconductor chips. Many Gen x computers are powered by the Intel Corporation. The head-quarters is located in Santa Clara, United States. The company is headed by their chairman, Andy Bryant. As of now, the work force of Intel has over 100,000 employees and still continues to go strong. Each year, this company manages to do an astounding 54 billion US dollars business.
5. Oracle
The Oracle Corporation which spear heads the hardware making aspects as well the software development aspects for computers is ranked number 5 on our list. Primarily with its focus on database management systems, this company has made a lot of progress since it came into being in 1977. The company was founded by Ed Oates, Larry Ellison and Bob Miner. Oracle is based in California and does a healthy business of 37.1 billion US dollars which is quite frankly a lot more than healthy. Currently the chairman , Jeff Henley heads the company’s workforce of 115,116 employees all over the globe.
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4. Google
A leader in all respects of technology, Google Inc. – a trooper in the internet world, sits pretty high up on our list. Initially what was a small start up under two friends; Larry Page and Sergey Bin; who were students in Stanford University at the time has become a force to reckon with. Located in California, the company manages a revenue of 37.905 billion dollars every year. More than 50,000 employees work constantly to keep the company going and attain more success. A global leader indeed!
3. Microsoft
Microsoft Corp. is next on our list; founded by Bill gates in 1975 and his close friend Paul Allen this company took the world by storm with its innovative developments in the software domain. All major software used near and far come up under this banner .Microsoft Corporation under Bill Gates has touched the skies and continues to ride a wave of success The company generates an annual revenue of 73,72 billion US dollars mainly through Google Ad Sense. With its headquarters in Washington, the working employees under Bill Gates are roughly about 95,000 and that number is still steadily increasing by the day.
2. IBM
The International Business Machines Corporation better known as IBM is one tech corp. which deserves a place in our list. IBM was initiated under Charles Ranlet in 1911 in New York. As of today, this company is the pioneer producer of hardware for computers and soft wares as well. It has even stepped into the consulting business too. Mr. Ginni Rometty currently presides over the company whose annual turnover is a staggering 106.91 billion UD dollars. Over 433.362 employees sweat it out from dawn till dusk to keep the company going.
How to Write a Solid Business Plan
1. Apple
A company that we all adore and look up to named Apple Inc. takes up the number one spot on our list. This giant of giants is without a doubt the best technology company in the world. Dealing with production of computer and other electronic items this company is the world leader for the last two decades. The company was founded initially by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976 as Apple Computers and was later renamed to Apple Inc. It main office is situated in California, USA. With more than72,800 employees working the company each year it makes business worth 156.508 billion US dollars.
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In which Italian city does the Serie A football team Atalanta play its home games?
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Atalanta vs. AS Roma - Football Match Report - April 17, 2016 - ESPN
comment
Struggling Atalanta dealt a blow to Roma's hopes of overhauling second-placed Napoli in Serie A by earning a thrilling 3-3 draw in Bergamo.
The visitors went into the game knowing they could close to within three points of their rivals after Napoli went down 2-0 at Inter Milan on Saturday.
But in the end Roma were indebted to veteran Francesco Totti, who came off the bench to rescue a point five minutes from time.
The hosts had also gone into the game with plenty to play for after last weekend's loss at Torino left them far from mathematically certain of safety.
But Roma seized control from the word go and look set to cruise to victory after Lucas Digne's 23rd-minute opener was followed four minutes later by a second from Radja Nainggolan.
But Atlanta launched a stunning response, Marco D'Alessandro bundling home their first in the 33rd minute then Marco Borriello ensuring they were level before half-time.
Boriello fired his second into the bottom corner five minutes into the second half to give Atlanta a shock lead, and missed a glorious chance to complete his hat-trick.
Edin Dzeko remained Roma's biggest danger man and came close to threatening Atlanta goalkeeper Marco Sportiello as the game moved towards its conclusion.
But in the end it fell to Totti, a 78th-minute replacement for Daniele De Rossi, to steer the ball home and salvage a point which kept the third-spotted Giallorossi in the hunt for an automatic Champions League berth, albeit five points behind Napoli with five games left.
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Bergamo
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The 'Adi Granth Sahib' is a sacred text of which religion?
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Atalanta vs. AS Roma - Football Match Report - April 17, 2016 - ESPN
comment
Struggling Atalanta dealt a blow to Roma's hopes of overhauling second-placed Napoli in Serie A by earning a thrilling 3-3 draw in Bergamo.
The visitors went into the game knowing they could close to within three points of their rivals after Napoli went down 2-0 at Inter Milan on Saturday.
But in the end Roma were indebted to veteran Francesco Totti, who came off the bench to rescue a point five minutes from time.
The hosts had also gone into the game with plenty to play for after last weekend's loss at Torino left them far from mathematically certain of safety.
But Roma seized control from the word go and look set to cruise to victory after Lucas Digne's 23rd-minute opener was followed four minutes later by a second from Radja Nainggolan.
But Atlanta launched a stunning response, Marco D'Alessandro bundling home their first in the 33rd minute then Marco Borriello ensuring they were level before half-time.
Boriello fired his second into the bottom corner five minutes into the second half to give Atlanta a shock lead, and missed a glorious chance to complete his hat-trick.
Edin Dzeko remained Roma's biggest danger man and came close to threatening Atlanta goalkeeper Marco Sportiello as the game moved towards its conclusion.
But in the end it fell to Totti, a 78th-minute replacement for Daniele De Rossi, to steer the ball home and salvage a point which kept the third-spotted Giallorossi in the hunt for an automatic Champions League berth, albeit five points behind Napoli with five games left.
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i don't know
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Who is the current monarch of Belgium?
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King Philippe of Belgium joins wife Mathilde and their four children on royal balcony after his father abdicates | Daily Mail Online
Video of attorney hypnotizing clients for sexual pleasure
New era: Prince Philippe arrives at the packed church St Gudule with wife Mathilde this morning for a service held to commemorate his corronation
Embrace: The former monarch King Albert embraces his son warmly at the church. King Philippe has taken over after his father decided to step aside on health grounds
Emotional: Queen Paola, left, wipes away a tear at the cathedral as she sits next to her husband and the newly crowned King Philippe (right)
Dignitaries: The cathedral was packed with Belgium officials, but no foreign royalty were present due to the fact King Albert only announced his abdication three weeks ago
Packed: The cathedral was full to bursting with dignitaries and royal family for the momentous occasion
Grand: The new monarch King Philippe of Belgium and his wife Queen Mathilde posed on the steps of the impressive Cathedral of St Michael and Saint Gudula
Head of State: The new King Philippe waves to the crowd alongside his wife Queen Mathilde on this historic day for the people of Belgium
Earlier both Albert and Philippe mingled with the crowds under a royal blue sky following a Catholic ceremony at the Cathedral of St Michael and Saint Gudula that set off the festivities.
King Albert announced his abdication plans less than three weeks ago, so there was little time to turn the occasion into a huge international event.
No foreign royals were at the ceremony. Since the royal transition coincides with Belgium's national day celebrations, a military parade had already been planned.
New Queen: King Philippe will supported throughout his reign by his glamorous wife Mathilde. Right, Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo attended the ceremony
Glamorous: The new Queen Mathilde looked stunning in a cream dress and stylish hat as she waved to the crowd when leaving the cathedral
Ceremonial: The new King Philippe is expected to avoid the thorny issue of Belgium politics, as his father before him has managed to do successfully throughout his reign
Farewell: King Albert II waves goodbye to his people from his royal car
Royalty: Princess Astrid of Belgium is seen in front of the Cathedral of St Michael and Saint Gudula prior to the Abdication Of King Albert
Royal couple Princess Claire of Belgium and Prince Laurent arrive for the traditional Te Deum Mass at the Cathedral of St Michael and Saint Gudula on the occasion of Belgium's National Day in Brussels
Mass: Princess Claire of Belgium arrives for the traditional Te Deum Mass at the Cathedral of St Michael and Saint Gudula. Right, Queen Paola
Wellwishers: Crowds of people gather at Place du Jeu de Balle to pay tribute to popular King Albert, who has reigned for 20 years. Those at the back were able to watch on big screens
Colour: The scene around the abdication was awash with red, yellow and black, the colours of the Belgium flag
Packed: The public gathered in the streets of Brussels in droves to catch a glimpse of their popular royal family
Philippe will face a tough task in the coming months. The fractious nation, divided by language, holds parliamentary elections in June 2014 amid calls for even more autonomy for the language groups.
After the last elections in 2010, it took a record 541 days before a government could be formed amid bickering about how much more power should be sapped from the central state to profit the separate language groups.
Unlike his five predecessors, King Albert tried to avoid politics as much as possible and his successor is expected to do the same.
Ball: King Albert and Queen Paola of Belgium greet crowds during the National Ball in Brussels last night on the eve of the National Day celebrations
Historic moment: King Albert of Belgium (left) abdicated earlier today following a 20-year reign and has passed the crown to his son Philippe (right)
Prince Philippe has been groomed for the job as a leader of foreign trade delegations over the past two decades.
'He is a very wise person, a person who is very well prepared,' said EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, who attended the ceremony.
'He knows the politics of Belgium and Europe very well.'
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Albert II
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Who is the current monarch of Norway?
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Divided Belgium has a new King Philippe - Telegraph
Belgium
Divided Belgium has a new King Philippe
Belgium has a new King Philippe after his father Albert II abdicated following an emotional exhortation for his countrymen to "work tirelessly" to hold their divided country together.
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It was a swearing in rather than a coronation, but as cannon roared in a 101-gun salute on Sunday Belgians celebrated the moment one king abdicated and another began his reign as the seventh monarch in their country’s 180-year history.
During an emotional ceremony in the Royal Palace, King Albert II, 79, signed a formal act of abdication before his son, aged 53, was sworn in as King Philippe in all three of the divided country’s federal languages of Dutch, French and German.
Dressed in full military uniform the new king pledged: “I swear to abide by the constitution and laws of the Belgian people, to maintain national independence and the integrity of the land.”
As crowds of well wishers gathered outside in bright sunshine to celebrate their new head of state, King Philippe continued: “I begin my reign with the desire to put myself at the service of all Belgians. I will work for it in perfect agreement with the government and in accordance with the constitution.
“The wealth of our country and our institutional system lies particularly in the fact that our diversity is strength. Whenever we find a balance between unity and diversity, the strength of Belgium is precisely to give meaning to our diversity.”
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Belgian king announces abdication
04 Jul 2013
King Philippe of Belgium kisses the hand of Queen Mathilde on the balcony of the Royal Palace in Brussels (Yves Herman/Reuters)
The outgoing king, who was just three weeks from his 20th anniversary on the throne, stepped aside after five difficult years in which deep divisions between squabbling Flemish and Walloon political parties repeatedly pushed the country to the brink of break-up. At one point he was forced to play mediator between feuding politicians from the two communities for the 541 days it took for them to form a government - a world record though of dubious distinction - after the 2011 election.
He has also faced royal scandals that have damaged the standing of the monarchy, including a current court case brought by an aristocratic artist who claims to be his illegitimate daughter.
He concluded his own reign with a exhortation to Belgians to “work tirelessly” to hold their divided country together.
“You’ll be even more peacemakers, you’ll better defend the well-being of all, and our country will remain an inspiration for a Europe seeking unity in diversity,” he said, his voice trembling.
After thanking mainstream politicians who held Belgium together after Flemish nationalists became the country’s biggest party in elections in 2010, Albert paid an emotional tribute to his wife. “Queen Paola, who constantly supported me in my work during these 20 years, I just want to say thank you and a big kiss,” he said.
He also paid tribute to the new king, and to his daughter-in-law, now Queen Mathilde. “Philippe, you have all the qualities of heart and mind to serve our country. We have full confidence in you and your dear Mathilde. Your mother and I share the ardent wish of success in this task that you are well prepared for.”
The new king's investiture was held on Belgium's national day, marking of the crowning of the first Belgian king, Leopold I, in 1831.
King Philippe is a trained fighter pilot and parachutist with degrees from Trinity College, Oxford and Stanford University. But he has been criticised for his awkward manner and his Dutch - Belgium’s majority language - is said to be wooden. As a result many Belgians believe his family will hold the key to a successful reign.
Mathilde, a Flemish aristocrat with four children, is the first Belgian-born queen in the country’s history and is widely popular. Their daughter Princess Elisabeth, 11, will be the next in line to the throne due to a recent change to the country’s laws of succession which allows a first-born female to rule in her own right.
"Dear Mathilde, for many years you have invested all your heart in many activities," said the new king. "You have an innate sense for human contact. With our dear children, we confidently begin this new chapter in our lives and our country," said the new king.
Belgium is now only country in the world with three queens - Queen Mathilde, Queen Paola, who will retain her title, and Queen Fabiola, the elderly widow of King Baudouin, who preceded his nephew King Albert II.
In an appeal ahead of elections next year that are expected to bring big gains for republican Flemish separatists, the new king highlighted new federal reforms giving greater regional autonomy to Flanders in an appeal for national unity.
"The new reform of the state makes a significant transfer of powers to the federated entities. This makes decisions closer to citizens. This will better meet the challenges of the future. The strength of Belgium also lies in its federated entities," he said.
"Together let us give our country a new burst of enthusiasm. Long live Belgium."
The former king is the first Belgian monarch to voluntarily relinquish his throne. His father Leopold III, was forced to abdicate in favour of Baudouin, in the aftermath of the Second World War, after controversially remaining as Belgian king under Nazi occupation.
An indication of the challenge faced by King Philippe is the contrast between the many houses in French-speaking Wallonia and bourgeois Brussels draped in the national colours of black, yellow and red to celebrate yesterday’s events, and Flemish cities which have shown near indifference.
Bart De Wever, the mayor of Antwerp and the leader of the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), the separatist and republican party that became the country’s largest in 2010, boycotted the royal ceremonies although his party sent a delgation of MPs.
"We are full-blooded democrats and the purest form of democracy is the republic," said Jan Jambon, the N-VA's parliamentary leader.
Signalling trouble ahead for the new king, Mr De Wever has demanded reforms to stop Philippe playing the same role as Albert, who wielded his considerable royal powers to deny the holding of new elections in 2011 and to broker the current Socialist-led coalition government.
"There is no democratic control of the political function of the king. Because let's be honest, the king continues to play a political role," Mr De Wever wrote in an open letter to Philippe in May.
"The idea that we need a fundamentally undemocratic institution such as the monarch to ensure political stability in this country, which I doubt, tells you more about this country than about the monarchy."
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i don't know
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The 'Rid Vega' and 'Sama Veda' are sacred texts of which religion?
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Vedas : Interfaith
COMPARATIVE STUDIES
Vedas
The Vedas are the oldest texts of Hindu literature, stemming from an oral tradition believed to go back to at least 1500 BC. First written down in Vedic, an early form of Sanskrit, around 600 BC, the forms we have originate from texts written around 300 BC.
There were originally three Vedas: the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Yajur Veda, which constitued “threefold knowledge” (trayi vidya), with the fourth Veda, the Atharva Veda, added at during the Vedic period.
Legend has it that the Vedas were actually composed at the beginning of Creation, but that this “Divine Revelation” was gradually polluted by Man. Some people even suggest that all human knowledge is present in the Vedas, at least in symbolic form. Regardless, the Vedas remain the most sacred of Hindu texts, and provide the foundation for Hindu religion.
It has been actually suggested that the Vedas were originally connected to the oral tradition of the Harappan civilisation of the Indus Valley, but were completed in majority by the war-like Arayan peoples who migrated from the Iranian plateau into India and conquered. (Please note that the Arayans of Iran have nothing to do with the notion of a Caucasian “master race”.)
The theology of the Vedas was further developed in the Upanishads, which became regarded as essential summaries of all the wisdom of the Vedas themselves.
Please do note that some of the following webpages are quite large.
Rig Veda
The Rig Veda, or “Divine Hymns”, is the oldest and most important of the Vedas. Over a thousand hymns are set into ten mandalas, or circles, of which it is believed the second through the seventh are the oldest and the tenth is the most recent. The general themes of this work are the praising of the gods, and requests for worldly benefits such as wealth, health, longevity, protection, and victory. Indra and Agni feature as particular favourites in the hymns, but 31 other gods are also mentioned.
The Vedas are the oldest texts of Hindu literature, stemming from an oral tradition believed to go back to at least 1500 BC. First written down in Vedic, an early form of Sanskrit, around 600 BC, the forms we have originate from texts written around 300 BC.
There were originally three Vedas: theRig Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Yajur Veda, which constitued “threefold knowledge” (trayi vidya), with the fourth Veda, the Atharva Veda, added at during the Vedic period.
Legend has it that the Vedas were actually composed at the beginning of Creation, but that this “Divine Revelation” was gradually polluted by Man. Some people even suggest that all human knowledge is present in the Vedas, at least in symbolic form. Regardless, the Vedas remain the most sacred of Hindu texts, and provide the foundation for Hindu religion.
It has been actually suggested that the Vedas were originally connected to the oral tradition of the Harappan civilisation of the Indus Valley, but were completed in majority by the war-like Arayan peoples who migrated from the Iranian plateau into India and conquered. (Please note that the Arayans of Iran have nothing to do with the notion of a Caucasian “master race”.)
The theology of the Vedas was further developed in the Upanishads, which became regarded as essential summaries of all the wisdom of the Vedas themselves.
Please do note that some of the following webpages are quite large.
Rig Veda
TheRig Veda, or “Divine Hymns”, is the oldest and most important of the Vedas. Over a thousand hymns are set into ten mandalas, or circles, of which it is believed the second through the seventh are the oldest and the tenth is the most recent. The general themes of this work are the praising of the gods, and requests for worldly benefits such as wealth, health, longevity, protection, and victory. Indra and Agni feature as particular favourites in the hymns, but 31 other gods are also mentioned.
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Hinduism
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In which country are the headquarters of the supermarket chain 'Netto'?
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Hinduism - The Vedas
Hinduism
Pantheon
Hinduism - The Vedas
The Veda are the most sacred scriptures of Hinduism. They constitute its most foundational work, which every Hindu tradition and sect claims as its source. They also embody the most ancient ritual and spiritual traditions of the world. Hidden within them are a number of secrets which are yet to be fully deciphered and understood. The Vedas are not manmade. They are revelatory scriptures, which exist eternally in the highest world of Brahman. They are considered an aspect of Brahman only. The Vedas are exhaustive scriptures that have not been modified or edited since they were revealed and chanted thousands of years ago. Their sanctity and purity have been ensured by many a lineage of Brahmana families and teacher traditions. According to Hindu beliefs, the Vedas suggest a ritual model used by God to create the worlds and beings. Since the Vedas are necessary to continue and preserve the order and regularity of the worlds, in the beginning of creation, He reveals them to gods and humans for the welfare of the worlds. At the end of creation, He withdraws them again. Some people say that all human knowledge, known and yet to be known, is hidden in the Vedas in symbolic form, including all scientific discoveries and inventions. It is true that the Vedas are not mere books of magical chants. They are loaded with spiritual knowledge, which reveals itself to the degree we are spiritually advanced. Since the Vedas carry a great significance in our study and understanding of Hinduism, we have assembled in this section comprehensive information about the Vedas, Vedic beliefs, practices, gods and goddesses, history and philosophy. To understand the significance of the Vedas you may go through the translations of the four Vedas, or read the hundreds of articles on the subject which are available through the links in this section.
Rig Veda
The Rigveda is the oldest and most important of the Vedas and richly contributed to other Vedas. Its hymns are called Riks. The Rigveda is also an important source of Vedic history and contains many important hymns, such as the Purusha Sukta, and Creation Hymns. This is a complete English translation of the Rigveda.
Sama Veda
The Samaveda is the second most important Veda in the Vedic triad and carries a great significance in ritual singing because of their musical and lyrical quality. Its hymns are known as Samans, sung by the Udgatris in specific meters. This is a complete translation of the Samaveda
Yajur Veda Black , White
The Yajurveda is called the book of forumulas. We have two separate English translations of the Yajurveda. Both are useful for academic study. One is the translation of the White (Sukla) Yajurveda presented in two parts covering 40 books, and the other the Black (Krishna) Yajurveda covering seven khandas.
Atharva Veda
The Atharvaveda is the most recent of the Veda qauartet. For a long time it was not even considered a Veda. It contains moslty magical rituals to cast charms, spells, seek protection against death and disease, attract lovers, or to cause or prevent harm. This is a complete English translation of the Atharvaveda.
Veda Essays
The Vedas are difficult to understand since they contain a lot of symbolism and archaic expressions. These essays may help you increase your knowledge of the Vedas, Vedic philosophy, beliefs and practices, Vedic rituals and sacrifices, mantras, Vedic gods and goddesses, symbolism,and related subjects .
Upanishads
The Upanishads are the end part of the Vedas. They contain gems of spiritual wisdom and constitue the heart of Hindu philosophical enquiry and exploration of existential truths. You will find here original translations of all the major and minor Upanishads and essays.
Brahman
If Atman is the lord of the body, Brahman is the Lord of the universe. He is the eternal, indestructible, all pervading, Supreme Self, and synonymous with the Vedas themselves. The Vedans contain the hidden power of Brahman in sound form as the indestructible knowledge (akshara). We have included here the most comprehensive information on Brahman.
Atman
Atman means the breathing one, the individual soul. According to Vedic beliefs it is without form and without attributes, and usually referred as the Self. Atman is the deity in your body extolled in classical yoga as Isvara, the Lord. We have included here a list of informative and transformative essays on the meaning and significance of Atman in human life.
Vedanta
Vedanta means the end of the Vedas, which is a reference to the Upanishads and the knowledge they contain. Vedanta deals with such existential truths as the source of existence, the nature and process of creation, the nature of reality, mortality, delusion, bondage, and liberation of souls from Samsara. We have included here essays on Vedanta and different schools of interpretation.
Bhagavadgita
Bhagavadgita means song of God or song for the servants of God. It is the simplified, condensed and summarized version of the Vedas themselves presented in a conversational or dialogue form for easy understanding and practice. This secion leads to a comprehensive selection of translations and writings on the principles, practice, and essential philosophy of the Bhagavadgita.
Vedic Pantheon
Not many people know that in the Vedic cosmology all beings have limitations so that no class of beings become supremely powerful and upset the balance of creation. Gods depends upon humans for food and humans depend upon gods for their peace and prosperity. From this essay, you will know the full breadth and depth of Vedic pantheon and the significance of various Vedic deities. Untitled 3.
History
The Vedic people kept their knowledge secret and maintained no historical records. The tradition continued in India for over 4000 years. As a result, it is difficult to construct Indian history and understand the historical processes that shaped Hinduism and how and why Vedic religion lost its significance. These essays provide a limited, but clear perspective on the histoyr of Hinduism.
Code of Conduct
One of the distinguishing features of Vedic civilization was the smriti literature, especially the body of knowledge contained in the law books or books of duties, known as Dharmashastras. You will find here translations of many law books and a comparative analysis of the knowledge in them. .
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i don't know
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In Egyptian mythology, 'Sobek' was the personification of which animal?
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Animals in Ancient Egypt - Society for the Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt
Animals in Ancient Egypt
The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Wilkinson, Richard H. 2003
Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, A Hart, George 1986
Egyptian Religion, Morenz, Siegfried 1973 Cornell University Press
Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt Armour, Robert A. 1986 American University in Cairo Press
The Gods of the Egyptians (Studies in Egyptian Mythology), Budge, E. A. Wallis 1969
Animals in Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian religion was not based on a set of theological principles, but rather the gods were connected to nature and the elements (earth, air, fire and water), or to animals. The ancient Egyptians believed in the infinite powers of the universe, and respected and worshiped each element that comprised it; they believed that the divine existed in everything.
Respect and veneration for animals was fundamental in all their traditions. They were given important status throughout the ancient Egyptians� life and afterlife. Therefore, any appearance of the animal in their lives is in itself of religious importance, and often the worship of the animals was very direct, to the point where pets were found mummified and buried with their owners.
The ancient Egyptians were very sensitive to the characteristics of the animals: Anubis, who was a jackal (dog) weighed the heart of the dead for Osiris; any dog owner today will tell you that dogs can see the true heart and intent of a person. Bastet, who was a cat, was an important and infinite source of power throughout the ancient Egyptian religion: she was seen as the protector of home and hearth, and the goddess of fertility � the ancient Egyptians saw that cats were tender and protective of their young.
The gods (almost 80) were represented as humans, animals or a combination of human and animal form. The ancient Egyptians also believed that many of their gods and goddesses were reincarnated on earth as animals, and honored these animals in and around Ancient Egyptian temples, through daily rituals and annual festivals. They offered them food, drink and clothing. In temples, the high priests would watch over the statues being washed, perfumed and dressed in clothes and jewelry three times a day.
Gods: Sokar
Attributes: royal, overseer
The head probably graced the prow of a ceremonial boat that stood in a temple sanctuary.
Boats decorated with antelope heads were sacred to the god Sokar, who was the overseer of the desert and the royal cemeteries near Memphis, Egypt's capital in the north.
Baboon
Gods: Thoth, the god of writing and recording; Khonsu - youthful moon-god; Hapy, the son of Horus was depicted with the head of a baboon.
Attributes: Eloquence, strength, fairness, responsibility.
Among other things, Thoth was responsible for the lunar-based calendar, and was sometimes depicted with the head of a baboon on the scales of judgment Hapy was responsible for the canopic jar that held the lungs.
Bull
Gods: Ptah, Osiris
Attributes: Power, masculinity, fertility, regeneration
The bull was one of the most important animal gods in ancient Egypt. When an Apis bull died, it was embalmed and buried in great honor. From 1390 B.C. onwards, the Apis bull burial grounds were a huge and growing underground system of chambers called the Seapeum. The mothers of Apis bulls had their own cult and burial places.
Cat
Gods: Bastet
Attributes: Protector, defender, fertility, offspring, childbirth.
Cats were thought to have some of the most important divine powers. They were also seen as tender and protective of their offspring, and expectant mothers would wear amulets of Bastet with kittens.
Cow
Gods: Hathor, Isis, Nut, Mehet-Weret, Bat
Attributes: Female fertility
These goddesses were often represented with cow horns or cow ears. The cow symbolized the pharaoh�s mother (as bulls represented the pharaoh).
Cobra
Gods: Wadjet
Attributes: Justice, fertility, protection, royalty
Snakes in general were symbols of resurrection, and a giant snake called Methen guarded the sacred boat of Re as he sailed through the Underworld.
Crocodile
Gods: Ammut; Sobek; Taweret
Attributes: Justice, power, respect
Ammut, the female demon in the judgement hall, had the head of a crocodile. She was known to devour the dead, and punished sinners by eating their hearts.
Sobek was portrayed as a human with the head of a crocodile, or as the crocodile itself. The temples of Sobek usually had sacred lakes where crocodiles were fed and cared for.
Taweret, the hippo goddess of childbirth, was thought to have the back and tail of a crocodile, or was shown with a crocodile perched on her back.
Falcon
Horus was often depicted with the head of a falcon.
There was often a falcon with outstretched wings hovering over the head of the pharaoh.
Montu God of war also held the falcon as sacred.
Socar was the god of the Memphite cemetry.
Frog
Gods: Heget; The four male primeval gods of the Ogdoad � Nun (water), Amen (invisibility), Heh (infinity), Kek (darkness)
Attributes: fertility, resurrection, childbirth
Because the Egyptians saw that there were many frogs, all from the Nile, they associated the frog with fertility and resurrection
Goose
Gods: Geb; Isis (his daughter); Amon
Attributes: Strength
It was believed that Geb laid the egg from which the sun was hatched. His laugh was also known to create earthquakes.
He is known as the god of the earth.
Attributes: Strength, protectiveness, justice, benevolence (female hippos), the household
Set was thought to have turned into a hippopotamus during his fight with Horus
Ibis
Gods: Thoth, Tehuty, Djehuty
Attributes: Knowledge, part of the soul,
Though some stories place him as a son of Ra, others say that Thoth created himself through the power of language. He is the creator of magic, the inventor of writing, teacher of man, the messenger of the gods (and thus identified by the Greeks with Hermes) and the divine record-keeper and mediator.
Jackal/Dog
Gods: Anubis; Duamutef; Wepwawet; Sed
Attributes: Fairness, clairvoyance, sensitivity, judgment, guide
Anubis was the god of embalming and mummification. He guarded the canopic jar that held the stomach, and was given the title of �Opener of the Ways�, performing the Opening of the Mouth ceremony on the pharaoh so he would be able to speak in the afterlife.
Anubis also weighed the heart of the dead for Osiris.
The jackal was also thought to be a guide to the newly dead because they were often seen around the desert and mountains where the tombs were usually built.
Lion
Gods: Aker; Shu; Tefnut; Hathor; Wadjet; Mut; Maahes; Sekhmet; Nefertem; Shesmu; Apedemak; Bes
Attributes: Strength, leadership, royalty, ferocity, war, healing, beauty.
The rising and the setting of the sun; guardian of the horizon The earth god Aker was shown in the form of a 'double sphinx' - two lions seated back to back - and was thought to guard the sun as it entered and exited the underworld at the eastern and western horizons.
Monkey
Gods: one of the more important animal forms into which many of the gods might be transformed
Attributes: rebirth, renewal
The maternal image was a symbol of rebirth and renewal, recurring concepts in the Egyptian belief system. Monkeys (and baboons) were also considered very important religiously,
God: Ma'at
Attributes: the personification of order
Ma�at was shown as a seated woman wearing an ostrich feather as her headdress or as the feather itself.
God: Set, god of chaos
Attributes: chaos, sacrifice, sight
Set took the form of a pig and blinded Horus then disappeared. Eventually Horus regained his sight. The eyes of Horus was thought to represent the sun and the moon, and the legend of the blinding of the god was an explanation of solar and lunar eclipses.
Ram
Khnum created men on his pottery wheel.
Scarab Beetle
Gods: Khepri; Amen
Attributes: Solar resurrection, new life, creation
As the scarab pushes its dung behind it in a ball, so the Egyptians thought that Khepri pushed the sun across the sky. Young scarabs emerged, born out of the dung, and so the scarab also came to symbolise new life and creation.
Snake
Gods: Apep; the four primeval goddesses of the Ogdoad - Naunet (water), Amaunet (invisibility), Hauhet (infinity) and Kauket (darkness); Nehebkau
Attributes: danger and cure
The snake had mixed popularity in Egypt because snakes caused the danger and the cure to the venom.
Apep was a water snake-demon of the underworld, who tried to stop Ra on his nightly journey through the land of the west.
Scorpion
Gods: Serqet, Tabitjet
Attributes: Poison and protection; prevention and cure; virginity
The scorpion was sacred to Isis, who was thought to have been protected by scorpions while Horus was young.
Vulture
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Crocodile (disambiguation)
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'The Fear' was a 2009 number one hit for which singer?
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Egyptian gods
Egyptian gods
Some images of ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses show them as if they were humans. Ptah of Memphis, for example, is usually shown as a man wrapped in mummy clothes, his hands outside the wrappings, grasping scepters. But other gods, such as Horus, Thoth and Sakhmet, are usually shown with a human body and the head of a bird or an animal. Egyptian gods can also appear in purely animal form, as Horus can be shown as a hawk.
From the earliest times in Egypt, some deities were honoured or worshipped in the form of animals.
In the distant past, particular animals may have been chosen to embody, to stand for, the powers of a god. A bull represented power, aggression, masculinity, fertility; these could be the attributes of kingship. A hawk, who soars high above the world of humans, seeming to expend no energy in his long hours aloft, and who � far seeing � can swoop in an instant to capture his prey in sharp talons, became a symbol of kingship. The cow's large eyes with long lashes, and her generally quiet demeanor suggested a gentle aspect of feminine beauty. Her gift of milk, which could sustain a human child, became of symbol of love and sustenance. The following section contains a survey of the more important animal manifestations of divine power.
Human and semihuman forms of some of the chief Egyptian deities: 1) Horus, son of Osiris, a sky god closely connected with the king. 2) Seth, enemy of Horus and Osiris, god of storms and disorder. 3) Thoth, a moon deity and god of writing, counting and wisdom. 4) Khnum, a ram god who shapes men and their kas on his potter's wheel. 5) Hathor, goddess of love birth and death. 6) Sobek, the crocodile god, Lord of the Faiyum. 7) Ra, the sun god in his many forms. 8) Amon, a creator god often linked with Ra. 9) Ptah, another creator god and the patron of craftsmen. 1O) Anubis, god of mummification. 11) Osiris, god of agriculture and ruler of the dead. 12) Isis, wife of Osiris, mother of Horus and Mistress of Magic.
Egyptian gods Summary
Amon (Amen, Amun, Ammon, Amoun) Amen's name means "The Hidden One." Amen was the patron deity of the city of Thebes from earliest times, and was viewed (along with his consort Amenet) as a primordial creation-deity by the priests of Hermopolis. His sacred animals were the goose and the ram. Up to the Middle Kingdom Amen was merely a local god in Thebes; but when the Thebans had established their sovereignty in Egypt, Amen became a prominent deity, and by Dynasty XVIII was termed the King of the Gods. His famous temple, Karnak, is the largest religious structure ever built by man. According to Budge, Amen by Dynasty XIX-XX was thought of as "an invisible creative power which was the source of all life in heaven, and on the earth, and in the great deep, and in the Underworld, and which made itself manifest under the form of Ra." Additionally, Amen appears to have been the protector of any pious devotee in need. Amen was self-created, according to later traditions; according to the older Theban traditions, Amen was created by Thoth as one of the eight primordial deities of creation (Amen, Amenet, Heq, Heqet, Nun, Naunet, Kau, Kauket). During the New Kingdom, Amen's consort was Mut, "Mother," who seems to have been the Egyptian equivalent of the "Great Mother" archetype. The two thus formed a pair reminiscent of the God and Goddess of other traditions such as Wicca. Their child was the moon god Khons. See also Khons, Thoth.
Amen-Ra (Amon-Re) A composite deity, devised by the priests of Amen as an attempt to link New Kingdom (Dyn. XVIII-XXI) worship of Amen with the older solar cult of the god Ra. In a union of this sort, the deities are said to indwell one another � so we have the power represented by Amen manifesting through the person of Ra (or vice versa). This sort of relationship is common among Egyptian gods, particularly among cosmic or national deities. It is an example of how the Egyptian gods are viewed, as Morenz puts it, of having "personality but not individuality." See also Amen, Ra
Amset (Imsety, Mestha; Golden Dawn, Ameshet) One of the Four Sons of Horus, Amset was represented as a mummified man. He was the protector of the liver of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Isis. See also Four Sons of Horus, Isis
Anubis (Anpu; Golden Dawn, Ano-Oobist) Anubis (Greek, from Egyptian Anpu) was the son of Nephthys: by some traditions, the father was Set; by others, Osiris. (And by still other traditions his mother was Isis.) Anubis was depicted as a jackal, or as a jackal-headed man; in primitive times he was probably simply the jackal god. Owing perhaps to the jackal's tendency to prowl around tombs, he became associated with the dead, and by the Old Kingdom, Anubis was worshipped as the inventor of embalming, who had embalmed the dead Osiris, thus helping preserve him in order to live again. His task became to glorify and preserve all the dead. Anubis was also worshipped under the form Upuaut ("Opener of the Ways"), sometimes with a rabbit's head, who conducted the souls of the dead to their judgment, and who monitored the Scales of Truth to protect the dead from the second death in the underworld. See also Nephthys, Osiris, Set
Anuket In Upper Egypt, around Elephantine, Anuket was worshipped as the companion (generally the daughter) of Khnum and Sati. Her sacred animal was the gazelle. She was believed to be the dispenser of cool water, and wore a feathered crown on her human head. See also Khnum, Sati
Apis An early deity, probably the best known Egyptian deity represented only as an animal, and never as a human with an animal's head. Apis was most closely linked with Ptah, and his cult center was Memphis. He was primarily a deity of fertility. He was represented as a bull crowned with the solar disk and uraeus-serpent. A sacred Apis bull was kept in Memphis, and there is a great mass burial of Apis bulls, the Serapeum, located there. See also Ptah.
Aten (Aton) The sun itself, recognized first in the Middle Kingdom, and later becoming an aspect of the sun god. In the reign of Amenhotep IV during Dynasty XVIII, Aten was depicted as a disk with rays, each ray terminating in a human hand and bestowing symbols of "life" upon those below. Aten was declared the only true deity during this period, but the worship of Amen and the other deities was restored by Amenhotep IV's successor Tutankhamen. Morenz believes the name "Aten" was pronounced something like "Yati" during the height of its cult.
Atum A primordial creator god, worshipped as the head of the Heliopolitan family of gods. Father of Shu and Tefnut, and in later times believed to be one with the sun god Ra. See also Ra.
Bast (Bastet) A cat-goddess, worshiped in the Delta city of Bubastis. A protectress of cats and those who cared for cats. As a result, an important deity in the home (since cats were prized pets) and also important in the iconography (since the serpents which attack the sun god were usually represented in papyri as being killed by cats). She was viewed as the beneficient side of the lioness-goddess Sekhmet. See also Sekhmet.
Bes A deity of either African or Semitic origin; came to Egypt by Dynasty XII. Depicted as a bearded, savage-looking yet comical dwarf, shown full-face in images (highly unusual by Egyptian artistic conventions). Revered as a deity of household pleasures such as music, good food, and relaxation. Also a protector and entertainer of children.
Duamutef (Tuamutef; Golden Dawn, Thmoomathph) One of the Four Sons of Horus, Duamutef was represented as a mummified man with the head of a jackal. He was the protector of the stomach of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Neith. See also Four Sons of Horus, Neith.
Edjo A serpent goddess of the Delta, a symbol and protrectress of Lower Egypt, the counterpart of Nekhbet in Upper Egypt, worn as part of the king's crown. See also Nekhbet.
Four Sons of Horus The four sons of Horus were the protectors of the parts of the body of Osiris, and from this, became the protectors of the body of the deceased. They were: Amset, Hapi, Duamutef, and Qebhsenuef. They were protected in turn by the goddesses Isis, Nephthys, Neith, and Selket. See also Amset, Duamutef, Hapi, Qebehsenuf.
Geb (Seb) The god of the earth, son of Shu and Tefnut, brother and husband of Nut, and father of Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys. Sacred animal and symbol was the goose. He is generally represented as a man with green or black skin � the color of living things, and the color of the fertile Nile mud, respectively. It was said that Geb would hold imprisoned the souls of the wicked, that they might not ascend to heaven. Note Geb is masculine, contrasting with many other traditions of Earth being female. See also Nut.
Hadit See Horus of Behedet.
Hapi (Golden Dawn, Ahephi) One of the Four Sons of Horus, Hapi was represented as a mummified man with the head of a baboon. He was the protector of the lungs of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Nephthys. The name Hapi, spelled with different hieroglyphs, in most but not all cases, is also the name of the god who was the personification of the River Nile, depicted as a corpulent man (fat signifying abundance) with a crown of lilies (Upper Nile) or papyrus plants (Lower Nile). See also Four Sons of Horus, Nephthys.
Hathor (Het-heru, Het-Hert) A very old goddess of Egypt, worshiped as a cow-deity from earliest times. The name "Hathor" is the Greek corruption of the variants Het-Hert ("the House Above") and Het-Heru ("the House of Horus"). Both terms refer to her as a sky goddess. She was frequently equated with Isis. She was worshipped at Edfu as the consort of Horus. At Thebes, she was considered the goddess of the dead. She was also the patron of love, dance, alcohol, and foreign lands. See also Isis.
Harpocrates (Hor-pa-kraat; Golden Dawn, Hoor-par-kraat) "Horus the Child", the son of Isis and Osiris as a little suckling child, distinguished from Horus the Elder, who was the patron deity of Upper Egypt. Represented as a young boy with a child's sidelock of hair, sucking his finger. The Golden Dawn attributed Silence to him, presumably because the sucking of the finger is suggestive of the common "shhh" gesture. See also Horus.
Heqet A primordial goddess with the head of a frog, worshipped as one of the Eight Gods at Hermopolis, and seen as the consort of Khnum at Antinoe. See also Khnum.
Heru-ra-ha A composite deity in Crowley's quasi-Egyptian mythology; composed of Ra-Hoor-Khuit and Hoor-par-kraat. The name, translated into Egyptian, means something approximating "Horus and Ra be Praised!" Of course, this could simply be another corruption due to the inferior Victorian understanding of the Egyptian language, and it is possible Crowley had something entirely different in mind for the translation of the name. See also Ra-Horakhty, Harpocrates.
Horus (Hor) One of the most important deities of Egypt. As the Child, Horus is the son of Osiris and Isis, who, upon reaching adulthood, avenges his father's death, by defeating and castrating his evil uncle Set. He then became the divine prototype of the Pharaoh. As Heru-Ur, "Horus the Elder", he was the patron deity of Upper (Southern) Egypt from the earliest times; initially, viewed as the twin brother of Set (the patron of Lower Egypt), but he became the conqueror of Set c. 3100 B.C.E. when Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt and formed the unified kingdom of Egypt. See also Isis, Osiris, Set.
Horus of Behedet (Hadit) A form of Horus worshipped in the city of Behdet, shown in the well-known form of a solar disk with a great pair of wings, usually seen hovering above important scenes in Egyptian religious art. Made popular by Aleister Crowley under the poorly transliterated name "Hadit", the god appears to have been a way of depicting the omnipresence of Horus. As Crowley says in Magick in Theory and Practice, "the infinitely small and atomic yet omnipresent point is called HADIT." See also Horus.
Imhotep (Imouthis) Imhotep was the architect, physician, scribe, and grand vizier of the IIIrd Dynasty pharaoh Zoser. It was Imhotep who conceived and built the Step Pyramid at Sakkara. In the Late Period, Imhotep was worshipped as the son of Ptah and a god of medicine, as well as the patron (with Thoth) of scribes. The Greeks considered him to be Asklepios. See also Ptah, Thoth.
Isis (Auset) Perhaps the most important goddess of all Egyptian mythology, Isis assumed, during the course of Egyptian history, the attributes and functions of virtually every other important goddess in the land. Her most important functions, however, were those of motherhood, marital devotion, healing the sick, and the working of magical spells and charms. She was believed to be the most powerful magician in the universe, owing to the fact that she had learned the Secret Name of Ra from the god himself. She was the sister and wife of Osiris, sister of Set, and twin sister of Nephthys. She was the mother of Horus the Child (Harpocrates), and was the protective goddess of Horus's son Amset, protector of the liver of the deceased. Isis was responsible for protecting Horus from Set during his infancy; for helping Osiris to return to life; and for assisting her husband to rule in the land of the Dead. Her cult seems to have originally centered, like her husband's, at Abydos near the Delta in the North (Lower Egypt); she was adopted into the family of Ra early in Egyptian history by the priests of Heliopolis, but from the New Kingdom onwards (c. 1500 BC) her worship no longer had any particular identifiable center, and she became more or less universally worshiped, as her husband was. See also Horus, Osiris.
Khepri (Keper) The creator-god, according to early Heliopolitan cosmology; assimilated with Atum and Ra. The Egyptian root "kheper" signifies several things, according to context, most notably the verb "to create" or "to transform", and also the word for "scarab beetle". The scarab, or dung beetle, was considered symbolic of the sun since it rolled a ball of dung in which it laid its eggs around with it � this was considered symbolic of the sun god propelling the sphere of the sun through the sky. See also Ra.
Khnum Appearing as a ram-headed human, Khnum was worshipped most at Antinoe and Elephantine. He was another creator-god, represented as fashioning human beings on his pottery wheel. His consort was variously Heqet, Neith, or Sati. See also Sati.
Khons (Chons) The third member (with his parents Amen and Mut) of the great triad of Thebes. Khons was the god of the moon. The best-known story about him tells of him playing the ancient game senet ("passage") against Thoth, and wagering a portion of his light. Thoth won, and because of losing some of his light, Khons cannot show his whole glory for the entire month, but must wax and wane. The main temple in the enclosure at Karnak is dedicated to him. See also Amen, Mut, Thoth.
Ma'at Considered the wife of Thoth and the daughter of Ra by various traditions, Maat's name implies "truth" and "justice" and even "cosmic order", but there is no clear English equivalent. She is an anthropomorphic personification of the concept maat and as such has little mythology. Maat was represented as a tall woman with an ostrich feather (the glyph for her name) in her hair. She was present at the judgment of the dead; her feather was balanced against the heart of the deceased to determine whether he had led a pure and honest life. See also Thoth.
Min (Menu, Amsu) A form of Amen depicted holding a flail (thought to represent a thunderbolt in Egyptian art) and with an erect penis; his full name was often given as Menu-ka-mut-f ("Min, Bull of his Mother"). Min was worshiped as the god of virility; lettuces were offered as sacrifice to him and then eaten in hopes of procuring manhood; and he was worshiped as the husband of the goddess Qetesh, goddess of love and femininity. See also Amen, Qetesh.
Month (Mentu, Men Thu) The principal god of Thebes before the rise of the Amen cult; appeared as a falcon-headed man and often united with Horus. Primarily a war god.
Mut (Golden Dawn, Auramooth) The wife of Amen in Theban tradition; the word mut in Egyptian means "mother", and she was the mother of Khonsu, the moon god. See also Amen, Khons.
Nefertum The youthful son of Ptah and Sekhmet, connected with the rising sun; depicted as a youth crowned with or seated upon a lotus blossom. See also Ptah.
Neith (Net, Neit; Golden Dawn, Thoum-aesh-neith) A very ancient goddess of war, worshiped in the Delta; revered as a goddess of wisdom, identified with Athena by the Greeks; in later traditions, the sister of Isis, Nephthys, and Selket, and protectress of Duamutef, the god of the stomach of the deceased. Mother of the crocodile god Sobek. See also Sobek.
Nekhbet Upper Egyptian patron goddess, represented as a vulture in iconography, and often part of the crown of the pharaoh, along with her Lower Egyptian counterpart Edjo. See also Edjo.
Nephthys (Nebt-het) The youngest child of Geb and Nut. The sister and wife of Set, and sister of Isis and Osiris; also the mother (variantly by Set or by Osiris) of Anubis. She abandoned Set when he killed Osiris, and assisted Isis in the care of Horus and the resurrection of Osiris. She was, along with her sister, considered the special protectress of the dead, and she was the guardian of Hapi, the protector of the lungs of the deceased. See also Isis, Osiris, Set.
Nut (Nuit) The goddess of the sky, daughter of Shu and Tefnut, sister and wife of Geb, mother of Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys. Described by Crowley in his Magick in Theory and Practice thus: "Infinite space is called the goddess NUIT." Nut was generally depicted as a woman with blue skin, and her body covered with stars, standing on all fours, leaning over her husband, representing the sky arched over the earth. Her relationship to Hadit is an invention of Crowley's with no basis in Egyptology, save only that Hadit was often depicted underneath Nut � one finds Nut forming the upper frame of a scene, and the winged disk Hadit floating beneath, silently as always. This is an artistic convention, and there was no marriage between the two in Egyptian myth. See also Geb, Shu.
Osiris (Ausar) The god of the dead, and the god of the resurrection into eternal life; ruler, protector, and judge of the deceased, and his prototype (the deceased was in historical times usually referred to as "the Osiris"). His cult originated in Abydos, where his actual tomb was said to be located. Osiris was the first child of Nut and Geb, thus the brother of Set, Nephthys, and Isis, who was also his wife. By Isis he fathered Horus, and according to some stories, Nephthys assumed the form of Isis, seduced him thus, and from their union was born Anubis. Osiris ruled the world of men in the beginning, after Ra had abandoned the world to rule the skies, but he was murdered by his brother Set. Through the magic of Isis, he was made to live again. Being the first living thing to die, he subsequently became lord of the dead. His death was avenged by his son Horus, who defeated Set and cast him out into the desert to the West of Egypt (the Sahara). Prayers and spells were addressed to Osiris throughout Egyptian history, in hopes of securing his blessing and entering the afterlife which he ruled; but his popularity steadily increased through the Middle Kingdom. By Dynasty XVIII he was probably the most widely worshipped god in Egypt. His popularity endured until the latest phases of Egyptian history; reliefs still exist of Roman emperors, conquerors of Egypt, dressed in the traditional garb of the Pharaohs, making offerings to him in the temples. See also Anubis, Horus, Isis, Nephthys, Set.
Pharaoh (deified kings) From earliest times in Egypt the pharaohs were worshipped as gods: the son of Ra, the son of Horus, the son of Amen, etc. depending upon what period of Egyptian history and what part of the country is being considered. It should be noted that prayers, sacrifices, etc. to the pharaohs were extremely rare, if they occured at all � there seems to be little or no evidence to support an actual cult of the pharaoh. The pharaoh was looked upon as being chosen by and favored by the gods, his fathers.
Ptah Worshipped in Memphis from the earliest dynastic times (c.3100 BC), Ptah was seen as the creator of the universe in the Memphite cosmology. He fashioned the bodies in which dwelt the souls of men in the afterlife. Other versions of the myths state that he worked under Thoth's orders, creating the heavens and the earth according to Thoth's specifications. Ptah is depicted as a bearded man wearing a skullcap, shrouded much like a mummy, with his hands emerging from the wrappings in front and holding the Uas (phoenix-headed) scepter, an Ankh, and a Djed (sign of stability). He was often worshipped in conjunction with the gods Seker and Osiris, and worshipped under the name Ptah-seker-ausar. He was said to be the husband of Sekhmet and the father of Nefertum (and later Imhotep).
Qebehsenuf (Kabexnuf, Qebsneuef) One of the Four Sons of Horus, Qebhsenuef was represented as a mummified man with the head of a falcon. He was the protector of the intestines of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Selket. See also Four Sons of Horus, Selket.
Qetesh Originally believed to be a Syrian deity, Qetesh was a goddess of love and beauty. Qetesh was depicted as a beautiful nude woman, standing or riding upon a lion, holding flowers, a mirror, or serpents. She is generally shown full-face (unusual in Egyptian artistic convention). She was also considered the consort of the god Min, the god of virility. See also Min.
Ra Ra was the god of the sun during dynastic Egypt; the name is thought to have meant "creative power", and as a proper name "Creator", similar to English Christian usage of the term "Creator" to signify the "almighty God." Very early in Egyptian history Ra was identified with Horus, who as a hawk or falon-god represented the loftiness of the skies. Ra is represented either as a hawk-headed man or as a hawk. In order to travel through the waters of Heaven and the Underworld, Ra was depicted as traveling in a boat. During dynastic Egypt Ra's cult center was Annu (Hebrew "On", Greek "Heliopolis", modern-day "Cairo"). In Dynasty V, the first king, Userkaf, was also Ra's high priest, and he added the term Sa-Ra ("Son of Ra") to the titulary of the pharaohs. Ra was father of Shu and Tefnut, grandfather of Nut and Geb, great-grandfather of Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys, and great-great-grandfather to Horus. In later periods (about Dynasty 18 on) Osiris and Isis superceded him in popularity, but he remained Ra netjer-aa neb-pet ("Ra, the great God, Lord of Heaven") whether worshiped in his own right or, in later times, as one aspect of the Lord of the Universe, Amen-Ra. See also Amen-Ra, Horus.
Ra-Horakhty (Ra-Hoor-Khuit) "Ra, who is Horus of the Horizons." An appelation of Ra, identifying him with Horus, showing the two as manifestations of the singular Solar Force. The spelling "Ra-Hoor-Khuit" was popularized by Aleister Crowley, first in the Book of the Law (Liber AL vel Legis). See also Horus, Ra.
Sati The goddess of Elephantine, and the consort of Khnum. Together with their companion Anuket, dispenser of cool water. Represented with human head, the crown of Upper Egypt, and the horns of gazelles. See also Anuket, Khnum.
Seker A god of light, protector of the spirits of the dead passing through the Underworld en route to the afterlife. Seker was worshiped in Memphis as a form of Ptah or as part of the compound deities Ptah-seker or Ptah-seker-ausar. Seker was usually depicted as having the head of a hawk, and shrouded as a mummy, similar to Ptah. See also Ptah.
Sekhmet A lioness-goddess, worshiped in Memphis as the wife of Ptah; created by Ra from the fire of his eyes as a creature of vengeance to punish mankind for his sins; later, became a peaceful protectress of the righteous, closely linked with the benevolent Bast. See also Bast, Ptah.
Selket (Serqet, Serket) A scorpion-goddess, shown as a beautiful woman with a scorpion poised on her head; her creature struck death to the wicked, but she was also petitioned to save the lives of innocent people stung by scorpions; she was also viewed as a helper of women in childbirth. She is depicted as binding up demons that would otherwise threaten Ra, and she sent seven of her scorpions to protect Isis from Set. She was the protectress of Qebehsenuf, the son of Horus who guarded the intestines of the deceased. She was made famous by her statue from Tutankhamen's tomb, which was part of the collection which toured America in the 1970's. See also Isis.
Serapis A Ptolemaic period god, devised by the Greeks from Osiris and Apis. Supposedly the consort of Isis, god of the afterlife and fertility. Also physician and helper of distressed worshippers. Never obtained much following from the native Egyptian population. His cult center was Alexandria. See also Apis, Osiris.
Seth (Set) In earliest times, Set was the patron deity of Lower (Northern) Egypt, and represented the fierce storms of the desert whom the Lower Egyptians sought to appease. However, when Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt and ushered in the First Dynasty, Set became known as the evil enemy of Horus (Upper Egypt's dynastic god). Set was the brother of Osiris, Isis, and Nephthys, and husband of the latter; according to some versions of the myths he is also father of Anubis. Set is best known for murdering his brother and attempting to kill his nephew Horus; Horus, however, managed to survive and grew up to avenge his father's death by establishing his rule over all Egypt, castrating Set, and casting him out into the lonely desert for all time. In the 19th Dynasty there began a resurgence of respect for Set, and he was seen as a great god once more, the god who benevolently restrained the forces of the desert and protected Egypt from foreigners. See also Anubis, Horus, Isis, Nephthys, Osiris.
Shu The god of the atmosphere and of dry winds, son of Ra, brother and husband of Tefnut, father of Geb and Nut. Represented in hieroglyphs by an ostrich feather (similar to Maat's), which he is usually shown wearing on his head. He is generally shown standing on the recumbent Geb, holding aloft his daughter Nut, separating the two. The name "Shu" is probably related to the root shu meaning "dry, empty." Shu also seems to be a personification of the sun's light. Shu and Tefnut were also said to be but two halves of one soul, perhaps the earliest recorded example of "soulmates." See also Tefnut.
Sobek The crocodile-god, worshipped at the city of Arsinoe, called Crocodilopolis by the Greeks. Sobek was worshipped to appease him and his animals. According to some evidence, Sobek was considered a fourfold deity who represented the four elemental gods (Ra of fire, Shu of air, Geb of earth, and Osiris of water). In the Book of the Dead, Sobek assists in the birth of Horus; he fetches Isis and Nephthys to protect the deceased; and he aids in the destruction of Set.
Sothis Feminine Egyptian name for the star Sirius, which very early meshed with Isis (being the consort of Sahu-Osiris, which was Orion). Also associated with Hathor. See also Hathor, Isis.
Tefnut The goddess of moisture and clouds, daughter of Ra, sister and wife of Shu, mother of Geb and Nut. Depicted as a woman with the head of a lioness, which was her sacred animal. The name "Tefnut" probably derives from the root teftef, signifying "to spit, to moisten" and the root nu meaning "waters, sky." See also Shu.
Thoth (Tahuti) The god of wisdom, Thoth was said to be self-created at the beginning of time, along with his consort Maat (truth), or perhaps created by Ra. At Hermopolis it was said that from Thoth were produced eight children, of which the most important was Amen, "the hidden one", who was worshiped in Thebes as the Lord of the Universe. The name "Thoth" is the Greek corruption of the original Egyptian Tahuti. Thoth was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis bird, and carried a pen and scrolls upon which he recorded all things. He was shown as attendant in almost all major scenes involving the gods, but especially at the judgment of the deceased. He served as the messenger of the gods, and was thus equated by the Greeks with Hermes. Thoth served in Osirian myths as the vizier (chief advisor and minister) of Osiris. He, like Khons, is a god of the moon, and is also the god of time, magic, and writing. He was considered the inventor of the hieroglyphs. See also Amen, Maat.
Thoueris (Ta-urt) A hippopotamus goddess, responsible for fertility and protecting women in childbirth. Partner of Bes. See also Bes.
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Egypt: Animals and the Gods of Ancient Egypt
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Egypt: Animals and the Gods of Ancient Egypt
Animals and the Gods of Ancient Egypt
by Caroline Seawright
Egyptian towns usually had their own local sacred animal. It was thought that some gods and goddesses represented themselves on earth in the form of a single representative of a specific species, and honoring that species of animal would please the god or goddess associated with the animal. The animal believed to be the incarnation of the god or goddess lived a pampered life in and near the temples and religious centers.
Baboon
y`n - The dog-headed baboon was one of the manifestations of both Thoth , god of writing, and Khonsu , the youthful moon god. Both deities were related to the moon. Hapy, the son of Horus who guarded the canopic jars that held the lungs, had the head of a baboon. There was also a baboon god in the Early Dynastic period named Hedjwer, 'The Great White One', who became closely linked with Thoth. Sometimes Thoth was shown in baboon form, perched on top of the scales of judgement in the underworld.
Cat
myw - Many deities were depicted as cats , both domestic or wild, and so they were seen as benevolent, sacred animals. Bast , originally a desert cat, was later depicted as a domestic cat. Ra was shown as 'The Great Cat of Heliopolis' who defeated Apep in ' The Book of the Dead '.
Cattle
mnmnt - Hathor , Isis , Nut and Bat were three goddesses who were often depicted as cows, with the horns of cows or with the ears of cows. Because of this, and because of the relationship of the pharaoh as a living god, the cow came to symbolize the mother of the pharaoh. The cow was also a solar icon, where Nut carried the sun across the sky on her back, when she was in cow form. The cow was linked to female fertility and to the mother of the pharaoh. Osiris was related to the bull - the Apis bull, after death, became Osiris-Apis. While it was still alive, the Apis bull was seen as the Ba of Ptah, mummified god of creation. The Mnevis bull was regarded as the Ba of Ra- Atum . The bull, therefor, was linked to masculinity and the pharaoh.
Cobra
djt - The cobra was sacred to Wadjet, the cobra goddess of Buto, who represented Lower Egypt and kingship. The cobra goddess Renenet was a fertility goddess who was sometimes depicted as nursing children and as protector of pharaoh. Another cobra goddess was Meretseger, 'she who loves silence', who could punish criminals with blindness or her venom.
Crocodile
msh - Ammut , the demoness at the judgement hall, had the head of a crocodile along with other fearful creatures, and was known as 'the devourer of the dead' who punished evildoers by eating their hearts. The god of the Athribis region, the solar god Horus Khenty-Khenty, was sometimes shown as a crocodile. But the crocodile was also sacred to Sobek, who was portrayed as a human with the head of a crocodile, or as the crocodile itself. The temples of Sobek usually had sacred lakes where crocodiles were fed and cared for. The hippo goddess of childbirth, Taweret, was thought to have the back and tail of a crocodile, or was shown with a crocodile perched on her back.
Falcon / Hawk
byk - The sacred bird of the falcon-headed solar god Horus, it was also regarded as his Ba . The falcon was a bird that had protective powers, and was frequently linked with royalty, where it was depicted as hovering over the head of the pharaoh, with outstretched wings. The falcon was also sacred to Montu, god of war, and Sokar, god of the Memphite necropolis. The bird of prey was sometimes associated with Hathor , 'The House of Horus'. The son of Horus, Qebehsenuef who guarded the canopic jar of the intestines, was a falcon-headed god. The human headed ba-bird was sometimes given the body of a falcon.
Frog
qrr - The frog goddess Heqet was often shown as a frog-headed woman or as a frog. Because the Egyptians saw that there were many frogs, all appearing from the Nile, they associated the frog with fertility and resurrection, and so Heqet was a goddess of childbirth. The four male primeval gods of the Ogdoad - Nun (water), Amen (invisibility), Heh (infinity) and Kek (darkness) - were all frog gods.
Goose
gb - The goose was the sacred animal of Geb , who was also known as 'The Great Cackler' when he was in goose form, and had the sign of the goose as his headdress. Isis was sometimes described as 'the egg of the goose', being the daughter of Geb.
Heron
bnw - The bnw-bird was represented as a heron, and was thought to be the original phoenix - it was a bird of the sun and rebirth, the sacred bird of Heliopolis, closely linked to the primeval mound. It was also thought to be the Ba of both Ra and Osiris.
Hippopotamus
db - Set was thought to have turned into a hippopotamus during his fight with Horus , where he was harpooned by the falcon god. The male hippopotamus was Set's animal, and an evil animal. Ammut, the female demon who ate the soul of the dead if they failed judgement against Ma'at , had the rear end of a hippopotamus, and was combined with the body parts of other fearsome Egyptian creatures. The female hippopotamus, on the other hand, was the manifestation of Taweret, the benevolent hippo goddess of fertility and childbirth. She was one of the most popular goddesses of the household, particularly among expectant mothers because of her protective powers.
Ibis
hb - Regarded as the reincarnation of Thoth , the sacred ibis was sacred to the god of knowledge, who had the form of an ibis-headed man. The Akhu , part of the soul, was written with the sign of a crested ibis, known as the Akhu-bird.
Jackal
sab - Associated with Anubis, the god of embalming and mummification, who was depicted as a black colored jackal (or dog) or a man with the head of a black jackal or dog. One of the four sons of Horus, Duamutef, was a jackal headed god who guarded the canopic jar that held the stomach. The other jackal god was Wepwawet , the Opener of the Ways, who performed the Opening of the Mouth ceremony on the pharaoh so he would be able to speak in the afterlife. There was also a jackal god named Sed (after whom the 'sed festival' or royal jubilee' was named) who was closely linked to Wepwawet. The jackal was thought to be a guide to the newly dead because they were often seen around the desert and mountains where the tombs were usually built.
Lions
may - The lion was connected with the rising and the setting of the sun, and so were thought to be guardians of the horizon and were linked to solar deities. The earth god Aker was shown in the form of a 'double sphinx' - two lions seated back to back - and was thought to guard the sun as it entered and exited the underworld at the eastern and western horizons. Shu , god of dry air, and Tefnut , goddess of moist air, were lion-headed and lioness-headed deities respectively. Tefnut was given the title, the Eye of Ra. Many pharaohs associated themselves with lions, and so the lion came to symbolize rulership. Lions were also linked with ferocity and war-like deities. Sekhmet was either shown as a lioness, or a lioness-headed woman who came into being as the Eye of Ra to destroy mankind for Ra, who was also known for her healing powers. Hathor , goddess of love, was thought to have been sent out as the Eye of Ra, and so was also linked to lionesses. Even the cobra goddess, Wadjet, had a lioness form when she was identified as the Eye of Ra. Mut, too, had a lioness form when she was showing her more war-like side. The son of Bast or Sekhmet (there was confusion over the motherhood of this god in ancient times), Nefertem , was a lion-headed sun god of the lotus, healing and perfume. Another lion god was Apedemak who was known as 'the splendid god at the head of Nubia, lion of the south, strong of arm'. Bes , dwarf god of sexuality and childbirth, was shown with either the ears and mane of a lion or as wearing a lion-skin cape.
Ostrich
nyw - Ma'at, the personification of order, was shown as a seated woman wearing an ostrich feather as her headdress or as the feather itself.
Pig
rry - The pig was an animal sacred to Set, god of chaos. Set took the form of a pig and blinded Horus then disappeared. Eventually Horus regained his sight. The eyes of Horus was thought to represent the sun and the moon, and the legend of the blinding of the god was an explanation of solar and lunar eclipses. Plutarch says that, once a year, pigs were sacrificed to the moon.
Scarab Beetle
khprr - The personification of the scarab god Khepri , a solar god of resurrection. As the scarab pushes its dung behind it in a ball, so the Egyptians thought that Khepri pushed the sun across the sky. Young scarabs emerged, born out of the dung, and so the scarab also came to symbolize new life and creation. The scarab was also linked to Amen, as was Khepri himself.
Scorpion
srq - Serqet was a scorpion goddess and was usually depicted with a scorpion on her head and featured in spells to both avoid and cure venomous bites. Shed, a god known as 'the savior', was linked with the scorpion and gave protection against its sting. Tabitjet was another scorpion goddess, relating to the bleeding caused by the loss of virginity. The scorpion was sacred to Isis , who was thought to have been protected by scorpions while Horus was young.
Snake
djdft - The snake had mixed popularity in Egypt because snakes caused the danger and the cure to the venom. Apep was a snake-demon of the underworld, who tried to stop Ra on his nightly journey through the land of the west. The four primeval goddesses of the Ogdoad - Naunet (water), Amaunet (invisibility), Hauhet (infinity) and Kauket (darkness) - were also snake goddesses. There was a snake god called Nehebkaw who was depicted as a man with the head and tail of a snake.
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Cow (disambiguation)
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'My Life Would Suck Without You' was a 2009 number one hit for which singer?
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Animals and the Gods: Sacred Creatures of Ancient Egypt
Animals and the Gods: Sacred Creatures of Ancient Egypt
Updated: November 26, 2012
Egyptian towns usually had their own local sacred animal. It was thought that some gods and goddesses represented themselves on earth in the form of a single representative of a specific species, and honouring that species of animal would please the god or goddess associated with the animal. The animal believed to be the incarnation of the god or goddess lived a pampered life in and near the temples and religious centres.
Animals played a big part in the mythology and religion of ancient Egypt. Some animals were associated with or sacred to the gods, but animals themselves were not worshipped ... Some animals sacred to the gods were raised on farms specifically to be killed and mummified and sold to people who made pilgrimages to the temples ...
Some animals, however, were designated as the living embodiments of a god. The Egyptians believed a god could inhabit the body of a particular falcon, and that falcon would be considered a living cult image. As the living representation of the god, that falcon would be worshipped as if he were the actual god, Horus.
-- Pat Remler (2010), Egyptian Mythology, A to Z, pp. 14-15
Baboon
y`n - The dog-headed baboon was one of the manifestations of both Thoth , god of writing, and Khonsu, the youthful moon god. Both deities were related to the moon. Hapy , the Son of Horus who guarded the canopic jar that held the lungs, had the head of a baboon. There was also a baboon god in the Early Dynastic period named Hedjwer, 'The Great White One', who became closely linked with Thoth. Sometimes Thoth was shown in baboon form, perched on top of the scales of judgement in the underworld.
Image © Larazoni
Cat
myw - Many deities were depicted as cats, both domestic or wild, and so they were seen as benevolent, sacred animals. Bast , originally a desert cat, was later depicted as a domestic cat. Ra was shown as 'The Great Cat of Iunu (On, Heliopolis)' who defeated Apep in The Book of the Dead .
Cattle
mnmnt - Hathor , Isis , Nut , Mehet-Weret and Bat were three goddesses who were often depicted as cows, with the horns of cows or with the ears of cows. Because of this, and because of the relationship of the pharaoh as a living god, the cow came to symbolise the mother of the pharaoh. The cow was also a solar icon, where Nut carried the sun across the sky on her back, when she was in cow form. The cow was linked to female fertility and to the mother of the pharaoh. Osiris was related to the bull - the Apis bull, after death, became Osiris-Apis. While it was still alive, the Apis bull was seen as the Ba of Ptah , mummified god of creation. The Mnevis bull was regarded as the Ba of Ra-Atem. The bull, therefor, was linked to masculinity and the pharaoh.
Cobra
djt - The cobra was sacred to Wadjet (Edjo), the cobra goddess of Per-Wadjet (Buto), who represented Lower Egypt and kingship. The cobra goddess Renenutet was a fertility goddess who was sometimes depicted as nursing children and as protector of pharaoh. Another cobra goddess was Meretseger , 'She Who Loves Silence', who could punish criminals with blindness or her venom.
Crocodile
msh - Ammut , the demoness at the judgement hall, had the head of a crocodile along with other fearful creatures, and was known as 'the devourer of the dead' who punished evildoers by eating their hearts. The god of the Athribis region, the solar god Horus Khenty-Khenty, was sometimes shown as a crocodile. But the crocodile was also sacred to Sobek , who was portrayed as a human with the head of a crocodile, or as the crocodile itself. The temples of Sobek usually had sacred lakes where crocodiles were fed and cared for. The hippo goddess of childbirth, Taweret , was thought to have the back and tail of a crocodile, or was shown with a crocodile perched on her back.
Falcon / Hawk
byk - The sacred bird of the falcon-headed solar god Horus, it was also regarded as his Ba. The falcon was a bird that had protective powers, and was frequently linked with royalty, where it was depicted as hovering over the head of the pharaoh, with outstretched wings. The falcon was also sacred to Montu, god of war, and Sokar, god of the Memphite necropolis. The bird of prey was sometimes associated with Hathor, 'The House of Horus'. The Son of Horus , Qebehsenuef who guarded the canopic jar of the intestines, was a falcon-headed god. The human headed ba-bird was sometimes given the body of a falcon.
Frog
qrr - The forg goddess Heqet was often shown as a frog-headed woman or as a frog. Because the Egyptians saw that there were many frogs, all appearing from the Nile, they associated the frog with fertility and resurrection, and so Heqet was a goddess of childbirth. The four male primeval gods of the Ogdoad - Nun (water), Amen (invisibility), Heh (infinity) and Kek (darkness) - were all frog gods.
Goose
gb - The goose was the sacred animal of Geb , who was also known as 'The Great Cackler' when he was in goose form, and had the sign of the goose as his headress. Isis was sometimes described as 'The Egg of the Goose', being the daughter of Geb.
Heron
bnw - The bnw-bird was represented as a heron, and was thought to be the original phoenix - it was a bird of the sun and rebirth, the sacred bird of Iunu, closely linked to the primeval mound. It was also thought to be the Ba of both Ra and Osiris.
Hippopotamus
db - Set was thought to have turned into a hippopotamus during his fight with Horus, where he was harpooned by the falcon god. The male hippopotamus was Set's animal, and an evil animal. Ammut, the female demon who ate the soul of the dead if they failed judgement against Ma'at , had the rear end of a hippoptamus, and was combined with the body parts of other fearsom Egyptian creatures. The female hippopotamus, on the other hand, was the manifestation of Taweret, the benevolent hippo goddess of fertility and childbirth. She was one of the most popular goddesses of the household, particularly among expectant mothers because of her protective powers.
Ibis
hb - Regarded as the reincarnation of Thoth, the sacred ibis was sacred to the god of knowledge, who had the form of an ibis-headed man. The Akhu , part of the soul, was written with the sign of a crested ibis, known as the Akhu-bird.
Jackal or Wolf
sab - Associated with Anubis , the god of embalming and mummification, who was depicted as a black coloured canid (jackal, wolf or dog) or a man with the head of a black canid. One of the four Sons of Horus, Duamutef , was a canid-headed god who guarded the canopic jar that held the stomach. Another wolf god was Wepwawet, the Opener of the Ways, who performed the Opening of the Mouth ceremony on the pharaoh so he would be able to speak in the afterlife. There was also a canid god named Sed (after whom the 'sed festival' or royal jubilee' was named) who was closely linked to Wepwawet. The early dynastic deity of the necropolis was Khentamentiu, Foremost of Westerners, god of the dead who helped the deceased go to the Land of the West, pilot of the solar barque during it's nocturnal travels. He was later associated with Osiris, as Osiris-Khentamentiu, and with the god Anubis. The wolf or jackal was thought to be a guide to the newly dead because they were often seen around the desert and mountains where the tombs were usually built.
Lion
may - The lion was connected with the rising and the setting of the sun, and so were thought to be guardians of the horizon and were linked to solar deities. The earth god Aker was shown in the form of a 'double sphinx' - two lions seated back to back - and was thought to guard the sun as it entered and exited the underworld at the eastern and western horizons. Shu , god of dry air, and Tefnut , goddess of moist air, were lion-headed and lioness-headed deities respectively. Tefnut was given the title, the Eye of Ra. Many pharaohs associated themselves with lions, and so the lion came to symbolise rulership. Lions were also linked with ferocity and war-like deities. Sekhmet was either shown as a lioness, or a lioness-headed woman who came into being as the Eye of Ra to destroy mankind for Ra, who was also known for her healing powers. Hathor, goddess of love, was thought to have been sent out as the Eye of Ra, and so was also linked to lionesses. Even the cobra goddess, Wadjet, had a lioness form when she was identified as the Eye of Ra. Mut , too, had a lioness form when she was showing her more war-like side. The son of Bast, Maahes and the son of Sekhmet, Nefertem and Shesmu were all lion-headed deities who dealt with healing unguents, perfume and other beauty and healing-related oils. Nefertem was specifically a sun god of the water lily (lotus) . Another lion god was Apedemak who was known as 'the splendid god at the head of Nubia, lion of the south, strong of arm'. Bes , dwarf god of sexuality and childbirth, was shown with either the ears and mane of a lion or as wearing a lion-skin cape.
Ostrich
nyw - Ma'at , the personification of order, was shown as a seated woman wearing an ostrich feather as her headress or as the feather itself.
Pig
rry - The pig was an animal sacred to Set, god of chaos. Set took the form of a pig and blinded Horus then disappeared. Eventually Horus regained his sight. The eyes of Horus was thought to represent the sun and the moon, and the legend of the blinding of the god was an explanation of solar and lunar eclipses. Plutarch says that, once a year, pigs were sacrificed to the moon. The sow, however, was identified with the goddess Nut. She was depicted having the teats of a sow, ready for her children to suckle.
Ram
ba - The ram was sacred to Banebdjedet, ram-god of Per-banebdjedet (Mendes), and Khnum the god who created men on his pottery wheel. Amen also had a ram form, though this was a different species of sheep. Rams were a symbol of fertility, and as such, the fertility god Heryshef took the form of a ram or a ram-headed man.
Scarab Beetle
khprr - The personification of the scarab god Khepri, a solar god of resurrection. As the scarab pushes its dung behind it in a ball, so the Egyptians thought that Khepri pushed the sun across the sky. Young scarabs emerged, born out of the dung, and so the scarab also came to symbolise new life and creation. The scarab was also linked to Amen, as was Khepri himself.
Scorpion
srq - Serqet was a scorpion goddess and was usually depicted with a scoripon on her head and featured in spells to both avoid and cure venomous bites. Shed, a god known as 'the saviour', was linked with the scorpion and gave protection against its sting. Tabitjet was another scorpion goddess, relating to the bleeding caused by the loss of virginity. The scorpion was sacred to Isis, who was thought to have been protected by scorpions while Horus was young.
Snake
djdft - The snake had mixed popularity in Egypt because snakes caused the danger and the cure to the venom. Apep was a water snake-demon of the underworld, who tried to stop Ra on his nightly journey through the land of the west. The four primeval goddesses of the Ogdoad - Naunet (water), Amaunet (invisibility), Hauhet (infinity) and Kauket (darkness) - were also snake goddesses. There was a snake god called Nehebkau who was depicted as a man with the head and tail of a snake.
Turtle
shtyw - The turtle was associated with Set, and so with the enemies of Ra who tried to stop the solar barque as it travelled through the underworld. This was because the turtle was associated with night, and so came to symbolise darkness and evil.
Vulture
nrt - Sacred to Nekhbet , goddess of Upper Egypt and Mut, mother goddess. The vulture often holds the shen (shn) symbol of eternity in its talons, offering eternal protection to the pharaoh. As such, the vulture is closely linked to rulership.
Further Information about the Animal Gods of Egypt
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i don't know
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In which country are the headquarters of the supermarket chain 'Aldi'?
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Grocer Aldi to open stores, regional headquarters in California - latimes
Grocer Aldi to open stores, regional headquarters in California
December 20, 2013 |By Shan Li
Budget supermarket Aldi plans to open its regional headquarters and a distribution… (Matt Cardy / Getty Images )
Supermarket chain Aldi plans to open 650 new stores in the U.S. the next five years, part of an aggressive growth strategy that includes building a regional headquarters and distribution center in Moreno Valley, Calif.
The expansion will be the budget grocer's first step into the Golden State. Most of its nearly 1,300 U.S. stores are on the East Coast or in the Midwest.
"We are eager to bring the Aldi difference to new markets like Southern California," President Jason Hart said in a statement. "We're ramping up our expansion plans to meet growing demand."
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In the next five years, Aldi plans to open about 130 new locations a year, up from its average of 80 stores in recent years. The company did not disclose when or how many of its shops will be in the Southland, nor give a time line for the opening of its headquarters or distribution center.
Aldi is based in Germany and owned by the Albrecht family, which also controls the Monrovia-based Trader Joe's chain.
In recent years, Aldi has found success in the U.S. by attracting budget-conscious shoppers with low-cost, private-label items, analysts said. About 90% of the food and groceries sold at its stores are under exclusive Aldi brands.
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By venturing into California, the chain will be stepping into a crowded grocery business that has seen increased rivalry from retailers such as Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and Target Corp., as well as dollar stores and drugstore chains. Amazon.com Inc. is also getting into the food game; it expanded its grocery delivery service to Los Angeles this year.
Some grocers have stumbled in the competitive environment. Fresh & Easy Neighborhood Market, controlled by British supermarket Tesco, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in September after operating for several years without earning a profit. It is being sold to billionaire Ron Burkle’s Yucaipa Cos.
Industry watchers have said that grocery stores must increasingly differentiate themselves in consumers' eyes in order to succeed. One strategy, they said, is to go the Aldi route with more limited assortments and lower costs.
ALSO:
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Germany
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The 'Hautboy' is an old name for which woodwind instrument?
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Aldi USA Corporate Office Headquarters
Aldi USA Corporate Office Headquarters
Aldi USA Corporate Office Headquarters
1200 N. Kirk Rd.
Customer Service Number: 1-630-879-8100
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44 comments:
Being German living here for over 30 years, we are major disappointet in Aldi for the last year
More and more German food iterms are not avail. anymore
For X-Mas, no marzipan, no Black Forest cake, no other German cake No Apfel Schorle and many other items.
Why are they no longer avail.
When you had them in the previous years they were selling of the shelves like hot potatoes
Totally agree! When I shop at ALDI I'm looking for German products.
"Deutsche Kueche",- imported from Germany !
Not products,- "Inspired by Germany."
Inspiration will not do,- it hurts the ALDI image ! !
It does not mean monocultural products,- variety is of importance.
However,- let the base be supported by Products of German origin !
Thank you.
January 1, 2013 at 10:51 AM
You don't make it easy to reach anyone.It says e-mail addresses...I can't find one.if this is the only way to be heard, then so be it.I don't belive you are looking for "TRAINIES". how can you rise to a position if your not given a chance?I've worked my way up in the grocery stores from salad bar clerk to a deli manager. Yet when I apply,it's not even possible to speak to anyone.I think 23 years of service should count for something.I know this is a waste of time, but at least I tried! Thanks Donna Parys
February 1, 2013 at 1:37 PM
ATTN: Marketing Dept. - Would you please take a look into opening a store in Hartwell, Ga. We have the perfect location here, on Athens St. Previously there was a grocery in this location. Our area needs some more competition. Love to shop at you locations in Atlanta and SC. Thanks for your time!!!
February 7, 2013 at 1:02 AM
Wow I have to say, who ever decided to shut down the store at War Memorial and Wisconsin Ave in Peoria Heights Illinois and open one to replace it at 34?? North University Peoria Illinois, should have there head examined! A tiny parking lot and a super busy street location. A stoplight that backs traffic up into the parking lot not allowing cars to enter the parking lot. What a fiasco.
April 2, 2013 at 9:54 AM
My wife and i are aldi shoppers we however are disappointed that you apparently went with a different povider for your paper towels. The package we recently purchased shreds rather than seperate at the perforations and the consistency of the material is closer to toilet tissue, what a shame that you keep lowering your quality.
Disappointed in Michigan!!!
May 21, 2013 at 10:51 PM
Jewells. may 21, 2013
I started shopping Aldi's about a year ago, the produce was the best in Durham,NC. until about two months ago.
Now when I buy produce, half of the grapes are not edible and cost $2.99 per bag. That also applies to the apples and oranges. Just last week I purchased an avocado and it wasn't in my bag when I got home.
Please look into this! TY...
I have lost lots of money in this store. Something needs to be done about this.
May 19, 2015 at 2:51 PM
any fruit in bags are to be inspected carefully, so many rotten,spoiling and loaded with fruit flies having a feast, the vegetables of the week are not as fresh as in the past and must select by turning item over to find in many cases the beginning of spoilage. general appearance of store inside & out has fallen and shelves are not carefully stocked and employees are few and don!t know answers to customers questions. this store chain needs to watch their stores,
June 24, 2013 at 4:07 PM
It has been very difficult trying to reach someone at your office so now I have a laundry list of things to dicuss. I have been a long time shopper at Aldi. All the employees are wonderful. My routine would be to shop for everything on my list at Aldi first and what I could not find I would shop for elsewhere. I have come to understand and accept the "seasonal items" and the out of stock depending on when I shop. However; there are a few changes that will force me to do my shopping elsewhere first and then go to Aldi if I need to.
Some changes that don't make sense to me....Tide? *Tide is everywhere so why not shop elsewhere and pay the price. The feminine products changing to a higher priced "Always" brand? If I wanted to pay a higher price and buy *"Always" I can do that elsewhere as well. On to bulk fruits... buying bulk is fine, but everytime I buy apples, grapes,oranges and lemons or limes, half the bag is moldy. I understand that I can take them back, but that is getting tiring. I will go elsewhere pick out individual fresh pieces. Yes, I will pay more, but I wont waste my time and gas money driving back to Aldi to exchange them. Although Aldi has done A LOT right in the past, I am starting to see some changes that are forcing me to shop elsewhere first which will lead to me eliminating Aldi altogether or less frequent visits at best. I understand the private label industry and would like, in two instances, if you just left things alone.
Would love to hear back from someone.
September 2, 2013 at 10:52 AM
I have been a long time shopper at the Aldi's near me At Grant Ave. Phila. Pa. 19114 The Manager at that store was wonderful. Because of her was the reason I kept going back, The Shelves were always well stocked Items were always up to date. and the store was always spotless and smelled so clean. Recently I was told that the manager Ms Sheila was let go. Since her departure that store has gone down hill. Shelves are not well stocked, the product looks old, the new employees are laid back. I am very disappointed in the turnout of this store.,I know the store is going through a manage change but everyone's biggest complaint is not being able to find anything. I don't know why that manager was let go but I think it was a huge mistake to let someone who put their heart and soul in keeping that store in a high standard. Being a Baker I for one have cut my shopping down to maybe once a week where I use to go 3 and 4 times in one week, spending at least 100.00 a trip now on a good day spending 30.00 now.
April 15, 2014 at 4:20 PM
I think you could do a better job training your store MANAGERs. I have shopped in your Aldi store #34 in Jeffersonville,IN for years. As of Today, 4/15/2014, I wont shop there again. The store manager was checking people out which must be why she had attidude, she charged me for 11 packs of colby cheese and 2 gallon of milk,I only bought one pack of cheese and one gallon of milk. When I went back in the store to explain to her, the manager, what she did, she acted like it was my fault and was rude about it. She did give me my money back but only cause I asked for it. Her reaction at first was and I quote "what do you want me to do about it". That seems unprofessional to me. Well me daughter posted our problem on Facebook and you wouldn't believe all the posts we received from others that have experiences and the same problems with the same store manager. I am not worried about the milk I was charged for because I did get $32.00 back for the cheese she over charged me for...however you have lost me as a customer...I am sure alot of my friends and Family will also agree not to shop there anymore...
September 22, 2014 at 3:41 PM
Since I experienced ALDI stores in Germany I was quite shocked to find this tiny store with partially unpacked groceries. The stores in Germany were much bigger and better organized. The quarter to be paid for the cart does not bother me, one gets used to it and the carts get cleaned up. The prices for many items are much better than other stores, thinking of chocolate, wine, cookies, yogurt, milk, frozen veggies and some German products (not always available).
Now my gripe: Every time I went the last few weeks, the store has no bags at the fruit and vegetable stand to buy loose fruit and veggies. Each time, I asked to have some put out, I am told that they have been ordered but not received. This has been going on for several weeks, I even had the manager called and got the same story that bags have been ordered but not received.. The cashier told me today that most people have no problems with this and bring their own bag, really? I told her that I do have a problem with this and if there are no bags at the stand, I just don't buy anything there. (not that the cashier will care). To me this is not a good business , by not providing the bags, the store is loosing business and profits, besides the fruit and veggies are getting spoiled.
Apparently nobody cares??? (Aldi store in Woodstock,GA 301887, off 92, village sq.)
August 7, 2015 at 3:28 PM
I love aldi. Thanks for your newer location in Yukon, Ok. I read the other comments and to me it's well worth shopping there. After shopping at Wal-Mart for over 30 yrs and seeing their mdse go to outrageous prices last 4 yrs.I buy as much at aldi as ok can. I still Have to go to wslmart for my meds and a few other things. I get upset every time I go. There is no reason for Wal-Mart to raise the price of wolf brand chili w/out beans from 1.59 to 1.98. It's pure greed.
May 13, 2016 at 12:41 AM
I love shopping at Aldis, and when my 17-going-on-18yr old daughter was looking for a job, she tried to submit her application at the Massena Aldi. The manager was so rude to her, that my daughter left in tears. Mind you, she does not cry easily. She felt humiliated in front of people while trying to explain that she would be 18 in a few weeks. She made her application for employment a public mockery, and dismissed her for being under 18. My daughter ultimately threw the application that she filled out in the garbage on her way out. While I hurt for her that she did not understand, there was little condolence that I could offer my daughter, as I did not understand why she was treated this way.
August 22, 2016 at 12:25 PM
I shop frequently at the Aldi store on 92 in Woodstock, Georgia. Unfortunately, they are out of plastic bags to use for buying loose fruit. When questioning why they don't have the bags,(cashier),I was told that they ordered them but did not receive them. This is not the first time in this specific store that this is happening. Looks like they can afford to have spoiled loose fruit, since people tend to NOT buy, when there are no bags, besides putting the fruit loose in the cart is not very hygienical. This little store just doesn't seem "on the ball". Occasionally, I visit the Roswell,Georgia Aldi, a much bigger store, very well organized and I never had a bag problem. Really don't understand why the Woodstock Aldi can't have sufficient bags all the time. To me there is really no excuse. From a business point, you are loosing customers and wasting loose fruit and vegetables.
October 28, 2016 at 1:24 PM
Since approximately 1988-89, I have been shopping at Aldi. Most of the time, exclusively. Also, I have enjoyed seeing the growth and positive changes over the years. Having worked in the food industry, I understand the need to discontinue some items while brining on new ones. That said, this is in regards to the Aldi stores in the Columbus, Ohio market. It has come to my attention that the product "INFUSE" has been, for lack of a better word, "dropped". My family usually goes through between two and three cases of it each month. Especially since the removal of artificial dyes and such. My question is, is this a temporary or permanent discontinuation?
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i don't know
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Which British physicist discovered the electron in 1897?
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Who discovered the electron? | Reference.com
Who discovered the electron?
A:
Quick Answer
The electron was discovered in 1897 by British physicist Joseph John Thomson. He conducted experiments with cathode rays and found they contained negatively charged atomic particles with very little mass. For his work, Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906.
Full Answer
Thomson's discovery was the first experimental evidence that proved that atoms could be divided into smaller units. Prior to his discovery, it was widely believed that the atom was the basic unit of matter. Some scientists had theorized the existence of smaller subatomic particles, but believed they would be similar in size to a hydrogen atom. Thomson was the first to propose the radical notion that these particles could be over 1,000 times smaller than atoms. He initially referred to these particles as "corpuscles," but this term was later changed to "electrons."
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J. J. Thomson
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The 'Sackbut' was a forerunner of which modern brass instrument?
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Physics12 Lab Report 5 - Physics Lab Report 5 The Electron Charge-To-Mass
Physics12 Lab Report 5
Physics12 Lab Report 5 - Physics Lab Report 5 The Electron...
SCHOOL
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Physics Lab Report 5 The Electron Charge-To-Mass Ratio Teddy Portney 4/10/07 Lab LK Section A I. Introduction After J.J. Thomson, a British physicist, discovered the electron in 1897, he conducted many experiments over several years. Through these experiments, Thomson showed that, by discharging electrical currents in low-pressure atmospheres, visible electron beams become visible. Thomson also conducted experiments similar to the one we did in this lab, exposing these visible electron beams to different electric and magnetic fields. For this experiment in particular, we know some very useful equations, such as the one relating the charge of an electron, e, to the velocity of the electron. This equation is written as e V = ½ m v 2 . Also useful to know is the equation for the magnitude of the electric field in terms of the current in a coil and the number of turns in the coil. This is written as B = (μ 0 NI / R ) *(8/√125).
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Physics Lab Report 4 Electrical Circuits and Electrical Resistance Teddy Portney 3/27
Physics12 Lab Report 4
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i don't know
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Which British physicist discovered the neutron in 1932?
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Chadwick - definition of Chadwick by The Free Dictionary
Chadwick - definition of Chadwick by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Chadwick
Related to Chadwick: Rutherford , James Chadwick
Chad·wick
(chăd′wĭk), Sir James 1891-1974.
British physicist. He won a 1935 Nobel Prize for his discovery of the neutron.
Chadwick
(ˈtʃædwɪk)
n
1. (Biography) Sir Edwin. 1800–90, British social reformer, known for his Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842)
2. (Biography) Sir James. 1891–1974, British physicist: discovered the neutron (1932): Nobel prize for physics 1935
3. (Biography) Lynn (Russell). 1914–2003, British sculptor in metal
Chad•wick
n.
James, 1891–1974, English physicist: discoverer of the neutron; Nobel prize 1935.
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James Chadwick
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What name was given to the unidentified serial killer who murdered three young girls in Rochester, New York during the 1970's – the name was given because each of the girls had a first and second name beginning with the same letter?
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Who Discovered The Atom And Its Components? - Science and Inventions
Science and Inventions
The atom is the primary component of any matter. The atom consists of electrons revolving around the nucleus which consists of the protons and neutrons.
Who discovered the atom?
Atoms cannot be seen by the abstract eyes, but only by special microscopes. The first to notice that were the Greeks philosophers in the 5th century. The Greek were the first to give the atom its name.
Nobody could prove tho theories of the Greeks till the 17th century, when chemists as Robert Boyle (1627-1691) the English chemist, physicist in the year1661 proved that some substances cannot be broken into smaller pieces.
In the year 1805, John Datton (1766-1804) the English chemist, was able to put a theory by making a lot of experiments, that every element consist of atoms. He also was able to prove that some atoms can combine together to form compounds.
Who discovered the electron?
The electron carries the negative charge of the atom, and he is the smaller component.
In the year 1897, Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) the British physicist, was able to discover the electron.
Who discovered the proton?
The proton carries the positive charge of the atom.
In the year 1918, Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) the British chemist and physicist. He made experiments where he found that hydrogen is a base of several other elements, he reached for the proton.
Who discovered the neutron?
The neutron carries no charges, they are the largest component of the atom.
In the year 1932, James Chadwick (1891-1974) the English physics. He was the one that discovered the neutron.
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i don't know
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Which Cuban athlete won the men's 110m hurdles gold medal at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing?
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2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Most-Viewed Event in US TV History | iHaveNet.com
2008 Olympics Most-Viewed Event US TV History
NBC Universal's Beijing Olympic coverage was viewed by more Americans than any event in U.S. television history, according to data provided by Nielsen Media Research. NBCU's coverage reached 214 million total viewers, shattering the previous mark set by the 1996 Atlanta Olympics (209M) by five million viewers and surpassing the 2004 Athens Games (203M) by 11 million viewers.
The 2008 Beijing Summer Games averaged 27.7 million viewers and scored a 17-day rating of 16.2/28 to post significant gains over the 2004 Athens Games. Sunday night's Closing Ceremony had the best rating for any Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony outside the U.S. since the 1976 Montreal Games.
"This audience record is something I thought I'd never see again, but what really satisfied me is the way in which these Olympics truly captivated and seemed to inspire our country," said Dick Ebersol, Chairman, NBC Universal Sports & Olympics and Executive Producer of NBC Universal's Beijing Olympics coverage.
"For me, the greatest measure of success at an Olympics is the number of messages I receive from parents of young kids who have fallen in love with the Olympics. That child means more to me than anything because I think a love affair with the Olympics is the greatest in all of sports."
MOST VIEWED EVENTS IN American Television HISTORY
1. 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, 214 million (17 days)
2. 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics, 209 million (17 days)
3. 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics, 204 million (16 days)
4. 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, 203 million (17 days)
5. 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics, 194 million (17 days)
VIEWERS AND RATING BOTH UP SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ATHENS:
The Beijing Olympics 17-day average primetime viewership is 27.7 million, the best primetime average viewership for a complete Summer Olympics outside the U.S since Montreal in 1976, and 13 percent ahead of Athens in 2004 (24.6 million).
NBC's average of a 16.2 rating, 28 share is the best rating for a Summer Olympics outside the U.S. since Barcelona in 1992 (17.1/33) and is an eight percent increase over Athens in 2004 (15.0/26).
With the Beijing Olympics, NBC became the most dominant network in primetime for 17 consecutive nights since the advent of Nielsen People Meters in 1987. On each of its 17 nights of Beijing Olympic coverage, NBC enjoyed a 244 percent or greater lead over the nearest broadcast network in the adult 18 to 49 demographic (important to advertisers), a 225 or greater percent gain in viewers (persons 2+), and 200 or larger percent in household rating.
NBC also set records in Nielsen People Meter history for biggest margins over the combined major-network competition for three consecutive weeks, with wins of 24 percent or more over ABC, CBS and Fox combined for three straight weeks in 18-49 and 23 percent or more in total viewers.
OLYMPICS IN PRIMETIME DOMINATE COMPETITION:
In primetime, NBC's Beijing Games won all 100-rated half-hours against its entire network competition.
CLOSING CEREMONY BEST NON U.S. SUMMER RATING SINCE 1976:
Sunday's Closing Ceremony garnered 27.8 million average viewers, a 42 percent gain from the Closing Ceremony night in Athens (19.6 million). The night earned a 15.5 rating/25 share, a 30 percent increase from Athens (11.9/20). In both categories, the Closing Ceremony from Beijing was the best delivery for a Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony outside the U.S. since Montreal in 1976.
NBC Universal's 3,600 hours of Beijing Olympic coverage not only fueled record-breaking Olympic viewership, but also cast an Olympic "halo" across the many different divisions of NBC Universal. The unprecedented Olympic coverage drove record numbers of viewers to NBCU's cable networks; it also produced impressive gains in viewership and competitive advantage for NBC News' "Today," "NBC Nightly News," and NBC's affiliated stations.
NBCOLYMPICS.COM ON MSN POSTS RECORD NUMBERS: For the complete Beijing Games, NBCOlympics.com has more than doubled the combined totals for the Athens and Torino Games in page views and unique users, while increasing videos streamed by more than seven times.
VIDEO STREAMS: 75.5 million for Beijing, 10.8 million for Athens and Torino Games combined (+601%)
UNIQUE USERS: 51.9 million for Beijing, 25.2 million for Athens and Torino Games combined (+106%)
PAGE VIEWS: 1.24 billion for Beijing, 561.1 million for Athens and Torino Games combined (+122%)
HOUR OF VIDEO STREAMED: 9.9 million hours of video consumed through for Beijing Games is the equivalent of 1,126 years of video.
NBC 2008 Beijing Olympics Set Record as Most-Viewed Event in US TV History.
Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics NBC Television Ratings
NBC Universal's Beijing Olympic coverage was viewed by more Americans than any event in U.S. television history, according to data provided by Nielsen Media Research. NBCU's coverage reached 214 million total viewers, shattering the previous mark set by the 1996 Atlanta Olympics (209M) by five million viewers and surpassing the 2004 Athens Games (203M) by 11 million viewers.
Kenya's Samuel Kamau Wansiru Sets New Olympic Record to Win Beijing Olympics Marathon.
Men's Olympic Marathon: Samuel Kamau Wansiru Gold, Jaouad Gharib Silver, Tsegay Kebede Bronze
Samuel Kamau Wansiru of Kenya set a new Olympic Record in the marathon with a time of 2:06:32 to win the Beijing Olympics Marathon. Wansiru is the first marathoner representing Kenya to ever win a Men's Marathon at the Olympics.
Olympics Women's Soccer: United States Defeats Brazil 1 - 0 to Capture Back-to-Back Olympic Golds
USA Olympic Team Captain Christine Rampone & Teammates Give Views on Winning Gold Medal
The United States defeated Brazil by a score of 1 - 0 in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics women's soccer final. The only goal of the match coming in the sixth minute of extra time (96') from Carli Lloyd. Lloyd blasted a left-footed shot from outside the box that caught the lower left-hand corner of the goal.
Marathoners Jaouad Gharib & Mubarak Hassan Shami Preview 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Men's Marathon
Men's Marathon at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
This year's Olympic Marathon is even more difficult to predict given the deep field of highly talented runners which is compounded by the summer heat, humidity and often-talked about Beijing pollution.
If Beijing's pollution is to play a part in these Olympics, the Men's Olympic Marathon race is the likeliest of candidates to be impacted.
Oddly enough, the fastest time run in an Olympics Marathon was at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games. Los Angeles is known for its notorious smog conditions.
Cuban Olympian Dayron Robles Shares his Impressions on Men's Hurdles Gold Medal and the Absence of China's Liu Xiang
Cuban Olympian Dayron Robles Wins Men's 110 meter Hurdles at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Dayron Robles claimed Olympic gold in the 110m hurdles in Beijing. The 110-meters hurdles event took place without former World record holder and Athens 2004 Summer Olympics Gold Medalist Liu Xiang of China who pulled out due to injury. Robles went on to comfortably win the gold medal, posting a time of 12.93 seconds in the Men's 110-meter hurdles final.
Olympics Women's Gymnastics: American Nastia Liukin Leaves Beijing with 5 Medals
USA Women's Gymnast Nastia Liukin Celebrates Her 5 Gymnastics Medals
Nastia Liukin earned her fifth Olympic medal, a silver medal in the balance beam final, on August 19 at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Nastia's most impressive victory was in the much coveted women's individual all-around gold medal. She barely beat fellow American Shawn Johnson by 0.6 points.
Germany's Britta Heidemann Shares her Impressions on Fencing Gold Medal
Germany's Britta Heidemann Wins Womens Individual Epee Fencing at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Germany�s fencing gold medalist Britta Heidemann is something of a celebrity in China, having spent three months here at the age of 15. A Chinese student at Cologne University, the 26 year old became the centre of media attention when she fielded press conference questions in Chinese at the Beijing Olympics. Fans have affectionately named her �little moon.�
8-time Gold Medalist Michael Phelps
American Swimmer Michael Phelps Wins 8th Gold Medal
Strokes His Way to History at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Michael Phelps set the record for most gold medals in a single Olympics, winning his eighth gold medal of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games as a member of the winning American 4x100 medley relay team.
100-Meter Hurdles Silver Medalist Sally McLellan of Australia: 'It's Just so Exciting for Me'
Australia's Sally McLellan Silver Medalist Women's 100-meter Hurdles at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Australia's Sally McLellan surprisingly won a silver medal in the women's 100 metres hurdles at the Beijing Olympics. Sally's pure joy and refreshing celebration at the end of the 100 meter hurdle finals with bronze medalist Priscilla Lopes-Schliep of Canada has touched many. In Australia, she has become the darling of the country and achieved instant celebrity status.
Great Britain's Christine Ohuruogu Winning Women's Olympic 400-meter Gold Has Not Sunk in Yet
Christine Ohuruogu Wins 400 meters at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
While winning the Olympic 400-meter gold medal has not sunk in yet, Christine Ohuruogu of Great Britain says she is 'very happy.' Christine Ohuruogu is the first British woman to win the Olympic 400 meters.
Olympic Record Breaking Britta Steffen: 'I Swam With my Eyes Closed'
Double Gold Medal Winning Swimmer Britta Steffen of Germany
Olympic Record breaking and double gold medal winning Britta Steffen of Germany says she swam the first 50 meters of the 100m Freestyle final with her eyes closed to avoid being distracted by her opponents.
Chris Hoy of Great Britain Wins 3 Gold Medals in Cycling; First Brit to Win 3 Gold Medals in a single Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Men's Cycling Gold Medalist
Having made Olympic history, Great Britain's cycling star Chris Hoy said he felt like he was in a dream. Chris Hoy became the first British athlete in 100 years to win three gold medals in a single Olympics. During the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, Chris Hoy won gold medals in the men's sprint, the team sprint and the Keirin event.
Great Britain's Cycling Gold Medalist Victoria Pendleton: "It's Something Completely Special"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Women's Track Cycling Gold Medalist
Victoria Pendleton defeated Anna Meares of Australia to earn her Olympic gold medal in the women's track cycling sprint finals. The 27-year-old explains in her interview that without the disappointment of the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, she wouldn�t have modified her training program for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
Argentina vs. Nigeria 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Soccer Finals
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Men's Soccer Final Argentina vs. Nigeria
In an interview ahead of Saturday's Soccer Olympic final, Nigerian football coach Samson Siasia believes Nigeria can win the gold medal
Spitz Comparisons Motivated Phelps to Achieve Record
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Mark Phelps Interview on Mark Spitz Achievement as Motivation
After winning a record eight gold medals in one Olympics, U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps says he was partially motivated by people saying no one could ever duplicate Mark Spitz�s achievement.
Nelson Evora of Portugal Wins Men�s Triple Jump
2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Gold Medal: Nelson Evora Men's Triple Jump
Nelson Evora won the men's triple jump at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Evora won the gold medal with a jump of 17.67 meters beating silver medalist Phillips Idowu of Great Britain by 5 centimeters (17.62 meters). Leevan Sanders of the Bahamas won the bronze medal with a triple jump of 17.59 meters. This is the first Olympic Gold Medal in 12 years for Portugal and only the third gold medal for Portugal in Track & Field ever.
Michael Phelps on Winning His 8 Gold Medals, the USA Swim Team, His Support & Motivation at Beijing
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Michael Phelps Interview
After surpassing Mark Spitz' performance of winning seven Gold medals in one Olympic Games with eight of his own, Michael Phelps says that he is ready to get more gold medals at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London.
Russian Pole Vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva Wins Gold, Sets New World Record
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Gold Medalist
Yelena Isinbayeva -- who has dominated women's pole vaulting since wining at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics -- said she did not want to disappoint her fans by only winning the gold medal and not breaking her own world record at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
100 Meter Sprinter Derrick Atkins of the Bahamas is 'Beyond Hungry' for Gold
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Despite finishing second in the 2007 World Championships (Osaka, Japan) with a time 9.91 seconds, Derrick Atkins is not considered a favorite to medal in the 100 meters at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Leading up to the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics the focus on the 'World's Fastest Man' Title has been on Tyson Gay, Usain Bolt and Asafa Powell. Derrick Atkins makes a great case as to why he should not be merely an afterthought in the Men's 100 meters.
2004 Olympic Men's 400 Meter Champion Jeremy Wariner is Excited to Get Closer to the First Round
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
One month after losing to fellow American LaShawn Merritt in the US Olympic trials in July, two-time Olympic and World Champion 400 meter runner Jeremy Wariner talks about Merritt, his mental preparations for the event and how he plans to defend the 400m gold medal he won in Athens.
Women's 200 Meter Champion Veronica Campbell-Brown of Jamaica: "Everybody in the Final is a Contender"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Olympic 200 meter Champion Veronica Campbell-Brown explains that Allyson Felix will be her main rival for the Olympic crown but also that everybody who makes it to the final has a good chance of winning.
American 100 Meter Sprinter Darvis Patton: "Usain Bolt is a Freak of Nature"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
America's Darvis Patton shares his thoughts on his chances of medal at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics ahead of the 100 meter final on August 16. His expected competitors for the gold medal are World Champion Tyson Gay , former world record holder Asafa Powell and Jamaica�s Usain Bolt , who Patton has described as a �freak of nature�.
American Pole Vaulter Jennifer Stuczynski: "I Will Clear the Same Heights as Yelena Isinbayeva"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
America's Jennifer Stuczynski says it's only a matter of time before she is clearing the same heights as the Olympic and World Record holder Yelena Isinbayeva of Russia.
100 Meters Sprinter Asafa Powell Looks to be Peaking Just in Time
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
With 3 consecutive victories on the Grand Prix Circuit in the Men's 100 meters, Asafa Powell appears to have emerged as the favorite to win the Men's 100 meters at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
French Cyclist Jeannie Longo Competing in Her 7th Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
For French Cyclist Jeannie Longo the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics will be her seventh time competing in the Olympics. Even though she's almost a half-century old (born October 31, 1958), Longo is still setting her sights high.
Roger Federer Aiming for Gold in Olympics Tennis
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Swiss tennis ace Roger Federer has lost his world number one ranking but is gunning for Gold in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics tennis championship. As one of Switzerland's main medal hopes, he will be carrying his nation's flag during the opening ceremony on Friday.
Beijing Summer Olympics Men's Javelin Defending Olympics Champion Andreas Thorkildson
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Norwegian Olympic javelin gold medalist Andreas Thorkildson says that in addition to training hard, luck will play a big part in preserving his title in Beijing in August
Beijing Summer Olympics Men's Triple Jump Favorite Nelson Evora
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Triple Jump Favorite Nelson Evora of Portugal discusses his standing as the favorite in the Men's Triple Jump at this summer's Olympics
Games to Set New Standard for Anti-Doping Efforts
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
The anti-doping effort at the Beijing Summer Games will be more extensive than ever, says the International Olympic Committee (IOC). More than 4,500 tests will be administered, amounting to 25 percent more than those conducted in the 2004 Games in Athens and 90 percent more than the number of tests in Sydney in 2000.
Team USA Track and Field Roster Set for Beijing
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
An experienced American team featuring 15 Olympic medalists, 31 World Outdoor Championships medalists and 11 individual outdoor American record holders will represent the United States in track & field competition at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China.
Yelena Isinbayeva Ready to Beat Her Pole Vault World Record in Beijing
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Yelena Isinbayeva is considered the favorite for the upcoming Beijing Olympics (August 8 - 24). She won the 2004 Olympic Gold Medal with a new World Record (then 4.91 m). On July 22, 2005, Yelena Isinbayeva became the first female pole vaulter to clear 5.00 metres.
NBC to Provide Unprecedented Coverage of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
NBC Universal, broadcasting its record 11th Olympics, will present an unprecedented 3,600 hours of Beijing Olympic Games coverage, the most ambitious single media project in history.
Sprinter Tyson Gay Shares His Expectations for the Beijing Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
American sprinter Tyson Gay recently made headlines for his 9.68-second win in the 100-meter dash during the Olympic trials (June 29, 2008). Tyson Gay is considered one of the favorite contenders for the upcoming Beijing Olympics (August 8 - 24).
100-Meter Record Holder, Jamaican Sprinter Usain Bolt, Prepares for Beijing Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Since establishing the world record of 9.72 seconds in the 100-meter race at the Reebok Grand Prix on May 31, 2008, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is one of the most eagerly-awaited athletes of the upcoming Beijing Olympics.
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Dayron Robles
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The Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellano completed the first known navigation of which river?
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2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Most-Viewed Event in US TV History | iHaveNet.com
2008 Olympics Most-Viewed Event US TV History
NBC Universal's Beijing Olympic coverage was viewed by more Americans than any event in U.S. television history, according to data provided by Nielsen Media Research. NBCU's coverage reached 214 million total viewers, shattering the previous mark set by the 1996 Atlanta Olympics (209M) by five million viewers and surpassing the 2004 Athens Games (203M) by 11 million viewers.
The 2008 Beijing Summer Games averaged 27.7 million viewers and scored a 17-day rating of 16.2/28 to post significant gains over the 2004 Athens Games. Sunday night's Closing Ceremony had the best rating for any Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony outside the U.S. since the 1976 Montreal Games.
"This audience record is something I thought I'd never see again, but what really satisfied me is the way in which these Olympics truly captivated and seemed to inspire our country," said Dick Ebersol, Chairman, NBC Universal Sports & Olympics and Executive Producer of NBC Universal's Beijing Olympics coverage.
"For me, the greatest measure of success at an Olympics is the number of messages I receive from parents of young kids who have fallen in love with the Olympics. That child means more to me than anything because I think a love affair with the Olympics is the greatest in all of sports."
MOST VIEWED EVENTS IN American Television HISTORY
1. 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, 214 million (17 days)
2. 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics, 209 million (17 days)
3. 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics, 204 million (16 days)
4. 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, 203 million (17 days)
5. 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics, 194 million (17 days)
VIEWERS AND RATING BOTH UP SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ATHENS:
The Beijing Olympics 17-day average primetime viewership is 27.7 million, the best primetime average viewership for a complete Summer Olympics outside the U.S since Montreal in 1976, and 13 percent ahead of Athens in 2004 (24.6 million).
NBC's average of a 16.2 rating, 28 share is the best rating for a Summer Olympics outside the U.S. since Barcelona in 1992 (17.1/33) and is an eight percent increase over Athens in 2004 (15.0/26).
With the Beijing Olympics, NBC became the most dominant network in primetime for 17 consecutive nights since the advent of Nielsen People Meters in 1987. On each of its 17 nights of Beijing Olympic coverage, NBC enjoyed a 244 percent or greater lead over the nearest broadcast network in the adult 18 to 49 demographic (important to advertisers), a 225 or greater percent gain in viewers (persons 2+), and 200 or larger percent in household rating.
NBC also set records in Nielsen People Meter history for biggest margins over the combined major-network competition for three consecutive weeks, with wins of 24 percent or more over ABC, CBS and Fox combined for three straight weeks in 18-49 and 23 percent or more in total viewers.
OLYMPICS IN PRIMETIME DOMINATE COMPETITION:
In primetime, NBC's Beijing Games won all 100-rated half-hours against its entire network competition.
CLOSING CEREMONY BEST NON U.S. SUMMER RATING SINCE 1976:
Sunday's Closing Ceremony garnered 27.8 million average viewers, a 42 percent gain from the Closing Ceremony night in Athens (19.6 million). The night earned a 15.5 rating/25 share, a 30 percent increase from Athens (11.9/20). In both categories, the Closing Ceremony from Beijing was the best delivery for a Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony outside the U.S. since Montreal in 1976.
NBC Universal's 3,600 hours of Beijing Olympic coverage not only fueled record-breaking Olympic viewership, but also cast an Olympic "halo" across the many different divisions of NBC Universal. The unprecedented Olympic coverage drove record numbers of viewers to NBCU's cable networks; it also produced impressive gains in viewership and competitive advantage for NBC News' "Today," "NBC Nightly News," and NBC's affiliated stations.
NBCOLYMPICS.COM ON MSN POSTS RECORD NUMBERS: For the complete Beijing Games, NBCOlympics.com has more than doubled the combined totals for the Athens and Torino Games in page views and unique users, while increasing videos streamed by more than seven times.
VIDEO STREAMS: 75.5 million for Beijing, 10.8 million for Athens and Torino Games combined (+601%)
UNIQUE USERS: 51.9 million for Beijing, 25.2 million for Athens and Torino Games combined (+106%)
PAGE VIEWS: 1.24 billion for Beijing, 561.1 million for Athens and Torino Games combined (+122%)
HOUR OF VIDEO STREAMED: 9.9 million hours of video consumed through for Beijing Games is the equivalent of 1,126 years of video.
NBC 2008 Beijing Olympics Set Record as Most-Viewed Event in US TV History.
Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics NBC Television Ratings
NBC Universal's Beijing Olympic coverage was viewed by more Americans than any event in U.S. television history, according to data provided by Nielsen Media Research. NBCU's coverage reached 214 million total viewers, shattering the previous mark set by the 1996 Atlanta Olympics (209M) by five million viewers and surpassing the 2004 Athens Games (203M) by 11 million viewers.
Kenya's Samuel Kamau Wansiru Sets New Olympic Record to Win Beijing Olympics Marathon.
Men's Olympic Marathon: Samuel Kamau Wansiru Gold, Jaouad Gharib Silver, Tsegay Kebede Bronze
Samuel Kamau Wansiru of Kenya set a new Olympic Record in the marathon with a time of 2:06:32 to win the Beijing Olympics Marathon. Wansiru is the first marathoner representing Kenya to ever win a Men's Marathon at the Olympics.
Olympics Women's Soccer: United States Defeats Brazil 1 - 0 to Capture Back-to-Back Olympic Golds
USA Olympic Team Captain Christine Rampone & Teammates Give Views on Winning Gold Medal
The United States defeated Brazil by a score of 1 - 0 in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics women's soccer final. The only goal of the match coming in the sixth minute of extra time (96') from Carli Lloyd. Lloyd blasted a left-footed shot from outside the box that caught the lower left-hand corner of the goal.
Marathoners Jaouad Gharib & Mubarak Hassan Shami Preview 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Men's Marathon
Men's Marathon at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
This year's Olympic Marathon is even more difficult to predict given the deep field of highly talented runners which is compounded by the summer heat, humidity and often-talked about Beijing pollution.
If Beijing's pollution is to play a part in these Olympics, the Men's Olympic Marathon race is the likeliest of candidates to be impacted.
Oddly enough, the fastest time run in an Olympics Marathon was at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games. Los Angeles is known for its notorious smog conditions.
Cuban Olympian Dayron Robles Shares his Impressions on Men's Hurdles Gold Medal and the Absence of China's Liu Xiang
Cuban Olympian Dayron Robles Wins Men's 110 meter Hurdles at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Dayron Robles claimed Olympic gold in the 110m hurdles in Beijing. The 110-meters hurdles event took place without former World record holder and Athens 2004 Summer Olympics Gold Medalist Liu Xiang of China who pulled out due to injury. Robles went on to comfortably win the gold medal, posting a time of 12.93 seconds in the Men's 110-meter hurdles final.
Olympics Women's Gymnastics: American Nastia Liukin Leaves Beijing with 5 Medals
USA Women's Gymnast Nastia Liukin Celebrates Her 5 Gymnastics Medals
Nastia Liukin earned her fifth Olympic medal, a silver medal in the balance beam final, on August 19 at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Nastia's most impressive victory was in the much coveted women's individual all-around gold medal. She barely beat fellow American Shawn Johnson by 0.6 points.
Germany's Britta Heidemann Shares her Impressions on Fencing Gold Medal
Germany's Britta Heidemann Wins Womens Individual Epee Fencing at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Germany�s fencing gold medalist Britta Heidemann is something of a celebrity in China, having spent three months here at the age of 15. A Chinese student at Cologne University, the 26 year old became the centre of media attention when she fielded press conference questions in Chinese at the Beijing Olympics. Fans have affectionately named her �little moon.�
8-time Gold Medalist Michael Phelps
American Swimmer Michael Phelps Wins 8th Gold Medal
Strokes His Way to History at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Michael Phelps set the record for most gold medals in a single Olympics, winning his eighth gold medal of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games as a member of the winning American 4x100 medley relay team.
100-Meter Hurdles Silver Medalist Sally McLellan of Australia: 'It's Just so Exciting for Me'
Australia's Sally McLellan Silver Medalist Women's 100-meter Hurdles at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Australia's Sally McLellan surprisingly won a silver medal in the women's 100 metres hurdles at the Beijing Olympics. Sally's pure joy and refreshing celebration at the end of the 100 meter hurdle finals with bronze medalist Priscilla Lopes-Schliep of Canada has touched many. In Australia, she has become the darling of the country and achieved instant celebrity status.
Great Britain's Christine Ohuruogu Winning Women's Olympic 400-meter Gold Has Not Sunk in Yet
Christine Ohuruogu Wins 400 meters at 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
While winning the Olympic 400-meter gold medal has not sunk in yet, Christine Ohuruogu of Great Britain says she is 'very happy.' Christine Ohuruogu is the first British woman to win the Olympic 400 meters.
Olympic Record Breaking Britta Steffen: 'I Swam With my Eyes Closed'
Double Gold Medal Winning Swimmer Britta Steffen of Germany
Olympic Record breaking and double gold medal winning Britta Steffen of Germany says she swam the first 50 meters of the 100m Freestyle final with her eyes closed to avoid being distracted by her opponents.
Chris Hoy of Great Britain Wins 3 Gold Medals in Cycling; First Brit to Win 3 Gold Medals in a single Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Men's Cycling Gold Medalist
Having made Olympic history, Great Britain's cycling star Chris Hoy said he felt like he was in a dream. Chris Hoy became the first British athlete in 100 years to win three gold medals in a single Olympics. During the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, Chris Hoy won gold medals in the men's sprint, the team sprint and the Keirin event.
Great Britain's Cycling Gold Medalist Victoria Pendleton: "It's Something Completely Special"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Women's Track Cycling Gold Medalist
Victoria Pendleton defeated Anna Meares of Australia to earn her Olympic gold medal in the women's track cycling sprint finals. The 27-year-old explains in her interview that without the disappointment of the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, she wouldn�t have modified her training program for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
Argentina vs. Nigeria 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Soccer Finals
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Men's Soccer Final Argentina vs. Nigeria
In an interview ahead of Saturday's Soccer Olympic final, Nigerian football coach Samson Siasia believes Nigeria can win the gold medal
Spitz Comparisons Motivated Phelps to Achieve Record
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Mark Phelps Interview on Mark Spitz Achievement as Motivation
After winning a record eight gold medals in one Olympics, U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps says he was partially motivated by people saying no one could ever duplicate Mark Spitz�s achievement.
Nelson Evora of Portugal Wins Men�s Triple Jump
2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Gold Medal: Nelson Evora Men's Triple Jump
Nelson Evora won the men's triple jump at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Evora won the gold medal with a jump of 17.67 meters beating silver medalist Phillips Idowu of Great Britain by 5 centimeters (17.62 meters). Leevan Sanders of the Bahamas won the bronze medal with a triple jump of 17.59 meters. This is the first Olympic Gold Medal in 12 years for Portugal and only the third gold medal for Portugal in Track & Field ever.
Michael Phelps on Winning His 8 Gold Medals, the USA Swim Team, His Support & Motivation at Beijing
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics: Michael Phelps Interview
After surpassing Mark Spitz' performance of winning seven Gold medals in one Olympic Games with eight of his own, Michael Phelps says that he is ready to get more gold medals at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London.
Russian Pole Vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva Wins Gold, Sets New World Record
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics Gold Medalist
Yelena Isinbayeva -- who has dominated women's pole vaulting since wining at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics -- said she did not want to disappoint her fans by only winning the gold medal and not breaking her own world record at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
100 Meter Sprinter Derrick Atkins of the Bahamas is 'Beyond Hungry' for Gold
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Despite finishing second in the 2007 World Championships (Osaka, Japan) with a time 9.91 seconds, Derrick Atkins is not considered a favorite to medal in the 100 meters at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Leading up to the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics the focus on the 'World's Fastest Man' Title has been on Tyson Gay, Usain Bolt and Asafa Powell. Derrick Atkins makes a great case as to why he should not be merely an afterthought in the Men's 100 meters.
2004 Olympic Men's 400 Meter Champion Jeremy Wariner is Excited to Get Closer to the First Round
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
One month after losing to fellow American LaShawn Merritt in the US Olympic trials in July, two-time Olympic and World Champion 400 meter runner Jeremy Wariner talks about Merritt, his mental preparations for the event and how he plans to defend the 400m gold medal he won in Athens.
Women's 200 Meter Champion Veronica Campbell-Brown of Jamaica: "Everybody in the Final is a Contender"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Olympic 200 meter Champion Veronica Campbell-Brown explains that Allyson Felix will be her main rival for the Olympic crown but also that everybody who makes it to the final has a good chance of winning.
American 100 Meter Sprinter Darvis Patton: "Usain Bolt is a Freak of Nature"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
America's Darvis Patton shares his thoughts on his chances of medal at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics ahead of the 100 meter final on August 16. His expected competitors for the gold medal are World Champion Tyson Gay , former world record holder Asafa Powell and Jamaica�s Usain Bolt , who Patton has described as a �freak of nature�.
American Pole Vaulter Jennifer Stuczynski: "I Will Clear the Same Heights as Yelena Isinbayeva"
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
America's Jennifer Stuczynski says it's only a matter of time before she is clearing the same heights as the Olympic and World Record holder Yelena Isinbayeva of Russia.
100 Meters Sprinter Asafa Powell Looks to be Peaking Just in Time
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
With 3 consecutive victories on the Grand Prix Circuit in the Men's 100 meters, Asafa Powell appears to have emerged as the favorite to win the Men's 100 meters at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
French Cyclist Jeannie Longo Competing in Her 7th Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
For French Cyclist Jeannie Longo the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics will be her seventh time competing in the Olympics. Even though she's almost a half-century old (born October 31, 1958), Longo is still setting her sights high.
Roger Federer Aiming for Gold in Olympics Tennis
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Swiss tennis ace Roger Federer has lost his world number one ranking but is gunning for Gold in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics tennis championship. As one of Switzerland's main medal hopes, he will be carrying his nation's flag during the opening ceremony on Friday.
Beijing Summer Olympics Men's Javelin Defending Olympics Champion Andreas Thorkildson
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Norwegian Olympic javelin gold medalist Andreas Thorkildson says that in addition to training hard, luck will play a big part in preserving his title in Beijing in August
Beijing Summer Olympics Men's Triple Jump Favorite Nelson Evora
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Triple Jump Favorite Nelson Evora of Portugal discusses his standing as the favorite in the Men's Triple Jump at this summer's Olympics
Games to Set New Standard for Anti-Doping Efforts
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
The anti-doping effort at the Beijing Summer Games will be more extensive than ever, says the International Olympic Committee (IOC). More than 4,500 tests will be administered, amounting to 25 percent more than those conducted in the 2004 Games in Athens and 90 percent more than the number of tests in Sydney in 2000.
Team USA Track and Field Roster Set for Beijing
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
An experienced American team featuring 15 Olympic medalists, 31 World Outdoor Championships medalists and 11 individual outdoor American record holders will represent the United States in track & field competition at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China.
Yelena Isinbayeva Ready to Beat Her Pole Vault World Record in Beijing
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Yelena Isinbayeva is considered the favorite for the upcoming Beijing Olympics (August 8 - 24). She won the 2004 Olympic Gold Medal with a new World Record (then 4.91 m). On July 22, 2005, Yelena Isinbayeva became the first female pole vaulter to clear 5.00 metres.
NBC to Provide Unprecedented Coverage of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
NBC Universal, broadcasting its record 11th Olympics, will present an unprecedented 3,600 hours of Beijing Olympic Games coverage, the most ambitious single media project in history.
Sprinter Tyson Gay Shares His Expectations for the Beijing Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
American sprinter Tyson Gay recently made headlines for his 9.68-second win in the 100-meter dash during the Olympic trials (June 29, 2008). Tyson Gay is considered one of the favorite contenders for the upcoming Beijing Olympics (August 8 - 24).
100-Meter Record Holder, Jamaican Sprinter Usain Bolt, Prepares for Beijing Olympics
2008 Beijing Summer Olympics
Since establishing the world record of 9.72 seconds in the 100-meter race at the Reebok Grand Prix on May 31, 2008, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is one of the most eagerly-awaited athletes of the upcoming Beijing Olympics.
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i don't know
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What is the capital of the Turks and Caicos Islands?
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Where is The Turks And Caicos Islands? / Where is The Turks And Caicos Islands Located in The World? / The Turks And Caicos Islands Map - WorldAtlas.com
Where is The Turks And Caicos Islands?
Location of The Turks And Caicos Islands on a map.
What is the capital of The Turks And Caicos Islands?
Located in the continent of the Caribbean , Turks and Caicos covers 948 square kilometers of land, making it the 190th largest nation in terms of land area.
The Turks And Caicos Islands is a dependant territory of The United Kingdom. The population of The Turks And Caicos Islands is 46,335 (2012) and the nation has a density of 49 people per square kilometer.
The currency of The Turks And Caicos Islands is the US Dollar (USD). As well, the people of The Turks And Caicos Islands are refered to as none.
The dialing code for the country is 1 and the top level internet domain for none sites is .tc.
The Turks And Caicos Islands does not share land borders with any countries.
To learn more, visit our detailed Turks and Caicos section.
Quick facts
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Cockburn Town
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"Which of Shakespeare's plays opens with the lines ""Proceed, Solinus, to procure my fall""?"
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Capital of the Turks and Caicos Islands - crossword puzzle clues & answers - Dan Word
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Capital of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Capital of the Turks and Caicos Islands. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "Capital of the Turks and Caicos Islands" clue. It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database.
Possible answer:
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i don't know
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In 'The Simpsons', by what name is the performer 'Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofski' better known?
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Characters - The Simpsons - GlobalTV.com: Official Site of Global Television
The Simpsons cast
Homer Simpson
Homer Simpson was born March 12, 1951 to parents Abe and Mona Simpson. He is an overweight and lazy, yet devoted and caring man of below average intelligence.
At his job at the Sprinfield Nuclear Power plant, Homer is lazy, and often sleeps on duty. His favourite hobbies are watching TV and drinking at Moe's Tavern.
His best friends are childhood pals Barney Gumble, Lenny Leonard, Carl Carlson, and Moe Szyslak. His favourite beer is Duff.
In 1960, Homer pushed 15 crayons up his nose. One remains wedged in his brain, resulting in Homer's below low IQ. Homer Simpson developed an overeating habit after a traumatizing experience discovering a decomposing corpse.
Homer met Marge Bouvier in high school and fell in love with her immediately. The couple married at Shotgun Pete's 24 hour Wedding Chapel while Marge was pregnant with their first born, Bart. It is the three announcements of Marge's pregnancy which have resulted in Homer Simpson's loss of hair.
Throughout the years, Homer's held many jobs. This include a gig at Sir Putt-A-Lot's Merrie Old Fun Cetre, a pin monkey at Barney's uncle's bowling alley, a professional astronaut, and aa Grammy award winning musician.
Homer's rival is his pious neighbor Ned Flanders. Homer attends church on a regular basis despite being an irreligious man. Despite his indifference towards church, Homer has met God several times, who once told Homer he's allowed to skip church.
Homer is a polygot, meaning he is able to easily speak many languages. Homer has been known to speak Spanish and Penguing.
At least once a season, Homer Simpson has had a life saving operation. He owns the Denver Broncos, has died twice, has been shot three times, and is afraid of sock puppets.
Homer Simpsons middle name is The Simpsons creator Matt Groening's nod to Bullwinkle J Moose of Rocky and Bullwinkle. Homer has been cited as being inspired by actor Walter Mathau and the British comedy Laurel and Hardy.
Homer Simpson's email is [email protected] - if you send Homer an email, Simpsons writer Matt Saleman will reply.
Marge Simpson
Marge Simpson's role is to essentially maintain order in the Simpsons household. She is often described as the killjoy of the family.
Marge is the youngest daughter or Jacqueline and Clancy Bouvier, she has two older sisters, twins Patty and Selma.
Throughout the years, Marge Simpson has held many occupations. These jobs include pretzel wagon creator and seller, policewoman, trade show model, real estate agent for Red Blazer Realty, and baker for an erotic bakery.
Marge met Homer Simpson in high school, and fell in love with Homer after realizing her prom date Artie Ziff was a sleaze ball. Since senior prom, Marge has worn her hair in a beehive style. She uses Blue dye #56 and if you included the height of her hair, Marge is 8'6 tall.
Marge is a talented painter, Ringo Star lover, and celebrated cook. Her specialty dish is pork chops, which happens to be her husband Homer's favourite.
Marge is left handed, needs glasses, and is afraid of flying.
In 2009, Marge Simpson posed for playboy magazine. She is said to have been based on Jackie Onassis.
Lisa Simpson
Lisa Simpson is the 8 year old prodigy of the Simpsons family. She is a smart, independent overachiever with few friends. Lisa's first word was "Bart".
Lisa is a vegetarian, leftist, and member of Mensa. Her IQ is 159. Lisa'd hobbies include playing baritone saxophone, riding horses, and studying.
Lisa's first boyfriend has Nelson Muntz. She's had many crushes and is adored by Milhouse. .
Lisa Simpson speaks Italian, wears Calvin Klein invisible braces, and is a part of the Free Tibet movement.
The character of Lisa Simpson was originally written as "a female Bart". Lisa's saxophone solos are performed by Terry Harrington.
Bart Simpson
Born on April Fool's Day, Bart Simpson is the eldest child of Marge and Homer Simpson. He is a self-proclaimed underachiever and prankster of Sprinfield Elementary.
A rebel before he was born, Bart mooned Dr.Hibbert while Marge was having a sonogram. His first words were "Aye Carumba".
Bart loves Krusty the Klown, skateboarding, pulling pranks, and reading the comic book Radioactive Man.
Bart's best friend is Milhouse Van Houten. Bart is constantly getting detention. His main rival is Sprinfield Elementary's principal, Seymour Skinner. His other nemesis is bully Nelson Muntz
Bart and his younger sister Lisa share a sibling rivalry, but Bart is always supportive of Lisa in her times of great need.
Another rival of Bart's is Sideshow Bob. On many occasions, Bart has foiled Sideshow Bob's plans to kill Bart or commit various other other evil doings.
Life his father, Bart is a polygot and speaks many different languages. Bart speaks French, Spanish, Japanese, Cantonese, and Latin.
Like many other members of his family, Bart is a skilled musician. He plays the drums.
Bart is the lead scorer in the Mighty Pigs pee wee hockey league. He is a natural dancer and driver. He died once, and was once brought back to life by Satan.
Maggie Simpson
Maggie Simpson is the youngest child of the Simpson family. She is 1 years old, loves her pacifier and often trips over her jumper.
7 years after Marge was pregnant with Lisa, Homer and Marge bought their first home. Set up comfortably to raise two children, Homer quit his job at the Sprinfield Nuclear Power Plant to follow his dreams and work as a pin monkey at Barney's Bowlerama. Soon after Homer quit his job, Marge became pregnant with Maggie. Home pulled out what was left of his hair and was forced to go back to his old job at the power plant.
Maggie's first word was "Daddy". Despite the fact that Homer often forgets his third child exists and Maggie is often portrayed as being afraid of Homer, Homer loves Maggie dearly and keeps all of her photos at work to keep him happy throughout the day. Maggie's second word was "Daddily-Doodily".
Maggi has often displayed precocious levels of violence and heroism. She has attempted to murder Mr. Burns, fought in a St. Patrick's Day riot, and protected her family's house against an angry mob. She has saved Homer's life on more than one occasion.
Maggie once organized a coup on her day care to regain her pacifiers. She is extremely agile, has been seen playing the saxophone, and once bowled a perfect game.
In the opening credits of the Simpsons, Maggie's scanner price is $847.63 - the average monthly cost of rearing an infant in 1989.
Patty Bouvier
Patty Bouvier is the younger twin of Marge's cynical, chain-smoking sisters. She is younger than her twin, Selma, by two minutes.
Like her sister Selma, Patty has a strong dislike of her younger sister's husband, Homer. Of the pair, Patty is the more jaded of the twin sisters.
Patty and Selma are both obsessed with the 1980's series MacGyver. She lives in a spinster apartment with Selma, chain-smokes Lady Laramie 100s cigarettes, and is a severe snorer. In season 16, Patty announced she was a lesbian.
Patty has traveled extensively with Selma. They have visited Egypt, Mexico, Russia, Easter Island and the horse drawn carriage museum in Alberta.
Selma Bouvier-Hutz-McClure-Stu-Simpson-D'Amico
Selma Bouvier is the older sibling of Marge's twin sisters. She is more romantic than her twin sister, easily and often falling in love with the wrong men .
Selma shares an apartment with her sister Patty at the Spinster Arms. Like Patty, Selma is obsessed with MacGyver, and once almost called off a marriage because of her spouse-to-be's disdain for the show.
Selma has been married 5 times. Her exes include Disco Stu, Fat Tony, Abe Simpson, Troy MaClure, and Sideshow Bob. She has also dated Moe Syzlak, Barney Gumble, and Hans Moleman.
Selma has a pet iguana named Jub-Jub. She smokes Laramie Hi-Tars cigarettes and has lost her sense of taste and smell after a childhood bottle rocket accident.
Selma's motto: "Single, eh? Well, he passes the Selma test."
Charles Montgomery Plantagenent Schnicklegruber Burns
Mr. Burns is the primary antagonist of the Simpsons. He is old, frail, greedy, cruel, bitter and heartless. He is also a billionaire.
Mr. Burns is of Scottish/German descent. He was raised in the country and had ten siblings. At a young age, Mr. Burns left the country to live with his grandfather, Colonel Wainwright Montgomery Burns, who owned the Atom Mill in Sprinfield.
Charles Montgomery Burns attended Yale, studying business and science. There, Burns played varsity football and was a member of the Yale Skull & Bones society.
Burns served in the Flying Hellfish battalion alongside Abe Simpson in WW2. He once owned a trillion dollar bill and was at one point the richest man in the U.S.A.
Mr. Burns has one child, Larry Burns. He has also raised Waylon Smithers after allowing Smithers Sr. to sacrifice himself to a prevent nuclear meltdown.
Mr. Burns suffers from "3 Stooges Syndrome" - he has every disease known to man, and as a result, the diseases have cancelled each other out.
Mr. Burns has had many business ventures. These include the Monty Burns Casino, Lil' Lisa's Recycling Plant, Burns Slant Drilling Co., Burns Media, The Electric Company, Water Works, a Hotel on Baltic Avenue, and the rights to the song "White Christmas".
Mr. Burns live in Burns Manor in the Sprinfield Heights district. He was been engaged at least three times, to Jacqueline Bouvier, Gloria (a policewoman), and a lady named Gertrude.
Abraham Jay-Jedediah Simpson II
Via Simpsons wiki: Abraham "Abe" Jay-Jedediah Simpson II, also known as "Grifty McGrift" and "Grampa Simpson", or simply as "Grampa" is the patriarch of the Simpson family, the father of Homer, Herbert and Abbie Simpson, father-in-law of Marge Simpson, and the paternal grandfather of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Simpson. He is also the ex-boyfriend of Jacqueline Bouvier, his daughter-in-law's mother.
Abe is a World War II veteran who was later sent to the Springfield Retirement Castle by Homer. He is known for his long, rambling, and often inaccurate stories and general incompetence.
Apu Nahasapeemapetilon
Via Simpsons wiki: During the 1960s, while still living in India, Apu spent some time as a student of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, in which capacity he became a friend of Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney. Apu's friendship with the McCartneys caused him to be referred to by some (mainly himself) as "The Fifth Beatle", They visited Apu in Springfield around the time he became naturalized, He says that he Graduated from Calcutta Technical University, where he was the top of his class of 7 million and got a scholarship in the United States at the Springfield Heights Institute of Technology (S.H.I.T.). In the United States he got a doctorate in computer science by designing the world's first tic-tac-toe program that only the top human players could beat (and which was broken by Bart years later), He then took a job at the Kwik-E-Mart to pay back his student loans. He has great remembrance.
Barney Gumble
Via Simpsons wiki: Bernard "Barney" Arnold Gumble is the Springfield town drunk and Homer Simpson's best friend, though to a lesser extent after High School. Being a frequent customer at Moe's (to the point of sleeping there) Barney considers Moe to be his second best friend; however, he is often abused in the process, mainly due to Moe's personality. Barney was formerly an A-student back at Springfield High, but lost it all due to the alcohol.
Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofski (Krusty the Clown)
Via Simpsons wiki: Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofsky, formerly known as Rory B. Bellows, better known by his stage name Krusty the Clown or just Krusty, is the cynical, burnt-out, addiction-riddled smoking clown host of Bart, Lisa's and Maggie's favorite TV show The Krusty the Clown Show.
Milhouse Van Houten
Via Simpsons wiki: Milhouse Mussolini Van Houten is Bart Simpson's best friend. As the only child of Kirk and Luann Van Houten, Milhouse's most distinctive physical traits are his blue hair, big nose and extreme nearsightedness (depicted by very small eyes), requiring thick glasses to correct. He has average intelligence but very poor social skills. Although devious in his own way, Milhouse is quite gullible, which is why he is often led into trouble by Bart, who is not shy about taking advantage of the other's naivete.
Ned Flanders
Via Simpsons wiki: Ned Flanders is the Simpson family's extremely religious next "diddly-door" neighbor. He is a genuinely well-meaning good-natured person, and is one of the few in Springfield to whom that description applies. Though firmly religious, he can be timid and something of an easy pushover. He thoroughly worships God and strictly follows the Bible as literally as possible and is easily shocked when challenged on any point of dogma. He also owns the Leftorium and a home business, Flancrest Enterprises, which makes religious hook rugs.
Nelson Mandela Muntz
Via Simpsons wiki: Nelson Muntz is the main bully in The Simpsons. He is the leader of the bullies at Springfield Elementary School (despite being the youngest and shortest), although usually seen and acting independently. He is Bart Simpson's former arch-enemy (later one of his best friends). He is a 4th grader.
Ralph Wiggum
Via Simpsons wiki: Ralph Wiggum is a student who attends Springfield Elementary School. He is best known as the town's resident oddball, and has been immortalized for his non sequiturs and erratic behavior. His lines range from purely nonsensical, or bizarre interpretations of a current event, to surprisingly profound statements that go over people's heads.
Clancy Wiggum
Via Simpsons wiki: Commissioner Clarence "Clancy" Wiggum is the head of police of the Springfield Police Department. He is an extreme stereotype of a lazy police officer (copper). Comissionner Wiggum is morbidly obese, straightforwardly indecent, ignorant, incompetent, and really lazy, with a fondness for doughnuts. While he pretentiously feigns authority, he has little regard for individual rights or even public safety. He is disturbingly uninformed and flaunts his power, albeit with good intentions most of the time.
New Episodes
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Krusty the Clown
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"An example includes describing someone as ""not unattractive"" instead of ""attractive"". What name is given, in rhetoric, to a figure of speech in which a statement is expressed by denying its opposite?"
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Krusty the Clown | Heroes Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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~ Krusty's catchphrase
Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofski, better known as Krusty the Clown, is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. He is the long-time clown host of Bart and Lisa's favorite TV show, a combination of kiddie variety television hijinks and cartoons including The Itchy & Scratchy Show. Krusty is often portrayed as a cynical, burnt out, addiction-riddled smoker who is made miserable by show business but continues on anyway. He has become one of the most common characters outside of the main Simpson family and has been the focus of several episodes, most of which also spotlight Bart.
Krusty was created by cartoonist Matt Groening and partially inspired by Rusty Nails, a television clown from Groening's hometown of Portland, Oregon. He was designed to look like Homer Simpson with clown make-up, with the original idea being that Bart worships a television clown who looks like his own father. His voice is based on Bob Bell, who portrayed WGN-TV's Bozo the Clown . Krusty made his television debut on January 15, 1989 in the Tracey Ullman Show short "The Krusty the Clown Show".
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Role in The Simpsons
Krusty the Clown, born Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofski, is the son of Rabbi Hyman Krustofski. Hyman strongly opposed Krusty's wish to become a clown and make people laugh, wanting the boy to go to yeshiva instead. However, Krusty performed slapstick comedy behind his father's back. One day, he was performing at a rabbi's convention when one joking rabbi squirted seltzer on him, washing off his clown makeup. When Rabbi Krustofski found out, he disowned his son, and did not speak to him for 25 years. Krusty later reconciled with his father with the assistance of Bart and Lisa. It was later revealed that Krusty did not have a Bar Mitzvah service, because Hyman feared he would violate the sanctity of the rites by "acting up." Krusty had two adult Bar Mitzvah ceremonies: a Hollywood gala, then a simple ceremony intended to reconnect with his father. After leaving the Lower East Side of Springfield, Krusty started his show biz career as a street mime in Tupelo, Mississippi.[3] Krusty later discovered that he has a daughter named Sophie. He had met Sophie's mother when she served as a soldier in the Gulf War and he was entertaining the troops. After spending the night together, he prevented her from assassinating Saddam Hussein to protect his career and after that she started hating clowns, and kept their daughter a secret from Krusty.
Krusty has his own show: The Krusty the Clown Show, which is aimed towards a children's audience and has many followers, including Bart Simpson. Some of the early details of Krusty's career have been revealed in clips, but many have been contradictory. For example, Krusty once revealed that he was banned from television for consecutive 10- and 22-year periods taking him from 1957 to 89. Another episode shows a rerun of Krusty's show from 1961 in which he interviews AFL-CIO president George Meany. Krusty's show has gone through various phases: a clip from 1963 shows Krusty interviewing Robert Frost then dumping a load of snow on the poet. The show later took a different turn, featuring Ravi Shankar as a guest and having Krusty howl a drugged-out version of The Doors' "Break on Through (To the Other Side)" in 1973. By the 1980s, the show had devolved into a children's entertainment show. During the series, the Krusty the Clown Show is shown to be aimed almost entirely at children and features many characters, including Sideshow Mel, Mr. Teeny, Tina Ballerina and Corporal Punishment.[9] Sideshow Bob used to be Krusty's main sidekick, but years of constant abuse led to Bob framing Krusty for armed robbery, although Bob was eventually foiled by Bart. Bob has since been replaced by Sideshow Mel, who has remained loyal to Krusty. He seems to retire from and then get back into show business repeatedly throughout his career. His most recent retirement was almost permanent because of recently paroled Sideshow Bob's latest scheme – wiring plastic explosives to a hypnotized Bart and sending him up on stage. When Krusty makes a tribute to Bob at the last minute, however, Bob has a change of heart and stops Bart from fulfilling his mission. Bob and Krusty later reconciled, with Krusty exclaiming that Bob's attempts at Krusty's life make his ratings shoot through the roof. Krusty finishes his show with a song.
Bart Simpson is one of Krusty's biggest fans. In the episode "Krusty Gets Busted" (Season 1, Episode 12) he declared "I've based my life on Krusty's teachings" and sleeps in a room filled with Krusty merchandise. He exposed Sideshow Bob's attempted framing, helped Krusty return to the air with a comeback special and reignite his career and reunited Krusty with his estranged father. For his part, Krusty has remained largely ignorant of Bart's help and has treated Bart with disinterest. One summer, Bart enthusiastically attended Kamp Krusty, largely because of the promise that he would get to spend his summer with Krusty. The camp turned out to be a disaster, with Krusty nowhere to be seen. Bart kept his hopes up by believing that Krusty would show up, but one day the camp director brought in Barney Gumble with Clown make-up. This pushed Bart over the edge and he finally decided that he was sick of Krusty's shoddy merchandise and took over the camp. Krusty immediately visited the camp in hopes of ending the conflict and managed to appease Bart.
Krusty is a multi-millionaire who amassed his fortune mostly by licensing his name and image to a variety of sub-standard products and services, from Krusty alarm clocks to Krusty crowd control barriers. Many of these products are potentially dangerous, such as Krusty's brand of cereal, which in one episode boasted a jagged metal Krusty-O in each box. One of many lawsuits regarding these products was launched by Bart, who ate a jagged metal Krusty-O and had to have his appendix removed. The "Krusty Korporation," the company responsible for Krusty's licensing, has also launched a series of disastrous promotions and business ventures such as sponsoring the 1984 Summer Olympics with a rigged promotion that backfired when the Soviet Union boycotted the games, causing Krusty to lose $44 million. In the TV series and comic books Krusty is also the mascot and owner of the restaurant Krusty Burger. He has been shut down by the health board many times for everything from overworking employees to stapling together half-eaten burgers to make new ones. Krusty wastes money almost as fast as he earns it: lighting his cigarettes with hundred-dollar bills; eating condor-egg omelets; spending huge sums on pornographic magazines; and losing a fortune gambling on everything from horse races to operas to betting against the Harlem Globetrotters.
Krusty is a hard-living entertainment veteran, sometimes depicted as a jaded, burned out has-been, who has been down and out several times and remains addicted to gambling, cigarettes, alcohol, Percodan, Pepto-Bismol, and Xanax. He instantly becomes depressed as soon as the cameras stop rolling; Marge states in "The Sweetest Apu", that, "off camera, he's a desperately unhappy man". In his book Planet Simpson, author Chris Turner describes Krusty as "the wizened veteran, the total pro" who lives the celebrity life but is miserable and needs his celebrity status. In "Bart the Fink", Bart inadvertently reported Krusty as a tax fraud to the Internal Revenue Service and as a result Krusty lost most of his money. Bart soon discovered that Krusty had faked his death and was living as Rory B. Bellows on a boat. Krusty declared that he was finished with the life of a celebrity and was unconvinced when Bart reminded him of his fans and his entourage. Finally, Bart told Krusty that leaving show business would mean losing his celebrity status, which convinced Krusty to return. Krusty has been described as "the consummate showman who can't bear the possibility of not being on the air and not entertaining people."
In the fourteenth season, Bart convinced Krusty to run for Congress so that Krusty could introduce an airline re-routing bill and stop planes from flying over the Simpsons' house. Krusty agreed and ran on the Republican ticket. Although his campaign started off badly, Lisa suggested that he try connecting with regular families, which Krusty did, resulting in a landslide victory. Krusty's term started off badly, as he was completely ignored by his new, more politically savvy colleagues. With the help of the Simpsons and an influential doorman, however, Krusty succeeded in passing his bill.
In the twenty-sixth season, Krusty's father Rabbi Herman Krustofsky died of old age when said "ehhhhhh" just as Krusty was about to tell his father whether he's the funniest clown in Springfield or not and now Krusty is now a jewish orphan since he lost his mother and now he lost his father.
Character
Creation
Krusty in his first appearance in the Simpsons short "The Krusty the Clown Show" Krusty first appeared in "The Krusty the Clown Show," one of The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show that first aired on January 15, 1989. The character was partially inspired by TV clown "Rusty Nails" whom both The Simpsons creator Matt Groening and director Brad Bird watched as children while growing up in Portland, Oregon. Groening describes Rusty Nails as being a sweet clown whose show sometimes had a Christian message, but whose name scared Groening. Dan Castellaneta based his voice characterization on Chicago television's Bob Bell who had a very raspy voice and portrayed WGN-TV's Bozo the Clown from 1960 to 1984.
Krusty's appearance and design is basically just that of Homer Simpson with clown make-up. Groening said that "The satirical conceit that I was going for at the time was that The Simpsons was about a kid who had no respect for his father, but worshiped a clown who looked exactly like his father," a theme which became less important as the show developed. One concept initially saw Krusty being revealed as Homer's secret identity but the idea was dropped for being too complex and because the writers were too busy developing the series. Krusty was originally just a normal man wearing clown makeup, but David Silverman noted that "at some point, we decided he looked like a clown all the time." The producers had long discussions about whether or not Krusty would always remain in his clown make-up but eventually decided that it did not matter. The writers had tried showing Krusty's real face a few times in early episodes, but decided that it did not look right, although his real face was seen in "Krusty Gets Busted". Later episodes made jokes about Krusty's face. In "Homer's Triple Bypass", Krusty reveals that his "grotesque appearance" is the result of multiple heart attacks.
Development
Dan Castellaneta based his voice characterization on Chicago television's Bob Bell.
The third season episode "Like Father, Like Clown" is the first to establish that Krusty is Jewish. Krusty's religion had not been part of the original concept, and the idea came from Jay Kogen. The episode is a parody of The Jazz Singer, which is about a son with a strict religious upbringing who defies his father to become an entertainer. In order to make "Like Father, Like Clown" a full parody of The Jazz Singer, the decision was made to make Krusty Jewish and have his father be a Rabbi. Krusty's real last name, Krustofski, was pitched by Al Jean. Krusty's father, Rabbi Hyman Krustofski was played by Jackie Mason, who won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for the episode. It was established in "Krusty Gets Busted" that Krusty is illiterate. This was shown in subsequent episodes like "Itchy & Scratchy & Marge" but the trait was dropped after the first few seasons because it was hard for the writers to write for an illiterate character.
Krusty's design has undergone several subtle changes since the early years. For the episode "Homie the Clown", Krusty's design was permanently enhanced and he was given a different shaped mouth muzzle and permanent bags under his eyes in order to distinguish him from Homer. In the episode "Lisa's Wedding", which is set fifteen years in the future, Krusty's design was significantly altered to make him look considerably older and was based on Groucho Marx.
Krusty is a favorite character of several of the original writers, many of whom related themselves to him and wanted to write the Krusty focused episodes. Krusty was used as a chance for showbusiness jokes and thus many of Krusty's experiences and anecdotes are based on real experiences and stories heard by the writers.[32] He was a particular favorite of Brad Bird, who directed the first two Krusty episodes and always tried to animate a scene in every Krusty episode.
In 1994, Matt Groening pitched a live-action spin-off from The Simpsons that revolved around Krusty and would star Dan Castellaneta. He and Michael Weithorn wrote a pilot script where Krusty moved to Los Angeles and got his own talk show. A recurring joke throughout the script was that Krusty lived in a house on wooden stilts which were continuously being gnawed by beavers. Eventually, the contract negotiations fell apart and Groening decided to stop work on the project.
Reception
In 2004, Dan Castellaneta won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in "Today I Am a Clown", an episode that heavily features Krusty. Several episodes featuring Krusty have been very well received. In 2007, Vanity Fair named "Krusty Gets Kancelled" as the ninth best episode of The Simpsons. John Ortved felt, "This is Krusty's best episode — better than the reunion with his father, or the Bar Mitzvah episode, which won an Emmy much later on. The incorporation of guest stars as themselves is top-notch, and we get to see the really dark side of Krusty's flailing showbiz career. Hollywood, television, celebrities, and fans are all beautifully skewered here." Matt Groening cites "Krusty Gets Busted" as his ninth favorite episode and has said that he particularly loves Castellaneta's voice work. Groening claims that he has to leave the room every time Castellaneta records as Krusty for fear of ruining the take. Star News Online named "Krusty the Clown's hatred of children," Kamp Krusty, and Krusty's line "All these rules, I feel like I'm in a strip club" as some of the four hundred reasons why they loved The Simpsons. The Observer listed two Krusty products, "Krusty's Non-Toxic Kologne" and "Krusty's home pregnancy kit", as part of their list of the three hundred reasons why they loved the show.
In 2003, Krusty was included in a special history of Jewish entertainers exhibit at the Jewish Museum in New York City
Merchandise
Krusty's has been included in many Simpsons publications, toys and other merchandise. Krusty-themed merchandise includes dolls, posters, figurines, Jack-in-the-boxes, Pint glasses, bobblehead dolls, costumes, and clothing such as T-shirts. Playmates Toys has made a talking evil Krusty doll, based on the one that appeared in "Treehouse of Horror III". Krusty was made into an action figure, and several different versions were included as part of the World of Springfield toy line. The first shows Krusty in his normal clown attire with several Krusty products and was released in 2000 as part of "wave one". The second, released in 2002 as part of "wave nine", is called "busted Krusty" and shows him in a prison and without his clown make-up, as he was seen in "Krusty Gets Busted". The third was released in 2003 as part of "wave thirteen" and was called "Tuxedo Krusty". Several Krusty themed playsets were also released, including a Krusty-Lu Studios and Krusty Burger playset, both released in 2001.
In The Simpsons Ride, a simulator ride opened at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood in May 2008, Krusty builds and opens a cartoon theme park called Krustyland. Sideshow Bob makes an appearance and tries to murder the Simpson family. In July 2007, convenience store chain 7-Eleven converted eleven of its stores in the United States and one in Canada into Kwik-E-Marts to celebrate the release of The Simpsons Movie. Amongst the products sold were "Krusty-O's", which were made by Malt-O-Meal.
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i don't know
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In 'The Simpsons', by what name is the evil genius 'Robert Underdunk Terwilliger' better known?
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Robert Terwilliger | Simpsons Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
Biography
Robert Terwilliger began his career as "Sideshow Bob", a non-speaking sidekick on Krusty the Clown's television show. In actuality his younger brother Cecil had auditioned for the role, which Krusty was not impressed by and saw Bob as the ideal comic foil. [6] Sideshow Bob endured much as was to be expected from clown sidekicks, such as being targeted with pies and shot out of cannons, but Krusty took on a more sadistic bent in order to get laughs, which had been shown to be a habit of doing to other sidekicks of his. Sideshow Bob soon began to tire of these antics, and also realized that off-camera Krusty was engaging in vulgar behavior such as illegal gambling and patronizing strip joints. Fed up with enduring abuse in order to make money to fund Krusty's carnal appetites, Sideshow Bob began plotting Krusty's downfall. [7]
Fed up with Krusty's torment, Bob disguised himself as Krusty and framed him for armed robbery of the Kwik-E-Mart . After Krusty was arrested, Bob takes control of the show, introducing children to elements of high culture. However, Bob's reign is short-lived; Bart Simpson, with the help of his sister, Lisa, exposes Bob's treachery and Krusty is released. Bart, with Lisa's help, was able to catch Bob mainly because of Bob's large feet actually filled out Krusty's clown shoes, so when his foot was stepped on in the security footage he felt it and yelped. Had it actually been Krusty committing the robbery, he would not have felt his foot being stepped on (or he may have worn normal shoes to aid in his getaway). Bart and Lisa also knew that Krusty had a pacemaker and in the security footage Bob used the microwave, which the real Krusty could not do because it would interfere with his pacemaker. Finally, Krusty was illiterate and Bob was reading a magazine in the Kwik-E-Mart right before committing the robbery. After the new evidence was brought forward, Bob was subsequently convicted for the robbery and sent to jail, but not before swearing vengeance on Bart. [7]
Bob performing H.M.S. Pinafore.
During his time in prison, Bob won an Emmy Award for his role on The Krusty the Clown Show , but his award was confiscated by the prison guards. Bob took part in a prisoner dating service, and went into a relationship with Selma Bouvier , Bart's aunt. After he was released from prison, he proposed and married Selma, despite Bart's protests. As part of a scheme to inherit money she has invested in the stock market, Bob attempted to blow Selma up during their honeymoon. However, Bart again foiled the plan and Sideshow Bob returns to prison, exclaiming that as soon as the Democrats were back in office, he and all his criminal buddies would be back on the streets. [8] Ironically, he would run as a Republican in a later episode.
Sideshow Bob tries to kill Bart Simpson
After being paroled from prison, Bob targeted Bart directly, threatening him repeatedly. His first attempt at threatening Bart involved mailing dozens of threatening letter written in Bob's own blood (only one of the letters was not actually written by Sideshow Bob, written in a sloppy, grammatically-incorrect manner and obviously not being written in blood, which was instead written by Homer as revenge for Bart tattooing his butt with "Wide Load"), which also caused some problems with his health due to blood loss. The letters led Bart to become extremely paranoid. Bob eventually managed to get parole due to manipulating the Parole Jury with his intellect and cultured nature. He then unveiled his release to the Simpsons family in a movie theater, and then proceeded to declare all the people he won't be killing, making sure to leave Bart off the list. His actions forced the Simpsons to move to Terror Lake with the identity of the Thompsons as part of the Witness Relocation Program. Bob, however, anticipated their relocation and followed them to their new houseboat, although the actual journey proved painful for Bob, having his head hit repeatedly by speed bumps, being scalded by coffee Homer threw out of the car, and being subject to cacti after the family decided to drive through the cactus patches, and then after getting out of the car, constantly hitting rakes. He eventually encountered Bart underneath another car, but ended up losing his quarry due to the arrival of a parade celebrating Hannibal crossing the Alps, complete with elephants, although not without Bart noticing his presence. Eventually, he, after infiltrating the houseboat and subduing the family, prepared to kill Bart. He allows a final request, however, and Bart asks to hear the entire score of H.M.S. Pinafore. The delaying tactic lead to Bob's third arrest. [9]
Bob was released from prison once again after conservative commentator Birch Barlow convinced the public that Bob was a political prisoner. After being released, he ran for Mayor of Springfield on a Republican Party ticket. He won the election against liberal incumbent Joe Quimby by a landslide. He then used his power as mayor to propose the demolition of the Simpsons house to make way for an Expressway and sent Bart back to Kindergarten. Bart and Lisa later discover that Bob rigged the election, leading to another incarceration. [10]
Bob for mayor
During his prison sentence, he began to develop a growing dislike of television, calling it "a fountain of mindless drivel". While doing community service at an Air Force Base before an annual air show, Bob escaped from his work duty and sneaks into a hangar in the base disguised as an officer, where he found a Nuclear device. During the air show, coincidentally being attended by the Simpsons family, Bob appeared on the television screens and threatened to blow up Springfield with a nuclear bomb unless the city stops broadcasting all television shows. When confronted by Bart and Lisa, the bomb is discovered to be a dud, and Sideshow Bob instead kidnaps Bart and hijacks the Wright Flier, planning to crash the Flier onto a shack where Krusty was broadcasting an impromptu TV show. However, the plan fails, and Bob returned to prison. [11]
Bob is released from prison
Bob's "funeral"
During yet another prison sentence, Bob became a member of the prison's Christian outreach program, and tried to be genuinely redeemed. Reverend Lovejoy declared him a changed man and recommended him for a work release opportunity. Bob is discharged from prison into the care of his brother Cecil, who was Springfield 's chief hydrological and hydrodynamical engineer. Though Bart constantly investigated him and his job at the dam still made him show signs of bitterness and resentment, he tried to be a good man. However, the scheming Cecil, still smarting over his failed audition for Krusty, tried to frame Bob by sabotaging the Springfield Dam. Bob, Bart, and Lisa together stopped Cecil and saved the town. However, both brothers were sent to prison despite Bob's genuine innocence due to chief Clancy Wiggum 's steadfast insistence about Bob's culpability despite all contrary testimony. [6]
When Krusty announces his retirement due to low ratings, Bob discovered from prison that Krusty has erased all of the early shows featuring Sideshow Bob. Bob is released from prison and developed a plot to kill Krusty. Using his new job as an intercom announcer at Springfield Elementary , he corners Bart in a shack off the school playground and hypnotizes and brainwashes Bart, planning to use him as a suicide bomber during Krusty's final retirement show. However, when he overhears Krusty express regret about mistreating him, Bob decides to abort his plan, and although he is returned to prison for attempted murder, Krusty thanks him due to the fact that his show's ratings soar back up every time Bob tries to kill him. Sideshow Bob, as a result of his attempted murder, was also originally going to be executed by the Guillotine, but Bob reminded Chief Wiggum that he was supposed to get a trial before committing the execution, causing it to be revoked and spend time in Jail. [12]
After a murder attempt is made on Homer Simpson 's life, Bob was temporarily released from prison to help find the culprit, much to the dismay and horror of Bart and Lisa . To keep him from trying to commit crimes, the police attach a shock garter to Bob's leg and gives the family a remote that shocks Bob at the push of the button, which proves effective. However, the family, mainly Bart, misuse the remote, shocking Bob just for being too smart. During the course of the case, Bob actually saved Homer after an attempt on his life. When the mystery is solved, he returned to the Simpsons home to murder Bart. However, Bob found that he was "accustomed to Bart's face" and cannot do it. [13] Bob did not return to prison and decided to move to Italy in order to make a fresh start. After gaining fame for his wine (his exceptionally large feet made him a perfect grape crusher), he became the mayor of the town. He married a local woman named Francesca , with whom he has a son named Gino .
The Simpson family encountered him by chance after coming to Italy to retrieve a car for Mr. Burns . Bob welcomes them with hospitality on the condition that they not reveal his felonious past; however, a drunken Lisa jokes about Bob's criminal deeds, alienating Bob from his citizens. He, his wife and son swear a vendetta on the Simpsons. [14]
Bob and his father and brother
Bob runs for mayor
In a later attempt on Bart 's life, Bob lured the Simpsons family into a fake rib restaurant, and tied the entire family up, planning to kill them with the explosion of an overheating laptop next to a pile of TNT. After Bob misquoted several lines on Shakespeare, Lisa managed to trick him into checking a line from a Shakespeare play on Wikipedia, resulting in the laptop exploding on his hands. During the trial, Bob's father, Robert Terwilliger Sr. , testified on the stand, explaining that Bob had a rare heart condition, and also suggests that Sideshow Bob is insane because of his long-standing feud with Bart. This convinced Springfield that in the long-run Bart is ultimately to blame, and they turn against him. As Bart pleads his innocence, Bob takes out a vial labeled nitroglycerin, which Bart snatches and throws out the window, thinking it was an explosive. The vial was actually Bob's heart medication and he collapsed on the floor, unconscious, and was pronounced dead. In reality, Bob was actually faking his death and put in a temporarily death like state, as his father injected him with an anesthesia. His entire family was assisting him to kill Bart. When a guilty Bart visits his coffin while being led by Cecil, Bob leaped out of the coffin and trapped Bart inside, to be cremated inside the coffin. The Simpsons family save Bart just in time by blinding Bob with unclaimed ashes. Bob's entire family, including his Italian wife and child, and his brother and parents, were sentenced to an 87 year prison term, and Bob was put in a straitjacket.
Sideshow Bob: the mayor of a small Italian town
Sideshow Bob was briefly seen escaping from prison and visited Krusty the Clown for the week. Bart and Lisa traced Sideshow Bob to a cabin thinking he was prepped up to kill Homer Simpson (Homer went missing at Marge's third wedding and thought Sideshow Bob was the culprit due to a clue, keys with the letters "SB" on it, being left in the groom's room.), only to discover that he was actually trying to aerate a bust of Krusty that he was sculpting. Krusty also explains that Sideshow Bob couldn't have kidnapped Homer Simpson because Bob was with Krusty the whole day. When Lisa questions him about the key chain, he explains that, although it's nice that they thought of him, the initials don't just pertain to him, and gives a list of people whom "SB" could refer to, including Selma Bouvier , the actual culprit. [15] Eventually, he returns to jail again (exactly how is never explained), where he is bullied by Snake. [16]
Later, the town of Springfield releases all minor offenders from the Springfield prison as a result of budget cuts. Sideshow Bob performs plastic surgery on his new cellmate, Walt Warren, one such offender, switching their faces (which he did in order to be released from prison early, as Walt, so he can kill Bart). He then buys the house next to the Simpsons, planning to pose as their friendly neighbor while waiting for the chance to kill Bart. However, while this disguise does fool the rest of the Simpsons, Bart easily sees through it, immediately recognizing Bob's distinctive voice. Bob then planned to take Bart over to the Five Corners so he could kill Bart in one state while standing in another state, so that it would be legal for him to kill Bart. However, the real Walt manages to foil his plan and the police from all five states trap him. [17] It is revealed he has been given back his normal face when he later speaks briefly during the town meeting to exile the Simpson family, [18] and later on, when he attempts to kill Bart while in New York City, only to be hit by a train. [19] Bart also assumed his identity on an online poker game. [20] Bob was later seen during Bart Simpson's trial, assuming the mantle of one of the "Unfriendly Witnesses".
While still serving out his sentence at Springfield Penitentiary, Sideshow Bob was recruited as a human test subject by Monsarno Corporation. His original purpose was to ensure that the experiments wouldn't be too painful for the test monkeys. After publishing the results of the tests he was subjected to, he eventually rose up the ranks to become Chief Scientist at the Monsarno Research Campus, where he created over 5000 patents. One day, the Simpson family visits the lab to learn more about genetically modified organisms and are shocked to find Sideshow Bob working there. Bob swears that he has changed and that he truly is working to make a better world. During their visit, Lisa learns that she and Bob share a common passion for Walt Whitman, poetry, and art. Believing that a mind that thinks so much like hers could not possibly be completely evil, she begins visiting Bob at the campus on a regular basis. Eventually, Monsarno Corporation allows Bob an hour of freedom to spend with Lisa at the Springfield Metropolitan Museum. While there, a Calder Mobile almost falls on Lisa, but Bob saves her by catching the mobile and throwing it aside. When Lisa demands to know how Bob got the strength to lift the massively heavy sculpture, Bob confesses that he had been altering his DNA to give himself various superhuman abilities. Further, he admits that he had only come to the museum to collect DNA from the personal effects of famous historical persons (such as George Washington, Albert Einstein, and Florence Nightingale) and splicing them with his own so that he might become a superhuman dictator. Eventually, Bart shows up at the museum and Bob is provoked to attack the Simpson children, due to DNA from Zombie Ant Fungus. During the chase scene that follows, Bob demonstrates the abilities of grasshopper-like leaping, sonar, and cranial kinesis. He eventually corners the children at the Springfield Dam and intends to throw them off of it. However, when Lisa recites a quote by Whitman, Bob finally realizes what kind of person he has become and attempts suicide by leaping from the dam himself. He survives on account of having given himself gills. [21]
Sideshow Bob kidnapped by Stewie Griffin
When Krusty's father dies, Bob makes a brief appearance at the funeral reception to offer his condolences to Krusty (exactly how he was captured or if his abilities have been removed is never explained). He is then confronted by a drunken Sideshow Mel , who reveals that Krusty is always telling him that he will never live up to Bob's comedic genius. Mel goes on to say that all of Krusty's sidekicks have thought about killing him. [22]
Bob also has a brief cameo in the Simpsons/ Family Guy crossover episode, as one of many of Bart's enemies that Stewie Griffin kidnaps and tortures. [23]
Later, Bob meets Jack Lassen , a sociopath who took a job as a prison guard at Springfield Penitentiary after Bart gets him fired from his job as the new fourth grade teacher at Springfield Elementary. Realizing that they both share a deep hatred of Bart Simpson, Lassen offers to break Bob out of prison so they can team up and take their revenge on the boy together. Bob ultimately rejects the deal as he does not want to have to take turns gutting Bart. [24]
Comics
Sideshow Bob has appeared in many Simpsons Comics
For example in issue 2 story "Cool Hand Bart" where Bart, Nelson, Jimbo, Dolph, Kearny and Milhouse attend a seminar, called "Scared Spitless", which is held in Springfield State Prison and intended to scare troublemaking kids into shaping up. Chief Wiggum decides that all the kids attending the seminar should spend an hour in an actual prison cell. Bart and Milhouse are put in Bob's cell, and to avoid being killed, Bart climbs through the bars and into a van. The van winds up in a workcamp, where Bart is chained up with Bob. Bob escapes with Bart, and they leaps onto a moving train. Until Bob is able to get onto the train himself, he is left bouncing on his end of the chain, repeatedly hitting his head on the ground. Soon, however, he climbs aboard and advances on Bart with murderous intent. Just as Sideshow Bob is about to kill Bart, Bart points out that he would have to drag his corpse around, because they are chained together. Postponing his plan to kill Bart, they walk through the swamp while Bart follows until they reach a hacksaw sale. They go in, but Bob is forced to hide his hair in a hat to keep from being noticed and identified. They realize that Wiggum is at the sale, and Bart sucks his hat off with a vacuum cleaner, revealing him to the police. Finally, Bob is arrested and Bart goes home safe.
He appears again in issue 11 "Fallen Flanders" where he somehow teams up with Kang and Kodos and together they abduct Ned Flanders and replace him with an evil clone. Ned's uncharacteristic behavior convinces Bart and Lisa to investigate along side actor Rainier Wolfcastle who had previously encountered the aliens clones, this turns out to have been Sideshow Bobs plan all along and the three are abducted. Eventually the aliens are defeated and Sideshow Bob escapes on a helicopter he realizes too late is driven by Chief Wiggum.
He appears in issue 23 story "Bart de Triomphe" which introduces his nephew Neil.
He and his brother Cecil appear in jail together in issue 4, story "Bart Simpson and the Krusty Brand Fun Factory". Krusty gives Ralph, Barney, Bart, Nelson, Chief Wiggum, Grampa, Homer (disguised as Barney's mother) and Snake (claiming to be Nelson's parole officer) a tour of his new factory in a boat on a cherry soda river which includes a water slide. Unbeknownst to Krusty and the visitors,Sideshow Bob has hacked into Krusty's computer and he drops a giant cherry on the boat. Krusty escapes while everyone else is forced to take refuge in the frozen food division. Bob releases flying cyborg monkeys which attack the visitors. They try to fight back until Krusty arrives in a jet and saves them. Krusty gets revenge on Bob by knocking his jet into Bob's prison cell.
In issue 46 story "Angels with Yellow Faces" he was paroled from prison. Bob wanted to make more money, so he starts a small business-Sideshow Bob's VCR repair and pet sitting. In the back of the building was his school of crime- where he would teach other people to become criminals. He uses Nelson Muntz , Dolph Starbeam , Kearney Zzyzwicz , and Jimbo Jones to steal money from people all over town. Meanwhile, Bart photocopies his butt, and is caught by Chief Wiggum . Wiggum knows about Bob's scheme, but he has no proof, so he tells Bart- "You wont get in trouble if you infiltrate his gang". Bart cannot say no, and joins the gang. Bob is planning to kill him, until Bart aces the test. Bob is very proud, and says that he will do his master scheme the next day. Bart tells Chief Wiggum that he doesn't know what it is. The next day, Bob drives to the hospital, planning to kidnap Mr. Burns (who is only there because of his love of children's tender organs). Nelson pushes Mr. Burns into a fake ambulance, where Bob drives away, but the police stand in front of them. Bob believes Bart called them, and prepares to kill Bart with a high powered drug. Bart shocks Bob, and the police take him away. Lisa says she called in the cops after following him here. They hug.
In issue 77 story "The Many Faces of Bob" He is released from prison but soon ends up in the hospital and gets a new face. After Bart and Lisa discover this they become worried as they do not know what he looks like anymore. They eventually discover this was exaggerated and his new face is basically exactly the same as before. He is knocked out by Sideshow Mel.
In issue 108 story "Big House Homer" Homer is framed by Mr. Burns and Smithers and made Sideshow Bob's cellmate (though Homer fails to recognize Bob at first), due to a common dislike for Bart, Homer and Bob become quick friends. Bob takes Homer on a tour of the prison and Homer points out a masked prisoner who Bob claims to be a nameless psycho. Bob reveals to Homer a plan to escape jail, Bob's secret tunnel is under the cell of the masked prisoner. When Homer and Bob get into the cell the prisoner asks if he can come along. Homer quickly jumps into the tunnel when the prisoner reveals he knows who Homer is. The prisoner chases Homer through the tunnel while telling him that he can't escape the past. Homer falls into a cavern full of crates, the prisoner jumps down and removes his mask revealing, Frank Grimes, Jr.. Grimes reminds Homer that he was sent to jail for attempting to murder Homer to avenge the death of his father, Frank Grimes. Mr. Burns and Smithers enter the cavern and reveal it's Burns' secret stash of rare paintings. Sideshow Bob falls through the hole in the ceiling and knock out both himself and Grimes. Homer blackmails Burns to get him out of jail, otherwise he blabs about the paintings, Burns agrees and Homer is set free, while Bob and Grimes are returned to prison.
In Issue #123 story "Bobbing for Vengeance" Bob becomes popular on the television series Big House Live that broadcasts live from the prison where they show Sideshow Bob is in the kitchen and cook a Flaming Vengeance, around the same time everyone seems to start trying to kill Bart. The next day the family are at home and watch Big House Live in which Sideshow Bob explains that he has help from his spiritual advisor and now he wants to make peace with the world and not kill a young boy. A picture of that spiritual advisor is in the screen and Lisa tell to Bart at she recognize him. Lisa and Bart start to looking on copies of the show and Bart and Lisa discover that they almost always see Sideshow Bob's spiritual advisor and he has a pocket watch, and they realize he is a hypnotist. They pause the DVD and find that in some seconds they show the text, Vote for Bob. Be Like Bob. They realize that Bob is using hypnosis with subliminal messages so anyone who sees the program wants to kill him. Bart becomes really scared and outside the door is the residents of Springfield who want to come to play with Bart, when they see Bart in the house, he escapes and they start chasing him. Bart manages to escape the crowd and he decides to dress up as Sideshow Bob and tell the mob to leave Bart now, but they realize that it's Bart and intend to kill him, but then came the real Sideshow Bob and with his hypnotist and he get all of Springfield to forget what happened wanting to kill Bart himself. Chief Wiggum then appears and tells them that like all reality shows there's a twist, there was never any parole, that was just a way for the city to save some money and get some criminals out of they temporarily overcrowded jail. But because they did not have to pay to feed him they even managed to save a few bucks on the side for the Police Retirement and Buffalo wing. Sideshow Bob realizing hes facing life in prison no matter what he dose and Wiggum confirms that. Sideshow Bob then starts to hunt Bart at his home, and Bart asks for help from Homer, but he can't leave the TV, showing live the hunt between Bart and Bob.
He makes a minor cameo in issue 208, 'Brit Simpson', on page 11 as Sideshow Bobby.
Character
Appearance
He has unusually large feet (they actually fill his oversized clown shoes). Apparently, if he needs to disguise himself, he can actually fold his feet just to wear "normal" shoes. [17] He is tall with slender limbs and a plump paunch. His favorite weapon is a carving knife, which he is regularly depicted holding. In the episode Cape Feare he uses a machete.
Hair
Sideshow Bob's defining feature is his curly, palm tree shaped red hair (the palmaceae style has been used as visual gags in various episodes). His hair is exceedingly long when wet (as seen in Cape Feare ), pulled or brushed. It tents to recoil and bounce back into shape with great ease.
Bob's "Die Bart, Die" tattoo
Tattoos
Sideshow Bob has various tattoos all over his body:
Chest: The words, "Die Bart, Die" (which he pretends in court is meant to be German for "The Bart, The")
Back: Bart's Head (decapitated) on his skateboard, with a speech bubble, saying, "Ouch, Man!"
Bob's tattoo on his back
Knuckles: "Luv" (right hand) and "Hāt" (left hand)
ā is sometimes used as a long 'A' sound, so phonetically the above is pronounced 'Hate'
Upper Left Arm: Skull and Crossbones
Upper Right Arm: Knife
The tattoos have generally not been shown since, though it has not been confirmed if they have been removed or not.
Personality
Sideshow Bob, in a way, mirrors Hannibal Lecter ; a psychopath who could recite Shakespeare by heart while stabbing you in yours.
Sideshow Bob enjoys the finer things in life, including reading classical literature. Likely due to his upbringing, he has a passion for theater, knowing Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore off by heart as well as Shakespeare's works. In contrast to his love of the 'higher pleasures', he despises television and other 'low class' things, which gives him a rather snobbish attitude. Ironically, in his time when he was a Master Criminal, he studied the uses of Dynamite, which would theoretically be considered low class. At times, he also may have genuine desires to help humanity, as he explains that his motivation for tricking the Springfield citizens into electing him was to "save them from themselves"
Beneath the cultured gentlemen is the heart of a cold blooded killer; Bob is a man who thinks nothing of hurting others to get what he wants, even if this includes himself. Bob's primary motive seems to be revenge; his original crime (framing Krusty the Clown ) was an attempt to get back at him for making a clumsy fool of Bob for years as his sidekick, and most of his other crimes have been attempts at murdering Bart Simpson for foiling him. However, he has made several attempts at acquiring money and/or power, such as when he tried to kill Selma Bouvier or run a campaign for mayor as a republican (if for no other reason than to make the Simpsons miserable).
Despite his cold-blooded status, he does at times attempt to change. A notable instance was when he was released by Cecil and fully intended to change his past felon ways (even having reluctance at hurting Bart, his worst enemy) [6]
Bob with his wife and child
Family
Bob has a brother named Cecil , whom is jealous of Bob for stealing his role during his audition for the Krusty the Klown Show , and tried to frame Bob for fraud. [6] His parents are doctor, Robert Terwilliger Sr. , and talented actress, Dame Judith Underdunk . [25] After moving to Italy and becoming mayor of a small Italian village, Bob married a woman named Francesca and with her, had a son named Gino . [14] When Homer must go to Italy to get Mr. Burns' new sports car, they just happen to stop in Bob's village. Bob tries to hide his past from his new wife but is unable, contrary to Bob's fear, his wife and son try and help him kill Bart.
Enemies
Bart Simpson
Bob going to kill Bart
He became Bart's nemesis after Bart figured out he had framed Krusty, getting him sent to prison. Ever since then, Bob has been obsessed with killing Bart, constantly plotting his revenge in prison. The first few times he was released from jail, Sideshow Bob would carry out a plan to murder Bart, or count it as a 'bonus' to one of his other schemes (the only three exceptions being when he successfully became Mayor , as he found it more fitting to just put Bart back in Kindergarten and demolish the Simpson house for the construction of "Matlock Highway" than to simply murder Bart, was released under the prison Christianity movement , where he attempted to atone for his sins, and most notably does not desire to even hurt Bart at all, and when Homer had disappeared from the third attempt at a wedding , where he interacted with Bart and Lisa in a manner that belied no hostility, and in fact also gave them a hint from the keychain that the actual culprit was Selma and Patty Bouvier). Eventually, when he finally had Bart at his mercy, he lets him go as he has become "accustomed to his face". [13] Strangely, Bob does not seem to hold any distinctive grudge against Lisa, despite the fact the she is often the one who foils his schemes instead of Bart. This is possibly because they have similar intellectual and cultural levels and, somehow, respect each other.
It is often implied that real reason behind Bob's obsession with Killing Bart is Ego rather than revenge, As he finds it infuriating that an underachieving 10-year old is constantly able to foil him.
The closest thing Bob has to a catchphrase comes from this relationship: Sometimes Bob will reveal himself saying "Hello Bart" in a menacing tone, to which Bart (and sometimes Lisa, in unison) will exclaim "Ahhh! Sideshow Bob!".
Sideshow Bob and his other nemesis, rakes
Rakes
When Bob follows the Simpsons to their new home after they became a part of the Witness Protection Program, he clambers out from beneath their car, he steps on the end of a rake lying on the ground, causing it to fly up and hit him in the face and he shudders. He turns away from it, only for the same to happen, as another rake is lying nearby. It turns out that there are many rakes in this area, as the event repeats itself for some time. He is repeatedly the target of the rake slapstick gag, causing him to declare rakes as his greatest foe "besides Bart Simpson". In The Simpsons Game, when Bob steps on one rake and it flies up and hits him in the face, it knocks him out. Bob was attempting to murder Bart at Five Corners , (the only place in America where 5 states meet) Bart causes him to hop back and forth from state to state until he jumps on a rake which then hits him in the face. Most recently, Bob accidentally stepped on a rake underwater, after falling from atop Springfield Dam into the water below, when he was "walking" away at the end of The Man Who Grew Too Much .
Career
The beginning of Sideshow Bob's career
His occupation was to be Krusty's sidekick on the Krusty The Clown Show. He didn't even want the job: Bob accompanied his brother to the auditions, and unwittingly impressed Krusty enough to be hired on the spot. His job before is unknown. He gave up on his sidekick job after he went to prison for framing Krusty, and has since become a master criminal, although the "part is spurious, as he has been repeatedly foiled by children. However, while being arrested the first time around, he warns the adults to not look down on children as they are more intelligent than they appear as "they were smart enough to get me!", implying that Bart and Lisa may have intelligence above most average kids.
The Notice that shows Sideshow Bob has appeared in The Simpsons: Tapped Out game available on iOS and Android
Non Canon Appearance
The contents of this article or section are considered to be non-canon and therefore may not have actually happened/existed.
Flash-Forward
In Holidays of Future Passed , set 30 years after the regular series, it is implied that Bob has been murdered, as his chalk outline can be seen on the floor of Moe's Tavern, among other outlines, including the Capital City Goofball . It also could be implied that he accidentally killed himself from stepping on a rake, as there is also an outline of a rake next to his outline.
Halloween Specials
Treehouse of Horror XXVI
Sideshow Bob finally succeeds in killing Bart
Sideshow Bob appears as the main antagonist of one segment of Treehouse of Horror XXVI , entitled "Wanted: Dead Then Alive". In this story, Bob uses Milhouse's cellphone to text Bart and lure him into the music room alone after school. Once he has Bart cornered, he pulls out a harpoon gun and aims it at the boy. Bart is unfazed by the threat, certain that Bob will bungle his plan as usual. Bob responds by shooting him in the chest and killing him. Having finally succeeded in killing a 10-year-old child after 24 years, Bob sings with joy and changes his FiendBook status from "Attempted Murderer" to "Murderer".
Bob takes Bart's corpse home with him and amuses himself for several days desecrating the body. Once he grows bored with the dead boy, he decides to move into his "post-Bartum" phase and accepts a job as an associate professor at Springfield University. However, the school's standards are so low that simply reading the sign outside the entrance is the only requirement for acceptance, and Bob finds himself highly dissatisfied with the quality of his students (who spend most of his class looking up the answers to his questions online). Eventually, Bob comes to realize that he was happier when his life revolved around trying to kill Bart, so he decides to bring him back to life.
Using supplies he looted from the university's Engineering, Chemistry, and Occult departments, Bob constructs a machine that brings Bart back to life. Bob proceeds to repeatedly kill Bart, each time using his machine to bring him back to life so that he may be killed again. Eventually, Lisa sees Bart's dismembered body through Bob's basement window. She comments that she always suspected Bob was responsible for Bart's disappearance, even though Snake Jailbird had already been tried, found guilty and executed for the crime.
Lisa returns later with the rest of her family. They break into Bob's basement and use the machine to restore Bart to life. Bob walks in on them and pulls out a rifle to shoot them, but Homer hits him over the head with a lamp. Homer continues to beat Bob with the broken lamp until it decapitates him. Bart then takes Bob's head, along with a pair of deer antlers, frog legs, a wild boar's tail, the headless body of a chicken, and some of his own boogers for good measure, and uses the reanimation machine to bring Bob back to life as horrible freak of nature. Afterwards, Bob returns to his job as a professor at Springfield University, but his students are too distracted by his appearance to learn anything.
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Sideshow Bob
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The constellation 'Draco' is said to represent which mythical creature?
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Sideshow Bob | Clownopedia | Fandom powered by Wikia
Robert Underdunk Terwilliger, better known as Sideshow Bob is, along with Mr. Burns, one of the main antagonists in the animated TV series The Simpsons . He is voiced by Kelsey Grammer .
Biography
Sideshow Bob used to be Krusty 's sidekick and best friend and co-star of the Krusty the Clown Show, but in 1990 he was so tired of acting like an idiot that he framed Krusty for robbing the Kwik-E-Mart with a gun. Krusty was reported by Homer Simpson to the police and Krusty was thrown in jail. After Krusty's arrest, Bob gained control of the Krusty the Clown Show, renaming it Sideshow Bob's Cavalcade of Whimsy. Fortunately for Krusty, Bart foiled his scheme and he exposed Bob's crimes to the audience, and Krusty was released while Bob was thrown in prison, but not before swearing revenge on Bart for this.
Sideshow Bob had only one thing on his mind: Bart's death. For his next evil plan, he was released from jail and married Bart's aunt Selma. Later, he tried to blow her up to gain her inheritance from the stock market, but Bart caught on to his plan and Selma was rescued and Bob was arrested again. Later, Sideshow Bob began sending death threats to Bart in the mail. Bob was later released and drove around an ice cream truck reading a list of the people he would spare (Bart was not on the list). In response, Bart and his family moved from Springfield to another town and changed their surname to Thompson. However, Bob latched himself onto the Simpson's car and resumed his pursuit after Bart, but was hit by rakes, which allowed Bart to flee and alert his parents. Later that night, Bob located the family in a boat used as a home and upon boarding, he cut the rope holding the boat to the dock and tied up Bart's parents and sister Lisa. Bob eventually cornered Bart on the port, but Bart stalled for time by distracting Bob long enough for the boat to reach Springfield. Bart's plan to defeat Bob again was successful, and the police freed Lisa and Bart's parents after the boat arrived in Springfield and yet again arrested Bob.
Later, Bob was released again and ran against Mayor Quimby for mayor of Springfield. Bart and Lisa ran for Quimby, but despite that, Bob rigged the election against Mayor Quimby by putting in dead people and pets as people who voted for him and won the election. After becoming mayor, Bob put the Simpson's house in front of his expressway to demolish it and demoted Bart to kindergarten. Bart and Lisa desperately tried to find evidence that Bob rigged the election, to no avail. However, Bart discovered one of the names of the people who voted for Bob on a tombstone with help from Waylon Smithers. Bart and Lisa placed charges against Bob and put him on trial, where they tricked him into confessing his crime and Bob was arrested. His evil plans had failed again. Later, Bob was placed on duty in a local Air Force Base, but escaped and stole an A-bomb to threaten Springfield to rid itself of television, and the Air Base was evacuated, but Bart and Lisa were separated from their parents and decided to stop Bob. The National Guard soldiers searched for Bob, but were unable to locate him. Bob was broadcasting from an airship and was able to evade capture easily. However, Bob discovered that Krusty began televising himself from a fallout shelter in the desert. This outraged Bob, but not before Bart and Lisa tracked him in the cockpit. Angry, Bob attempted to detonate the A-bomb, but it turned out to be a dud and did not explode. Lisa quickly used the airship's electronic ticker to send a message to the police. When the police tried to capture Bob, Bob kidnapped Bart and deflated the airship. Bob then stole the Wright Brother's plane to escape and crash into Krusty's shelter. However, Bart freed himself and Bob crashed the plane near the shelter where the police arrested him.
Later, Bob was released into the care of his younger brother, Cecil, who began constructing a dam, but Bart and Lisa snuck in to investigate, but Bob caught them and returned them to their parents. Later, Cecil revealed his plan to flood Springfield, but was foiled by Bart and Lisa. Bob was arrested shortly after. Later, Bob escaped prison and tracked down Bart to Springfield Elementary School and lured him into a shed where he hypnotized him. Bob planned to use Bart to kill Krusty. Eventually, Bob strapped explosives to Bart to kill Krusty and kill Bart himself so Bob could finally have his revenge. However, Krusty's monkey detached the explosives and destroyed Bob's chamber, which also forced Bart out of his hypnotic state. Bob survived, but was finally arrested.
Some time later, Bob was released to help find out who attempted to kill Homer Simpson, despite Bart's concerns. The police attached an electric collar to Bob's neck to prevent him from killing Bart. Eventually, Bob discovered the assassin was Frank Grimes, Jr., the son of Frank Grimes, who had a hatred against Homer as well electrocuting himself to death while mimicking Homer's habits. Bob and Homer eventually caught Frank and he was arrested. After Frank's imprisonment, Bob returned to his goal of killing Bart, and attempted to murder him after his parents left the room, but didn't because he "grew accustomed to his face." He let Bart go and went out his window ready to escape in the shadows, but the bird activated the shock remote that Bob threw out earlier, which electrocuted Bob. However, Bob fled to Italy and married a Italian woman named Francesca Terwilliger, who would later give birth to his son, Gino Terwilliger. Eventually, Bob became mayor of a village. The Simpsons soon arrived to buy a new car for Homer's boss, Mr. Burns, and confronted Bob, who warned them not to expose him. However, Lisa became intoxicated and exposed Bob's criminal past in the village, which infuriated Bob, and he swore vendetta on the Simpsons. Bob pursued the Simpsons on a Ducati, but failed to catch them. Later, Bob cornered the Simpsons in the Colisseum with his family, but the Simpsons were rescued by Krusty and they returned to the U.S., leaving Bob stranded in Italy.
Eventually, Bob snuck into the U.S. and trapped the Simpsons in a restaurant. However, the police caught on and Bob was arrested. However, Bart was put on trial as well by Bob, and Bob ignited what appeared to be an explosive, but Bart threw his heart medication out the window, and Bob supposedly died. However, Lisa discovered that Bob's family planned the whole thing out and Bob trapped Bart in a coffin and attempted to cremate him, but was foiled by Lisa when the police rescued Bart and arrested Bob. Later, Bob's cell mate, Walt Warren, was scheduled for early release. and drugged him unconscious. Bob used plastic surgery to switch his face with Warren's face. Using Warren's identity, Bob escaped prison while Warren stayed in prison, as the police mistook him for Bob. Bob then bought the house next to the Simpson's house, but Bart immediately discovered who he really was. Bart made several attempts to blow Bob's cover, but with little success. Later, his mother Marge took Bart to see Bob, who was really Warren, still in jail, which appeared to satisfy his concerns. That night, Warren escaped from jail to alert the Simpsons of the danger. Later, Bob bought an extra ticket to the baseball game. Bart agreed to go and went to get his cap. Bart then left with Bob, where he revealed he was indeed Bob and proceeded to take Bart to Five Corners to kill Bart. Once he arrived at Five Corners, Bob revealed his plan: Bob would stand in one state, fire his gun in the second state, where the bullet would travel through the third state, hitting Bart in the fourth state, and Bart falls dead in the fifth state, so his murder cannot be prosecuted. However, Warren, attacks Bob and stopped him. The police then arrived to capture Bob, and Chief Wiggum revealed that Bart was never truly convinced that Bob was Warren, and before his capture, Bart reported to the police about Bob and told them to track the car. However, Bob jumped to another state, but the police appeared there as well. Eventually, Bart was freed and Bob was arrested and Warren with them to return their faces to normal, and Bob was seemingly placed in high security shortly after.
Personality
As Sideshow Bob is represented in the series, he is a sadistic psychopath obsessed by try kill a child (Bart), yet often very smart and sophisticated to talk.
Sideshow Bob enjoys the finer things in life, including reading classical literature. Likely due to his upbringing, he has a passion for theatre, knowing Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore off by heart as well as Shakespeare's works. In contrast to his love of the 'higher pleasures', he despises television and other 'low class' things, which gives him a rather snobbish attitude. Ironically, in his time when he was a Master Criminal, he studied the uses of Dynamite, which would theoretically be considered low class. At times, he also may have genuine desires to help humanity, as he explains that his motivation for tricking the Springfield citizens into electing him was to "save them from themselves".
Beneath the cultured gentlemen is the heart of a cold blooded killer; Bob is a man who thinks nothing of hurting others to get what he wants, even if this includes himself. Bob's primary motive seems to be revenge; his original crime (framing Krusty the Clown) was an attempt to get back at him for making a clumsy fool of Bob for years as his sidekick, and most of his other crimes have been attempts at murdering Bart Simpson for foiling him. However, he has made several attempts at acquiring money and/or power, such as when he tried to kill Selma Bouvier or run a campaign for mayor as a republican (if for no other reason than to make the Simpsons miserable).
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i don't know
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Robert Downey Jnr. was nominated for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as 'Kirk Lazarus' in which film?
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Robert Downey, Jr. | Profiles | Finding Your Roots | PBS
Robert Downey, Jr. and Maggie Gyllenhaal
Robert Downey, Jr.
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Robert Downey, Jr., a two-time Academy Award® nominee, earned his most recent Oscar® nomination, for Best Supporting Actor, for his work in Ben Stiller’s comedy hit “Tropic Thunder.” His performance as Kirk Lazarus, a white Australian actor playing a black American character, also brought him Golden Globe, BAFTA Award and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) Award® nominations. Downey was honored with his first Oscar® nomination, in the category of Best Actor, for his portrayal of Charlie Chaplin in Richard Attenborough’s acclaimed 1992 biopic “Chaplin,” for which he also won BAFTA Award and London Film Critics Awards and received a Golden Globe Award nomination.
In early 2010, Downey received another Golden Globe nomination for his performance in the title role of the 2009 hit “Sherlock Holmes,” under the direction of Guy Ritchie. In December 2011, Downey teamed up with Ritchie and co-star Jude Law to return to the role of the legendary detective in the sequel “Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.”
Downey starred alongside Zach Galifianakis in Todd Phillips’ “Due Date” released in late 2010. In the Warner Bros. film, Downey plays the role of an expectant father on a road trip racing to get back in time for the birth of his first child.
Additionally in 2010, Downey and his producer/wife, Susan Downey, launched production company, Team Downey, which has a first look deal with Warner Bros.
Downey was honored by Time Magazine’s “Time 100” in 2008, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.
In summer 2008, Downey received praise from critics and audiences for his performance in the title role of the blockbuster hit “Iron Man,” under the direction of Jon Favreau. Bringing the Marvel Comics superhero to the big screen, “Iron Man” earned more than $585 million worldwide, making it one of the year’s biggest hits. Downey reprised his role in the successful sequel, which was released this past spring. He returns to the role in Josh Whedon’s upcoming actioner “The Avengers,” which teams Iron Man with other Marvel Comics superheroes out in May 2012.
Downey’s other recent films include “The Soloist,” opposite Jamie Foxx; “Charlie Bartlett”; David Fincher’s “Zodiac,” alongside Jake Gyllenhaal and Mark Ruffalo; Richard Linklater’s “A Scanner Darkly,” with Keanu Reeves, Winona Ryder and Woody Harrelson; “Fur,” opposite Nicole Kidman in a film inspired by the life of revered photographer Diane Arbus; and “Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang.” He also shared in a SAG Award® nomination as a member of the ensemble cast of George Clooney’s true-life drama “Good Night, and Good Luck,” and in a Special Jury Prize won by the ensemble cast of “A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints,” presented at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
Downey’s long list of film credits also includes “Gothika”; “The Singing Detective”; Curtis Hanson’s “Wonder Boys”; “U.S. Marshals”; Mike Figgis’ “One Night Stand”; Jodie Foster’s “Home for the Holidays”; “Richard III”; Oliver Stone’s “Natural Born Killers”; Robert Altman’s “The Gingerbread Man” and “Short Cuts,” sharing in a Golden Globe Award for Best Ensemble for the latter; “Heart and Souls,” “Soapdish,” “Air America,” “Chances Are,” “True Believer,” “Less Than Zero,” “Weird Science,” “Firstborn,” and “Pound,” in which he made his debut under the direction of Robert Downey Sr.
Marking his debut into music, Debuting Robert Downey Jr. released his debut album titled “The Futurist” on the Sony Classics Label on November 23rd, 2004. The album’s eight original songs that Downey wrote and his two musical numbers debuting as cover songs revealed his sultry singing voice and his musical talents.
In 2001, Downey made his primetime television debut when he joined the cast of the Fox-TV series “Ally McBeal,” as attorney Larry Paul. For this role, he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television, as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male in a Comedy Series. In addition, Downey was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.
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Tropic Thunder
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Reaching 50 off 24 balls in 2005, who holds the record for the fastest Test half-century in Cricket history?
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Robert Downey, Jr. (Actor) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
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From 1996 through 2001, Downey was arrested numerous times on drug-related charges including cocaine, heroin and marijuana and went several times through drug treatment programs unsuccessfully, explaining in 1999 to a judge: "It's like I've got a shotgun in my mouth with my finger on the trigger, and I like the taste of the gun metal." … Read More
He explained his relapses by claiming to have been addicted to drugs since the age of eight, due to the fact that his father, also an addict, had been giving them to him. Read Less
In April 1996, Downey was arrested for possession of heroin, cocaine and an unloaded .357 Magnum handgun while he was speeding down Sunset Boulevard. … Read More
A month later, while on parole, he trespassed into a neighbor's home while under the influence of a controlled substance and fell asleep in one of the beds. He was sentenced to three years of probation and required to undergo compulsory drug testing. Read Less
1997 32 Years Old In 1997, he missed one of the court-ordered drug tests and had to spend six months in the Los Angeles County jail.
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After Downey missed another required drug test in 1999, he was arrested once more.
Despite Downey's lawyer, John Stewart Holden, assembling for his client's 1999 defense the same team of lawyers that successfully defended O.J. Simpson during his criminal trial for murder, Downey was sentenced to a three-year prison term at the California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison in Corcoran, California (a.k.a. "Corcoran II").
At the time of the 1999 arrest, all of Downey's film projects had wrapped and were close to release, with the exception of In Dreams, which he was allowed to complete filming. … Read More
He had also been hired for voicing "The Devil" on the NBC animated television series God, the Devil and Bob, but was fired when he failed to show up for rehearsals.<br /><br /> After spending nearly a year in California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison in Corcoran, California, Downey, on condition of posting $5,000 bail, was unexpectedly freed when a judge ruled that his collective time in incarceration facilities (spawned from the initial 1996 arrests) had qualified him for early release. Read Less
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A week after his 2000 release, Downey joined the cast of the hit television series Ally McBeal, playing the new love interest of Calista Flockhart's title character. … Read More
His performance was praised and the following year he was nominated for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series category and won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor in a mini-series or television film. He also appeared as a writer and singer on Vonda Shepard's Ally McBeal: For Once in My Life album, and he sang with Sting a duet of "Every Breath You Take" in an episode of the series. Despite the apparent success, Downey claims that his performance on the series was overrated and said, "It was my lowest point in terms of addictions. At that stage, I didn't give a fuck whether I ever acted again." In January 2001, Downey was scheduled to play the role of Hamlet in a Los Angeles stage production directed by Mel Gibson. Read Less
Before the end of his first season on Ally McBeal, over the Thanksgiving 2000 holiday, Downey was arrested when his room at Merv Griffin's Hotel and Givenchy Spa in Palm Springs, California was searched by the police, who were responding to an anonymous 911 call. … Read More
Downey was under the influence of a controlled substance and in possession of cocaine and Valium. Despite the fact that, if convicted, he could face a prison sentence of up to four years and eight months, he signed on to appear in at least eight more Ally McBeal episodes. Read Less
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In April 2001, while he was on parole, a Los Angeles police officer found him wandering barefoot in Culver City, just outside Los Angeles. … Read More
He was arrested for suspicion of being under the influence of drugs, but was released a few hours later, even though tests showed he had cocaine in his system. After this last arrest, producer David E. Kelley and other Ally McBeal executives ordered last-minute rewrites and reshoots and dismissed Downey from the show, despite the fact that Downey's character had resuscitated Ally McBeals ratings. The Culver City arrest also cost him a role in the high-profile film America's Sweethearts, and the subsequent incarceration forced Mel Gibson to shut down his planned stage production of Hamlet, as well. Read Less
In July 2001, Downey pleaded no contest to the Palm Springs charges, avoiding jail time. … Read More
Instead, he was sent into drug rehabilitation and put on a three-year probation, benefiting from the California Proposition 36, which had been passed the year before with the aim of helping nonviolent drug offenders overcome their addictions instead of sending them to jail.<br /><br /> The book Conversations with Woody Allen reports that director Woody Allen wanted to cast Downey and Winona Ryder in his film Melinda and Melinda in 2005, but was unable to do so because he could not get insurance on them, stating, "We couldn't get bonded. The completion bonding companies would not bond the picture unless we could insure them. And I had always wanted to work with Bob Downey and always thought he was a huge talent."<br /><br /> In a December 18, 2000 article for People Magazine entitled "Bad to Worse", Downey's stepmother Rosemary told author Alex Tresnlowski that Downey had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder "a few years ago" and added that his bipolar disorder was "the reason he has a hard time staying sober. What hasn't been tried is medication and intensive psychotherapy." In the same article, Dr. Manijeh Nikakhtar, a Los Angeles psychiatrist and co-author of Addiction or Self-Medication: The Truth (ISBN 978-1883819576), says she received a letter from Downey in 1999, during his time at Corcoran II, asking for advice on his condition. She discovered that "no one had done a complete psychiatric evaluation him I asked him flat out if he thought he was bipolar, and he said, 'Oh yeah. Read Less
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There are times I spend a lot of money and I'm hyperactive, and there are other times I'm down.'" In an article for the March 2007 issue of Esquire, Downey told author Scott Raab that he wanted to address "this whole thing about the bipolar" after receiving a phone call from "the Bipolar Association" asking him about being bipolar. When Downey denied he had ever said he was bipolar, the caller quoted the People article, to which Downey replied, "'No! Dr. Malibusian said said I was bipolar ', and they go, 'Well, it's been written, so we're going to quote it.'" Downey flatly denied being "depressed or manic" and that previous attempts to diagnose him with any kind of psychiatric or mood disorder have always been skewed because "the guy I was seeing didn't know I was smokin' crack in his bathroom. You can't make a diagnosis until somebody's sober." <br /><br />After five years of substance abuse, arrests, rehab, and relapse, Downey was finally ready to work toward a full recovery from drugs and a return to his career. In discussing his failed attempts to control his own addictive behavior in the past, Downey told Oprah Winfrey in November 2004 that "when someone says, 'I really wonder if maybe I should go to rehab?' Well, uh, you're a wreck, you just lost your job, and your wife left you. Uh, you might want to give it a shot." Read Less
He added that after his last arrest in April 2001, when he knew he would likely be facing another stint in prison or another form of incarceration such as court-ordered rehab, "I said, 'You know what? … Read More
I don't think I can continue doing this.' And I reached out for help, and I ran with it. You can reach out for help in kind of a half-assed way and you'll get it and you won't take advantage of it. It's not that difficult to overcome these seemingly ghastly problems what's hard is to decide to do it." Read Less
Downey got his first post-rehab acting job in August 2001, lip-syncing in the video for Elton John's single "I Want Love". … Read More
Video director Sam Taylor-Wood shot 16 takes of the video and used the last one because, according to John, Downey looked completely relaxed, and, "The way he underplays it is fantastic." Read Less
The strain on their marriage from Downey's repeated trips to rehab and jail finally reached a breaking point; in 2001, in the midst of Downey's last arrest and sentencing to an extended stay in rehab, Falconer left Downey and took Indio with her.
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Downey was able to return to the big screen only after Mel Gibson, who had been a close friend to Downey since both had co-starred in Air America, paid Downey's insurance bond for the 2003 film The Singing Detective. … Read More
Gibson's gamble paved the way for Downey's comeback and Downey returned to mainstream films in the mid-2000s with Gothika, for which producer Joel Silver withheld 40 percent of his salary until after production wrapped as insurance against his addictive behavior. Similar clauses have become standard in his contracts since then.<br /><br /> After Gothika, Downey was cast in a number of leading and supporting roles, including well-received work in a number of semi-independent films: A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints, Good Night, and Good Luck, Richard Linklater's dystopian, rotoscoped A Scanner Darkly (in which Downey plays the role of a drug addict), and Steven Shainberg's fictional biographical film of Diane Arbus, Fur, where Downey's character represented the two biggest influences on Arbus' professional life, Lisette Model and Marvin Israel. Downey also received great notice for his roles in more mainstream fare such as Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, Disney's poorly received The Shaggy Dog, and David Fincher's 2007 film Zodiac, in which he played San Francisco Chronicle journalist Paul Avery. Read Less
In 2003, Downey met producer Susan Levin, an Executive Vice President of Production at Joel Silver's film company, Silver Pictures on the set of Gothika. … Read More
Downey and Susan quietly struck up a romance during production, though Susan turned down his romantic advances twice. Despite Susan's worries that the romance would not last after the completion of shooting because "he's an actor; I have a real job", the couple's relationship continued after production wrapped on Gothika, and Downey proposed to Susan on the night before her thirtieth birthday. Read Less
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The album received mixed reviews, but Downey stated in 2006 that he probably will not do another album, as he felt that the energy he put into doing the album was not compensated.
In 2006, Downey returned to his television roots when he guest-starred on Family Guy in the episode "The Fat Guy Strangler". … Read More
Downey had previously telephoned the show's production staff and asked if he could produce or assist in an episode creation, as his son Indio is a fan of the show. The producers of the show accepted the offer and created the character of Patrick Pewterschmidt, Lois Griffin's long lost, mentally disturbed brother, for Downey. Read Less
Downey signed on with publishers HarperCollins to write a memoir, which in 2006 was already being billed as a "candid look at the highs and lows of his life and career".
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In 2008, however, Downey returned his advance to the publishers and canceled the book without further comment.
With all of the critical success Downey had experienced throughout his career, he had never appeared in a "blockbuster" film. That changed in the middle of 2008 when Downey starred in two critically and commercially successful films, Iron Man and Tropic Thunder.
In the article Ben Stiller wrote for Downey's entry in the 2008 edition of The Time 100, he offered an observation on Downey's commercially successful summer at the box office: … Read More
In 2007, Downey was cast as the title character in the film Iron Man, with director Jon Favreau explaining the choice by stating: "Downey wasn't the most obvious choice, but he understood what makes the character tick. He found a lot of his own life experience in 'Tony Stark'." Favreau insisted on having Downey as he repeatedly claimed that Downey would be to Iron Man what Johnny Depp is to the Pirates of the Caribbean series, a lead actor that could both elevate the quality of the film and increase the public's interest in it. For the role Downey had to gain more than 20 pounds of muscle in five months to look like he "had the power to forge iron." Read Less
Iron Man was globally released between April 30 and May 3, 2008, grossing over $585 million worldwide and receiving rave reviews which cited Downey's performance as a highlight of the film. … Read More
As a result, both Downey and Favreau stated their interest in making an Iron Man trilogy. Read Less
By October 2008, Downey had agreed to appear as Iron Man in two Iron Man sequels and The Avengers, featuring the superhero team that Stark joins, based on Marvel's comic book series The Avengers.
He also made a small appearance as Iron Man's alter ego Tony Stark in the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk, as a part of Marvel Studios' attempt to depict the same Marvel Universe on film by providing continuity among the movies. … Read More
Downey reprised the role again in Avengers: Age of Ultron, and will do so yet again in Captain America: Civil War. Read Less
After Iron Man, Downey appeared alongside Ben Stiller and Jack Black in another 2008 summer film, the Stiller-directed Tropic Thunder. … Read More
The three stars each play a Hollywood archetypeâwith Downey playing a self-absorbed multi-Oscar-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarusâas they star in an extremely expensive Vietnam-era film called Tropic Thunder. Lazarus undergoes a "controversial skin pigmentation procedure" in order to take on the role of African American platoon sergeant Lincoln Osiris, which required Downey to wear dark makeup and a wig. Both Stiller and Downey feared Downey's portrayal of the character could become controversial: <br /><br /> When asked by Harry Smith on CBS's The Early Show who his model was for Lazarus, Downey laughed before responding, "Sadly, my sorry-ass self."<br /><br /> Released in the United States on August 13, 2008, Tropic Thunder received good reviews with 83% of reviews positive and an average normalized score of 71, according to the review aggregator websites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic, respectively. It earned US $26 million in its North American opening weekend and retained the number one position for its first three weekends of release. The film grossed $180 million in theaters before its release on home video on November 18, 2008. Downey was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Lazarus. Read Less
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Opening in late April 2009 was a film Downey finished in mid-2008, The Soloist. The film was pushed out from a November 2008 release by Paramount Pictures due to the studio's tight end-of-year release schedule. Critics who had seen the film in 2008 were mentioning it as a possible Academy Award candidate. Read Less
Downey picked up an Academy Award nomination for the 2008 release year for his role in Tropic Thunder. The first role Downey accepted after Iron Man was the title character in Guy Ritchie's Sherlock Holmes. Warner Bros. released on December 25, 2009. The film set several box office records in the United States for a Christmas Day release, beating the previous record holder, 2008's Marley & Me, by nearly $10M, and finished second only to Avatar in a record-setting Christmas weekend box office. … Read More
Sherlock Holmes ended up being the 8th highest grossing film of 2009. When Downey won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for his role as Sherlock Holmes, he noted in his acceptance speech that he had prepared no remarks because "Susan Downey (his wife and Sherlock Holmes producer) told me that Matt Damon (nominated for his role in The Informant!) was going to win so don't bother preparing a speech." Read Less
Following the tremendous success of 2008's Iron Man, Downey agreed to reprise his role as Tony Stark in two more Iron Man films as well as the superhero team put together by S.H.I.E.L.D., The Avengers.
After appearing in a connecting cameo scene at the end of the 2008 version of The Incredible Hulk, Downey returned as Tony Stark in the first of two planned sequels to Iron Man, Iron Man 2, opened in May 2010. … Read More
It grossed over $623M worldwide, becoming the 7th highest grossing film of 2010. Read Less
2010 45 Years Old Downey's other commercial film release of 2010 was the comedy road film Due Date. … Read More
The movie, co-starring Zach Galifianakis, was released in November 2010 and grossed over $211M worldwide, making it the 36th highest grossing movie of 2010. Read Less
2011 46 Years Old Downey's sole 2011 film credit was the sequel to the 2009 version of Sherlock Holmes, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, which opened worldwide on December 16, 2011.
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In 2012, Downey reprised the role of Tony Stark in The Avengers. … Read More
The film received positive reviews and was highly successful at the box office, becoming the third highest-grossing film of all time both in the United States and worldwide. Downey played Tony Stark again in Iron Man 3 (2013) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and will again in Captain America: Civil War (2016). Read Less
They have a son together named Exton Elias Downey, born on February 7, 2012 in Los Angeles. … Read More
A tattoo on one of his biceps reads "Suzie Q" in tribute to her. Read Less
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Philip Seymour Hoffman was nominated for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as 'Father Brendan Flynn' in which film?
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Philip Seymour Hoffman - Awards - IMDb
Philip Seymour Hoffman
Showing all 89 wins and 98 nominations
Academy Awards, USA
Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Doubt (2008) ((feature film))
For playing "Will Toffman". For episode "No Acting Please".
Denver Film Critics Society
Tied with Talk to Me (2007).
Nominated
Tied with Heath Ledger for Brokeback Mountain (2005).
Online Film Critics Society Awards
Tied with Benicio Del Toro for Traffic (2000).
Best Ensemble
Tied with State and Main (2000).
Best Ensemble
Tied with Almost Famous (2000).
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Joaquin Phoenix
For the first "processing" questioning scene between Lancaster Dodd (Hoffman) and Freddie Quell (... More
For the first "processing" questioning scene between Lancaster Dodd (Hoffman) and Freddie Quell (Phoenix). Tied with Django Unchained (2012), Hitchcock (2012), and _The Impossible (2012)_.
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Doubt
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Who was the wife of King Henry III of England?
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Philip Seymour Hoffman's Most Iconic Roles
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Philip Seymour Hoffman was found dead in his New York apartment Sunday , from an apparent heroin overdose. As more details emerge, we’re taking a look back at some of Hoffman’s most iconic roles. The first half of his career was marked by intense supporting parts in films like Boogie Nights and Almost Famous, but his searing turn as Truman Capote in Capote set to rest any notions that he couldn’t carry a film. Here’s a look back at the characters that defined Hoffman’s career.
PHOTOS: Philip Seymour Hoffman: His Life in Pictures
2000: Lester Bangs, Almost Famous
Grantland music writer Steven Hyden Tweeted on Sunday , “It goes without saying that for a generation of rock critics that Philip Seymour Hoffman was the Lester Bangs we see our heads.”
2005: Truman Capote, Capote
Hoffman won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Truman Capote.
2007: Gust Avrakotos, Charlie Wilson’s War
Hoffman’s aviator-shaded turn as affable CIA agent Gust Avrakotos earned him an Oscar nod for Best Supporting Actor as well. (Warning: A few R-rated phrases.)
2007: Jon Savage, The Savages
Hoffman displayed an easygoing chemistry with costar Laura Linney in this film about two siblings caring for their aging father.
2008: Caden Cotard, Synecdoche, New York
Hoffman portrayed a playwright making a play about his life, which was fitting since Hoffman frequently turned up on the New York theater circuit.
2008: Father Brendan Flynn, Doubt
Hoffman went toe-to-toe with Meryl Streep as a conflicted Boston priest.
2011: Art Howe, Moneyball
Hoffman portrayed Oakland A’s manager Art Howe in Moneyball, and while Howe wasn’t thrilled with how his character was portrayed in the film, seemingly no one found any fault with Hoffman’s performance.
2012: Lancaster Dodd, The Master
Hoffman was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for his role as guru/leader Lancaster Dodd.
2013: Plutarch Heavensbee, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
Hoffman’s death will no doubt impact the Hunger Games trilogy, given the importance of his character to the series.
MORE ON PHILIP SEYMOUR HOFFMAN:
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